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how many rooms are in the cosmopolitan las vegas
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Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas - Wikipedia Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Location Paradise , Nevada 89109 Address 3708 South Las Vegas Boulevard Opening date December 15 , 2010 ; 6 years ago ( December 15 , 2010 ) No. of rooms 3,027 Total gaming space 110,000 sq ft ( 10,000 m ) Signature attractions The Chelsea The Chandelier Marquee Nightclub & Dayclub Rose . Rabbit . Lie . The Boulevard Pool P3 Art Studio Notable restaurants China Poblano D.O.C.G. é Estiatorio Milos The Henry Holsteins Jaleo Rose . Rabbit . Lie Scarpetta STK Casino type Land - based Owner The Blackstone Group Architect Friedmutter Group ( executive architect ) ; Arquitectonica Coordinates 36 ° 06 ′ 36 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 36.1100 ° N 115.1753 ° W / 36.1100 ; - 115.1753 Coordinates : 36 ° 06 ′ 36 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 36.1100 ° N 115.1753 ° W / 36.1100 ; - 115.1753 Website www.cosmopolitanlasvegas.com <Td_colspan="2"> The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas ( commonly referred to simply as The Cosmopolitan or The Cosmo ) is a luxury resort casino and hotel on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . The resort opened on December 15 , 2010 , and is located just south of the Bellagio on the west side of Las Vegas Boulevard . It consists of two highrise towers , the Boulevard Tower and the Chelsea Tower , both of which are 184 meters ( 603 ft ) tall . The $3.9 billion project features 3,027 rooms , a 110,000 sq ft ( 10,000 m ) casino , 300,000 sq ft ( 28,000 m ) of retail and restaurant space , a 40,000 sq ft ( 3,700 m ) spa and fitness facility , a 3,200 - seat theater , and 150,000 sq ft ( 14,000 m ) of meeting and convention space . In 2013 , the hotel was rated `` The Best Hotel in the World '' by Gogobot . In 2015 , the resort was named to the Condé Nast Traveller Gold List as one of the `` Top Hotels in the World '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Amenities 2 History 3 Restaurants 4 Controversy 5 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Amenities ( edit ) Cosmopolitan features 3,027 hotel rooms , many of which feature their own private terrace ; a 110,000 sq ft ( 10,000 m ) casino ; 300,000 sq ft ( 28,000 m ) of retail and restaurant space ; a 40,000 sq ft ( 3,700 m ) spa and fitness facility ; a 3,200 - seat theater ; and 150,000 sq ft ( 14,000 m ) of meeting and convention space . The Cosmopolitan 's 100,000 sq ft ( 9,300 m ) casino features views of the Las Vegas Strip . The Pools at the Cosmopolitan features three different types : a relaxing pool , day club pool and nightclub pool . The Cosmopolitan is also home to the Marquee Nightclub & Dayclub , which was the top grossing nightclub in the United States in 2012 . In January 2014 , the Cosmopolitan added a new nightclub concept , Rose . Rabbit . Lie . History ( edit ) Plans for the property were first announced in April 2004 . The developer , 3700 Associates , was a joint venture formed by David Friedman ( a former Las Vegas Sands executive ) , Ian Bruce Eichner ( a real estate developer ) , and Soros Fund Management . The developers purchased the site , an 8.5 - acre U-shaped parcel surrounding the Jockey Club timeshare building , for $90 million from a company controlled by New Frontier owner Margaret Elardi . Further details about the project , including the Cosmopolitan name , were released in November 2004 . The Cosmopolitan 's design team was led by Friedmutter Group as executive architect , with Arquitectonica as the design architect for the building 's themed exterior . The building was engineered by DeSimone Consulting Engineers . The interior design team included Digital Kitchen , Prophet , the Friedmutter Group , The Rockwell Group , Jeffrey Beers , Adam Tihany , and Bentel & Bentel . The resort was built on what used to be the parking lot for the Jockey Club . Because the Cosmopolitan occupies much of the parking lot , it was agreed that the Club residents could use part of the Cosmopolitan 's parking garage . The Cosmopolitan was the second Las Vegas hotel , after The Palazzo , to feature an underground parking garage underneath the hotel . As a result , the parking garage was built first . In December 2007 , work finished on the 70 - foot ( 21 m ) hole for the parking structure , while other foundation work remained in progress . The hotel was originally planned to open and be operated by Hyatt as the Grand Hyatt Las Vegas . Original plans called for the casino to be on the second floor , but this was later changed and the casino was built on ground level , like most other Las Vegas hotel - casinos . Planned condo units were cancelled and replaced with studios and other hotel rooms . In January 2008 , it was reported that the $3.9 billion project faced financial complications , as Eichner 's company defaulted on a $760 million construction loan from Deutsche Bank when the developer missed a payment after failing to secure refinancing for the project . Construction moved forward as the developers searched for new financing . In late February 2008 , Global Hyatt Corporation and New York - based Marathon Asset Management agreed to recapitalize the condominium - hotel project . however , one month later the developer said Deutsche Bank AG would begin foreclosure proceedings . They bought the hotel for $1 billion during the summer and hired The Related Cos. , developers of Time Warner Center in New York , to re-position the asset , manage the development process and assist in leasing the retail and restaurant collection . Related recommended many revisions , including bringing the casino entrance onto the strip . In June 2008 , Hearst Corp filed a trademark suit against the owners of the casino . Hearst owns the trademark to Cosmopolitan magazine . In March 2010 , the suit was settled , and the resort was renamed Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas . In August 2008 , it was announced that MGM Mirage , Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide , Hyatt and Hilton were in talks to acquire the property . It was speculated that MGM Mirage would integrate the project into Bellagio and CityCenter ; Starwood were to establish its W and St. Regis brands ; and Hyatt would have continued with its plans to operate a Grand Hyatt . In April 2009 , the Sun reported that the hotel would be managed by Hilton and would become the Hilton 's first in their new Denizen hotel line . Later that month , however , those plans changed ; Starwood sued Hilton , claiming trade - secret theft and essentially killing the Denizen brand . In June 2009 , 400 homeowners filed a lawsuit against the developers , claiming breach of contract and seeking refunds for their deposits . They believed that the projected finish date of June 2010 was unrealistic and expressed fear that the developers might turn the condo rooms into hotel rooms only or `` finish the building as a shell and not do any interior work . '' In April 2010 , it was announced that the Cosmopolitan would open in stages , beginning in December and ending in July 2011 . It was the only hotel - casino to open on the Strip in 2010 . The project officially opened on December 15 , 2010 , and became part of Marriott International 's Autograph Collection , a collection of independent hotels with access to Marriott 's reservation and rewards system . In January 2014 , the Cosmopolitan announced that points through their Identity rewards program could be redeemed at 3,800 of Marriott 's properties . Cosmopolitan is also partnered with the Ritz - Carlton , which is Ritz 's first presence on the Las Vegas Strip and their second property in the Las Vegas area . In May 2014 , the Cosmopolitan was sold by Deutsche Bank to Blackstone Group for $1.73 billion . The July 2015 fire at the Cosmopolitan , seen from the rooftop terrace of Marriott 's Grand Chateau . The picture was taken twenty minutes after the fire was reported . On July 25 , 2015 , a fire broke out on the pool deck of the resort , burning trees and cabanas , and sending plumes of smoke into the air . Two people were treated for smoke inhalation as a result of the blaze , including one person who was transported to a local hospital . The cause of the fire was not immediately known . Restaurants ( edit ) See also : List of restaurants in the Las Vegas Valley In March 2010 , the casino announced several celebrity chefs and restaurants that would open there . Included were Bruce and Eric Bromberg 's Blue Ribbon , Costas Spiliadis ' Estiatorio Milos , Scott Conant 's Scarpetta , and David Myers ' Comme Ça . On May 2 , the resort announced that José Andrés would be joining the resort with three restaurants - creating his namesake restaurant , `` é by José Andrés '' , and one based on his tapas restaurant , Jaleo . Another restaurant , China Poblano , is a new concept combining Mexican and Chinese cuisine . Additional restaurants include : D.O.C.G. a restaurant and wine bar by Scott Conant ; Holstein 's , a specialty burger restaurant . Also , STK , a steakhouse by Todd Mark Miller ; along with The Henry , Va Bene Caffè , and Wicked Spoon . Controversy ( edit ) In April 2011 , Cosmopolitan security staff allegedly removed a transgender guest named Stephanie from a women 's restroom , photographed her , and said that she would be banned for life if she did not leave the premises . Shortly after the incident , the hotel - casino was flooded with complaints on its Facebook page , which prompted the hotel - casino to issue an apology to the transgender community and to Stephanie that they would `` welcome her back to the resort anytime . '' The incident also prompted the hotel - casino to train its staff on awareness initiatives involving the sensitive issue . In popular culture ( edit ) The Cosmopolitan was the setting for The Killers music video for `` Shot at the Night '' . The Cosmopolitan was the setting for Top Chef Masters Season 4 . Gallery ( edit ) Night view from the east side . Cosmopolitan construction as seen from Caesars Palace The Cosmopolitan nearing completion in March 2010 The street front view from across the Strip Viewed from the Las Vegas Eiffel Tower Night view See also ( edit ) Autograph Collection Hotels List of tallest buildings in Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bank sells Las Vegas casino to Blackstone for $1.7 bln '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold M. Knightly ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Dispute settled , Strip resort renamed '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas - The Skyscraper Center '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher Palmeri ; Beth Jinks ( 16 April 2014 ) . `` Deutsche Bank Said to Seek Sale of Cosmopolitan Resort '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Best Hotels In The World '' . Huffington Post . November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Gold List 2016 '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Thomas ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Cosmopolitan launching $100 million - plus room refresh '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newly updated guest rooms to feature modern design , bold art and advanced technology '' . 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Domanick , Andrea ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Party capital : Seven of 10 top - grossing U.S. nightclubs are in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : `` Details on new Las Vegas Strip development unveiled '' . Las Vegas Sun . April 14 , 2004 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` Partnership names planned Strip property '' . Las Vegas Sun . November 22 , 2004 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas sees up - high views as draw '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Knightly , Arnold ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` DEVELOPMENT : Project saved by pair 's aid '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Jennifer ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Foreclosure on Las Vegas Casino to Begin '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Buyout keeps Cosmopolitan in play '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2008 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Illia , Tony . `` Homebuyers sue Cosmopolitan '' . Las Vegas Business Press . Jump up ^ Berzon , Alexandra ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Deutsche Bank Doubles Down With a Casino '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt . `` MGM Mirage , Hilton Hotels in Talks to Acquire Cosmopolitan Casino '' . Online Casino Advisory . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` New Hilton brand expected to replace Cosmopolitan '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ Trejos , Nancy ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Cosmopolitan guests can now use Marriott points '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bank sells casino to Blackstone for $1.7 billion '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fire at the Cosmopolitan hotel in Las Vegas injures 2 '' . BNO News . 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fire on Las Vegas Strip sends heavy smoke into sky '' . CBS News . 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Restaurants & Las Vegas Fine Dining at The Cosmopolitan Las Vegas '' . Cosmopolitanlasvegas.com . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmopolitan responds to backlash over report on banned transgender guest '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Killers Give Lovers a Chance in ' Shot at the Night ' '' . Rolling Stone . 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top Chef Masters ' cooked at Cosmopolitan '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2012 - 07 - 22 . Sources ( edit ) ' Cosmo says hello : Guests see model of condo - hotel ' , Howard Stutz , Las Vegas Review - Journal , October 26 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="3"> Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds The Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho <Th_colspan="2"> Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Las Vegas Club Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Harmon Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Key Largo Klondike La Concha Landmark Marina Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho <Th_colspan="2"> Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Las Vegas Club Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Dynasty Flatiron Fontainebleau Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World <Th_colspan="3"> Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo Fontainebleau ( on hold ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada <Td_colspan="3"> Strip Gaming Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_of_Las_Vegas&oldid=797293819 '' Categories : 2010 establishments in Nevada Autograph Collection Hotels Casinos completed in 2010 Condo hotels in the United States Hotel buildings completed in 2010 Hotels established in 2010 Las Vegas Strip Mixed martial arts venues in Nevada Residential skyscrapers in the Las Vegas Valley Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 03 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas - luxury resort casino and hotel
2. Las Vegas Strip - location of the Cosmopolitan
3. Amenities - hotel rooms, casino, retail and restaurant space, spa and fitness facility, theater, meeting and convention space
4. History - development, construction, ownership changes
5. Restaurants - celebrity chefs and dining options at the Cosmopolitan
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-4,978,125,150,193,702,000 |
where did the term widow's peak originate
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Widow 's peak - wikipedia Widow 's peak This article is about the physical trait . For other uses , see Widow 's Peak . This woman has a widow 's peak . ( c. 2016 ) A widow 's peak is a V - shaped point in the hairline in the center of the forehead . Hair growth on the forehead is suppressed in a bilateral pair of periorbital fields . Without a widow 's peak , these fields join in the middle of the forehead so as to give a hairline that runs straight across . A widow 's peak results when the point of intersection on the forehead of the upper perimeters of these fields is lower than usual . Contents 1 Definition 2 Etymology 3 Causes 4 Notable examples 5 References Definition ( edit ) Actor Gary Cooper had a prominent widow 's peak . A widow 's peak is a distinct point in the hairline in the center of the forehead ; there are varying degrees of the peak . Although it is commonly taught as an example of a dominant inherited trait , there are no scientific studies to support this . Etymology ( edit ) The term stems from the belief that hair growing to a point on the forehead -- suggestive of the peak of a widow 's hood -- is an omen of early widowhood . The use of peak in relation to hair dates from 1833 . The expression widow 's peak dates from 1849 . The use of peak may refer to the beak or bill of a headdress , particularly the distinctive hood with a pointed piece in front -- a biquoquet -- which widows wore as a hood of mourning dating from 1530 . Another explanation for the origin of the phrase suggests that it may be related to the mourning caps worn as early as the 16th century . A mourning cap or ' Mary Stuart Cap ' is a cap which features a very distinctive triangular fold of cloth in the middle of the forehead , creating an artificial widow 's peak . The use of peak referring to a point in the cloth covering the forehead dates to at least 1509 when it appears in Alexander Barclay 's The Shyp of Folys : And ye Jentyl wymen whome this lewde vice doth blynde Lased on the backe : your peakes set a loft . Causes ( edit ) Ely Guv Hintonith and M. Michael Cohen hypothesized the widow 's peak hairline to be an anomaly that results from a lower - than - usual point of intersection of the bilateral periorbital fields of hair - growth suppression on the forehead . This can occur because the periorbital fields of hair - growth suppression are smaller than usual , or because they are more widely spaced . Wide spacing also explains the association between ocular hypertelorism -- that is , the eyes being abnormally far apart -- and widow 's peak ; this was suggested by findings in an unusual case of ocular hypertelorism in which surrounding scalp - hair growth was suppressed by an ectopic ( displaced ) eye . Widow 's peaks are a symptom of Donnai - Barrow syndrome , a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the LRP2 gene . Other genetic syndromes occasionally associated with widow 's peaks include Waardenburg syndrome and Aarskog syndrome . A study of women conducted by Nusbaum and Fuentefria in 2009 found that 81 % had a widow 's peak , but it is unclear what their criteria were in this study ; Smith and Cohen 's 1973 study on male medical students found that only 3 % had widow 's peaks , suggesting either high variation between genders or scholarly disagreement over what constitutes a widow 's peak . Notable examples ( edit ) People with natural widow 's peaks include singers Lauren Jauregui and Zayn Malik , six - time world Snooker champion , Ray Reardon ( nickname Dracula ) , actors Troy Wagner , Chris Hemsworth , Keanu Reeves , Kit Harington , Leonardo DiCaprio , John Travolta , Grace Kelly , Blake Lively , Fran Drescher , Marilyn Monroe , Andy García , Indian Actress Rekha , Elvis Presley , Harry Styles , Luke Evans , and male model Hamza Ali Abbasi , as well as politicians Paul Ryan , Ronald Reagan , and Andrew Jackson . A number of fictional people have a widow 's peak . In film this trait is often associated with a villain or antagonist ; Count Dracula is an example . Eddie Munster -- from the television program `` The Munsters '' -- also had this distinctive hairline . Another villain depicted as having widow 's peak hair is The Joker from `` Batman '' comic books and films . Namor , the Sub-Mariner has long held the feature . Vegeta from the Dragon Ball franchise is known for his widow 's peak . Hannibal Lecter is described as having one in the novels that feature his story . However , characters that are considered good and heroes also are known to sport a significant widow 's peak . Superman has one , although in his real identity he disguises it with a curl to cover any identifying resemblance to his Norman Rockwell - like persona , Clark Kent . Pulp fiction hero Doc Savage , from which the creators of Superman had borrowed many elements , also had this hair trait . Additionally , widow 's peaks are shown to poll well for politicians . According to research by Shawn Rosenberg of the University of California - Irvine , `` widow 's peaks ( though more so on female candidates ) were a clear positive . It was associated with being seen as more competent and with greater integrity . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biology Online Dictionary . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Human Traits : autosomal '' . Introductory Biology I Lab Projects . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dominant Inheritance '' . Genetics Generation . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , John H. ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Myths of Human Genetics : Widow 's peak : The myth '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Observable Human Characteristics '' . Learn. Genetics . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Expressions & Sayings : W. Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randle Cotgrave ( 1776 ) . A French and English dictionary . Anthony Dolle ( Golden Ball ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilton , David . Wordorigins.org . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , DW ; Cohen , MM ( 17 November 1973 ) . `` Widow 's peak scalp - hair anomaly and its relation to ocular hypertelorism '' . Lancet . 2 ( 7838 ) : 1127 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 73 ) 90939 - 2 . PMID 4128017 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Judith G. ; Allanson , Judith ; Gripp , Karen ; Slavotinek , Anne ( 2007 ) . Handbook of physical measurements . Oxford medical publications . p. 336 . ISBN 9780195301496 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , D.W. ; Cohen , M.M. ( November 17 , 1973 ) . `` Widow 's Peak Scalp - Hair Anomaly and its Relation to Ocilar Hyperthelorism '' . The Lancet . 302 ( 7838 ) : 1127 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 73 ) 90939 - 2 . Jump up ^ Donnai - Barrow syndrome , National Institute of Health , http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/donnai-barrow-syndrome Jump up ^ William Reardon ( 28 September 2007 ) . The Bedside Dysmorphologist . Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971982 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Dana Oliver ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` 23 Celebrity Widow 's Peaks You Never Noticed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Wolfe . `` Am I Turning Into My Mother ? 5 Traits You Inherit From Your Mom '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karl . `` Top 15 Most Memorable Mens Hairstyles In Movies '' . CoolMensHair.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Roxanne ; Argetsinger , Amy ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Ryan 's widow 's peak : A game - changer in GOP veepstakes ? '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Redmond , J.C. ( September 2 , 2009 ) . Arnold , Paul , ed . `` What Causes Widow 's Peak Hair ? '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It really was love at first bite '' . The Guardian . London . August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ https://comicvine.gamespot.com/namor/4005-1476/ Jump up ^ Mallory , Michael . `` Lester Dent : The Man Behind Doc Savage '' . Jump up ^ Source , The Reliable ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Paul Ryan 's widow 's peak : A game - changer in GOP veepstakes ? '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Widow%27s_peak&oldid=851713297 '' Categories : Hairstyles Facial features Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español Italiano Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 03 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Widow's peak hairline
2. V-shaped point in the hairline
3. Hair growth suppression
4. Genetic syndromes associated with widow's peak
5. Notable individuals with widow's peaks
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-4,995,062,104,421,182,000 |
how long is a player on waivers in mlb
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Major league Baseball transactions - wikipedia Major league Baseball transactions Jump to : navigation , search Major League Baseball transactions are changes made to the roster of a major league team during or after the season . They may include waiving , releasing , and trading players , as well as assigning players to minor league teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 25 - man , 40 - man , and postseason rosters 2 Trades 3 Waivers 4 Assignment to a minor league team 4.1 Options 4.2 Designated for assignment 4.3 Veterans ' consent 5 Disabled list 6 Personal leave 6.1 Bereavement list 6.2 Paternity leave list 7 Rule 5 draft 8 Free agency and salary arbitration 9 References 10 External links 25 - man , 40 - man , and postseason rosters ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball rosters Each Major League Baseball team maintains both a 25 - man roster and a 40 - man roster of players . Players on the 25 - man roster are eligible to play in official major league games throughout the season . The 40 - man roster includes the players on the 25 - man roster plus as many as 15 players who are either on the team 's seven - or 10 - day disabled list , who are on paternity leave for up to three days , or who are in the franchise 's farm teams in Minor League Baseball . From September 1 through the end of the regular season , any player on the 40 - man roster ( also referred to as the `` expanded roster '' ) is eligible to play in an official regular season game . Many young players make their Major League debuts in this way , as `` September call - ups . '' To be eligible for a team 's postseason roster , a player must be on any of the following : ( a ) the 40 - man roster , ( b ) the 60 - day disabled list , or ( c ) the bereavement list as of August 31 at midnight ET . The only exception is that a player who is on the disabled list at the end of the regular season may be replaced on the postseason roster by any other player who was in the organization on August 31 , with the approval of the Commissioner . All players on the team 's roster during the season will be eligible to receive a World Series ring after the team wins the World Series . Trades ( edit ) Teams may trade only players currently under contract . From the end of the previous World Series through July , trades between two or more major league teams may freely occur at any time . In August , trades may only be made after all players in the trade clear waivers or are not on 40 - man rosters . Players acquired after August 31 are ineligible for the postseason roster unless they replace an injured player . Unlike in the NFL , NHL , MLS , and the NBA , teams may not trade draft choices ( with the exception of competitive balance draft selections , which can be traded as explained below ) , but may purchase the rights to Rule 5 Draft Picks . Beginning with the 2012 season , MLB allows one specific class of draft picks to be traded . As part of a newly signed collective bargaining agreement between MLB and its players ' union , each team is allocated a `` bonus pool '' -- a set amount of money it can use to sign its draft picks for that year . Teams that go over their threshold can be penalized by losing one or more future draft picks . Those forfeited draft picks will eventually end up in the possession of small - revenue teams , which can then trade them if they wish . The first picks awarded under this scheme were for the 2013 draft . The August 31 rule was waived in 1945 for servicemen returning from World War II . Over the years , there have been several notable cases where a player acquired after the August 31 deadline made a significant contribution to a playoff - contending team but was ineligible for the postseason ; for example , Pedro Ramos with the 1964 New York Yankees and Sparky Lyle with the 1980 Philadelphia Phillies . If a player has been on an active major league roster for ten full seasons and on one team for the last five , he may not be traded to another team without his consent ( known as the 10 & 5 rule ) . Additionally , some players negotiate to have no - trade clauses in their contracts that have the same effect . In some trades , one of the components is a `` player to be named later '' which usually turns out to be a minor league player . The unnamed player is included as part of a trade when the teams can not immediately agree on a specific player or when the player is not yet eligible to be traded . In these cases , the player in question must be named within six months . Cash or some other consideration may be exchanged in lieu of the player to be named later . For example , during the 1994 Major League Baseball strike , the Minnesota Twins traded Dave Winfield to the Cleveland Indians at the trade deadline . Among the conditions of the trade were that if the Indians played no more games in 1994 , `` Indians general manager John Hart must write a check for $100 made out to the Minnesota Twins and take Twins general manager Andy MacPhail out to dinner . '' Waivers ( edit ) Any player under contract may be placed on waivers ( `` waived '' ) at any time . After MLB 's July 31st at 4 pm trade deadline and through to the end of the season , a team must place a player on waivers if that player is to be traded . If a player is waived , any team may claim him . If more than one team claims the player from waivers , the team with the weakest record in the player 's league gets preference . If no team in the player 's league claims him , the claiming team with the weakest record in the other league gets preference . In the first month of the season , preference is determined using the previous year 's standings . If a team claims a player off waivers and has a viable claim as described above , his current team ( the `` waiving team '' ) may choose one of the following options : arrange a trade with the claiming team for that player within two business days of the claim ; or rescind the request and keep the player on its major league roster , effectively canceling the waiver ; or do nothing and allow the claiming team to assume the player 's existing contract , pay the waiving team a waiver fee , and place the player on its active major league roster . If a player is claimed and the waiving team exercises its rescission option , the waiving team may not use the option again for that player in that season -- a subsequent waiver would be irrevocable with a claiming team getting the player essentially for nothing . If no team claims a player off waivers after three business days , the player has cleared waivers and may be assigned to a minor league team , traded ( to any team ) , or released outright . The waiver `` wire '' is a secret within the personnel of the Major League Baseball clubs ; no official announcement of a waiver is made until a transaction actually occurs , although information sometimes leaks out . Players are often waived during the post-July `` waiver - required '' trading period for teams to gauge trade interest in a particular player . Usually , when the player is claimed , the waiving team will rescind the waiver to avoid losing the player unless a trade can be worked out with the claiming team . The National League ( NL ) was the first of the two major leagues to adopt the trade deadline rule in 1917 . Originally it was enforced after June 15 , but was later changed as the result of a new collective bargaining agreement . For many years , players could not be traded from one league to another without being waived by all of the teams in the trading team 's league . Then an inter-league trading period was established , centered on the winter baseball meetings in December . Later , there were two `` inter-league '' trading periods each year , one from after the World Series until mid-December and the second from a week before spring training began until March 15 . So intent were leagues on keeping their stars from being moved from one league to the other , that then -- National League President Warren Giles threatened to keep NL clubs from trading major stars to the American League after the deal that sent Frank Robinson from Cincinnati to Baltimore . Assignment to a minor league team ( edit ) Options ( edit ) Options are directed by MLB Rule 11 ( C ) . A player has a finite number of option years in which he may be moved between the major and minor leagues an unlimited number of times . If a player is on the 40 - man roster but not on the active major league roster , he is said to be on optional assignment -- his organization may freely move him between the major league club and the minor league club . The rules for this are as follows . ( In all cases , an assignment of a player on a major - league disabled list to the minors while on a rehabilitation assignment does not count as time spent in the minors . ) A common misconception , based on the phrase , `` out of options , '' is that a player may only be moved between the major and minor leagues a restricted number of times . Once a player has been placed on a team 's 40 - man roster , a team has 3 option years on that player . A player is considered to have used one of those three option years when he spends at least 20 days in the minors in any of those 3 seasons . A team may have a fourth option year on a player with less than five full seasons of professional experience , provided that both conditions below are met . A player has not spent at least 90 days on an active professional roster in a season . Minor leagues that play below Class A Advanced have seasons that are shorter than 90 days , and as such , any player who spends a full season in a rookie or Class A ( short - season ) league will receive a fourth option year . A player has not spent at least 60 days on an active professional roster AND then at least 30 days on a disabled list in a season . Only after 60 days have been spent on an active professional roster does time spent on the disabled list count towards the 90 - day threshold . As with the prior example , this can not occur with players who spend a full season in a rookie or Class A ( short season ) league . Once all of the options have been used up on a player , a player is considered `` out of options '' and a player must be placed on and clear waivers prior to being sent down to the minor leagues ( there is also the `` veterans ' consent '' rule ) . The option system was designed to prevent players from being buried in the minor leagues forever , by forcing teams to make a decision within a limited number of years on whether or not they can use a player in the Major Leagues . Once placed on the protected 40 - man roster the player knows his team will have to bring him up to the majors , or expose him to being claimed on waivers so that another team can bring him to the majors , all within three years . Options do not `` reset '' if a player is traded - he still has only the original three option years that began when he was first placed on a team 's 40 - man roster . Designated for assignment ( edit ) Main article : Designated for assignment A player who is designated for assignment ( DFA ) is immediately removed from the 40 - man roster . This gives the team time to decide what to do with the player while freeing up a roster spot for another transaction , if needed . Once a player is designated for assignment , the team has ten days to do one of the following : the player can be traded , the player can be released , or the player can be put on waivers and , provided he clears , outrighted to the minors . A player who is outrighted to the minors is removed from the 40 - man roster but is still paid according to the terms of his guaranteed contract . A player can only be outrighted once in his career without his consent . Veterans ' consent ( edit ) If a player has 5 years of major - league service , he may not be assigned to a minor - league team without his consent . This exclusion applies regardless of whether he has not yet been outrighted once , has remaining options , or has cleared waivers . If the player withholds consent , the team must either release him or keep him on the major league roster . In either case , the player must continue to be paid under the terms of his contract . If he is released and signs with a new team , his previous team must pay the difference in salary between the two contracts if the previous contract called for a greater salary . Disabled list ( edit ) Main article : Disabled list If a major league player can not play because of a medical condition , he may be placed on the 10 - day disabled list ( DL ) ( 15 days prior to the 2017 season ) . This removes the player from the 25 - man roster , freeing up a space , but the player is ineligible to play for at least 10 consecutive days . Players on the 10 - day disabled list are still a part of the 40 - man roster . An injured player may also be placed on the 60 - day disabled list to remove the player from the 40 - man roster as well , with the condition of being ineligible to play for at least 60 consecutive days . Players placed on the 10 - day disabled list may be moved to the 60 - day list at any time , but not vice versa . Players may be placed on either disabled list retroactively for a maximum of 5 inactive days and may remain on either list for as long as required to recover . During this 5 - day period , a player 's status is said to be day - to - day , indicating that the team is in the process of deciding whether the player must be placed on either DL or is healthy enough to return to active service . Injured players may not be traded without permission of the Commissioner nor may they be optioned to the minors , though they may be assigned to a minor league club for rehabilitation for a limited amount of time ( 30 days for pitchers , 20 for non-pitchers ) . In 2011 , a 7 - day disabled list was added specifically for players who have suffered a concussion . This was instituted to allow players who may recover from their concussions quickly to be removed from the active roster and replaced for a shorter period of time than the standard DL term . A player who is still suffering from concussion symptoms at the 7 - day mark is automatically transferred to the 10 - day DL . Both the brain injury and the player 's recovery need to be verified by team and league doctors ; the list is not intended for non-concussion injuries . Personal leave ( edit ) Bereavement list ( edit ) The bereavement list may be used when a player finds it necessary to leave the team to attend to a serious illness or death in his ( or his spouse 's ) immediate family . A player placed on the bereavement list must miss a minimum of three games and a maximum of seven games . The team can use another player from its 40 - man roster to replace a player on the bereavement list . Paternity leave list ( edit ) The paternity leave list may be used when a player finds it necessary to leave the team to attend the birth of his child . A player placed on the paternity leave list must miss the next team game , but no more than three games . The team can use another player from its 40 - man roster to replace a player on the paternity leave list . This list was adopted beginning with the 2011 season . Rule 5 draft ( edit ) Main article : Rule 5 draft If a player not on a 40 - man roster has spent four years with a minor - league contract , originally signed when 19 or older or five years when signed before the age of 19 , he is eligible to be chosen by any team in the rule 5 draft during the offseason . No team is required to choose a player in the draft , but many do . If chosen , the player must be kept on the selecting team 's 25 - man major league roster for the entire season after the draft -- he may not be optioned or designated to the minors . The selecting team may , at any time , waive the rule 5 draftee , such as when they no longer wish to keep him on their major league roster . If a rule 5 draftee clears waivers , he must be offered back to the original team , effectively canceling the rule 5 draft choice . Once a rule 5 draftee spends an entire season on his new team 's 25 - man roster , his status reverts to normal and he may be optioned or designated for assignment . To prevent the abuse of the rule 5 draft , the rule also states that the draftee must be active for at least 90 days . This keeps teams from drafting players , then `` hiding '' them on the disabled list for the majority of the season . For example , if a rule 5 draftee was only active for 67 days in his first season with his new club , he must be active for an additional 23 days in his second season to satisfy the rule 5 requirements . Any player chosen in the rule 5 draft may be traded to any team while under the rule 5 restrictions , but the restrictions transfer to the new team . If the new team does not want to keep the player on their 25 - man roster for the season , he must be offered back to the team he was on when he was chosen in the draft . The intent of the rule 5 draft is to prevent teams from holding major league - potential players in the minor leagues when other teams would be willing to have them play in the majors . However , this draft has also become an opportunity for a team to take a top prospect from another team who might not be ready for the major leagues . For example , Cy Young award winner Johan Santana was chosen by the Florida Marlins four years before winning the award , when the Houston Astros declined to put him on their 40 - man roster . The Marlins chose Santana in the 1999 rule 5 draft , and traded him to the Minnesota Twins who kept him on their roster for the 2000 season , in which he toiled to a 6.49 earned run average at only 21 years of age . Two years later , he legitimized himself as a Major League pitcher , with an ERA under 3.00 , and two years after that , he was recognized as one of the best pitchers in the league . Had he not been chosen in the rule 5 draft , he likely would not have made his major - league debut until the 2001 or the 2002 season with the Astros . Roberto Clemente is the only Rule 5 draft pick to be inducted into Cooperstown , having been selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates from the then Brooklyn Dodgers in 1955 . Free agency and salary arbitration ( edit ) A free agent is a player whose contract with a team has expired and who is thus eligible to sign with another team . If a player is drafted and is offered a contract by his drafting team ( or any team to which he is traded ) each year , he may not become a free agent until : His contract has expired with at least six years of service time on a major league 25 - man roster or disabled list , OR His contract has expired with less than six years of service time , but the player first signed with a Major League Baseball team as a 10 - year free agent from the Japanese major leagues ( NPB ) , OR His contract has expired with less than six years of service time , but is not tendered a contract or salary arbitration offer ( if eligible ) by the tender deadline ( usually at the end of November ) . Such players become non-tender free agents . Two examples of players falling under ( 2 ) above are Hideki Okajima and Hiroki Kuroda . A player with fewer than six years of service time is eligible for salary arbitration if he : is without a contract for the next season , AND has been tendered a contract offer by his current team by the tender deadline , AND can not agree with his current team on a new contract , AND meets one of the conditions below : has been on a major league roster or disabled list for at least three years , OR has at least two years of major league service but less than three , AND is among the top 22 percent for cumulative playing time in the majors in this class of players ( and ties ) , AND was on an active major - league roster for at least 86 days in the previous season . Players with more than six years of service time and who are eligible for free agency can also be offered arbitration when their contracts are up , if they have been tendered a contract offer by their current team by the tender deadline , and have not agreed on a contract . The 4.2 example of arbitration eligibility above is called the `` Super Two '' exception , in which a player will have an extra year of arbitration eligibility . Notable recent `` Super Two '' players include Nolan Arenado , Chris Archer , Anthony Rendon , and Avisail Garcia . Following the salary arbitration process , the player and the team both submit a salary offer for a new contract . The arbitrator chooses one number or the other , based on which offer is closest to the salaries of players with similar ability and service time . For purposes of salary arbitration and free agency , a player acquires a year of service time if the player remains on the major league roster for at least 172 days of the 182 - day season . Players eligible for neither free agency nor salary arbitration are very seldom offered contracts for much more than the league minimum salary , as the player has no recourse to try to obtain a better salary elsewhere . For this reason , in the first three major league years of their careers ( except for the `` Super Two '' exception above ) , it is standard practice for players to accept comparatively low salaries even when their performance is stellar . Occasionally , a team may wish to sign a player in his second or third year to a long - term contract , and the resulting negotiations can involve salaries significantly higher than minimum . A recent example is the contract Ryan Braun signed barely a year into his major league career , which would have taken him through 2015 . However , in April 2011 , he and the Milwaukee Brewers extended that contract through 2020 . A team does not have to offer a contract to a player not eligible for free agency if his contract has expired , regardless of service time . If the player is not tendered a contract offer by the tender deadline ( usually in the second week of December ) , the player becomes a non-tender free agent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/glossary/transactions/postseason-eligibility Jump up ^ Pratt , Casey ( Aug 29 , 2012 ) . `` How do playoff rosters work ? '' . CSN Bay Area . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball draft Q&A '' . USA Today . 2003 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` How the new CBA changes baseball '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom , Keegan ( 1994 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Owners try on global thinking cap '' . The Baltimore Sun . p. 2C . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` Padres keep Bell , lose game in Arizona '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Greg ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Waivers : Some things are better left secret '' . FoxSportsHouston.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian . `` Did Babe Ruth play a role in the origin of the MLB trade deadline ? '' The Fabulous Forum ( Los Angeles Times sports blog ) , Wednesday , July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baseball Digest , July 1991 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/17188016/ Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Option Jump up ^ `` Disabled list '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MLB institutes 7 - day DL for concussions '' . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Remmington , Alex . `` Making MLB Safe for Mr. Mom '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Thomas ( 2005 - 01 - 31 ) . `` The Arbitration Process '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren ( 2010 - 04 - 08 ) . `` A Look Into Baseball 's Salary Arbitration System '' . Sports Agent Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MLBPA Info : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Major League Baseball Players Association . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Time ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Keeping Rizzo in Tucson today will pay off for Padres tomorrow '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2015/10/list-of-2016-super-two-qualifiers.html Jump up ^ Mayo , Jonathan ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Timing is everything for Super Twos '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun extended through 2020 '' . ESPN . 2011 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal MLB Official Info : Rules , Regulations and Statistics at MLB.com Transactions Primer by Rob Neyer Options by Jeff Euston Bizofbaseball.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 <Td_colspan="2"> Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_transactions&oldid=798871920 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Major League Baseball labor relations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 08 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Major League Baseball transactions
2. Roster changes in Major League Baseball
3. Trades in Major League Baseball
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do i need a tourist visa for taiwan
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Visa policy of Taiwan - wikipedia Visa policy of Taiwan Jump to : navigation , search This article requires immediate attention for image dispute . After reading the talk page , if you can help , please edit this page . ( July 2017 ) Visa sample of Taiwan Entry and exit stamps issued to a national of Singapore at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport . Visitors to Taiwan must obtain a visa or authorization in advance , unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries or countries whose nationals are eligible for visa on arrival . All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months ( except the citizens of Japan who can hold a passport valid for 3 months , and citizens of United States who are only required to hold a passport valid for the entire duration of stay ) . Taiwan has special entry requirements to current or former nationals of China who reside or previously resided in Mainland China . Contents ( hide ) 1 Right of abode 2 Visa policy map 3 Visa exemption 4 Visa on arrival 5 Permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau 6 eVisa 7 APEC Business Travel Card 8 Online Travel Authorization Certificate 9 Nationals of the People 's Republic of China who are Mainland residents 9.1 Restrictions for former nationals of People 's Republic of China who were Mainland residents 10 Working Holiday Visa 11 Statistics 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Right of abode ( edit ) See also : National without household registration Although the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has only one type of nationality , not all ROC nationals have the right of abode in Taiwan . Under the Immigration Act , only those with household registration in Taiwan ( nationals with household registration , or NWHRs ) have the right of abode in Taiwan and can enter Taiwan without prior authorization . Holding one of the documents listed below is sufficient to demonstrate such status : A Taiwan passport with the individual 's National Identification Card number on biodata page ; Valid National Identification Card , household registration certificate , or household registration certificate transcript accompanied by a valid Taiwan passport . ROC nationals without household registration in Taiwan ( NWOHRs ) are ineligible to receive a National Identification Card . To enter Taiwan , one must , in addition to a Taiwan passport , hold one of the following documents : A valid or expired entry permit affixed on the passport ; or , A Taiwanese Resident Certificate . NWOHRs holding documentations listed below can obtain an entry permit on arrival : An added signing on the passport stating one 's overseas Chinese status , or a letter stating such status ; or A long - term residence ( type F - 2 ) or permanent residence ( type F - 5 ) Certificate of Alien Registration issued by South Korea . Alternatively , they may enter Taiwan with their non-ROC passports without prior authorization if also having nationalities of a visa exempt country . NWOHRs are subject to immigration control while in Taiwan , and can only remain in Taiwan for a limited time authorized by the entry permit or the immigration officer . Those without any of the above - listed documents will be denied entry to Taiwan . Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Taiwan Visa exemption ( edit ) Holders of passports of the following 60 jurisdictions do not require a visa to visit Taiwan for less than 90 days unless otherwise noted ( duration of stay starts from the next day of arrival ) . Extensions are not possible except for citizens of Canada and the United Kingdom , who may apply to extend the stay from 90 days to 180 days in accordance with the principle of reciprocity . The visa exemption does not apply for holders of emergency or temporary passports , except for citizens of United States . Other visa exempt nationals holding such passports , however , would still be able to apply for a visa on arrival . All European Union citizens Andorra Australia Belize Brunei Canada Chile Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Holy See Honduras Iceland Israel Japan Liechtenstein Malaysia Monaco New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Paraguay Philippines Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines San Marino Singapore South Korea Thailand Switzerland United States Stateless permanent residents of Brunei holding the Bruneian International Certificate of Identity ( ICI ) with a validity of at least 6 months are also exempt from visa requirement until 31 July 2018 . The duration of stay is 30 days . In addition , holders of diplomatic or official / service passports of Belize , Burkina Faso , Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nauru , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Swaziland do not require a visa for up to 90 days . On 31 October 2017 , Taiwanese president Tsai Ing - wen announced that Taiwan will grant visa - free entry to citizens of Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Nauru , Solomon Islands , Palau , and Tuvalu . Visa on arrival ( edit ) Nationals of the following countries can obtain a visa on arrival for a fee : Macedonia ( 30 days , NT $2,400 ) Turkey ( 30 days , Free of Charge ) In addition , holders of emergency or temporary passports with validity of more than 6 months issued by visa - exempt countries are eligible for visa on arrival for a fee . The duration of stay is 30 days regardless of nationality and can not be extended . This measure does not apply to holders of emergency or temporary passports issued by the United States as they are visa exempt . Visa on arrival is only available at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport . For passengers arriving at Taipei Songshan Airport , Kaohsiung International Airport or Taichung Airport , they would be issued a temporary entry permit and will have to apply for a visa at the Bureau of Consular Affairs office or one of the offices of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Taiwan at their earliest convenience . Failure to comply may result in a derogatory record . Passengers arriving at ports of entry other than those listed above will be denied entry . Permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau ( edit ) Permanent residents of Hong Kong and / or Macau , who are either Chinese nationals or British Nationals ( Overseas ) , may be eligible for an Exit & Entry Permit upon arrival for NT $ 300 or may apply for an Entry Permit online at no cost to visit Taiwan for less than 30 days . The requirements are : They were born in Hong Kong or Macau , or have entered Taiwan at least once as a permanent resident of Hong Kong or Macau and holding proofs of previous visits ; They hold one of the following travel documents : Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport British National ( Overseas ) passport Macao Special Administrative Region passport ; They do not hold passports issued by other nations or have additional nationalities ( including other classes of British nationality ) . If they do , they are required to comply with visa requirements of their additional nationalities , except for Hong Kong residents who are allowed to have dual Chinese nationality and British National ( Overseas ) status ( but not full British citizenship ) . First time applicants not born in Hong Kong or Macau are also able to apply for Exit and Entry Permit online from 8 February 2017 . Unlike those qualified for the no - fee Entry Permit or Entry and Exit Permit on arrival , the applicants are required to pay a processing fee of NT $600 . The processing time is 5 business days . These visitors are required to hold their Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards or Macau Permanent Resident Identity Cards , as well as their proof of previous visits to Taiwan , when applying for Exit and Entry Permits on arrival or the no - fee Entry Permits for subsequent visits . Since 1 January 2017 , Hong Kong and Macau residents are able to apply for double - entry Entry Permits online , providing that they are entering Taiwan by cruise for at least one portion of their trip . EVisa ( edit ) Since 12 January 2016 , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of ROC started to implement the eVisa Program . Citizens of the following countries can apply for a single - entry eVisa to visit Taiwan for less than 30 days . The fee for each application is NT $1,632 . On 7 October 2016 , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of ROC further expanded the list of countries eligible to apply for eVisa . Bahrain Burkina Faso Colombia Dominica Ecuador Kiribati Kuwait Macedonia Marshall Islands Montenegro Nauru Oman Palau Panama Peru Qatar Saudi Arabia Solomon Islands Swaziland Turkey Tuvalu United Arab Emirates Nationals of the following countries may apply for a single - entry eVisa for a maximum stay of 30 days if they are travelling with an approved tour group : Cambodia India Indonesia Laos Myanmar Vietnam Also , all foreign nationals except Chinese nationals who are invited by the Taiwanese government to attend international conferences , sports events , trade fairs or other activities organized , co-organized or sponsored by Taiwanese government agencies or certain NGOs are also eligible for an eVisa . Such applicants must obtain an e-code from their host organizations in Taiwan prior to applying for an eVisa . Nationals of the following countries are eligible for business eVisas if they have obtained recommendations from the local Taiwan External Trade Development Council since 1 June 2017 . Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka APEC business Travel Card ( edit ) Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) containing the code `` TWN '' on the back of the card can enter Taiwan visa - free for business trips for up to 90 days . ABTCs are issued to nationals of : Australia Brunei Chile Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Thailand Vietnam ABTCs are also issued to nationals of China and permanent residents of Hong Kong , however Chinese nationals residing in Mainland China are subject to entry restrictions and can not use the card to enter Taiwan . Chinese nationals permanently residing in Hong Kong are also ineligible and are required to obtain an Exit and Entry Permit . Online Travel authorization certificate ( edit ) Nationals of the following countries can apply for a no - fee Travel Authorization Certificate online for multiple visits to Taiwan , for a duration of no more than 30 days each visit during the certificate 's 90 - day validity period , if they have never been employed as a guest worker to Taiwan and have met the additional requirements listed below : Cambodia India Indonesia Laos Myanmar Vietnam They are required to hold a residential or visitor visa ( including Visa Waiver Registration Certificates issued by Japan to Indonesian nationals , and e-Visas ) , or a residential certificate ( including permanent residency ) issued by the following countries . The visa can be either valid or expired , but it must not have expired for more than 10 years prior to the date of arrival in Taiwan . Holders of work permits as well as visas marked `` void '' , `` cancelled '' or `` cancelled without prejudice '' are not eligible . In addition , travelers utilizing the scheme must also hold a return or onward plane or ship ticket and will be required to present it to the immigration officer . Australia Canada Ireland Japan New Zealand Countries of Schengen Area South Korea Taiwan United Kingdom United States Frequent visitors to Taiwan from these countries can also receive multiple entry visas with validity of two to five years . From 1 June 2017 , nationals of these countries who have received a Taiwanese visa ( other than a work visa ) in the last 10 years are eligible for online registration . As all Filipino nationals will be exempt from visa requirements on 1 November 2017 , they will no longer be able to register for the certificate from that day onwards . All certificates will no longer be valid for entry after 31 October 2017 . Passengers entering Taiwan prior to 1 November 2017 are still allowed to stay for up to 30 days , while those entering Taiwan on or after that day can only stay for up to 14 days . Nationals of the People 's Republic of China who are Mainland residents ( edit ) Nationals of the People 's Republic of China with residency ( hukou ) in Mainland China ( including those who are non-permanent residents of Hong Kong or Macau and have relinquished their hukou in Mainland China ) require prior approvals from Taiwanese government and are required to hold an Exit and Entry Permit prior to travelling to Taiwan . As of August 2016 , Mainland residents can only visit Taiwan as a part of a pre-approved tour group unless they qualify for one of the exemptions : They have hukou in one of the 47 cities that are designated by the Taiwanese and Chinese authorities as eligible for individual tours ; They reside outside Mainland China and hold temporary or permanent residence status in Hong Kong , Macau or a third country ( prior approval from the Chinese authorities is not required when departing from a place other than Mainland China ) ; or , They only visit Quemoy , Matsu and Penghu Islands ( in which case a 15 - day Exit and Entry Permit Permit can be obtained on arrival provided holding certain travel documents ) and will not proceed to other parts of Taiwan . As of May 2016 , Mainland resident visitors applying from Mainland China are subject to a daily quota imposed by Taiwan of 14,600 persons per day , with half of the quota available to individual tour applicants . Those who applied from Hong Kong , Macau or a third country are not subject to a quota . It was reported that the Chinese authorities also has an unofficial `` soft cap '' on the numbers of individual and group tourists , ranging from 40 % to 50 % of the Taiwanese quota . All PRC nationals who are residents of Mainland China can not travel to Taiwan on their passports when departing from Mainland China and must hold a Travel Permit to and from Taiwan ( 往來 台灣 通行證 ) , colloquially known as Mainland Resident Travel Permit ( 大通 證 ) , issued by the Chinese authorities . The current card - type version of the permit is similar to the design of the Two - way permit while older version is a pink , passport - like travel document . Permits must have the appropriate valid exit endorsements ( similar to exit visas ) on them for the holder to depart from Mainland China . Although travelling with the Mainland Resident Travel Permit is not mandatory when departing from Hong Kong , Macau or a third country , the Exit and Entry Permit itself is not a travel document but a de facto entry visa , and is usually tied to the document number of Mainland Resident Travel Permit or the Chinese passport , hence the travelers are still required to carry the travel document they used to apply for the Exit and Entry Permit when travelling to Taiwan . Since January 2016 , Mainland residents are no longer required to hold a Mainland Resident Travel Permit if they depart from airports in Chongqing , Kunming or Nanchang and are only in transit through Taiwan to a third country . Otherwise , the Mainland Resident Travel Permit with exit endorsement is also required for transit through Taiwan if departing from Mainland China , but the Exit and Entry Permit is not required if the passengers do not pass immigration control in Taiwan and only remain airside . From 28 March 2017 , Mainland Chinese residents are able to apply for the Exit and Entry Permit online if they are residing in a third country . Restrictions for former nationals of People 's Republic of China who were Mainland residents ( edit ) Although the aforementioned restrictions do not apply to former nationals of People 's Republic of China with Mainland residency , they also face entry restrictions and are required to apply for an Exit and Entry Permit unless they meet the following requirements : They have resided outside of PRC for more than 4 years ; They have obtained the nationality of the country in which they reside in ; and They have lost their PRC nationality in pursuant to Article 9 of the Chinese nationality law . If the requirements are met , they may enter Taiwan according to the visa requirements of the nationality they have acquired . However , documentations supporting the change in nationality , such as a naturalization certificate , is required . Working holiday visa ( edit ) Nationals of the following countries are eligible to apply for the Taiwanese working holiday visa ( named as `` Youth Mobility Scheme '' for British and Canadian citizens ) through Taiwanese diplomatic missions of their countries of nationality , if they are ordinary residents in their country of nationality and are within the age limits : Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic France Germany Hungary Ireland Japan New Zealand Poland Slovakia South Korea United Kingdom Statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Taiwan on short term basis were from the following countries of residence : ( show ) Country / Territory 2016 2015 2014 2013 China 3,511,734 4,184,102 3,987,152 2,874,702 Japan 1,895,702 1,627,229 1,634,790 1,421,550 Hong Kong 1,474,521 1,389,529 1,276,039 1,105,223 South Korea 884,397 658,757 527,684 351,301 United States 523,888 479,452 458,691 414,060 Malaysia 474,420 431,481 439,240 394,326 Singapore 407,267 393,037 376,235 364,733 Vietnam 196,636 146,380 137,177 118,467 Thailand 195,640 124,409 104,812 104,138 Indonesia 188,720 177,743 182,704 171,299 Total 10,690,279 10,439,785 9,910,204 8,016,280 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Tourism Bureau , Taiwan See also ( edit ) Republic of China portal Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens Taiwan passport Exit & Entry Permit ( Republic of China ) Foreign relations of Taiwan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Under the Laws and Regulations Regarding Hong Kong & Macao Affairs , BN ( O ) s , regardless of ethnicity , are not treated as British nationals , but permanent residents of Hong Kong and Macau . ^ Jump up to : `` Information - Chinese Taipei ( TW ) '' . Tiamtic . IATA . ^ Jump up to : Immigration Reference Guide for Civil Carriers ^ Jump up to : `` Visa - Exempt Entry '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan grants visa - free treatment for Andorra , San Marino citizens - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS '' . Jump up ^ `` MOFA announces visa - free treatment for nationals of 10 Latin American and Caribbean allies effective July 12 '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Notice for British Passport Holders Who Entered Taiwan Visa - Free and Are Applying for an Extension of Stay Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China . Jump up ^ `` 12 月 1 日 起 可 停留 30 天 汶 永久 居民 赴 台 免 签证 '' . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan to give visa waivers to six Pacific allies : president '' . Focus Taiwan . 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Landing Visas '' . Jump up ^ `` Laws & Regulations Database and The Republic of China '' . Jump up ^ `` 香港 、 澳門 永久 居民 申請 入 出境 證 '' . Bureau of Hong Kong Affairs . 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 中央 網 路 報 - 兩岸 交流 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - MOFA launches eVisa Program January 12 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - eVisa '' . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan includes nine more countries in e-visa program - Politics - FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS '' . Jump up ^ `` 外交 部 進一步 放寬 東 協 國家 國民 來 臺 簽證 措施 - 外交 部 領事 事務 局 全球 資訊 網 '' . Jump up ^ R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) launches the eVisa Program on Jan. 12 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` 外交 部 宣布 針對 「 新 南 向 政策 」 目標 國家 實施 進一步 簽證 放寬 措施 '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ `` ABTC Summary - APEC Business Travel Card '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Online Application for R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) Travel Authorization Certificate ( Applicable to citizens of India , Indonesia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Amend Online Application for R.O.C. ( Taiwan ) Travel Authorization Certificate ( Applicable to citizens of India , Indonesia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos ) '' . Jump up ^ 中央 通訊社 . `` 行政 院 拍板 簡化 東 協 8 國 訪 台 簽證 - 重點 新聞 - 中央社 即時 新聞 CNA NEWS '' . Jump up ^ `` Visa Services For Philippine and Non-Philippine Passport Holders '' . ^ Jump up to : 办理 台湾 自由 行 需 知 及 台湾 自由 行 个人 注意 事项 Jump up ^ 大陸 地區 人民 來 臺 從事 個人 旅遊 觀光 活動 線上 申請 須知 Jump up ^ 大陸 地區 人民 自 國 外 或 香港 澳門 來 臺 從事 觀光 活動 線上 申請 須知 Jump up ^ 內政 部 入 出國 及 移民 署 ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` 公告 大陸 地區 人民 以 旅行 事 由於 入境 金門 、 馬祖 、 澎湖 時 向 內政 部 入 出國 及 移民 署 申請 發 給 臨時 入境 停留 通知 單 , 其 適用 對象 、 限制 方式 、 人數 及 應 備 文件 , 自 中華 民國 104 年 1 月 1 日 生效 . '' . Jump up ^ 中 時 電子 報 . `` 陸 客 自由 行 少 65 % 打 趴 台 觀光 業 '' . Jump up ^ 中 時 電子 報 . `` 急 凍 ! 農曆 年 後 陸 客 再 減 半 '' . Jump up ^ `` 大陸 人士 - 申辦 「 觀光 」 須知 '' . Jump up ^ `` 首 批 赴 台 中转 大陆 游客 今日 抵达 台湾 转机 '' . Sohu . Xinhua News Agency . Jump up ^ `` 我 要 申請 - 旅居 海外 大陸 地區 人民 申請 來 臺 觀光 '' . National Immigration Agency . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Working Holiday ( Youth Mobility ) Scheme '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Qualifications for Visa Applicants '' . Jump up ^ `` 中華 民國 國民 申請 其他 國家 「 度假 打工 ( 青年 交流 ) 簽證 」 參考 資料 - 外交 部 領事 事務 局 全球 資訊 網 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Consular Affairs , Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Youth Mobility ( The United Kingdom ) '' . Jump up ^ Visitor Arrivals , 2013 - 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tourism Bureau , M.O.T.C. Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Visitor Arrivals by Residence '' . admin.taiwan.net.tw . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . 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1. Visa policy of Taiwan
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pirates of the caribbean at worlds end free
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Pirates of the Caribbean : at World 's End - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : at World 's End Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the video game , see Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( video game ) . For the soundtrack , see Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( soundtrack ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Gore Verbinski Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Written by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Based on Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Orlando Bloom Keira Knightley Geoffrey Rush Bill Nighy Chow Yun - Fat Naomie Harris Jack Davenport Kevin R. McNally Tom Hollander Jonathan Pryce Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by Craig Wood Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date May 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 19 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 168 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $300 million Box office $963.4 million Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski , the third in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) . The plot follows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , Hector Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl rescuing Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones 's Locker , and then preparing to fight the East India Trading Company , led by Cutler Beckett , who controls Davy Jones and plans to extinguish piracy forever . It is the last film in the series to be directed by Verbinski . It was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006 , the former simultaneously with the preceding film , Dead Man 's Chest . With a production budget of $300 million , Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End was the most expensive film ever made at the time of its release , even after adjusting for inflation . Walt Disney Pictures released the film in the United States on May 25 , 2007 . Critical reviews were mixed ; the film was praised for its performances , musical score , action scenes , and special effects , but was criticized for its plot and running time . At World 's End was a box office hit , becoming the most successful film of 2007 , with over $960 million worldwide . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , which it lost to La Vie en Rose and The Golden Compass , respectively . A sequel , On Stranger Tides , the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley , was released in cinemas on May 20 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Censorship 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In order to control the oceans , Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all pirate ships in the seas . Condemned prisoners sing `` Hoist the Colours '' to compel the nine Pirate Lords to convene at Shipwreck Cove to hold the Brethren Court . Because Captain Jack Sparrow , Pirate Lord of the Caribbean Sea , never named a successor before being killed , Captain Barbossa , along with Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , Tia Dalma , and the crew of the Black Pearl , plot to rescue Jack from Davy Jones ' Locker . Traveling to Singapore , the crew meet Captain Sao Feng ( Pirate Lord of the South China Sea ) , who owns navigational charts to the Locker and quickly gains an unpredictable interest in Elizabeth . Beckett 's soldiers invade , but the crew escape . Feng and Turner make a deal to give Jack to Feng , so he in turn can use the Pearl to rescue his father Bootstrap Bill Turner from the Flying Dutchman . The crew travels to the locker and rescues the marooned Jack . They find themselves trapped , encountering dead souls , including Elizabeth 's father Governor Swann who was executed by Beckett . Tia Dalma reveals that the Goddess `` Calypso '' charged Davy Jones with the job to guide the souls of those who died at sea to the next world . Once every ten years he could come ashore to be with the woman he loved . But he corrupted his purpose and was cursed to become a monster . The soul of Governor Swann reveals that the Dutchman must always have a captain . Returning to the living world , the Pearl stops at an island for fresh water , where the crew find the Kraken lying dead on the beach , having been killed by Jones under orders from Beckett . They are then attacked by Sao Feng and Beckett 's men . Through a complex series of deals , Elizabeth is handed over to Feng , who believes she is the goddess Calypso , while the rest of the crew make for Shipwreck Cove aboard the Pearl , though Jack later throws Will off the ship as part of the plan to seize control of the Dutchman . Sao Feng tells Elizabeth that the first Brethren Court bound Calypso in human form after she betrayed her lover , Davy Jones . He plans to release her to defeat Beckett . Davy Jones attacks Feng 's ship , the Empress , mortally wounding Feng in the process , but he appoints Elizabeth his successor as Pirate Lord before dying . Elizabeth and the crew are locked in the brig of the Dutchman and she finds Bootstrap Bill Turner merging with the side of the ship and losing his mind . In a moment of clarity Bootstrap reveals that whoever kills Davy Jones must take his place , bound to serve the Dutchman forever . He reiterates that `` the Dutchman must always have a captain . '' Admiral Norrington frees Elizabeth and her new crew from the Dutchman , but is killed by a crazed Bootstrap Bill . The Black Pearl arrives at Shipwreck Cove where Barbossa attempts to persuade the Brethren Court to release Calypso . Davy Jones visits Tia Dalma in the Pearl 's brig , revealing she is Calypso , and they promise to be together again . Jack 's father Captain Teague and Keeper of the Pirate Code , informs the Court that only an elected Pirate King can decide on going into battle . A vote is taken . To avoid a stalemate , Jack casts his vote for Elizabeth , making her King . The Brethren Court and Beckett 's fleets emerge for war . On a sandbank , Elizabeth , Jack , Barbossa , Beckett , Jones , and Will parley , trading Will for Jack , and Barbossa steals Jack 's piece of eight , all of which are owned by the Pirate Lords and required to free Calypso . Barbossa frees Calypso , but when Will reveals it was Jones who made it possible for the first Court to imprison her , Calypso vanishes and summons an enormous maelstrom . The Pearl and the Dutchman battle in the maelstrom . Elizabeth and Will are wed by Barbossa before swinging over to the Dutchman to aid Jack . On board the Dutchman , Jones and Jack engage in a duel , with Jones gaining the upper hand . Jones stabs Will with a sword , causing Bootstrap to fly into a rage and attack Jones . Jones begins to gain the upper hand , but Jack and Elizabeth help Will stab Jones ' heart . Jones falls into the maelstrom , while Will succumbs to his injuries . Jack and Elizabeth escape the Dutchman as it is sucked into the maelstrom , while the crew of the Dutchman converge on Will , led by Bootstrap . As Beckett 's ship , the Endeavour , approaches to destroy the Pearl , the Dutchman rises , now captained by Will , and the crew free of Jones ' curse . Together , the two pirate ships destroy the Endeavour , with a stunned Beckett going down with the ship while his navy retreats , demoralized by the loss of both the Endeavour and their commander in Beckett . With Will now forever bound to escort souls lost at sea to the next world , he and Elizabeth bid farewell to each other on the beach of an abandoned island . Will departs on the Dutchman , leaving Elizabeth pregnant and with the chest containing his heart . Jack and Joshamee Gibbs discover Barbossa has stolen the Black Pearl again , but Jack planned ahead and cut out Sao Feng 's navigational charts , he departs from Tortuga alone to track down the mythical Fountain of Youth to become immortal . In a post-credits scene , set ten years later , Elizabeth and her son Henry watch from a sea cliff as Will returns aboard the Dutchman . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Sparrow and the Black Pearl have been dragged to Davy Jones 's Locker by the Kraken ; he is trapped there until his former crew mounts a rescue party . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Once first mate of the Black Pearl under Jack 's command before leading a mutiny , Barbossa has been resurrected by Tia Dalma to captain the rescue of Jack Sparrow . He was also needed for his `` piece of eight '' to free Calypso . Rush said that in the film , Barbossa becomes more of a cunning politician . Depp said he was pleased he got more screentime with Rush than in the first film : `` We 're like a couple of old ladies fighting over their knitting needles '' . Orlando Bloom as William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : A young blacksmith - turned - pirate , the son of `` Bootstrap Bill '' Turner , and later the husband of Elizabeth Swann . Turner becomes Captain of The Flying Dutchman after the ritual is performed to save his life . Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann : Governor Swann 's daughter and Will Turner 's fiancée . Having tricked Jack Sparrow into being swallowed by the Kraken to save herself and the Black Pearl crew , she subsequently goes to his rescue . Swann becomes Captain of The Empress and Pirate Lord of the South China Seas as successor to Feng , and becomes the Pirate King by default as a result of the Bretheren Court vote . Jack Davenport as James Norrington : Promoted to the rank of admiral in return for giving Beckett Jones 's heart , he has allied himself with Beckett and the Company , although he still cares for Elizabeth , his former fiancée , and finds himself torn between his duty and his growing dislike for Beckett . Bill Nighy as Davy Jones : Malevolent ruler of the ocean realm , Captain of The Flying Dutchman . With his heart captured by James Norrington , he is now enslaved to Cutler Beckett who commanded him to kill the Kraken ( `` your pet '' ) , and now serves the East India Trading Company , though he remains volatile and makes life difficult for the marines policing him . Jonathan Pryce as Weatherby Swann : Governor of Port Royal and father to Elizabeth Swann , he is now trapped in Beckett 's service . Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook as Pintel and Ragetti : A mischievous and eccentric duo , part of Jack 's crew . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's loyal , if superstitious , first mate . David Bailie as Cotton : Jack 's loyal mute crewman who returns again to join the quest to bring back Sparrow . Stellan Skarsgård as William `` Bootstrap Bill '' Turner Sr. : Will 's father , cursed to serve an eternity aboard Davy Jones 's ship The Flying Dutchman . As he slowly loses hope , he also loses his humanity to the ship , and becomes mentally confused , barely recognizing his own son in the second half of the film . Chow Yun - fat as Sao Feng : Pirate Lord of the South China Sea , he captains the Chinese ship The Empress and has a poor history with Sparrow . He is reluctant to aid in his rescue from Davy Jones 's Locker . `` Sao Feng '' ( 嘯 風 ) means `` Howling Wind '' in Chinese . Chow was confirmed to be playing Feng in July 2005 while production of the second film was on hiatus . Chow relished playing the role , even helping out crew members with props . Tom Hollander as Cutler Beckett : A powerful chairman of the East India Trading Co. and now armed with a mandate from the King and in possession of Davy Jones 's heart , Beckett attempts to control the world 's oceans for the sake of sustainable business - and with it , the end of piracy . Naomie Harris as Tia Dalma / Calypso : An obeah witch who travels with the Black Pearl crew to rescue Jack ; she also raised Barbossa from the dead at the conclusion of Dead Man 's Chest and has a mysterious past connection to Davy Jones . Martin Klebba as Marty : Jack 's dwarf crewman who also joins the quest to bring back Sparrow . David Schofield as Mr. Mercer : Lord Beckett 's henchman , assigned to hold Davy Jones 's leash aboard the Dutchman . Keith Richards as Edward Teague : Keeper of the Pirata Codex for the Brethren Court and Jack Sparrow 's father . The other pirate lords are visibly terrified of him . Richards , who partially inspired Depp 's portrayal of Sparrow , was meant to appear in Dead Man 's Chest , but there was no room for him in the story , as well as his being tied up with a Rolling Stones tour . He almost missed filming a scene in At World 's End , following injuries sustained by falling out of a tree . In June 2006 , Verbinski finally managed to make room in Richards ' schedule to shoot that September . Greg Ellis as Lieutenant Theodore Groves : second - in - command to Lord Beckett . Lauren Maher and Vanessa Branch as Scarlett and Giselle Angus Barnett and Giles New as Mullroy and Murtogg Reggie Lee as Tai Huang Dominic Scott Kay as Young Henry Turner : the son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann . Scott Kay was credited as Young William Turner , and was retroactively named Young Henry Turner following the release of Dead Men Tell No Tales . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) See also : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest -- Production `` I felt it important that the third film was the end of an era -- like in a postmodern western where the railroad comes and the gunfighter is extinct . It seemed that we had an opportunity to take a look at a world where the legitimate has become corrupt and there is no place for honest thieves in that society , so you have darker issues and a little melancholy . The myths are dying . That seemed a great theme with which to complete the trilogy . '' -- Gore Verbinski Following The Curse of the Black Pearl 's success in 2003 , the cast and crew signed on for two sequels to be shot back - to - back . For the third film , director Gore Verbinski wanted to return the tone to that of a character piece after using the second film to keep the plot moving . Inspired by the real - life confederation of pirates , Elliott and Rossio looked at historical figures and created fictional characters from them to expand the scope beyond the main cast . Finally embellishing their mythology , Calypso was introduced , going full circle to Barbossa 's mention of `` heathen gods '' that created the curse in the first film . Filming ( edit ) Parts of the third film were shot during location filming of Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , a long shoot which finished on March 1 , 2006 . During August 2005 , the Singapore sequence was shot . The set was built on Stage 12 of the Universal Studios backlot , and comprised 40 structures within an 80 by 130 - foot ( 24 by 40 - m ) tank that was 3 ⁄ feet ( 1.1 m ) deep . As 18th century Singapore is not a well - documented era , the filmmakers chose to use an Expressionist style based on Chinese and Malaysian cities of the same period . The design of the city was also intended by Verbinski to parody spa culture , with fungi growing throughout the set . Continuing this natural feel , the floorboards of Sao Feng 's bathhouse had to be cut by hand , and real humidity was created by the combination of gallons of water and the lighting equipment on the set . Filming resumed on August 3 , 2006 at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah for 70 days off the California coast , as all the shooting required in the Caribbean had been conducted in 2005 . Davy Jones 's Locker was shot at Utah , and it was shot in a monochromatic way to represent its different feeling from the usual colorful environment of a pirate . The climactic battle was shot in a former air hangar at Palmdale , California , where the cast had to wear wetsuits underneath their costumes on angle - tipped ships . The water - drenched set was kept in freezing temperatures , to make sure bacteria did not come inside and infect the crew . A second unit shot at Niagara Falls . Industrial Light & Magic did 750 effects shots , while Digital Domain also took on 300 . They spent just five months finishing the special effects . The film posed numerous challenges in creating water - based effects . Filming finished on December 12 , 2006 in Molokai , and the first assembly cut was three hours . Twenty minutes were removed , not including end credits , though producer Jerry Bruckheimer maintained that the long running time was needed to make the final battle work in terms of build - up . Music ( edit ) Hans Zimmer composed the score , as he did for the previous films , composing eight new motifs , including a new love theme for the At World 's End soundtrack . He scored scenes as the editors began work , so as to influence their choice of cutting to the music . Gore Verbinski helped on the score . He played the Ennio Morricone - influenced guitar music in the parley scene between Barbossa , Sparrow , Elizabeth and Will , Davy Jones , and Cutler Beckett . He also co-wrote the song `` Hoist the Colours '' with Zimmer . Release ( edit ) Keith Richards , who plays Jack 's father Captain Teague , at the premiere . The world premiere of At World 's End was held on May 19 , 2007 at Disneyland , home of the ride that inspired the film and where the first two films in the trilogy debuted . Disneyland offered the general public a chance to attend the premiere through the sale of tickets , priced at $1,500 per ticket , with proceeds going to the Make - a-Wish Foundation charity . Just a few weeks before the film 's release , Walt Disney Pictures decided to move the United States opening of At World 's End from screenings Friday , May 25 , 2007 to Thursday at 8 PM , May 24 , 2007 . The film opened in 4,362 theaters domestically , beating Spider - Man 3 's theater opening record by 110 ( this record was surpassed by The Dark Knight the following year ) . Marketing ( edit ) After a muted publicity campaign , the trailer finally debuted at ShoWest 2007 . It was shown on March 18 , 2007 at a special screening of Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl named `` Pirates Ultimate Fan Event '' , and was then shown on March 19 during Dancing with the Stars , before it debuted online . Action figures by NECA were released in late April . Board games such as a Collector 's Edition Chess Set , a Monopoly Game , and a Pirates Dice Game ( Liar 's dice ) were also released . Master Replicas made sculptures of characters and replicas of jewellery and the Dead Man 's Chest . A video game with the same title as the film was released on May 22 , 2007 on Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , PSP , PlayStation 2 , PC , and Nintendo DS formats . The soundtrack and its remix were also released on May 22 . Censorship ( edit ) At least one nation 's official censors ordered scenes cut from the film . According to Xinhua , the state news agency of the People 's Republic of China , ten minutes of footage containing Chow Yun - fat 's portrayal of Singaporean pirate Sao Feng were trimmed from versions of the film which may be shown in China . Chow is onscreen for twenty minutes in the uncensored theatrical release of the film . No official reason for the censorship was given , but unofficial sources within China have indicated that the character gave a negative and stereotypical portrayal of Chinese people . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on November 19 , 2007 in the UK and December 4 , 2007 in the United States and Canada . The 2 - Disc Limited Edition DVD was in continuous circulation until it stopped on September 30 , 2008 . In contrast , the Blu - ray Disc release , containing all of the features from the 2 - Disc DVD version ( including some original scenes from the theatrical release , but excluding the writer 's commentary ) is still widely available . The initial Blu - ray Disc release was misprinted on the back of the box as 1080i , although Disney confirmed it to be 1080p . Disney decided not to recall the misprinted units , but to fix the error on subsequent printings . DVD sales brought in $296,043,871 in revenue , marking the best - selling DVD of 2007 , although it ranks second in terms of units sold ( 14,505,271 ) behind Transformers ( 16,234,195 ) . At World 's End had its television premiere in the UK on Boxing Day 2009 on BBC One at 19 : 30 , and was watched by 6.06 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 45 % based on 220 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` POTC : AWE provides the thrilling action scenes , but mixes in too many characters with too many incomprehensible plot threads . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film received an average score of 50 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Reviewer Alex Billington noted , `` This is just how the film industry works nowadays ; critics give bad opinions , the public usually has a differing opinion , and all is well in the world of Hollywood since the studios made their millions anyway . '' Drew McWeeny praised the film 's complexity as giving it repeat - viewing value , and its conclusion as `` perhaps the most canny move it makes . '' Todd Gilchrist found the story too similar to other cinematic trilogies such as Star Wars , but praised the production values . Brian Lowry felt that `` unlike last year 's bloated sequel , it at least possesses some semblance of a destination , making it slightly more coherent - if no less numbing during the protracted finale . '' Total Film praised the performances but complained that the twists and exposition made it hard to care for the characters . Edward Douglas liked the film but had issues with its pacing , while Blake Wright criticized the Davy Jones 's Locker and Calypso segments . James Berardinelli found it the weakest of the trilogy as `` the last hour offers adventure as rousing as anything provided in either of the previous installments ... which does n't account for the other 108 minutes of this gorged , self - indulgent , and uneven production . '' Peter Travers praised Richards and Rush but felt `` there can indeed be too much of a good thing , '' regarding Depp 's character . Travers later declared the movie to be one of the worst films of the year . Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said the film was overall a disappointment and that `` the final showdown ... is a non-event and the repetitive swordplay and inane plot contrivances simply become boring by the end '' . Richard Roeper gave a positive review , saying `` Gore Verbinski and the stunt and special effects crews have created one of the most impressive blends of live - action work and CGI wizardry ever put on film , '' and believing it `` rarely drags and is almost always entertaining . '' He praised the performances of the actors as one of the best things about the film . Chow Yun - fat 's character stirred a great deal of controversy with the Chinese press . Perry Lam , of Hong Kong cultural magazine , Muse , found an offensive resemblance between Chow 's character and Fu Manchu : `` Now Fu Manchu has returned after an absence of 27 years in the Hollywood cinema ; except that , in a nod to political correctness and marketing realities , he is no longer called Fu Manchu . '' Box Office ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End earned $309,420,425 in North America and $654,000,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $963,420,425 . Worldwide , it is the thirtieth - highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing film of 2007 , and the third - highest - grossing film in the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Compared to its predecessor , it grossed far less at the North American box office , but more outside North America . Still , its worldwide earnings are more than $100 million below Dead Man 's Chest 's . During its worldwide opening weekend , it grossed $344.0 million , making it the seventh - largest opening . North America At World 's End was released in a then - record 4,362 theaters in North America , and was shown on around 11,500 screens , which is still an all - time record . On its first three - day weekend , it earned $114,732,820 . It set a Memorial Day 4 - day weekend record ( $139,802,190 ) , which it still retains . This record was previously held by X-Men : The Last Stand . Including Thursday night previews , as well , At World 's End earned $153,042,234 in 5 days , and is the fourth - highest - grossing film of 2007 . Among May 's Big Three ( Spider - Man 3 , Shrek 3 and Pirates 3 ) , Pirates 3 grossed the least both during its opening weekend and in total earnings . However , this was mainly attributed to the fact that it was released third , after the other two films , so there was already too much competition . It is also the second - highest - grossing film in the Pirates series . Outside North America It is the eighteenth - highest - grossing film , the sixth - largest film distributed by Disney , and the second - highest - grossing Pirates of the Caribbean film . During its opening weekend , it grossed an estimated $216.0 million , which stands as the sixth biggest opening outside North America . It set opening - weekend records in South Korea with $16.7 million ( surpassed by Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) , Russia , and the CIS with $14.0 million ( first surpassed by Samy luchshiy film ) , and Spain with $11.9 million ( surpassed by The Impossible ) . It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the box office outside North America . By June 12 , 2007 , its 20th day of release , the film had grossed $500 million , breaking Spider - Man 3 's record for reaching that amount the fastest . This record was first overtaken by Avatar ( 15 days to $500 million ) . Its highest - grossing countries after North America are Japan , where it earned $91.1 million , and became the last Hollywood film to earn more than 10 billion yen before Avatar , and the UK , Ireland , Malta ( $81.4 million ) , and Germany ( $59.4 million ) . Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise At the 80th Academy Awards , Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End was nominated for two awards , Best Makeup and Best Visual Effects . However , it did not win either of the two , losing the former to La Vie en Rose and the latter to The Golden Compass . At the 2008 MTV Movie Awards , the film was nominated for three awards , including one win : the Best Comedic Performance ( Johnny Depp ) . At the 34th People 's Choice Awards , it was nominated for five awards , including four wins : Favorite Movie , Favorite Threequel , Favorite Male Movie Star ( Johnny Depp ) and Favorite Female Action Star ( Keira Knightley ) . Also , at the Teen Choice Awards it won five awards , out of six nominations . Finally , at the 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards , it achieved three nominations but won only the Favorite Movie Actor award ( Johnny Depp ) . However , Orlando Bloom was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean - At World 's End '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Revealing the True Nature of all the Characters '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . 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Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office Index for 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` ' Pirates ' tops $500 million overseas '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice ' gets to 10 bil yen faster than ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 80th Annual Academy Awards '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Choice Awards Winners ! '' . ComingSoon.net . January 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Official website Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End at Rotten Tomatoes Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Gore Verbinski <Td_colspan="2"> MouseHunt ( 1997 ) The Mexican ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) The Weather Man ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) A Cure for Wellness ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer <Td_colspan="2"> Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action <Td_colspan="2"> The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_At_World%27s_End&oldid=824090933 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American epic films American sequel films Films directed by Gore Verbinski Fantasy adventure films Films set in Singapore Films set in the 18th century Films shot in California Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in the Bahamas Films shot in Utah Films using computer - generated imagery Performance capture in film American films Pirate films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 07 : 18 . 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1. Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
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contracts that fall under the statute of frauds
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Statute of frauds - wikipedia Statute of frauds Jump to : navigation , search Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence The statute of frauds refers to the requirement that certain kinds of contracts be memorialized in a writing , signed by the party to be charged , with sufficient content to evidence the contract . Traditionally , the statute of frauds requires a signed writing in the following circumstances : Contracts in consideration of marriage . This provision covers prenuptial agreements . Contracts that can not be performed within one year . However , contracts of indefinite duration do not fall under the statute of frauds regardless of how long the performance actually takes . Contracts for the transfer of an interest in land . This applies not only to a contract to sell land but also to any other contract in which land or an interest in it is disposed , such as the grant of a mortgage or an easement . Contracts by the executor of a will to pay a debt of the estate with his own money . Contracts for the sale of goods totaling $500.00 or more . Contracts in which one party becomes a surety ( acts as guarantor ) for another party 's debt or other obligation . In an action for specific performance of a contract to convey land , the agreement must be in writing to satisfy the statute of frauds . The statute is satisfied if the contract to convey is evidenced by a writing or writings containing the essential terms of a purchase and sale agreement and signed by the party against whom the contract is to be enforced . If there is no written agreement , a court of equity can specifically enforce an oral agreement to convey only if the part performance doctrine is satisfied . In most jurisdictions , part performance is proven when the purchaser pays the purchase price , has possession of the land and makes improvements on the land , all with the permission of the seller . No jurisdiction is satisfied by payment of the purchase price alone . Under common law , the statute of frauds also applies to contract modifications . For example , in an oral agreement for the lease of a car , immediately after taking possession the lessor may decides that he really likes the car and make an oral offer to the lessee to extend the term of the lease by six months . Although neither agreement alone comes under the statute of frauds , the oral extension modifies the original contract to make it a fifteen - month lease , thereby bringing it under the statute as the contract now exceeds twelve months in duration . In theory , the same principle works in reverse as well , such that an agreement to reduce a lease from fifteen months to nine months would not require a writing . However , many jurisdictions have enacted statutes that require a writing for such situations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Raising the defense 3 Exceptions 4 Canada 5 Ireland 6 United Kingdom 6.1 England and Wales 6.2 Scotland 7 United States 7.1 State laws 7.2 Uniform Commercial Code 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) The term statute of frauds comes from an Act of the Parliament of England ( 29 Chas. 2 c. 3 ) passed in 1677 ( authored by Lord Nottingham assisted by Sir Matthew Hale , Sir Francis North and Sir Leoline Jenkins . and passed by the Cavalier Parliament ) , the title of which is An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries . Many common law jurisdictions have made similar statutory provisions , while a number of civil law jurisdictions have equivalent legislation incorporated into their civil codes . The original English statute itself may still be in effect in a number of Canadian provinces , depending on the constitutional or reception statute of English law , and any subsequent legislative developments . Raising the defense ( edit ) A defendant in a contract case who wants to use the statute of frauds as a defense must raise it as an affirmative defense in a timely manner . The burden of proving that a written contract exists comes into play only when a statute of frauds defense is raised by the defendant . Exceptions ( edit ) An agreement may be enforced even if it does not comply with the statute of frauds in the following situations : Admission of the existence of a contract by the defendant under oath . A statute of frauds defense may also be affected by a showing of part performance by proving the existence of one of two different conditions . If the parties have taken action in reliance on the agreement , as in the case Riley v. Capital Airlines , Inc. , the court held that part performance does not take an executory portion of a contract out of the statute of frauds . Each performance constitutes a contract that falls outside the Statute of Frauds and was enforceable to the extent it is executed . However , the unexecuted portion of the contract falls within the Statute of Frauds and is unenforceable . As a result , only the executed portion of the contract can be recovered , and the doctrine of part performance does not remove the contract from the statute . On the other hand , the court , in Schwedes v. Romain , held that partial performance and grounds for estoppel can make the contract effective . Promissory estoppel can be applied in many but not all jurisdictions when the charging party detrimentally relies on the otherwise unenforceable contract . In England and Wales , the circumstances where promissory estoppel may be used to overcome the statute are limited , and some jurisdictions deny this possibility altogether . The `` main purpose rule '' as it relates to guarantee or suretyship type contracts : where the promisor 's promise to answer for the debt of another is made mainly for the promisor 's own economic advantage , then it is a primary promise , and enforceable even without a writing . Easements by implication : easements , which are agreements that permit the use of real estate by someone who has no property interest in the land , may be created by operation of law rather than by written instrument . This may happen where , for example , a piece of land is partitioned between owners and pre-existing utilities routes or access paths that would otherwise be trespassory over one of the plots is reasonably necessary for enjoyment of the other plot . In such case , the pre-existing use must be apparent and continuous at the time of the partition for an easement to be created by implication . The implied easement constitutes an interest in land that does not require a writing to be enforceable . In the United States , for contracts for the sale of goods that fall under the Uniform Commercial Code , additional exceptions may apply : Merchant confirmation rule . If one merchant sends a writing sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds to another merchant and the receiving merchant has reason to know of the contents of the sent confirmation and does not object to the confirmation within 10 days , the confirmation is good to satisfy the statute as to both parties , even if the confirmation was not signed by the party to be charged . The goods were specially manufactured for the buyer and the seller either 1 ) began manufacturing them , or 2 ) entered into a third party contract for their manufacture , and the manufacturer can not without undue burden sell the goods to another person in the seller 's ordinary course of business : for example , T - shirts with a Little League baseball team logo or wall - to - wall carpeting for an odd - sized room . Canada ( edit ) The Statute of Frauds recites that it was enacted for the `` ... prevention of many fraudulent practices which are commonly endeavored to be upheld by perjury ... '' . The mischief arising from claimants asserting oral agreements was to be avoided by requiring that certain contracts be evidenced by `` some memorandum or note thereof ... in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith ... '' . Contracts respecting land `` created by livery and seisen only or by parole '' would not be enforced absent such a writing . It quickly became apparent to the common law judges that the Statute might itself become an instrument of fraud ( or at least injustice ) if it was strictly enforced with respect to contracts that were wholly or partly performed . The courts developed the concept of `` part performance '' as an exception . If a contract concerning land was partly performed , that could displace the need for a note or memorandum in writing signed by the party to be charged . It was one thing to create an exception that displaced the need for a memorandum in writing , but something else to completely nullify the Statute 's operation . The thrust of the Statute was that contracts concerning land could not be proved by parol evidence alone . Thus , part performance might be an exception , but it could not , in effect , mean that the underlying contract could be proven by parol evidence . In developing the `` part performance '' exception , a balancing of the competing considerations was required . An important factor in the case law became that the part performance must be `` unequivocally '' related to the alleged contract . Ireland ( edit ) The Statute of Frauds was passed in 1695 in Ireland . The statute is one of the few pre-Independence laws that survived the Statute Law Revision ( Pre-1922 ) Act 2005 and the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 , and remains largely in force today . Some effects of the law have been softened by equity , for example the requirement that all contracts for sale of land be evidenced in writing can be circumvented by reliance on the doctrine of part performance . United Kingdom ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) The Statute of Frauds ( 1677 ) was largely repealed in England and Wales by the Law Reform ( Enforcement of Contracts ) Act 1954 ( 2 & 3 Eliz 2 c 34 ) . The only provision of it that is still extant is that part of Section 4 which provides that contracts of guarantee ( surety for another 's debt ) are unenforceable unless evidenced in writing . This requirement is subject to section 3 of the Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856 ( 19 & 20 Vict 97 ) which provides that the consideration for the guarantee need not appear in writing or by necessary inference from a written document . Section 6 of the Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828 ( 9 Geo 4 c 14 ) ( commonly known as Lord Tenterden 's Act ) was enacted to prevent section 4 of the 1677 Act being circumvented by bringing an action for the tort of deceit ( the tort in Freeman v. Palsey ) . The provision in section 4 that related to contracts for the sale of land was repealed by Schedule 7 to the Law of Property Act 1925 ( 15 Geo 5 c 20 ) , however the requirement that contracts for the sale of land be evidenced in writing was maintained by section 40 of that Act , subsequently replaced by section 2 of the Law of Property ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1989 ( c 34 ) . Scotland ( edit ) Section 6 of the Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856 was derived from those parts of section 4 of the Statute of Frauds ( 1677 ) which relate to contracts of guarantee and from section 6 of the Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828 . It was repealed on 1 August 1995 by the Requirements of Writing ( Scotland ) Act 1995 , sections 14 ( 2 ) and Schedule 5 ( with ss. 9 ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) , 13 , 14 ( 3 ) ) . United states ( edit ) State laws ( edit ) Every state has a statute that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing and signed by the party to be charged . The most common requirements are for contracts that involve the sale or transfer of land , and contracts that can not be completed within one year . When the statute of frauds applies , a typical statute requires that the writing commemorating the agreement identify the contracting parties , recite the subject matter of the contract so that it is reasonably identifiable , and include the important terms and conditions of agreement . The statute of frauds in various states comes in two types : those that follow the English statute and provide that `` no action shall be brought '' on the contract or the contract `` shall not be enforced '' Those that declare contracts `` void '' Uniform Commercial Code ( edit ) In addition to general statutes of frauds , under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code ( UCC ) , every state except Louisiana has adopted an additional statute of frauds that relates to the sale of goods . Pursuant to the UCC , contracts for the sale of goods where the price equals $500 or more fall under the statute of frauds , with the exceptions for professional merchants performing their normal business transactions , and for any custom - made items designed for one specific buyer . The application of the statute of frauds to dealings between merchants has been modified by provisions of the UCC . There is a `` catch - all '' provision in the UCC for personal property not covered by any other specific law , stating that a contract for the sale of such property where the purchase price exceeds $500 is not enforceable unless memorialized by a signed writing . The most recent UCC revision increases the triggering point for the UCC Statute of Frauds to $5,000 , but states have been slow to amend their versions of the statute to increase the trigger point . For purposes of the UCC , a defendant who admits the existence of the contract in his pleadings , under oath in a deposition or affidavit , or at trial , may not use the statute of frauds as a defense . However , a statute of frauds defense may still be available under a state 's the general statute . With respect to securities transactions , the Uniform Commercial Code has abrogated the statute of frauds . The drafters of the most recent revision commented that `` with the increasing use of electronic means of communication , the statute of frauds is unsuited to the realities of the securities business . '' See also ( edit ) Oral contract Parol evidence rule Quia Emptores References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drachsler , Leo M. ( 1958 ) . `` The British Statute of Frauds - British Reform and American Experience '' . Section of International and Comparative Law Bulletin . 3 ( 24 ) . Jump up ^ The list of contracts that fall under a traditional statute of frauds can be remembered by using the mnemonic `` MY LEGS '' : Marriage , contracts for more than one Year , Land , Executor ( or Estate ) , Goods ( $500.00 or more ) , Surety . Jump up ^ Restatement ( Second ) of the Law of Contracts § 129 . American Law Institute . Jump up ^ Cosgigan Jr. , George P. ( 1913 ) . `` The Date and Authorship of Statute of Frauds '' . Harvard Law Review . 26 : 329 at 334 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 1326318 . Jump up ^ ' Charles II , 1677 : An Act for prevention of Frauds and Perjuryes . ' , Statutes of the Realm : volume 5 : 1628 - 80 ( 1991 ) , pp. 839 - 42 . `` Report '' . Retrieved 6 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Herbert , M.J. ( Summer 1992 ) . `` Procedure and Promise : Rethinking the Admissions Exception to the Statute of Frauds under UCC Articles 2 , 2A , and 8 '' . Oklahoma Law Review . 45 ( 2 ) : 203 . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ U.C.C. 2 - 201 ( 3 ) ( b ) Jump up ^ Summers , Lionel Morgan ( 1931 ) . `` The Doctrine of Estoppel Applied to the Statute of Frauds '' . University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register . 79 ( 4 ) : 440 -- 464 . JSTOR 3307890 . Jump up ^ Actionstrength Ltd ( t / a Vital Resources ) v. International Glass Engineering In. Gl. En . SpA & Ors ( 2003 ) UKHL 17 , ( 2003 ) 2 AC 541 ( 3 April 2003 ) Jump up ^ U.C.C. 2 - 201 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ U.C.C. 2 - 201 ( 3 ) ( a ) Jump up ^ `` Hill v. Nova Scotia ( Attorney General ) ( 1997 ) '' . CanLII . lexum . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Deglman v Guaranty Trust Co. of Canada and Constantineau , ( 1954 ) S.C.R. 725 https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2738/index.do Jump up ^ `` Statute of Frauds 1695 - An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries '' . eISB . Government of Ireland . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ This short title was given by the Short Titles Act 1896 . It is written here as printed in `` The Public General Acts , 1896 '' , HMSO , 1896 . Jump up ^ `` Statute of Frauds ( 1677 ) , Sec. IV '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archives . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856 , Sec. 3 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archives . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statute of Frauds Amendment Act 1828 , Sec. 6 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archive . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ This short title was given by the Short Titles Act 1896 Jump up ^ Clerk and Lindsell on Torts , 16th Edition , 1989 , Sweet and Maxwell , paragraph 18 - 41 , at page 1036 Jump up ^ ( 1789 ) 3 TR 51 Jump up ^ `` Law of Property Act 1925 , Sec. 40 '' . legislation.gov.uk . National Archive . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law of Property ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1989 , Sec. 2 '' . legislation.co.uk . The National Archive . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856 , c. 60 , s . VI '' . Legislation.gov.uk . The National Archives . Jump up ^ `` Mercantile Law Amendment Act Scotland 1856 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archive . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Requirements of Writing ( Scotland ) Act 1995 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archive . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Requirements of Writing ( Scotland ) Act 1995 , Sec. 14 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archive . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Requirements of Writing ( Scotland ) Act 1995 , Schedule 5 '' . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archive . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , LII ( 6 August 2007 ) . `` Statute of frauds '' . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` The Statute of Frauds and Contract Law '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ 3 Williston , Contracts § § 526 , 527 ( 3d ed . Jager 1960 ) Jump up ^ UCC § 2 - 201 Jump up ^ UCC § 1 - 206 Jump up ^ UCC § 8 - 319 External links ( edit ) Statute of Frauds definition at UCC § 2 - 201 Text of the Statute of Frauds 1677 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Last accessed : 22 : 04 , Friday September 30 , 2011 ( UTC ) `` Statutes of the Realm : volume 5 : 1628 - 80 ( 1819 ) , pp. 839 - 42 '' . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_frauds&oldid=823323900 '' Categories : Contract law 1677 in law Acts of the Parliament of England Acts of the Parliament of England still in force English contract law 1677 in England Corruption in the United Kingdom Fraud United States contract law Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 15 : 47 . About Wikipedia
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1. Statute of frauds
2. Contracts in consideration of marriage
3. Contracts for the transfer of an interest in land
4. Contracts for the sale of goods
5. Exceptions to the statute of frauds
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the first real president of the united states
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John Hanson - wikipedia John Hanson Jump to : navigation , search For other people named John Hanson , see John Hanson ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> John Hanson <Td_colspan="2"> Portrait of Hanson attributed to John Hesselius , c. late 1760s <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 9th President of the Continental Congress <Td_colspan="2"> In office November 5 , 1781 -- November 3 , 1782 Preceded by Thomas McKean Succeeded by Elias Boudinot <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal details ( 1721 - 04 - 14 ) April 14 , 1721 near Port Tobacco , Province of Maryland November 15 , 1783 ( 1783 - 11 - 15 ) ( aged 62 ) Oxon Hill , Prince George 's County , Maryland Spouse ( s ) Jane Contee Children 8 , including Alexander Parents Samuel Hanson Elizabeth Storey Occupation Merchant , politician Signature John Hanson ( April 14 ( O.S. April 3 ) 1721 -- November 15 , 1783 ) was a merchant and public official from Maryland during the era of the American Revolution . In 1779 , Hanson was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress after serving in a variety of roles for the Patriot cause in Maryland . He signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781 after Maryland finally joined the other states in ratifying them . In November 1781 , he was elected as first President of the Continental Congress ( sometimes styled President of the United States in Congress assembled ) , following ratification of the articles . For this reason , some of Hanson 's biographers have argued that he was actually the first holder of the office of president . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Political career 2.1 President of Congress 2.2 Later life 3 Personal life 3.1 Legacy 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External links Early life ( edit ) John Hanson was born in Port Tobacco Parish in Charles County in the Province of Maryland on April 14 , 1721 . Sources published prior to a 1940 genealogical study sometimes listed his birth date as April 13 or his year of birth as 1715 . Hanson was born on a plantation called `` Mulberry Grove '' into a wealthy and prominent family . His parents were Samuel ( c. 1685 -- 1740 ) and Elizabeth ( Storey ) Hanson ( c. 1688 -- 1764 ) . Samuel Hanson was a planter who owned more than 1,000 acres ( 4.0 km ) , and held a variety of political offices , including serving two terms in the Maryland General Assembly . John Hanson 's grandfather , also named John , came to Charles County , Maryland , as an indentured servant around 1661 . In 1876 , a writer named George Hanson placed John Hanson in his family tree of Swedish - Americans descended from four Swedish brothers who emigrated to New Sweden in 1642 . This story was often repeated over the next century , but scholarly research in the late 20th century showed that John Hanson was not related to those Swedish - American Hansons . Little is known about Hanson 's early life ; he was presumably privately tutored as was customary among the wealthy of his time and place . He followed his father 's path as a planter , slave owner , and public official . He was often referred to as John Hanson , Jr. , to distinguish him from an older man of the same name . Political career ( edit ) Hanson 's career in public service began in 1750 , when he was appointed sheriff of Charles County . In 1757 he was elected to represent Charles County in the lower house of the Maryland General Assembly , where he served over the next twelve years , sitting on many important committees . Maryland was a proprietary colony , and Hanson aligned himself with the `` popular '' or `` country '' party , which opposed any expansion of the power of the proprietary governors at the expense of the popularly elected lower house . He was a leading opponent of the 1765 Stamp Act , chairing the committee that drafted the instructions for Maryland 's delegates to the Stamp Act Congress . In protest of the Townshend Acts , in 1769 Hanson was one of the signers of a nonimportation resolution that boycotted British imports until the acts were repealed . Etching of Hanson based on a portrait by Charles Willson Peale that was painted from life in 1781 -- 1782 Hanson changed course in 1769 , apparently to better pursue his business interests . He resigned from the General Assembly , sold his land in Charles County , and moved to Frederick County in western Maryland . There he held a variety of offices , including deputy surveyor , sheriff , and county treasurer . When relations between Great Britain and the colonies became a crisis in 1774 , Hanson became one of Frederick County 's leading Patriots . He chaired a town meeting that passed a resolution opposing the Boston Port Act . In 1775 , he was a delegate to the Maryland Convention , an extralegal body convened after the colonial assembly had been prorogued . With the other delegates , he signed the Association of Freemen on July 26 , 1775 , which expressed hope for reconciliation with Great Britain , but also called for military resistance to enforcement of the Coercive Acts . With hostilities underway , Hanson chaired the Frederick County Committee of Observation , part of the Patriot organization that assumed control of local governance . Responsible for recruiting and arming soldiers , Hanson proved to be an excellent organizer , and Frederick County sent the first southern troops to join George Washington 's army . Because funds were scarce , Hanson frequently paid soldiers and others with his own money . In June 1776 , Hanson chaired the Frederick County meeting that urged provincial leaders in Annapolis to instruct Maryland 's delegates in the Continental Congress to declare independence from Great Britain . While Congress worked on the Declaration of Independence , Hanson was in Frederick County `` making gunlocks , storing powder , guarding prisoners , raising money and troops , dealing with Tories , and doing the myriad other tasks which went with being chairman of the committee of observation '' . Hanson was elected to the newly reformed Maryland House of Delegates in 1777 , the first of five annual terms . In December 1779 , the House of Delegates named Hanson as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress ; he began serving in Congress in Philadelphia in June 1780 . `` Hanson came to Philadelphia with the reputation of having been the leading financier of the revolution in western Maryland , and soon he was a member of several committees dealing with finance . '' When Hanson was elected to Congress , Maryland was holding up the ratification of the Articles of Confederation . The state , which did not have any claims on western land , refused to ratify the Articles until the other states had ceded their western land claims . When the other states finally did so , the Maryland legislature decided in January 1781 to ratify the Articles . When Congress received notice of this , Hanson joined Daniel Carroll in signing the Articles of Confederation on behalf of Maryland on March 1 , 1781 . With Maryland 's endorsement , the Articles officially went into effect . Many years later , some Hanson biographers claimed that Hanson had been instrumental in arranging the compromise and thus securing ratification of the Articles , but , according to historian Ralph Levering , there is no documentary evidence of Hanson 's opinions or actions in resolving the controversy . President of Congress ( edit ) On November 5 , 1781 , Congress elected Hanson as its president . Under the Articles of Confederation , the United States had no executive branch ; the president of Congress was a mostly ceremonial position , but the office did require Hanson to serve as neutral discussion moderator , handle official correspondence , and sign documents . Hanson found the work tedious and considered resigning after just one week , citing his poor health and family responsibilities . Colleagues urged him to remain because Congress at the moment lacked a quorum to choose a successor . Out of a sense of duty , Hanson remained in office , although his term as a delegate to Congress was nearly expired . The Maryland Assembly reelected him as a delegate on November 28 , 1781 , and so Hanson continued to serve as president until November 4 , 1782 . The Articles of Confederation stipulated that presidents of Congress serve one - year terms , and Hanson became the first to do so . Contrary to the claims of some of his later advocates , however , he was not the first president to serve under the Articles , nor the first to be elected under the Articles . When the Articles went into effect in March 1781 , Congress did not bother to elect a new president ; instead , Samuel Huntington continued serving a term that had already exceeded a year . On July 9 , 1781 , Samuel Johnston became the first man to be elected as president of Congress after the ratification of the Articles . He declined the office , however , perhaps to make himself available for North Carolina 's gubernatorial election . After Johnston turned down the office , Thomas McKean was elected . McKean served just a few months , resigning in October 1781 after hearing news of the British surrender at Yorktown . Congress asked him to remain in office until November , when a new session of Congress was scheduled to begin . It was in that session that Hanson began to serve his one - year term . A highlight of Hanson 's term was when George Washington presented Cornwallis 's sword to Congress . Later life ( edit ) Hanson retired from public office after his one - year term as president of Congress . In poor health , he died on November 15 , 1783 , while visiting Oxon Hill Manor in Prince George 's County , Maryland , the plantation of his nephew Thomas Hawkins Hanson . He was buried there . Hanson owned at least 223 acres of land and 11 slaves at the time of his death . Personal life ( edit ) About 1744 , he married Jane Contee ( 1728 -- 1812 ) , daughter of Alexander Contee ( 1692 -- 1740 ) . Together , John and Jane had eight children , including : Jane Contee Hanson ( 1747 -- 1781 ) , who married Philip Thomas ( 1747 -- 1815 ) Peter Contee Hanson ( 1748 -- 1776 ) , who died in the battle of Fort Washington during the American Revolutionary War . Alexander Contee Hanson , Sr. ( 1749 -- 1806 ) , who was a notable essayist . Alexander Hanson is sometimes confused with his son , Alexander Contee Hanson , Jr. ( 1786 -- 1819 ) , who became a newspaper editor and US Senator . Legacy ( edit ) The bronze statue of Hanson in the National Statuary Hall Collection In 1898 , Douglas H. Thomas , a descendant of Hanson , wrote a biography promoting Hanson as the first true President of the United States . Thomas became the `` driving force '' behind the selection of Hanson as one of the two people who would represent Maryland in the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington , D.C. Hanson was not initially on the shortlist for consideration , but he was chosen after lobbying by the Maryland Historical Society . In 1903 , bronze statues of Hanson and Charles Carroll by sculptor Richard E. Brooks were added to Statuary Hall ; Hanson 's is currently located on the 2nd floor of the Senate connecting corridor . Small versions of these two statues ( maquettes ) sit on the president 's desk in the Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House . Some historians have questioned the appropriateness of Hanson 's selection for the honor of representing Maryland in Statuary Hall . According to historian Gregory Stiverson , Hanson was not one of Maryland 's foremost leaders of the Revolutionary era . In 1975 , historian Ralph Levering said that `` Hanson should n't have been one of the two Marylanders '' chosen , but he wrote that Hanson `` probably contributed as much as any other Marylander to the success of the American Revolution '' . In the 21st century , Maryland lawmakers have considered replacing Hanson 's statue in Statuary Hall with one of Harriet Tubman . John Hanson memorial statue at Frederick , Maryland courthouse The idea that Hanson was the forgotten first President of the United States was further promoted in a 1932 biography of Hanson by journalist Seymour Wemyss Smith . Smith 's book asserted that the American Revolution had two primary leaders : George Washington on the battlefield , and John Hanson in politics . Smith 's book , like Douglas H. Thomas 's 1898 book , was one of a number of biographies written seeking to promote Hanson as the `` first President of the United States '' . Regarding the opinion , historian Ralph Levering stated : `` They 're not biographies by professional historians ; they are n't based on research into primary sources . '' According to historian Richard B. Morris , if a president of Congress were to be called the first President of the United States , `` a stronger case could be made for Peyton Randolph of Virginia , the first President of the first and second Continental Congresses , or for John Hancock , the President of Congress when that body declared its independence . '' The claim that Hanson was a forgotten President of the United States was revived on the Internet , sometimes with a new assertion that he was actually a black man ; an anachronistic photograph of Senator John Hanson of Liberia has been used to support this claim . In 1972 , Hanson was depicted on a 6 - cent US postal card , which featured his name and portrait next to the word `` Patriot '' . Historian Irving Brant criticized the selection of Hanson for the card , arguing that it was a result of the `` old hoax '' promoting Hanson as the first president of the United States . In 1981 , Hanson was featured on a 20 - cent US postage stamp . U.S. Route 50 between Washington D.C. and Annapolis is named the John Hanson Highway in his honor . There are also middle schools located in Oxon Hill , Maryland , and Waldorf , Maryland , named after him . A former savings bank named for him was merged in the 1990s with Industrial Bank of Washington , D.C. In the 1970s , a descendant of Hanson , John Hanson Briscoe , served as Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates , which passed `` a measure establishing April 14 as John Hanson Day . '' In 2009 the John Hanson Memorial Association was incorporated in Frederick , Maryland , to create the John Hanson National Memorial and to educate Americans about Hanson as well as to educate people about the many myths written about him . The Memorial includes a statue of President John Hanson and an interpretive setting in Frederick , Maryland , where Hanson lived between 1769 and his death in 1783 . The Memorial is in the Frederick County Courthouse 's courtyard at the corner of Court and West Patrick Streets . Leaders of the Memorial include President Peter Hanson Michael , Vice President Robert Hanson , and Director John C. Hanson . John Hanson Briscoe was also a Director until his death in 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stiverson 2000 . Jump up ^ Newman 1970 . ^ Jump up to : Mereness 1932 . Jump up ^ Hanson 1876 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Papenfuse 1979 . ^ Jump up to : Winquist & Rousselow - Winquist 2006 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Hanson 1876 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Russel 1988 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Fanelli & Diethorn 2001 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Levering 1976 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Levering 1976 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1994 , pp. 76 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Burnett 1941 , p. 524 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1930 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Morris 1987 , p. 677 . ^ Jump up to : Burnett 1941 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1930 , p. 21 n73 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1930 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1930 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , pp. 128 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Chaney 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Emory 1975 . ^ Jump up to : Du Lac 2011 . Jump up ^ Statuary Hall 2013 . Jump up ^ State House 2007 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Bykowicz 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary for Seymour Wemyss Smith '' . Time . January 18 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Smith , John Hanson , Our First President , 57 . Jump up ^ Levering 1976 , p. 127 n53 . Jump up ^ Peterson 2009 . Jump up ^ Lidman 1972 . Jump up ^ Brant 1972 . Jump up ^ Arago 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonough , Megan ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) . `` John Hanson Briscoe , former speaker of the Maryland House and circuit court judge , dies '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books , journals , and encyclopedias Burnett , Edward Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton . Chaney , Kevin R. ( 2000 ) . `` Hanson , Alexander Contee '' . American National Biography Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Fanelli , Doris Devine ; Diethorn , Karie ( 2001 ) . History of the Portrait Collection , Independence National Historical Park . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . Hanson , George A. ( 1876 ) . Old Kent : The Eastern Shore of Maryland . Baltimore : Forges . Lee , Jean B. ( 1994 ) . The Price of Nationhood : The American Revolution in Charles County . New York : W.W. Norton . Levering , Ralph B. ( 1976 ) . `` John Hanson , Public Servant '' . Maryland Historical Magazine . 71 ( Summer ) : 113 -- 33 . Mereness , Newton D. ( 1932 ) . `` Hanson , John '' ( PDF ) . Dictionary of American Biography . VIII . New York : Scribner . pp. 231 -- 32 . Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . `` The Origins of the Presidency '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 17 ( 4 ( Fall ) ) : 673 -- 87 . Newman , Harry Wright ( 1970 ) ( First published 1940 ) . Charles County Gentry : A Genealogical History of Six Emigrants ... Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing . Papenfuse , Edward C. ; Day , Alan F. ; Jordan , David W. ; Stiverson , Gregory A. ( 1979 ) . `` Hanson , John , Jr . '' ( PDF ) . A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature , 1635 -- 1789 . 1 . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 405 -- 06 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 1995 - 4 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Russel , George Ely ( October 1988 ) . `` John Hanson of Maryland : A Swedish Heritage Disproved '' . The American Genealogist. 63 ( 4 ) , cited in Elisabeth Thorsell ( December 30 , 2002 ) . `` Was the First President of the United States a Swede ? '' . The Federation of Swedish Genealogical Societies . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Sanders , Jennings B. ( 1930 ) . The Presidency of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 89 . Chicago . Stiverson , Gregory A. ( 2000 ) . `` Hanson , John , Jr '' . American National Biography Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . Winquist , Alan H. ; Rousselow - Winquist , Jessica ( 2006 ) . Touring Swedish America . Minnesota Historical Society . Newspapers and online sources Brant , Irving ( December 9 , 1972 ) . `` President Whatsizname '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Bykowicz , Julie ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` A historical battle over Maryland statues '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Du Lac , J. Freedom ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Harriet Tubman vs. John Hanson : Statuary Hall smackdown '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Emory , Thomas J. , Jr . ( December 31 , 1975 ) . `` Hanson Claim Disputed ; He Is Given War Credit '' . The Evening Sun ( Baltimore ) . p . B1 ; interview with Professor Ralph Levering Lidman , David ( July 30 , 1972 ) . `` John Hanson , Patriot and President '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Peterson , Audrey ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Black History Urban Legends '' . American Legacy . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2009 . `` Arago : John Hanson Issue '' . National Postal Museum , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . `` John Hanson '' . The National Statuary Hall Collection . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . `` The New Senate Chamber '' . The Maryland State House . Maryland State Archives . 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Kremer , J. Bruce . John Hanson of Mulberry Grove . New York : A. & C. Boni , 1938 . Nelson , Jacob A. John Hanson and the inseparable union : an authentic biography of a revolutionary leader , patriot and statesman . Boston : Meador Publishing Company , 1939 . Smith , Seymour Wemyss . John Hanson , our first president . New York : Brewer , Warren & Putnam , 1932 . Thomas , Douglas H. John Hanson , President of the United States in Congress Assembled , 1781 -- 1782 . 1898 . According to the American National Biography , the biographies of Hanson are not `` adequate '' , though this is one , written by Hanson 's grandson , is `` perhaps the most satisfactory '' of the lot . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Government of the United States portal Maryland portal Politics portal United States Congress . `` John Hanson ( id : H000177 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . John Hanson at the Maryland State Archives John Hanson at Snopes.com John Hanson at Find a Grave <Th_colspan="3"> Political offices Preceded by Thomas McKean President of the Continental Congress November 5 , 1781 -- November 3 , 1782 Succeeded by Elias Boudinot <Th_colspan="2"> Signers of the Articles of Confederation <Td_colspan="2"> A. Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott <Th_colspan="2"> Presidents of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Second Continental Congress Peyton Randolph John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Confederation Congress Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock * ( David Ramsay Nathaniel Gorham ) Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin <Td_colspan="2"> * Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term ; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence VIAF : 21260182 LCCN : n88654480 US Congress : H000177 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hanson&oldid=827246889 '' Categories : 1721 births 1783 deaths American people of English descent American slave owners Colonial politicians from Maryland Continental Congressmen from Maryland 18th - century American politicians Members of the Maryland House of Delegates People from Charles County , Maryland People of Maryland in the American Revolution Signers of the Articles of Confederation People from Port Tobacco Village , Maryland People of colonial Maryland 18th - century American businesspeople Businesspeople from Maryland American merchants American planters Maryland sheriffs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 16 : 36 . 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Willie Nelson - Wikipedia Willie Nelson This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Inkslinger ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 39 , 15 August 2017 ( → Other ventures : Minor correction of tense to refer to past events that were once in the future . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 39 , 15 August 2017 by Inkslinger ( talk contribs ) ( → Other ventures : Minor correction of tense to refer to past events that were once in the future . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search For the American boxer , see Willie Nelson ( boxer ) . For the Scottish rugby player , see Willie Neilson . For other similarly named people , see William Nelson . <Th_colspan="2"> Willie Nelson <Td_colspan="2"> Nelson performing at Farm Aid in 2009 <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Birth name Willie Hugh Nelson Born ( 1933 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Abbott , Texas , U.S. Genres Country , outlaw country , rock Occupation ( s ) Musician songwriter producer actor activist singer Instruments Vocals , guitar Years active 1956 -- present Labels Liberty RCA Atlantic Columbia Island Justice Records Lost Highway Legacy Recordings Associated acts Waylon Jennings The Highwaymen Johnny Cash Kris Kristofferson Merle Haggard Website willienelson.com <Th_colspan="2"> Notable instruments <Td_colspan="2"> `` Trigger '' ( Martin N - 20 ) Signature of Willie Nelson Willie Hugh Nelson ( born April 29 , 1933 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter , author , poet , actor , and activist . The critical success of the album Shotgun Willie ( 1973 ) , combined with the critical and commercial success of Red Headed Stranger ( 1975 ) and Stardust ( 1978 ) , made Nelson one of the most recognized artists in country music . He was one of the main figures of outlaw country , a subgenre of country music that developed in the late 1960s as a reaction to the conservative restrictions of the Nashville sound . Nelson has acted in over 30 films , co-authored several books , and has been involved in activism for the use of biofuels and the legalization of marijuana . Born during the Great Depression , and raised by his grandparents , Nelson wrote his first song at age seven and joined his first band at ten . During high school , he toured locally with the Bohemian Polka as their lead singer and guitar player . After graduating from high school in 1950 , he joined the Air Force but was later discharged due to back problems . After his return , Nelson attended Baylor University for two years but dropped out because he was succeeding in music . During this time , he worked as a disc jockey in Texas radio stations and a singer in honky - tonks . Nelson moved to Vancouver , Washington , where he wrote `` Family Bible '' and recorded the song `` Lumberjack '' in 1956 . In 1958 , he moved to Houston , Texas , after signing a contract with D Records . He sang at the Esquire Ballroom weekly and he worked as a disk jockey . During that time , he wrote songs that would become country standards , including `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' , `` Hello Walls '' , `` Pretty Paper '' , and `` Crazy '' . In 1960 he moved to Nashville , Tennessee , and later signed a publishing contract with Pamper Music which allowed him to join Ray Price 's band as a bassist . In 1962 , he recorded his first album , ... And Then I Wrote . Due to this success , Nelson signed in 1964 with RCA Victor and joined the Grand Ole Opry the following year . After mid-chart hits in the late 1960s and the early 1970s , Nelson retired in 1972 and moved to Austin , Texas . The ongoing music scene of Austin motivated Nelson to return from retirement , performing frequently at the Armadillo World Headquarters . In 1973 , after signing with Atlantic Records , Nelson turned to outlaw country , including albums such as Shotgun Willie and Phases and Stages . In 1975 , he switched to Columbia Records , where he recorded the critically acclaimed album Red Headed Stranger . The same year , he recorded another outlaw country album , Wanted ! The Outlaws , along with Waylon Jennings , Jessi Colter , and Tompall Glaser . During the mid-1980s , while creating hit albums like Honeysuckle Rose and recording hit songs like `` On the Road Again '' , `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' , and `` Pancho and Lefty '' , he joined the country supergroup The Highwaymen , along with fellow singers Johnny Cash , Waylon Jennings , and Kris Kristofferson . In 1990 , Nelson 's assets were seized by the Internal Revenue Service , which claimed that he owed US $32 million . The difficulty of paying his outstanding debt was aggravated by weak investments he had made during the 1980s . In 1992 , Nelson released The IRS Tapes : Who 'll Buy My Memories ? ; the profits of the double album -- destined to the IRS -- and the auction of Nelson 's assets cleared his debt . During the 1990s and 2000s , Nelson continued touring extensively , and released albums every year . Reviews ranged from positive to mixed . He explored genres such as reggae , blues , jazz , and folk . Nelson made his first movie appearance in the 1979 film The Electric Horseman , followed by other appearances in movies and on television . Nelson is a major liberal activist and the co-chair of the advisory board of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws ( NORML ) , which is in favor of marijuana legalization . On the environmental front , Nelson owns the bio-diesel brand Willie Nelson Biodiesel , which is made from vegetable oil . Nelson is also the honorary chairman of the Advisory Board of the Texas Music Project , the official music charity of the state of Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 Beginnings ( 1956 -- 1971 ) 2.2 Outlaw country and success ( 1972 -- 1989 ) 2.3 IRS and later career ( 1990 -- present ) 3 Other ventures 4 Music style 4.1 Guitars 5 Activism 6 Personal life 6.1 Legal issues 7 Legacy 8 Discography and other works 8.1 Appearances as himself 8.2 Official music videos 8.3 Official concert videos 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Early Life Willie Nelson was born in Abbott , Texas on April 29 , 1933 , during the Great Depression , to Myrle Marie ( née Greenhaw ) and Ira Doyle Nelson . He was born on April 29 , but his birth was recorded by doctor F.D. Sims on April 30 . He was named Willie by his cousin Mildred , who also chose Hugh as his middle name , in honor of her recently deceased younger brother . His parents moved from Arkansas in 1929 , to look for work . Nelson 's grandfather , William , worked as a blacksmith , while his father worked as a mechanic . Nelson as a junior in Abbott High School 's Annual , 1949 His mother left soon after he was born , and his father remarried and also moved away , leaving Willie and his sister Bobbie to be raised by their grandparents . The Nelsons , who taught singing back in Arkansas , started their grandchildren in music . Nelson 's grandfather bought him a guitar when he was six , and taught him a few chords , and with his sister Bobbie , he sang gospel songs in the local church . He wrote his first song at age seven , and when he was nine , played guitar for the local band Bohemian Polka . During the summer , the family picked cotton along with other citizens of Abbott . Nelson disliked picking cotton , so he earned money by singing in dance halls , taverns , and honky tonks from age 13 , and continuing through high school . Nelson 's musical influences were Hank Williams , Bob Wills , Lefty Frizzell , Ray Price , Ernest Tubb , Hank Snow , Django Reinhardt , Frank Sinatra and Louis Armstrong . Nelson attended Abbott High School , where he was a halfback on the football team , guard on the basketball team and shortstop in baseball . He also raised pigs for the Future Farmers of America organization . While still at school he sang and played guitar in The Texans , a band formed by his sister 's husband , Bud Fletcher . The band played in honky tonks , and also had a Sunday morning spot at KHBR in Hillsboro , Texas . Meanwhile , Nelson had a short stint as a relief phone operator in Abbott , followed by a job as a tree trimmer for the local electrical company , as well as pawn shop employee . After leaving school , in 1950 , he joined the United States Air Force for eight to nine months . Nelson 's high school football portrait , c. 1950 Upon his return , in 1952 , he married Martha Matthews , and from 1954 to 1956 studied agriculture at Baylor University . Nelson joined the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity , but dropped out to pursue a career in music . He worked as a bouncer for a nightclub , as a partsman in an autohouse , saddle maker and again tree trimmer . He later joined Johnny Bush 's band . Nelson moved with his family to Pleasanton , Texas , where he auditioned for a disc jockey job in KBOP . The owner of the station , Dr. Ben Parker , gave Nelson the job despite his lack of experience working on radio . With the equipment of the station , Nelson made his first two recordings in 1955 : `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' and `` When I 've Sung My Last Hillbilly Song '' . He recorded the tracks on used tapes , and sent the demos to the local label SARG Records . SARG rejected the recordings . Nelson then had stints working for KDNT in Denton , Texas , KCUL and KCNC in Fort Worth , Texas , where he hosted The Western Express , taught Sunday school and he played in nightclubs . He then decided to move to San Diego . He was unable to find a job , and decided to go to Portland , Oregon , where his mother lived . Nelson tried to hitchhike , but after nobody picked him up , he slept in a ditch . He then found a nearby railroad yard and boarded a freight train that left him in Eugene . A truck driver then drove Nelson to a bus station and loaned him $10 for a ticket to reach Portland . Music career Beginnings ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Nelson was hired by KVAN in Vancouver , Washington and appeared frequently on a television show . He made his first record in 1956 , `` No Place For Me '' , that included Leon Payne 's `` Lumberjack '' on the B - side . The recording failed . Nelson continued working as a radio announcer and singing in Vancouver clubs . He made several appearances in a Colorado nightclub , later moving to Springfield , Missouri . After failing to land a spot on the Ozark Jubilee , he started to work as a dishwasher . Unhappy with his job , he moved back to Texas . After a short time in Waco , he settled in Fort Worth , and quit the music business for a year . He sold bibles and vacuum cleaners door - to - door , and eventually became a sales manager for the Encyclopedia Americana . After his son Billy was born in 1958 , the family moved to Houston , Texas . On the way , Nelson stopped by the Esquire Ballroom to sell his original songs to house band singer Larry Butler . Butler refused to purchase the song `` Mr. Record Man '' for US $10 , instead giving Nelson a US $50 loan to rent an apartment and a six - night job singing in the club . Nelson rented the apartment near Houston in Pasadena , Texas , where he also worked at the radio station as the sign - on disc jockey . During this time , he recorded two singles for Pappy Daily on D Records `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' and `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' . Nelson then was hired by guitar instructor Paul Buskirk to work as an instructor in his school . He sold `` Family Bible '' to Buskirk for US $50 and `` Night Life '' for US $150 . `` Family Bible '' turned into a hit for Claude Gray in 1960 . `` Hello Walls '' Written by Willie Nelson , `` Hello Walls '' , was a hit for Faron Young in 1961 , and the song that gave Nelson national recognition as a songwriter . He recorded the song for his debut album ... And Then I Wrote . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nelson moved to Nashville , Tennessee in 1960 , but was unable to find a label to sign him . During this period he often spent time at Tootsie 's Orchid Lounge , a bar near the Grand Ole Opry frequented by the show 's stars and other singers and songwriters . There Nelson met Hank Cochran , a songwriter who worked for the publishing company Pamper Music , owned by Ray Price and Hal Smith . Cochran heard Nelson during a jam session with Buddy Emmons and Jimmy Day . Cochran had just earned a raise of US $50 a week , but convinced Smith to pay Nelson the money instead to sign him to Pamper Music . On hearing Nelson sing `` Hello Walls '' at Tootsie 's , Faron Young decided to record it . After Ray Price recorded Nelson 's `` Night Life '' , and his previous bassist Johnny Paycheck quit , Nelson joined Price 's touring band as a bass player . While playing with Price and the Cherokee Cowboys , his songs became hits for other artists , including `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' ( Billy Walker ) , `` Pretty Paper '' ( Roy Orbison ) , and , most famously , `` Crazy '' by Patsy Cline . Nelson and Cochran also met Cline 's husband , Charlie Dick at Tootsie 's . Dick liked a song of Nelson 's he heard on the bar 's jukebox . Nelson played him a demo tape of `` Crazy . '' Later that night Dick played the tape for Cline , who decided to record it . `` Crazy '' became the biggest jukebox hit of all time . Nelson signed with Liberty Records and was recording by August 1961 at Quonset Hut Studio . His first two successful singles as an artist were released by the next year , including `` Willingly '' ( a duet with his soon - to - be second wife , Shirley Collie , which became his first charting single and first Top Ten at No. 10 ) and `` Touch Me '' ( his second Top Ten , stalling at No. 7 ) . Nelson 's tenure at Liberty yielded his first album entitled ... And Then I Wrote , released in September 1962 . In 1963 Collie and Nelson were married in Las Vegas . He then worked on the west coast offices of Pamper Records , in Pico Rivera , California . Since the job did not allow him the time to play music of his own , he left it and bought a ranch in Ridgetop , Tennessee , outside of Nashville . Fred Foster of Monument Records signed Nelson in early 1964 , but only one single was released : `` I Never Cared For You '' . Nelson performing on a Grand Ole Opry package show in 1965 By the fall of 1964 , Nelson had moved to RCA Victor at the behest of Chet Atkins , signing a contract for US $10,000 per year . Country Willie -- His Own Songs became Nelson 's first RCA Victor album , recorded in April 1965 . That same year he joined the Grand Ole Opry , and he met and became friends with Waylon Jennings after watching one of his shows in Phoenix , Arizona . In 1967 , he formed his backing band `` The Record Men '' , featuring Johnny Bush , Jimmy Day , Paul English and David Zettner . During his first few years on RCA Victor , Nelson had no significant hits , but from November 1966 through March 1969 , his singles reached the Top 25 in a consistent manner . `` One in a Row '' ( # 19 , 1966 ) , `` The Party 's Over '' ( # 24 during a 16 - week chart run in 1967 ) , and his cover of Morecambe & Wise 's `` Bring Me Sunshine '' ( # 13 , March 1969 ) were Nelson 's best - selling records during his time with RCA . By 1970 , most of his songwriting royalties were invested in tours that did not produce significant profits . In addition to the problems in his career , Nelson divorced Shirley Collie in 1970 . In December , his ranch in Ridgetop , Tennessee burned down . He interpreted the incident as a signal for a change . He moved to a ranch near Bandera , Texas , and married Connie Koepke . In early 1971 his single `` I 'm a Memory '' reached the top 30 . After recording his final RCA single -- `` Mountain Dew '' ( backed with `` Phases , Stages , Circles , Cycles and Scenes '' ) in late April 1972 , RCA requested that Nelson renew his contract ahead of schedule , with the implication that RCA would not release his latest recordings if he did not . Due to the failure of his albums , and particularly frustrated by the reception of Yesterday 's Wine , although his contract was not over , Nelson decided to retire from music . Outlaw Country and success ( 1972 -- 1989 ) Nelson moved to Austin , Texas , where the burgeoning hippie music scene ( see Armadillo World Headquarters ) rejuvenated the singer . His popularity in Austin soared as he played his own brand of country music marked by country , folk and jazz influences . In March , he performed on the final day of the Dripping Springs Reunion , a three - day country music festival aimed by its producers to be an annual event . Despite the failure to reach the expected attendance , the concept of the festival inspired Nelson to create the Fourth of July Picnic , his own annual event , starting the following year . Nelson decided to return to the recording business , he signed Neil Reshen as his manager to negotiate with RCA , who got the label to agree to end his contract upon repayment of US $14,000 . Reshen eventually signed Nelson to Atlantic Records for US $25,000 per year , where he became the label 's first country artist . He formed his backing band , The Family , and by February 1973 , he was recording his acclaimed Shotgun Willie at Atlantic Studios in New York City . `` Shotgun Willie introduction '' Introduction of the song `` Shotgun Willie '' , opening track of the album of the same name that marked a change of style from Nelson 's earlier recordings . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Shotgun Willie , released in May 1973 , earned excellent reviews but did not sell well . The album led Nelson to a new style , later stating that Shotgun Willie had `` cleared his throat '' . His next release , Phases and Stages , released in 1974 , was a concept album about a couple 's divorce , inspired by his own experience . Side one of the record is from the viewpoint of the woman , and side two is from the viewpoint of the man . The album included the hit single `` Bloody Mary Morning . '' The same year , he produced and starred in the pilot episode of PBS ' Austin City Limits . Nelson then moved to Columbia Records , where he signed a contract that gave him complete creative control , made possible by the critical and commercial success of his previous albums . The result was the critically acclaimed , and massively popular 1975 concept album Red Headed Stranger . Although Columbia was reluctant to release an album with primarily a guitar and piano for accompaniment , Nelson and Waylon Jennings insisted . The album included a cover of Fred Rose 's 1945 song `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' , that had been released as a single previous to the album , and became Nelson 's first number one hit as a singer . Throughout his 1975 tour , Nelson raised funds for PBS - affiliated stations across the south promoting Austin City Limits . The pilot was aired first on those stations , later being released nationwide . The positive reception of the show prompted PBS to order ten episodes for 1976 , formally launching the show . L-R : Kris Kristofferson , Nelson , and Waylon Jennings at the 1972 Dripping Springs Reunion As Jennings was also achieving success in country music in the early 1970s , the pair were combined into a genre called outlaw country , since it did not conform to Nashville standards . The album Wanted ! The Outlaws in 1976 with Jessi Colter and Tompall Glaser cemented the pair 's outlaw image and became country music 's first platinum album . Later that year Nelson released The Sound in Your Mind ( certified gold in 1978 and platinum in 2001 ) and his first gospel album Troublemaker ( certified gold in 1986 ) . In the summer of 1977 , Nelson discovered that Reshen had been filing tax extensions and not paying the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) since he took over as his manager . In June , a package containing cocaine was sent from Reshen 's office in New York to Jennings in Nashville . The package was followed by the DEA , and Jennings was arrested . The charges were later dropped , since Reshen 's assistant , Mark Rothbaum stepped in and took the charges . Rothbaum was sentenced to serve time in jail . Impressed by his attitude , Nelson fired Reshen and hired Rothbaum as his manager . In 1978 , Nelson released two more platinum albums . One , Waylon & Willie , was a collaboration with Jennings that included `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' , a hit single written and performed by Ed Bruce . Though observers predicted that Stardust would ruin his career , it went platinum the same year . Nelson continued to top the charts with hit songs during the late 1970s , including `` Good Hearted Woman '' , `` Remember Me '' , `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' , and `` Uncloudy Day '' . `` On the Road Again '' Part of the hit album Honeysuckle Rose . On the Road Again peaked number one on Hot Country Songs in 1980 . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . During the 1980s , Nelson recorded a series of hit singles including `` Midnight Rider '' , a 1980 cover of the Allman Brothers song which Nelson recorded for The Electric Horseman , the soundtrack `` On the Road Again '' from the movie Honeysuckle Rose , and a duet with Julio Iglesias titled `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' . In 1982 , Pancho & Lefty , a duet album with Merle Haggard produced by Chips Moman was released . During the recording sessions of Pancho and Lefty , session guitarist Johnny Christopher and co-writer of `` Always on My Mind '' , tried to pitch the song to an uninterested Haggard . Nelson , who was unaware of Elvis Presley 's version of the song asked him to record it . Produced by Moman , the single of the song was released , as well as the album of the same name . The single topped Billboard 's Hot Country Singles , while it reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . The release won three awards during the 25th Annual Grammy Awards : Song of the Year , Best Country Song and Best Male Country Vocal Performance . The single was certified platinum ; while the album was certified quadruple - platinum , and later inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008 . Meanwhile , two collaborations with Waylon Jennings were released ; WWII in 1982 , and Take it to the Limit , another collaboration with Waylon Jennings was released in 1983 . In the mid-1980s , Nelson , Jennings , Kristofferson , and Johnny Cash formed The Highwaymen , who achieved platinum record sales and toured the world . Meanwhile , he became more involved with charity work , such as singing on We are the World in 1984 . In 1985 , Nelson had another success with Half Nelson , a compilation album of duets with a range of artists such as Ray Charles and Neil Young . In 1980 , Nelson performed on the south lawn of the White House . The concert of September 13 featured First Lady Rosalynn Carter and Nelson in a duet of Ray Wylie Hubbard 's `` Up Against the Wall Redneck Mother '' . Nelson frequently visited the White House , where according to the biography by Joe Nick Patoski , Willie Nelson : An Epic Life , he smoked marijuana on the White House roof . IRS and later career ( 1990 -- present ) Nelson , and his guitar `` Trigger '' , performing at Cardiff on January 25 , 2007 In 1990 , the IRS seized most of Nelson 's assets , claiming that he owed US $32,000,000 . In addition to the unpaid taxes , Nelson 's situation was worsened by the weak investments he had made during the early 1980s . In 1978 , after he fired Reshen , Nelson was introduced by Dallas lawyer Terry Bray to the accounting firm Price Waterhouse . To repay the debt Reshen had created with the IRS , Nelson was recommended to invest in tax shelters that ultimately flopped . While the IRS disallowed his deductions for 1980 , 1981 and 1982 ( at a time that Nelson 's income multiplied ) , due to penalties and interests , the debt increased by the end of the decade . His lawyer , Jay Goldberg , negotiated the sum to be lowered to US $16,000,000 . Later , Nelson 's attorney renegotiated a settlement with the IRS in which he paid US $6,000,000 , although Nelson did not comply with the agreement . Nelson released The IRS Tapes : Who 'll Buy My Memories ? as a double album , with all profits destined for the IRS . Many of his assets were auctioned and purchased by friends , who donated or rented his possessions to him for a nominal fee . He sued Price Waterhouse , contending that they put his money in illegal tax shelters . The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed amount and Nelson cleared his debts by 1993 . During the 1990s and 2000s , Nelson toured continuously , recording several albums including 1998 's critically acclaimed Teatro , and performed and recorded with other acts including Phish , Johnny Cash , and Toby Keith . His duet with Keith , `` Beer for My Horses '' , was released as a single and topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts for six consecutive weeks in 2003 , while the accompanying video won an award for `` Best Video '' at the 2004 Academy of Country Music Awards . A USA Network television special celebrated Nelson 's 70th birthday , and Nelson released The Essential Willie Nelson as part of the celebration . Nelson also appeared on Ringo Starr 's 2003 album , Ringo Rama , as a guest vocal on `` Write One for Me '' . Nelson was featured on the album True Love by Toots and the Maytals , which won the Grammy Award in 2004 for Best Reggae Album , and showcased many notable musicians including Eric Clapton , Jeff Beck , Trey Anastasio , Gwen Stefani / No Doubt , Ben Harper , Bonnie Raitt , Manu Chao , the Roots , Ryan Adams , Keith Richards , Toots Hibbert , Paul Douglas , Jackie Jackson , Ken Boothe , and The Skatalites . In the following year of 2005 , Nelson released a reggae album entitled `` Countryman '' which featured Toots Hibbert of Toots and the Maytals on the song `` I 'm a Worried Man '' . Nelson headlined the 2005 Tsunami Relief Austin to Asia concert to benefit the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , which raised an estimated US $75,000 for UNICEF . Also in 2005 , a live performance of the Johnny Cash song `` Busted '' with Ray Charles was released on Charles ' duets album Genius & Friends . Nelson 's 2007 performance with jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis at the Lincoln Center , was released as the live album Two Men with the Blues in 2008 ; reaching number one in Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums and number twenty on the Billboard 200 . The same year , Nelson recorded his first album with Buddy Cannon as the producer , Moment of Forever . Cannon acquainted Nelson earlier , during the production of his collaboration with Kenny Chesney on the duet `` That Lucky Old Sun '' , for Chesney 's album of the same name . In 2009 Nelson and Marsalis joined with Norah Jones in a tribute concert to Ray Charles , which resulted in the Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles album , released in 2011 . In 2010 , Nelson released Country Music , a compilation of standards produced by T - Bone Burnett . The album peaked number four in Billboard 's Top Country Albums , and twenty on the Billboard 200 . It was nominated for Best Americana Album at the 2011 Grammy Awards . In 2011 Nelson participated in the concert Kokua For Japan , a fund raising event for the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan which raised US $1.6 million . Nelson performing in Topeka , Kansas on August 2 , 2016 In February 2012 , Legacy Recordings signed a deal with Nelson that included the release of new material , as well as past releases that would be selected and complemented with outtakes and other material selected by him . With the new deal , Buddy Cannon returned to produce the recordings of Nelson . After selecting the material and the sound of the tunes with the singer , Cannon 's work method consisted in the recording of the tracks with studio musicians , with the takes later completed on a separate session by Nelson with his guitar . Cannon 's association to Nelson also extended to songwriting , with singer and producer composing the lyrics by exchanging text messages . Nelson 's first release for the Legacy Recordings was Heroes , that included guest appearances by his sons Lukas and Micah of the band Insects vs Robots , Ray Price , Merle Haggard , Snoop Dogg , Kris Kristofferson , Jamey Johnson , Billy Joe Shaver and Sheryl Crow . The album reached number four on Billboard 's Top Country Albums . His 2013 release To All the Girls ... , a collection of duets with all female partners , featured among others Dolly Parton , Loretta Lynn , Rosanne Cash , Sheryl Crow , Mavis Staples , Norah Jones , Emmylou Harris , Carrie Underwood and Miranda Lambert . The album entered Billboard 's Top Country Albums at number two , marking his highest position on the chart since the release of his 1989 A Horse Called Music , and extending his record to a total of forty - six top ten albums on the country charts . Nelson scored as well his second top ten album on the Billboard 200 , with the release entering at number nine . His following release was Band of Brothers , in 2014 , the first Nelson album to feature the most newly self - penned songs since 1996 's Spirit . Upon its release , it topped Billboard 's Top Country albums chart , the first time since 1986 's The Promiseland , the last Nelson album to top it . The release reached number five on the Billboard 200 , Nelson 's highest position on the chart since 1982 's Always on My Mind . In December 2014 , a duet with Rhonda Vincent , `` Only Me '' , topped Bluegrass Unlimited 's National Airplay chart . In June 2015 , his collaboration with Haggard Django and Jimmie topped Billboard 's Top Country albums chart and reached number seven on the Billboard 200 . In 2017 Nelson released God 's Problem Child . The release , consisting mostly of Nelson originals co-written with Cannon , entered the Top country albums at number one , while it reached number ten on the Billboard 200 . Other ventures Nelson 's acting debut was in the 1979 film , The Electric Horseman , followed by appearances in Honeysuckle Rose , Thief , and Barbarosa . He played the role of Red Loon in Coming Out of the Ice in 1982 and starred in Songwriter two years later . He portrayed the lead role in the 1986 film version of his album Red Headed Stranger . Other movies that Nelson acted in include Wag the Dog , Gone Fishin ' ( as Billy ' Catch ' Pooler ) , the 1986 television movie Stagecoach ( with Johnny Cash ) , Half Baked , Beerfest , The Dukes of Hazzard , Surfer , Dude and Swing Vote. He has also made guest appearances on Miami Vice ( 1986 's `` El Viejo '' episode ) , Delta , Nash Bridges , The Simpsons , Monk , Adventures in Wonderland , Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman , King of the Hill , The Colbert Report , Swing Vote and Space Ghost Coast to Coast . In 2008 , Nelson reopened the truck stop Willie 's Place near Hillsboro , Texas In 1988 his first book , Willie : An Autobiography , was published . The Facts of Life : And Other Dirty Jokes , a personal recollection of tour and musical stories from his career , combined with song lyrics , followed in 2002 . In 2005 he co-authored Farm Aid : A Song for America , a commemorative book about the twentieth anniversary of the foundation of Farm Aid . His third book , co-authored with long - time friend Turk Pipkin , The Tao of Willie : A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart , was published in 2006 . In 2007 a book advocating the use of bio-diesel and the reduction of gas emissions , On The Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm , was published . His next book , A Tale Out of Luck , published in 2008 and co-authored by Mike Blakely , was Nelson 's first fictional book . In 2012 , it was announced the release of a new autobiography by Nelson , Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die : Musings from the Road . Released on November 13 , it was named after the song from his album Heroes . The book contained further biographical details , as well as family pictures and stories about Nelson 's political views , as well as his advocation for marijuana . The artwork of the book was designed by Nelson 's son , Micah , and the foreword written by Kinky Friedman . In 2015 , the publication of a second Nelson autobiography entitled It 's a Long Story : My Life co-authored with David Ritz , the book was published on May 5 , 2015 . Pretty Paper , another collaboration with Ritz was published the following year . In 2002 , Nelson became the official spokesman of the Texas Roadhouse , a chain of steakhouses . Nelson heavily promoted the chain and appeared on a special on Food Network . The chain installed Willie 's Corner , a section dedicated to him and decked out with Willie memorabilia , at several locations . In 2008 , Nelson reopened Willie 's Place , a truck stop in Carl 's Corner , Texas . The U.S. Bankruptcy Court allowed Nelson to invest in it . The establishment had about 80 employees and was used as a concert hall with a bar and a 1,000 square feet ( 93 m ) dance floor . It closed in 2011 after defaulting on a loan , leading to foreclosure and bankruptcy . In 2010 , Nelson founded with the collaboration of producers and filmmakers Luck Films , a company dedicated to produce feature films , documentaries and concerts . The next year , he created Willie 's Roadhouse , aired on channel 56 of SiriusXM radio . The channel was a result of the merger of his two other channels The Roadhouse and Willie 's Place . In November 2014 , it was announced that Nelson would be the host of the television series Inside Arlyn , shot at Arlyn Studio in Austin , Texas . The thirteen - episode first season would feature artists being interviewed by Nelson and Dan Rather , followed by a performance . The series concept received attention from cable channels that requested to see the pilot episode . Following the legalization of marijuana in different states , Nelson announced in 2015 through spokesman Michael Bowman the establishment of his own marijuana brand , Willie 's Reserve . Plans to open chain stores in the states where marijuana was legalized were announced , to be expanded state - to - state if marijuana legalization is further expanded . Bowman called the brand `` a culmination of ( Nelson 's ) vision , and his whole life '' . In 2017 , he appeared as himself in Woody Harrelson 's live film , Lost in London . Music style Nelson uses a variety of music styles to create his own distinctive blend of country music , a hybrid of jazz , pop , blues , rock and folk . His `` unique sound '' , which uses a `` relaxed , behind - the - beat singing style and gut - string guitar '' and his `` nasal voice and jazzy , off - center phrasing '' , has been responsible for his wide appeal , and has made him a `` vital icon in country music '' , influencing the `` new country , new traditionalist , and alternative country movements of the ' 80s and ' 90s '' . Willie Nelson 's guitar , Trigger , has been signed by several of Nelson 's friends Guitars Main article : Trigger ( guitar ) In 1969 , the Baldwin company gave Nelson an amplifier and a three - cord pickup electric guitar . During a show in Helotes , Texas , Nelson left the guitar on the floor of the stage , and it was later stepped on by a drunk man . He sent it to be repaired in Nashville by Shot Jackson , who told Nelson that the damage was too great . Jackson offered him a Martin N - 20 Classical guitar , and , at Nelson 's request , moved the pickup to the Martin . Nelson purchased the guitar unseen for US $750 and named it after Roy Rogers ' horse `` Trigger '' . The next year Nelson rescued the guitar from his burning ranch . Constant strumming with a guitar pick over the decades has worn a large sweeping hole into the guitar 's body near the sound hole -- the N - 20 has no pick - guard since classical guitars are meant to be played fingerstyle instead of with picks . Its soundboard has been signed by over a hundred of Nelson 's friends and associates , ranging from fellow musicians to lawyers and football coaches . The first signature on the guitar was Leon Russell 's , who asked Nelson initially to sign his guitar . When Nelson was about to sign it with a marker , Russell requested him to scratch it instead , explaining that the guitar would be more valuable in the future . Interested in the concept , Nelson requested Russell to also sign his guitar . In 1991 , during his process with the IRS , Nelson was worried that Trigger could be auctioned off , stating : `` When Trigger goes , I 'll quit '' . He asked his daughter , Lana , to take the guitar from the studio before any IRS agent got there , and bring it to him on Maui . Nelson then hid the guitar in his manager 's house until his debt was paid in 1993 . Activism Nelson is active in a number of issues . Along with Neil Young and John Mellencamp , he set up Farm Aid in 1985 to assist and increase awareness of the importance of family farms , after Bob Dylan 's comments during the Live Aid concert that he hoped some of the money would help American farmers in danger of losing their farms through mortgage debt . The first concert included Bob Dylan , Billy Joel , B.B. King , Roy Orbison , and Neil Young among many others , and raised over $9 million for America 's family farmers . Besides organizing and performing in the annual concerts , Nelson is the president of the board of Farm Aid . Nelson is a co-chair of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws ( NORML ) advisory board . He has worked with NORML for years , fighting for marijuana legalization . In 2005 Nelson and his family hosted the first annual `` Willie Nelson & NORML Benefit Golf Tournament '' , leading to a cover appearance and inside interview in the January 2008 issue of High Times magazine . After his arrest for possession of marijuana in 2010 , Nelson created the TeaPot party under the motto `` Tax it , regulate it and legalize it ! '' . In 2001 , following the September 11 attacks , he participated in the benefit telethon America : A Tribute to Heroes , leading the rest of the celebrities singing the song `` America the Beautiful '' . In 2010 , during an interview with Larry King , Nelson expressed his doubts with regards to the attacks and the official story . Nelson explained that he could not believe that the buildings could collapse due to the planes , attributing instead the result to an implosion . Nelson supported Dennis Kucinich 's campaign in the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries . He raised money , appeared at events , and composed the song `` Whatever Happened to Peace on Earth ? '' , criticizing the war in Iraq . He recorded a radio advertisement asking for support to put musician / author Kinky Friedman on the ballot as an independent candidate for the 2006 Texas gubernatorial election . Friedman promised Nelson a job in Austin as the head of a new Texas Energy Commission due to his support of bio-fuels . In January 2008 , Nelson filed a suit against the Texas Democratic Party , alleging that the party violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution by refusing to allow co-plaintiff Kucinich to appear on the primary ballot because he had scratched out part of the loyalty oath on his application . In 2004 , he and his wife Annie became partners with Bob and Kelly King in the building of two Pacific Bio-diesel plants , one in Salem , Oregon , and the other at Carl 's Corner , Texas ( the Texas plant was founded by Carl Cornelius , a longtime Nelson friend and the namesake for Carl 's Corner ) . In 2005 , Nelson and several other business partners formed Willie Nelson Biodiesel ( `` Bio-Willie '' ) , a company that is marketing bio-diesel bio-fuel to truck stops . The fuel is made from vegetable oil ( mainly soybean oil ) , and can be burned without modification in diesel engines . Nelson is an advocate for better treatment for horses and has been campaigning for the passage of the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act ( H.R. 503 / S. 311 ) alongside the Animal Welfare Institute . He is on its board of directors and has adopted a number of horses from Habitat for Horses . In 2008 , Nelson signed on to warn consumers about the cruel and illegal living conditions for calves raised to produce milk for dairy products . He wrote letters to Land O'Lakes and Challenge Dairy , two of the major corporations that use milk from calves raised at California 's Mendes Calf Ranch , which employs an intensive confinement practice that was the subject of a lawsuit and campaign brought by the Animal Legal Defense Fund . A supporter of the LGBT movement , Nelson published in 2006 through iTunes a version of Ned Sublette 's `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' , that met instant success . During an interview with Texas Monthly in 2013 , regarding the Defense of Marriage Act and Same - sex marriage in the United States , Nelson responded to a comparison the interviewer made with the Civil Rights Movement , stating : `` We 'll look back and say it was crazy that we ever even argued about this '' . He also presented two logos with the pink equal sign , symbol of the LBGT movement . The first one , featured the sign represented with two long braids ; while the second one , featured the sign represented with two marijuana cigarettes . The use of the logos became viral instantly in social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook . Personal Life Nelson lives in Maui , Hawaii , in a largely self - sustaining community where all the homes use only solar power . Neighbors include Kris Kristofferson , Woody Harrelson , and Owen Wilson . Nelson also owns a ranch near Austin , Texas . Willie Nelson has married four times and fathered seven children . His first marriage was to Martha Matthews ; it lasted from 1952 to 1962 . The couple had three children : Lana , Susie and Willie `` Billy '' Hugh , Jr . Billy died by suicide in 1991 . The marriage was marked by violence , with Matthews assaulting Nelson several times , including one incident when she sewed him up in a bed sheet and then beat him with a broomstick . Nelson 's next marriage was to Shirley Collie in 1963 . The couple divorced in 1971 , after Collie found a bill from the maternity ward of a Houston hospital charged to Nelson and Connie Koepke for the birth of Paula Carlene Nelson . Koepke and Nelson married the same year , then had another daughter , Amy Lee Nelson . Following a divorce in 1988 , he married his current wife , Annie D'Angelo , in 1991 . They have two sons , Lukas Autry and Jacob Micah . Nelson traces his genealogy to the American Revolutionary War , in which his ancestor John Nelson served as a major . While swimming in Hawaii in 1981 , Nelson 's lung collapsed . He was taken to the Maui Memorial Hospital and his scheduled concerts were canceled . Nelson temporarily stopped smoking cigarettes each time his lungs became congested , and resumed when the congestion ended . He was then smoking between two and three packs per day . After suffering from pneumonia several times , he decided to quit either marijuana or tobacco . He chose to quit tobacco . In 2008 he started to smoke marijuana with a carbon - free system to avoid the effects of smoke . In 2004 Nelson underwent surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome , as he had damaged his wrists by continuously playing the guitar . On the recommendation of his doctor , he canceled his scheduled concerts and only wrote songs during his recovery . In 2012 he canceled a fund - raising appearance in the Denver area . He suffered from breathing problems due to high altitude and emphysema and was taken to a local hospital . His publicist Elaine Schock confirmed soon after that Nelson 's health was good and that he was heading to his next scheduled concert in Dallas , Texas . After repeated instances of pneumonia and emphysema through the years , Nelson underwent stem - cell therapy in 2015 to improve the state of his lungs . During his childhood , Nelson grew interested in martial arts . He ordered self - defense manuals on jujitsu and judo that he saw advertised in Batman and Superman comic books . Nelson started to formally practice kung fu after he moved to Nashville , in the 1960s . During the 1980s , Nelson began training in tae kwon do and now holds a second - degree black belt in that discipline . During the 1990s , Nelson started to practice the Korean martial art GongKwon Yusul . In 2014 , after twenty years in the discipline , his Grand Master Sam Um presented him with a fifth - degree black belt in a ceremony held in Austin , Texas . A 2014 Tae Kwon Do Times magazine interview revealed that Nelson had developed an unorthodox manner of training during the lengthy periods of time he was on tour . Nelson would conduct his martial arts training on his tour bus `` The Honeysuckle Rose '' and send videos to his supervising Master for review and critique . Legal issues Nelson has been arrested several times for marijuana possession . The first occasion was in 1974 in Dallas , Texas . In 1977 after a tour with Hank Cochran , Nelson traveled to The Bahamas . Nelson and Cochran arrived late to the airport and boarded the flight without luggage . The bags were later sent to them . As Nelson and Cochran claimed their luggage in the Bahamas , a customs officer questioned Nelson after marijuana was found in a pair of his jeans . Nelson was arrested and jailed . As Cochran made arrangements to pay the bail , he took Nelson a six - pack of beer to his cell . Nelson was released a few hours later . Inebriated , he fell after he jumped celebrating and was taken to the emergency room . He then appeared before the judge , who dropped the charges but ordered Nelson to never return to the country . In 1994 , highway patrolmen found marijuana in his car near Waco , Texas . His requirement to appear in court prevented him attending the Grammy awards that year . While traveling to Ann W. Richards ' funeral in 2006 , Nelson , along with his manager and his sister , Bobbi , were arrested in St. Martin Parish , Louisiana and charged with possession of marijuana and hallucinogenic mushrooms . Nelson received six months probation . On November 26 , 2010 , Nelson was arrested in Sierra Blanca , Texas , for possession of six ounces of marijuana found in his tour bus while traveling from Los Angeles back to Texas . He was released after paying bail of US $2,500 . Prosecutor Kit Bramblett supported not sentencing Nelson to jail due to the small amount of marijuana involved , but suggested instead a US $100 fine and told Nelson that he would have him sing `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' for the court . Judge Becky Dean - Walker said that Nelson would have to pay the fine but not to perform the song , explaining that the prosecutor was joking . Nelson 's lawyer Joe Turner reached an agreement with the prosecutor . Nelson was set to pay a US $500 fine to avoid a two - year jail sentence with a 30 - day review period , which in case of another incident would end the agreement . The judge later rejected the agreement , claiming that Nelson was receiving preferential treatment for his celebrity status ; the offense normally carried a one - year jail sentence . Bramblett declared that the case would remain open until it was either dismissed or the judge changed her opinion . Legacy See also : List of awards and nominations received by Willie Nelson Willie Nelson boulevard in Austin , Texas Nelson is widely recognized as an American icon . He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1993 , and he received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1998 . In 2011 , Nelson was inducted to the National Agricultural Hall of Fame , for his labor in Farm Aid and other fund raisers to benefit farmers . In 2015 Nelson won the Gershwin Prize , the lifetime award of the Library of Congress . He was included by Rolling Stone on its 100 Greatest Singers and 100 Greatest Guitarists lists . In 2003 , Texas Governor Perry signed bill No. 2582 , introduced by State Representative Elizabeth Ames Jones and Senator Jeff Wentworth , which funded the Texas Music Project , the state 's official music charity . Nelson was named Honorary Chairman of the Advisory Board of the project . In 2005 , Democratic Texas Senator Gonzalo Barrientos introduced a bill to name 49 miles ( 79 km ) of the Travis County section of State Highway 130 after Nelson , and at one point 23 of the 31 state Senators were co-sponsors of the bill . The legislation was dropped after two Republican senators , Florence Shapiro and Wentworth , objected , citing Nelson 's lack of connection to the highway , his fund raisers for Democrats , his drinking , and his marijuana advocacy . An important collection of Willie Nelson materials ( 1975 -- 1994 ) became part of the Wittliff collections of Southwestern Writers , Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas . The collection contains lyrics , screenplays , letters , concert programs , tour itineraries , posters , articles , clippings , personal effects , promotional items , souvenirs , and documents . It documents Nelson 's IRS troubles and how Farm Aid contributions were used . Most of the material was collected by Nelson 's friend Bill Wittliff , who wrote or co-wrote Honeysuckle Rose , Barbarosa and Red Headed Stranger . In 2014 , Nelson donated his personal collection to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History . The items include photographs , correspondence , song manuscripts , posters , certificate records , awards , signed books , screenplays , personal items and gifts and tributes from Nelson 's fans . In April 2010 , Nelson received the `` Feed the Peace '' award from The Nobelity Project for his extensive work with Farm Aid and overall contributions to world peace . On June 23 , 2010 he was inducted into the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry . Nelson is an honorary trustee of the Dayton International Peace Museum . In 2010 , Austin , Texas renamed Second Street to Willie Nelson Boulevard . The city also unveiled a life - size statue to honor him , placed at the entrance of Austin City Limits ' new studio . The non-profit organization Capital Area Statues commissioned sculptor Clete Shields to execute the project . The statue was unveiled on April 20 , 2012 . The date selected by the city of Austin unintentionally coincided with the number 4 / 20 , associated with cannabis culture . In spite of the coincidence and Nelson 's advocacy for the legalization of marijuana , the ceremony was scheduled also for 4 : 20 pm . During the ceremony , Nelson performed the song `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' . The same year , Nelson was honored during the 46th Annual Country Music Association Awards as the first recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award , which was also named after him . In 2013 , he received an honorary doctorate from the Berklee College of Music . The following year , he was part of the inaugural class inducted into the Austin City Limits Hall of Fame . Also included among the first inductees was his friend Darrell Royal , whose jamming parties that Nelson participated in were the source of inspiration for the show . For many years , Nelson 's image was marked by his red hair , often divided into two long braids partially concealed under a bandanna . In the April 2007 issue of Stuff Magazine Nelson was interviewed about his long locks . `` I started braiding my hair when it started getting too long , and that was , I do n't know , probably in the 70 's . '' On May 26 , 2010 , the Associated Press reported that Nelson had cut his hair , and Nashville music journalist Jimmy Carter published a photograph of the pigtail - free Nelson on his website . Nelson wanted a more maintainable hairstyle , as well helping him stay cool more easily at his Maui home . In October 2014 , the braids of Nelson were sold for US $37,000 at an auction of the Waylon Jennings estate . In 1983 , Nelson cut his braids and gave them to Jennings as a gift during a party celebrating Jennings ' sobriety . Nelson 's touring and recording group , the Family , is full of longstanding members . The original lineup included his sister Bobbie Nelson , drummer Paul English , harmonicist Mickey Raphael , bassist Bee Spears , Billy English ( Paul 's younger brother ) , and Jody Payne . The current lineup includes all the members but Jody Payne , who retired , and Bee Spears , who died in 2011 . Willie & Family tours North America in the bio-diesel bus Honeysuckle Rose , which is fueled by Bio-Willie . Nelson 's tour buses were customized by Florida Coach since 1979 . The company built the Honeysuckle Rose I in 1983 , which was replaced after a collision in Nova Scotia , Canada , in 1990 . The interior was salvaged and reused for the second version of the bus the same year . Nelson changed his tour bus in 1996 , 2005 and 2013 , currently touring on the Honeysuckle Rose V . Discography and other works As well as recording over sixty studio albums , Nelson has appeared in over thirty films and TV shows . His acting debut was in the 1979 film , The Electric Horseman , followed by appearances in Honeysuckle Rose , Thief , and Barbarosa . Recordings Further information : Willie Nelson albums discography , Willie Nelson singles discography , and List of songs written by Willie Nelson Films Further information : Willie Nelson filmography Books Willie : An Autobiography , Simon & Schuster , 1988 , with Bud Shrake The Facts of Life and Other Dirty Jokes , Random House , 2002 Farm Aid : A Song for America , Rodale Books , foreword by Willie Nelson , 2005 The Tao of Willie : A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart , Gotham , 2006 , with Turk Pipkin On the Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and the Future of the Family Farm , Fulcrum Publishing , 2007 A Tale Out of Luck ( a novel ) , Center Street , 2008 , with Mike Blakely Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die : Musings From the Road , William Morrow , foreword by Kinky Friedman , 2012 It 's a Long Story : My Life , Little , Brown and Company , 2015 with David Ritz Pretty Paper , Penguin Random House , 2016 with David Ritz Appearances as himself Nelson appeared in the 2011 documentary `` Reggae Got Soul : The Story of Toots and the Maytals '' which was featured on BBC and described as `` The untold story of one of the most influential artists ever to come out of Jamaica '' . Official music videos `` I 'm a Worried Man '' featuring Toots Hibbert ( 2005 ) Official concert videos `` Willie Nelson and Friends - Outlaws & Angels '' featuring Bob Dylan , Keith Richards , Toots Hibbert , Toby Keith , Ben Harper , Al Green , Merle Haggard , Kid Rock , The Holmes Brothers , Joe Walsh , Carole King , Jerry Lee Lewis , and more ( 2007 ) See also Book : Willie Nelson Austin portal Biography portal Books portal Film portal Music portal List of Country Music Hall of Fame inductees List of country music performers Music of Austin , Texas References Footnotes Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Willie Nelson Web Site ^ Jump up to : Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Scobey , Lola 1982 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Willie 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Laufenberg , Norbert 2005 , p. 473 . ^ Jump up to : Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Reid , Jan ( March 1 , 2004 ) . The Improbable Rise of Redneck Rock : New Edition . University of Texas Press . pp. 218 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70197 - 7 . Jump up ^ Malone , Bill 2002 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kienzle , Richard 2003 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Clint 2000 , p. 7 , 8 , 23 . Jump up ^ Scobey , Lola 1982 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Clint 2000 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Judy 1969 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Roger 2010 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Clint 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Graeme 2012 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David 2015 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David 2015 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mike 2006 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Dicair , David 2007 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Michael 1997 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Dingus , Anne 1992 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Judy 1969 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Bud Shrake ; Edwin Shrake 2000 , p. 116 , 117 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael William 2013 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Bud Shrake ; Edwin Shrake 2000 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Bud Shrake ; Edwin Shrake 2000 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Clint 2000 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kosser , Michael 2006 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : NPR staff 1996 . Jump up ^ Edwards , David ; Callahan , Mike 2001 . Jump up ^ Johnny Bush ; Rick Mitchell 2007 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Scobey , Lola 1982 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Reid , Jan 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p . Nashville , 1960 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Bud Shrake ; Edwin Shrake 2000 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Johnny Bush ; Rick Mitchell 2007 , p. 137 , 138 . Jump up ^ Kienzle , Richard 2003 , p. 248 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Jan 2004 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Bud Shrake ; Edwin Shrake 2000 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Reid , Jan ; Sahm Shawn 2010 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Dave 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid , Jan 2004 , p. ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Milner , Jay Dunston 1998 , p. 183 , 184 . Jump up ^ Harden , Lydia Dixon ; Hoekstra , Dave ; McCall , Michael ; Morris , Edward ; Williams , Janet 1996 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Tichi , Cecilia 1998 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas 2007 . Jump up ^ Dicair , David 2007 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Clint 2000 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Dicair , David 2007 , p. ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Wolff , Kurt ; Duane , Orla & 2000 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Clint 2000 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Gary , 2008 & ( https://books.google.com/books?id=174&pg=PA174 ) . Jump up ^ Hartman , Gary , 2008 & ( https://books.google.com/books?id=175&pg=PA175 ) . Jump up ^ RIAA staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas 2008 . Jump up ^ RIAA staff 2 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David 2015 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David 2015 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Waylon ; Kaye , Lenny 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ RIAA staff 3 2010 . Jump up ^ Billboard December 25 , 1976 . Jump up ^ Tribe , Ivan 2006 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Allmusic staff 2008 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom 2008 . Jump up ^ Monkman , Martin 2008 . Jump up ^ Poe , Randy 2012 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas 2005 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gavin 2015 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 342 . ^ Jump up to : Draper 1991 , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Alison Leigh 1991 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David Cay 1995 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick & t , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Farm Aid Staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Erlewine Stephen Thomas 2000 . Jump up ^ BMI staff 2003 . Jump up ^ Biography staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon 2003 . Jump up ^ PRNewswire staff 2003 . Jump up ^ Entertainment One staff 2003 . Jump up ^ `` True Love - Linear CD Notes . '' Toots and the Maytals . tootsandthemaytals.net . Web . < http://www.tootsandthemaytals.net/linear-cd-notes/ > . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Deusner , Stephen . `` The Red - Headed Stranger goes ... reggae . '' Pitchfork . Condé Nast. 24 Jul 2005 . Web . < http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5906-countryman/ > Retrieved 20 Dec 2016 Jump up ^ BBC News 2005 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David 2015 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Peter 2014 . Jump up ^ Willie Nelson.com staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Evans - Price , Deborah 2010 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas 2010 . Jump up ^ CBS Music staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Sugimoto , Minna 2011 . Jump up ^ Willie Nelson.com staff 2012 . Jump up ^ PrNewswire staff 2012 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff 2012 . Jump up ^ Vinson , Christina 2013 . Jump up ^ Jessen , Wade 2013 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew 2014 . Jump up ^ Holden , Larry 2014 . Jump up ^ PRNewswire staff 2015 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Allmovie staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Movies staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson & Shrake 2004 . Jump up ^ Good Reads staff 2010 . Jump up ^ George - Warren & Hoekstra 2005 . Jump up ^ NPR staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2007 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2008 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Whitaker 2012 . Jump up ^ Hachette staff 2015 . Jump up ^ Penguin Random House staff 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey Brian 2003 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Jill 2011 . Jump up ^ Willie 's Place staff 2010 . Jump up ^ KWTX staff 2012 . Jump up ^ Chagollan , Steve 2010 . Jump up ^ Opry.com staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Swiatecki , Chad 2014 . Jump up ^ Guardian Music staff 2015 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Writes , Directs & Stars In Live - Event Film ' Lost In London ' With Owen Wilson & Willie Nelson '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas 2015 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica staff 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Willie 2005 . Jump up ^ Willie Nelson General Store staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Reinert 1976 , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Draper 1991 , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Willie Nelson Genral Store staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Durchholz , Daniel ; Graff , Gary 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Durchholz , Daniel ; Graff , Gary 2010 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Clint 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ NORML staff 2009 . Jump up ^ High Times staff 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Gayle 2010 . Jump up ^ Quay , Sara ; Damico , Amy & 2010 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Bill 2010 . Jump up ^ Reuters staff 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Reeve 2010 . Jump up ^ Car Connection staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Selby , W. Gardner 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary Alden ; Taylor , Katrina 2008 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Associated Press staff 2005 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ( 2 ) 2007 . Jump up ^ Habitat for Horses staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie 2008 . Jump up ^ Neu , Clayton 2006 . Jump up ^ Langer , Andy 2013 . Jump up ^ Kane , Coleen 2008 . Jump up ^ Grigoriadis , Vannessa 2007 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Hollabaugh , Lorie 2010 . Jump up ^ Hall , Michael 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cartwright , Gary 2000 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Andrew 2012 . Jump up ^ Riggs , Thomas 2007 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Ernest E. IV 2009 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Albin 1981 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Kevin 2010 . Jump up ^ NPR staff 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patoski , Joe Nick 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press staff 2002 . Jump up ^ Miller Loncaric , Melissa 2008 . Jump up ^ McKinnley , James Jr 2012 . Jump up ^ Heim , Joe 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Bud Shrake ; Edwin Shrake 2000 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Michael 2014 . Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin 2014 . Jump up ^ Zirogiannis , Marc ( September 2014 ) . `` Willie Nelson : Master of Country Music and Gongkwon Yusul '' . Tae Kwon Do Times Magazine . No . September 2014 . pp. 49 -- 52 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Steve 2010 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David 2015 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David 2015 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David 2015 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ People staff 2006 . Jump up ^ Patoski , Joe Nick 2008 , p. 471 . Jump up ^ Associated Press staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Phillip 2011 . Jump up ^ Amter , Charlie 2011 . Jump up ^ TMZ staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jason 2013 . Jump up ^ PBS staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Joe 1993 . Jump up ^ Kennedy Center staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Treolo , Melissa 2011 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew 2015 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Texas Music Project staff 2011 . Jump up ^ Ward , Mike 2005 . Jump up ^ Fort Worth Star - telegram staff 2005 . Jump up ^ Alkek Library 2010 . Jump up ^ Briscoe Center staff 2014 . Jump up ^ PRWeb staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Ann 2010 . Jump up ^ Dayton Peace Museum staff 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC News staff 2010 . Jump up ^ Houston Chronicle 2010 . Jump up ^ Tomlinson , Chris 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomlinson , Chris ( 2 ) 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , James 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press staff 2014 . Jump up ^ Everett , Christina 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Jimmy 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Post staff 2014 . Jump up ^ Scobey , Lola 1982 , pp. 198 , 358 . Jump up ^ Kerns , William 2012 . Jump up ^ Vancouver Province staff 2007 . Jump up ^ Langer , Andy 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toots and the Maytals : Reggae Got Soul '' . BBC Four ( documentary ) . Directed by George Scott . UK . 2011 . 59 min . Retrieved 15 Dec. 2016 . < http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ymljb > Jump up ^ Tootsandthemaytals . `` Toots & The Maytals - Reggae Got Soul - Documentary Trailer '' . YouTube . YouTube , 15 Aug. 2013 . Web . 15 Dec. 2016 . < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfiNMBhnd8w > Jump up ^ WillieNelsonVEVO . `` Willie Nelson - I 'm A Worried Man Ft . Toots Hibbert '' . YouTube . YouTube , 11 Aug. 2011 . Music video by Willie Nelson performing I 'm A Worried Man . ( C ) 2005 UMG Recordings , Inc . Web . 20 Dec. 2016 . < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYfJInX0etk > Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson and Friends - Outlaws & Angels '' . Eagle Rock Entertainment . DVD . 2007 . Retrieved 20 Dec 2016 . < https://www.amazon.com/Willie-Nelson-Friends-Outlaws-Angels/dp/B0002Y13VO > Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson and Friends - Outlaws & Angels '' . Eagle Rock Entertainment . DVD . 2007 . Retrieved 20 Dec 2016 . < https://www.discogs.com/Willie-Nelson-Friends-Outlaws-And-Angels/release/3810153 > Sources Alkek Library staff . Alkek Library . Largest Willie Nelson collection now at Texas State ; September 22 , 2010 ( Retrieved February 20 , 2011 ) . Allmusic staff ( 2008 ) . `` The Electric Horseman '' . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Allmovie staff ( 2011 ) . `` Willie Nelson '' . AllMovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Amter , Charlie . Willie Nelson Dodges Jail in Texas . The Hollywood Reporter . June 7 , 2011 ( Retrieved June 7 , 2011 ) . Asker , Jim . No ' Problem ' : Willie Nelson 's New Album Bows at No. 1 . Billboard . May 9 , 2017 ( Retrieved May 10 , 2017 ) . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Associated Press staff . Willie Nelson cancels concerts . USA Today . May 13 , 2002 ( Retrieved May 22 , 2011 ) . Associated Press . Associated Press staff ( January 14 , 2005 ) . `` Willie Nelson Bets on Biodiesel '' . Wired Magazine . Condé Nast Publications . Associated Press . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Associated Press staff . The pigtails are gone : Willie Nelson cuts his hair . Las Cruces Sun - News . May 26 , 2010 ( Retrieved February 15 , 2011 ) . MediaNews Group . Associated Press staff . Willie Nelson Arrested for Marijuana Possession . The Boot . November 27 , 2010 ( Retrieved February 27 , 2011 ) . Associated Press . AOL . Associated Press staff . Matthew McConaughey and others celebrate Willie Nelson . April 27 , 2014 ( Retrieved April 27 , 2014 ) . Associated Press . Fox News . BBC News staff . Willie Nelson stages tsunami gig . BBC News . January 10 , 2005 ( Retrieved February 15 , 2011 ) . BBC . BBC News staff ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Willie Nelson to have street named after him in Texas '' . BBC . BBC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Billboard . December 25 , 1976 ( Retrieved February 8 , 2011 ) ; 88 ( 52 ) . Billboard staff ( 2012 ) . `` Chart listing for Heroes '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Biography staff . A&E Television Networks ... Toby Keith Biography ; 2011 ( archived July 4 , 2011 ; Retrieved February 15 , 2011 ) . BMI Staff . BMI Cheers ' Beer for My Horses ' with Willie , Toby and Scotty . BMI . July 15 , 2003 ( Retrieved February 15 , 2011 ) . Broadcast Music , Inc . Bush , Johnny ; Mitchell , Rick ( 2007 ) . Whiskey River ( Take My Mind ) : The True Story of Texas Honky - Tonk . University of Texas Tech . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71490 - 8 . Briscoe Center staff . Briscoe Center Acquires Willie Nelson Collection . Dolph Briscoe Center for American History . May 8 , 2014 ( Retrieved May 9 , 2014 ) . The University of Texas at Austin . Car Connection staff . Kinky Friedman To Name Willie Nelson as Texas Energy Czar . The Car Connection . ( Retrieved February 2 , 2011 ) . Carter , Jimmy . Willie cuts his hair ; May 26 , 2010 . Cartwright , Gary ( 2000 ) . Turn Out the Lights : Chronicles of Texas in the 80 's and 90 's . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71226 - 3 . Carey , Brian . Shopping.com , Inc ... Legendary Food , Legendary Service , and Legendary People ; September 28 , 2003 ( Retrieved February 14 , 2011 ) . Caulfield , Phillip . Judge says request for Willie Nelson to sing ' Blue Eyes ' in court was a joke . Daily News ( New York ) . March 30 , 2011 ( Retrieved April 4 , 2011 ) . News Wire Services . CBS Music staff . Last.fm Trends : Willie Nelson 's On Grammy Road Again . Last.fm . February 3 , 2011 ( Retrieved May 22 , 2011 ) . CBS . Chagollan , Steve . Willie Nelson launches Luck Films : Musician - actor in joint venture that aims to make up to five pics a year . March 15 , 2010 ( Retrieved November 27 , 2012 ) . Chilton , Martin . Willie Nelson interview : Do n't fret about the end of the world . The Telegraph . December 14 , 2012 ( Retrieved December 14 , 2012 ) . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Chilton , Martin . Willie Nelson gets 5th - degree black belt at 81 . The Daily Telegraph ( London ) . April 29 , 2014 ( Retrieved April 30 , 2014 ) . Chapman , Roger ( 2010 ) . Culture wars : an encyclopedia of issues , viewpoints , and voices , Volume 1 . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1761 - 3 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Cohen , Jason . Win the Weekend : Was Willie 's Case Ever Settled ? . Texas Monthly . February 3 , 2012 ( Retrieved April 9 , 2013 ) . Emmis Communications , Inc . Cooper , Peter . Buddy Cannon witnesses Willie Nelson 's magic . The Tennessean . June 26 , 2014 ( Retrieved July 1 , 2014 ) . Gannett Co. , Inc . Cowan , Alison Leigh . Willie Nelson Hopes for a Hit ; So Does the I.R.S . The New York Times . September 2 , 1991 ( Retrieved February 15 , 2011 ) . The New York Times Company . `` $32 million bill for delinquent taxes ... pay for the $45 million lawsuit Mr. Nelson filed last year against his former accountants at Price Waterhouse , who he contends put him into ill - advised tax shelters . The Government ruled against many of the tax shelters , and the I.R.S. later disallowed many of the tax benefits that Mr. Nelson claimed . '' Dayton Peace Museum staff ( 2010 ) . `` Dayton International Peace Museum '' . Dayton International Peace Museum . Dayton International Peace Museum . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 15 . Dicair , David ( 2007 ) . The First Generation of Country Music Stars . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3021 - 5 . Dingus , Anne ( 1992 ) . `` Ernest Tubb Goes Electric and 51 More Moments to Remember Texas ' Rich Musical Past '' . Texas Monthly . Vol. 19 no . 2 . Emmis Communications . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Donahue , Ann ( June 23 , 2010 ) . `` Tupac , Willie Nelson , R.E.M. Among Inductees To National Recording Register '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Texas Monthly . May 1991 ( Retrieved February 8 , 2011 ) ; 19 ( 5 ) : 100 . Dunn , Jill . Etrucker . A Creditor forecloses Willie 's Place ( Retrieved February 15 , 2011 ) . Durchholz , Daniel ; Graff , Gary ( 2010 ) . Neil Young : Long May You Run . Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3647 - 2 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Edwards , David ; Callahan , Mike ( 2001 ) . `` The Liberty Records Story '' . Both Sides Now . Both Sides Now Publications . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Edwards , Gavin ( 2015 ) . `` ' We Are the World ' : A Minute - by - Minute Breakdown on Its 30th Anniversary '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Edwards , Joe ( September 30 , 1993 ) . `` Willie Nelson inducted in Hall of Fame '' . Bangor Daily News . Bangor Publishing Company . Associated Press . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Everett , Christina . Willie Nelson haircut : Country singer chops off trademark long tresses and debuts shorter new look . New York Daily News . May 27 , 2010 ( Retrieved February 15 , 2011 ) . Mortimer Zuckerman . Encyclopædia Britannica staff ( 2011 ) . `` Willie Nelson ( American musician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Entertainment One staff ( 2003 ) . Ringo Rama ( Booklet ) . Ringo Starr . Koch , Entertainment One . 038 411 - 0 , 038 412 -- 2 , 038 413 -- 9 . Erlewine , Michael ( 1997 ) . All Music Guide to Country : The Experts ' Guide to the Best Recordings in Country Music . Miller Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 475 - 1 . Erlewine Stephen Thomas ( 2000 ) . `` VH1 Storytellers '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2005 ) . `` WWII '' . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2007 ) . `` Shotgun Willie / Phases and Stages '' . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2008 ) . `` The Troublemaker -- Willie Nelson '' . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2010 ) . `` Country Music : Billboard albums '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2015 ) . `` Willie Nelson -- Biography '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Evans , Mike ( 2006 ) . Country Music Facts , Figures & Fun . AAPPL . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904332 - 53 - 4 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Evans - Price , Deborah . AOL Inc . Willie Nelson Delivers True ' Country Music ' ; April 21 , 2010 ( Retrieved May 22 , 2011 ) . Farm Aid Staff ( 2011 ) . `` Past concerts -- Farm Aid '' . Farm Aid . Farm Aid . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Fort Worth Star - telegram staff . ' Nelson Highway ' is n't a hit with GOP ; April 28 , 2005 ( Retrieved March 27 , 2011 ) . George - Warren , Holly ; Hoekstra , Dave ( October 7 , 2005 ) . Farm Aid : A Song for America . Rodale Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 285 - 4 . Goddard , Steve . Willie Nelson 's Mug Shot From Last Friday Night . 94.5 KOOL FM . November 30 , 2010 ( Retrieved June 13 , 2011 ) . CBS Radio Inc ... Goldman , Andrew . Willie Nelson , the Silver - Headed Stranger ( Interview ) . The New York Times Magazine . December 14 , 2012 ( Retrieved December 16 , 2012 ) . The New York Times Company . Hann , Michael . Willie Nelson : ' If We Made Marijuana Legal , We 'd Save a Whole Lotta Money and Lives ' . The Guardian . May 17 , 2012 ( Retrieved May 20 , 2012 ) . Guardian News and Media Ltd . Grigoriadis , Vannessa . Move to a Fantasy Island . New York Magazine . January 14 , 2007 ; 40 ( 1 -- 7 ) . Guardian Music staff ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Willie Nelson to open chain of marijuana stores '' . Guardian Music . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Habitat for Horses staff ( 2011 ) . `` Habitat for Horses signature series '' . Habitat for Horses . Habitat for Horses . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Hachette staff ( 2015 ) . It 's a Long Story : My Life by Willie Nelson . Hachette Book Group . : Little , Brown and Company . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Hall , Michael . Willie 's God ! Willie 's God ! We Love Willie ! . Texas Monthly . May 1 , 2008 ( Retrieved April 12 , 2011 ) . Emmis Communications . Hall , Michael . Master Nelson Receives His Black Belt . Texas Monthly . April 30 , 2014 ( Retrieved April 30 , 2014 ) . Emmis Communications . Hamilton , Reeve . Willie Nelson Ad for Kinky Friedman Valued Highly . The Texas Tribune . ( Retrieved February 22 , 2011 ) . The Texas Tribune . Harden , Lydia Dixon ; Hoekstra , Dave ; McCall , Michael ; Morris , Edward ; Williams , Janet ( 1996 ) . The Stars of Country Music : The Legends & The New Breed . Publications International , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56173 - 697 - 3 . Hartman , Gary ( 2008 ) . The History of Texas Music . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 002 - 8 . Heim , Joe ( 2015 ) . `` Willie Nelson keeps on rollin ' '' . Washington Post Magazine . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . High Times staff . The Pope of Austin , Texas Interview : Willie Nelson . High Times . November 27 , 2007 ( archived June 15 , 2007 ; Retrieved March 27 , 2011 ) . High Times . Hollabaugh , Lorie . AOL Inc ... Willie Nelson Still Cares for His ' Additional Wives ' ; May 5 , 2010 ( Retrieved February 22 , 2011 ) . Holden , Larry . Rhonda Vincent And Willie Nelson Top The Charts . HNGN.com . December 8 , 2014 ( Retrieved December 9 , 2014 ) . Headlines & Global News . Houston Chronicle staff . Willie Nelson statue and boulevard planned for Austin . The Houston Chronicle . May 7 , 2010 ( Retrieved March 27 , 2011 ) . Hearst Corporation . Hunt , Ernest E. IV . Mindspring.com . Sixth Generation ( Descendants of Alfred Nelson ) ( Retrieved March 27 , 2011 ) . Jennings , Waylon ; Kaye , Lenny ( 1996 ) . Waylon : An Autobiography . Warner Brooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51865 - 9 . Jessen , Wade . Willie Nelson Extends Record For Most Top 10 Country Albums . Billboard . October 24 , 2013 ( Retrieved October 24 , 2013 ) . Nielsen Business Media . Johnston , David Cay . Tax Shelter of Rich and Famous Has Final Date in Court . The New York Times . November 4 , 1995 ( Retrieved February 15 , 2011 ) . The New York Times Company . Jurek , Thom ( 2008 ) . `` Honeysuckle Rose ( CBS ) '' . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Kane , Coleen . Woody Harrelson plans a 40 - day desert - island starvation . Plenty . May 30 , 2008 ( Retrieved September 20 , 2011 ) . MNN Holdings , LLC . Kennedy Center staff ( 2011 ) . `` List of Kennedy Center Honorees '' . The Kennedy Center . John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Kerns , William . Willie Nelson has Near - Sellout Crowd in Palm of his Hand Sunday . Lubbock Online . March 4 , 2012 ( Retrieved March 18 , 2012 ) . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Kienzle , Richard ( 2003 ) . Southwest Shuffle : Pioneers of Honky - Tonk , Western Swing , and Country Jazz . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94103 - 7 . Kosser , Michael ( 2006 ) . How Nashville Became Music City , U.S.A. : 50 Years of Music Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 09806 - 2 . Krebs , Albin . A Nelson Slowdown . The New York Times . August 25 , 1981 ( Retrieved April 11 , 2011 ) . KWTX staff ( 2012 ) . `` Curtain Falls on Willie 's Place '' . KWTX . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Laufenberg , Norbert ( 2005 ) . Entertainment Celebrities . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 5335 - 8 . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Langer , Andy . EXCLUSIVE : Willie Nelson on same - sex marriage . Texas Monthly . March 28 , 2013 ( Retrieved March 28 , 2013 ) . Emmis Communications . Langer , Andy ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Last Word on the Willie Nelson Bus That 's NOT Willie Nelson 's Bus '' . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Leahey , Andrew . ' Band of Brothers ' Shoots Shotgun Willie to Top of the Charts . Rolling Stone . June 25 , 2014 ( Retrieved June 26 , 2014 ) . Wenner Media LLC . Leahey , Andrew . Willie Nelson to Receive Gershwin Prize for Songwriting . Rolling Stone . July 9 , 2015 ( Retrieved July 9 , 2015 ) . Wenner Media LLC . Lewis , Randy ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Blake Shelton , Miranda Lambert and Eric Church win CMA Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Media . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 15 . McKinnley , James Jr . Willie Nelson Is ' Fine ' After Canceling a Show . The New York Times . August 20 , 2012 ( Retrieved August 25 , 2012 ) . New York Times Company . Malone , Bill ( 2002 ) . Country music , U.S.A. University of Texas Press . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 75262 - 7 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Miller Loncaric , Melissa . Willie Nelson and B.B. King Mesmerize Atlanta . CMT . July 28 , 2008 ( Retrieved May 22 , 2011 ) . MTV Networks . Milner , Jay Dunston ( 1998 ) . Confessions of a Maddog : A Romp Through the High - Flying Texas Music and Literary Era of the Fifties to the Seventies . University of North Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57441 - 050 - 1 . Monkman , Martin ( 2008 ) . `` Pancho & Lefty '' . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Myers , Judy ( 1969 ) . `` Willie Nelson : His Own Story , in his own words '' . Country Song Roundup . Charlton Publications Incorporated . Nelson , Willie ( December 13 , 2005 ) . `` How I Ended Up With a Classical '' . iTunes Originals ( Interview ) . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Nelson , Willie ( March 12 , 2009 ) . The Facts of Life : and Other Dirty Jokes . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 52320 - 4 . Nelson , Willie ; Shrake , Edwin ( 2000 ) . Willie : An Autobiography . Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1080 - 5 . Nelson , Willie ( 2007 ) . On the Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and the Future of the Family Farm . Fulcrum Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55591 - 624 - 4 . Nelson , Willie ; Blakely , Mike ( September 3 , 2008 ) . A Tale Out of Luck : A Novel . Center Street . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59995 - 176 - 8 . Nelson , Willie ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Willie Nelson Writes to Prevent Horse Slaughter '' . WillieNelsonpri.com . Willie Nelson Peace Research Institute . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Nelson , Willie . Willie Nelson Urges Land O'Lakes , Challenge Dairy to Stop Using Milk Products that Come from Confined Calves . The Animal Legal Defense Fund . March 26 , 2008 ( Retrieved March 27 , 2011 ) . The Animal Legal Defense Fund . Nelson , Willie ; Bud Shrake ; Edwin Shrake ( 2000 ) . Willie : An Autobiography . Cooper Square Press . Nelson , Willie ; Ritz , David ( 2015 ) . It 's A Long Story : My Life . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33931 - 5 . Neu , Clayton . Brokeback Balladeer : Willie Nelson talks to TIME about his gay cowboy song . Time . March 1 , 2006 ( Retrieved March 28 , 2013 ) . Time Inc . New York Post staff ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Willie Nelson 's braids sold for $37 G at auction '' . New York Post . Fox News . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . NORML staff ( 2009 ) . `` NORML Advisory Board '' . NORML . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . NPR staff ( 1996 ) . `` Willie Nelson , Live from the ' Fresh Air ' Studios '' . NPR Music . National Public Radio . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . NPR staff . National Public Radio . Willie Nelson 's Guide to Happiness ; May 25 , 2010 . NPR Staff . Willie Nelson : Road Rules and Deep Thoughts . November 18 , 2012 ( Retrieved November 18 , 2012 ) . National Public Radio . O'Hare , Kevin . The Willie Nelson interview : Life , aging and making music . The Republican ( Springfield , Mass . ) . May 12 , 2010 ( Retrieved April 11 , 2011 ) . Opry.com staff . Opry Broadcasts Move To New Willie 's Roadhouse Channel on SiriusXM . Opry.com . May 5 , 2011 ( archived May 9 , 2011 ; Retrieved November 12 , 2012 ) . Grand Ole Opry . O'Reilly , Bill . Why Americans Do Not Trust the Federal Government . Fox News . April 20 , 2010 ( Retrieved April 9 , 2013 ) . FOX News Network , LLC ... Pareles , Jon . POP REVIEW ; Marathon of Music To Celebrate Nelson , 70 . The New York Times . April 9 , 2003 ( Retrieved February 14 , 2011 ) . The New York Times Company . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2008 ) . Willie Nelson : An Epic Life . Hachette Digital . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01778 - 7 . Patoski , Joe Nick 2 ( 2008 ) . `` The Gospel According to Willie : The Resurrection of the Abbott Methodist Church '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Patoski , Joe Nick . When It Comes to Marijuana , Willie 's Punishment Seems to Vaporize . The New York Times . April 2 , 2011 ( Retrieved April 10 , 2011 ) . PBS staff ( 2011 ) . `` American Masters , lesson 19 '' . PBS . PBS . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Penguin Random House staff . Penguin Random House . Pretty Paper by Willie Nelson and David Ritz ( Retrieved October 28 , 2016 ) . People staff . Willie Nelson Cited for Drug Possession . People . September 18 , 2006 ( Retrieved May 23 , 2011 ) . Time , Inc . Poe , Randy ( 2012 ) . Stalking the Red Headed Stranger . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4584 - 7151 - 2 . Quay , Sara ; Damico , Amy ( 2010 ) . September 11 in Popular Culture : A Guide . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35505 - 9 . PRNewswire staff . Willie Nelson 's 70th Birthday Honored With ' The Essential Willie Nelson ' . PRNewswire. April 24 , 2003 ( Retrieved February 14 , 2011 ) . United Business Media . PrNewswire staff . Heroes , The New Willie Nelson Album , Coming Tuesday , May 15 . March 15 , 2012 ( Retrieved May 15 , 2015 ) . PR Newswire . PR Newswire Association LLC . PRNewswire staff . Outlaw Country Legends Willie Nelson & Merle Haggard Rockin ' America 's Charts with 1st Week 's Sales of Django and Jimmie , their New Release on Legacy Recordings . June 10 , 2015 ( Retrieved June 10 , 2015 ) . PR Newswire . PR Newswire Association LLC . PRWeb staff ( 2010 ) . `` The Nobelity Project Honors Willie Nelson '' . PRWeb . Vocus PRW Holdings , LLC . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Reid , Jan ( 2004 ) . The Improbable Rise of Redneck Rock : New Edition . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70197 - 7 . Reid , Jan ; Sahm Shawn ( 2010 ) . Texas Tornado : The Times and Music of Doug Sahm . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 72196 - 8 . Texas Monthly . August 1976 ( Retrieved May 24 , 2011 ) ; 4 . Reuters staff . New Willie Nelson song condemns Iraq war . January 1 , 2004 ( Retrieved February 22 , 2011 ) . Reuters . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc ... RIAA staff ( 2010 ) . `` RIAA certification '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . RIAA staff 2 ( 2010 ) . `` RIAA certification '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . RIAA staff 3 ( 2010 ) . `` RIAA certification '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Richmond , Clint ( 2000 ) . Willie Nelson : Behind the Music . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 03960 - 8 . Riggs , Thomas ( 2007 ) . Contemporary Theatre , Film , and television . Gale Research Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 9049 - 6 . Rolling Stone staff ( 2010 ) . `` 100 Greatest Singers '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media , LLC . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Rolling Stone staff ( 2011 ) . `` 100 Greatest Guitarists '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media , LLC . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Scobey , Lola ( 1982 ) . Willie Nelson : Country Outlaw . Kensington Pub Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89083 - 936 - 2 . Smith , Michael William . Mr. Record Man : Willie Nelson . Houston Press . April 25 , 2013 ( Retrieved May 2 , 2013 ) . Voice Media Group . Smith , Zachary Alden ; Taylor , Katrina ( 2008 ) . Renewable and alternative energy resources : a reference handbook . ABC - Clio . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 089 - 6 . Selby , W. Gardner . Cox Enterprises . Kucinich sues Texas Democrats over loyalty pledge he wo n't sign ; January 4 , 2009 ( archived June 7 , 2011 ; Retrieved September 25 , 2009 ) . Sterling , Whitaker . Willie Nelson to Share Musings From the Road in New Memoir . Taste of Country . ( Retrieved October 7 , 2012 ) . Townsquare Media , LLC . Sugimoto , Minna . Star - studded concert raises $1.6 million for Japan earthquake , tsunami relief efforts . Hawaii News Now . April 11 , 2011 ( Retrieved April 11 , 2011 ) . Raycom Media . Sullivan , James . Willie Nelson , the ' Hippest Octogenarian , ' Honored at Berklee . Rolling Stone . May 11 , 2013 ( Retrieved May 13 , 2013 ) . Wenner Media LLC . Swiatecki , Chad . Willie Nelson to Host New TV Show ' Inside Arlyn ' . Rolling Stone . November 6 , 2014 ( Retrieved November 6 , 2014 ) . Wenner Media LLC . Texas Music Project staff ( 2011 ) . `` What TMP Has Accomplished '' . Texas Music Project . The Texas Music Project . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Thomas , Dave ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` 40 Years Ago , Dripping Springs Reunion Helped Create Austin 's Musical Identity '' . American - Statesman . Austin 360 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Thomson , Gayle ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wille Nelson Creates ' Teapot Party ' for Marijuana Legalization '' . The Boot . AOL . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Thomson , Graeme ( 2012 ) . Willie Nelson : The Outlaw . Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1184 - 8 . Tichi , Cecilia ( 1998 ) . Reading country music : steel guitars , opry stars , and honky - tonk bars . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2168 - 2 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . TMZ staff . Judge Crushes Plea Deal in Willie Nelson Pot Case . TMZ . July 7 , 2011 ( Retrieved July 12 , 2011 ) . EHM Productions , Inc ... Tomlinson , Chris . Willie Nelson Statue Unveiled in Austin , Texas on 4 / 20 . Huffington Post . April 21 , 2012 ( Retrieved May 15 , 2015 ) . Associated Press . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc ... Tomlinson , Chris ( April 21 , 2012 ) . `` Willie Nelson unveils statue of himself on 4 / 20 '' . CBS Atlanta . Associated Press . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Treolo , Melissa . Nelson shares Ag Hall honor with Farm Aid partners . Basehor Sentinel . August 18 , 2011 ( Retrieved August 21 , 2011 ) . The World Company . Tribe , Ivan ( 2006 ) . Country : a regional exploration . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33026 - 1 . Vancouver Province staff . Willie Nelson 's had a ' Crazy ' career IN CONCERT -- Willie Nelson and Family . The Vancouver Province . June 28 , 2007 ( archived June 28 , 2011 ; Retrieved February 14 , 2011 ) . Postmedia Network . Vinson , Christina ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Carrie Underwood , Loretta Lynn + More Duet With Willie Nelson on Upcoming ' To All the Girls ' Album '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media , LLC . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Wolff , Kurt ; Duane , Orla ( 2000 ) . Country Music : The Rough Guide . Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85828 - 534 - 4 . Ward , Mike . Cox Enterprises . ' No highway for Willie ; April 27 , 2005 ( archived March 29 , 2012 ; Retrieved March 27 , 2011 ) . Willie Nelson.com staff ( 2011 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles '' . WillieNelson.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Willie Nelson.com staff ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Willie Nelson Signs Historic New Deal With Legacy Recordings '' . Legacy Recordings . Willie Nelson.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Willie Nelson General Store staff ( 2010 ) . `` Willie Nelson 's Guitar Trigger ! '' . Willienelsongeneralstore.com . Willie Nelson and Friends Museum and General Store . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Willie 's Place staff ( 2010 ) . `` Willie 's Place '' . Willie 's Place . Willie 's Place . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Yahoo ! Movies staff . Yahoo ! Movies . Willie Nelson Biography ( archived June 28 , 2011 ; Retrieved February 14 , 2011 ) . Further reading The Encyclopedia of Country Music , ed . Paul Kingsbury , pp. 374 -- 76 `` Willie Nelson '' , Bob Allen , New York : Oxford University Press , 1998 . Nelson , Susie ( 1987 ) . Hear Worn Memories : a Daughter 's Personal Biography of Willie Nelson . First ed . Eakin Press . ISBN 0 - 89015 - 608 - 5 . External links Find more aboutWillie Nelsonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Willie Nelson at AllMusic Willie Nelson on IMDb <Th_colspan="3"> Awards Preceded by Rodney Crowell AMA Lifetime Achievement Award for Songwriting 2007 Succeeded by John Hiatt <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Willie Nelson <Td_colspan="2"> Albums Singles Songs Filmography Awards Studio albums 1960s ... And Then I Wrote Here 's Willie Nelson Country Willie -- His Own Songs Country Favorites - Willie Nelson Style Make Way for Willie Nelson The Party 's Over Texas in My Soul Good Times My Own Peculiar Way 1970s Both Sides Now Laying My Burdens Down Willie Nelson and Family Yesterday 's Wine The Words Do n't Fit the Picture The Willie Way Shotgun Willie Phases and Stages Red Headed Stranger The Sound in Your Mind The Troublemaker To Lefty from Willie There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight Stardust Sings Kristofferson Pretty Paper The Electric Horseman 1980s Honeysuckle Rose Family Bible Somewhere Over the Rainbow Always On My Mind Tougher Than Leather Without a Song City of New Orleans Angel Eyes Me & Paul Partners The Promiseland Island in the Sea What a Wonderful World A Horse Called Music 1990s Born for Trouble Any Old Arms Wo n't Do The IRS Tapes : Who 'll Buy My Memories ? Across the Borderline Moonlight Becomes You Healing Hands of Time Six Hours at Pedernales Just One Love Augusta Spirit How Great Thou Art Teatro Night and Day 2000s Tales Out of Luck ( Me and the Drummer ) Milk Cow Blues Rainbow Connection The Great Divide Nacogdoches It Always Will Be Countryman You Do n't Know Me : The Songs of Cindy Walker Songbird Moment of Forever American Classic 2010s Country Music Remember Me , Vol. 1 Heroes Let 's Face the Music and Dance To All the Girls ... Band of Brothers December Day Django & Jimmie Summertime : Willie Nelson Sings Gershwin For the Good Times : A Tribute to Ray Price God 's Problem Child Live albums Country Music Concert Willie Nelson Live Willie and Family Live All of Me -- Live in Concert Willie Nelson & Friends -- Stars & Guitars Live and Kickin ' Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Outlaws and Angels Songs for Tsunami Relief : Austin to South Asia Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Compilations Columbus Stockade Blues Country Winners The Best of Willie Nelson Spotlight on Willie Nelson Country Willie What Can You Do to Me Now The Longhorn Jamboree Presents : Willie Nelson & His Friends Willie -- Before His Time Face of a Fighter Sweet Memories Always Willie Nelson : His Very Best Greatest Hits ( & Some That Will Be ) Minstrel Man Everybody 's Talkin The Best of Willie Nelson 20 of the Best Collectors Series Half Nelson Love Songs Yours Always Super Hits Super Hits , Volume 2 Revolutions of Time ... The Journey 1975 / 1993 Willie Standard Time 16 Biggest Hits Good Ol ' Country Singin ' All the Songs I 've Loved Before : 40 Unforgettable Songs Crazy : The Demo Sessions The Essential Willie Nelson Songs The Complete Atlantic Sessions Natural Renegade : Opus Collection 16 Biggest Hits , Volume II One Hell of a Ride Playlist : The Very Best of Willie Nelson Legend : The Best of Willie Nelson Naked Willie Lost Highway The Classic Christmas Album Country : Willie Nelson Books Willie : An Autobiography The Facts of Life : And Other Dirty Jokes Farm Aid : A Song for America The Tao of Willie : A Guide to the Happiness in Your Heart On The Clean Road Again : Biodiesel and The Future of the Family Farm A Tale Out of Luck Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die : Musings from the Road It 's a Long Story : My Life Pretty Paper Related Trigger The Family Farm Aid Fourth of July Picnic BioWillie Willie 's Reserve Willie 's Place Willie 's Roadhouse Luck Films Pedernales Country Club The Highwaymen Outlaw country Willie Nelson Lifetime Achievement Award The Western Express Bobbie Nelson Shirley Collie Nelson National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' 1974 `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' 1975 `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' 1983 `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' 1987 `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' 1988 `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' 1989 `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s 1990 `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' 1993 `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) The Highwaymen <Td_colspan="2"> Johnny Cash Waylon Jennings Kris Kristofferson Willie Nelson Studio albums Highwayman Highwayman 2 The Road Goes On Forever Singles `` Highwayman '' `` Desperados Waiting for a Train '' `` Silver Stallion '' `` It Is What It Is '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Members of the Grand Ole Opry <Td_colspan="2"> Roy Acuff Trace Adkins David `` Stringbean '' Akeman Bill Anderson Jack Anglin Eddy Arnold Ernest Ashworth Chet Atkins DeFord Bailey Bobby Bare Bashful Brother Oswald Humphrey Bate Dierks Bentley Binkley Brothers ' Dixie Clodhoppers Clint Black Margie Bowes Rod Brasfield Garth Brooks Jim Ed Brown The Browns Carl Butler and Pearl Archie Campbell Bill Carlisle Martha Carson The Carter Sisters Maybelle Carter Johnny Cash June Carter Cash Roy Clark Terri Clark Zeke Clements Patsy Cline Jerry Clower John Conlee Stoney Cooper Wilma Lee Cooper Cowboy Copas Dailey & Vincent Charlie Daniels Skeeter Davis The Delmore Brothers The DeZurik Sisters Diamond Rio Little Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Danny Dill Jimmy Driftwood Roy Drusky The Duke of Paducah Holly Dunn The Everly Brothers Lester Flatt Red Foley Curly Fox Lefty Frizzell Larry Gatlin Crystal Gayle Don Gibson Vince Gill Billy Grammer Jack Greene The Gully Jumpers Theron Hale Tom T. Hall George Hamilton IV Sid Harkreader Emmylou Harris Hawkshaw Hawkins George D. Hay Hoot Hester Goldie Hill David Houston Jan Howard Ferlin Husky Alan Jackson Stonewall Jackson Sonny James Norma Jean Jim & Jesse Johnnie & Jack George Jones Grandpa Jones The Jordanaires Doug Kershaw Hal Ketchum Bradley Kincaid Pee Wee King Alison Krauss Little Big Town Hank Locklin Lonzo and Oscar Bobby Lord The Louvin Brothers Charlie Louvin Ira Louvin Patty Loveless Bob Luman Loretta Lynn Uncle Dave Macon Rose Maddox Barbara Mandrell Kerry Marx Martina McBride Del McCoury Mel McDaniel Reba McEntire McGee Brothers Jesse McReynolds Ronnie Milsap Bill Monroe Montgomery Gentry Craig Morgan George Morgan Lorrie Morgan Moon Mullican Willie Nelson Jimmy C. Newman The Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Osborne Brothers Brad Paisley Dolly Parton Johnny Paycheck Minnie Pearl Stu Phillips Webb Pierce Ray Pillow Ray Price Charley Pride Jeanne Pruett Rascal Flatts Del Reeves Jim Reeves Riders in the Sky Tex Ritter Marty Robbins Darius Rucker Johnny Russell Rusty and Doug Earl Scruggs Jeannie Seely Blake Shelton Ricky Van Shelton Jean Shepard Ricky Skaggs Mississippi Slim Carl Smith Connie Smith Fiddlin ' Arthur Smith Mike Snider Hank Snow Red Sovine Ralph Stanley Marty Stuart Texas Ruby B.J. Thomas Uncle Jimmy Thompson Mel Tillis Pam Tillis Tompall & the Glaser Brothers Randy Travis Travis Tritt Ernest Tubb Justin Tubb Josh Turner Carrie Underwood Keith Urban Leroy Van Dyke Porter Wagoner Billy Walker Charlie Walker Steve Wariner Kitty Wells Dottie West The Whites Slim Whitman The Wilburn Brothers Don Williams Hank Williams Boxcar Willie The Willis Brothers Chubby Wise Del Wood Marion Worth Johnnie Wright Tammy Wynette Trisha Yearwood Chris Young Faron Young <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Country Music Hall of Fame 1990s <Td_colspan="2"> Tennessee Ernie Ford ( 1990 ) Felice and Boudleaux Bryant ( 1991 ) George Jones ( 1992 ) Frances Preston ( 1992 ) Willie Nelson ( 1993 ) Merle Haggard ( 1994 ) Roger Miller ( 1995 ) Jo Walker - Meador ( 1995 ) Patsy Montana ( 1996 ) Buck Owens ( 1996 ) Ray Price ( 1996 ) Harlan Howard ( 1997 ) Brenda Lee ( 1997 ) Cindy Walker ( 1997 ) George Morgan ( 1998 ) Elvis Presley ( 1998 ) E.W. `` Bud '' Wendell ( 1998 ) Tammy Wynette ( 1998 ) Johnny Bond ( 1999 ) Dolly Parton ( 1999 ) Conway Twitty ( 1999 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Gershwin Prize recipients <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Simon ( 2007 ) Stevie Wonder ( 2009 ) Paul McCartney ( 2010 ) Burt Bacharach and Hal David ( 2012 ) Carole King ( 2013 ) Billy Joel ( 2014 ) Willie Nelson ( 2015 ) Smokey Robinson ( 2016 ) Tony Bennett ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Kennedy Center Honorees ( 1990s ) 1990 Dizzy Gillespie Katharine Hepburn Risë Stevens Jule Styne Billy Wilder 1991 Roy Acuff Betty Comden and Adolph Green Fayard and Harold Nicholas Gregory Peck Robert Shaw 1992 Lionel Hampton Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward Ginger Rogers Mstislav Rostropovich Paul Taylor 1993 Johnny Carson Arthur Mitchell Sir Georg Solti Stephen Sondheim Marion Williams 1994 Kirk Douglas Aretha Franklin Morton Gould Harold Prince Pete Seeger 1995 Jacques d'Amboise Marilyn Horne B.B. King Sidney Poitier Neil Simon 1996 Edward Albee Benny Carter Johnny Cash Jack Lemmon Maria Tallchief 1997 Lauren Bacall Bob Dylan Charlton Heston Jessye Norman Edward Villella 1998 Bill Cosby Fred Ebb and John Kander Willie Nelson André Previn Shirley Temple Black 1999 Victor Borge Sean Connery Judith Jamison Jason Robards Stevie Wonder <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 27252664 LCCN : n82099717 ISNI : 0000 0000 8106 2879 GND : 118877836 SUDOC : 086912682 BNF : cb13897902p ( data ) BIBSYS : 56703 MusicBrainz : 668fd73c - bf54 - 4310 - a139 - 305517f05311 NLA : 35510080 NKC : xx0023209 BNE : XX846382 IATH : w6s188td Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willie_Nelson&oldid=795624942 '' Categories : Willie Nelson 1933 births 9 / 11 conspiracy theorists 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers 20th - century American writers 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American singers 21st - century American writers American alternative country musicians American anti -- Iraq War activists American cannabis activists American country guitarists American country singer - songwriters American environmentalists American male guitarists American male singer - songwriters American male writers American people of English descent American people of Irish descent American male taekwondo practitioners Baylor University alumni Blue Note Records artists Challenge Records artists Columbia Records artists Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Country musicians from Texas Gold Star Records artists Grammy Award winners Grammy Legend Award Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Grand Ole Opry members Hawaii Democrats Kennedy Center honorees LGBT rights activists from the United States Liberty Records artists Living people Lost Highway Records artists Male actors from Texas Musicians from Austin , Texas Singers from Hawaii People from Hill County , Texas People from Maui RCA Victor artists Singers from Texas Songwriters from Texas Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Texas Democrats The Highwaymen ( country supergroup ) members United States Air Force airmen Writers from Austin , Texas Guitarists from Texas Songwriters from Hawaii Activists from Hawaii Activists from Texas Guitarists from Hawaii Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Good articles Talk Article Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Hausa Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Limburgs മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 12 : 39 . 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which group ended the period of kievan rus dominance
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Kievan Rus ' - wikipedia Kievan Rus ' For other historical states known as Rus ' , see Rus . <Th_colspan="2"> Kievan Rus ' Рѹ́сь <Td_colspan="2"> 882 -- 1240 <Td_colspan="2"> Realm of Kievan Rus ' at its height ( with dependent lands ) Capital Kiev Common languages Old East Slavic Religion Slavic Paganism Orthodox Christianity Government Monarchy Grand Prince of Kiev <Td_colspan="2"> 882 -- 912 Oleg of Novgorod 980 -- 1015 Vladimir the Great 1019 -- 1054 Yaroslav the Wise 1236 -- 40 Saint Michael of Chernigov <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature Veche , Prince Council <Th_colspan="2"> Area 1000 1,330,000 km ( 510,000 sq mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population <Td_colspan="2"> 1000 5400000 <Td_colspan="2"> Currency Grivna Today part of Belarus Moldova Russia Ukraine Poland Kievan Rus ' ( Old East Slavic : Рѹ́сь ( Rus ' ) , Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ ( Rus'skaya zemlya ) , Latin : Rus ( s ) ia , Ruscia , Ruzzia , Rut ( h ) enia ) was a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century , under the reign of the Rurik dynasty . The modern peoples of Belarus , Russia and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus ' as their cultural ancestors , with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it . At its greatest extent , in the mid-11th century , it stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east , uniting the majority of East Slavic tribes . According to Russian historiography , the first ruler to start uniting East Slavic lands into what has become known as Kievan Rus ' was Prince Oleg ( 882 -- 912 ) . He extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east , and he moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev . Sviatoslav I ( died 972 ) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus ' territorial control , fighting a war of conquest against the Khazars . Vladimir the Great ( 980 -- 1015 ) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and , by decree , extended it to all inhabitants of Kiev and beyond . Kievan Rus ' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav the Wise ( 1019 -- 1054 ) ; his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code , the Rus ' Justice , shortly after his death . The state declined beginning in the late 11th century and during the 12th century , disintegrating into various rival regional powers . It was further weakened by economic factors , such as the collapse of Rus ' commercial ties to Byzantium due to the decline of Constantinople and the accompanying diminution of trade routes through its territory . The state finally fell to the Mongol invasion of the 1240s . Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Invitation of the Varangians 2.3 Foundation of the Kievan state 2.4 Early foreign relations 2.4. 1 Volatile steppe politics 2.4. 2 Rus ' -- Byzantine relations 2.4. 3 Sviatoslav 2.5 Reign of Vladimir and Christianisation 2.6 Golden age 2.7 Fragmentation and decline 2.7. 1 Novgorod Republic 2.7. 2 Northeast 2.7. 3 Southwest 2.8 Final disintegration 3 Economy 4 Society 5 Historical assessment 6 Foreign relations 6.1 Turco - Mongols 6.2 Byzantine Empire 6.3 Military campaigns 7 Administrative divisions 8 Principal cities 9 Religion 10 See also 10.1 History 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 References 15 External links Name ( edit ) Main articles : Rus ' ( name ) and Ruthenia During its existence , Kievan Rus ' was known as the `` land of the Rus ' '' ( Old East Slavic : Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ , from the ethnonym Рѹ́сь ; Greek : Ῥῶς ; Arabic : الروس al - Rūs ) , in Greek as Ῥωσία , in Old French as Russie , Rossie , in Latin as Russia ( with local German spelling variants Ruscia and Ruzzia ) , and from the 12th century also Ruthenia . Various etymologies have been proposed , including Ruotsi , the Finnish designation for Sweden , and Ros , a tribe from the middle Dnieper valley region . The term Kievan Rus ' ( Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus ' ) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev . In English , the term was introduced in the early 20th century , when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky 's A History of Russia , to distinguish the early polity from successor states , which were also named Rus . Later , the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь ( Kijeŭskaja Rus ' ) and Ки́ївська Русь ( Kyivs'ka Rus ' ) , respectively . History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) See also : Rus ' Khaganate Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus ' in the 9th century AD , the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes . In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi , who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina , Dnieper , and Volga Rivers . To their north , in the Ladoga and Karelia regions , were the Finnic Chud tribe . In the south , in the area around Kiev , were the Poliane , a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins , the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper , and the Severiane to the east . To their north and east were the Vyatichi , and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers , giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen . Approximate ethno - linguistic map of Kievan Rus ' in the 9th century : Five Volga Finnic groups of the Merya , Mari , Muromians , Meshchera and Mordvins are shown as surrounded by the Slavs to the west ; the three Finnic groups of the Veps , Ests and Chuds , and Indo - European Balts to the northwest ; the Permians to the northeast the ( Turkic ) Bulghars and Khazars to the southeast and south . Controversy persists over whether the Rus ' were Varangians ( Vikings ) or Slavs . This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources . Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence , the accounts of foreign observers , and legends and literature from centuries later . To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region . According to the `` Normanist '' view , the Rus ' were Scandinavians , while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus ' were themselves Slavs . Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs , the Primary Chronicle , although even this account was not produced until the 12th century . Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus ' were present before the arrival of the Varangians , noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names . Nevertheless , archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest . On balance , it seems likely that the Rus ' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class , while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs . Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars , if the proto - Rus ' were Scandinavians , they must have quickly become nativized , adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices . Ahmad ibn Fadlan , an Arab traveler during the 10th century , provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus ' : `` They are as tall as a date palm , blond and ruddy , so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak ; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free . '' Liutprand of Cremona , who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court ( 949 and 968 ) , identifies the `` Russi '' with the Norse ( `` the Russi , whom we call Norsemen by another name '' ) but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ( `` A certain people made up of a part of the Norse , whom the Greeks call ( ... ) the Russi on account of their physical features , we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin . '' ) . Leo the Deacon , a 10th - century Byzantine historian and chronicler , refers to the Rus ' as `` Scythians '' and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs . Invitation of the Varangians ( edit ) The Invitation of the Varangians by Viktor Vasnetsov : Rurik and his brothers Sineus and Truvor arrive at the lands of the Ilmen Slavs . According to the Primary Chronicle , the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars . The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859 . In 862 , the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians , driving them `` back beyond the sea and , refusing them further tribute , set out to govern themselves . '' The tribes had no laws , however , and soon began to make war with one another , prompting them to invite the Varangians back to rule them and bring peace to the region : They said to themselves , `` Let us seek a prince who may rule over us , and judge us according to the Law . '' They accordingly went overseas to the Varangian Rus '. ... The Chuds , the Slavs , the Krivichs and the Ves then said to the Rus ' , `` Our land is great and rich , but there is no order in it . Come to rule and reign over us '' . They thus selected three brothers with their kinfolk , who took with them all the Rus ' and migrated . -- The Primary Chronicle The three brothers -- Rurik , Sineus , and Truvor -- established themselves in Novgorod , Beloozero , and Izborsk , respectively . Two of the brothers died , and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty . A short time later , two of Rurik 's men , Askold and Dir , asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad ( Constantinople ) . On their way south , they discovered `` a small city on a hill , '' Kiev , captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars , populated the region with more Varangians , and `` established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians . '' The Chronicle reports that Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople with a navy to attack the city in 863 -- 66 , catching the Byzantines by surprise and ravaging the surrounding area , though other accounts date the attack in 860 . Patriarch Photius vividly describes the `` universal '' devastation of the suburbs and nearby islands , and another account further details the destruction and slaughter of the invasion . The Rus ' turned back before attacking the city itself , due either to a storm dispersing their boats , the return of the Emperor , or in a later account , due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch and the Emperor to the Virgin . The attack was the first encounter between the Rus ' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus ' and the Slavs . Foundation of the Kievan state ( edit ) East - Slavic tribes and peoples , 8th -- 9th centuries Rurik led the Rus ' until his death in about 879 , bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman , Prince Oleg , as regent for his young son , Igor . In 880 - 82 , Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river , capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev , where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir , proclaimed himself prince , and declared Kiev the `` mother of Rus ' cities . '' Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod , imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes . In 883 , he conquered the Drevlians , imposing a fur tribute on them . By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane , Severiane , Vyatichi , and Radimichs , forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars . Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus ' forts in Slav lands , begun by Rurik in the north . The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs , beeswax , honey , and slaves for export , and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe . In the north , Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars , the Khazars , and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad , providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East . Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the `` route from the Varangians to the Greeks , '' continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople . Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east - west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe . These commercial connections enriched Rus ' merchants and princes , funding military forces and the construction of churches , palaces , fortifications , and further towns . Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares , allowing their export , and an advanced credit and money - lending system may have also been in place . Early foreign relations ( edit ) Volatile steppe politics ( edit ) The rapid expansion of the Rus ' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe . The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century , trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs . In the late 8th century , the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs , Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia , to migrate west into the steppe region , leading to military conflict , disruption of trade , and instability within the Khazar Khaganate . The Rus ' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus , but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes . The Volga trade route ( red ) , the `` route from the Varangians to the Greeks '' ( purple ) and other trade routes of the 8th -- 11th centuries ( orange ) The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships , first with the Khazars and later with the Rus ' and other steppe groups . The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson , formally known as Klimata , in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus ' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople . Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe , and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce . The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus ' , and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers . The expansion of the Rus ' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars , depriving them of territory , tributaries , and trade . In around 890 , Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs , who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars , blocking Rus ' access to the Black Sea . In 894 , the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire . The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north , and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear . Boxed in , the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain , depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus ' . The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus ' access to the Black Sea , and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast , up the Don river , and into the lower Volga region . The Rus ' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864 , with the first large - scale expedition in 913 , when they extensively raided Baku , Gilan , Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus . As the 10th century progressed , the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars , and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated , as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them . The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and Don rivers , allowing them to expand to the west . Rus ' relations with the Pechenegs were complex , as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another . The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus ' for agricultural goods and other products . The lucrative Rus ' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg - controlled territory , so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential . Nevertheless , while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus ' territory in 915 and then making peace , they were waging war with one another again in 920 . Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus ' in later campaigns against the Byzantines , yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus ' at other times . Rus ' -- Byzantine relations ( edit ) Rus ' under the walls of Constantinople ( 860 ) After the Rus ' attack on Constantinople in 860 , the Byzantine Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus ' and the Slavs . Prince Rastislav of Moravia had requested the Emperor to provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures , so in 863 the brothers Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries , due to their knowledge of the Slavonic language . The Slavs had no written language , so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet , later developed into Cyrillic , and standardized the language of the Slavs , later known as Old Church Slavonic . They translated portions of the Bible and drafted the first Slavic civil code and other documents , and the language and texts spread throughout Slavic territories , including Kievan Rus ' . The mission of Cyril and Methodius served both evangelical and diplomatic purposes , spreading Byzantine cultural influence in support of imperial foreign policy . In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus ' had accepted a bishop , and in 874 he speaks of an `` Archbishop of the Rus ' . '' Relations between the Rus ' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev , reflecting commercial , cultural , and military concerns . The wealth and income of the Rus ' depended heavily upon trade with Byzantium . Constantine Porphyrogenitus described the annual course of the princes of Kiev , collecting tribute from client tribes , assembling the product into a flotilla of hundreds of boats , conducting them down the Dnieper to the Black Sea , and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester , the Danube delta , and on to Constantinople . On their return trip they would carry silk fabrics , spices , wine , and fruit . The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when disputes arose . The Primary Chronicle reports that the Rus ' attacked Constantinople again in 907 , probably to secure trade access . The Chronicle glorifies the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg , an account imbued with legendary detail . Byzantine sources do not mention the attack , but a pair of treaties in 907 and 911 set forth a trade agreement with the Rus ' , the terms suggesting pressure on the Byzantines , who granted the Rus ' quarters and supplies for their merchants and tax - free trading privileges in Constantinople . The Chronicle provides a mythic tale of Oleg 's death . A sorcerer prophesies that the death of the Grand Prince would be associated with a certain horse . Oleg has the horse sequestered , and it later dies . Oleg goes to visit the horse and stands over the carcass , gloating that he had outlived the threat , when a snake strikes him from among the bones , and he soon becomes ill and dies . The Chronicle reports that Prince Igor succeeded Oleg in 913 , and after some brief conflicts with the Drevlians and the Pechenegs , a period of peace ensued for over twenty years . Princess Olga 's avenge to the Drevlians . Radzivill chronicle In 941 , Igor led another major Rus ' attack on Constantinople , probably over trading rights again . A navy of 10,000 vessels , including Pecheneg allies , landed on the Bithynian coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus . The attack was well - timed , perhaps due to intelligence , as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean , and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east . The Rus ' burned towns , churches , and monasteries , butchering the people and amassing booty . The emperor arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with Greek fire throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus ' , luring them into surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek fire . Liutprand of Cremona wrote that `` the Rus ' , seeing the flames , jumped overboard , preferring water to fire . Some sank , weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets ; others caught fire . '' Those captured were beheaded . The ploy dispelled the Rus ' fleet , but their attacks continued into the hinterland as far as Nicomedia , with many atrocities reported as victims were crucified and set up for use as targets . At last a Byzantine army arrived from the Balkans to drive the Rus ' back , and a naval contingent reportedly destroyed much of the Rus ' fleet on its return voyage ( possibly an exaggeration since the Rus ' soon mounted another attack ) . The outcome indicates increased military might by Byzantium since 911 , suggesting a shift in the balance of power . Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge . He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies , and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from `` beyond the sea . '' In 944 the Rus ' force advanced again on the Greeks , by land and sea , and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded . The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war , and the Rus ' accepted . Envoys were sent between the Rus ' , the Byzantines , and the Bulgarians in 945 , and a peace treaty was completed . The agreement again focused on trade , but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus ' , including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus ' merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law . The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus ' , Pechenegs , and Bulgarians against them , though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power . Sviatoslav ( edit ) Madrid Skylitzes , meeting between John Tzimiskes and Sviatoslav Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945 , his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity ( ca . 963 ) . His decade - long reign over Rus ' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans . By the end of his short life , Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe , eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969 . In contrast with his mother 's conversion to Christianity , Sviatoslav , like his druzhina , remained a staunch pagan . Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972 , Sviatoslav 's conquests , for the most part , were not consolidated into a functioning empire , while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons , which resulted in two of his three sons being killed . Reign of Vladimir and christianisation ( edit ) Main article : Christianization of Kievan Rus ' Rogneda of Polotsk , Vladimir I of Kiev and Izyaslav of Polotsk Baptism of Saint Prince Vladimir , by Viktor Vasnetsov , in the St Volodymyr 's Cathedral It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced , but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I . The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus ' for the next two centuries . The Grand Prince ( `` velikiy kniaz ' '' ) of Kiev controlled the lands around the city , and his formally subordinate relatives ruled the other cities and paid him tribute . The zenith of the state 's power came during the reigns of Vladimir the Great ( 980 -- 1015 ) and Prince Yaroslav I the Wise ( 1019 -- 1054 ) . Both rulers continued the steady expansion of Kievan Rus ' that had begun under Oleg . Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972 . He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half - brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus . In Scandinavia , with the help of his relative Earl Håkon Sigurdsson , ruler of Norway , Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk . As Prince of Kiev , Vladimir 's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus ' , a process that began in 988 . The Primary Chronicle states that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the traditional idol - worship ( paganism ) of the Slavs , he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe . They visited the Christians of the Latin Rite , the Jews , and the Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople . They rejected Islam because , among other things , it prohibited the consumption of alcohol , and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country . They found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull . But at Constantinople , they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow . Upon their arrival home , they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all , upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna , the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II . Ivan Eggink 's painting represents Vladimir listening to the Orthodox priests , while the papal envoy stands aside in discontent . Vladimir 's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople , which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev 's most vital commercial route , the Dnieper River . Adherence to the Eastern Church had long - range political , cultural , and religious consequences . The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples . This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy , science , and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek ( there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek ) . In contrast , educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin . Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning , the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts , quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries . ( See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ) . Following the Great Schism of 1054 , the Rus ' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time , but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox . That being said , unlike other parts of the Greek world , Kievan Rus ' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world . Golden age ( edit ) Golden Gate , Kiev Yaroslav , known as `` the Wise '' , struggled for power with his brothers . A son of Vladimir the Great , he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father 's death in 1015 . Subsequently , his eldest surviving brother , Svyatopolk the Accursed , killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev . Yaroslav , with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Viking mercenaries , defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019 . Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019 , he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus ' until 1036 . Like Vladimir , Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe , especially the Byzantine Empire . Yaroslav 's granddaughter , Eupraxia the daughter of his son Vsevolod I , Prince of Kiev , was married to Henry IV , Holy Roman Emperor . Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland , France , Hungary and Norway . Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code , Russkaya Pravda ; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod ; patronized local clergy and monasticism ; and is said to have founded a school system . Yaroslav 's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra ( monastery ) , which functioned in Kievan Rus ' as an ecclesiastical academy . In the centuries that followed the state 's foundation , Rurik 's descendants shared power over Kievan Rus ' . Princely succession moved from elder to younger brother and from uncle to nephew , as well as from father to son . Junior members of the dynasty usually began their official careers as rulers of a minor district , progressed to more lucrative principalities , and then competed for the coveted throne of Kiev . Fragmentation and decline ( edit ) The gradual disintegration of the Kievan Rus ' began in the 11th century , after the death of Yaroslav the Wise . The position of the Grand Prince of Kiev was weakened by the growing influence of regional clans . An unconventional power succession system was established ( rota system ) whereby power was transferred to the eldest member of the ruling dynasty rather than from father to son , i.e. in most cases to the eldest brother of the ruler , fomenting constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family . Familicide was frequently deployed to obtain power and can be traced particularly during the time of the Yaroslavichi ( sons of Yaroslav ) , when the established system was skipped in the establishment of Vladimir II Monomakh as the Grand Prince of Kiev , in turn creating major squabbles between Olegovichi from Chernihiv , Monomakhs from Pereyaslav , Izyaslavichi from Turov / Volhynia , and Polotsk Princes . The Nativity , a Kievan ( possibly Galician ) illumination from the Gertrude Psalter The most prominent struggle for power was the conflict that erupted after the death of Yaroslav the Wise . The rivaling Principality of Polotsk was contesting the power of the Grand Prince by occupying Novgorod , while Rostislav Vladimirovich was fighting for the Black Sea port of Tmutarakan belonging to Chernihiv . Three of Yaroslav 's sons that first allied together found themselves fighting each other especially after their defeat to the Cuman forces in 1068 at the Battle of the Alta River . At the same time , an uprising took place in Kiev , bringing to power Vseslav of Polotsk who supported the traditional Slavic paganism . The ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav fled to Poland asking for support and in couple of years returned to establish the order . The affairs became even more complicated by the end of the 11th century driving the state into chaos and constant warfare . On the initiative of Vladimir II Monomakh in 1097 the first federal council of Kievan Rus took place near Chernihiv in the city of Liubech with the main intention to find an understanding among the fighting sides . However , even though that did not really stop the fighting , it certainly cooled things off . By 1130 , all descendants of Vseslav the Seer had been exiled to the Byzantine Empire by Mstislav the Great . The most fierce resistance to Monomakhs posed Olegovichi when the izgoi Vsevolod II managed to become the Grand Prince of Kiev . Rostislavichi who have initially established in Halych lands by 1189 were defeated by the Monomakh - Piast descendant Roman the Great . The decline of Constantinople -- a main trading partner of Kievan Rus ' -- played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus ' . The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks , along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea ( mainly Byzantine ) through eastern Europe to the Baltic , was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity . Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship , once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic , profits dried out , and Kiev lost its appeal . The last ruler to maintain a united state was Mstislav the Great . After his death in 1132 , the Kievan Rus ' fell into recession and a rapid decline , and Mstislav 's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev instead of focusing on the external threat of the Cumans was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic . In 1169 , as the Kievan Rus ' state was full of internal conflict , Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev . The sack of the city fundamentally changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus ' . By the end of the 12th century , the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been divided into roughly twelve different principalities . The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus ' . In 1204 , the forces of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople , making the Dnieper trade route marginal . At the same time , the Teutonic Knights ( of the Northern Crusades ) were conquering the Baltic region and threatening the Lands of Novgorod . Concurrently with it , the Ruthenian Federation of Kievan Rus ' started to disintegrate into smaller principalities as the Rurik dynasty grew . The local Orthodox Christianity of Kievan Rus ' , while struggling to establish itself in the predominantly pagan state and losing its main base in Constantinople , was on the brink of extinction . Some of the main regional centres that developed later were Novgorod , Chernigov , Halych , Kiev , Ryazan , Vladimir - upon - Klyazma , Volodimer - Volyn and Polotsk . Novgorod Republic ( edit ) Main article : Republic of Novgorod In the north , the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea . As Kievan Rus ' declined , Novgorod became more independent . A local oligarchy ruled Novgorod ; major government decisions were made by a town assembly , which also elected a prince as the city 's military leader . In 1136 , Novgorod revolted against Kiev , and became independent . Now an independent city republic , and referred to as `` Lord Novgorod the Great '' it would spread its `` mercantile interest '' to the west and the north ; to the Baltic Sea and the low - populated forest regions respectively . In 1169 , Novgorod acquired its own archbishop , named Ilya , a sign of further increased importance and political independence . Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus . Northeast ( edit ) Main article : Vladimir - Suzdal This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1139 map of the Grand Duchy of Kiev , where northeastern territories identified as the Transforrest Colonies ( Zalesie ) by Joachim Lelewel In the northeast , Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area . The city of Rostov , the oldest centre of the northeast , was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir , which become the capital of Vladimir - Suzdal ' . The combined principality of Vladimir - Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus ' in the late 12th century . In 1169 , Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir - Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the ( Великий Князь / Velikiy Knyaz / Grand Prince or Grand Duke ) to claim primacy in Rus ' . Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother , who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal . In 1299 , in the wake of the Mongol invasion , the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir - Suzdal . Southwest ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Galicia -- Volhynia This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) To the southwest , the principality of Halych had developed trade relations with its Polish , Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus ' . In 1199 , Prince Roman Mstislavych united the two previously separate principalities . In 1202 he conquered Kiev , and assumed the title of Knyaz of Kievan Rus ' , which was held by the rulers of Vladimir - Suzdal since 1169 . His son , Prince Daniel ( r . 1238 -- 1264 ) looked for support from the West . He accepted a crown as a `` Rex Rusiae '' ( `` King of Rus '' ) from the Roman papacy , apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople . In 1370 , the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Ruthenian subjects . Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards . Cyprian , a candidate pushed by the Lithuanian rulers , became Metropolitan of Kiev in 1375 and metropolitan of Moscow in 1382 ; this way the church in the Russian countries was reunited for some time . In 1439 , Kiev became the seat of a separate `` Metropolitan of Kiev , Halych and all Rus ' '' for all Greek Orthodox Christians under Polish - Lithuanian rule . However , a long and unsuccessful struggle against the Mongols combined with internal opposition to the prince and foreign intervention weakened Galicia - Volhynia . With the end of the Mstislavich branch of the Rurikids in the mid-14th century , Galicia - Volhynia ceased to exist ; Poland conquered Halych ; Lithuania took Volhynia , including Kiev , conquered by Gediminas in 1321 ending the rule of Rurikids in the city . Lithuanian rulers then assumed the title over Ruthenia . Final disintegration ( edit ) Lilac borders : Kingdom of Galicia -- Volhynia , one of the successor states of Kievan Rus ' The state finally disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of Rus ' , fragmenting it into successor principalities who paid tribute to the Golden Horde ( the so - called Tatar Yoke ) . In the late 15th century , the Muscovite Grand Dukes began taking over former Kievan territories and proclaimed themselves the sole legal successors of the Kievan principality according to the protocols of the medieval theory of translatio imperii . On the western periphery , Kievan Rus ' was succeeded by the Principality of Galicia - Volhynia . Later , as these territories , now part of modern central Ukraine and Belarus , fell to the Gediminids , the powerful , largely Ruthenized Grand Duchy of Lithuania drew heavily on Rus ' cultural and legal traditions . Due to the fact of the economic and cultural core of Rus ' being located on the territory of modern Ukraine , Ukrainian historians and scholars consider Kievan Rus ' to be a founding Ukrainian state . On the north - eastern periphery of Kievan Rus ' , traditions were adapted in the Vladimir - Suzdal Principality that gradually gravitated towards Moscow . To the very north , the Novgorod and Pskov Feudal Republics were less autocratic than Vladimir - Suzdal - Moscow until they were absorbed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Russian historians consider Kievan Rus `` the first period of Russian history '' . Economy ( edit ) Domestic animals of Old Rus ' During the Kievan era , trade and transport depended largely on networks of rivers and portages . The peoples of Rus ' experienced a period of great economic expansion , opening trade routes with the Vikings to the north and west and with the Byzantine Greeks to the south and west ; traders also began to travel south and east , eventually making contact with Persia and the peoples of Central Asia . Society ( edit ) Administering justice in Kievan Rus , by Ivan Bilibin Ship burial of a Rus ' chieftain as described by the Arab traveler Ahmad ibn Fadlan , who visited North - Eastern Europe in the 10th century . Henryk Siemiradzki ( 1883 ) Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity , Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes ; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political `` control '' over the surrounding areas . This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land . This union developed the first major cities in the Rus ' and was the first notable form of self - government . As these communes became larger , the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded . This shift in ideology became known as the verv ' . In the 11th and the 12th centuries , the princes and their retinues , which were a mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites , dominated the society of Kievan Rus ' . Leading soldiers and officials received income and land from the princes in return for their political and military services . Kievan society lacked the class institutions and autonomous towns that were typical of Western European feudalism . Nevertheless , urban merchants , artisans and labourers sometimes exercised political influence through a city assembly , the veche ( council ) , which included all the adult males in the population . In some cases , the veche either made agreements with their rulers or expelled them and invited others to take their place . At the bottom of society was a stratum of slaves . More important was a class of tribute - paying peasants , who owed labour duty to the princes . The widespread personal serfdom characteristic of Western Europe did not exist in Kievan Rus ' . The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy . The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors that began to develop around 1031 as the verv ' began to dominate socio - political structure . The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code , they were theoretically equal to the prince , so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers . However , in the 13th century , they slowly began to lose their rights and became less equal in the eyes of the law . See also : Old Russian Law , main source : Russkaya Pravda . Historical assessment ( edit ) The field of Igor Svyatoslavich 's battle with the Polovtsy , by Viktor Vasnetsov Kievan Rus ' , although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe , was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced . Literacy in Kiev , Novgorod and other large cities was high . As birch bark documents attest , they exchanged love letters and prepared cheat sheets for schools . Novgorod had a sewage system and wood paving not often found in other cities at the time . The Russkaya Pravda confined punishments to fines and generally did not use capital punishment . Certain rights were accorded to women , such as property and inheritance rights . The economic development of Kievan Rus may be translated into demographic statistics . Around 1200 , Kiev had a population of 50,000 , Novgorod and Chernigov both had around 30,000 . Constantinople had population of about 400,000 around 1180 . The Soviet scholar Mikhail Tikhomirov calculated that Kievan Rus ' on the eve of the Mongol invasion had around 300 urban centres . Kievan Rus ' also played an important genealogical role in European politics . Yaroslav the Wise , whose stepmother belonged to the Macedonian dynasty , which ruled the Byzantine empire from 867 to 1056 , married the only legitimate daughter of the king who Christianized Sweden . His daughters became queens of Hungary , France and Norway , his sons married the daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor ( not to mention a niece of the Pope ) , while his granddaughters were a German Empress and ( according to one theory ) the queen of Scotland . A grandson married the only daughter of the last Anglo - Saxon king of England . Thus the Rurikids were a well - connected royal family of the time . Foreign relations ( edit ) See also : Varangians and Grand Prince of Kiev Turco - Mongols ( edit ) See also : Schechter Letter and Mongol invasion of Rus ' The sacking of Suzdal , by Batu Khan From the 9th century , the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus ′ . For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus ′ , which sometimes escalated into full - scale wars ( such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle ) , but there were also temporary military alliances ( e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor ) . In 968 , the Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of Kiev . Some speculation exists that the Pechenegs drove off the Tivertsi and the Ulichs to the regions of the upper Dniester river in Bukovina . The Byzantine Empire was known to support the Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic states . Boniak was a Cuman khan who led a series of invasions on Kievan Rus ′ . In 1096 , Boniak attacked Kiev , plundered the Kiev Monastery of the Caves , and burned down the prince 's palace in Berestovo . He was defeated in 1107 by Vladimir Monomakh , Oleg , Sviatopolk and other Rus ′ princes . The Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus ' in the 13th century , destroying numerous cities , including Ryazan , Kolomna , Moscow , Vladimir and Kiev . Giovanni de Plano Carpini , the Pope 's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan , traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote : `` They ( the Mongols ) attacked Rus , where they made great havoc , destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men ; and they laid siege to Kiev , the capital of Rus ; after they had besieged the city for a long time , they took it and put the inhabitants to death . When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground . Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town , but now it has been reduced almost to nothing , for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery '' Byzantine Empire ( edit ) See also : Rus ' -- Byzantine War Druzhina Byzantium quickly became the main trading and cultural partner for Kiev , but relations were not always friendly . The most serious conflict between the two powers was the war of 968 -- 971 in Bulgaria , but several Rus ' raiding expeditions against the Byzantine cities of the Black Sea coast and Constantinople itself are also recorded . Although most were repulsed , they were concluded by trade treaties that were generally favourable to the Rus ' . Rus ' - Byzantine relations became closer following the marriage of the porphyrogenita Anna to Vladimir the Great , and the subsequent Christianization of the Rus ' : Byzantine priests , architects and artists were invited to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus ' , expanding Byzantine cultural influence even further . Numerous Rus ' served in the Byzantine army as mercenaries , most notably as the famous Varangian Guard . Military campaigns ( edit ) Caspian expeditions of the Rus ' ( 864 - 1041 ) Rus ' -- Byzantine Wars ( 830 - 1043 ) 1018 Polish intervention Administrative divisions ( edit ) See also : List of early East Slavic states Principalities of Kievan Rus ' , 1054 -- 1132 11th century Novgorod Land 862 -- 1478 the allied territory of Kievan Rus ' ; from 1136 the Novgorod Republic Principality of Rostov - Suzdal Rostov Principality until 1125 ; became Vladimir - Suzdal Principality in 1155 Principality of Polotsk 9th century - 14th century ( separatist territory , partial suzerainty under Kievan Rus ' ) Principality of Minsk Principality of Smolensk from 1054 Principality of Pereyaslavl Principality of Volhynia Principality of Kiev from 1132 -- 1399 Principality of Galicia Principality of Turov and Pinsk Principality of Chernigov Murom - Ryazan Principality until 1078 Principality of Novgorod - Seversk City of Tmutarakan from 988 until some time in the 12th century Belaya Vezha from 965 until some time in the 12th century Southern dependencies Oleshky , New Galich , Peresechen ' Drevlian territories annexed to Rus ' by Oleg ? - 884 ; 912 -- 946 ( vassal of Rus ' from 914 , Drevlians Uprising in 945 ) Principal cities ( edit ) Belgorod Kievsky , capital of Rus ' under Rurik Rostislavich Chernihiv , capital along with Kiev from 1024 -- 1036 ( joint rule between Yaroslav and Mstislav ) Halych Kiev Minsk , centre of Principality of Minsk Murom Pereyaslavets , capital of Rus ' from 969 -- 971 ( in current day Romania ) Polotsk Rostov Veliky Ryazan Smolensk Staraya Ladoga Suzdal Tmutarakan Veliky Novgorod Vladimir Vyshgorod , princes ' residence and royal library ( at Mezhyhirya ) Religion ( edit ) Model of the original Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev ; used on modern 2 hryvni of Ukraine Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk ( rebuilt in the mid-18th century after destruction by Russian army ) Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod , mid-11th century Dormition Cathedral , Vladimir , 1160 In 988 , the Christian Church in Rus ' territorially fell under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople after it was officially adopted as the state religion . According to several chronicles after that date the predominant cult of Slavic paganism was persecuted . The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain , as well as who was the first leader of the church . Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev , however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos , became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes . The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp , who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038 . Before 1015 there were five dioceses : Kiev , Chernihiv , Bilhorod , Volodymyr , Novgorod , and soon thereafter Yuriy - upon - Ros . The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098 . After the sacking of Kiev in 1169 , part of the Kiev metropolis started to move to Vladimir - upon - Klyazma , concluding the move sometime after 1240 when Kiev was taken by Batu Khan . Metropolitan Maxim was the first metropolitan who chose Vladimir - upon - Klyazma as his official residence in 1299 . As a result , in 1303 , Lev I of Galicia petitioned Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople for the creation of a new Halych metropolis ; however , it only existed until 1347 . The Church of the Tithes was chosen as the first Cathedral Temple . In 1037 , the cathedral was transferred to the newly built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev . Upon the transferring of the metropolitan seat in 1299 , the Dormition Cathedral , Vladimir was chosen as the new cathedral . By the mid 13th century , the dioceses of Kiev Metropolis ( 988 ) were as follows : Kiev ( 988 ) , Pereyaslav , Chernihiv ( 991 ) , Volodymyr - Volynsky ( 992 ) , Turov ( 1005 ) , Polotsk ( 1104 ) , Novgorod ( ~ 990s ) , Smolensk ( 1137 ) , Murom ( 1198 ) , Peremyshl ( 1120 ) , Halych ( 1134 ) , Vladimir - upon - Klyazma ( 1215 ) , Rostov ( 991 ) , Bilhorod , Yuriy ( 1032 ) , Chełm ( 1235 ) , Tver ( 1271 ) . There also were dioceses in Zakarpattia and Tmutarakan . In 1261 the Sarai - Batu diocese was established . 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Ц. Урланис . `` Рост населения в Европе '' ( PDF ) . p. 89 . ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) Назаренко А . В . Глава I / / Древняя Русь на международных путях : Междисциплинарные очерки культурных , торговых , политических связей IX -- XII вв . -- М. : Языки русской культуры , 2001 . -- c. 40 , 42 -- 45 , 49 -- 50 . -- ISBN 5 - 7859 - 0085 - 8 . Jump up ^ Magocsi ( 2010 ) , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : John Channon & Robert Hudson , Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia ( Penguin , 1995 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Kievan Rus , Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : Plokhy , Serhii ( 2006 ) . The Origins of the Slavic Nations : Premodern Identities in Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus ( PDF ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86403 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . 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Stone , A Military History of Russia : From Ivan the Terrible to the war in Chechnya ( 2006 ) , pp. 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepherd , The Emergence of Rus 750 -- 1200 ( Harlow , Essex : 1996 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Fadlan , Ibn ( 2005 ) . ( Richard Frey ) Ibn Fadlan 's Journey to Russia . Princeton , NJ : Markus Wiener Publishers . Jump up ^ Rusios , quos alio nos nomine Nordmannos apellamus. ( in Polish ) Henryk Paszkiewicz ( 2000 ) . Wzrost potęgi Moskwy , s. 13 , Kraków . ISBN 83 - 86956 - 93 - 3 Jump up ^ Gens quaedam est sub aquilonis parte constituta , quam a qualitate corporis Graeci vocant ( ... ) Rusios , nos vero a positione loci nominamus Nordmannos . James Lea Cate . Medieval and Historiographical Essays in Honor of James Westfall Thompson . p. 482 . The University of Chicago Press , 1938 Jump up ^ Leo the Deacon , The History of Leo the Deacon : Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century ( Alice - Mary Talbot & Denis Sullivan , eds. , 2005 ) , pp. 193 - 94 . Jump up ^ Magocsi ( 2010 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Primary Chronicle Archived 2014 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Primary Chronicle Archived 2014 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Magocsi ( 2010 ) , pp. 55 , 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Thomas McCray , Russia and the Former Soviet Republics ( 2006 ) , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Janet Martin , `` The First East Slavic State '' , A Companion to Russian History ( Abbott Gleason , ed. , 2009 ) , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Primary Chronicle Archived 2014 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Georgije Ostrogorski , History of the Byzantine State ( 2002 ) , p. 228 ; George Majeska , `` Rus ' and the Byzantine Empire '' , A Companion to Russian History ( Abbott Gleason , ed. , 2009 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ F. Donald Logan , The Vikings in History ( 2005 ) , pp. 172 -- 73 . Jump up ^ The Life of St. George of Amastris describes the Rus ' as a barbaric people `` who are brutal and crude and bear no remnant of love for humankind . '' David Jenkins , The Life of St. George of Amastris ( University of Notre Dame Press , 2001 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Primary Chronicle Archived 2014 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 8 ; Ostrogorski ( 2002 ) , p. 228 ; Majeska ( 2009 ) , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Majeska ( 2009 ) , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Dimitri Obolensky , Byzantium and the Slavs ( 1994 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1997 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Normanist scholars accept this moment as the foundation of the Kievan Rus ' state , while anti-Normanists point to other Chronicle entries to argue that the East Slav Polianes were already in the process of forming a state independently . Martin ( 2009 ) , pp. 37 - 40 . Jump up ^ Primary Chronicle Archived 2014 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , pp. 8 - 9 . Jump up ^ Primary Chronicle Archived 2014 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 9 . Jump up ^ George Vernadsky , Kievan Russia ( 1976 ) , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Walter Moss , A History of Russia : To 1917 ( 2005 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Magocsi ( 2010 ) , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Martin ( 2009 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 2009 ) , pp. 40 , 47 . ^ Jump up to : Magocsi ( 2010 ) , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Magocsi ( 2010 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 2003 ) , pp. 16 - 19 . Jump up ^ Victor Spinei , The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century ( 2009 ) , pp. 47 - 49 . Jump up ^ Peter B. Golden , Central Asia in World History ( 2011 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Magocsi ( 2010 ) , pp. 62 - 63 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky ( 1976 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Majeska ( 2009 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Angeliki Papageorgiou , `` Theme of Cherson ( Klimata ) '' , Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World ( Foundation of the Hellenic World , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Kevin Alan Brook , The Jews of Khazaria ( 2006 ) , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Martin ( 2003 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky ( 1976 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Spanei ( 2009 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ John V.A. Fine , The Early Medieval Balkans : A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century ( 1991 ) , p. 138 - 39 . Jump up ^ Spanei ( 2009 ) , pp. 66 , 70 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky ( 1976 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Abaskun , first recorded by Ptolemy as Socanaa , was documented in Arab sources as `` the most famous port of the Khazarian Sea '' . It was situated within three days ' journey from Gorgan . The southern part of the Caspian Sea was known as the `` Sea of Abaskun '' . See : B.N. Zakhoder ( 1898 -- 1960 ) . The Caspian Compilation of Records about Eastern Europe ( online version ) . Jump up ^ The Khazar khagan initially granted the Rus ' safe passage in exchange for a share of the booty but attacked them on their return voyage , killing most of the raiders and seizing their haul . Vernadsky ( 1976 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Gunilla Larsson . Ship and society : maritime ideology in Late Iron Age Sweden Uppsala Universitet , Department of Archaeology and Ancient History , 2007 ISBN 9150619152 p 208 Jump up ^ Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique , Volume 35 , Number 4 . Mouton , 1994 . ( originally from the University of California , digitalised on 9 March 2010 ) Jump up ^ Moss ( 2005 ) , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Martin ( 2003 ) , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Magocsi ( 2010 ) , p. 67 . Jump up ^ The Russian Primary Chronicle , Laurentian Text ( Samuel Hazzard Cross , trans. , 1930 ) , p. 71 Jump up ^ Moss ( 2005 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Saints Cyril and Methodius , ( 1 ) Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Primary Chronicle , pp. 62 - 63 Jump up ^ Obolensky ( 1994 ) , pp ... 244 - 246 . Jump up ^ Magocsi ( 2010 ) , pp. 66 - 67 Jump up ^ Vernadsky ( 1976 ) , pp. 28 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky ( 1976 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ John Lind , Varangians in Europe 's Eastern and Northern Periphery , Ennen & nyt ( 2004 : 4 ) . Jump up ^ Logan ( 2005 ) , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky , pp. 22 - 23 Jump up ^ Chronicle , p. 69 Jump up ^ Chronicle , pp. 71 - 72 ^ Jump up to : Ostrogorski , p. 277 ^ Jump up to : Logan , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Chronicle , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Chronicle , pp. 73 - 78 Jump up ^ Spinei , p. 93 . Jump up ^ If Olga was indeed born in 879 , as the Primary Chronicle seems to imply , she would have been about 65 at the time of Sviatoslav 's birth . There are clearly some problems with chronology . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir I ( grand prince of Kiev ) - Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com. 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Janet Martin , Medieval Russia , 980 -- 1584 , ( Cambridge , 1995 ) , p. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Franklin , Simon ( 1992 ) . `` Greek in Kievan Rus ' '' . Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 46 : 69 -- 81 . doi : 10.2307 / 1291640 . Jump up ^ Colucci , Michele ( 1989 ) . `` The Image of Western Christianity in the Culture of Kievan Rus ' '' . Harvard Ukrainian Studies . 12 / 13 : 576 -- 586 . Jump up ^ `` Yaroslav I ( prince of Kiev ) - Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com. 2014 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pelenski , Jaroslaw ( 1987 ) . `` The Sack of Kiev of 1169 : Its Significance for the Succession to Kievan Rus ' '' . Harvard Ukrainian Studies . 11 : 303 -- 316 . Jump up ^ Kollmann , Nancy ( 1990 ) . `` Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus '' . Harvard Ukrainian Studies . 14 : 377 -- 387 . ^ Jump up to : Magocsi 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ William H. McNeill ( 1 January 1979 ) . Jean Cuisenier , ed. Europe as a Cultural Area . World Anthropology . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 080070 - 8 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . For a while , it looked as if the Scandinavian thrust toward monarchy and centralization might succeed in building two impressive and imperial structures : a Danish empire of the northern seas , and a Varangian empire of the Russian rivers , headquartered at Kiev ... In the east , new hordes of steppe nomads , fresh from central Asia , intruded upon the river - based empire of the Varangians by taking over its southern portion . Jump up ^ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pop-in-eur.html ( archive ) Jump up ^ Sherman , Charles Phineas ( 1917 ) . `` Russia '' . Roman Law in the Modern World . Boston : The Boston Book Company , . p. 191 . The adoption of Christianity by Vladimir ... was followed by commerce with the Byzantine Empire . In its wake came Byzantine art and culture . And in the course of the next century , what is now Southeastern Russia became more advanced in civilization than any western European State of the period , for Russia came in for a share of Byzantine culture , then vastly superior to the rudeness of Western nations . Jump up ^ Tikhomirov , Mikhail Nikolaevich ( 1956 ) . `` Literacy among the citi dwellers '' . Drevnerusskie goroda ( Cities of Ancient Rus ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow . p. 261 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George ( 1973 ) . `` Russian Civilization in the Kievan Period : Education '' . Kievan Russia . Yale University Press . p. 426 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 01647 - 6 . It is to the credit of Vladimir and his advisors they built not only churches but schools as well . This compulsory baptism was followed by compulsory education ... Schools were thus founded not only in Kiev but also in provincial cities . From the `` Life of St. Feodosi '' we know that a school existed in Kursk around the year of 1023 . By the time of Yaroslav 's reign ( 1019 -- 54 ) , education had struck roots and its benefits were apparent . Around 1030 , Iaroslav founded a divinity school in Novgorod for 300 children of both laymen and clergy to be instructed in `` book - learning '' . As a general measure , he made the parish priests `` teach the people '' . Jump up ^ Miklashevsky , N. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Istoriya vodoprovoda v Rossii '' . ИСТОРИЯ ВОДОПРОВОДА В РОССИИ ( History of water - supply in Russia ) ( in Russian ) . Saint Petersburg , Russia : ?. p. 240 . ISBN 9785820601149 . Jump up ^ `` The most notable aspect of the criminal provisions was that punishments took the form of seizure of property , banishment , or , more often , payment of a fine . Even murder and other severe crimes ( arson , organised horse thieving , and robbery ) were settled by monetary fines . Although the death penalty had been introduced by Vladimir the Great , it too was soon replaced by fines . '' Magocsi , Paul Robert ( 1996 ) . A History of Ukraine , p. 90 , Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 0830 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tikhomirov , Mikhail Nikolaevich ( 1953 ) . Пособие для изучения Русской Правды ( in Russian ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Moscow : Издание Московского университета . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Janet Martin , Medieval Russia , 980 -- 1584 , ( Cambridge , 1995 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George ( 1973 ) . `` Social organization : Woman '' . Kievan Russia . Yale University Press . p. 426 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 01647 - 6 . Jump up ^ Janet Martin , Medieval Russia , 980 -- 1584 , ( Cambridge , 1995 ) , p. 61 Jump up ^ J. Phillips , The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople page 144 Jump up ^ Tikhomirov , Mikhail Nikolaevich ( 1956 ) . `` The origin of Russian cities '' . Drevnerusskie goroda ( Cities of Ancient Rus ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow . pp. 36 , 39 , 43 . Jump up ^ `` In medieval Europe , a mark of a dynasty 's prestige and power was the willingness with which other leading dynasties entered into matrimonial relations with it . Measured by this standard , Yaroslav 's prestige must have been great indeed ... Little wonder that Iaroslav is often dubbed by historians as ' the father - in - law of Europe . ' '' - ( Subtelny , Orest ( 1988 ) . Ukraine : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 5808 - 6. ) Jump up ^ `` By means of these marital ties , Kievan Rus ' became well known throughout Europe . '' -- Magocsi , Paul Robert ( 1996 ) . A History of Ukraine , p. 76 , Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 0830 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ibn Haukal describes the Pechenegs as the long - standing allies of the Rus , whom they invariably accompanied during the 10th century Caspian expeditions . Jump up ^ Lowe , Steven ; Ryaboy , Dmitriy V . The Pechenegs , History and Warfare . Jump up ^ Боняк ( Boniak ) . Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( in Russian ) . 1969 -- 1978 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of Kiev '' . Tspace.library.utoronto.ca . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Sources ( edit ) Magocsi , Paul R. ( 2010 ) . A History of Ukraine : The Land and Its Peoples . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1442610217 . Further reading ( edit ) Christian , David . A History of Russia , Mongolia and Central Asia . Blackwell , 1999 . Franklin , Simon and Shepard , Jonathon , The Emergence of Rus , 750 -- 1200 . ( Longman History of Russia , general editor Harold Shukman . ) Longman , London , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49091 - X Fennell , John , The Crisis of Medieval Russia , 1200 -- 1304 . ( Longman History of Russia , general editor Harold Shukman . ) Longman , London , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 48150 - 3 Jones , Gwyn . A History of the Vikings . 2nd ed . London : Oxford Univ . Press , 1984 . Martin , Janet , Medieval Russia 980 -- 1584 . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36832 - 4 Obolensky , Dimitri ( 1974 ) ( 1971 ) . The Byzantine Commonwealth : Eastern Europe , 500 - 1453 . London : Cardinal . Pritsak , Omeljan . The Origin of Rus ' . Cambridge Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1991 . Stang , Håkon . The Naming of Russia . Meddelelser , Nr. 77 . Oslo : University of Oslo Slavisk - baltisk Avelding , 1996 . Alexander F. Tsvirkun E-learning course . History of Ukraine . Journal Auditorium , Kiev 2010 Velychenko , Stephen , National history as cultural process : a survey of the interpretations of Ukraine 's past in Polish , Russian , and Ukrainian historical writing from the earliest times to 1914 '' Edmonton , 1992 . Velychenko , Stephen , `` Nationalizing and Denationalizing the Past . Ukraine and Russia in Comparative Context '' , Ab Imperio 1 ( 2007 ) . Velychenko , Stephen `` New wine old bottle . Ukrainian history Muscovite - Russian Imperial myths and the Cambridge - History of Russia , '' http://historians.in.ua/index.php/dyskusiya/853-stephen-velychenko-new-wine-old-bottle-ukrainian-history-muscovite-russian-imperial-myths-and-the-cambridge-history-of-russia References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . -- Russia External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kievan Rus . Look up Kievan Rus in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Historical map of Kiev Rus ' from 980 . to 1054 . Historical map of Rus ' - Ukraine from 1220 . to 1240 . 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2 VIAF : 138321696 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&oldid=854237631 '' Categories : Kievan Rus ' States and territories established in the 880s 882 establishments 1240 disestablishments in Europe Former countries in Europe Former Slavic countries Medieval Belarus Medieval Russia Medieval Ukraine 9th - century establishments in Russia Historical regions Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Polish - language external links CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Articles containing Old East Slavic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Medieval Greek - language text Articles containing Old French - language text Articles containing Finnish - 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1. Kievan Rus' - a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century
2. Rurik dynasty - the ruling dynasty of Kievan Rus'
3. Expansion and decline of Kievan Rus' - the growth and eventual disintegration of the state
4. Trade routes and commercial connections of Kievan Rus' - the importance of trade in
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6,820,159,773,764,636,000 |
how many elected officials in the united states
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Elections in the United states - Wikipedia Elections in the United states Jump to : navigation , search See also : Politics of the United States See also : United States presidential election An 1846 painting by George Caleb Bingham showing a polling judge administering an oath to a voter This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Elections in the United States are held for government officials at the federal , state , and local levels . At the federal level , the nation 's head of state , the President , is elected indirectly by the people of each state , through an Electoral College . Today , these electors almost always vote with the popular vote of their state . All members of the federal legislature , the Congress , are directly elected by the people of each state . There are many elected offices at state level , each state having at least an elective Governor and legislature . There are also elected offices at the local level , in counties , cities , towns , townships , boroughs , and villages . According to a study by political scientist Jennifer Lawless , there were 519,682 elected officials in the United States as of 2012 . While the United States Constitution does set parameters for the election of federal officials , state law , not federal , regulates most aspects of elections in the U.S. , including primaries , the eligibility of voters ( beyond the basic constitutional definition ) , the running of each state 's electoral college , as well as the running of state and local elections . All elections -- federal , state , and local -- are administered by the individual states . The restriction and extension of voting rights to different groups has been a contested process throughout United States history . The federal government has also been involved in attempts to increase voter turnout , by measures such as the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 . The financing of elections has also long been controversial , because private sources make up substantial amounts of campaign contributions , especially in federal elections . Voluntary public funding for candidates willing to accept spending limits was introduced in 1974 for presidential primaries and elections . The Federal Elections Commission , created in 1975 by an amendment to the Federal Election Campaign Act , has the responsibility to disclose campaign finance information , to enforce the provisions of the law such as the limits and prohibitions on contributions , and to oversee the public funding of U.S. presidential elections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Voting 1.1 Eligibility 1.2 Voter registration 1.3 Absentee voting 1.4 Mail ballots 1.5 Early voting 1.6 Voting equipment 2 Levels of election 2.1 Federal elections 2.1. 1 Presidential elections 2.1. 2 Congressional elections 2.1. 2.1 Senate elections 2.1. 2.2 House of Representatives elections 2.2 State elections 2.3 Local elections 3 Comparison of recent and upcoming election years 4 Features of the election system 4.1 Multiple levels of regulation 4.2 Party systems 4.3 Ballot access 4.4 Campaign finance 4.5 Primaries and caucuses 5 Election information on the web 6 Hurdles 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Voting ( edit ) The most common method used in U.S. elections is the first - past - the - post system , where the highest polling candidate wins the election . Some may use a two - round system , where if no candidate receives a required number of votes then there is a runoff between the two candidates with the most votes . Since 2002 , several cities have adopted instant - runoff voting in their elections . Voters rank the candidates in order of preference rather than voting for a single candidate . If a candidate secures more than half of votes cast , that candidate wins . Otherwise , the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated . Ballots assigned to the eliminated candidate are recounted and assigned to those of the remaining candidates who rank next in order of preference on each ballot . This process continues until one candidate wins by obtaining more than half the votes . Eligibility ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in the United States The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the constitution and also regulated at state level . The constitution states that suffrage can not be denied on grounds of race or color , sex , or age for citizens eighteen years or older . Beyond these basic qualifications , it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility . Some states ban convicted criminals , especially felons , from voting for a fixed period of time or indefinitely . The number of American adults who are currently or permanently ineligible to vote due to felony convictions is estimated to be 5.3 million . Some states also have legacy constitutional statements barring legally declared incompetent from voting ; such references are generally considered obsolete and are being considered for review or removal where they appear . Voter registration ( edit ) Main article : Voter registration in the United States While the federal government has jurisdiction over federal elections , most election laws are decided at the state level . All U.S. states except North Dakota require that citizens who wish to vote be registered . Traditionally , voters had to register at state offices to vote , but in the mid-1990s efforts were made by the federal government to make registering easier , in an attempt to increase turnout . The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 ( the `` Motor Voter '' law ) required state governments that receive certain types of federal funding to make the voter registration process easier by providing uniform registration services through drivers ' license registration centers , disability centers , schools , libraries , and mail - in registration . Other states allow citizens same - day registration on Election Day . In many states , citizens registering to vote may declare an affiliation with a political party . This declaration of affiliation does not cost money , and does not make the citizen a dues - paying member of a party . A party can not prevent a voter from declaring his or her affiliation with them , but it can refuse requests for full membership . In some states , only voters affiliated with a party may vote in that party 's primary elections ( see below ) . Declaring a party affiliation is never required . Some states , including Georgia , Michigan , Minnesota , Virginia , Wisconsin , and Washington , practice non-partisan registration . Absentee voting ( edit ) An absentee ballot paper for Milton , New Hampshire . This ballot also contains a referendum placed on the ballot by the state legislature . Voters unable or unwilling to vote at polling stations on Election Day can vote via absentee ballots . Absentee ballots are most commonly sent and received via the United States Postal Service . Despite their name , absentee ballots are often requested and submitted in person . About half of all states and U.S. territories allow `` no excuse absentee , '' where no reason is required to request an absentee ballot . Others require a valid reason , such as infirmity or travel , be given before a voter can participate using an absentee ballot . Some states , including California , and Washington allow citizens to apply for permanent absentee voter status , which will automatically receive an absentee ballot for each election . Typically a voter must request an absentee ballot before the election occurs . A significant source of absentee ballots is the population of Americans living outside the United States . In 1986 Congress enacted the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act ( UOCAVA ) . UOCAVA requires that the states and territories allow members of the United States Uniformed Services and merchant marine , their family members , and United States citizens residing outside the United States to register and vote absentee in elections for Federal offices . Though many states had pre-existing statutes in place UOCAVA made it mandatory and nationally uniform . `` Generally , all U.S. citizens 19 years or older who are or will be residing outside the United States during an election period are eligible to vote absentee in any election for Federal office . In addition , all members of the Uniformed Services , their family members and members of the Merchant Marine and their family members , who are U.S. citizens , may vote absentee in Federal , state and local elections . '' Absentee ballots from these voters can often be transmitted private delivery services , fax , or email . Mail ballots ( edit ) Mail ballots are similar in many respects to an absentee ballot . However they are used for Mailing Precincts where on Election Day no polling place is opened for a specific precinct . In Oregon , Washington , and Colorado , all ballots are delivered through the mail . Early voting ( edit ) Main article : Early voting § United States Early voting is a formal process where voters can cast their ballots prior to the official Election Day . Early voting in person is allowed in 33 states and in Washington , D.C. , with no excuse required . Voting equipment ( edit ) An `` I voted '' sticker given to Boston voters in 2016 Further information : Voting machine Voters casting their ballots in polling places record their votes most commonly with optical scan voting machines or DRE voting machines . Voting machine selection is typically done through a state 's local election jurisdiction including counties , cities , and townships . Many of these local jurisdictions have changed their voting equipment since 2000 due to the passage of the Help America Vote Act ( HAVA ) , which allocated funds for the replacement of lever machine and punch card voting equipment . Since the 1980s many jurisdictions and voting locations have given out `` I Voted '' stickers to people casting ballots . In the state of Illinois it is a state law to have stickers available to voters after they have cast their ballots . State and local governments pay $30 million per year for the stickers that cost about one cent each . Levels of election ( edit ) Federal elections ( edit ) See also : Election Day ( United States ) The United States has a presidential system of government , which means that the executive and legislature are elected separately . Article One of the United States Constitution requires that any election for the U.S. President must occur on a single day throughout the country ; elections for Congressional offices , however , can be held at different times . Congressional and presidential elections take place simultaneously every four years , and the intervening Congressional elections , which take place every two years , are called Midterm elections . The constitution states that members of the United States House of Representatives must be at least 25 years old , a citizen of the United States for at least seven years , and be a ( legal ) inhabitant of the state they represent . Senators must be at least 30 years old , a citizen of the United States for at least nine years , and be a ( legal ) inhabitant of the state they represent . The President must be at least 35 years old , a natural born citizen of the United States and a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . It is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate the qualifications for a candidate appearing on a ballot paper , although in order to get onto the ballot , a candidate must often collect a legally defined number of signatures . Presidential elections ( edit ) Main articles : United States presidential election and Electoral College ( United States ) The President and the Vice President are elected together in a Presidential election . It is an indirect election , with the winner being determined by votes cast by electors of the Electoral College . In modern times , voters in each state select a slate of electors from a list of several slates designated by different parties or candidates , and the electors typically promise in advance to vote for the candidates of their party ( whose names of the presidential candidates usually appear on the ballot rather than those of the individual electors ) . The winner of the election is the candidate with at least 270 Electoral College votes . It is possible for a candidate to win the electoral vote , and lose the ( nationwide ) popular vote ( receive fewer votes nationwide than the second ranked candidate ) . Prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( 1804 ) , the runner - up in a Presidential election became the Vice President . Electoral College votes are cast by individual states by a group of electors ; each elector casts one electoral college vote . Until the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution of 1961 the District of Columbia citizens did not have representation and / or electors in the electoral college . In modern times , with electors usually committed to vote for a party candidate in advance , electors that vote against the popular vote in their state are called faithless electors , and occurrences are rare . State law regulates how states cast their electoral college votes . In all states except Maine and Nebraska , the candidate that wins the most votes in the state receives all its electoral college votes ( a `` winner takes all '' system ) . From 1969 in Maine , and from 1991 in Nebraska , two electoral votes are awarded based on the winner of the statewide election , and the rest ( two in Maine , three in Nebraska ) go to the highest vote - winner in each of the state 's congressional districts . <Th_colspan="2"> United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount <Td_colspan="2"> House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Congressional elections ( edit ) Congress has two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . Senate elections ( edit ) The Senate has 100 members , elected for a six - year term in dual - seat constituencies ( 2 from each state ) , with one - third being renewed every two years . The group of the Senate seats that is up for election during a given year is known as a `` class '' ; the three classes are staggered so that only one of the three groups is renewed every two years . Until the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 , States chose how to elect Senators , and they were often elected by state legislatures , not the electorate of states . <Th_colspan="2"> United States Senate elections Multiple - date elections 1788 / 89 1790 / 91 1792 / 93 1794 / 95 1796 / 97 1798 / 99 1800 / 01 1802 / 03 1804 / 05 1806 / 07 1808 / 09 1810 / 11 1812 / 13 1814 / 15 1816 / 17 1818 / 19 1820 / 21 1822 / 23 1824 / 25 1826 / 27 1828 / 29 1830 / 31 1832 / 33 1834 / 35 1836 / 37 1838 / 39 1840 / 41 1842 / 43 1844 / 45 1846 / 47 1848 / 49 1850 / 51 1852 / 53 1854 / 55 1856 / 57 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 / 67 1868 / 69 1870 / 71 1872 / 73 1874 / 75 1876 / 77 1878 / 79 1880 / 81 1882 / 83 1884 / 85 1886 / 87 1888 / 89 1890 / 91 1892 / 93 1894 / 95 1896 / 97 1898 / 99 1900 / 01 1902 / 03 1904 / 05 1906 / 07 1908 / 09 1910 / 11 1912 / 13 Single - date elections 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 <Td_colspan="2"> Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of elections in the United States House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections House of Representatives elections ( edit ) A chart of party balance in the House The House of Representatives has 435 members , elected for a two - year term in single - seat constituencies . House of Representatives elections are held every two years on the first Tuesday after November 1 in even years . Special House elections can occur between if a member dies or resigns during a term . House elections are first - past - the - post elections that elect a Representative from each of 435 House districts which cover the United States . The non-voting delegates of Washington , D.C. and the territories of American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands are also elected . House elections occur every two years , correlated with presidential elections or halfway through a President 's term . The House delegate of Puerto Rico , officially known as the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , is elected to a four - year term , coinciding with those of the President . As the redistricting commissions of states are often partisan , districts are often drawn which benefit incumbents . An increasing trend has been for incumbents to have an overwhelming advantage in House elections , and since the 1994 election , an unusually low number of seats has changed hands in each election . Due to gerrymandering , fewer than 10 % of all House seats are contested in each election cycle . Over 90 % of House members are reelected every two years , due to lack of electoral competition . Gerrymandering of the House , combined with the divisions inherent in the design of the Senate and of the Electoral College , result in a discrepancy between the percentage of popular support for various political parties and the actual level of the parties ' representation . <Th_colspan="2"> United States House of Representatives elections Years 1788 / 89 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 1868 1870 / 71 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special 1801 1917 1973 1989 1991 2001 110th Congress 111th Congress All <Td_colspan="2"> Senate elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections State elections ( edit ) State law and state constitutions , controlled by state legislatures regulate elections at state level and local level . Various officials at state level are elected . Since the separation of powers applies to states as well as the federal government , state legislatures and the executive ( the governor ) are elected separately . Governors and lieutenant governor are elected in all states , in some states on a joint ticket and in some states separately , some separately in different electoral cycles . The governors of the territories of American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands are also elected . In some states , executive positions such as Attorney General and Secretary of State are also elected offices . All members of state legislatures and territorial jurisdiction legislatures are elected . In some states , members of the state supreme court and other members of the state judiciary are elected . Proposals to amend the state constitution are also placed on the ballot in some states . As a matter of convenience and cost saving , elections for many of these state and local offices are held at the same time as either the federal presidential or midterm elections . There are a handful of states , however , that instead hold their elections during odd - numbered `` off years . '' <Th_colspan="2"> United States gubernatorial elections <Td_colspan="2"> List of current Governors <Td_colspan="2"> 1913 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 <Td_colspan="2"> House elections Senate elections Presidential elections Local elections ( edit ) At the local level , county and city government positions are usually filled by election , especially within the legislative branch . The extent to which offices in the executive or judicial branches are elected vary from county - to - county or city - to - city . Some examples of local elected positions include sheriffs at the county level and mayors and school board members at the city level . Like state elections , an election for a specific local office may be held at the same time as either the presidential , midterm , or off - year elections . Comparison of recent and upcoming election years ( edit ) Basic rotation of U.S. general elections ( fixed - terms only ) Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Type Presidential Off - year Midterm Off - year Presidential President Yes <Td_colspan="3"> No Yes Senate Class III ( 34 seats ) No Class I ( 33 seats ) No Class II ( 33 seats ) House All 435 seats No All 435 seats No All 435 seats Gubernatorial 11 states , 2 territories AS , DE , IN , MO , MT , NH , NC , ND , PR , UT , VT , WA , WV 2 states NJ , VA 36 states , 3 territories AL , AK , AZ , AR , CA , CO , CT , FL , GA , GU , HI , ID , IL , IA , KS , ME , MP , MD , MA , MI , MN , NE , NV , NH , NM , NY , OH , OK , OR , PA , RI , SC , SD , TN , TX , VI , VT , WI , WY 3 states KY , LA , MS 11 states , 2 territories AS , DE , IN , MO , MT , NH , NC , ND , PR , UT , VT , WA , WV Other state and local offices <Td_colspan="5"> Varies This table does not include special elections , which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections . As well as all six non-voting delegates of the U.S. House . As well as five non-voting delegates of the U.S. House . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico instead serves a four - year term that coincides with the presidential term . The Governors of New Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two - year terms . The other 48 state governors serve four - year terms . view talk Features of the election system ( edit ) Multiple levels of regulation ( edit ) In the US elections are actually conducted by local authorities , working under local , state , and federal law and regulation , as well as the US Constitution . It is a highly decentralized system . In around half of US states , the Secretary of State is the official in charge of elections ; in other states it is someone appointed for the job , or a commission . It is this person or commission who is responsible for certifying , tabulating , and reporting votes for the state . Party systems ( edit ) Main articles : Party system and Politics of the United States Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party . The United States Constitution has never formally addressed the issue of political parties . The Founding Fathers such as Alexander Hamilton and James Madison did not support domestic political factions at the time the Constitution was written . In addition , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or throughout his tenure as president . Furthermore , he hoped that political parties would not be formed , fearing conflict and stagnation . Nevertheless , the beginnings of the American two - party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers , with Hamilton and Madison ending up being the core leaders in this emerging party system . Thus , it is up to the candidate to decide under what party he / she should run , registers to run , pays the fees , etc . In the primary elections , the party organization stays neutral until one candidate has been elected . The platform of the party is written by the winning candidate ( in presidential elections ; in other elections no platform is involved ) . Each candidate has his or her own campaign , fund raising organization , etc . The primary elections in the main parties are organized by the states , who also register the party affiliation of the voters ( this also makes it easier to gerrymander the congressional districts ) . The party is thus little more than a campaign organization for the main elections . However , elections in the United States often do become de facto national races between the political parties . In what is known as `` presidential coattails '' , candidates in presidential elections usually bring out supporters who then vote for his or her party 's candidates for other offices , usually resulting in the presidential winner 's party gaining seats in Congress . On the other hand , midterm elections are sometimes regarded as a referendum on the sitting president 's and / or incumbent party 's performance . There is a historical pattern that the incumbent president 's party loses seats in midterm elections . This may be because the President 's popularity has slipped since election , or because the President 's popularity encouraged supporters to come out to vote for him or her in the presidential election , but these supporters are less likely to vote when the President is not up for election . Ballot access ( edit ) Main article : Ballot access Ballot access refers to the laws which regulate under what conditions access is granted for a candidate or political party to appear on voters ' ballots . Each State has its own ballot access laws to determine who may appear on ballots and who may not . According to Article I , Section 4 , of the United States Constitution , the authority to regulate the time , place , and manner of federal elections is up to each State , unless Congress legislates otherwise . Depending on the office and the state , it may be possible for a voter to cast a write - in vote for a candidate whose name does not appear on the ballot , but it is extremely rare for such a candidate to win office . Campaign finance ( edit ) Main article : Campaign finance in the United States The funding of electoral campaigns has always been a controversial issue in American politics . Infringement of free speech ( First Amendment ) is an argument against restrictions on campaign contributions , while allegations of corruption arising from unlimited contributions and the need for political equality are arguments for the other side . Private funds are a major source of finance , from individuals and organizations . The first attempt to regulate campaign finance by legislation was in 1867 , but major legislation , with the intention to widely enforce , on campaign finance was not introduced until the 1970s . Money contributed to campaigns can be classified into `` hard money '' and `` soft money '' . Hard money is money contributed directly to a campaign , by an individual or organization . Soft money is money from an individual or organization not contributed to a campaign , but spent in candidate specific advertising or other efforts that benefits that candidate by groups supporting the candidate , but legally not coordinated by the official campaign . The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 required candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions and campaign expenditure . It was amended in 1974 to legally limit campaign contributions . It banned direct contributing to campaigns by corporations and trade unions and limited individual donations to $1,000 per campaign . It introduced public funding for Presidential primaries and elections . The Act also placed limits of $5,000 per campaign on PACs ( political action committees ) . The limits on individual contributions and prohibition of direct corporate or labor union campaigns led to a huge increase in the number of PACs . Today many labor unions and corporations have their own PACs , and over 4,000 in total exist . The 1974 amendment also specified a Federal Election Commission , created in 1975 to administer and enforce campaign finance law . Various other provisions were also included , such as a ban on contributions or expenditures by foreign nationals ( incorporated from the Foreign Agents Registration Act ( FARA ) ( 1966 ) ) . The case of Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) challenged the Act . Most provisions were upheld , but the court found that the mandatory spending limit imposed was unconstitutional , as was the limit placed on campaign spending from the candidate 's personal fortune and the provision that limited independent expenditures by individuals and organizations supporting but not officially linked to a campaign . The effect of the first decision was to allow candidates such as Ross Perot and Steve Forbes to spend enormous amounts of their own money in their own campaigns . The effect of the second decision was to allow the culture of `` soft money '' to develop . A 1979 amendment to the Federal Election Campaign Act allowed political parties to spend without limit on get - out - the - vote and voter registration activities conducted primarily for a presidential candidate . Later , they were permitted by FECA to use `` soft money '' , unregulated , unlimited contributions to fund this effort . Increasingly , the money began to be spent on issue advertising , candidate specific advertising that was being funded mostly by soft money . The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 banned local and national parties from spending `` soft money '' and banned national party committees from accepting or spending soft money . It increased the limit of contributions by individuals from $1,000 to $2,000 . It banned corporations or labor unions from funding issue advertising directly , and banned the use of corporate or labor money for advertisements that mention a federal candidate within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary . The constitutionality of the bill was challenged and in December 2003 , the Supreme Court upheld most provisions of the legislation . ( See McConnell v. FEC . ) A large number of `` 527 groups '' were active for the first time in the 2004 election . These groups receive donations from individuals and groups and then spend the money on issue advocacy , such as the anti-Kerry ads by Swift Boat Veterans for Truth . This is a new form of soft money , and not surprisingly it is controversial . Many 527 groups have close links with the Democratic or Republican parties , even though legally they can not coordinate their activities with them . John McCain , one of the senators behind the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act , and President Bush have both declared a desire to ban 527s . Changing campaign finance laws is a highly controversial issue . Some reformers wish to see laws changed in order to improve electoral competition and political equality . Opponents wish to see the system stay as it is , whereas other reformers wish even fewer restrictions on the freedom to spend and contribute money . The Supreme Court has made it increasingly difficult for those who wish to regulate election financing , but options like partial public funding of campaigns are still possible and offer the potential to address reformers ' concerns with minimal restrictions on the freedom to contribute . Primaries and caucuses ( edit ) Main articles : Primary elections in the United States and Caucus In partisan elections , candidates are chosen by primary elections ( abbreviated to `` primaries '' ) and caucuses in the states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . A primary election is an election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction ( nominating primary ) select a political party 's candidate for a later election . There are various types of primary : either the whole electorate is eligible , and voters choose one party 's primary at the polling booth ( an open primary ) ; or only independent voters can choose a party 's primary at the polling booth ( a semi-closed primary ) ; or only registered members of the party are allowed to vote ( closed primary ) . The blanket primary , when voters could vote for all parties ' primaries on the same ballot was struck down by the United States Supreme Court as violating the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of assembly in the case California Democratic Party v. Jones . Primaries are also used to select candidates at the state level , for example in gubernatorial elections . Caucuses also nominate candidates by election , but they are very different from primaries . Caucuses are meetings that occur at precincts and involve discussion of each party 's platform and issues such as voter turnout in addition to voting . Eleven states : Iowa , New Mexico , North Dakota , Maine , Nevada , Hawaii , Minnesota , Kansas , Alaska , Wyoming , Colorado and the District of Columbia use caucuses , for one or more political parties . The primary and caucus season in Presidential elections lasts from the Iowa caucus in January to the last primaries in June . Front - loading - when larger numbers of contests take place in the opening weeks of the season -- can have an effect on the nomination process , potentially reducing the number of realistic candidates , as fund - raisers and donors quickly abandon those they see as untenable . However , it is not the case that the successful candidate is always the candidate that does the best in the early primaries . There is also a period dubbed the `` invisible primary '' that takes place before the primary season , when candidates attempt to solicit media coverage and funding well before the real primary season begins . A state 's presidential primary election or caucus usually is an indirect election : instead of voters directly selecting a particular person running for President , it determines how many delegates each party 's national political convention will receive from their respective state . These delegates then in turn select their party 's presidential nominee . Held in the summer , a political convention 's purpose is also to adopt a statement of the party 's principles and goals known as the platform and adopt the rules for the party 's activities . The day on which primaries are held for congressional seats , and state and local offices may also vary between states . The only federally mandated day for elections is Election Day for the general elections of the President and Congress ; all other elections are at the discretion of the individual state and local governments . Election information on the web ( edit ) In most states of the U.S. , the chief election officer is the Secretary of state . In some states , local officials like a county Registrar of Voters or Supervisor of Elections manages the conduct of elections under the supervision of ( or in coordination with ) the chief election officer of the state . Many of these state and county offices have web sites that provide information to help voters obtain information on their polling places for each election , the various districts to which they belong ( e.g. , house and senate districts in the state and federal legislature , school boards , water districts , municipalities , etc . ) , as well as dates of elections and deadlines to file to run or register to vote . Some allow voters to download a sample ballot in advance of the election . Beyond this , various media outlets provide information they think will interest their audience . More systematic coverage is provided by web sites devoted specifically to collecting election information and making it available to the public . Two of the better known such sites are Ballotpedia and Vote Smart . These are run by non-profit , non-partisan organizations . They have paid staffs and are much more tightly controlled than Wikipedia . USElections.com tries to provide similar information but relies on volunteers in a way that is more like Wikipedia than Ballotpedia and Vote Smart . The website 270towin provides actual electoral college maps ( both current and historic ) but also the ability to use an interactive map in order to make election predictions . Ongoing election news is reported as well as data on Senate and House races . The Center for Responsive Politics ( opensecrets.org ) and the National Institute on Money in State Politics ( followthemoney.org ) also provide useful election information focusing especially on campaign finance . Hurdles ( edit ) See also : Voter suppression in the United States and Gerrymandering in the United States In 2014 scientists from Princeton University did a study on the influence of the `` elite '' , and their derived power from special interest lobbying , versus the `` ordinary '' US citizen within the US political system . They found that the US was looking more like an oligarchy than a real representative democracy ; thus eroding a government of the people , by the people , for the people as stated by Abraham Lincoln in his Gettysburg Address . In fact , the study found that average citizens had an almost nonexistent influence on public policies and that the ordinary citizen had little or no independent influence on policy at all . There were many US presidential elections in which foreign countries manipulate the voters . Electoral College is criticised for being un-democratic ( it can choose candidate who did not win the popular vote ) and for focusing campaigns only on swing states . See also ( edit ) United States presidential election List of elections in the United States Election Assistance Commission Electoral calendar Electoral system Electronic voting by country § United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elections & Voting '' . Whitehouse.gov. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Michael . `` Should Felons Be Allowed to Vote After They Have Served Their Time ? '' . Learning.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felony Disenfranchisement in the United States '' ( PDF ) . The Sentencing Project . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ DeFalco , Beth ( 2007 - 01 - 09 ) . `` New Jersey to take ' idiots , ' ' insane ' out of state constitution ? '' . Delaware News - Journal . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 5 , 2006 , at the Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Voter Registration Resources '' . Project Vote Smart . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Permanent Absentee Voting in California , via sos.ca.gov Jump up ^ Washington State section of Absentee Ballot Jump up ^ `` Voting by Absentee Ballot in Washington state '' . Secretary of State of Washington . Jump up ^ `` Federal Voting Assistance Program questions and answers '' . Fvap.gov . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FVAP Integrated Voting Alternative Site ( IVAS ) '' . Fvap.gov . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAIL ( ABSENTEE ) BALLOT VOTING '' . Clark County , Nevada . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Absentee and Early Voting '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Libby ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' I Voted '' stickers , explained `` . Vox . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Statistics on the State of the Nation Before the Presidential Elections ( 2007 and 2011 ) , Pew Research Center , 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Elections 2012 , The Economist , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Election Administration at State and Local Levels '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10 , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively , wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; VandeHei , Jim ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) . `` A Voter Rebuke For Bush , the War And the Right '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall , hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president 's leadership . Jump up ^ `` Election ' 98 Lewinsky factor never materialized '' . CNN . 1998 - 11 - 04 . Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday 's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton 's behavior , dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate . Jump up ^ See Anthony Gierzynski , Saving American Elections : A Diagnosis and Prescription for a Healthier Democracy ( Cambria Press , 2011 ) Jump up ^ See Anthony Gierzynski , Saving American Elections : A Diagnosis and Prescription for a Healthier Democracy ( Cambria Press , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Jeff . `` US Elections '' . USElections.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Election Interactive Map '' . 270toWin.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gilens , Martin ; Page , Benjamin I. ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' . Perspectives on Politics . 12 ( 03 ) : 564 -- 581 . doi : 10.1017 / S1537592714001595 . ISSN 1541 - 0986 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Governments Have Been Tampering With U.S. Elections for Decades '' . Politico.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Electoral College is the absolute worst , explained '' . Vox.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elections in the United States . Electoral Compass USA Election Candidate Videos Campaign Law USA Elections FairVote.org Long Distance Voter - Non-partisan resource for registering to vote or getting an absentee ballot . Federal election results 1920 - 2010 , US House Office of the Clerk A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 - 1824 For Votes cast in Federal , State and Local elections in the Early Republic . 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bachelor of naturopathy & yogic science (bnys) salary
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Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga - wikipedia Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yogic Science ( BNYS ) is a Medical Degree Graduation Course Programme in India in the field of Integrative Medicine , which covers the study of both Naturopathy Medicine and Modern Medicine as Integrative Medicine and Therapeutic Yoga or Yoga Medicine MD ( Naturopathy Medicine ) , MD ( Yoga Medicine ) and MD ( Accu Medicine ) and pg Diploma like DGO. , DCH. , DEM. , DPM. , for BNYS Medical Graduates as Post Graduation Course available in many Medical Colleges and Health Science / Medical Universities in both private as well as government sectors as pg Diploma duration is two years and pg degree duration is 3 years . The curriculum is taught in English with additional language to it as Sanskrit too by several Medical Universities . The degree is of four year and six month + one year CRRI AS 365 days full time Internship CRRI DURATION as including 1 year Clinical Internship , after passing 12th Science are eligible to pursue admission to this medical graduate course . The person having a BNYS. , Medical Degree can practice medicine as General Practitioner ( GP ) anywhere in India or abroad under different State Medical Councils as per Indian constitutional law and medical ACT and Bill rules . BNYS Medical Graduates are equivalent to MBBS medical graduate as a General Physician . Naturopathy Medical College & Academic Hospital available in almost all states in India and in many countries all over the world today . Some of the Indian Universities names are here written below , AYUSH Health Science University , Chatishgarh , India . Barakathulla University , Madhya Pradesh , India . Banaras Hindu University , UP , India . Dr MGR Medical University , Tamilnadu , India . Dr NTR University of Health Sciences ( www.ntruhs.ap.nic.in ) , Vijayawada , Andhrapradesh , India . Gujarat Ayurved University , Gujarat , India . Himalayan University , Arunachal Pradesh , India . Jagathguru Kripa University , Odisha , India . North East Frontier University , Arunachal Pradesh , India . Parul University , Gujarat , India . Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science , Karnataka , India . Rajastan Ayurved University , Rajasthan , India . OPJS University , Churu , Rajasthan . Svyasa University of Naturopathy Medicine & Therapeutic Yoga , Karnataka , India . S.D.M. college of naturopathy and yoga Karnataka , India ALva 's college of naturopathy and yogic sciences moodbidri Karnataka government nature cure and yoga medical college Mysore Karnataka Sainath University , Jarkhand , India . SV Subharti University , Uthar Pradesh , India . Shobhit University , Uthar Pradesh , India . Pt Ravi Shankar University , Chatishgarh , India . And several others ... Current governing bodies are , National Institute of Naturopathy Medicine , Pune Future changes , ... soon Central council of Research in Yoga Medical Science , AYUSH Health Ministry , Government of India Bachelor of Yoga Medicial Science. BYMS. , MD. , ( Clinical Yoga ) Central Council of Research in Naturopathy Medicine , AYUSH Health Ministry , Government of India Bachelor of Naturopathy & Minor Surgery. BNMS. , Md. , ( Naturopathy Medicine ) Opportunities after the BNYS in India and abroad ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A BNYS doctor can work in following domains after completion of the degree . Practice as Lecturer in Medical Universities , medical Colleges / Professorship / Readership / Yoga teacher / Yoga Registered medical Practitioner / Hospital Administrator / Naturopathy Physician / General Physician / Health secretory / Nutritionist / Dietitian , Obstetrician , gynecologist , Acupuncture Physician / NeuroPhysiologist / Spa Physician / Resort Physician , etc ... in Universities offering BNYS course in Govt. / Private Sector in INDIA or Abroad . BNYS or Higher Degree holders can appoint as Officer level posts in Govt or private sector Universities , Army / Navy / Air force / Paratroops , 3 - 7 star Hotels and Hospitals . Open own NGO or join Govt / Private NGO working in this field . General Practice in a private clinic or as a Medical Officer in a hospital as general practitioner with minimum infrastructure ; government and private . National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) under AYUSH system of medicine as well as modern medicine in PHC level in all states of India as well as abroad . Academic teaching hospital , research or resident medical officer , general physician as well as specialist in naturopathy medicine or medical scientist in various government and non-governmental organizations . Speciality clinics targeting individual disorders like bariatrics ( obesity ) , psycho neurology ( stress ) ( allergology ) allergy , ( reproductive medicine ) lifestyle , ( addictive medicine & narcology ) de-addiction , ( palliative medicine ) back pain , ( dietology ) diet counselling , ( rehabilitative medicine ) rehabilitation ( medical , psychiatry and post surgery cases ) Stress management and lifestyle management consulting in corporate hospitals and holistic wellness centres . Obstetrician and gynaecologist Hospitality industry in India and abroad ( as a spa manager ) IT companies as well as the corporate sector like GE Healthcare Pre-clinical specialist Para-clinical specialist Clinical specialist Non clinical specialist in health care establishments viz Medical director Managing director of community clinic or community hospital or community health centre Medical officer in hospital for army , navy , air force and paratroops References ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2016 ) External links ( edit ) http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/topranker-go-for-bnys/article3540595.ece Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Naturopathy_and_Yoga&oldid=866293321 '' Categories : Bachelor 's degrees Yoga Academic degrees in healthcare Academic degrees of India Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from August 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from August 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 13 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga
2. Integrative Medicine
3. Medical Degree Graduation Course Programme
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1,959,484,265,739,648,800 |
who was involved in the articles of confederation
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Articles of Confederation - wikipedia Articles of Confederation <Th_colspan="2"> Articles of Confederation <Td_colspan="2"> Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15 , 1777 Ratified March 1 , 1781 Location National Archives Author ( s ) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States ; replaced by the current United States Constitution on March 4 , 1789 The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Continental Congress on November 15 , 1777 , and sent to the states for ratification . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament . The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . While unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same . As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers . Contents 1 Background and context 2 Drafting 3 Ratification 4 Article summaries 5 Congress under the Articles 5.1 The Army 5.2 Foreign policy 5.3 Taxation and commerce 5.4 Accomplishments 5.5 Presidents of Congress 6 The U.S. under the Articles 7 Signatures 7.1 Signers 8 Gallery 9 Revision and replacement 9.1 Legitimacy of closing down 9.2 Final months 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and Context The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan , an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems . The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it . Over the next two decades , some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken , particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown . With civil disobedience resulting in coercive , and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament , and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection , any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it . In 1775 , with events outpacing communications , the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence . It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments . To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it . In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the `` custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain . The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch . Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a `` manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners . Without such a declaration , Paine concluded , `` ( t ) he custom of all courts is against us , and will be so , until , by an independence , we take rank with other nations . '' Beyond improving their existing association , the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations . On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent ; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation , which established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states , constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs . Drafting Articles of Confederation 200th Anniversary commemorative stamp . First issued in York , Pennsylvania. , 1977 On June 12 , 1776 , a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence , the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states . The committee met repeatedly , and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12 , 1776 . There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty , the exact powers to be given the confederate government , whether to have a judiciary , and voting procedures . The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 , after a year of debate . Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government , with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states . Ratification The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in November 1777 . The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16 , 1777 ; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779 , 14 months into the process . The lone holdout , Maryland , refused to go along until the landed states , especially Virginia , had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union . It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through , and voted to ratify . During this time , Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government . Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2 , 1781 . Congress was informed of Maryland 's assent on March 1 , and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land . The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates : <Th_colspan="2"> State Date Virginia December 16 , 1777 South Carolina February 5 , 1778 New York February 6 , 1778 Rhode Island February 9 , 1778 5 Connecticut February 12 , 1778 6 Georgia February 26 , 1778 7 New Hampshire March 4 , 1778 8 Pennsylvania March 5 , 1778 9 Massachusetts March 10 , 1778 10 North Carolina April 5 , 1778 11 New Jersey November 19 , 1778 12 Delaware February 1 , 1779 13 Maryland February 2 , 1781 Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation 's central government . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress , which was empowered to make war and peace , negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and to resolve disputes between the states . The document also stipulates that its provisions `` shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and that `` the Union shall be perpetual '' . Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles : Establishes the name of the confederation with these words : `` The stile of this confederacy shall be ' The United States of America . ' '' Asserts the sovereignty of each state , except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated . '' Declares the purpose of the confederation : `` The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other , for their common defense , the security of their liberties , and their mutual and general welfare , binding themselves to assist each other , against all force offered to , or attacks made upon them , or any of them , on account of religion , sovereignty , trade , or any other pretense whatever . '' Elaborates upon the intent `` to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union , '' and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states , excluding `` paupers , vagabonds , and fugitives from justice . '' All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel . If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state , he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed . Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation ( the `` United States in Congress Assembled '' ) to each state , which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members . Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures . No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years . Only the central government may declare war , or conduct foreign political or commercial relations . No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles , and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all . No states may form any sub-national groups . No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed . No state may wage war without permission of Congress , unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier ; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy , unless infested by pirates , but every State is required to keep ready , a well - trained , disciplined , and equipped militia . Whenever an army is raised for common defense , the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below . Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures , and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each . Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled . Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war ; to exchange ambassadors ; to enter into treaties and alliances , with some provisos ; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water ; to grant letters of marque and reprisal ( documents authorizing privateers ) in times of peace ; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas ; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures , but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge ; to set weights and measures ( including coins ) , and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states . The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them . Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial . The court 's decision is final . Congress shall regulate the post offices ; appoint officers in the military ; and regulate the armed forces . The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three - year term of the Congress . Congress may request requisitions ( demands for payments or supplies ) from the states in proportion with their population , or take credit . Congress may not declare war , enter into treaties and alliances , appropriate money , or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented . Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months . When Congress is in recess , any of the powers of Congress may be executed by `` The committee of the states , or any nine of them '' , except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute . If `` Canada '' ( as the British - held Province of Quebec was also known ) accedes to this confederation , it will be admitted . No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states . Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles . Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual , and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures . Congress under the Articles The army Under the Articles , Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army , but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding . This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding , supplies , and even food . Further , although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers , as a tool to build a centralized war - making government , they were largely a failure ; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote : George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war . The Continental Congress , before the Articles were approved , had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life . However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation , and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor . No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84 . General Henry Knox , who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution , blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army . The army had long been supportive of a strong union . Knox wrote : The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies . Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign ... It is a favorite toast in the army , `` A hoop to the barrel '' or `` Cement to the Union '' . As Congress failed to act on the petitions , Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris , four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened , `` As the present Constitution is so defective , why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is , to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution . '' Once the war had been won , the Continental Army was largely disbanded . A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks . Meanwhile , each of the states had an army ( or militia ) , and 11 of them had navies . The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met . In 1783 , George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy , but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily . The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states . Any contributions were voluntary , and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists ( who supported the proposed new Constitution ) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally , and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests . The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs . Dougherty ( 2009 ) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis . This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms . Foreign policy The 1783 Treaty of Paris , which ended hostilities with Great Britain , languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified . Afterward , the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance . Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time , causing difficulties in raising a quorum . The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists , including George Washington . Many of the most prominent national leaders , such as Washington , John Adams , John Hancock , and Benjamin Franklin , retired from public life , served as foreign delegates , or held office in state governments ; and for the general public , local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory . This served to exacerbate Congress 's impotence . Inherent weaknesses in the confederation 's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy . In 1786 , Thomas Jefferson , concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates , wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that , `` It will be said there is no money in the treasury . There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth . '' Furthermore , the 1786 Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy . In this treaty , which was never ratified , the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years , which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains . Finally , due to the Confederation 's military weakness , it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which , in 1783 , the British promised to leave , but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation . This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 , after the federal Constitution came into force . Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was kept quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Congress was denied any powers of taxation : it could only request money from the states . The states often failed to meet these requests in full , leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money . As more money was printed by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated . In 1779 , George Washington wrote to John Jay , who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress , `` that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions . '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States . In an appeal to the States to comply , Jay wrote that the taxes were `` the price of liberty , the peace , and the safety of yourselves and posterity . '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said `` that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that `` her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith . '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them . Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention . Accomplishments This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation Nevertheless , the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and it established the precedent by which the national ( later , federal ) government would be sovereign and expand westward -- as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River . Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township ( 36 square miles ) , the section ( one square mile ) , and the quarter section ( 160 acres ) . This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi ( excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire ) . Then , when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867 , the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states . No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation . The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec ( referred to as `` Canada '' in the Articles ) into the United States if it chose to do so . It did not , and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission . Additionally , ordinances to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) , Kentucky , and Vermont to the Union were considered , but none were approved . Presidents of Congress Further information : President of the Continental Congress Under the Articles of Confederation , the presiding officer of Congress -- referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled -- chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess , and performed other administrative functions . He was not , however , an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive , since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress . There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles . The first , Samuel Huntington , had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28 , 1779 . President Term Samuel Huntington March 1 , 1781 -- July 10 , 1781 Thomas McKean July 10 , 1781 -- November 5 , 1781 John Hanson November 5 , 1781 -- November 4 , 1782 Elias Boudinot November 4 , 1782 -- November 3 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin November 3 , 1783 -- June 3 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee November 30 , 1784 -- November 4 , 1785 John Hancock November 23 , 1785 -- June 5 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham June 6 , 1786 -- November 3 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair February 2 , 1787 -- November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin January 22 , 1788 -- November 15 , 1788 The U.S. under the Articles Main article : Confederation Period The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president , no executive agencies , no judiciary and no tax base . The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states , which seldom arrived . Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue , as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government . The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency , spawning the expression `` not worth a continental '' . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports . By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population . The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis . Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15 , 1777 . A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress . On November 28 , the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned , and the cover letter , dated November 17 , had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson , who were the President and Secretary to the Congress . The Articles , however , were unsigned , and the date was blank . Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27 , 1778 . They ordered a final copy prepared ( the one in the National Archives ) , and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification . On July 9 , 1778 , the prepared copy was ready . They dated it , and began to sign . They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed . On that date , delegates present from New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified . New Jersey , Delaware and Maryland could not , since their states had not ratified . North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day , since their delegations were absent . After the first signing , some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended . For example , John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8 . John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive ( on July 10 ) , and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21 , 1778 . The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation . Georgia signed on July 24 , New Jersey on November 26 , and Delaware on February 12 , 1779 . Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims . Chevalier de La Luzerne , French Minister to the United States , felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government . In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British ( who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay ) , he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also `` sharply pressed '' Maryland to ratify the Articles , thus suggesting the two issues were related . The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2 , 1781 On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 . The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1 , 1781 , and was celebrated in the afternoon . With these events , the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state . Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half , and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years . Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates , and some of the signers had only recently arrived . The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time . Signers The signers and the states they represented were : Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman ( Connecticut ) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris ( Pennsylvania ) signed three of the great state papers of the United States : the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . John Dickinson ( Delaware ) , Daniel Carroll ( Maryland ) and Gouverneur Morris ( New York ) , along with Sherman and Robert Morris , were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution ( Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution ) . Gallery Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive . Preamble through Article V , ¶ 1 Article V , ¶ 2 through Article VI Article VII through Article IX , ¶ 2 Article IX , ¶ 2 through ¶ 5 Article IX , ¶ 5 through Article XIII , ¶ 2 Article XIII , ¶ 2 through signatures Revision and replacement On January 21 , 1786 , the Virginia Legislature , following James Madison 's recommendation , invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis , Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict . At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention , the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a `` Grand Convention . '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles , the representatives held secret , closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution . The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government , but characterization of the result is disputed . The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment , while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships . Historian Forrest McDonald , using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39 , describes the change this way : The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both . In May 1786 , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation . Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce , and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries . Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations , however , and Congress failed to reach a consensus . The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states , especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts . Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry , George Mason , and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution : Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the `` consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution . They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a `` splendid empire '' that , in the time - honored way of empires , would oppress the people with taxes , conscription , and military campaigns . Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people , Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people . Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787 . Jillson and Wilson ( 1994 ) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms , rules and institutional structures of the Congress , and the propensity to divide along sectional lines . Rakove ( 1988 ) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation . The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power . It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island . Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures `` stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes , mustering men , and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace . '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783 , especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy . Finally , the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means , thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power . When the war ended in 1783 , certain special interests had incentives to create a new `` merchant state , '' much like the British state people had rebelled against . In particular , holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims . Also , manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods , but competition among states made this impossible without a central government . Legitimacy of closing down Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation , John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that `` the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states , to which the states gave their voluntary consent , and until those obligations were fulfilled , neither nullification of the authority of congress , exercising its due powers , nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges . '' According to Article XIII of the Confederation , any alteration had to be approved unanimously : ( T ) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State , and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State . On the other hand , Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states , without unanimity : The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States , shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same . The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time , and remains a topic of scholarly discussion . In 1788 , James Madison remarked ( in Federalist No. 40 ) that the issue had become moot : `` As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention , I dismiss it without further observation . '' Nevertheless , it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground . At the time , there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation , but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply . Moreover , the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding . Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it , and thus `` other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule '' . In contrast , law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point ; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states , and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it . Final months On July 3 , 1788 , the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus , according to its terms , establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states . The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state . The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that , in light of this development , it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . By the end of July 1788 , 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution . Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October . On Saturday , September 13 , 1788 , the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution , and on Monday , September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states , set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president , and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end . On that same September 13 , it determined that New York would remain the national capital . See also History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Perpetual Union Vetocracy Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture References Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison p. 279 Jump up ^ Kelley , Martin . `` Why did the Articles of Confederation fail ? '' . About Education . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic : 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( January 14 , 1776 ) . `` Common Sense '' . In Foner , Eric . Paine : Collected Writings . The Library of America . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 2200 - 5 . ( Collection published 1995 . ) Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Magazine of History . Organization of American Historians. 18 ( 3 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 61 . Jump up ^ Jensen . Articles of Confederation . pp. 127 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Frederic D. ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` 225 Years Ago '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Articles of Confederation , 1777 -- 1781 '' . Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frederick D. Williams , Ed . The Northwest Ordinance : Essays on its Formulation , Provisions , and Legacy , p. 1782 . MSU Press , ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Editor on the Pennsylvania Avenue . p. 98 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mallory , John ( 1917 ) . United States Compiled Statutes. 10 . St. Paul : West Publishing Company . pp. 13044 -- 5 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin Benjamin ( 1872 ) . American Constitutions . Albany : Weed , Parsons , & Company . p. 10 . References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress : `` The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15 , 1778 . This error has come from the MS . vol. 9 ( History of Confederation ) , p. 123 , Papers of the Continental Congress , Library of Congress . '' Dyer , Albion M. ( 2008 ) ( 1911 ) . First Ownership of Ohio Lands . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Carp , E. Wayne ( 1980 ) . To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4269 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chadwick p. 469 . Phelps pp. 165 -- 166 . Phelps wrote : `` It is hardly surprising , given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states , that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 . Their wartime experiences had nationalized them . '' Jump up ^ Puls pp. 174 -- 176 ^ Jump up to : Puls p. 177 Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1893 ) . George Washington , Vol . I. I . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Keith L. ( Spring 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions , 1775 -- 1783 '' . Social Science History . 33 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 2008 - 015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . pp. 255 -- 259 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial Note : Jefferson 's Proposed Concert of Powers against the Barbary States '' . Founders Online . ( Original source : The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 10 , 22 June -- 31 December 1786 , ed . Julian P. Boyd . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1954 , pp. 560 -- 566 ) . Washington , D.C. : National Archives . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahr p. 105 Jump up ^ Stahr p. 107 Jump up ^ Stahr pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Satō , Shōsuke ( 1886 ) ( Digitized 2008 ) . History of the land question in the United States . Baltimore , Maryland : Isaac Friedenwald , for Johns Hopkins University . p. 352 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . pp. 245 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 091424 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . History in Dispute : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . St James Press . pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary America 1764 -- 1799 . Chelsea House Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 350 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ( 2008 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power , A History of the American People : To 1877 . Wadsworth Publishing Company . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83086 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2010 ) . John Adams : A Life . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . pp. 225 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20085 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sioussat , St. George L. ( October 1936 ) . `` THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION BY MARYLAND , 1780 - 1781 With Accompanying Documents '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 60 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 418 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg. 276 Jump up ^ Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . Roots of the Republic : American Founding Documents Interpreted . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rakove 1988 p. 230 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 154 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 153 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 - 1788 , p. 62 ( Simon and Schuster , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Francisco . The Constitution as Treaty : The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution , p. 5 ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil . America 's Constitution : A Biography , p. 517 ( Random House 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution , 1776 -- 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Lanman ; Joseph M. Morrison ( 1887 ) . Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States . J.M. Morrison . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 429 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86855 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Congress Broadside Collection for 1778 - Sep - 13 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Further reading Bernstein , R.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Parliamentary Principles , American Realities : The Continental and Confederation Congresses , 1774 -- 1789 '' . In Bowling , Kenneth R. & Kennon , Donald R. Inventing Congress : Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress . pp. 76 -- 108 . Brown , Roger H. ( 1993 ) . Redeeming the Republic : Federalists , Taxation , and the Origins of the Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6355 - 4 . Burnett , Edmund Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress : A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2005 ) . George Washington 's War . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 2610 - 6 . Feinberg , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Articles Of Confederation . Twenty First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2114 - 9 . Greene , Jack & Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Hendrickson , David C. ( 2003 ) . Peace Pact : The Lost World of the American Founding . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1237 - 8 . Hoffert , Robert W. ( 1992 ) . A Politics of Tensions : The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas . University Press of Colorado . Horgan , Lucille E. ( 2002 ) . Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy . Praeger Pub Text . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32161 - 0 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . -- -- ( 1950 ) . The New Nation . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . -- -- ( 1943 ) . `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution '' . Political Science Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2144490 . JSTOR 2144490 . Jillson , Calvin & Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2293 - 3 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Main , Jackson T. ( 1974 ) . Political Parties before the Constitution . WW Norton & Company Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00718 - 3 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1986 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 5 . Mclaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1935 ) . A Constitutional History of the United States . Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931313 - 31 - 5 . Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . New American Nation Series . HarperCollins Publishers . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . Nevins , Allan ( 1924 ) . The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . New York : Macmillan . Parent , Joseph M. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Structural Idol : An American Federalist Republic ? '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 535 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2009. tb00658. x . Phelps , Glenn A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Republican General '' . In Higginbotham , Don . George Washington Reconsidered . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2005 - 1 . Puls , Mark ( 2008 ) . Henry Knox : Visionary General of the American Revolution . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8427 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1982 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . Johns Hopkins University Press . -- -- ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . Greenwood Press . pp. 225 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25610 - 1 . Van Cleve , George William ( 2017 ) . We Have Not a Government : The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 48050 - 3 . 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who played buddy on here come the brides
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Here Come the Brides - wikipedia Here Come the Brides <Th_colspan="2"> Here Come the Brides <Td_colspan="2"> Joan Blondell as Lottie Genre Comedy Western Starring Robert Brown David Soul Bobby Sherman Bridget Hanley Mark Lenard Joan Blondell Henry Beckman Susan Tolsky Theme music composer Hugo Montenegro Jack Keller Ernie Sheldon Opening theme `` Seattle '' Composer ( s ) Paul Sawtell Shorty Rogers Warren Barker Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Camera setup Single - camera Running time 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Screen Gems Distributor Sony Pictures Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Picture format Color Audio format Monaural Original release September 25 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 25 ) -- April 3 , 1970 ( 1970 - 04 - 03 ) Here Come the Brides is an American comedy Western series from Screen Gems that aired on the ABC television network from September 25 , 1968 to April 3 , 1970 . The series was loosely based upon the Mercer Girls project , Asa Mercer 's efforts to bring civilization to old Seattle in the 1860s by importing marriageable women from the east coast cities of the United States , where the ravages of the American Civil War left those towns short of men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Backstory 2 Plot summary 3 Cast 3.1 Main characters 3.2 Recurring characters 3.3 Notable guest stars 4 Reception 5 Music 6 French version 7 DVD releases and books 8 Syndication 9 Star Trek crossover 10 References 11 External links Backstory ( edit ) The producers said the show was inspired by the movie Seven Brides for Seven Brothers in an interview with LA Times TV critic Cecil Smith . As a television western , set shortly after the end of the Civil War , the series rarely featured any form of gunplay , and violence was generally limited to comical fistfights . This was in keeping with the restrictions on television violence at the time . Stories highlighted the importance of cooperation , inter-racial harmony , and peaceful resolution of conflict . Plots were usually a mix of drama and humor . Being one of the first shows targeted at young women , most of the humor was at the expense of the men , but not particularly bitingly so . The 1951 movie Westward the Women follows a similar theme . Plot summary ( edit ) Candy 's brother and sister arrive in Seattle In the pilot episode , smooth - talking , charismatic logging company boss Jason Bolt ( Robert Brown ) is faced with a shutdown of his operation as lonely lumberjacks are ready to leave Seattle due to the lack of female companionship . He promises to find marriageable ladies willing to come to the frontier town ( population 152 ) and stay for a full year . Sawmill owner Aaron Stempel ( Mark Lenard ) puts up much of the expense money as a wager that Bolt wo n't succeed in bringing 100 suitable women ; the Bolt brothers betting their mountain , named Bridal Veil Mountain , home to their logging company . The Bolts travel to New Bedford , Massachusetts , recruit the women , then charter a mule - ship to take them back to Seattle . The local saloon owner , Lottie ( Joan Blondell ) takes the women under her wing and becomes a mother figure to them , while Bolt desperately works to keep the women from leaving at the next high tide . Eventually , the women decide to give Seattle and the loggers a chance . The ship 's captain , Clancy ( Henry Beckman ) , develops a relationship with Lottie and becomes a regular character in the series . Much of the dramatic and comedic tension in the first season revolved around Stempel 's efforts to sabotage the deal and take over the Bolts ' holdings . Stempel became more friendly in the second and final season , which focused more on the development of individual characters and the conflicts associated with newcomers and with people just passing through . One running theme is the importance of family , as the Bolt brothers show through the closeness of their relationships , that by sticking together , democratically taking family votes , they can overcome the surprising obstacles life presents . Bobby Sherman and David Soul were propelled to pop stardom as Jason 's brothers , Jeremy and Joshua . Jeremy took a prominent role , not only as the boyfriend of Candy Pruitt ( Bridget Hanley ) , the beautiful , unofficial leader of the brides , but also as a young man struggling with a conversation - stopping stammer . In one episode , he is temporarily cured of his impediment , following coaching by a traveler who has come to Seattle . Upon discovering that his benefactor is actually a con artist , his faith is shaken so deeply that the stammer returns . The show addressed many social issues -- racism , ethnic discrimination , treatment of the handicapped and mentally impaired , business ethics , and ecology . Cast ( edit ) Clockwise from left : Bobby Sherman , Bridget Hanley , David Soul , Robert Brown , Joan Blondell Main characters ( edit ) First season Opening credits sequence : Jason Bolt ( Robert Brown ) Jeremy Bolt ( Bobby Sherman ) Joshua Bolt ( David Soul ) Aaron Stempel ( Mark Lenard ) Candace `` Candy '' Pruitt ( Bridget Hanley ) Lottie Hatfield ( Joan Blondell ) Ending credits : Captain Clancey ( Henry Beckman ) Biddie Cloom ( Susan Tolsky ) Recurring characters ( edit ) Ben Perkins ( Hoke Howell ) Corky ( Robert Biheller ) Olaf `` Big Swede '' Gustavsen ( Bo Svenson ) Essie Halliday ( Mitzi Hoag ) , school teacher and eventually Big Swede 's wife Franny ( Carole Shelyne ) Ann ( Cynthia Hull ) Second season Opening credits : Those listed for the first season , plus Captain Clancey ( Henry Beckman ) Biddie Cloom ( Susan Tolsky ) End credits : Ben Perkins ( Hoke Howell ) Corky ( Robert Biheller ) Christopher Pruitt ( Eric Chase , 1969 -- 1970 ) , Candy Pruitt 's younger brother Molly Pruitt ( Patti Cohoon , 1969 -- 1970 ) , Candy 's younger sister Notable guest stars ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A young Bruce Lee appeared as a Chinese immigrant named Lin in the episode `` Marriage Chinese Style '' ( 1969 ) . This character was the only dramatic English language non-martial arts role in Lee 's acting career . Character actress Nora Marlowe played Mrs. Bronson in the same episode . Cicely Tyson , Jane Wyatt , Edward Asner , Majel Barrett ( Star Trek ) , Barry Williams ( pre-The Brady Bunch ) , Marge Redmond and Madeline Sherwood ( both known as regulars in The Flying Nun ) , Bernard Fox ( Dr. Bombay of Bewitched ) , Vic Tayback ( an extra as one of ' Jason 's men ' in the premiere episode , later a guest star ) , Lynda Day George , Bob Cummings ( star of The Bob Cummings Show 1955 - 1959 on NBC and The New Bob Cummings Show 1961 - 1962 on CBS ) , Daniel J. Travanti and James B. Sikking ( both later known for Hill Street Blues ) , Larry Linville ( M * A * S * H ) and Billy Mumy ( Lost in Space ) all made guest appearances . Mitzi Hoag , who played Miss Essie during the season 1 , had two guest roles in season 2 as completely different characters , one as a Greek immigrant in the episode `` Land Grant '' and another as a nun in the episode `` Absalom '' . Reception ( edit ) First season ratings were impressive enough to ensure its renewal for a second season , though only 152 ABC affiliates agreed to broadcast the series ( compared to another Screen Gems ' series , Bewitched , which was broadcast on 217 ABC affiliates in the same 1968 / 69 season ) . However , for that second season , the family - geared series was moved from the 7 : 30 Wednesday night `` Family Hour '' to the more adult - oriented time slot of 9 : 00 Friday night in September 1969 . This move to the Friday night death slot combined with the low ABC affiliate support caused the ratings to quickly slide out of the top 40 , and production ceased in the spring of 1970 , although most of those ABC affiliates repeated episodes throughout the summer months , as was then a standard procedure with most series . The final primetime episode in the United States was broadcast on Friday September 18 , 1970 . Joan Blondell received Emmy award nominations each season for her performance as Lottie Hatfield . She lost to Barbara Bain in 1969 , and to Susan Hampshire in 1970 . Music ( edit ) The theme song `` Seattle '' was written by Jack Keller and Ernie Sheldon . Both Perry Como and Bobby Sherman recorded slightly different variations of the song . Como scored a minor hit , with his version reaching No. 38 in the U.S. Sherman 's version , although receiving some airplay , was never released as a single . There is no reference in either version regarding the TV series title , i.e. ; `` ... look out everyone ! Here Come the Brides ! '' Starting with the series debut in September 1968 the series opened with a rousing instrumental score featuring screen stills of `` Jason '' , `` Jeremy & Joshua '' , `` Candy & Aaron '' and `` Lottie '' . Starting with episode 8 ( `` A Jew Named Sullivan '' ) as evidenced by the end credits , and to coincide with the spring 1969 release of the Perry Como ' pop ' recording , the TV theme was reworked by overdubbing vocals / lyrics to the same theme music already recorded ( as used previously ) along with updating all the opening character stills , including the addition of a `` Clancy & Biddie '' screen . The added lyrics performed by `` The New Establishment '' and updated screen stills were featured for the remainder of the first season and remained unchanged for the entire second season . In the beginning syndication years , the instrumental version of the opening credits was placed on all episodes . In recent years , the vocal theme of the opening credits has been restored to the second season episodes ( although with the first season screen stills ) . French version ( edit ) A French - language version of the show and theme song ( performed by a chorus of male singers ) was a smash hit in French Canada , under the title Cent filles à marier ( A Hundred Girls to Marry Off ) . The show capitalized on the popularlity of the American version and the fact that a similar `` bride drive '' ( see Filles du roi ) is also part of Québec 's cultural mythos . DVD releases and Books ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season on DVD in Region 1 on May 16 , 2006 . On October 14 , 2011 , Shout ! Factory announced that it had acquired the home - video rights to the series , and it later released the final season on DVD . It was subsequently released on February 28 , 2012 . However , the season 1 opening cast - and - credit sequence was used for this release , using the New Establishment 's vocals , but ignoring Henry Beckman 's and Susan Tolsky 's respective credits . In December 2009 , BearManor Media released a nostalgic look into the program 's history , Gangway , Lord : ( The ) Here Come The Brides Book by Jonathan Etter , which featured a foreword by Robert Brown . Bobby Sherman was the only ( then ) surviving cast member who did not participate with the publication . However , Sherman did discuss the series in his autobiography , Bobby Sherman : Still Remembering You , whose contents he dictated to Dena Hill , and subsequently published by Contemporary Books in 1996 . Syndication ( edit ) Reruns were aired on CBN Cable during the mid-1980s . Early in January 2011 , digital sub-network Antenna TV began airing the series . INSP broadcast the series in 2018 . The Decades channel aired most of the series during a weekend marathon on June 2 - 3 , 2018 in widescreen format . The episodes were cropped for the widescreen presentation . Star Trek crossover ( edit ) Barbara Hambly 's Star Trek novel Ishmael has Spock traveling back to the time and place of Here Come the Brides after discovering a Klingon plot to destroy the Federation by killing Aaron Stempel ( spelled `` Stemple '' in the book ) before he could thwart an attempted 19th - century alien invasion of Earth . During most of the story , Spock has lost his memory and is cared for by Stempel , who passes him off as his nephew `` Ishmael '' and helps him hide his alien origins . At the end of the story , Captain Kirk discovers that Stempel was one of Spock 's mother 's ancestors , a reference to the fact that Mark Lenard also played Spock 's father Sarek in episodes of the original Star Trek and Star Trek : The Next Generation , as well as several of the Star Trek motion pictures . In that sense , Lenard played both Spock 's father and his maternal ancestor . Jane Wyatt who played Spock 's mother in the original series , made a guest appearance in the show 's second season . She did not have any scenes with Mark Lenard . Aside from Lenard , other Star Trek guest cast members were series regulars : Robert Brown ( both of the Lazaruses in `` The Alternative Factor '' ) , David Soul ( Makora in `` The Apple '' ) , and semi-regular Carole Shelyne ( the visible representation of a Metron in `` Arena '' , whose voice Vic Perrin provided in that installment ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Television Obscurities - The Ugliest Girl in Town '' . Jump up ^ Here Come the Brides - Official Press Release , Plus Rear Box Art & Revised Front Art Archived 2011 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . TVShowsonDVD.com 2006 - 03 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Here Come the Brides - ' The Complete 2nd Season : ' Shout ! 's Street Date , Cost , Packaging Archived 2011 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . TVShowsonDVD.com , 2001 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.tor.com/2012/05/10/spock-to-the-future-barbara-hamblys-ishmael/ Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=BLcfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA322 Jump up ^ http://www.thesearethevoyagesbooks.com/filming-of-alternative-factor.html Jump up ^ https://www.argusleader.com/story/life/2018/01/10/looking-back-how-david-soul-made-sioux-falls-starsky-and-hutch/1021045001/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Here Come the Brides . Here Come the Brides on IMDb Here Come the Brides at TV.com Here Come the Brides Fan Club Website Behind - the - scenes production photos Collection of crew member Stephen Lodge ( set costumer ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Come_the_Brides&oldid=846561733 '' Categories : 1968 American television series debuts 1970 American television series endings 1960s American sitcoms 1970s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Culture of Seattle English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Seattle Western ( genre ) television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 14 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Here Come the Brides - American comedy Western series
2. Mercer Girls project - importing marriageable women to old Seattle
3. Plot revolves around finding marriageable ladies for a frontier town
4. Main characters include Jason Bolt, Jeremy Bolt, Joshua Bolt, and Candy Pruitt
5. Series addresses social issues such as racism, business ethics, and ecology
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6,250,127,088,142,909,000 |
last roman emperor to rule east and west
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Western Roman Empire - wikipedia Western Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Western Empire '' redirects here . For the Frankish State , see Carolingian Empire . <Td_colspan="3"> Roman Empire <Td_colspan="3"> Senatus Populusque Romanus Imperium Romanum <Td_colspan="3"> Western division of the Roman Empire <Td_colspan="3"> 285 -- 476 <Td_colspan="3"> Tremissis depicting Flavius Julius Nepos ( 474 - 480 ) , the de jure last Emperor of the Western Court <Td_colspan="3"> The Western Roman Empire at its greatest extent ca . AD 395 <Td_colspan="2"> Capital Mediolanum ( 286 -- 402 ) Ravenna ( 402 -- 476 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Languages Latin ( official ) Koine Greek , Aquitanian , Gaulish , Common Brittonic , Gothic , Neo-Punic , Berber <Td_colspan="2"> Religion Roman religion until 4th century Christianity ( state church ) after 380 <Td_colspan="2"> Government Autocracy , Tetrarchy ( 293 -- 313 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Emperor 395 -- 423 Honorius 457 -- 461 Majorian 475 -- 476 Romulus Augustulus <Td_colspan="2"> Consul 395 Flavius Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius , Flavius Anicius Probinus 476 Basiliscus , Flavius Armatus <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature Roman Senate <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era Late Antiquity Division of Diocletianus 285 Division after Constantine I 337 Division by Valentinian I 364 Division after Theodosius I 395 Deposition of Romulus Augustus 4 September 476 <Td_colspan="3"> Area 395 2,000,000 km ( 770,000 sq mi ) <Td_colspan="2"> Currency Roman currency <Td_colspan="3"> Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Empire Kingdom of Italy ( 476 - 493 ) Visigothic Kingdom Domain of Soissons Domain of Moor Sub-Roman Britain Kingdom of Burgundy Francia Vandal Kingdom Alamannia Suebic Kingdom of Galicia Armorica <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of Various countries ( show ) Algeria Andorra Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia France Germany Gibraltar Guernsey Hungary Italy Jersey Liechtenstein Libya Luxembourg Malta Monaco Morocco Netherlands Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Tunisia United Kingdom Vatican City In historiography , the Western Roman Empire consists of the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court , coequal with ( or only nominally subordinate to ) that administering the eastern half . Both `` Western Roman Empire '' and `` Eastern Roman Empire '' ( or `` Byzantine Empire '' ) are modern terms describing de facto independent entities ; however , at no point did the Romans consider the Empire split into two , but rather considered it a single state governed by two separate Imperial courts out of administrative expediency . The view that the Empire was impossible to govern by one emperor was established by Diocletian following the disastrous civil wars and disintegration of the Crisis of the 3rd century , and was instituted in Roman law by his introduction of the Tetrarchy in AD 285 , a form of government which was legally to endure in one form or another for centuries . The Western Court was periodically abolished and recreated for the next two centuries until final abolition by Zeno in 480 , by which time there was little effective central control left in the area legally administered by the Western Court . The Western Roman Empire existed intermittently in several periods between the 3rd and 5th centuries , after Diocletian 's Tetrarchy and the reunifications associated with Constantine the Great and Julian the Apostate ( 331 / 2 -- 363 ) . Theodosius I divided the Empire upon his death ( in 395 ) between his two sons . Finally , eighty - five years later , Zeno of the Eastern Empire recognized the reality of the Western Empire 's reduced domain -- Roman power ceased to exist even in the Italian Peninsula -- after the deposition of Romulus Augustus and the subsequent death of Julius Nepos , and therefore proclaimed himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire . The rise of Odoacer of the Foederati to rule over Italy in 476 was popularized by eighteenth - century historian Edward Gibbon as a demarcating event for the end of the Western Empire and is sometimes used to mark the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages . Imperial rule was reimposed in large parts of the West in the sixth century by the armies of the Eastern Roman Empire but political upheaval in the East Roman heartlands saw the Western provinces slip away once more , this time for good . Frankish king Charlemagne would be declared in AD 800 in an attempt to revive the Western Roman Empire ; this new imperial line would evolve in time into the Holy Roman Empire , which revived the imperial title but was otherwise in no meaningful sense an extension of Roman traditions or institutions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Rebellions , uprisings , and political developments 1.2 Economic stagnation in the West 1.3 Crisis of the 3rd century 1.4 Tetrarchy 1.5 Constantine the Great 1.6 Second division 1.7 Final division 2 Economic factors 3 Sack of Rome and Fall of the Western Roman Empire 3.1 Last Emperor 4 Political change after the empire 's fall 4.1 Theodoric 4.2 East Roman reconquest 5 Legacy 6 List of Western Roman Emperors 6.1 Gallic Emperors ( 259 to 273 ) 6.2 Tetrarchy ( 293 to 313 ) 6.3 Constantinian dynasty ( 313 to 363 ) 6.4 Non-dynastic ( 363 to 364 ) 6.5 Valentinian dynasty ( 364 to 392 ) 6.6 Non-dynastic ( 392 to 394 ) 6.7 Theodosian dynasty ( 394 to 455 ) 6.8 Non-dynastic ( 455 to 480 ) 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) As the Roman Republic expanded , it reached a point where the central government in Rome could not effectively rule the distant provinces . Communications and transportation were especially problematic given the vast extent of the Empire . News of invasion , revolt , natural disasters , or epidemic outbreak was carried by ship or mounted postal service , often requiring much time to reach Rome and for Rome 's orders to be realized in the province of origin . For this reason , provincial governors had de facto rule in the name of the Roman Republic . Prior to the establishment of the Empire , the territories of the Roman Republic had been divided in 43 BC among the members of the Second Triumvirate : Mark Antony , Octavian and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus . Antony received the provinces in the East : Achaea , Macedonia and Epirus ( roughly modern Greece , Albania and the coast of Croatia ) , Bithynia , Pontus and Asia ( roughly modern Turkey ) , Syria , Cyprus , and Cyrenaica . These lands had previously been conquered by Alexander the Great ; thus , much of the aristocracy was of Greek origin . The whole region , especially the major cities , had been largely assimilated into Greek culture , Greek often serving as the lingua franca . The Roman Republic before the conquests of Octavian Octavian obtained the Roman provinces of the West : Italia ( modern Italy ) , Gaul ( modern France ) , Gallia Belgica ( parts of modern Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ) , and Hispania ( modern Spain and Portugal ) . These lands also included Greek and Carthaginian colonies in the coastal areas , though Celtic tribes such as Gauls and Celtiberians were culturally dominant . Lepidus received the minor province of Africa ( roughly modern Tunisia ) . Octavian soon took Africa from Lepidus , while adding Sicilia ( modern Sicily ) to his holdings . Upon the defeat of Mark Antony , a victorious Octavian controlled a united Roman Empire . While the Roman Empire featured many distinct cultures , all were often said to experience gradual Romanization . While the predominantly Greek culture of the East and the predominantly Latin culture of the West functioned effectively as an integrated whole , political and military developments would ultimately realign the Empire along those cultural and linguistic lines . Rebellions , uprisings , and political developments ( edit ) Minor rebellions and uprisings were fairly common events throughout the Empire . Conquered tribes or cities would revolt , and the legions would be detached to crush the rebellion . While this process was simple in peacetime , it could be considerably more complicated in wartime , as for example in the Great Jewish Revolt . In a full - blown military campaign , the legions , under generals such as Vespasian , were far more numerous . To ensure a commander 's loyalty , a pragmatic emperor might hold some members of the general 's family hostage . To this end , Nero effectively held Domitian and Quintus Petillius Cerialis , governor of Ostia , who were respectively the younger son and brother - in - law of Vespasian . The rule of Nero ended only with the revolt of the Praetorian Guard , who had been bribed in the name of Galba . The Praetorian Guard , a figurative `` sword of Damocles '' , were often perceived as being of dubious loyalty . Following their example , the legions at the borders increased participation in the civil wars . The main enemy in the West was arguably the Germanic tribes behind the rivers Rhine and Danube . Augustus had tried to conquer them but ultimately pulled back after the Teutoburg reversal . The Parthian Empire , arch - rival of Rome , at its greatest extent , c. 60 BC The Parthian Empire , in the East , on the other hand , was too remote and powerful to be conquered . Any Parthian invasion was confronted and usually defeated ; similarly , Parthians repelled some attempts of Roman invasion , however , even after successful wars of conquest , such as those implemented by Trajan and Septimius Severus . Those distant territories were forsaken to prevent unrest and also to ensure a more healthy and lasting peace with the Persians . The Parthians were followed by the Sasanian Empire , which continued hostilities with the Roman Empire . Controlling the western border of Rome was reasonably easy because it was relatively close and also because of the disunity between the Germanic foes , however , controlling both frontiers altogether during wartime was difficult . If the emperor was near the border in the East , chances were high that an ambitious general would rebel in the West and vice versa . This wartime opportunism plagued many ruling emperors and indeed paved the road to power for several future emperors . Economic stagnation in the West ( edit ) Rome and the Italian peninsula began to experience an economic slowdown as industries and money began to move outward . By the beginning of the 2nd century AD , the economic stagnation of Italia was seen in the provincial - born Emperors , such as Trajan and Hadrian . Economic problems increased in strength and frequency . The Roman Empire in 268 Crisis of the 3rd century ( edit ) Starting on 18 March 235 , with the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus , the Roman Empire sank into a 50 - year civil war , now known as the Crisis of the Third Century . The rise of the bellicose Sassanid dynasty in Parthia posed a major threat to Rome in the east . Demonstrating the increased danger , Emperor Valerian was captured by Shapur I in 259 . His eldest son and heir - apparent , Gallienus , succeeded and took up the fight on the eastern frontier . Gallienus ' son , Saloninus , and the Praetorian Prefect Silvanus were residing in Colonia Agrippina ( modern Cologne ) to solidify the loyalty of the local legions . Nevertheless , Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus - the local governor of the German provinces -- rebelled ; his assault on Colonia Agrippina resulted in the deaths of Saloninus and the prefect . In the confusion that followed , an independent state known as the Gallic Empire emerged . Its capital was Augusta Treverorum ( modern Trier ) , and it quickly expanded its control over the German and Gaulish provinces and over all of Hispania and Britannia . It had its own senate , and a partial list of its consuls still survives . It maintained Roman religion , language , and culture , and was far more concerned with fighting the Germanic tribes than other Romans . However , in the reign of Claudius Gothicus ( 268 to 270 ) , large expanses of the Gallic Empire were restored to Roman rule . At roughly the same time , several eastern provinces seceded under the Palmyrene Empire , under the rule of Queen Zenobia . In 272 , Emperor Aurelian finally managed to reclaim Palmyra and its territory for the empire . With the East secure , his attention was turned to the West , taking the Gallic Empire a year later . Because of a secret deal between Aurelian and Gallic Emperor Tetricus I and his son Tetricus II , the Gallic army was swiftly defeated . In exchange , Aurelian spared their lives and gave the two former rebels important positions in Italy . The organization of the Empire under the Tetrarchy . Tetrarchy ( edit ) Main article : Tetrarchy The external borders were mostly stable for the remainder of the Crisis of the Third Century , although , between the death of Aurelian in 275 and the accession of Diocletian ten years later , at least eight emperors or would - be emperors were killed , many assassinated by their own troops . Under Diocletian , the political division of the Roman Empire began . In 285 , he promoted Maximian to the rank of Augustus ( Emperor ) and gave him control of the Western regions of the Empire . In 293 , Galerius and Constantius Chlorus were appointed as their subordinates ( Caesars ) , creating the First Tetrarchy . This system effectively divided the Empire into four major regions and created separate capitals besides Rome as a way to avoid the civil unrest that had marked the 3rd century . In the West , the capitals were Maximian 's Mediolanum ( now Milan ) and Constantius ' Trier . In the East , the capitals were Sirmium and Nicomedia . On 1 May 305 , the two senior Augusti stepped down , and their respective Caesars were promoted to Augusti and appointed two new Caesars , thus creating the Second Tetrarchy . Constantine the Great ( edit ) Main article : Constantine the Great The system of the Tetrarchy quickly ran aground when the Western Roman Empire 's Constantius died unexpectedly in 306 , and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Augustus of the West by the legions in Britain . A crisis followed as several claimants attempted to rule the Western half . In 308 , the Augustus of the East , Galerius , arranged a conference at Carnuntum which revived the Tetrarchy by dividing the West between Constantine and a newcomer named Licinius . Constantine was far more interested in conquering the whole empire . Through a series of battles in the East and the West , Licinius and Constantine stabilized their respective parts of the Roman Empire by 314 , and began to compete for sole control of a reunified state . Constantine emerged victorious in 324 after the surrender and murder of Licinius following the Battle of Chrysopolis . The Tetrarchy ended , but the idea of dividing the Roman Empire between two emperors had been validated . Very strong emperors would reunite it under their single rule , but with their death the Roman Empire would be divided again and again between the East and the West . Second division ( edit ) Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I : from west to east , the territories of Constantine II , Constans I , Dalmatius and Constantius II . After the death of Constantine I ( May 337 ) , this was the formal division of the Empire , until Dalmatius was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius . Constantius was born in 317 at Sirmium , Pannonia . He was the third son of Constantine the Great , and second by his second wife Fausta , the daughter of Maximian . Constantius was made Caesar by his father on 13 November 324 . The Roman Empire was under the rule of a single Emperor , but , with the death of Constantine in 337 , civil war erupted among his three sons , dividing the Empire into three parts . The West was unified in 340 under Constans , who was assassinated in 350 under the order of the usurper Magnentius ; after Magnentius lost the Battle of Mursa Major and committed suicide , a complete reunification of the whole Empire occurred in 353 , with Constantius II . Constantius II focused most of his power in the East and is regarded as the first emperor of the Byzantine Empire . Under his rule , the city of Byzantium - only recently re-founded as Constantinople - was fully developed as a capital . In 361 , Constantius II became ill and died , and Constantius Chlorus ' grandson Julian , who had served as Constantius II 's Caesar , assumed power . Julian was killed in 363 in the Battle of Samarra against the Persian Empire and was succeeded by Jovian , who ruled only until 364 . Final division ( edit ) The division of the Empire after the death of Theodosius I , ca. 395 AD superimposed on modern borders . Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire Stone - carved relief depicting the liberation of a besieged city by a relief force , with those defending the walls making a sortie ( i.e. a sudden attack against a besieging enemy from within the besieged town ) ; Western Roman Empire , early 5th century AD Following the death of Jovian , Valentinian I emerged as Emperor in 364 . He immediately divided the Empire once again , giving the eastern half to his brother Valens . Stability was not achieved for long in either half , as the conflicts with outside forces ( tribes ) intensified . In 376 , the Visigoths , fleeing before the Ostrogoths , who in turn were fleeing before the Huns , were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle into the Balkans by the Eastern government . Mistreatment caused a full - scale rebellion , and in 378 they inflicted a crippling defeat on the Eastern Roman field army in the Battle of Adrianople , in which Valens also died . The campaigns to subdue them were only partly successful , and they officially became semi-independent foederati under their own leaders . More than in the East , there was also opposition to the Christianizing policy of the Emperors in the western half of the Empire . In 379 , Valentinian I 's son and successor Gratian declined to wear the mantle of Pontifex Maximus , and in 382 he rescinded the rights of pagan priests and removed the Altar of Victory from the Roman Curia , a decision which caused dissatisfaction among the traditionally pagan aristocracy of Rome . Theodosius I later decreed a ban on all religions except orthodox Christianity . The political situation was unstable . In 383 , a powerful and popular general named Magnus Maximus seized power in the West and forced Gratian 's half - brother Valentinian II to flee to the East for aid ; in a destructive civil war , the Eastern Emperor Theodosius I restored him to power . In 392 , the Frankish and pagan magister militum Arbogast assassinated Valentinian II and proclaimed an obscure senator named Eugenius as Emperor . In 394 the forces of the two halves of the Empire again clashed with great loss of life . Again Theodosius I won , and he briefly ruled a united Empire until his death in 395 . He was the last Emperor to rule both parts of the Roman Empire ; his older son Arcadius inherited the eastern half while the younger Honorius got the western half . Both were still minors and neither was capable of ruling effectively . Honorius was placed under the tutelage of the half - Roman / half - barbarian magister militum Flavius Stilicho while Rufinus became the power behind the throne in the east . Rufinus and Stilicho were rivals , and their disagreements were exploited by the Gothic leader Alaric I who again rebelled following the death of Theodosius I. Neither half of the Empire could raise forces sufficient even to subdue Alaric 's men , and both tried to use Alaric against the other half . Alaric himself tried to establish a long - term territorial and official base , but was never able to do so . Stilicho tried to defend Italy and bring the invading Goths under control , but to do so he stripped the Rhine frontier of troops and the Vandals , Alans , and Suevi invaded Gaul in large numbers . Stilicho became a victim of court intrigues and was killed in 408 . While the East began a slow recovery and consolidation , the West began to collapse entirely . Alaric 's men sacked Rome in 410 . Economic factors ( edit ) The West , less urbanized with a spread - out populace , may have experienced an economic decline throughout the Late Empire in some provinces . Southern Italy , northern Gaul ( except for large towns and cities ) to some extent Spain and the Danubian areas may have suffered . The East was not so destitute , especially as Emperors like Constantine the Great and Constantius II had invested heavily in the eastern economy . As a result , the Eastern Empire could afford large numbers of professional soldiers and augment them with mercenaries , while the Western Roman Empire could not afford this to the same extent . Even in major defeats , the East could , certainly not without difficulties , buy off its enemies with a ransom . The political , economic and military control of the Eastern Empire 's resources remained safe in Constantinople , which was well fortified and located at the crossroads of several major trade and military routes . In contrast , the Western Empire was more fragmented . Its capital was transferred to Ravenna in 402 largely for defensive reasons , and it had easy access to the imperial fleet of the Eastern Empire but was isolated in other aspects as it was surrounded by swamps and marshes . The economic power remained focused on Rome and its hyper - rich senatorial aristocracy which dominated much of Italy and Africa in particular . After Gallienus banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century , the senatorial elite lost all experience of -- and interest in -- military life . In the early 5th century the wealthy landowning elite of the Roman Senate largely barred its tenants from military service , but it also refused to approve sufficient funding for maintaining a sufficiently powerful mercenary army to defend the entire Western Empire . The West 's most important military area had been northern Gaul and the Rhine frontier in the 4th century , when Trier frequently served as the capital of the Empire and many leading Western generals were Barbarians . After the civil war in 394 between Theodosius I and Eugenius , the new Western government installed by Theodosius I increasingly had to divert military resources from Britain and the Rhine to protect Italy . This , in turn , led to further rebellions and civil wars because the Western imperial government was not providing the military protection the northern provinces expected and needed against the barbarians . The Western Empire 's resources were much limited , and the lack of available manpower forced the government to rely ever more on confederate barbarian troops operating under their own commanders , where the Western Empire would often have difficulties paying . In certain cases deals were struck with the leaders of barbaric mercenaries rewarding them with land , which led to the Empire 's decline as less land meant there would be less tax revenue to support the military . As the central power weakened , the State gradually lost control of its borders and provinces , as well as control over the Mediterranean Sea . Roman Emperors tried to maintain control of the sea , but , once the Vandals conquered North Africa , imperial authorities had to cover too much ground with too few resources . The loss of the African provinces might have been the worse reversal on the West 's fortunes , since they were among its wealthiest territories and supplied the essential grain imports to Italy . In many places , the Roman institutions collapsed along with the economic stability . In some regions , such as Gaul and Italy , the settlement of barbarians on former Roman lands seems to have caused relatively little disruption . Sack of Rome and Fall of the Western Roman Empire ( edit ) See also : Fall of the Western Roman Empire Germanic and Hunnic invasions of the Roman Empire , 100 -- 500 AD The Roman Empire during the reigns of Majorian ( west ) and Leo I ( east ) in 460 AD . Roman rule in the west would last less than two more decades , whereas the territory of the east would remain static until the reconquests of Justinian I . The Western and the Eastern Roman Empires by 476 Remaining as emperor after the death of Stilicho in 408 , Honorius reigned until his own death in 423 . His reign was filled with usurpations and invasions . In 410 , Rome was sacked by Alaric 's forces . This event made a great impression on contemporaries , as this was the first time since the Gallic invasions of the 4th century BC that the city had fallen to a foreign enemy . Under Alaric 's successors , the Goths then settled in Gaul ( 412 -- 418 ) , from where they operated as Roman allies against the Vandals , Alans , and Suevi in Spain , and against the usurper Jovinus ( 413 ) . Meanwhile , another usurper , Constantine ( 406 -- 411 ) , had stripped Roman Britain of its defenses when he crossed over to Gaul in 407 , leaving the Romanized population subject to invasions , first by the Picts and then by the Saxons , Angli , and the Jutes who began to settle permanently from about 440 onwards . Honorius ' death in 423 was followed by turmoil until the Eastern Roman government with the force of arms installed Valentinian III as Western Emperor in Ravenna , with Galla Placidia acting as regent during her son 's minority . After a violent struggle with several rivals , and against Placidia 's wish , Aetius rose to the rank of magister militum . Aetius was able to stabilize the Western Empire 's military situation somewhat , relying heavily on his Hunnic allies . With their help , he defeated the Burgundians , who had occupied part of southern Gaul after 407 , and settled them in Savoy as Roman allies ( 433 ) . Later that century , as Roman power faded away , the Burgundians extended their rule to the Rhone valley . Meanwhile , pressure from the Visigoths and a rebellion by Bonifacius , the governor of Africa , induced the Vandals under their king Gaiseric to cross over from Spain in 429 . They temporarily halted in Numidia ( 435 ) before moving eastward and capturing Carthage , from where they established an independent state with a powerful navy ( 439 ) . The Vandal fleet became a constant danger to Roman sea trade and the coasts and islands of the western and central Mediterranean . In 444 , the Huns , who had been employed as Roman allies by Aetius , were united under their ambitious king Attila . Turning against their former ally , the Huns became a formidable threat to the Empire . Attila then received a plea for help and the ring of Honoria , the Emperor 's sister . Threatening war , he claimed half of the Western Empire 's territory as his dowry . Faced with refusal , he invaded Gaul and was only stopped in the battle of the Catalaunian Plains by a combined Roman - Germanic army led by Aetius . The next year , Attila invaded Italy and proceeded to march upon Rome , but an outbreak of disease in his army , Pope Leo 's plea for peace , and reports of a campaign of Marcianus directed at his headquarters in Pannonia induced him to halt this campaign . Attila unexpectedly died a year later ( 453 ) . Aetius was slain in 454 by Valentinian , who was then himself murdered by the dead general 's supporters a year later . With the end of the Theodosian dynasty , a new period of dynastic struggle ensued . The Vandals took advantage of the unrest and sailed up to Rome , which they plundered in 455 . The instability caused by usurpers throughout the Western Empire helped these tribes in their conquests , and by the 450s the Germanic tribes had become usurpers themselves . During the next twenty years , several Western Emperors were installed by Constantinople , but their authority relied upon barbarian commanders ( Ricimer ( 456 -- 472 ) , Gundobad ( 473 -- 475 ) ) . Majorian was the last emperor to campaign in Gaul and Spain in 458 - 460 before being deposed and murdered by Ricimer . From the 460s onwards , imperial control was effectively restricted to Italy and southern Gaul as the remaining Western provinces refused to accept Ricimer 's appointment of Libius Severus in 461 . In 475 , Orestes , a former secretary of Attila , drove Emperor Julius Nepos out of Ravenna and proclaimed his own son Romulus Augustus as emperor . In 476 , Orestes refused to grant Odoacer and the Heruli federated status , prompting an invasion . Orestes was killed and Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus , installed himself as ruler over Italy and sent the Imperial insignia to Constantinople . Although isolated pockets of Roman rule continued even after 476 , the city of Rome itself was under the rule of the barbarians , and the control of Rome over the West had effectively ended . Three rump states continued under Roman rule in some form or another after 476 : Julius Nepos controlled Dalmatia until his murder in 480 . Syagrius ruled the Domain of Soissons until his murder in 487 . Lastly , a Roman - Moor realm survived in north Africa , resisting Vandal incursions , and becoming a part of the Eastern Roman Empire c. 533 when Belisarius defeated the Vandals . Europe in 477 AD . Highlighted areas are Roman lands that survived the deposition of Romulus Augustulus . Last Emperor ( edit ) By convention , the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476 , when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus , but the historical record calls this determination into question . Julius Nepos still claimed to be Emperor of the West , and ruled a rump state in Dalmatia . He was recognized as such by Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno and by Syagrius , who had managed to preserve Roman sovereignty in an exclave in northern Gaul , known today as the Domain of Soissons . Odoacer proclaimed himself ruler of Italy and began to negotiate with Zeno . Zeno eventually granted Odoacer patrician status as recognition of his authority and accepted him as his own viceroy of Italy . Zeno , however , insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the Emperor of the Western Empire . Odoacer accepted this condition and issued coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy . This , however , was mainly an empty political gesture , as Odoacer never returned any real power or territories to Julius Nepos . The murder of Julius Nepos in 480 prompted Odoacer to invade Dalmatia , annexing it to his Kingdom of Italy . Barbarian kingdoms in 526 The Ostrogothic Kingdom , which rose from the ruins of the late Western Roman Empire Political change after the Empire 's Fall ( edit ) Main article : Barbarian kingdoms Theodoric ( edit ) The last hope for a reunited Empire came in 493 , as Odoacer was replaced by Theodoric the Great , king of the Ostrogoths . Theodoric had been forced to appear subservient to Zeno in order to deal with a dangerous Odoacer . While in principle Theodoric was a subordinate , a viceroy of the Emperor of the East , in fact he was his equal . Following Theodoric 's death in 526 , the Western half of the Empire was now fully controlled by Germanic tribes ( though many of them continued to recognize Roman law and made claims to continuity ) , while the Eastern half had established itself under the Justinian dynasty . While the East would make some attempts to recapture the West , the Roman Empire was never reunited . East Roman reconquest ( edit ) The Eastern Roman Empire , by reoccupying some of the former Western Roman Empire 's lands , enlarged its territory considerably during Justinian 's reign from 527 ( red ) to 565 ( orange ) . Throughout Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages , the Eastern Roman Empire , or the Byzantine Empire , laid claims on areas of the West which had been occupied by several tribes . In the 6th century , the Eastern Roman Empire managed to reconquer large areas of the former Western Roman Empire . The most successful were the campaigns of the generals Belisarius and Narses on behalf of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I from 533 to 554 . The Vandal - occupied former Roman territory in North Africa was regained , particularly the territory centered around the city of Carthage . Less than a year later , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , Dalmatia , and the Balearic Islands were easily captured by the invading Roman legions . The campaign eventually moved into Italy and the Byzantines reconquered it completely . Minor territories were taken as far west as the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula . Only three years after Justinian had died , the Lombards had invaded Italy , but the wealthiest parts of the province remained securely in Roman hands throughout the seventh century . Although some eastern emperors occasionally attempted to campaign in the West , none were as successful as Justinian . After 600 , events conspired to drive the Western provinces out of Constantinople 's control , with imperial attention focused on the pressing issues of war with Sasanian Iran and then the rise of Arab power . For a while , the West remained important , with the Emperor Constans II ruling from Sicily a Roman Empire that still stretched from North Africa to the Caucasus in the 660s , but thereafter imperial attention declined rapidly , with Constantinople itself being besieged in the 670s , renewed war with the Arabs in the 680s , and then a period of chaos between 695 and 717 , during which time Africa was finally lost to the Romans once and for all . The Emperor Leo III restored order , but his doctrinal reforms , known as the Iconoclastic Controversy , proved extremely unpopular in the West , and led to the final breakdown in imperial rule over Rome itself . Byzantine rule continued in Sicily throughout the eighth century , with the island slowly being overrun by the Arabs over the course of the ninth century . In Italy , a few strongholds in Calabria ultimately provided a base for modest imperial expansion , which reached its peak in the early eleventh century , with most of southern Italy under `` Roman '' rule of a sort . This , however , was undone by further Byzantine civil war , and the slow conquest of the region by the Byzantines ' former mercenaries , the Normans , who finally put an end to imperial rule in Western Europe in 1071 . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : Legacy of the Roman Empire , Romance languages , Corpus Juris Civilis , Civil law ( legal system ) , Latin alphabet , Literature , Bust ( sculpture ) , Concrete , and Cities On the left : Emperor Honorius on the consular diptych of Anicius Petronius Probus ( 406 ) On the right : Consular diptych of Constantius III ( a co-emperor with Honorius in 421 ) , produced for his consulate in 413 or 417 As the Western Roman Empire crumbled , the new Germanic rulers who conquered the provinces upheld many Roman laws and traditions . Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized , although most were followers of Arianism . They quickly converted to official imperial Christianity , gaining more loyalty from the local Roman populations , as well as the recognition and support of the powerful Bishop of Rome . Although they initially continued to recognize indigenous tribal laws , they were more influenced by Roman Law and gradually incorporated it as well . Roman Law , particularly the Corpus Juris Civilis collected by order of Justinian I , is the ancient basis on which the modern Civil law stands . In contrast , Common law is based on the Germanic Anglo - Saxon law . Latin as a language never really disappeared . It combined with neighboring Germanic and Celtic languages , giving rise to many modern Romance languages such as Italian , French , Spanish , Portuguese , Romanian and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . Latin also influenced Germanic languages such as English , German , and Dutch ; all surviving Celtic languages , Albanian , and such Slavic languages as Polish and Czech , and even the non-Indo - European Hungarian . It survives in its `` purer '' form as the language of the Catholic Church ( the Mass was spoken exclusively in Latin until 1969 ) , and was used as a lingua franca between many nations . It remained the language of medicine , law , diplomacy ( most treaties were written in Latin ) , of intellectuals and scholarship . The Latin alphabet was expanded due to the splits of I into I and J and of U into U , V , and in places ( especially Germanic languages and Polish ) W ; it is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today . Roman numerals continue to be used , but were mostly replaced by Arabic numerals . The ideal of the Roman Empire as a mighty Christian Empire with a single ruler continued to appeal to many powerful rulers . Under the principle of translatio imperii , the Holy Roman Empire explicitly proclaimed itself as the continuation of the Western Roman Empire . The title of the Western Roman Emperor was revived when Charlemagne , King of the Franks and Lombards , was crowned as Emperor of the Romans of the West by Pope Leo III in 800 . The status of the Holy Roman Emperor as the rightful Western Roman Emperor in the medieval era was further legitimated by the recognition as `` co-emperor '' from the Eastern Roman Emperor , who was in direct succession to the ancient Roman Emperors . The Holy Roman Empire continued to regard itself as the successor state of the Western Roman Empire until its downfall in 1806 . The French King Louis XIV , as well as French Emperor Napoleon I , and the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini , among others , also tried to resurrect the Empire , albeit unsuccessfully . A very visible legacy of the Western Roman Empire is the Roman Catholic Church . The Church slowly began to replace Roman institutions in the West , even helping to negotiate the safety of Rome during the late 5th century . In many cases the only source of law and civil administration was the local bishop , often himself a former governor like St. Ambrose of Milan and St. Germanus of Auxerre . As Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes , many assimilated , and by the middle of the medieval period ( c. 9th and 10th centuries ) the central , western , and northern parts of Europe had been largely converted to Roman Catholicism and acknowledged the Pope as the Vicar of Christ . List of Western Roman emperors ( edit ) Gallic Emperors ( 259 to 273 ) ( edit ) Postumus : 259 to 268 Laelianus : 268 Usurper Marcus Aurelius Marius : 268 Victorinus : 268 to 271 Domitianus : 271 Usurper Tetricus I : 271 to 273 Tetricus II : 271 to 273 Son and co-emperor of Tetricus I Tetrarchy ( 293 to 313 ) ( edit ) Augusti are shown with their Caesares and regents further indented Maximian : 293 to 305 Constantius Chlorus : 293 to 305 Constantius Chlorus : 305 to 306 Flavius Valerius Severus : 305 to 306 Flavius Valerius Severus : 306 to 307 Constantine I : 306 to 313 Maxentius / Maximian : 307 to 308 Licinius : 308 to 313 Maxentius : 308 to 312 Usurper Domitius Alexander : 308 to 309 African usurper Constantinian dynasty ( 313 to 363 ) ( edit ) Constantine the Great : 306 to 337 Sole emperor of the empire from 324 to 337 Constantine II : 337 to 340 Emperor of Gaul , Britannia , and Hispania Constantius II : 337 to 361 Emperor of the east from 337 to 353 , Sole emperor of the empire from 353 to 360 Constans I : 337 to 350 Emperor of Italy and Africa 337 - 340 , emperor of the west from 340 to 350 Magnentius : 350 to 353 Usurper Julian : 355 to 363 Emperor of the west from 355 to 361 , Sole emperor of the empire from 361 to 363 Non-dynastic ( 363 to 364 ) ( edit ) Jovian : 363 to 364 Valentinian dynasty ( 364 to 392 ) ( edit ) Valentinian I : 364 to 375 Gratian : 367 to 375 Gratian : 375 to 383 Valentinian II : 375 to 383 Magnus Maximus : 383 to 388 Usurper Valentinian II : 383 to 392 Non-dynastic ( 392 to 394 ) ( edit ) Eugenius : 392 to 394 Theodosian dynasty ( 394 to 455 ) ( edit ) Theodosius I : 394 to 395 Sole emperor Honorius : 395 to 423 Flavius Stilicho : 395 to 408 Power behind the throne Constantius III : 421 Constantine III : 407 to 411 Usurper Priscus Attalus : 409 to 410 / 414 to 415 Usurper Jovinus : 411 to 412 Usurper Valentinian III : 423 to 455 Galla Placidia : 423 to 433 Regent Aëtius : 433 to 454 Regent Joannes : 423 to 425 Usurper Non-dynastic ( 455 to 480 ) ( edit ) Petronius Maximus : 455 not recognized in Constantinople Avitus : 455 to 456 not recognized in Constantinople Ricimer : 456 to 472 Power behind the throne Majorian : 457 to 461 Libius Severus : 461 to 465 not recognized in Constantinople Anthemius : 467 to 472 Olybrius : 472 not recognized in Constantinople Glycerius : 473 to 474 not recognized in Constantinople Julius Nepos : 474 to 480 In exile 475 to 480 Romulus Augustus : 475 to 476 not recognized in Constantinople Flavius Orestes : 475 to 476 Power behind the throne Flavius Orestes was killed by revolting Germanic mercenaries . Their chieftain , Odoacer , assumed control of Italy as a de jure representative of Julius Nepos and Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno . See also ( edit ) Byzantine Empire Holy Roman Empire Legacy of the Roman Empire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 24 . JSTOR 1170959 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . Jump up ^ DiMaio Jr. , M. & Frakes , R. ' DIR - Constantius II ' from De Imperatoribus Romanis ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Making of Orthodox Byzantium References ( edit ) Henning Börm : Das weströmische Kaisertum nach 476 . In : Josef Wiesehöfer et al. ( eds . ) , Monumentum et instrumentum inscriptum . Stuttgart 2008 , pp. 47 -- 69 . Henning Börm : Westrom . Von Honorius bis Justinian . Stuttgart 2013 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 17 - 023276 - 1 ( Review in English ) . Neil Christie : The Fall of the Western Roman Empire . London 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 75966 - 0 . Kaj Sandberg : The So - Called Division of the Roman Empire . Notes On A Persistent Theme in Western Historiography . In : Arctos 42 ( 2008 ) , 199 - 213 . El Housin Helal Ouriachen : La ciudad bética durante la Antigüedad Tardía . Persistencias y mutaciones locales en relación con la realidad urbana del Mediterraneo y del Atlántico , PhD thesis , Universidad de Granada . Granada 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Western Roman Empire . 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List of iOS devices - wikipedia List of iOS devices Jump to : navigation , search `` iDevice '' and `` iOS device '' redirect here . For other Apple Inc. devices , see iMac and iPod . The reverse sides of an original iPhone , iPhone 3G , and iPhone 4 . The reverse side of both a Gold and a Rose Gold iPhone 6s along with an iPhone 6 Plus . A size comparison of three iPhones , an original iPad , and a Magic Mouse . This is a list and comparison of devices designed and marketed by Apple Inc. that run a Unix - like operating system named iOS , often colloquially referred to simply as iDevices . The devices include the iPhone multimedia smartphone , the iPod Touch handheld PC which , in design , is similar to the iPhone , but has no cellular radio and other cell phone hardware , and the iPad tablet computer . All three devices function as digital audio and portable media players and Internet clients . The Apple TV , which ran iOS from the second generation of hardware onward , is a set - top box for streaming media from local sources and from certain internet services to a connected television set , and has no screen of its own . About 1.35 billion iOS devices have been sold worldwide as of March 2015 . The operating system on iOS devices can be updated through iTunes , or , on iOS 5 or later , using over-the - air ( OTA ) updates . A major version of iOS tends to be released every time a new type of iPhone is launched , ( usually once a year ) with minor changes throughout the year as needed . All updates are free to iOS devices ( although iPod Touch users were formerly required to pay for the update ) . Apple upgrades its products ' hardware periodically ( approximately yearly ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Models 1.1 iPhone 1.2 iPod Touch 1.3 iPad 1.4 iPad Mini 1.5 iPad Pro 1.6 Apple TV 1.7 Apple Watch 2 Comparison of models 2.1 Battery life 2.2 GSM / LTE SIM size 2.3 Storage 2.4 Supported iOS releases 2.5 RAM , Processor , and Highest supported iOS release 2.6 Display 2.7 Features 3 Timeline 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Models ( edit ) Obsolete Vintage Unsupported Discontinued Current Upcoming iPhone ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Model iPhone 6S iPhone 6S Plus iPhone SE iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 8 iPhone 8 Plus iPhone X <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system <Td_colspan="2"> iOS 9.0 iOS 9.3 <Td_colspan="2"> iOS 10.0 <Td_colspan="2"> iOS 11.0 iOS 11.1 <Th_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system <Td_colspan="7"> iOS 11.0 iOS 11.1 <Th_colspan="2"> Display 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) , 4.1 in ( 100 mm ) by 2.3 in ( 58 mm ) , 16 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , LCD screen , 1,334 × 750 px screen resolution at 326 ppi , 1400 : 1 contrast ratio , 500 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) , 4.8 in ( 120 mm ) by 2.7 in ( 69 mm ) , 16 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , LCD screen , 1,920 × 1,080 px ( Full HD ) screen resolution at 401 ppi , 1300 : 1 contrast ratio , 500 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating 4 in ( 100 mm ) , 3.5 in ( 89 mm ) by 1.9 in ( 48 mm ) , 71 : 40 ( ~ 16 : 9 ) aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,136 × 640 px ( WSVGA ) screen resolution at 326 ppi , pixel size 78 μm , 800 : 1 contrast ratio , 500 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) , 4.1 in ( 100 mm ) by 2.3 in ( 58 mm ) , 16 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,334 × 750 px screen resolution at 326 ppi , 1400 : 1 contrast ratio , 625 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) , 4.8 in ( 120 mm ) by 2.7 in ( 69 mm ) , 16 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,920 × 1,080 px ( Full HD ) screen resolution at 401 ppi , 1300 : 1 contrast ratio , 625 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) , 4.1 in ( 100 mm ) by 2.3 in ( 58 mm ) , 16 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,334 × 750 px screen resolution at 326 ppi , 1400 : 1 contrast ratio , 625 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating and True Tone Display 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) , 4.8 in ( 120 mm ) by 2.7 in ( 69 mm ) , 16 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,920 × 1,080 px ( Full HD ) screen resolution at 401 ppi , 1300 : 1 contrast ratio , 625 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating and True Tone display 5.8 in ( 150 mm ) , 5.31 in ( 135 mm ) by 2.45 in ( 62 mm ) , ~ 19.5 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , OLED screen , 2,436 × 1,125 px screen resolution at 458 ppi , 1,000,000 : 1 contrast ratio , 625 ⁄ max brightness , fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , True Tone display , Dolby Vision and HDR10 support <Th_colspan="2"> Storage <Td_colspan="3"> 16 , 32 , 64 & 128 GB NAND Flash driven by NVM Express controller <Td_colspan="2"> 32 , 128 & 256 GB NAND Flash driven by NVM Express controller <Td_colspan="3"> 64 & 256 GB NAND Flash driven by NVM Express controller <Th_colspan="2"> Processor <Td_colspan="3"> 1.85 GHz dual - core Apple - designed ARMv8 - A 64 - bit Apple A9 with embedded M9 motion coprocessor <Td_colspan="2"> 2.33 GHz quad - core Apple - designed 64 - bit Apple A10 Fusion ( 4 - cores : 2 high - performance , 2 high - efficiency ) with embedded M10 motion coprocessor <Td_colspan="3"> 2. ? GHz hexa - core Apple - designed 64 - bit Apple A11 Bionic ( 6 - cores : 2 high - performance , 4 high - efficiency ) with embedded M11 motion coprocessor and Neural Engine <Th_colspan="2"> Bus width <Td_colspan="8"> 64 - bit <Th_colspan="2"> Graphics <Td_colspan="3"> PowerVR GT7600 ( hexa - core , 450 MHz ) GPU <Td_colspan="2"> Custom Apple PowerVR GT7600 Plus ( hexa - core ) GPU <Td_colspan="3"> Apple designed tri-core GPU <Th_colspan="2"> RAM <Td_colspan="4"> 2 GB LPDDR4 DRAM 3 GB LPDDR4 DRAM 2 GB LPDDR4 DRAM <Td_colspan="2"> 3 GB LPDDR4 DRAM <Th_colspan="2"> Connector <Td_colspan="8"> 8 - pin Lightning connector <Th_colspan="2"> Connectivity <Td_colspan="2"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) with two spatial stream MIMO Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) with two spatial stream MIMO <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcom BCM4350 Broadcom BCM4345 <Td_colspan="2"> Murata 339S00199 <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> SIM card form - factor <Td_colspan="8"> Nano - SIM <Th_colspan="2"> Touch ID <Td_colspan="7"> Yes No <Th_colspan="2"> Face ID <Td_colspan="7"> No Yes <Th_colspan="2"> GPS <Td_colspan="8"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> GLONASS <Td_colspan="8"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Digital compass <Td_colspan="8"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Barometer <Td_colspan="2"> Yes No <Td_colspan="5"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth <Td_colspan="5"> Bluetooth 4.2 <Td_colspan="3"> Bluetooth 5.0 <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcom BCM4350 Broadcom BCM4345 <Td_colspan="2"> Murata 339S00199 <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cellular <Td_colspan="2"> In addition to prior : LTE Advanced with dual - band carrier aggregation , LTE band 30 ( WCS ) ( depending on model ) Same as iPhone 6 / 6 Plus <Td_colspan="2"> Same as iPhone 6S / 6S Plus , except that all models support LTE band 30 ( WCS ) , that models with Intel modems do not support CDMA , and all models support LTE Advanced with up to tri-band carrier aggregation <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Baseband / RF Transceiver <Td_colspan="2"> Qualcomm MDM9635M / Qualcomm WTR3925 Qualcomm MDM9625M / Qualcomm WTR1625L <Td_colspan="2"> Qualcomm MDM9645M / Qualcomm WTR3925 / Qualcomm WTR4905 or Intel XMM7360 / Intel PMB5750 <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Additional Features <Td_colspan="2"> In addition to prior : 3D Touch Same as iPhone 6 / 6 Plus <Td_colspan="2"> In addition to 6S / 6S Plus : Dust and water - resistant Analog Devices AD7149 Capacitance Sensor Controller <Td_colspan="2"> In addition to 7 / 7 Plus : Fast Charging ( 50 % in 30 minutes ) , Qi Wireless Charging In addition to 8 / 8 Plus : Face ID , Animoji Cameras iSight <Td_colspan="3"> 12 MP ( 1.22 μm ) , dual - tone flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , Slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , Timelapse with stabilization , Panorama ( up to 63 megapixels ) , Facial recognition , Digital image stabilization , Optical image stabilization ( iPhone 6S Plus only ) 12 MP ( 1.4 μm ) , quad - LED flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , ƒ / 1.8 aperture , 6 - element lens , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , Slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , Timelapse with stabilization , Panorama ( up to 63 megapixels ) , Facial recognition , Digital image stabilization , Optical image stabilization Dual - camera 12 MP ( 1.4 μm ) , ƒ / 1.8 aperture , Optical image stabilization ( wide - angle ) 12 MP ( 1 μm ) , quad - LED flash , ƒ / 2.8 aperture ( telephoto 2X ) , quad - LED flash autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , 6 - element lens , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , Slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , Timelapse with stabilization , Panorama ( up to 63 megapixels ) , Portrait Mode , Facial recognition , Digital image stabilization 12 MP , quad - LED flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , ƒ / 1.8 aperture , 6 - element lens , 4K video recording at 30 or 60 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , Slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 or 240 fps ) , Timelapse with stabilization , Panorama ( up to 63 megapixels ) , Facial recognition , Digital image stabilization , Optical image stabilization Dual - camera 12 MP , quad - LED flash , ƒ / 1.8 aperture , Optical image stabilization ( wide - angle ) 12 MP , quad - LED flash , ƒ / 2.8 aperture ( telephoto 2X ) , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , 6 - element lens , 4K video recording at 30 or 60 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , Slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps or 240 fps ) , Timelapse with stabilization , Panorama ( up to 63 megapixels ) , Portrait Mode , Portrait Lighting , Facial recognition , Digital image stabilization Dual - camera 12 MP , quad - LED flash , ƒ / 1.8 aperture , Optical image stabilization ( wide - angle ) 12 MP , quad - LED flash , ƒ / 2.4 aperture ( telephoto 2X ) , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , 6 - element lens , 4K video recording at 30 or 60 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , Slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps or 240 fps ) , Timelapse with stabilization , Panorama ( up to 63 megapixels ) , Portrait Mode , Portrait Lighting , Facial recognition , Digital image stabilization , Optical image stabilization FaceTime <Td_colspan="2"> 5 MP , Burst mode , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , Exposure control , Face detection , Auto - HDR , 720p HD video recording , Retina flash 1.2 MP photos ( 1280 by 960 ) , ƒ / 2.4 aperture , 720p HD video recording , auto HDR for photos , backside illumination sensor , face detection , exposure control , Retina flash <Td_colspan="4"> 7 MP FaceTime HD camera with deep trench isolation and auto image stabilization 7 MP TrueDepth camera with deep trench isolation , auto image stabilization , Portrait Mode and Portrait Lighting <Th_colspan="2"> Audio codec <Td_colspan="3"> Cirrus Logic 338S00105 & 338S1285 <Td_colspan="2"> Apple / Cirrus Logic 338S00105 Audio Codec <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> HAC Rating <Td_colspan="8"> M3 , T4 <Th_colspan="2"> Compatible with Made for iPhone Hearing Aids <Td_colspan="8"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Live Listen <Td_colspan="8"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Materials <Td_colspan="3"> Silver ( white front with `` Silver '' aluminium metal back ) , Space Gray ( black front with anodized aluminium `` Space Gray '' metal back ) , Gold ( white front with anodized aluminium `` Gold '' metal back ) , and Rose Gold ( white front with anodized aluminium `` Rose Gold '' metal back ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jet Black ( black front with `` Jet Black '' aluminium metal back ) , Black ( black front with anodized aluminium `` Black '' metal back ) , Silver ( white front with `` Silver '' aluminium metal back ) , Gold ( white front with anodized aluminium `` Gold '' metal back ) , and Rose Gold ( white front with anodized aluminium `` Rose Gold '' metal back ) , PRODUCT ( RED ) ( white front with `` PRODUCT ( RED ) '' aluminum metal back ) <Td_colspan="2"> Silver ( white front with `` Silver '' glass back ) , Space Gray ( black front with `` Space Gray '' glass back ) , Gold ( white front with `` Gold '' glass back ) Silver ( black front with `` Silver '' glass back ) , Space Gray ( black front with `` Space Gray '' glass back ) <Th_colspan="2"> Colors <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> J From release to September 12 , 2017 : ( 128 and 256 GB only ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Power 3.82 V 6.55 Wh ( 1,715 mAh ) 3.82 V 10.45 Wh ( 2,750 mAh ) 3.82 V 6.21 Wh ( 1,624 mAh ) 3.82 V 7.45 Wh ( 1,960 mAh ) 3.82 V 11.1 Wh ( 2,900 mAh ) <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Rated battery life ( hours ) audio : 50 video : 11 Talk over 3G : 14 Browsing over 3G : 10 Browsing over LTE : 10 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 11 Standby : 240 audio : 80 video : 14 Talk over 3G : 24 Browsing over 3G : 12 Browsing over LTE : 12 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 12 Standby : 384 audio : 50 video : 13 Talk over 3G : 14 Browsing over 3G : 12 Browsing over LTE : 13 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 13 Standby : 240 audio : 40 video : 13 Talk over 3G : 14 Browsing over 3G : 12 Browsing over LTE : 12 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 14 Standby : 240 audio : 60 video : 14 Talk over 3G : 21 Browsing over 3G : 13 Browsing over LTE : 13 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 15 Standby : 384 audio : 40 video : 13 Talk over 3G : 14 Browsing internet : 12 audio : 60 video : 14 Talk over 3G : 21 Browsing internet : 13 audio : 60 video : 13 Talk over 3G : 21 Browsing internet : 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) H 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) W 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) D 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) H 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) W 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) D 123.8 mm ( 4.87 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) D 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) H 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) W 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) D 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) H 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) W 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) D 138.4 mm ( 5.45 in ) H 67.3 mm ( 2.65 in ) W 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) D 158.4 mm ( 6.24 in ) H 78.1 mm ( 3.07 in ) W 7.5 mm ( 0.30 in ) D 143.6 mm ( 5.65 in ) H 70.9 mm ( 2.79 in ) W 7.7 mm ( 0.30 in ) D <Th_colspan="2"> Weight 143 g ( 5.0 oz ) 192 g ( 6.8 oz ) 113 g ( 4.0 oz ) 138 g ( 4.9 oz ) 188 g ( 6.6 oz ) 148 g ( 5.2 oz ) 202 g ( 7.1 oz ) 174 g ( 6.1 oz ) <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions 54 kg CO e 63 kg CO e 75 kg CO e 56 kg CO e 67 kg CO e <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings iPhone8 , 1 iPhone8 , 2 iPhone8 , 4 iPhone9 , 1 ( CDMA ) iPhone9 , 3 ( global ) iPhone9 , 2 ( CDMA ) iPhone9 , 4 ( global ) iPhone10 , 1 iPhone10 , 4 iPhone10 , 2 iPhone10 , 5 iPhone10 , 3 iPhone10 , 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Model number A1633 A1688 A1700 A1691 A1634 A1687 A1699 A1690 A1662 A1723 A1724 A1660 A1778 A1779 A1661 A1784 A1785 A1863 A1906 A1907 A1905 A1864 A1898 A1899 A1897 A1865 A1902 A1901 <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID BCG - E2946A BCG - E2944A BCG - E2945A <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Announced <Td_colspan="2"> September 9 , 2015 March 21 , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> September 7 , 2016 <Td_colspan="3"> September 12 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Released <Td_colspan="2"> 16 GB , 64 GB and 128 GB : September 25 , 2015 32 GB : September 7 , 2016 16 GB and 64 GB March 31 , 2016 32 GB and 128 GB March 21 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> September 16 , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> September 22 , 2017 November 3 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued <Td_colspan="2"> 16 GB and 64 GB : September 7 , 2016 16 GB and 64 GB : March 21 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> 256 GB : September 12 , 2017 32 and 128 GB : In production <Td_colspan="3"> In production <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported <Td_colspan="8"> Supported <Th_colspan="2"> Model iPhone 5S iPhone 6 iPhone 6 Plus <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system iOS 7.0 <Td_colspan="2"> iOS 8.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system <Td_colspan="3"> iOS 11.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Display 4 in ( 100 mm ) , 3.5 in ( 89 mm ) by 1.9 in ( 48 mm ) , 71 : 40 ( ~ 16 : 9 ) aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,136 × 640 px ( WSVGA ) screen resolution at 326 ppi , pixel size 78 μm , 800 : 1 contrast ratio , 500 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) , 4.1 in ( 100 mm ) by 2.3 in ( 58 mm ) , 16 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,334 × 750 px screen resolution at 326 ppi , 1400 : 1 contrast ratio , 500 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) , 4.8 in ( 120 mm ) by 2.7 in ( 69 mm ) , 16 : 9 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,920 × 1,080 px ( Full HD ) screen resolution at 401 ppi , 1300 : 1 contrast ratio , 500 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating <Th_colspan="2"> Storage 16 , 32 & 64 GB 16 , 32 , 64 & 128 GB NAND Flash 16 , 64 & 128 GB NAND Flash <Th_colspan="2"> Processor 1.3 GHz dual - core Apple - designed ARMv8 - A 64 - bit Apple A7 ( 128 KB L1 + 1 MB L2 + 4 MB L3 ) with M7 motion coprocessor <Td_colspan="2"> 1.4 GHz dual - core Apple - designed ARMv8 - A 64 - bit Apple A8 ( 128 KB L1 + 1 MB L2 + 4 MB L3 ) with M8 motion coprocessor <Th_colspan="2"> Bus frequency and width <Td_colspan="3"> 64 - bit <Th_colspan="2"> Graphics PowerVR G6430 ( quad - core , 450 MHz ) GPU <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR GX6450 ( quad - core , 450 MHz ) GPU <Th_colspan="2"> RAM <Td_colspan="3"> 1 GB LPDDR3 DRAM <Th_colspan="2"> Connector <Td_colspan="6"> 8 - pin Lightning connector <Th_colspan="2"> Connectivity Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) ( 802.11 n on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) Broadcom BCM4334 <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcom BCM4345 <Th_colspan="2"> SIM card form - factor <Td_colspan="3"> Nano - SIM <Th_colspan="2"> Touch ID <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Face ID <Td_colspan="3"> No <Th_colspan="2"> GLONASS <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> GPS <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Digital compass <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Barometer No <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 <Td_colspan="2"> Bluetooth 4.2 Broadcom BCM4334 <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcom BCM4345 <Th_colspan="2"> Cellular In addition to prior : LTE bands 7 / 8 / 18 / 19 / 20 / 26 , TD - LTE bands 38 / 39 / 40 ( depending on model ) <Td_colspan="2"> In addition to prior : LTE bands 28 / 29 , TD - LTE band 41 ( depending on model ) <Th_colspan="2"> Baseband / RF Transceiver Qualcomm MDM9615M / Qualcomm WTR1605L <Td_colspan="2"> Qualcomm MDM9625M / Qualcomm WTR1625L <Th_colspan="2"> Additional Features In addition to prior : Touch ID ( finger - print scanner in home button ) <Td_colspan="2"> In addition to prior : NFC Cameras iSight 8 MP photos with 1.5 μ pixels , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 1080p HD video ( 30 fps ) or 720p HD video slo - mo video at 120 fps , improved video stabilization , True Tone flash , infrared cut - off filter , back - illuminated sensor , face detection , auto focus , panorama , ability to take photos while shooting videos and Burst mode <Td_colspan="2"> 8 MP photos with 1.5 μ pixels , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , optical image stabilization ( iPhone 6 Plus only ) , five - element lens with sapphire crystal lens cover , 1080p HD video ( 30 fps or 60 fps ) with 3x zoom , 720p slo - mo video at 120 fps or 240 fps , time - lapse video , cinematic video stabilization , auto image stabilization , auto HDR for photos , True Tone flash , hybrid IR filter , backside illumination sensor , improved face detection , exposure control , auto focus with Focus Pixels , Continuous autofocus video , panorama ( up to 43 megapixels ) , can take still photos while recording video , burst mode , tap to focus , photo & video geotagging , timer mode FaceTime 1.2 MP photos , 720p HD video ( 30 fps ) , Back - illuminated sensor , ƒ / 2.4 aperture <Td_colspan="2"> 1.2 MP photos ( 1280 by 960 ) , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 720p HD video recording , auto HDR for photos , backside illumination sensor , face detection , exposure control Audio codec <Td_colspan="3"> Cirrus Logic 338S1201 <Th_colspan="2"> HAC Rating <Td_colspan="3"> M3 , T4 <Th_colspan="2"> Made for iPhone Hearing Aids Compatible <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Live Listen <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Materials <Td_colspan="3"> Silver ( white front with `` Silver '' aluminium metal back ) , Space Gray ( black front with anodized aluminium `` Space Gray '' metal back ) or Gold ( white front with anodized aluminium `` Gold '' metal back ) <Th_colspan="2"> Color From release to September 9 , 2015 : From release to September 9 , 2015 and since March 10 , 2017 : From release to September 9 , 2015 : <Th_colspan="2"> Power 3.8 V 5.92 Wh ( 1,560 mAh ) 3.8 V 6.91 Wh ( 1,810 mAh ) 3.8 V 11.1 Wh ( 2,915 mAh ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rated battery life ( hours ) audio : 40 video : 10 Talk over 3G : 10 Browsing over 3G : 8 Browsing over LTE : 10 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 10 Standby : 250 audio : 50 video : 11 Talk over 3G : 14 Browsing over 3G : 10 Browsing over LTE : 10 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 11 Standby : 250 audio : 80 video : 14 Talk over 3G : 24 Browsing over 3G : 12 Browsing over LTE : 12 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 12 Standby : 384 <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions 123.8 mm ( 4.87 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) D 138.1 mm ( 5.44 in ) H 67.0 mm ( 2.64 in ) W 6.9 mm ( 0.27 in ) D 158.1 mm ( 6.22 in ) H 77.8 mm ( 3.06 in ) W 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) D <Th_colspan="2"> Weight 112 g ( 4.0 oz ) 129 g ( 4.6 oz ) 172 g ( 6.1 oz ) <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions 65 kg CO e 95 kg CO e 110 kg CO e <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings iPhone6 , 1 iPhone6 , 2 iPhone7 , 2 iPhone7 , 1 <Th_colspan="2"> Model number A1533 ( North America ) A1453 ( US & Japan ) A1457 ( Europe ) A1530 ( Asia & Oceania ) A1518 ( China ) A1528 ( China ) A1549 A1586 A1589 A1522 A1524 A1593 <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID BCG - E2642A BCG - E2643A BCG - E2643B BCG - E2816A BCG - E2817A <Th_colspan="2"> Announced September 10 , 2013 <Td_colspan="2"> September 9 , 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> Released September 20 , 2013 16 , 64 and 128 GB : September 19 , 2014 32 GB : March 10 , 2017 September 19 , 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued 64 GB : September 9 , 2014 16 , 32 GB : March 21 , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> 128 GB : September 9 , 2015 16 and 64 GB : September 7 , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported <Td_colspan="5"> Supported <Th_colspan="2"> Model iPhone iPhone 3G iPhone 3GS iPhone 4 iPhone 4S iPhone 5 iPhone 5C <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system iPhone OS 1.0 iPhone OS 2.0 iPhone OS 3.0 iOS 4.0 ( GSM ) iOS 4.2. 5 ( CDMA ) iOS 5.0 iOS 6.0 iOS 7.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system iPhone OS 3.1. 3 iOS 4.2. 1 iOS 6.1. 6 iOS 7.1. 2 iOS 9.3. 5 <Td_colspan="2"> iOS 10.3. 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Display <Td_colspan="2"> 3.5 in ( 89 mm ) , 2.9 in ( 74 mm ) by 1.9 in ( 48 mm ) , 3 : 2 aspect ratio , scratch - resistant glossy glass covered screen , 262,144 - color ( 18 - bit ) TN LCD , 480 × 320 px ( HVGA ) at 163 ppi , pixel size 156 μm , 200 : 1 contrast ratio , LED backlight In addition to prior , features a fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , and 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) TN LCD with hardware spatial dithering <Td_colspan="2"> 3.5 in ( 89 mm ) , 2.9 in ( 74 mm ) by 1.9 in ( 48 mm ) , 3 : 2 aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) IPS LCD screen , 960 × 640 px ( DVGA ) at 326 ppi , pixel size 78 μm , 800 : 1 contrast ratio , 500 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating <Td_colspan="2"> 4 in ( 100 mm ) , 3.5 in ( 89 mm ) by 1.9 in ( 48 mm ) , 71 : 40 ( ~ 16 : 9 ) aspect ratio , aluminosilicate glass covered 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , IPS LCD screen , 1,136 × 640 px ( WSVGA ) screen resolution at 326 ppi , pixel size 78 μm , 800 : 1 contrast ratio , 500 ⁄ max brightness , LED backlight and fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating <Th_colspan="2"> Storage 4 , 8 & 16 GB 8 & 16 GB <Td_colspan="2"> 8 , 16 & 32 GB 8 , 16 , 32 & 64 GB 16 , 32 & 64 GB 8 , 16 & 32 GB <Th_colspan="2"> Processor <Td_colspan="2"> 620 MHz ( underclocked to 412 MHz ) Samsung 32 - bit RISC ARM 11 ( 32 KB L1 ) 1176JZ ( F ) - S v1. 0 833 MHz ( underclocked to 600 MHz ) ARM Cortex - A8 Samsung S5PC100 ( 64 KB L1 + 256 KB L2 ) 1 GHz ( underclocked to 800 MHz ) ARM Cortex - A8 Apple A4 ( SoC ) ( 64 KB L1 + 512 KB L2 ) 1 GHz ( underclocked to 800 MHz ) dual - core ARM Cortex - A9 Apple A5 ( SoC ) ( 64 KB L1 + 1 MB L2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1.3 GHz dual - core Apple - designed ARMv7s Apple A6 ( 64 KB L1 + 1 MB L2 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bus frequency and width <Td_colspan="2"> 103 MHz ( 16 - bit ) <Td_colspan="2"> 100 MHz ( 32 - bit ) 250 MHz ( 32 - bit ) <Td_colspan="2"> 32 - bit <Th_colspan="2"> Graphics <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR MBX Lite 3D GPU ( 103 MHz ) <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR SGX535 GPU ( 150 MHz in 3GS and 200 MHz in iPhone 4 ) PowerVR SGX543MP2 ( dual - core , 200 MHz ) GPU <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR SGX543MP3 ( triple - core , 266 MHz ) GPU <Th_colspan="2"> RAM <Td_colspan="2"> 128 MB LPDDR DRAM ( 137 MHz ) 256 MB LPDDR DRAM ( 200 MHz ) <Td_colspan="2"> 512 MB LPDDR2 DRAM ( 200 MHz ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 GB LPDDR2 DRAM <Th_colspan="2"> Connector <Td_colspan="5"> 30 - pin connector <Td_colspan="2"> 8 - pin Lightning connector <Th_colspan="2"> Connectivity <Td_colspan="3"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n ) ( 802.11 n on 2.4 GHz only ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) ( 802.11 n on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ) <Td_colspan="2"> Marvell 88W8686 Broadcom 4325 Broadcom 4329 Broadcom BCM4330 <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcom BCM4334 <Th_colspan="2"> SIM card form - factor <Td_colspan="3"> Mini-SIM <Td_colspan="2"> Micro-SIM <Td_colspan="2"> Nano - SIM <Th_colspan="2"> Touch ID <Td_colspan="7"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Face ID <Td_colspan="7"> No <Th_colspan="2"> GLONASS <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> GPS No <Td_colspan="6"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Digital compass <Td_colspan="2"> No <Td_colspan="5"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Barometer <Td_colspan="7"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth <Td_colspan="2"> Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR <Td_colspan="2"> Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR <Td_colspan="3"> Bluetooth 4.0 Cambridge Bluecore 4 Cambridge Bluecore 6 Broadcom 4325 Broadcom 4329 Broadcom BCM4330 <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcom BCM4334 <Th_colspan="2"> Cellular Quad band GSM / GPRS / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) In addition to prior : Tri-band 3.6 Mbps UMTS / HSDPA ( 850 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , In addition to prior : 7.2 Mbit / s HSDPA In addition to prior : Penta - band UMTS / HSDPA ( 800 , 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , 5.76 Mbit / s HSUPA CDMA model : Dual - band CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1,900 MHz ) In addition to prior : 14.4 Mbit / s HSDPA , Dynamically switching dual antenna , Combined GSM / CDMA World phone ability In addition to prior : LTE ( bands 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 13 / 17 / 25 , depending on model ) , HSPA+ and DC - HSDPA In addition to prior : LTE bands 7 / 8 / 18 / 19 / 20 / 26 , TD - LTE bands 38 / 39 / 40 ( depending on model ) <Th_colspan="2"> Baseband / RF Transceiver Infineon PMB8876 ( S - Gold 2 ) / Infineon M1817A11 <Td_colspan="2"> Infineon PMB8878 ( X-Gold 608 ) / Infineon PMB6952 Infineon PMB9800 ( X-Gold 618 ) / Infineon PMB5703 CDMA model : Qualcomm MDM6600 ( combined ) Qualcomm MDM6610 / Qualcomm RTR8605 Qualcomm MDM9615 / Qualcomm RTR8600 Qualcomm MDM9615M / Qualcomm WTR1605L <Th_colspan="2"> Additional Features USB power adapter , custom dock , earphones with remote and mic In addition to prior : Assisted GPS In addition to prior : Voice control , digital compass , Nike+ , volume controls on earphones In addition to prior : 3 - axis gyroscope , Dual - mic noise suppression In addition to prior : GLONASS support , Siri voice assistant In addition to prior : Triple microphone noise suppression , revised Apple earbuds In addition to prior : New FaceTime backside illumination sensor Cameras iSight <Td_colspan="2"> 2 MP f / 2.8 3 MP photos , VGA ( 480p ) video at 30 fps , auto focus 5 MP photos , ƒ / 2.8 , 720p HD video ( 30 fps ) , back - illuminated sensor , LED flash , auto focus 8 MP photos , ƒ / 2.4 , 1080p HD video ( 30 fps ) , back - illuminated sensor , face detection , video stabilization , panorama , LED flash , Auto Focus <Td_colspan="2"> 8 MP photos with 1.4 μ pixels , ƒ / 2.4 , 1080p HD video ( 30 fps ) , infrared cut - off filter , back - illuminated sensor , face detection , video stabilization , panorama and ability to take photos while shooting videos , LED flash , auto focus FaceTime <Td_colspan="3"> N / A <Td_colspan="2"> VGA ( 0.3 MP ) photos and videos ( 30 fps ) 1.2 MP photos , 720p HD video ( 30 fps ) , Back - illuminated sensor , ƒ / 2.4 aperture 1.2 MP photos , 720p HD video ( 30 fps ) , Back - illuminated sensor , ƒ / 2.4 aperture 1.75 μm pixels <Th_colspan="2"> Audio codec Wolfson Microelectronics WM8758BG Wolfson Microelectronics WM6180C <Td_colspan="2"> Cirrus Logic CS42L61 ( CLI1495B0 ; 338S0589 ) Cirrus Logic CLI1560B0 ( 338S0987 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Cirrus Logic CLI1583B0 / CS35L19 ( 338S1077 ) <Th_colspan="2"> HAC Rating <Td_colspan="3"> N / A 3G : M4 , T4 2G : M3 , T3 N / A <Td_colspan="2"> M3 , T4 <Th_colspan="2"> Made for iPhone Hearing Aids Compatible <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Live Listen <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Materials Aluminum , glass , steel , and black plastic <Td_colspan="2"> Glass , plastic , and steel ; black or white ( white not available for 8 GB models ) <Td_colspan="2"> Black or white aluminosilicate glass and stainless steel Black with anodized aluminium `` Slate '' metal or white with `` Silver '' aluminium metal White , pink , yellow , blue or green polycarbonate <Th_colspan="2"> Color : 8 and 16 GB : 16 GB only : 8 , 16 and 32 GB : 16 and 32 GB only <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Power 3.7 V 5.18 Wh ( 1,400 mAh ) 3.7 V 4.12 Wh ( 1,150 mAh ) 3.7 V 4.51 Wh ( 1,219 mAh ) 3.7 V 5.25 Wh ( 1,420 mAh ) 3.7 V 5.3 Wh ( 1,432 mAh ) 3.8 V 5.45 Wh ( 1,440 mAh ) 3.8 V 5.73 Wh ( 1,510 mAh ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rated battery life ( hours ) audio : 24 video : 7 Talk over 2G : 8 Browsing internet : 6 Standby : 250 audio : 24 video : 7 Talk over 3G : 5 Browsing over 3G : 5 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 9 Standby : 300 audio : 30 video : 10 Talk over 3G : 5 Browsing over 3G : 5 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 9 Standby : 300 audio : 40 video : 10 Talk over 3G : 7 Browsing over 3G : 6 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 10 Standby : 300 audio : 40 video : 10 Talk over 3G : 8 Browsing over 3G : 6 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 9 Standby : 200 audio : 40 video : 10 Talk over 3G : 8 Browsing over 3G : 8 Browsing over LTE : 8 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 10 Standby : 225 audio : 40 video : 10 Talk over 3G : 10 Browsing over 3G : 8 Browsing over LTE : 10 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 10 Standby : 250 <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions 115 mm ( 4.5 in ) H 61 mm ( 2.4 in ) W 11.6 mm ( 0.46 in ) D <Td_colspan="2"> 115.5 mm ( 4.55 in ) H 62.1 mm ( 2.44 in ) W 12.3 mm ( 0.48 in ) D <Td_colspan="2"> 115.2 mm ( 4.54 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 9.3 mm ( 0.37 in ) D 123.8 mm ( 4.87 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) D 124.4 mm ( 4.90 in ) H 59.2 mm ( 2.33 in ) W 8.97 mm ( 0.353 in ) D <Th_colspan="2"> Weight 135 g ( 4.8 oz ) 133 g ( 4.7 oz ) 135 g ( 4.8 oz ) 137 g ( 4.8 oz ) 140 g ( 4.9 oz ) 112 g ( 4.0 oz ) 132 g ( 4.7 oz ) <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions N / A 55 kg CO e 55 kg CO e 45 kg CO e 70 kg CO e 55 kg CO e 75 kg CO e 60 kg CO e <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings iPhone1 , 1 iPhone1 , 2 iPhone2 , 1 iPhone3 , 1 iPhone3 , 2 iPhone3 , 3 iPhone4 , 1 iPhone5 , 1 iPhone5 , 2 iPhone5 , 3 iPhone5 , 4 <Th_colspan="2"> Model number A1203 A1324 ( China ) A1241 A1325 ( China ) A1303 A1349 ( CDMA ) A1332 ( GSM ) A1431 ( GSM China ) A1387 A1428 ( GSM ) A1429 ( GSM and CDMA ) A1442 ( CDMA China ) A1532 ( North America ) A1456 ( US & Japan ) A1507 ( Europe ) A1529 ( Asia & Oceania ) A1516 ( China ) A1526 ( China ) <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID BCGA1203 BCGA1241 BCGA1303A BCGA1303B BCG - E2380A BCG - E2380B BCG - E2422A BCG - E2422B BCG - E2430A BCG - E2599A BCG - E2644A BCG - E2694A BCG - E2694B <Th_colspan="2"> Announced January 9 , 2007 June 9 , 2008 June 8 , 2009 June 7 , 2010 October 4 , 2011 September 12 , 2012 September 10 , 2013 <Th_colspan="2"> Released 4 and 8 GB : June 29 , 2007 16 GB : February 5 , 2008 July 11 , 2008 16 and 32 GB : June 19 , 2009 8 GB : June 24 , 2010 16 and 32 GB : June 24 , 2010 CDMA : February 10 , 2011 White : April 28 , 2011 8 GB : October 14 , 2011 16 , 32 and 64 GB : October 14 , 2011 8 GB : September 20 , 2013 September 21 , 2012 16 and 32 GB : September 20 , 2013 8 GB : March 18 , 2014 and September 9 , 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued 4 GB : September 5 , 2007 8 and 16 GB : July 11 , 2008 16 GB : June 8 , 2009 8 GB black : June 7 , 2010 16 and 32 GB : June 24 , 2010 8 GB black : September 12 , 2012 16 and 32 GB : October 4 , 2011 8 GB : September 10 , 2013 32 and 64 GB : September 12 , 2012 16 GB : September 10 , 2013 8 GB : September 9 , 2014 September 10 , 2013 16 and 32 GB : September 9 , 2014 8 GB : September 9 , 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported June 21 , 2010 March 9 , 2011 February 21 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 September 13 , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> September 19 , 2017 iPod Touch ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Model iPod touch ( 1st generation ) iPod touch ( 2nd generation ) iPod touch ( 3rd generation ) iPod touch ( 4th generation ) <Th_colspan="2"> iPod touch ( 5th generation ) Left : 32 and 64GB version and 16GB version for 2014 Right : 16GB version for 2013 iPod touch ( 6th generation ) <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system iPhone OS 1.1 iPhone OS 2.1. 1 iPhone OS 3.1. 1 ( MC model ) iPhone OS 3.1. 1 iOS 4.1 iOS 6.0 iOS 6.1. 3 iOS 8.4 <Th_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system iPhone OS 3.1. 3 iOS 4.2. 1 iOS 5.1. 1 iOS 6.1. 6 <Td_colspan="2"> iOS 9.3. 5 iOS 11.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Display <Td_colspan="3"> 3.5 in ( 89 mm ) , 3 : 2 aspect ratio , 262,144 - color ( 18 - bit ) , glossy glass covered LED - backlit TN LCD , 480 × 320 px ( HVGA ) at 163 ppi , 200 : 1 contrast ratio 3.5 in ( 89 mm ) , 3 : 2 aspect ratio , 16,777,216 - color ( 18 - bit + FRC ) , glossy glass - covered LED - backlit TN LCD , 960 × 640 px at 326 ppi , 800 : 1 contrast ratio <Td_colspan="3"> 4 in ( 100 mm ) , 71 : 40 aspect ratio , LED backlit IPS TFT LCD , 1,136 × 640 px at 326 ppi , 800 : 1 contrast ratio <Th_colspan="2"> Input Multi-touch touchscreen display Multi-touch touchscreen display volume buttons built - in speaker Multi-touch touchscreen display volume buttons built - in speaker and microphone with new earphones Multi-touch touchscreen display built - in speaker and microphone voice control 3 - axis accelerometer , gyroscope volume buttons ambient light sensors <Td_colspan="3"> Multi-touch touchscreen display built in speaker and microphone Siri 3 - axis accelerometer , gyroscope volume buttons <Th_colspan="2"> Processor 620 MHz ( underclocked to 412 MHz , originally 400 MHz ) 32 - bit RISC ARM 1176JZ ( F ) - S v1. 0 ( 32 KB L1 ) ( Samsung S5L8900 ) 620 MHz ( underclocked to 533 MHz ) ARM11 core ( 32 KB L1 ) with internal ARM7 core for Jazelle acceleration ( Samsung S5L8720 ) 833 MHz ( underclocked to 600 MHz ) ARM Cortex - A8 ( 64 KB L1 ) ( Samsung S5L8922 ) 800 MHz ARM Cortex - A8 Apple A4 ( SoC ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 GHz ( underclocked to 800 MHz ) ARM Cortex - A9 dual - core Apple A5 ( SoC ) 1.4 GHz ( underclocked to 1.1 GHz ) dual - core Apple - designed ARMv8 - A 64 - bit Apple A8 with M8 motion coprocessor <Th_colspan="2"> GPU <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR MBX Lite GPU <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR SGX535 GPU <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR SGX543MP2 ( dual - core , 200 MHz ) GPU PowerVR GX6450 ( quad - core , 450 MHz ) GPU <Th_colspan="2"> Storage <Td_colspan="2"> 8 , 16 & 32 GB 32 & 64 GB 8 , 16 , 32 & 64 GB 16 , 32 & 64 GB 16 GB 16 , 32 , 64 & 128 GB <Th_colspan="2"> MSRP ( US ) $299 ( 8 GB ) , $399 ( 16 GB ) , $499 ( 32 GB ) $229 ( later $199 ) ( 8 GB ) , US $299 ( 16 GB ) , $399 ( 32 GB ) $299 ( 32 GB ) , $399 ( 64 GB ) $229 ( later $199 ) ( 8 GB ) , $199 ( 16 GB ( replaced 8 GB ) ) , $299 ( later $249 ) ( 32 GB ) , $399 ( 64 GB ) $199 ( 16 GB ) , $299 ( later $249 ) ( 32 GB ) , $399 ( later $299 ) ( 64 GB ) $229 $199 ( 16 GB ) , $249 ( later $199 ) ( 32 GB ) , $299 ( 64 GB ) , $399 ( later $299 ) ( 128 GB ) <Th_colspan="2"> RAM <Td_colspan="2"> 128 MB LPDDR DRAM <Td_colspan="2"> 256 MB LPDDR DRAM <Td_colspan="2"> 512 MB LPDDR2 DRAM 1 GB LPDDR3 DRAM <Th_colspan="2"> Connector <Td_colspan="4"> 30 - pin dock connector <Td_colspan="3"> Lightning Connector ( 8 - pin ) <Th_colspan="2"> Connectivity Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g ) , 30 - pin connector includes earphones and polishing cloth ( only in 1st and 2nd generations ) In addition to prior : Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR ( requires iPhone OS 3.0 ) , built - in speaker , hardware volume controls , Nike+ In addition to prior : Voice control , includes earphones with remote and mic In addition to prior : Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n ) ( 802.11 n on 2.4 GHz ) 3 - axis gyroscope built - in microphone includes earphones ( no remote or mic ) <Td_colspan="2"> In addition to prior : Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) ( 802.11 n on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ) Siri voice assistant revised Apple earbuds In addition to prior : Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) <Th_colspan="2"> iPod Touch loop <Td_colspan="4"> No Yes <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> GLONASS <Td_colspan="7"> N / A <Th_colspan="2"> GPS <Td_colspan="7"> N / A <Th_colspan="2"> Digital compass <Td_colspan="7"> N / A <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth N / A <Td_colspan="3"> Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR <Td_colspan="2"> Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.1 Cameras iSight <Td_colspan="3"> N / A 0.7 MP backside illuminated CMOS image sensor with video ( 720p HD at 30 fps ) and 0.7 MP photos 5 MP backside illuminated sensor with video ( 1080p HD at 30 fps ) , LED flash N / A 8 MP backside illuminated sensor with video ( 1080p HD at 30 fps with 3x zoom , 720p slo - mo video at 120 fps , time - lapse video , cinematic video stabilization ) , exposure control , panorama FaceTime 0.3 MP ( VGA ) photos and video at up to 30 fps <Td_colspan="2"> 1.2 MP photos and 720p video at up to 30 fps 1.2 MP backside illuminated sensor with 720p HD video <Th_colspan="2"> Audio codec Wolfson Microelectronics WM8758BG Cirrus Logic CS42L58 ( 338S055C ) Cirrus Logic CLI1480A ( 338S0559 ) Cirrus Logic 338S0589 <Td_colspan="2"> Cirrus Logic 338S1077 Cirrus Logic 338S1116 <Th_colspan="2"> Made for iPhone Hearing Aid Compatible <Td_colspan="4"> N / A <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Live Listen <Td_colspan="4"> N / A <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Materials Stainless steel back and aluminum bezel ; plastic for Wi - Fi antenna <Td_colspan="2"> Contoured stainless steel back and bezel ; plastic for Wi - Fi and Bluetooth antenna Glass display , stainless steel back and bezel <Td_colspan="3"> Contoured aluminum back and bezel ; plastic for Wi - Fi and Bluetooth antenna <Th_colspan="2"> Color <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Power 3.7 V 2.15 Wh ( 580 mAh ) 3.7 V 2.73 Wh ( 739 mAh ) 3.7 V 2.92 Wh ( 789 mAh ) 3.7 V 3.44 Wh ( 930 mAh ) <Td_colspan="2"> 3.7 V 3.8 Wh ( 1,030 mAh ) 3.83 V 3.99 Wh ( 1,043 mAh ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rated battery life ( hours ) audio : 22 video : 5 audio : 36 video : 6 audio : 30 video : 6 audio : 40 video : 7 <Td_colspan="3"> audio : 40 video : 8 <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions 110 mm ( 4.3 in ) H 61.8 mm ( 2.43 in ) W 8 mm ( 0.31 in ) D <Td_colspan="2"> 110 mm ( 4.3 in ) H 61.8 mm ( 2.43 in ) W 8.5 mm ( 0.33 in ) D 110 mm ( 4.3 in ) H 58 mm ( 2.3 in ) W 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) D <Td_colspan="3"> 123.4 mm ( 4.86 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) D <Th_colspan="2"> Weight 120 g ( 4.2 oz ) <Td_colspan="2"> 115 g ( 4.1 oz ) 101 g ( 3.6 oz ) 88 g ( 3.1 oz ) 86 g ( 3.0 oz ) 88 g ( 3.1 oz ) <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions N / A 30 kg CO e 33 kg CO e 50 kg CO e 60 kg CO e 45 kg CO e 70 kg CO e <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings iPod1 , 1 iPod2 , 1 iPod3 , 1 iPod4 , 1 <Td_colspan="2"> iPod5 , 1 iPod7 , 1 <Th_colspan="2"> Model number A1213 A1288 A1319 ( China ) A1318 A1367 A1421 A1509 A1574 <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID BCGA1213 BCGA1288 BCG - 2310 BCG - E2407 <Td_colspan="2"> BCG - A1421 BCGA1574 <Th_colspan="2"> Released 8 and 16 GB : September 5 , 2007 32 GB : February 27 , 2008 8 , 16 and 32 GB : September 9 , 2008 8 GB ( MC model ) : September 9 , 2009 September 9 , 2009 Black ( 8 , 32 and 64 GB ) : September 1 , 2010 White ( 8 , 32 and 64 GB ) : October 12 , 2011 Black and white ( 16 GB ) : September 12 , 2012 32 and 64 GB : October 11 , 2012 16 GB : June 26 , 2014 May 30 , 2013 July 15 , 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued September 9 , 2008 8 , 16 and 32 GB : September 9 , 2009 8 GB ( MC model ) : September 1 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 8 and 64 GB : September 12 , 2012 16 and 32 GB : May 30 , 2013 July 15 , 2015 June 26 , 2014 16 and 64 GB : July 27 , 2017 32 and 128 GB : In production <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported June 21 , 2010 March 9 , 2011 September 19 , 2012 February 21 , 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> September 13 , 2016 Supported IPad ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Model iPad ( 1st generation ) iPad 2 iPad ( 3rd generation ) iPad ( 4th generation ) iPad Air iPad Air 2 iPad ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system iPhone OS 3.2 iOS 4.2. 1 iOS 5.1 iOS 6.0 ( Wi - Fi ) iOS 6.0. 1 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) iOS 7.0. 3 ( Wi - Fi and Wi - Fi + cellular ) iOS 7.1 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ( TD - LTE ) ) iOS 8.1 iOS 10.2. 1 <Th_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system iOS 5.1. 1 <Td_colspan="2"> iOS 9.3. 5 iOS 10.3. 3 <Td_colspan="3"> iOS 11.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Display <Td_colspan="2"> 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) , 4 : 3 aspect ratio , scratch - resistant glossy glass covered LED - backlit IPS LCD screen , fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , 1024 × 768 px ( XGA ) at 132 ppi , 800 : 1 contrast ratio <Td_colspan="3"> 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) , 4 : 3 aspect ratio , scratch - resistant glossy glass covered LED - backlit IPS LCD screen , fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , 2048 × 1536 px resolution at 264 ppi ( Retina display ) , 800 : 1 contrast ratio 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) , 4 : 3 aspect ratio , fully laminated , scratch - resistant glossy glass covered LED - backlit IPS LCD screen , fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , antireflective coating , 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , 2048 × 1536 px resolution at 264 ppi ( Retina display ) , 800 : 1 contrast ratio 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) , 4 : 3 aspect ratio , scratch - resistant glossy glass covered LED - backlit IPS LCD screen , fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , 16,777,216 - color ( 24 - bit ) , 2048 × 1536 px resolution at 264 ppi ( Retina display ) , 800 : 1 contrast ratio <Th_colspan="2"> Processor 1 GHz Apple A4 SoC 1 GHz dual - core Apple A5 SoC 1 GHz dual - core Apple A5X SoC 1.4 GHz dual - core Apple A6X SoC 1.4 GHz dual - core 64 - bit Apple A7 SoC with M7 motion coprocessor 1.5 GHz triple - core 64 - bit Apple A8X SoC with M8 motion coprocessor 1.85 GHz dual - core 64 - bit Apple A9 SoC with M9 motion coprocessor <Th_colspan="2"> Bus frequency and width 100 MHz ( 32 - bit ) 250 MHz ( 32 - bit ) <Td_colspan="2"> 128 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit <Th_colspan="2"> Graphics processor PowerVR SGX535 GPU PowerVR SGX543MP2 ( 2 - core ) GPU PowerVR SGX543MP4 ( 4 - core ) GPU PowerVR SGX554MP4 ( 4 - core ) GPU PowerVR G6430 ( 4 - core ) GPU PowerVR GXA6850 ( 8 - core ) GPU <Th_colspan="2"> Storage <Td_colspan="3"> 16 , 32 & 64 GB <Td_colspan="3"> 16 , 32 , 64 & 128 GB 32 & 128 GB <Th_colspan="2"> RAM 256 MB LPDDR DRAM 512 MB Dual - Channel LPDDR2 DRAM <Td_colspan="2"> 1 GB LPDDR2 DRAM 1 GB LPDDR3 DRAM <Td_colspan="1"> 2 GB LPDDR3 DRAM <Td_colspan="1"> 2 GB LPDDR4 DRAM <Th_colspan="2"> Connector <Td_colspan="3"> 30 - pin connector <Td_colspan="4"> 8 - pin Lightning connector <Th_colspan="2"> Connectivity <Td_colspan="5"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) <Th_colspan="2"> SIM card form - factor <Td_colspan="4"> Micro-SIM <Td_colspan="3"> Nano - SIM <Th_colspan="2"> Touch ID <Td_colspan="5"> No <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> GLONASS <Td_colspan="7"> Yes ( only in devices with cellular option ) <Th_colspan="2"> GPS <Td_colspan="7"> Yes ( only in devices with cellular option ) <Th_colspan="2"> Digital compass <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Barometer <Td_colspan="5"> No <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth <Td_colspan="2"> Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR <Td_colspan="3"> Bluetooth 4.0 <Td_colspan="2"> Bluetooth 4.2 <Th_colspan="2"> Cellular GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA ( 850 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA ( 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) Wi - Fi + cellular models on Verizon include : CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1900 MHz ) GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , LTE ( bands 4 , 17 ) Wi - Fi + cellular models on Verizon include : CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1900 MHz ) , LTE ( band 13 ) GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , LTE ( bands 2 , 4 , 5 , 17 ) Wi - Fi + cellular models on Verizon include : CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A and B ( 800 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , LTE ( bands 1 , 3 , 5 , 13 , 25 ) GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A and B ( 800 , 1900 MHz ) , LTE ( bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 , 38 , 39 , 40 ) In addition to prior : LTE ( bands 28 , 29 , 41 ) In addition to prior : LTE ( band 12 ) Cameras iSight N / A 720p HD ( 0.9 MP ) video at 30 fps and 0.7 MP photos <Td_colspan="3"> 1080p HD video at 30 fps and 5 MP still photos 30 fps and 5 × digital zoom <Td_colspan="2"> 1080p HD video at 30 fps and 8 MP photos FaceTime N / A <Td_colspan="2"> VGA ( 0.3 MP ) photos and video at up to 30 fps <Td_colspan="4"> 1.2 MP photos , 720p video <Th_colspan="2"> Audio codec Cirrus Logic CS42L61 Cirrus Logic CS42L63 Cirrus Logic CLI1560B0 Cirrus Logic CLI1583B0 / CS35L19 Cirrus Logic 338S1116 Cirrus Logic 338S1213 <Th_colspan="2"> Made for iPhone hearing aids compatible <Td_colspan="3"> N / A <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Live Listen <Td_colspan="3"> N / A <Td_colspan="3"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Materials <Td_colspan="7"> Contoured aluminum back and bezel Wi - Fi + cellular models also have a piece of plastic for the cellular antenna . The color of the plastic on an iPad Air or earlier is black ; on the iPad Air 2 or later it is black or white . <Th_colspan="2"> Color <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Power 3.75 V 24.8 Wh ( 6,613 mAh ) 3.8 V 25 Wh ( 6,579 mAh ) 3.7 V 42.5 Wh ( 11,487 mAh ) 3.7 V 43 Wh ( 11,560 mAh ) 3.7 V 32.9 Wh ( 8,827 mAh ) 3.7 V 27.3 Wh ( 7,340 mAh ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rated battery life ( hours ) <Td_colspan="7"> audio : 140 video : 10 Browsing over 3G : 9 Browsing over LTE : 9 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 10 Standby : 1 month <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions 242.8 mm ( 9.56 in ) H 189.7 mm ( 7.47 in ) W 13.4 mm ( 0.53 in ) D 241.2 mm ( 9.50 in ) H 185.7 mm ( 7.31 in ) W 8.8 mm ( 0.35 in ) D <Td_colspan="2"> 241 mm ( 9.5 in ) H 186 mm ( 7.3 in ) W 9.4 mm ( 0.37 in ) D 240 mm ( 9.4 in ) H 169.5 mm ( 6.67 in ) W 7.5 mm ( 0.30 in ) D 240 mm ( 9.4 in ) H 169.5 mm ( 6.67 in ) W 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) D 240 mm ( 9.4 in ) H 169.5 mm ( 6.67 in ) W 7.5 mm ( 0.30 in ) D <Th_colspan="2"> Weight Wi - Fi : 680 g ( 1.50 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 730 g ( 1.61 lb ) Wi - Fi : 601 g ( 1.325 lb ) GSM model : 613 g ( 1.351 lb ) CDMA model : 607 g ( 1.338 lb ) Wi - Fi : 650 g ( 1.43 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 660 g ( 1.46 lb ) Wi - Fi : 652 g ( 1.437 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 662 g ( 1.459 lb ) Wi - Fi : 469 g ( 1.034 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 478 g ( 1.054 lb ) Wi - Fi : 437 g ( 0.963 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 444 g ( 0.979 lb ) Wi - Fi : 469 g ( 1.034 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 478 g ( 1.054 lb ) <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions 130 kg CO e 105 kg CO e 130 kg CO e 180 kg CO e 170 kg CO e 220 kg CO e 210 kg CO e 170 kg CO e <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings iPad1 , 1 iPad2 , 1 iPad2 , 2 iPad2 , 3 iPad2 , 4 iPad3 , 1 iPad3 , 2 iPad3 , 3 iPad3 , 4 iPad3 , 5 iPad3 , 6 iPad4 , 1 iPad4 , 2 iPad4 , 3 iPad5 , 3 iPad5 , 4 iPad6 , 11 iPad6 , 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Model number A1219 ( Wi - Fi ) A1337 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) A1395 ( Wi - Fi ) A1396 ( GSM model ) A1397 ( CDMA model ) A1416 ( Wi - Fi ) A1403 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ( VZ ) ) A1430 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) A1458 ( Wi - Fi ) A1459 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) A1460 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ( MM ) ) A1474 ( Wi - Fi ) A1475 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) A1476 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ( TD - LTE ) ) A1566 ( Wi - Fi ) A1567 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) ( Likely - But Not Confirmed ) A1822 ( Wi - Fi ) A1823 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID BCG - E2381A BCG - E2328A ( GSM ) BCGA1395 BCGA1396 BCGA1397 BCGA1416 BCGA1403 BCGA1430 BCGA1458 BCGA1459 BCGA1460 BCGA1474 BCGA1475 BCGA1476 BCGA1566 BCGA1567 ( Likely - But Not Confirmed ) BCGA1822 BCGA1823 <Th_colspan="2"> Released Wi - Fi : April 3 , 2010 Wi - Fi + cellular : April 30 , 2010 March 11 , 2011 March 16 , 2012 16 GB : November 2 , 2012 and March 18 , 2014 32 GB and 64 GB : November 2 , 2012 128 GB : February 5 , 2013 November 1 , 2013 16 GB and 64 GB : October 24 , 2014 128 GB : October 24 , 2014 and September 7 , 2016 32 GB : September 7 , 2016 March 24 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued March 2 , 2011 32 GB and 64 GB : March 7 , 2012 16 GB : March 18 , 2014 October 23 , 2012 16 GB : October 22 , 2013 and October 16 , 2014 32 , 64 and 128 GB : October 22 , 2013 64 GB and 128 GB : October 16 , 2014 16 and 32 GB : March 21 , 2016 16 GB and 64 GB : September 7 , 2016 32 GB and 128GB : March 21 , 2017 In production <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported September 19 , 2012 <Td_colspan="2"> September 13 , 2016 September 19 , 2017 <Td_colspan="3"> Supported IPad mini ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Model iPad mini iPad mini 2 iPad mini 3 iPad mini 4 <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Cellular GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , LTE ( bands 4 , 17 ) Wi - Fi + cellular models on Verizon include : CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A and B ( 800 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , LTE ( bands 1 , 3 , 5 , 13 , 25 ) GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A and B ( 800 , 1900 MHz ) , LTE ( bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 , 38 , 39 , 40 ) GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , CDMA / EV - DO Rev. A and B ( 800 , 1900 MHz ) , LTE ( bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 , 38 , 39 , 40 ) In addition to prior : LTE ( bands 28 , 29 , 41 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system iOS 6.0 ( Wi - Fi ) iOS 6.0. 1 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) iOS 7.0. 3 ( Wi - Fi and Wi - Fi + cellular ) iOS 7.1 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ( TD - LTE ) ) iOS 8.0 ( Wi - Fi ) iOS 8.1 ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) iOS 9.0 <Td_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system iOS 9.3. 5 <Td_colspan="3"> iOS 11.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Display 7.9 in ( 200 mm ) LED - backlit Multi-Touch display with IPS technology 1024 × 768 px at 163 PPI 4 : 3 aspect ratio <Td_colspan="3"> 7.9 in ( 200 mm ) LED - backlit Multi-Touch display with IPS technology 2048 × 1536 px at 326 PPI ( Retina display ) , 4 : 3 aspect ratio <Th_colspan="2"> Processor 1 GHz Dual - core Apple A5 <Td_colspan="2"> 1.3 GHz dual - core 64 - bit Apple A7 SoC with M7 motion coprocessor 1.5 GHz dual - core 64 - bit Apple A8 SoC with M8 motion coprocessor <Th_colspan="2"> Bus frequency and width 250 MHz ( 32 - bit ) <Td_colspan="3"> 64 - bit <Th_colspan="2"> Graphics processor PowerVR SGX543MP2 ( 2 - core ) GPU <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR G6430 ( 4 - core ) GPU PowerVR GX6450 ( 4 - core ) GPU <Th_colspan="2"> Storage 16 , 32 & 64 GB 16 , 32 , 64 & 128 GB 16 , 64 & 128 GB 16 , 32 , 64 & 128 GB <Th_colspan="2"> RAM 512 MB DDR2 DRAM <Td_colspan="2"> 1 GB LPDDR3 DRAM 2 GB LPDDR3 DRAM <Th_colspan="2"> Connector <Td_colspan="4"> 8 - pin Lightning connector <Th_colspan="2"> Connectivity <Td_colspan="3"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n 2.4 & 5 GHz ) , LTE / CDMA / GSM / EDGE / GPRS Assisted GPS and GLONASS Built - in microphone 3 - axis gyroscope Ambient light sensor Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac 2.4 & 5 GHz ) , LTE / CDMA / GSM / EDGE / GPRS Assisted GPS and GLONASS Built - in microphone 3 - axis gyroscope Ambient light sensor barometer <Th_colspan="2"> SIM card form - factor <Td_colspan="4"> Nano - SIM <Th_colspan="2"> Touch ID <Td_colspan="2"> No <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> GLONASS <Td_colspan="4"> Yes ( only in devices with cellular option ) <Th_colspan="2"> GPS <Td_colspan="4"> Yes ( only in devices with cellular option ) <Th_colspan="2"> Digital compass <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Barometer <Td_colspan="3"> No Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth <Td_colspan="3"> Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.2 Cameras iSight <Td_colspan="3"> 1080p HD ( 5 MP ) still and video camera 30 fps and 3 × digital zoom 1080p HD ( 8 MP ) still and video camera 30 fps and 3 × digital zoom FaceTime <Td_colspan="4"> 1.2 MP photos , 720p video <Th_colspan="2"> Audio codec Cirrus Logic 338S1116 <Td_colspan="3"> Cirrus Logic 338S1213 <Th_colspan="2"> Made for iPhone Hearing Aids Compatible <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Live Listen <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Materials <Td_colspan="4"> Contoured aluminum back and bezel Wi - Fi + cellular models also have a piece of plastic for the cellular antenna . The color of the plastic on the first and second generations of iPad Mini is black ; on the iPad Mini 3 it is white . <Th_colspan="2"> Color Until October 22 , 2013 : <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Power 3.72 V 16.5 Wh ( 4,440 mAh ) <Td_colspan="2"> 3.75 V 24.3 Wh ( 6,471 mAh ) 3.82 V 19.32 Wh ( 5,124 mAh ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rated battery life ( hours ) <Td_colspan="4"> audio : 140 video : 10 Browsing over 3G : 9 Browsing over LTE : 9 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 10 Standby : 1 month <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions 200 mm ( 7.9 in ) H 134.7 mm ( 5.30 in ) W 7.2 mm ( 0.28 in ) D <Td_colspan="2"> 200 mm ( 7.9 in ) H 134.7 mm ( 5.30 in ) W 7.5 mm ( 0.29 in ) D 203.2 mm ( 8.00 in ) H 134.8 mm ( 5.31 in ) W 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) D <Th_colspan="2"> Weight Wi - Fi : 308 g ( 0.679 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 312 g ( 0.688 lb ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wi - Fi : 331 g ( 0.730 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 341 g ( 0.752 lb ) Wi - Fi : 298.8 g ( 0.659 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 304 g ( 0.670 lb ) <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions 95 kg CO e 120 kg CO e 170 kg CO e 120 kg CO e 170 kg CO e 120 kg CO e <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings iPad2 , 5 iPad2 , 6 iPad2 , 7 iPad4 , 4 iPad4 , 5 iPad4 , 6 iPad4 , 7 iPad4 , 8 iPad4 , 9 iPad5 , 1 iPad5 , 2 <Th_colspan="2"> Model number A1432 A1454 A1455 A1489 A1490 A1491 A1599 A1600 A1601 A1538 A1550 <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID BCGA1432 BCGA1454 BCGA1455 BCGA1489 BCGA1490 BCGA1491 BCGA1599 BCGA1600 BCGA1601 BCGA1538 BCGA1550 <Th_colspan="2"> Released Wi - Fi : November 2 , 2012 Wi - Fi + cellular : November 16 , 2012 November 12 , 2013 October 24 , 2014 16 GB , 64 GB , 128 GB : September 9 , 2015 32 GB : September 7 , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued 32 GB and 64 GB : October 22 , 2013 16 GB : June 19 , 2015 64 GB and 128 GB : October 16 , 2014 16 GB : September 7 , 2016 32 GB : March 21 , 2017 September 9 , 2015 16 GB and 64 GB : September 7 , 2016 32 GB : March 21 , 2017 128 GB : In production <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported September 13 , 2016 <Td_colspan="3"> Supported iPad Pro ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Model iPad Pro 12.9 - inch ( 1st generation ) iPad Pro 9.7 - inch iPad Pro 12.9 - inch ( 2nd generation ) iPad Pro 10.5 - inch <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system iOS 9.1 iOS 9.3 <Td_colspan="2"> iOS 10.3. 2 <Th_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system <Td_colspan="4"> iOS 11.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Cellular <Td_colspan="2"> GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , UMTS / HSPA ( 850 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) <Td_colspan="2"> UMTS / HSPA / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) ; GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1900 MHz ) LTE Advanced ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ) 4 <Th_colspan="2"> Display 12.9 in ( 330 mm ) ( diagonal ) LED - backlit Multi-Touch Retina display with IPS technology 2732 - by - 2048 px at 264 PPI resolution , 4 : 3 aspect ratio , Fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating ( 2.6 % reflectance ) 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) ( diagonal ) LED - backlit Multi-Touch Retina display with IPS technology and Metal Oxide TFT , 2048 - by - 1536 px at 264 PPI resolution , 4 : 3 aspect ratio , Fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating ( 1.7 % reflectance ) , Dual DCI - P3 and sRGB / Rec. 709 Wide Color Gamuts , True Tone with Night Shift 12.9 in ( 330 mm ) ( diagonal ) LED - backlit Multi-Touch Retina display with IPS technology , 2732 - by - 2048 px at 264 PPI resolution , 4 : 3 aspect ratio , Fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating ( 1.8 % reflectance ) , Dual DCI - P3 and sRGB / Rec. 709 Wide Color Gamuts , True Tone with Night Shift , ProMotion 10.5 in ( 270 mm ) ( diagonal ) LED - backlit Multi-Touch Retina display with IPS technology , 2224 - by - 1668 px at 264 PPI resolution , 4 : 3 aspect ratio , Fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating , Fully laminated display , Antireflective coating ( 1.8 % reflectance ) , Dual DCI - P3 and sRGB / Rec. 709 Wide Color Gamuts , True Tone with Night Shift , ProMotion <Th_colspan="2"> Processor 2.26 GHz dual - core 64 - bit Apple A9X SoC with embedded M9 motion coprocessor 2.16 GHz dual - core 64 - bit Apple A9X SoC with embedded M9 motion coprocessor <Td_colspan="2"> 2.39 GHz hexa - core 64 - bit Apple A10X SoC with embedded M10 motion coprocessor <Th_colspan="2"> Bus frequency and width <Td_colspan="2"> 128 - bit NVMe - based controller that communicates over a PCIe connection <Th_colspan="2"> Graphics processor <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR 7XT Series ( 12 - core ) GPU <Td_colspan="2"> 12 - core GPU <Th_colspan="2"> Storage <Td_colspan="2"> 32 , 128 & 256 GB <Td_colspan="2"> 64 , 256 & 512 GB <Th_colspan="2"> RAM 4 GB LPDDR4 DRAM 2 GB LPDDR4 DRAM <Td_colspan="2"> 4 GB 1600MHz LPDDR4 DRAM <Th_colspan="2"> Connector <Td_colspan="4"> 8 - pin Lightning connector Smart connector <Th_colspan="2"> Connectivity Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac 2.4 & 5 GHz ) , LTE / CDMA / GSM / EDGE / GPRS Assisted GPS and GLONASS Built - in dual microphone 3 - axis gyroscope Ambient light sensor barometer In addition to 12.9 '' model : LTE Advanced , LTE bands 12 , 27 , 30 ( WCS ) <Th_colspan="2"> SIM card form - factor <Td_colspan="2"> Nano - SIM N / A Apple eSIM <Th_colspan="2"> Touch ID <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Location <Td_colspan="4"> Yes Digital compass , Wi ‐ Fi and iBeacon microlocation A-GPS and GLONASS in devices with cellular option only <Th_colspan="2"> Barometer <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth <Td_colspan="4"> Bluetooth 4.2 Cameras iSight 1080p HD ( 8 MP ) still and video camera 30 fps and 3 × digital zoom <Td_colspan="3"> 4K HD ( 12 MP ) still and video camera FaceTime 1.2 MP photos , 720p video 5 MP photos , 720p video , Retina flash <Td_colspan="2"> 7 MP , 1080p video , Retina flash <Th_colspan="2"> Sound <Td_colspan="4"> Four loudspeakers , adjusting sound to device orientation <Th_colspan="2"> Audio codec <Td_colspan="2"> Cirrus Logic 338S1213 <Th_colspan="2"> Made for iPhone Hearing Aids Compatible <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Live Listen <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Materials <Td_colspan="4"> Contoured aluminum back and bezel <Th_colspan="2"> Color <Th_colspan="2"> Power 3.77 V 38.8 Wh ( 10,307 mAh ) 3.82 V 27.91 Wh ( 7,306 mAh ) 3.77 V 41.0 Wh ( 10,875 mAh ) 3.77 V 30.8 Wh ( 8,134 mAh ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rated battery life ( hours ) <Td_colspan="4"> audio : 140 video : 10 Browsing over 3G : 9 Browsing over LTE : 9 Browsing over Wi - Fi : 10 Standby : 1 month <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions 305.7 mm ( 12.04 in ) H 220.6 mm ( 8.69 in ) W 6.9 mm ( 0.27 in ) D 240 mm ( 9.4 in ) H 169.5 mm ( 6.67 in ) W 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) D 305.7 mm ( 12.04 in ) H 220.6 mm ( 8.69 in ) W 6.9 mm ( 0.27 in ) D 250.6 mm ( 9.87 in ) H 174.1 mm ( 6.85 in ) W 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) D <Th_colspan="2"> Weight Wi - Fi : 713 g ( 1.572 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 723 g ( 1.594 lb ) Wi - Fi : 437 g ( 0.963 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 444 g ( 0.979 lb ) Wi - Fi : 677 g ( 1.493 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 692 g ( 1.526 lb ) Wi - Fi : 469 g ( 1.034 lb ) Wi - Fi + cellular : 477 g ( 1.052 lb ) <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions 270 kg CO e 210 kg CO e <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings iPad6 , 7 iPad6 , 8 iPad6 , 3 iPad6 , 4 iPad7 , 1 iPad7 , 2 iPad7 , 3 iPad7 , 4 <Th_colspan="2"> Model number A1584 A1652 A1673 A1674 A1675 A1670 A1671 A1701 A1709 <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID BCGA1584 BCGA1652 BCGA1673 BCGA1674 <Th_colspan="2"> Released 32 and 128 GB : November 11 , 2015 256 GB : March 31 , 2016 March 31 , 2016 June 13 , 2017 June 13 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued <Td_colspan="2"> June 5 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> In production <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported <Td_colspan="4"> Supported Apple TV ( edit ) The second generation of Apple TV onwards runs iOS . ( The first generation ran a modified version of Mac OS X Tiger instead of iOS . ) <Th_colspan="2"> Model Apple TV ( 2nd generation ) Apple TV ( 3rd generation ) Apple TV ( 3rd generation ) Rev A Apple TV ( 4th generation ) Apple TV 4K <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Th_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system Apple TV Software 4.0 ( iOS 4.1 ) Apple TV Software 5.0 ( iOS 5.1 ) Apple TV Software 5.2 ( iOS 6.1 ) tvOS 9.0 ( iOS 9.0 ) tvOS 11.0 ( iOS 11.0 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system Apple TV Software 6.2. 1 ( iOS 7.1. 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Apple TV Software 7.2. 2 ( iOS 8.4. 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> tvOS 11.0 ( iOS 11.0 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Processor 1 GHz Apple A4 SoC 1 GHz dual - core Apple A5 SoC with one core locked 1 GHz single - core Apple A5 SoC Apple A8 SoC Apple A10X SoC <Th_colspan="2"> Graphics processor PowerVR SGX535 GPU <Td_colspan="2"> PowerVR SGX543MP2 ( dual - core ) GPU PowerVR GX6450 ( quad - core ) GPU <Th_colspan="2"> Audio Output <Td_colspan="3"> Dolby Digital 5.1 <Td_colspan="2"> Dolby Digital 7.1 <Th_colspan="2"> Storage <Td_colspan="3"> 8 GB NAND flash ( for cache ) <Td_colspan="2"> 32 & 64 GB NAND flash <Th_colspan="2"> Memory 256 MB DRAM <Td_colspan="2"> 512 MB LPDDR2 SDRAM 2 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM <Th_colspan="2"> Connectivity <Td_colspan="3"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) , 10 / 100BASE - T Ethernet Optical audio , HDMI , IR receiver , Micro-USB ( for services and support ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac with MIMO ) , 10 / 100BASE - T Ethernet HDMI 1.4 , IR receiver , USB Type - C ( for services and support ) Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac with MIMO ) , 10 / 100 / 1000BASE - T Ethernet HDMI 2.0 , IR receiver <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR <Td_colspan="3"> Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 5.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Output 720p 60 / 50 Hz ( NTSC / PAL ) 576p / 576i 50 Hz ( PAL ) <Td_colspan="3"> In addition to prior : 1080p In addition to prior : 4K , HDR <Th_colspan="2"> Remote <Td_colspan="3"> Apple Remote ( aluminum ) <Td_colspan="2"> Siri Remote <Th_colspan="2"> Siri <Td_colspan="3"> No <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> App Store <Td_colspan="3"> No <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Third Party Controllers <Td_colspan="3"> No <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Materials <Td_colspan="5"> Plastic <Th_colspan="2"> Color <Td_colspan="5"> <Th_colspan="2"> Power <Td_colspan="3"> Built - in 6 W universal power supply Built - in 11 W universal power supply <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions <Td_colspan="3"> 23 mm ( 0.91 in ) H 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) W 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) D <Td_colspan="2"> 35 mm ( 1.4 in ) H 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) W 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) D <Th_colspan="2"> Weight <Td_colspan="3"> 272 g ( 9.6 oz ) <Td_colspan="2"> 425 g ( 15.0 oz ) <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions 60 kg CO e <Td_colspan="2"> 60 kg CO e 90 kg CO e <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings AppleTV2 , 1 AppleTV3 , 1 AppleTV3 , 2 AppleTV5 , 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Model number A1378 A1427 A1469 A1625 <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID BCGA1378 BCGA1427 BCGA1469 BCGA1625 <Th_colspan="2"> Released September 1 , 2010 March 7 , 2012 January 28 , 2013 October 30 , 2015 September 22 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued March 7 , 2012 March 10 , 2013 September 8 , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> In production <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported September 17 , 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> December 12 , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> Supported Apple Watch ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Generation <Th_colspan="4"> 1st generation Series 1 <Th_colspan="4"> Series 2 <Th_colspan="4"> Series 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Model Apple Watch Sport Apple Watch Apple Watch Edition Apple Watch Hermès Apple Watch Apple Watch Apple Watch Nike+ Apple Watch Hermès Apple Watch Edition Apple Watch Apple Watch Nike+ Apple Watch Hermès Apple Watch Edition <Th_colspan="2"> Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Initial release operating system <Td_colspan="4"> watchOS 1.0 ( iOS 8.2 ) <Td_colspan="5"> watchOS 3.0 ( iOS 10 ) <Td_colspan="4"> watchOS 4.0 ( iOS 11 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Latest release operating system <Td_colspan="13"> watchOS 4.0 ( iOS 11 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Display <Td_colspan="13"> Retina Display AMOLED with Force Touch 38 mm : 21.22 × 26.52 mm ; 33.96 mm ( 1.337 in ) diagonally , 272 × 340 pixels , 326 dpi 42 mm : 24.34 × 30.42 mm ; 38.96 mm ( 1.534 in ) diagonally , 312 × 390 pixels , 326 dpi <Td_colspan="5"> 500 nits <Td_colspan="9"> 1000 nits <Th_colspan="2"> Power <Td_colspan="5"> 38 mm : 3.8 V 0.78 Wh ( 205 mAh ) 42 mm : 3.78 V 0.93 Wh ( 246 mAh ) <Td_colspan="4"> 38 mm : 3.77 V 1.03 Wh ( 273 mAh ) 42 mm : 3.80 V 1.27 Wh ( 334 mAh ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="2"> Rated battery life <Td_colspan="4"> Up to 18 hours ( 6.5 hours of audio playback , 6.5 hours of workout time , 3 hours of talk time , or 72 hours of Power Reserve mode ) <Td_colspan="5"> Up to 18 hours ( 6.5 hours of audio playback , 8 hours of indoor workout time , 5 hours of GPS workout time , 3 hours of talk time ) <Td_colspan="4"> Up to 18 hours ( 10 hours of audio playback , 10 hours of indoor workout time , 5 hours of GPS workout time , 3 hours of talk time connected to iPhone or 1 hour connected to LTE ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions ( L x W x H ) <Td_colspan="4"> 38 mm : 38.6 mm × 33.3 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.52 in × 1.31 in × 0.41 in ) 42 mm : 42 mm × 35.9 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.65 in × 1.41 in × 0.41 in ) 38 mm : 38.6 mm × 33.3 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.52 in × 1.31 in × 0.41 in ) 42 mm : 42.5 mm × 36.4 mm × 11.4 mm ( 1.67 in × 1.43 in × 0.45 in ) <Td_colspan="4"> 38 mm : 38.6 mm × 33.3 mm × 11.4 mm ( 1.52 in × 1.31 in × 0.45 in ) 42 mm : 42.5 mm × 36.4 mm × 11.4 mm ( 1.67 in × 1.43 in × 0.45 in ) <Td_colspan="3"> 38 mm : 38.6 mm × 33.3 mm × 11.4 mm ( 1.52 in × 1.31 in × 0.45 in ) 42 mm : 42.5 mm × 36.4 mm × 11.4 mm ( 1.67 in × 1.43 in × 0.45 in ) 38 mm : 39.2 mm × 34.0 mm × 11.8 mm ( 1.54 in × 1.34 in × 0.46 in ) 42 mm : 42.6 mm × 36.5 mm × 11.4 mm ( 1.68 in × 1.44 in × 0.45 in ) <Th_colspan="2"> Weight 38 mm : 25 g 42 mm : 30 g 38 mm : 40 g 42 mm : 50 g 38 mm ( yellow gold ) : 55 g 38 mm ( rose gold ) : 54 g 42 mm ( yellow gold ) : 69 g 42 mm ( rose gold ) : 67 g 38 mm : 40 g 42 mm : 50 g 38 mm : 25 g 42 mm : 30 g <Td_colspan="3"> 38 mm ( aluminum ) : 30 g 42 mm ( aluminum ) : 34.2 g 38 mm ( stainless steel ) : 41.9 g 42 mm ( stainless steel ) : 52.4 g 38 mm : 39.6 g 42 mm : 45.6 g <Td_colspan="2"> 38 mm ( aluminum ) ( GPS ) : 26.7 g 38 mm ( aluminum ) ( GPS + Cellular ) : 28.7 g 42 mm ( aluminum ) ( GPS ) : 32.3 g 42 mm ( aluminum ) ( GPS + Cellular ) : 34.9 g 38 mm ( stainless steel ) : 42.4 g 42 mm ( stainless steel ) : 52.8 g 38 mm : 42.4 g 42 mm : 52.8 g 38 mm : 40.1 g 42 mm : 46.4 g <Th_colspan="2"> Greenhouse gas emissions <Td_colspan="4"> 50 kg CO e <Td_colspan="2"> 20 kg CO e <Td_colspan="3"> 30 kg CO e <Td_colspan="4"> Materials Back Composite <Td_colspan="3"> Ceramic Composite <Td_colspan="4"> Ceramic <Td_colspan="2"> Composite ( GPS ) Ceramic ( GPS + Cellular ) <Td_colspan="2"> Ceramic Screen Strengthened Ion - X glass <Td_colspan="3"> Sapphire crystal Strengthened Ion - X glass Strengthened Ion - X glass ( aluminium ) Sapphire crystal ( stainless steel ) Strengthened Ion - X glass <Td_colspan="2"> Sapphire crystal <Td_colspan="2"> Strengthened Ion - X glass ( GPS ) Sapphire crystal ( GPS + Cellular ) <Td_colspan="2"> Sapphire crystal Case Lightweight anodized 7000 series aluminum ( in anodizations ) Cold - forged stainless steel ( in stainless or space black ) Hardened 18 - karat gold ( in yellow gold or rose gold ) Digital Crown having a white , red , blue , or black cap Band Fluoroelastomer : Sport Band ( in white , orange , royal blue , black , yellow , apricot lavender , stone , antique white , or midnight blue ) Leather : Modern Buckle ( in soft pink or midnight blue ) , Leather Loop ( in midnight blue or stone ) , Classic Buckle ( in saddle brown or black ) Stainless steel : Link Bracelet ( in stainless or space black ) , Milanese Loop ( in saddle brown , red classic , marine blue , marigold , white leather , blue jay , or storm grey ) Fluoroelastomer : Sport Band ( in white , black , or ( Product ) ) Leather : Modern Buckle ( in bright red or rose grey ) , Classic Buckle ( in black or midnight blue ) Fluoroelastomer : Sport Band ( in white or black ) <Th_colspan="2"> SiP <Td_colspan="4"> Apple S1 Apple S1P <Td_colspan="4"> Apple S2 <Td_colspan="4"> Dual - core <Th_colspan="2"> Memory <Td_colspan="5"> 512 MB LPDDR3 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="2"> Storage <Td_colspan="9"> 8 GB NAND Flash <Td_colspan="2"> 8 GB or 16 GB ( LTE models ) NAND Flash <Td_colspan="2"> 16 GB NAND Flash <Th_colspan="2"> Bluetooth <Td_colspan="9"> Bluetooth 4.0 <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="2"> Wi - Fi <Td_colspan="9"> Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="2"> Water Resistance <Td_colspan="5"> IPX7 ( 1 meter ) under IEC standard 60529 <Td_colspan="8"> 50 meters under ISO standard 22810 : 2010 <Th_colspan="2"> NFC <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Heart rate sensor <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Accelerometer <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Gyroscope <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> VoiceOver <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Zoom <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Extra Large watch face <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Font Adjustments <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Grayscale <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Reduce Motion <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Reduce Transparency <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> On / Off Labels <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Taptic Engine <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Prominent Haptic <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Mono Audio <Td_colspan="13"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Hardware strings <Td_colspan="4"> Watch1 , 1 Watch1 , 2 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="2"> Model number <Td_colspan="4"> 38 mm : A1553 42 mm : A1554 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="2"> FCCID <Td_colspan="4"> BCG - E2870 BCG - E2871 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="2"> Released <Td_colspan="3"> April 24 , 2015 <Td_colspan="1"> January 22 , 2016 <Td_colspan="5"> September 16 , 2016 <Td_colspan="1"> September 22 , 2017 <Td_colspan="1"> October 5 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> September 22 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Discontinued <Td_colspan="4"> September 7 , 2016 <Td_colspan="1"> In production <Td_colspan="4"> September 12 , 2017 <Td_colspan="4"> In production <Th_colspan="2"> Unsupported <Td_colspan="14"> Supported Comparison of models ( edit ) Battery life ( edit ) Side view of an original iPhone ( right ) , iPhone 3G / 3GS ( center ) , and an iPhone 4 ( left ) . The original is made of aluminum and plastic , the 3G / 3GS is made from a hard plastic material , and the iPhone 4 is made of stainless steel and hardened glass . Apple runs tests on pre-production units to determine battery life . However , these are purported maximums ( `` up to '' ) , and actual user experiences vary . All numbers are in hours unless specified . Model <Th_colspan="18"> iPhone <Th_colspan="6"> iPod Touch <Th_colspan="2"> iPad 1st 3G 3GS 4s 5 5c 5s 6 6 Plus 6s 6s Plus SE 7 7 Plus 8 8 Plus X 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Wi - Fi Wi - Fi + cellular Video 7 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 14 11 14 13 13 16 13 14 13 5 6 6 7 8 8 10 10 Music 24 24 30 40 40 40 40 40 50 80 50 80 50 40 60 40 60 60 22 36 30 40 40 40 140 140 Wi - Fi Web browsing 6 6 9 10 9 10 10 10 11 12 11 12 13 14 15 12 ( Wifi / Cell not specified ) 13 ( Wifi / Cell not specified ) 12 ( Wifi / Cell not specified ) 5 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 3G Web browsing N / A 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 10 12 10 12 12 12 13 * * * N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 LTE Web browsing N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 10 10 10 12 10 12 13 12 13 * * * N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 2G talk time 8 10 12 14 14 14 14 14 24 42 24 42 24 N / A N / A * * * N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 3G talk time N / A 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 14 24 14 24 14 14 21 * * * N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A Standby 250 300 300 300 200 225 250 250 250 384 240 384 240 240 384 * * * 200 300 300 300 300 300 1 month 1 month GSM / LTE SIM size ( edit ) Model <Th_colspan="18"> iPhone <Th_colspan="7"> iPad ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) <Th_colspan="4"> iPad Mini ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) <Th_colspan="2"> iPad Pro ( Wi - Fi + cellular ) 1st 3G 3GS 4s 5 5c 5s 6 6 Plus 6s 6s Plus SE 7 7 Plus 8 8 Plus X 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd SIM card form - factor <Th_colspan="3"> standard SIM <Th_colspan="2"> micro-SIM <Th_colspan="13"> nano - SIM <Th_colspan="4"> micro-SIM <Th_colspan="3"> nano - SIM <Th_colspan="4"> nano - SIM <Th_colspan="2"> nano - SIM Apple eSIM Storage ( edit ) Apple has increased the storage capacity of its devices over time . Units were or are available with a given storage capacity as indicated . Model <Th_colspan="16"> iPhone <Th_colspan="6"> iPod Touch <Th_colspan="7"> iPad <Th_colspan="4"> iPad Mini <Th_colspan="2"> iPad Pro 1st 3G 3GS 4s 5 5c 5s 6 6 Plus 6s ( Plus ) SE 7 ( Plus ) 7 ( Plus ) ( RED ) 8 ( Plus ) X 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 4 GB Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 8 GB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 16 GB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 32 GB No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 64 GB No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 128 GB No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 256 GB No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes 512 GB No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Supported iOS releases ( edit ) This table indicates the supported versions of iOS available for each generation of iOS devices . Beta versions may be listed only if support is discontinued for some older devices . Model <Th_colspan="15"> iPhone <Th_colspan="6"> iPod Touch <Th_colspan="7"> iPad <Th_colspan="4"> iPad Mini <Th_colspan="2"> iPad Pro Obsolete <Th_colspan="4"> Vintage <Th_colspan="3"> Unsupported <Th_colspan="7"> Current 1st 3G 3GS Verizon 4s 5 5c 5s 6 ( Plus ) 6s ( Plus ) SE 7 ( Plus ) 8 ( Plus ) X 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd iOS 11.0 iOS 10.3. 3 iOS 9.3. 5 iOS 8.4. 1 iOS 7.1. 2 iOS 6.1. 3 / 6.1. 4 / 6.1. 6 6.1. 6 6.1. 3 6.1. 3 6.1. 3 6.1. 4 6.1. 6 6.1. 3 6.1. 3 6.1. 3 6.1. 3 6.1. 3 iOS 5.1. 1 iOS 4.2. 1 / 4.2. 10 / 4.3. 5 4.2. 1 4.3. 5 4.3. 5 4.2. 10 4.2. 1 4.3. 5 4.3. 5 4.3. 5 4.3. 5 iPhone OS 3.1. 3 / iOS 3.2. 2 3.1. 3 3.1. 3 3.1. 3 3.1. 3 3.1. 3 3.1. 3 3.2. 2 RAM , Processor , and Highest supported iOS release ( edit ) Supported RAM Processor <Th_colspan="3"> iOS devices Highest supported iOS iPhone iPod touch iPad Yes 4GB A10X Fusion Pro 10.5 '' / 12.9 '' 2G 11.0 ( Current ) A9X Pro 12.9 '' 1G 3GB A10 Fusion 7 Plus 2GB 7 A9X Pro 9.7 '' A9 6s ( Plus ) / SE 5 A8X Air 2 A8 mini 4 1GB 6 ( Plus ) 6 A7 5s Air / mini 2 , 3 No A6X 10.3. 3 A6 5 / 5c A5X 9.3. 5 512MB A5 4s 5 2 / mini A4 7.1. 2 256MB 3GS 6.1. 6 A4 1st 5.1. 1 128MB 3G 4.2. 1 1st 3.1. 3 Display ( edit ) The 31⁄2 - inch display introduced with the original iPhone was almost unchanged in all models before 2010 . The iPad has a larger display and also uses a different aspect ratio and resolution . The iPhone 4 , iPhone 4s , and fourth generation iPod Touch keep the physical dimensions of prior models , but double the resolution in both dimensions , thereby quadrupling the number of pixels in the same amount of space . The iPhone 5 was the first departure from the traditional iPhone and iPod Touch screen size , increasing it from 3.5 '' to 4 `` , and the resolution was increased to include the extra screen space . The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were the second departure from the traditional iPhone and iPod Touch screen size , increasing the screen sizes from 4 '' to 4.7 '' and 5.5 '' respectively , with increased resolution to include the extra screen space . Comparison of iOS screens , in portrait orientation Display iPhone <Th_colspan="3"> iPhone ( Retina ) <Th_colspan="2"> iPhone ( Retina HD ) iPad iPad ( Retina ) iPad Mini iPad Mini ( Retina ) iPad Pro 9.7 '' ( Retina ) iPad Pro 12.9 '' ( Retina ) iPad Pro 10.5 '' ( Retina ) Models iPhone ( 1st gen ) , 3G , 3GS , iPod touch ( 1st / 2nd / 3rd gen ) iPod touch ( 4th gen ) iPhone 4 , iPhone 4s iPhone 5 , 5c , 5s , SE iPod touch ( 5th / 6th gen ) iPhone 6 , 6s , 7 , 8 iPhone 6 Plus , 6s Plus , 7 Plus , 8 Plus iPad ( 1st gen ) , iPad 2 iPad ( 3rd / 4th / 5th gen ) , iPad Air , iPad Air 2 iPad mini iPad mini 2 , iPad mini 3 , iPad mini 4 iPad Pro 9.7 '' iPad Pro 12.9 '' ( 1st / 2nd gen ) iPad Pro 10.5 '' Diagonal <Td_colspan="3"> 89 mm ( 3.5 in ) 101 mm ( 4.0 in ) 119 mm ( 4.7 in ) 139 mm ( 5.5 in ) <Td_colspan="2"> 246 mm ( 9.7 in ) <Td_colspan="2"> 200 mm ( 7.9 in ) 246 mm ( 9.7 in ) 328 mm ( 12.9 in ) 267 mm ( 10.5 in ) Width <Td_colspan="4"> 49 mm ( 1.9 in ) 58 mm ( 2.3 in ) 68 mm ( 2.7 in ) <Td_colspan="2"> 148 mm ( 5.8 in ) <Td_colspan="2"> 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) 148 mm ( 5.8 in ) 262 mm ( 10.3 in ) 160 mm ( 6.3 in ) Height <Td_colspan="3"> 74 mm ( 2.9 in ) 88 mm ( 3.5 in ) 104 mm ( 4.1 in ) 122 mm ( 4.8 in ) <Td_colspan="2"> 197 mm ( 7.8 in ) <Td_colspan="2"> 160 mm ( 6.3 in ) 197 mm ( 7.8 in ) 197 mm ( 7.8 in ) 213 mm ( 8.4 in ) Area <Td_colspan="3"> 3,626 mm ( 5.6 sq in ) 4,312 mm ( 6.7 sq in ) 6,065 mm ( 9.4 sq in ) 8,323 mm ( 12.9 sq in ) <Td_colspan="2"> 29,156 mm ( 45.2 sq in ) <Td_colspan="2"> 19,200 mm ( 29.8 sq in ) 29,156 mm ( 45.2 sq in ) 51,533 mm ( 79.9 sq in ) 34,117 mm ( 52.9 sq in ) Aspect ratio <Td_colspan="3"> 3 : 2 <Td_colspan="3"> 16 : 9 <Td_colspan="7"> 4 : 3 Resolution HVGA <Td_colspan="2"> DVGA 640p 750p FHD XGA QXGA XGA QXGA QXGA 2048p 1668p Horizontal resolution ( px ) 320 <Td_colspan="3"> 640 750 1080 768 1536 768 <Td_colspan="2"> 1536 2048 1668 Vertical resolution ( px ) 480 <Td_colspan="2"> 960 1136 1334 1920 1024 2048 1024 <Td_colspan="2"> 2048 2732 2224 Pixel count 153,600 <Td_colspan="2"> 614,400 728,178 1,000,500 2,073,600 786,432 3,145,728 786,432 3,145,728 3,145,728 5,595,136 3,709,632 Pixel density ( ⁄ ) 163 <Td_colspan="4"> 326 401 132 264 163 326 264 264 264 Pixel size ( μm ) 156 <Td_colspan="4"> 78 63 192 96 156 78 96 96 96 Color depth ( bit ) 18 - bits with Dithering to Emulate 24 - bits <Td_colspan="12"> Full 24 - bit Color count 262,144 <Td_colspan="12"> 16,777,216 Contrast ratio 138 : 1 800 : 1 1117 : 1 1,356 : 1 1,592 : 1 1,451 : 1 <Td_colspan="2"> 1,064 : 1 843 : 1 957 : 1 1,022 : 1 1,631 : 1 Brightness max . ( ⁄ ) 428 500 541 556 6 : 558 6 Plus : 566 2 : 410 415 388 450 511 424 Lowest Peak Brightness ( ⁄ ) ? 5 6 : 6 6 Plus : 5 ? 5 ? 5 True Black Brightness at 0 lux ( ⁄ ) 3.1 0.48 0.41 6 : 0.35 6 Plus : 0.39 2 : 0.43 0.39 0.46 0.47 0.50 0.26 Color of White ( K ) 6,977 7,781 7,461 6 : 7,241 6 Plus : 7,348 2 : 6,991 7,355 6,711 7,109 6,945 7,164 Screen Reflectance 9.2 % 7.0 % <Td_colspan="3"> 4.6 % 2 : 8.7 % 2.5 % 9.0 % 2.0 % 1.7 % 2.6 % Technology <Td_colspan="2"> TN LCD <Td_colspan="8"> IPS LCD Photo Aligned LCD <Td_colspan="3"> IPS LCD Photo Aligned LCD Metal Oxide TFT Backlight <Td_colspan="13"> LED Cover Glass material Scratch - resistant glossy <Td_colspan="5"> Aluminosilicate <Td_colspan="7"> Bonded Cover Glass Laminated Display Anti-Reflection Coating Features ( edit ) Feature comparison of iPhone <Th_colspan="2"> Series <Th_colspan="15"> iPhone <Th_colspan="2"> Model 1st 3G 3GS 4s 5 5c 5s 6 6 Plus 6s 6s Plus SE 7 7 Plus <Th_colspan="2"> Speaker & physical volume control <Td_colspan="15"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Side switch <Td_colspan="15"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Rotation lock No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Ear speaker <Td_colspan="15"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Vibration <Td_colspan="15"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Retina Display No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> 3D Touch Display No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Voice control No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Siri No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Built - in microphone <Td_colspan="15"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Multi-mic noise suppression No No No Dual Dual Triple Triple Triple Triple Triple Triple Triple Triple Triple Triple <Th_colspan="2"> Earphones with remote and mic No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> iPod Touch loop <Td_colspan="15"> No Apps App Store Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 64 - bit application support No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multitasking App Switcher No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dock <Td_colspan="15"> No Persistent Video Overlay <Td_colspan="15"> No Slide Over <Td_colspan="15"> No Split View <Td_colspan="15"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Game Center No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Nike + iPod No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No <Th_colspan="2"> HealthKit No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CarPlay Wired No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wireless No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> AirPlay No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> AirPrint No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> AirDrop No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Continuity No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Handoff No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Apple Music No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Apple Maps 3D Flyover No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Transit Directions No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Wallet No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Apple Pay No No No No No No No No In - Store / Online In - Store / Online In - Store / Online In - Store / Online In - Store / Online In - Store / Online In - Store / Online <Th_colspan="2"> Secure Element No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Apple Watch connectivity No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Home sharing No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> ARM instruction set v6 v6 v7 v7 v7 v7s v7s v8 v8 v8 v8 v8 v8 v8 v8 <Th_colspan="2"> OpenGL ES 1.1 1.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Phone Phone Calls <Td_colspan="15"> Yes Wi - Fi calling source No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Home Screen View Portrait <Td_colspan="15"> Yes Landscape No No No No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes Display Zoom Standard View 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 5x4 5x4 5x4 6x4 6x4 6x4 6x4 5x4 6x4 6x4 Zoomed View No No No No No No No No 5x4 6x4 5x4 6x4 No 5x4 6x4 <Th_colspan="2"> Night Shift No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Sensors 3 - axis Accelerometer <Td_colspan="15"> Yes Ambient light sensor <Td_colspan="15"> Yes 3 - axis gyroscope No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Proximity <Td_colspan="15"> Yes Infrared ( for Siri ) No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Back - illuminated sensor No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Motion coprocessor No No No No No No No M7 M8 M8 M9 M9 M9 M10 M10 Touch ID No No No No No No No v1 v1 v1 v2 v2 v1 v2 v2 Barometer No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR <Td_colspan="15"> Yes 2.1 + EDR No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HFP , PBAP <Td_colspan="15"> Yes A2DP , AVRCP No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PAN No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HID No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.0 No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.1 No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.2 No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Networking Wi - Fi ( 802.11 ) b / g b / g b / g b / g / n b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n / ac MIMO No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes EDGE <Td_colspan="15"> Yes 3G UMTS No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HSDPA+ No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes LTE No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes VoLTE No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NFC No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Geolocation Assisted GPS No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes GLONASS No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Digital compass No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cellular <Td_colspan="15"> Yes Wi - Fi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Accessibility VoiceOver Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Invert Colors No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Grayscale No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Reachability No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Camera Rear ( iSight ) 2 MP 2 MP 3 MP 5 MP 8 MP 8 MP 8 MP 8 MP 8 MP 8 MP 12 MP 12 MP 12 MP 12 MP Dual 12 MP Front ( FaceTime ) No No No 0.3 MP 0.3 MP 1.2 MP 1.2 MP 1.2 MP 1.2 MP 1.2 MP 5 MP 5 MP 1.2 MP 7 MP 7 MP Autofocus No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Continuous Autofocus video No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes LED Flash No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes True Tone Flash No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Digital zoom No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Face detection No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes iSight Camera Aperture No No No No f / 2.4 f / 2.4 f / 2.4 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 f / 1.8 f / 1.8 FaceTime Camera Aperture No No No No f / 2.4 f / 2.4 f / 2.4 f / 2.4 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 f / 2.4 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 Live filters No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Hybrid IR filter No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Self - timer No No No No 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 Panorama No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Focus pixels No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes HDR No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Auto HDR No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4K Video No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Burst mode No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Rear video recording ( iSight ) <Td_colspan="2"> No 480p 30 720p 30 <Td_colspan="4"> 1080p 30 <Td_colspan="9"> 1080p 30 / 60 Front video recording ( FaceTime ) <Td_colspan="3"> No <Td_colspan="2"> VGA 30 <Td_colspan="8"> 720p 30 <Td_colspan="8"> 1080p HD 30 Slow - mo video <Td_colspan="7"> No 720p 120 <Td_colspan="2"> 720p 120 / 240 <Td_colspan="5"> 1080p 120 ; 720p 240 Timelapse No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Live photos No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Image stabilization No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Auto image stabilization No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Optical image stabilization No No No No No No No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Video stabilization No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cinematic video stabilization No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Stills while recording video No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Video zoom No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Model 1st 3G 3GS 4s 5 5c 5s 6 6 Plus 6s 6s Plus SE 7 7 Plus <Th_colspan="2"> Series <Th_colspan="15"> iPhone Feature comparison of iPod Touch , iPad , iPad Mini , and iPad Pro <Th_colspan="2"> Series <Th_colspan="6"> iPod touch <Th_colspan="7"> iPad <Th_colspan="4"> iPad mini <Th_colspan="2"> iPad Pro <Th_colspan="2"> Model 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 5th 1st 1st 9.7 inch 1st 12.9 inch <Th_colspan="2"> Speaker & physical volume control No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Side switch <Td_colspan="6"> No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Rotation lock No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="3"> Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Ear speaker <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Vibration <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Retina Display No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> 3D Touch Display <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Voice control No No Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Siri No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Built - in microphone No Ext . Ext . Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Multi-mic noise suppression <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No Dual Dual Dual No Dual Dual Dual <Td_colspan="2"> Dual <Th_colspan="2"> Earphones with remote and mic No Ext . Yes Ext . Ext . Ext . <Td_colspan="7"> Ext . <Td_colspan="4"> Ext . <Td_colspan="2"> Ext . <Th_colspan="2"> iPod Touch loop No No No No Yes No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Apps App Store Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 64 - bit application support No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Multitasking Application switcher No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Dock <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Persistent Video Overlay <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Slide Over <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Split View <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No No Yes Yes <Td_colspan="3"> No Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Game Center No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Nike + iPod No Yes Yes Yes Yes No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> HealthKit No No No No Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No CarPlay Wired <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Wireless <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> AirPlay No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> AirPrint No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> AirDrop No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Continuity No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Handoff No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Apple Music No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="3"> Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Apple Maps 3D Flyover No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Transit Directions No No No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Wallet No No No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Apple Pay <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No No Online Online No No Online Online <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Secure Element <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Apple Watch connectivity <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Home sharing No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> ARM instruction set v6 v6 v7 v7 v7 v8 v7 v7 v7 v7s v8 v8 v8 v7 v8 v8 v8 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A <Th_colspan="2"> OpenGL ES 1.1 1.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 <Td_colspan="2"> 3.0 Phone Phone Calls <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Wi - Fi calling source <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Home Screen View Portrait <Td_colspan="6"> Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Landscape <Td_colspan="6"> Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Display Zoom Standard View 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 5x4 5x4 <Td_colspan="7"> 5x4 <Td_colspan="4"> 5x4 <Td_colspan="2"> 5x4 Zoomed View <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No <Th_colspan="2"> Night Shift No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Sensors 3 - axis Accelerometer <Td_colspan="6"> Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Ambient light sensor Yes Yes Yes Yes No No <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 3 - axis gyroscope No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Proximity <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Infrared ( for Siri ) <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Back - illuminated sensor No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Motion coprocessor No No No No No M8 No No No No M7 M8 M9 No M7 M7 M8 <Td_colspan="2"> M9 Touch ID <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Barometer <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No No Yes Yes <Td_colspan="3"> No Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 2.1 + EDR No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes HFP , PBAP <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> N / A A2DP , AVRCP No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes PAN No Apps Apps Apps Apps Apps <Td_colspan="7"> Apps <Td_colspan="4"> Apps <Td_colspan="2"> Apps HID No No Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 4.0 No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 4.1 No No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 4.2 <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Networking Wi - Fi ( 802.11 ) b / g b / g b / g b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n / ac a / b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n a / b / g / n / ac <Td_colspan="2"> a / b / g / n / ac MIMO <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes EDGE <Td_colspan="6"> No 3G 3G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G <Td_colspan="4"> 4G <Td_colspan="2"> 4G 3G UMTS <Td_colspan="6"> No 3G 3G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G <Td_colspan="4"> 4G <Td_colspan="2"> 4G HSDPA+ <Td_colspan="6"> No No No 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G <Td_colspan="4"> 4G <Td_colspan="2"> 4G LTE <Td_colspan="6"> No No No 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G <Td_colspan="4"> 4G <Td_colspan="2"> 4G VoLTE <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No NFC <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Geolocation Assisted GPS <Td_colspan="6"> No 3G 3G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G <Td_colspan="4"> 4G <Td_colspan="2"> 4G GLONASS <Td_colspan="6"> No No No No 4G 4G 4G 4G <Td_colspan="4"> 4G <Td_colspan="2"> 4G Digital compass <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Cellular <Td_colspan="6"> No 3G 3G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G <Td_colspan="4"> 4G <Td_colspan="2"> 4G Wi - Fi <Td_colspan="6"> Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Accessibility VoiceOver Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Invert Colors No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Grayscale No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Reachability <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Camera Rear ( iSight ) No No No 0.7 MP 5 MP 8 MP No 0.7 MP 5 MP 5 MP 5 MP 8 MP 8 MP 5 MP 5 MP 5 MP 8 MP 12 MP 8 MP Front ( FaceTime ) No No No 0.3 MP 1.2 MP 1.2 MP No 0.3 MP 0.3 MP 1.2 MP 1.2 MP 1.2 MP 1.2 MP <Td_colspan="4"> 1.2 MP 5 MP 1.2 MP Autofocus No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Continuous Autofocus video <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No Yes No LED Flash No No No No Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No Yes No True Tone Flash <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No Yes No Digital zoom No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Face detection No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes iSight Camera Aperture No No No No f / 2.4 f / 2.4 No No No f / 2.4 f / 2.4 f / 2.4 f / 2.4 <Td_colspan="4"> f / 2.4 f / 2.2 f / 2.4 FaceTime Camera Aperture No No No No f / 2.4 f / 2.2 No No No f / 2.4 f / 2.4 f / 2.2 f / 2.2 <Td_colspan="4"> f / 2.4 <Td_colspan="2"> f / 2.2 Live filters No No No No Yes Yes <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Hybrid IR filter No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Self - timer No No No No 3 / 10 3 / 10 No 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 3 / 10 Panorama No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Focus pixels <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No Yes No HDR No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Auto HDR No No No No No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 4K Video <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No No No No Yes Yes No Burst mode No No No No No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Rear video recording ( iSight ) No No No 720p 30 1080p 30 1080p 30 No 720p 30 1080p 30 1080p 30 1080p 30 1080p 30 1080p 30 <Td_colspan="4"> 1080p 30 4K 30 ; 1080p 30 / 60 1080p 30 Front video recording ( FaceTime ) No No No VGA 30 720p 30 720p 30 No VGA 30 VGA 30 720p 30 720p 30 720p 30 720p 30 <Td_colspan="4"> 720p 30 <Td_colspan="2"> 720p 30 Slow - mo video No No No No No 720p 120 No No No No No 720p 120 720p 120 <Td_colspan="3"> No 720p 120 1080p 120 ; 720p 240 720p 120 Timelapse No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Live photos <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No Yes No Image stabilization No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Auto image stabilization <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Optical image stabilization <Td_colspan="6"> No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Video stabilization No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="4"> Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Cinematic video stabilization No No No No No Yes <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No Yes No Stills while recording video No No No No No No <Td_colspan="7"> No <Td_colspan="4"> No <Td_colspan="2"> No Video zoom No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes <Th_colspan="2"> Model 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 5th 1st 1st 9.7 inch 1st 12.9 inch <Th_colspan="2"> Series <Th_colspan="6"> iPod Touch <Th_colspan="7"> iPad <Th_colspan="4"> iPad Mini <Th_colspan="2"> iPad Pro Jump up ^ The physical switch on the outside of the iPhone functions as a silent switch . ^ Jump up to : The iPhone and iPod Touch can only lock to the upright portrait orientation . These devices , along with iPad models without a side switch can only change the setting with a digital switch . ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 4 or later ^ Jump up to : Does not include volume control ( sold separately ) . ^ Jump up to : Requires iPhone OS 2 or later ^ Jump up to : App removed since iOS 10 ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 4.1 or later ^ Jump up to : Disabled by default ; can be enabled in the Settings app ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 8 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 7.1 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 9 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 4.2. 1 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 7 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 8.4 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 6 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 8.1 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 8.2 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 4.3 or later ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 9.3 or later ^ Jump up to : Not on Chinese models ^ Jump up to : Not on Chinese 16 and 32 GB models ^ Jump up to : 802.11 n -- 2.4 GHz only ^ Jump up to : Only supported for cellular - capable devices . ^ Jump up to : Requires iPhone OS 3 or later Jump up ^ The physical switch on the outside of the iPad and iPad Mini functions as a rotation lock switch from iOS 3.2 to iOS 3.2. 2 , and as a silent switch in iOS 4.2. 1 . The user can choose between the two in iOS 4.3 or later via the Settings app ; the unselected feature can be controlled via the Control Center ( or multitasking bar prior to iOS 7 ) . ^ Jump up to : Requires earphones sold separately . ^ Jump up to : Not on older 16 GB models ( May 2013 - June 2014 ) Jump up ^ Sold separately for newer 16 GB models ( since June 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Requires iOS 11 or later Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` ccswitch '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Timeline ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library , Mactracker Apple Inc. model database See also ( edit ) List of iPod models iOS version history References ( edit ) This article lists the same citations more than once . Please consider using named references to ensure each citation appears only one time . ( September 2016 ) Jump up ^ Freeman , Dave ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Protect your iDevice from theft . Sorta '' . CrunchGear . TechCrunch . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schramm , Mike ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` iPod touch makes up 38 % of iDevices shipped '' . TUAW . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kevin C. Tofel . `` Live blog : The Apple Watch `` Spring Forward '' event `` . Jump up ^ Jacob Kastrenakes ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` The iPad 's 5th anniversary : a timeline of Apple 's category - defining tablet '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Vintage and obsolete products '' . Apple . ^ Jump up to : `` AnandTech - The iPad Air Review '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A9 's GPU : Imagination PowerVR GT7600 - The Apple iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus Review '' . AnandTech . November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Review : Iterating on a Flagship '' . AnandTech . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chipworks Universal Scientific Industrial USI - 339S00043 WiFi Module '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple iPhone SE Teardown '' . Chipworks . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 7 Plus Teardown - iFixit '' . www.ifixit.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple adds Bluetooth 4.2 to iPhone 6 , iPhone 6 Plus '' . 9to5Mac . October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved Oct 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 8 - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone X - Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 6s Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 6s Plus Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wegner , Stacy ; Cowsky , Al ; Davis , Chad ; James , Dick ; Yang , Daniel ; Fontaine , Ray ; Morrison , Jim . `` Apple iPhone 7 Teardown '' . Tech Insights . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compare iPhone models '' . Apple . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 7 Teardown - iFixit '' . www.ifixit.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE Tech Specs '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Hearing Aid Compatibility ( HAC ) requirements for iPhone - Apple Support '' . support.apple.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Use Live Listen with Made for iPhone hearing aids - Apple Support '' . support.apple.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE Teardown '' . iFixit. April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Teardown '' . iFixit . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus Teardown '' . iFixit . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6s Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6s Plus Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . March 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Identify your iPhone model '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2946A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2944A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2945A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Lal Shimpi , Anand ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5s Review '' . AnandTech . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple A7 Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lal Shimpi , Anand ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5s Review : GPU Architecture '' . AnandTech . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chipworks Disassembles Apple 's A8 SoC : GX6450 , 4MB L3 Cache & More '' . AnandTech . September 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 5 - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Jul 12 , 2013 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 5c - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Sep 20 , 2013 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 5s - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Sep 20 , 2013 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the iPhone 5s '' . Chipworks Inc . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 5 Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the Apple iPhone 5 : Estimated Bill of Materials Costings , Teardown Images , A6 Processor Analysis '' . TechInsights . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 5c Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 5s Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chipworks Murata MUR - 339S0228 WiFi Module '' . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Video Teardown : Apple iPhone 6 - Electronics360 '' . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 6 Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 6 Plus Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 6 Tech Specs '' . apple.com . Apple Inc . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6 Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6 Plus Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2642A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radio '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2643A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2643B by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2816A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2817A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone Delivers Up to Eight Hours of Talk Time '' ( Press release ) . Apple Inc . June 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Slivka , Eric ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` More WWDC Tidbits : iPhone 3G S Oleophobic Screen , `` Find My iPhone '' Live lLP `` . Mac Rumors . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Po - Han Lin . `` iPhone Secrets and iPad Secrets and iPod Touch Secrets '' . Technology Depot . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Philippe ( 2010 - 07 - 14 ) . `` iPhone 4s , Technical specifications and reviews '' . Okazii Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Blake ( 2008 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Under the Hood : The iPhone 's Gaming Mettle '' . TouchArcade . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dilger , Daniel Eran ( 2008 - 03 - 20 ) . `` iPhone 2.0 SDK : Video UGames to Rival Nintendo DS , Sony PSP '' . RoughlyDrafted Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Shimpi , Anand ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Sorrel , Charlie ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Gadget Lab Hardware News and Reviews T - Mobile Accidentally Posts Secret iPhone 3G S Specs '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 3Gs -- Teardown and Analysis '' . phoneWreck . June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4 Teardown -- Page 2 '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Benchmarks clock iPhone 4S ' A5 CPU at 800MHz , show major GPU upgrade over iPhone 4 '' . Engadget . New York , NY , USA : AOL . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sakr , Sharif ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Apple : A6 chip in iPhone 5 has 2x CPU power , 2x graphics performance , yet consumes less energy '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Update : U.K. graphics specialist confirms iPhone design win '' . EE Times . Jump up ^ `` Apple A4 Teardown '' . ifixit.com. 2009 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Apple ( Samsung S5L8900 ) applications processor with eDRAM '' . UBM TechInsights . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4 Confirmed to Have 512MB of RAM ( Twice the iPad and 3GS ) '' . MacRumors . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ White , Joe ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) . `` According To chAIR Entertainment , Apple 's iPhone 4S Has 512 Megabytes Of RAM '' . AppAdvice . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) . `` iPhone 4S has 512MB of RAM , same as iPhone 4 ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ionescu , Daniel ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) . `` iPhone 4S vs. The Competition : Spec Showdown Chart '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4S Teardown '' . iFixit . Jump up ^ `` Anandtech : Apple iPhone 5 features 1GB of RAM , A6 is a custom SoC '' . engadget . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's New iPhone 5 Has 1GB of RAM '' . MacRumors . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4 - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved Sep 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4S - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Sep 16 , 2013 . Retrieved Sep 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Sep 20 , 2013 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 1st Generation Teardown -- Page 4 -- iFixit '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 3Gs Teardown and Analysis '' . phonewreck . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 4S Shows Key Design and Component Changes '' . The Mobile & Wireless Communications portal at IHS iSuppli . October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 4 Teardown '' . iFixit.com. 2010 - 06 - 23 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple iPhone 4S Teardown - Look Inside '' . TechInsights . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone Components revealed '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple -- iPhone -- Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Apple 's iPhone 4S and its improved antenna : ' S ' is for Signal '' . AppleInsider . Jump up ^ `` Under the Hood : Inside the Apple iPhone '' . EETimes.com . June 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple iPhone 3GS 16GB -- What 's Inside_text '' . Electronic Products . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 4 Teardown '' . TechInsights USA Inc . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 4 Teardown & Product Analysis - Apple 337S0626 , Intel 36MY1EF , Omnivision OV5650 '' . TechInsights . June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4 Verizon Teardown '' . iFixit.com . February 7 , 2011 . p. 3 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4S Teardown '' . iFixit.com . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shimpi , Anand ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5s Review - Print View '' . AnandTech . Retrieved Sep 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 3G Teardown -- Page 3 '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 3GS 16GB -- What 's Inside_text '' . Electronic Products . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4 Teardown -- Page 3 -- iFixit '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Image gallery : Inside iPhone 4S '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Apple A6 Teardown '' . Chipworks . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 3G Teardown -- Page 4 -- iFixit '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IECEE -- CBTC -- Public information -- Certificate Number : DE 3 -- 57479M1 '' . Geneva , Switzerland : IECEE / CEE . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 3G S Teardown '' . iFixit.com. 2009 - 06 - 19 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4S gets torn down '' . GSMarena.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Jesus . `` iPhone 4 : The Definitive Guide '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 3G Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . June 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 3GS Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . June 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4 Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . June 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4S Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . October 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 4S Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5 Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5c Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . Apple and the Environment . Apple Inc . September 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCGA1203 by Apple Inc. for Quad Band GSM Cellular Phone '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCGA1241 by Apple Inc. for Handheld 3G mobile phone with iPod functions '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCGA1303A by Apple Inc. for iPhone 3G '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCGA1303B by Apple Inc. for iPhone 3G '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2380A by Apple Inc. for Smart Cellular Telephone '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2380B by Apple Inc. for Smart cellular telephone '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2422A by Apple Inc. for Smart Cellular Phone '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2422B by Apple Inc. for Smart Cellular Phone '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2430A by Apple Inc. for iPhone '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2599A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2644A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2694A by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCCID.io . `` FCC ID BCG - E2694B by Apple Inc. for Cellular Phone with Bluetooth and WLAN Radios '' . FCCID.io . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` iPod touch models '' . The iPhone Wiki . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` That iPod touch runs at 533 MHz '' . TechHive. 25 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The iPhone 3GS Hardware ES performance and system information '' . Glbenchmark.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` iPod Touch 4th Generation Teardown '' . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , Pete ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Apple iPod Touch 5th generation review '' . T3 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed '' . AnandTech . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ups stake in iPhone GPU maker '' . Electronista.com . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 3G S -- OpenGL ES performance and system information '' . Glbenchmark.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed -- AnandTech : : Your Source for Hardware Analysis and News '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` iPod Touch 4th Generation Teardown -- Page 3 '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 3GS gets PowerVR SGX GPU core , double the RAM '' . Electronista. 2009 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's iPod Touch ( 2010 ) Review , Not a Poor Man 's iPhone 4 '' . AnandTech. 2010 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) . `` iPod touch 5th generation review '' . iDownloadBlog . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPod Touch 6th Generation Teardown '' . iFixit. 2015 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` od Touch 1st Generation Teardown -- Page 3 '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Which iPod has the best quality audio ? '' . macintoshhowto . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Nano 4G Components '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` iPod Touch 3rd Generation Teardown '' . ( See the blue chip in the image ) . iFixit . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Nano 5G Components '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` iPod Touch 4th Generation Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPod Touch 5th Generation Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Use Made for iPhone hearing aids - Apple Support '' . support.apple.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` List of iPod touches '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` iPod Touch 2nd Generation Teardown -- Page 2 -- iFixit '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` iPod Touch 3rd Generation Teardown -- Page 2 -- iFixit '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` iPod Touch 5th Generation 16 GB Teardown '' . iFixit . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` iPod touch Environmental Report '' ( PDF ) . 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when was the great wave off kanagawa painted
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The Great Wave off Kanagawa - wikipedia The Great Wave off Kanagawa Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Great Wave off Kanagawa <Td_colspan="2"> Print at the Metropolitan Museum of Art ( JP1847 ) Artist Katsushika Hokusai Year ca . 1829 -- 1833 Type color woodblock 25.7 cm × 37.8 cm ( 10.1 in × 14.9 in ) The Great Wave off Kanagawa ( 神奈川 沖 浪 裏 , Kanagawa - oki nami ura , `` Under a wave off Kanagawa '' ) , also known as The Great Wave or simply The Wave , is a woodblock print by the Japanese ukiyo - e artist Hokusai . It was published sometime between 1829 and 1833 in the late Edo period as the first print in Hokusai 's series Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji . It is Hokusai 's most famous work , and one of the most recognizable works of Japanese art in the world . The image depicts an enormous wave threatening boats off the coast of the town of Kanagawa ( the present - day city of Yokohama , Kanagawa Prefecture ) . While sometimes assumed to be a tsunami , the wave is more likely to be a large rogue wave . As in all the prints in the series , it depicts the area around Mount Fuji under particular conditions , and the mountain itself appears in the background . Impressions of the print are in many Western collections , including the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the British Museum , the Art Institute of Chicago , the Los Angeles County Museum of Art , the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne , and in Claude Monet 's home in Giverny , France , among many other collections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hokusai 2 Precursors 3 Image 3.1 Description 3.1. 1 The mountain 3.1. 2 Boats 3.1. 3 Sea and waves 3.1. 4 Signature 4 Technique 5 Impressions 6 Influence 7 On screen 8 Notes 9 Sources 10 External links Hokusai ( edit ) Main article : Hokusai Hokusai , self - portrait from 1839 Hokusai began painting when he was six years old , and aged twelve , his father sent him to work at a booksellers . At sixteen , he was apprenticed as an engraver and spent three years learning the trade . At the same time he began to produce his own illustrations . At eighteen he was accepted as an apprentice to Katsukawa Shunshō , one of the foremost ukiyo - e artists of the time . In 1804 he became famous as an artist when , during a festival in Tokyo , he completed a 240m2 painting of a Buddhist monk named Daruma . In 1814 , he published the first of fifteen volumes of sketches entitled Manga . His Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji , from which The Great Wave comes , was produced from c. 1830 . Precursors ( edit ) A View of Seven - League Beach painting by Shiba Kōkan , 1796 Spring at Enoshima print by Hokusai , c. 1797 From the sixteenth century fantastic depictions of waves crashing on rocky shores were painted on folding screens known as `` rough seas screens '' ( ariso byōbu ) . Hokusai drew many waves throughout his career ; the genesis of the Great Wave can be traced back over thirty years . The combination of wave and mountain was inspired by an oil painting by Shiba Kōkan , an artist strongly influenced by the Western art , particularly Dutch paintings , he had seen at Nagasaki , the only port open to foreigners in this period . Kōkan 's A View of Seven - League Beach was executed in middle of 1796 and exhibited publicly at the Atago shrine in Shiba . Hokusai 's print Springtime at Enoshima , which he contributed to The Willow Branch poetry anthology published in 1797 , is clearly derived from Kōkan 's work , although the wave in Hokusai 's version rises noticeably higher . Kanagawa - oki honmoku no zu , print by Hokusai , c. 1803 Oshiokuri hato tsūsen no zu , print by Hokusai , c. 1805 Closer compositionally to the Great Wave are two later prints by Hokusai : Kanagawa - oki Honmoku no zu ( c. 1803 ) and Oshiokuri Hato Tsusen no Zu , ( c. 1805 ) Both works have subjects identical to the Great Wave : a sailboat and a rowboat respectively . In both precursor works , the subjects are in the midst of a storm , beneath a great wave that threatens to devour them . An analysis of the differences between the two works and the Great Wave demonstrates the artistic and technical development of Hokusai : In the earlier two designs the waves appear to be dense and uniform ; they almost seem to be minerals . Their rigidity and verticality evoke the shape of a snow - capped mountain , while in the Great Wave the wave stands out because it is more active , dynamic , and aggressive , which make it threatening . The earlier images are very marked by the perspective traditionally used in Japanese painting , where the viewer sees the scene from a bird 's - eye view . The Great Wave , on the other hand , is depicted in a more western perspective , giving the feeling that the wave will break on top of the viewer . In the earlier prints the horizon is in the middle , whereas in the Great Wave the horizon is so low that it forces the viewer 's eye to the very center of the action . In the first two , there is a sail boat on the crest of the wave , as if it had managed to escape . Hokusai eliminated this element for the Great Wave , because it interfered with the dynamic of the curve or to make the image more dramatic . The two first prints have an uneven composition , lacking consistency , whereas the Great Wave only has two important masses : the wave itself , and the vanishing point beneath the wave . The wave shows the level of control that Hokusai had reached . The image , although simple in its design is , however , the result of a long process , a methodical reflection . The basis of this method were laid out by Hokusai in his 1812 work Quick lessons of simplified drawing , in which he explains that every object can be drawn using the relationship of the circle and square . Image ( edit ) Description ( edit ) This print is a yoko - e , that is , a landscape format produced to the ōban size , about 25 cm high by 37 cm wide . The composition comprises three main elements : the sea whipped up by a storm , three boats and a mountain . It includes the signature in the upper left - hand corner . The mountain ( edit ) Further information : Mount Fuji The mountain with a snowcapped peak is Mount Fuji , which in Japan is considered sacred and a symbol of national identity , as well as a symbol of beauty . Mount Fuji is an iconic figure in many Japanese representations of famous places ( meisho - e ) , as is the case in Hokusai 's series of Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji , which opens with the present scene . The dark color around Mount Fuji seems to indicate that the scene occurs early in the morning , with the sun rising from behind the observer , illuminating the mountain 's snowy peak . While cumulonimbus storm clouds seem to be hanging in the sky between the viewer and Mount Fuji , no rain is to be seen either in the foreground scene or on Mount Fuji , which itself appears completely cloudless . Boats ( edit ) In the scene there are three oshiokuri - bune , fast boats that are used to transport live fish from the Izu and Bōsō peninsulas to the markets of the bay of Edo . As the name of the piece indicates the boats are in Kanagawa prefecture , with Tokyo to the north , Mt Fuji to the northwest , the bay of Sagami to the south and the bay of Tokyo to the east . The boats , oriented to the southeast , are returning to the capital . There are eight rowers per boat , clinging to their oars . There are two more passengers in the front of each boat , bringing the total number of human figures in the image to thirty . Using the boats as reference , one can approximate the size of the wave : the oshiokuri - bune were generally between 12 and 15 meters long , and noting that Hokusai reduced the vertical scale by 30 % , the wave must be between 10 and 12 meters tall . Sea and waves ( edit ) Detail of the crest of the wave , looking like claws Detail of the small wave , with similarity to the silhouette of Fuji The sea dominates the composition as an extending wave about to break . In the moment captured in this image , the wave forms a circle around the center of the design , framing Mount Fuji in the background . Edmond de Goncourt described the wave in this way : The drawing of the wave is a deification of the sea made by a painter who lived with the religious terror of the overwhelming ocean completely surrounding his country ; He is impressed by the sudden fury of the ocean 's leap toward the sky , by the deep blue of the inner side of the curve , by the splash of its claw - like crest as it sprays forth droplets . Andreas Ramos , a writer , notes : ... a seascape with Fuji . The waves form a frame through which we see the mountain . The gigantic wave is a yin yang of empty space beneath the mountain . The inevitable breaking that we await creates a tension in the picture . In the foreground , a small wave forming a miniature Fuji is reflected by the distant mountain , itself shrunk in perspective . The little wave is larger than the mountain . The small fishermen cling to thin fishing boats , slide on a sea - mount looking to dodge the wave . The violent Yang of nature is overcome by the yin of the confidence of these experienced fishermen . Strangely , despite a storm , the sun shines high . Signature ( edit ) Hokusai 's signature The Great Wave off Kanagawa has two inscriptions . The first , within a rectangular cartouche in the top - left corner is the series title : `` 冨嶽 三 十 六 景 / 神奈川 冲 / 浪 裏 '' Fugaku Sanjūrokkei / Kanagawa oki / nami ura , which translates as `` Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji / Offshore from Kanagawa / Beneath the wave '' . The second inscription , to the left , is the artist 's signature : 北斎 改 爲 一筆 Hokusai aratame Iitsu hitsu , ( `` From the brush of Hokusai , changing his name to Iitsu '' ) . Over his career , Hokusai used more than 30 different names , always beginning a new cycle of works by changing it , and letting his students use the previous name . In his work Thirty - Six Views of Mount Fuji he used four distinct signatures , changing it according to the phase of the work : Hokusai aratame Iitsu hitsu , zen Hokusai Iitsu hitsu , Hokusai Iitsu hitsu and zen saki no Hokusai Iitsu hitsu . Technique ( edit ) Block used to produce woodblock prints In Japanese woodblock printing the artist 's final preparatory sketch ( shita - e ) is taken to a horishi , or block carver , who glues the thin washi paper to a block of wood , usually cherry , and then carefully carves it away to form a relief of the lines of the image . In the process , the drawing is lost . Finally , with all the necessary blocks ( usually one for each color ) , a surishi , or printer , who places the printing paper on each block consecutively and rubs the back with a hand - tool known as a baren . There could be a great number of impressions produced , sometimes thousands , before the blocks wore out . Because of the nature of the production process , the final work was usually the result of a collaboration in which the painter generally did not participate in the production of the prints . The design uses only a small number of different color blocks . The water is rendered with three shades of blue ; the boats are yellow ; a dark grey for the sky behind Fuji and on the boat immediately below ; a pale grey in the sky above Fuji and on the foreground boat ; pink clouds at the top of the image . `` The block for these pink clouds seems to have been slightly abraded along parts of the edge to give a subtle gradated effect ( ita - bokashi ) '' . Even though no law of intellectual property existed in Japan before the Meiji era , there was still a sense of ownership and rights with respect to the blocks from which the prints were produced . Rather than belonging to the artist , the blocks were considered the property of the hanmoto ( publisher ) or honya ( publisher / bookseller ) who could do with them as he wished . In some cases the blocks were sold or transferred to other publishers , in which case they became known as kyūhan . Impressions ( edit ) A later impression of the Great Wave with characteristic darker sky . British Museum ( 1937 , 0710 , 0.147 ) Given that the series was very popular when it was produced , printing continued until the woodblocks started to show significant wear . It is likely that the original woodblocks printed around 5,000 copies . Given that many impressions have been lost , in wars , earthquakes , fires and other natural disasters , few early impressions survive in which the lines of the woodblocks were still sharp at the time of printing . The remaining prints and subsequent reproductions vary considerably in quality and condition . Later impressions typically have a darker grey sky , and can be identified by a break in the line of the wave behind the boat on the right . The highest price paid for a Great Wave print in a public sale is a relatively low $160,000 . Hokusai 's auction record is nearly $1.5 million as of 2012 . The print owned by the British Museum cost £ 130,000 in 2008 and is only on display for six months every five years to prevent fading . Influence ( edit ) La Vague by Camile Claudel ( 1897 ) Cover of Debussy 's La mer ( 1905 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) The print is one of the most reproduced and most instantly recognized artworks in the world . Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , Japan ended a long period of national isolation and became open to imports from the West . In turn , much Japanese art came to Europe and America and quickly gained popularity . The influence of Japanese art on Western culture became known as Japonism . Japanese woodblock prints became a source of inspiration for artists in many genres , particularly the Impressionists . Hokusai was seen as the emblematic Japanese artist and images from his prints and books influenced many different works . Vincent van Gogh , a great admirer of Hokusai , praised the quality of drawing and use of line in the Great Wave , and said it had a terrifying emotional impact . French sculptor Camille Claudel 's La Vague ( 1897 ) replaces the boats in Hokusai 's Great Wave with sea - nymphs . The image inspired Claude Debussy 's orchestral work , La mer , and appeared on the cover of the score 's first edition published by A. Durand & Fils in 1905 . Indigenous Australian artist Lin Onus used the Great Wave as the basis for his 1992 painting Michael and I are just slipping down the pub for a minute . An artistic work named Uprisings by Japanese / American Artist Kozyndan is based on the print , with the foam of the wave being replaced by bunnies . Apple macOS and iOS display a small version of the Great Wave as the image for the Water Wave emoji . The logo used by the Quiksilver clothing company was inspired by the Great Wave . In the card game Magic : The Gathering , two cards reference The Great Wave off Kanagawa in their artwork : Rampant Growth and Kiora , The Crashing Wave . The image is featured on a limited mintage 2017 legal tender coin for the Republic of Fiji , as created by Scottsdale Mint . The image ( reversed and recolorized ) is featured on Kitchens of Distinction 's album Strange Free World . On screen ( edit ) The print is the subjects of two art documentary series : La Menace suspendue , Palettes by Alain Jaubert ( France , 1999 ) . The Great Wave , The Private Life of a Masterpiece ( BBC , 2004 ) . It details the fascination surrounding the work in the East and West , its influence , and the artist 's insights into a number of different areas , as revealed through the work . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A `` rough sea screen '' features in one of Hokusai 's earliest works , Segawa Kikunojo III as Masamune 's Daughter , Oren , printed over fifty years before the Great Wave Jump up ^ In early prints of the Great Wave the key - block , usually only used for outlines , is simultaneously used to print the dark - blue areas of the waves . Jump up ^ The pale red seen on the sides of two of the boats in the frequently reproduced Metropolitan Museum print ( JP 1847 ) has apparently been added by hand . Jump up ^ The concept of rights concerned with woodblock ownership was known as zōhan . Jump up ^ `` Kanagawa - oki nami - ura 神奈川 沖浪 裏 ( Under the Wave off Kanagawa ) '' . British Museum . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Cartwright , HE ; Nakamura , H. `` What kind of a wave is Hokusai 's Great wave off Kanagawa ? '' . Notes and records . Royal Society . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2007.0039 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Katsushika Hokusai '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Calza 2003 , p. 470 Jump up ^ Guth , p. 470 Jump up ^ Forrer 2003 , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Forrer 2003 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Nagata & Bester 1999 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Hokusai 's Great Wave '' . 2010 - 07 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Katsushika Hokusai : The Great Wave at Kanagawa '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Wave off Kanagawa ( The Great Wave ) by Hokusai ( 1760 -- 1849 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nipponia . `` El Monte Fuji como Objeto Artístico '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kobayashi & Harbison 1997 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Radio UNAM . `` La Gran Ola de Kanagawa '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Guimet Museum . `` Hokusai `` Mad about his art '' from Edmond de Goncourt to Norbert Lagane `` . Archived from the original on 14 October 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France . `` Hokusai , Les Trente - six vues du mont Fuji '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woodblock Prints in the Ukiyo - e Style '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ukiyo - e , arte de grabado japonés '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ukiyo - e : Imágenes del mundo flotante '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Masterpieces from the Ota Memorial museum of Art Paintings and Japanese prints '' . Musée Guimet. 2005 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Clark ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Viewing Japanese Prints : What Is an Original Woodblock Print ? '' . Viewing Japanese Prints . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : BBC , ed. ( 2003 ) . Katsushika Hokusai : The Great Wave , inside the series The Private Life of a Masterpiece ( Documentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : Gamerman , Ellen ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` How Hokusai 's ' The Great Wave ' Went Viral '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Sooke , Alastair ( 20 May 2017 ) . `` The prince of tides '' . The Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Letter 676 : To Theo van Gogh . Arles , Saturday , 8 September 1888 '' . Van Gogh Museum . Jump up ^ Cirigliano II , Michael ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Hokusai and Debussy 's Evocations of the Sea '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Jump up ^ `` Uprisings -- Kozyndan '' . kozyndan.com . Jump up ^ `` Water Wave Emoji '' . Emojipedia . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Fiji Great Wave Proof Silver Coin ( Colorized ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Great Wave ' by Hokusai '' . Fulmartv.co.uk. 2004 - 04 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Sources ( edit ) Bayou , Hélène ( 2008 ) . Hokusai , 1760 -- 1849 : l'affolé de son art : d'Edmond de Goncourt à Norbert Lagane . Connaissance des Arts . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 5406 - 6 . Bibliothèque nationale de France ( 2008 ) . Estampes japonaises : images d'un monde éphémère . Bibliothèque nationale de France , Fundação Caixa Catalunya . ISBN 978 - 84 - 89860 - 92 - 6 . Timothy , Clark ( 2001 ) . 100 Views of Mount Fuji . British Museum Press . Delay , Nelly ( 2004 ) . L'estampe japonaise . Hazan . ISBN 978 - 2 - 85025 - 807 - 7 . Fleming , John ; Honour , Hugh ( 2006 ) . Historia mundial del arte . Ediciones AKAL . ISBN 978 - 84 - 460 - 2092 - 9 . Forrer , Matthi ( 1996 ) . Hokusai . Bibliothèque de l'image . Forrer , Matthi ( 2003 ) . `` Western Influences in Hokusai 's Art '' . In Calza , Gian Carlo . Hokusai . Phaidon . ISBN 0714844578 . Guth , Christine ( 2009 ) . Arte en el Japón Edo . Ediciones AKAL . ISBN 978 - 84 - 460 - 2473 - 6 . Guth , Christine M.E. ( December 2011 ) . `` Hokusai 's Great Waves in Nineteenth - Century Japanese Visual Culture '' . The Art Bulletin . 93 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 485 . Hartman Ford , Elise ( 2005 ) . Frommer 's Washington . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 9591 - 2 . Hillier , Jack ( 1970 ) . Catalogue of the Japanese paintings and prints in the collection of Mr. & Mrs Richard P. Gale , Tomo II . Routledge & K. Paul . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 5406 - 6 . Kobayashi , Tadashi ; Harbison , Mark ( 1997 ) . Ukiyo - e : an introduction to Japanese woodblock prints . Kodansha International . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 2182 - 3 . Lane , Richard ( 1962 ) . L'Estampe japonaise . Aimery Somogy . Nagata , Seiji ; Bester , John ( 1999 ) . Hokusai : Genius of the Japanese Ukiyo - e . Kodansha International . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 2479 - 4 . Sueur - hermel , Valérie ( 2009 ) . Henri Rivière : entre impressionnisme et japonisme . Bibliothèque nationale de France . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7177 - 2431 - 8 . Weston , Mark ( 2002 ) . Giants of Japan : The Lives of Japan 's Most Influential Men and Women . Kodansha America . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56836 - 324 - 0 . Calza , Gian Carlo ( 2003 ) . Hokusai . Phaidon . ISBN 0714844578 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Great Wave off Kanagawa . The Metropolitan Museum of Art 's ( New York ) entry on The Great Wave at Kanagawa BBC audio file A History of the World in 100 Objects Study of original work opposed to various copies from different publishers This article is about an item held in the British Museum . The object reference is 3097579 . <Th_colspan="2"> Hokusai Woodblock prints The Dream of the Fisherman 's Wife ( 1816 ) Fine Wind , Clear Morning ( 1830 -- 1832 ) The Great Wave off Kanagawa ( 1830 -- 1833 ) Print series and collections A Tour of the Waterfalls of the Provinces Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji Hokusai Manga Oceans of Wisdom <Th_colspan="3"> The British Museum Building Great Court King 's Library Round Reading Room Departments and objects Africa , Oceania and Americas Akan Drum Aubin Codex Benin Bronzes Briggs Enigma Codex Kingsborough Double - headed serpent Hoa Hakananai'a Throne of Weapons Kayung totem pole Yaxchilan Lintel 24 Ancient Egypt and Sudan Colossal head of Amenhotep III Gebelein predynastic mummies Hunters Palette Rhind Mathematical Papyrus Rosetta Stone Sphinx of Taharqo Younger Memnon Asia Admonitions Scroll Bimaran casket Kanishka casket Mathura lion capital Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art Seated Buddha from Gandhara Statue of Tara The Great Wave off Kanagawa Greece and Rome Bassae Frieze Elgin Marbles Esquiline Treasure Farnese Diadumenos Harpy Tomb Jennings Dog Lion of Knidos Minoan Bull - leaper Nereid Monument Portland Vase Warren Cup Middle East Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III Burney Relief Cylinder of Nabonidus Cyrus Cylinder Flood tablet ( Gilgamesh ) Library of Ashurbanipal Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal Oxus Treasure Taylor Prism Lachish reliefs Babylonian Chronicles Kurkh Monoliths Prehistory and Europe Franks Casket Holy Thorn Reliquary Hoxne Hoard Lewis chessmen Lindow Man Mildenhall Treasure Ringlemere Cup Royal Gold Cup Sutton Hoo Swimming Reindeer Vindolanda Tablets Prints and Drawings Dürer 's Rhinoceros Epifania I Modi Isabella Brant The Ancient of Days The Disasters of War The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies Triumphal Arch Other Coins and Medals Conservation and Scientific Research Libraries and Archives Portable Antiquities and Treasure A History of the World in 100 Objects Other British Museum Act 1902 British Museum Act 1963 Directors Films shot at the British Museum Friends Royal Commission on the British Museum Trustees Secretum <Td_colspan="3"> Commons VIAF : 196921715 LCCN : n2012035539 GND : 7667256 - 6 SUDOC : 146687000 BNF : cb157807657 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa&oldid=800394165 '' Categories : 1832 works Works by Katsushika Hokusai Marine art Asian objects in the British Museum Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using infobox artwork with autolinked artist field Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar مازِرونی Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 07 : 50 . 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1. The Great Wave off Kanagawa
2. Katsushika Hokusai
3. Japanese woodblock print
4. Mount Fuji
5. Influence of Japanese art
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most file management commands that can be accessed by right-clicking can be found on the menu
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File Explorer - wikipedia File Explorer File Explorer <Th_colspan="2"> A component of Microsoft Windows <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> File Explorer showing Windows 10 special folders , with the ribbon revealed <Th_colspan="2"> Details Type File manager Included with Windows 95 and later Replaces File Manager <Th_colspan="2"> Related components <Td_colspan="2"> Start menu File Explorer , previously known as Windows Explorer , is a file manager application that is included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 onwards . It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems . It is also the component of the operating system that presents many user interface items on the monitor such as the taskbar and desktop . Controlling the computer is possible without Windows Explorer running ( for example , the File Run command in Task Manager on NT - derived versions of Windows will function without it , as will commands typed in a command prompt window ) . Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Windows 98 and Windows Desktop Update 2.2 Windows Me and Windows 2000 2.3 Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 2.3. 1 Task Pane 2.3. 2 Search companion 2.3. 3 Image handling 2.3. 4 Web publishing 2.3. 5 Other changes 2.3. 6 Removed and changed features 2.4 Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 2.4. 1 Search , organizing and metadata 2.4. 2 Layout and icons 2.4. 3 Other changes 2.4. 4 Removed and changed features 2.5 Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 2.5. 1 Libraries 2.5. 2 Federated search 2.5. 3 Other changes 2.5. 4 Removed and changed features 2.6 Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 2.7 Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 3 Extensibility 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Windows Explorer was first included with Windows 95 as a replacement for File Manager , which came with all versions of Windows 3. x operating systems . Explorer could be accessed by double - clicking the new My Computer desktop icon , or launched from the new Start Menu that replaced the earlier Program Manager . There is also a shortcut key combination : Windows key + E. Successive versions of Windows ( and in some cases , Internet Explorer ) introduced new features and capabilities , removed other features , and generally progressed from being a simple file system navigation tool into a task - based file management system . While `` Windows Explorer '' or `` File Explorer '' is a term most commonly used to describe the file management aspect of the operating system , the Explorer process also houses the operating system 's search functionality and File Type associations ( based on filename extensions ) , and is responsible for displaying the desktop icons , the Start Menu , the Taskbar , and the Control Panel . Collectively , these features are known as the Windows shell . After a user logs in , the explorer process is created by userinit process . Userinit performs some initialization of the user environment ( such as running the login script and applying group policies ) and then looks in the registry at the Shell value and creates a process to run the system - defined shell -- by default , Explorer. exe . Then Userinit exits . This is why Explorer. exe is shown by various process explorers with no parent -- its parent has exited . History ( edit ) In 1995 , Microsoft first released test versions of a shell refresh , named the Shell Technology Preview , and often referred to informally as `` NewShell '' . The update was designed to replace the Windows 3. x Program Manager / File Manager based shell with Windows Explorer . The release provided capabilities quite similar to that of the Windows `` Chicago '' ( codename for Windows 95 ) shell during its late beta phases , however was intended to be nothing more than a test release . There were two public releases of the Shell Technology Preview , made available to MSDN and CompuServe users : 26 May 1995 and 8 August 1995 . Both held Windows Explorer builds of 3.51. 1053.1 . The Shell Technology Preview program never saw a final release under NT 3.51 . The entire program was moved across to the Cairo development group who finally integrated the new shell design into the NT code with the release of NT 4.0 in July 1996 . Windows 98 and Windows desktop update ( edit ) With the release of the Windows Desktop Update ( packaged with Internet Explorer 4.0 as an optional component , and included in Windows 98 ) , Windows Explorer became `` integrated '' with Internet Explorer , most notably with the addition of navigation arrows ( back and forward ) for moving between recently visited directories , as well as Internet Explorer 's Favorites menu . An address bar was also added to Windows Explorer , which a user could type in directory paths directly , and be taken to that folder . Another feature that was based on Internet Explorer technology was customized folders . Such folders contained a hidden web page that controlled the way the Windows Explorer displayed the contents of the folder . Windows Me and Windows 2000 ( edit ) The integrated media player in Windows Explorer playing a MIDI sequence . The `` Web - style '' folders view , with the left Explorer pane displaying details for the object currently selected , is turned on by default . For certain file types , such as pictures and media files , a preview is also displayed in the left pane . The Windows 2000 Explorer featured an interactive media player as the previewer for sound and video files . However , such a previewer can be enabled in Windows Me through the use of folder customization templates . Windows Explorer in Windows 2000 and Windows Me allows for custom thumbnail previewers and tooltip handlers . The default file tooltip displays file title , author , subject and comments ; this metadata may be read from a special NTFS stream , if the file is on an NTFS volume , or from an COM Structured Storage stream , if the file is a structured storage document . All Microsoft Office documents since Office 95 make use of structured storage , so their metadata is displayable in the Windows 2000 Explorer default tooltip . File shortcuts can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut . The right - hand pane , which usually just lists files and folders , can also be customized . For example , the contents of the system folders are n't displayed by default , instead showing in the right pane a warning to the user that modifying the contents of the system folders could harm their computer . It 's possible to define additional Explorer panes by using DIV elements in folder template files . This feature was abused by computer viruses that employed malicious scripts , Java applets , or ActiveX controls in folder template files as their infection vector . Two such viruses are VBS / Roor - C and VBS. Redlof. a . Other Explorer UI elements that can be customized include columns in `` Details '' view , icon overlays , and search providers : the new DHTML - based search pane is integrated into Windows 2000 Explorer , unlike the separate search dialog found in all previous Explorer versions . Search capabilities were added , offering full - text searches of documents , with options to filter by date ( including arbitrary ranges like `` modified within the last week '' ) , size , and file type . The Indexing Service has also been integrated into the operating system and the search pane built into Explorer allows searching files indexed by its database . The ability to customize the standard buttons was also added . Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 ( edit ) Windows Explorer in Windows XP There were significant changes made to Windows Explorer in Windows XP , both visually and functionally . Microsoft focused especially on making Explorer more discoverable and task - based , as well as adding a number of features to reflect the growing use of a computer as a digital hub . Windows Explorer in Windows Server 2003 contains all the same features as Windows XP , but the task panes and search companion are disabled by default . Task pane ( edit ) The task pane is displayed on the left - hand side of the window instead of the traditional folder tree view . It presents the user with a list of common actions and destinations that are relevant to the current directory or file ( s ) selected . For instance , when in a directory containing mostly pictures , a set of `` Picture tasks '' is shown , offering the options to display these pictures as a slide show , to print them out , or to go online to order prints . Conversely , a folder containing music files would offer options to play those files in a media player , or to go online to purchase music . Windows XP had a Media bar but it was removed with SP1 . The Media Bar was only available with Windows XP RTM . Every folder also has `` File and Folder Tasks '' , offering options to create new folders , share a folder on the local network , publish files or folders to a web site , and other common tasks like copying , renaming , moving , and deleting files or folders . File types that have identified themselves as being printable also have an option listed to print the file . Underneath `` File and Folder Tasks '' is `` Other Places '' , with links to other common locations such as `` My Computer '' , `` Control Panel '' , and `` My Documents '' . These also change depending on what folder the user was in , leading to some criticism of Microsoft for not being consistent in displaying navigation choices . Underneath `` Other Places '' is a `` Details '' pane which gives additional information -- typically file size and date , but depending on the file type , a thumbnail preview , author , image dimensions , or other details . The `` Folders '' button on the Windows Explorer toolbar toggles between the traditional tree view of folders , and the task pane . Users can get rid of the task pane or restore it using the sequence : Tools -- Folder Options -- General -- Show Common Tasks / Use Windows Classic Folders . Search companion ( edit ) Windows Explorer 's default Search Companion , Rover . Microsoft introduced animated `` Search Companions '' in an attempt to make searching more engaging and friendly ; the default character is a puppy named Rover ( previously used in Microsoft Bob ) , with three other characters ( Merlin the magician , Earl the surfer , and Courtney ) also available . These search companions use the same technology as Microsoft Office 's Office Assistants , even incorporating `` tricks '' and sound effects , and they can be used as Office Assistants if their files are copied into the C : \ Windows \ msagent \ chars folder . The search capability itself is fairly similar to Windows Me and Windows 2000 , with one major addition : Search can also be instructed to search only files that are categorically `` Documents '' or `` Pictures , music and video '' ; this feature is noteworthy largely because of how Windows determines what types of files can be classified under these categories . In order to maintain a relevant list of file types , Windows Explorer connects to Microsoft and downloads a set of XML files that define what these file types are . The Search Companion can be disabled in favor of the classic search pane used in Windows 2000 by using the Tweak UI applet from Microsoft 's PowerToys for Windows XP , or by manually editing the registry . Image handling ( edit ) Folder thumbnail preview Windows XP improves image preview in Explorer by offering a Filmstrip view . `` Back '' and `` Previous '' buttons facilitate navigation through the pictures , and a pair of `` Rotate '' buttons offer 90 - degree clockwise and counter-clockwise ( lossy ) rotation of images . Aside from the Filmstrip view mode , there is a ' Thumbnails ' mode , which displays thumbnail - sized images in the folder . A Folder containing images will also show thumbnails of four of the images from that folder overlaid on top of a large folder icon . Web Publishing ( edit ) Web sites that offer image hosting services can be plugged into Windows Explorer , which the user can use to select images on their computer , and have them uploaded correctly without dealing with comparatively complex solutions involving FTP or web interfaces . Other changes ( edit ) Explorer gained the ability to understand the metadata of a number of types of files . For example , with images from a digital camera , the Exif information can be viewed , both in the Properties pages for the photo itself , as well as via optional additional Details View columns . A Tile view mode was added , which displays the file 's icon in a larger size ( 48 × 48 ) , and places the file name , descriptive type , and additional information ( typically the file size for data files , and the publisher name for applications ) to the right . The Details view also presented an additional option called `` Show in Groups '' which allows the Explorer to separate its contents by headings based on the field which is used to sort the items . The taskbar can be locked to prevent it from accidentally being moved . Windows Explorer also gained the ability to burn CDs and DVD - RAM discs in Windows XP . Support for ZIP files called `` compressed folders '' . Removed and changed features ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) See also : List of features removed in Windows XP § Windows Explorer The sort order has changed compared to the one in Windows 2000 . For file names containing numbers Windows Explorer now tries to sort based on numerical value rather than just comparing each number digit by digit for every character position in the file name . Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 ( edit ) Windows Explorer in Windows Vista Search , organizing and metadata ( edit ) Windows Explorer includes significant changes from previous versions of Windows such as improved filtering , sorting , grouping and stacking . Combined with integrated desktop search , Windows Explorer allows users to find and organize their files in new ways , such as Stacks . The new Stacks viewing mode groups files according to the criterion specified by the user . Stacks can be clicked to filter the files shown in Windows Explorer . There is also the ability to save searches as virtual folders or Search Folders . A Search Folder is simply an XML file , which stores the query in a form that can be used by the Windows search subsystem . When accessed , the search is executed and the results are aggregated and presented as a virtual folder . Windows Vista includes six Search Folders by default : Recent Documents , Recent E-mail , Recent Music , Recent Pictures and Videos , Recently Changed , and Shared By Me . When sorting items , the sort order no longer remains consistently Ascending or Descending . Each property has a preferred sort direction . For example , Sort by Date defaults to Descending order , as does Size . But Name and Type default to Ascending order . Searching for files containing a given text string became problematic with Vista unless the files have been indexed . An alternative is to use the findstr command - line function . After right - clicking on a folder one can open a command - line prompt in that folder . Windows Explorer also contains modifications in the visualization of files on a computer . A new addition to Windows Explorer in Vista and Server 2008 is the Details Pane , which displays metadata and information relating to the currently selected file or folder . The Details Pane will also display a thumbnail of the file or an icon of the filetype if the file does not contain visual information . Furthermore , different imagery is overlaid on thumbnails to give more information about the file , such as a picture frame around the thumbnail of an image file , or a filmstrip on a video file . The details pane in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 showing metadata of an image . The Details pane also allows for the change of some textual metadata such as ' Author ' and ' Title ' in files that support them within Windows Explorer . A new type of metadata called tags allows users to add descriptive terms to documents for easier categorization and retrieval . Some files support open metadata , allowing users to define new types of metadata for their files . Out - of - the - box , Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 supports Microsoft Office documents and most audio and video files . Support for other file types can however be added by writing specialized software to retrieve the metadata at the shell 's request . Metadata stored in a file 's alternate ( secondary ) stream only on NTFS volumes can not be viewed and edited through the ' Summary ' tab of the file 's properties anymore . Instead , all metadata is stored inside the file , so that it will always travel with the file and not be dependent on the file system . Layout and icons ( edit ) Windows Explorer in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 also introduces a new layout . The Task Panes from Windows XP are replaced with a toolbar on top and a Navigation pane on the left . The Navigation pane contains commonly accessed folders and preconfigured Search Folders . Eight different views are available to view files and folders , including Extra Large , Large , Medium , Small , List , Details , Tiles , and Content . In addition , column headers now appear in all icon viewing modes , unlike Windows XP where they only appear in the Details icon viewing mode . File and folder actions such as Cut , Copy , Paste , Undo , Redo , Delete , Rename and Properties are built into a dropdown menu which appears when the Organize button is clicked . It is also possible to change the layout of the Explorer window by using the Organize button . Users can select whether to display Classic Menus , a Search Pane , a Preview Pane , a Reading Pane , and / or the Navigation Pane . The Preview Pane enables users to preview files ( e.g. , documents or media files ) without opening them . If an application , such as Office 2007 , installs preview handlers for file types , then these files can also be edited within the Preview Pane itself . Windows Vista saw the introduction of the breadcrumb bar for easier navigation . As opposed to the prior Address Bar which displayed the current folder in a simple editable combobox , this new style structures the path into clickable levels of folder hierarchy ( though falls back to the classic edit mode when blank area is clicked ) , enabling the user to skip as many levels as desired in one click rather than repeatedly clicking `` Up '' . It is also possible to navigate to any subfolder of the current folder using the arrow to the right of the last item . The Menu Bar is now hidden by default but reappears temporarily when the user presses Alt . Check boxes in Windows Explorer allow the selection of multiple files . Free and used space on all drives is shown in horizontal indicator bars . Icons of various sizes are supported : 16 x 16 , 24 x 24 , 32 x 32 , 48 x 48 , 64 x 64 , 96 x 96 , 128 x 128 and 256 x 256 . Windows Explorer can zoom the icons in and out using a slider or by holding down the Ctrl key and using the mouse scrollwheel . Live Icons can display the content of folders and files themselves rather than generic icons . Other changes ( edit ) With the release of Windows Vista & Server 2008 and Windows Internet Explorer 7 for Windows XP , Internet Explorer is no longer integrated with Windows Explorer . In Windows Vista and Server 2008 ( and in Windows XP as well if IE7 or 8 is installed ) , Windows Explorer no longer displays web pages , and IE7 does not support use as a file manager , although one will separately launch the other as necessary . When moving or copying files from one folder to another , if two files have the same name , an option is now available to rename the file ; in previous versions of Windows , the user was prompted to choose either a replacement or cancel moving the file . Also , when renaming a file , Explorer only highlights the filename without selecting the extension . Renaming multiple files is quicker as pressing Tab automatically renames the existing file or folder and opens the file name text field for the next file for renaming . Shift + Tab allow renaming in the same manner upwards . Support for burning data on DVDs ( DVD ± R , DVD ± R DL , DVD ± R RW ) in addition to CDs and DVD - RAM using version 2.0 of the Image Mastering API was added . In case a file is in use by another application , Windows Explorer informs users to close the application and retry the file operation . Also , a new interface ' IFileIsInUse ' is introduced into the API which developers can use to let other applications switch to the main window of the application that has the file open or simply close the file from the `` File In Use '' dialog . If the running application exposes these operations by means of the IFileInUse interface , Windows Explorer , upon encountering a locked file , allows the user to close the file or switch to the application from the dialog box itself . Removed and changed features ( edit ) See also : List of features removed in Windows Vista The ability to customize the layout and buttons on the toolbars has been removed in Windows Vista 's Explorer , as has the ability to add a password to a zip file ( compressed folder ) . The Toolbar button in Explorer to go up one folder from the current folder has been removed ( the function still exists however , one can move up a folder by pressing Alt + ↑ ) . Although still fully available from the menus and keyboard shortcuts , toolbar buttons for Cut , Copy , Paste , Undo , Delete , Properties and some others are no longer available . The Menu Bar is also hidden by default , but is still available by pressing the Alt key , or changing its visibility in the layout options . Several other features are removed such as showing the size on the status bar without selecting items , storing metadata in NTFS secondary streams , the IColumnProvider interface which allowed addition of custom columns to Explorer and folder background customization using desktop. ini . The option `` Managing pairs of Web pages and folders '' is also removed , and the user has no way of telling Vista that a . html file and the folder with the same name that was created when saving a complete web page from IE should be treated separately , that is , they can not delete the folder without deleting the html file as well . The ability to right - click a folder and hit `` Search '' was removed in Windows Vista Service Pack 1 . Users must open the folder they wish to search in and enter their keywords in the search field located on the top right corner of the window . Alternatively , users can specify other search parameters through the `` Advanced Search '' UI , which can be accessed by clicking on the Organize Bar , and selecting Search Pane under the Layout submenu . Pressing F3 also opens the `` Advanced Search '' interface . Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 ( edit ) Windows Explorer in Windows 7 Libraries ( edit ) Windows Explorer in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 supports Libraries , virtual folders described in a . library - ms file that aggregates content from various locations -- including shared folders on networked systems if the shared folder has been indexed by the host system -- and present them in a unified view . Searching in a library automatically federates the query to the remote systems , in addition to searching on the local system , so that files on the remote systems are also searched . Unlike search folders , Libraries are backed by a physical location which allows files to be saved in the Libraries . Such files are transparently saved in the backing physical folder . The default save location for a library may be configured by the user , as can the default view layout for each library . Libraries are generally stored in the Libraries special folder , which allows them to be displayed on the navigation pane . By default , a new user account in Windows 7 contains four libraries , for different file types : Documents , Music , Pictures , and Videos . They are configured to include the user 's profile folders for these respective file types , as well as the computer 's corresponding Public folders . In addition to aggregating multiple storage locations , Libraries enable Arrangement Views and Search Filter Suggestions . Arrangement Views allow users to pivot their views of the library 's contents based on metadata . For example , selecting the `` By Month '' view in the Pictures library will display photos in stacks , where each stack represents a month of photos based on the date they were taken . In the Music library , the `` By Artist '' view will display stacks of albums from the artists in their collections , and browsing into an artist stack will then display the relevant albums . Search Filter Suggestions are a new feature of the Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 Explorer 's search box . When the user clicks in the search box , a menu shows up below it showing recent searches as well as suggested Advanced Query Syntax filters that the user can type . When one is selected ( or typed in manually ) , the menu will update to show the possible values to filter by for that property , and this list is based on the current location and other parts of the query already typed . For example , selecting the `` tags '' filter or typing `` tags : '' into the search box will display the list of possible tag values which will return search results . The metadata written within the file , implemented in Vista , is also utilized in Windows 7 . This can sometimes lead to long wait times displaying the contents of a folder . For example , if a folder contains many large video files totaling hundreds of gigabytes , and the Window Explorer pane is in Details view mode showing a property contained within the metadata ( for example Date , Length , Frame Height ) , Windows Explorer might have to search the contents of the whole file for the meta data . Some damaged files can cause a prolonged delay as well . This is due to metadata information being able to be placed anywhere within the file , beginning , middle , or end , necessitating a search of the whole file . Lengthy delays also occur when displaying the contents of a folder with many different types of program icons . The icon is contained in the metadata . Some programs cause the activation of a virus scan when retrieving the icon information from the metadata , hence producing a lengthy delay . Arrangement Views and Search Filter Suggestions are database - backed features which require that all locations in the Library be indexed by the Windows Search service . Local disk locations must be indexed by the local indexer , and Windows Explorer will automatically add locations to the indexing scope when they are included in a library . Remote locations can be indexed by the indexer on another Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 machine , on a Windows machine running Windows Search 4 ( such as Windows Vista or Windows Home Server ) , or on another device that implements the MS - WSP remote query protocol . Federated search ( edit ) Windows Explorer also supports federating search to external data sources , such as custom databases or web services , that are exposed over the web and described via an OpenSearch definition . The federated location description ( called a Search Connector ) is provided as a . osdx file . Once installed , the data source becomes queryable directly from Windows Explorer . Windows Explorer features , such as previews and thumbnails , work with the results of a federated search as well . Other changes ( edit ) Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 supports showing icons in the context menu and creating cascaded context menus with static verbs in submenus using the Registry instead of a shell extension . The search box in the Explorer window and the address bar can be resized . Certain folders in the navigation pane can be hidden to reduce clutter . Progress bars and overlay icons on an application 's button on the taskbar . Content view which shows thumbnails and metadata . Buttons to toggle the preview pane and create a new folder . Removed and changed features ( edit ) See also : List of features removed in Windows 7 § Windows Explorer In Windows 7 , several features have been removed from Windows Explorer , including the collapsible folder pane , overlay icon for shared items , remembering individual folder window sizes and positions , free disk space on the status bar , icons on the command bar , ability to disable Auto Arrange and Align to Grid , sortable column headings in other views except details view , ability to disable full row selection in details view , automatic horizontal scrolling and scrollbar in the navigation pane and maintaining selection when sorting from the Edit menu . Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 ( edit ) The new File Explorer interface in Windows 8 The file manager on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 is renamed File Explorer , and introduces new features such as a redesigned interface incorporating a ribbon toolbar , and a redesigned file operation dialog that displays more detailed progress and allows for file operations to be paused and resumed . The details pane in Windows Vista and 7 was removed and replaced with a narrower pane with no icons and fewer detail columns . But other details are displayed by hovering over the file 's name . Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 ( edit ) The icons in File Explorer have been redesigned . The icons are flatter and simpler in design . The window border padding is thinner than previous versions . Extensibility ( edit ) File Explorer can be extended to support non-default functionality by means of Windows Shell Extensions , which are COM objects that plug the extended functionality into Windows Explorer . Shell extensions can be in the form of shell extension handlers , toolbars or even namespace extensions that allow certain folders ( or even non-filesystem objects such as the images scanned by a scanner ) to be presented as a special folder . File Explorer also allows metadata for files to be added as NTFS Alternate Data Streams , separate from the data stream for the file . Shell extension handlers are queried by the shell beforehand for modifying the action the shell takes . They can be associated on a Per file type -- where they will show up only when a particular action takes place on a particular file type -- or on a global basis -- which are always available . The shell supports the following extension handlers : Handler Description Can be implemented on Required shell version Context menu handler Adds menu items to the context menu . It is called before the context menu is displayed . Per file type Windows 95 and later . Windows 7 introduced IExecuteCommand Drag - and - drop handler Controls the action upon right - click drag and drop and modifies the context menu that appears . Global Windows 95 and later Drop target handler Controls the action after a data object is dragged and dropped over a drop target such as a file . Per file type Windows 95 and later Data object handler Controls the action after a file is copied to the clipboard or dragged and dropped over a drop target . It can provide additional clipboard formats to the drop target . Per file type Windows 95 and later Icon handler Assigns a custom icon to an individual file amongst a class of file types . It is called before file icons are displayed . Per file type Windows 95 and later Property sheet handler Replaces or adds pages to the property sheet dialog box of an object . Per file type Windows 95 and later Copy hook handler Allows running , modifying or denying the action when a user or application tries to copy , move , delete , or rename an object . Not associated with a file type Windows 95 and later Search handler Allows shell integration of a custom search engine . Not associated with a file type Windows 95 through Windows XP Infotip handler Allows retrieving flags and infotip information for an item and displaying it inside a popup tooltip upon mouse hover . Per file type Windows Desktop Update and later Thumbnail image handler Provides for a thumbnail image to be generated and displayed along with its alpha type when a file is selected or the thumbnail view is activated . Per file type Windows Desktop Update and later . Windows Vista introduced a newer IThumbnailProvider interface that also shows thumbnails in the Details pane . The older IExtractImage is still supported but not in the Details pane . Disk Cleanup handler Add a new entry to the Disk Cleanup application and allows specifying additional disk locations or files to clean up . Per folder Windows 98 and later Column handler Allows creating and displaying custom columns in Windows Explorer Details view . It can be used to extend sorting and grouping . Per folder Windows 2000 and later Icon overlay handler Allows displaying an overlay icon over a shell object ( a file or folder icon ) . Per file type Windows 2000 and later Metadata handler Allows viewing and modifying metadata stored in a file . It can be used to extend details view columns , infotips , property pages , sorting and grouping . Per file type Windows 2000 and later Filter handler ( IFilter ) Allows file properties and its contents to be indexed and searched by Indexing Service or Windows Search Per file type Windows 2000 and later AutoPlay handler Examines newly discovered removable media and devices and , based on content such as pictures , music or video files , launches an appropriate application to play or display the content . Per file type category Windows XP only : per device and per file type category Windows XP and later Property handler Allows viewing and modifying system - defined and custom properties of a file . Per file type Windows Vista and later , on Windows XP if Windows Search is installed . Preview handler Renders enhanced previews of items without launching the default application when a file is selected . It can also provide file type - specific navigation such as browsing a document , or seeking inside a media file . Per file type Windows Vista and later Namespace extensions are used by Explorer to either display some data -- which are not persisted as files -- in a folder - like view or to present data in a way that is different from their organization on the file system . This feature can be exploited by a relational file system like liquidFOLDERs or Tabbles , clones of the ill - fated Microsoft WinFS . Special Folders , such as My Computer and Network Places in Windows Explorer are implemented this way , as are Explorer views that let items in a mobile phone or digital camera be explored . Source - control systems that use Explorer to browse source repositories also use Namespace extensions to allow Explorer to browse the revisions . To implement a namespace extension , the IPersistFolder , IShellView , IShellFolder , IShellBrowser and IOleWindow interfaces needs to be implemented and registered . The implementation needs to provide the logic for navigating the data store as well as describing the presentation . Windows Explorer will instantiate the COM objects as required . While Windows Explorer natively exposes the extensibility points as COM interfaces , . NET Framework can also be used to write extensions , using the COM Interop functionality of . NET Framework . While Microsoft itself makes available extensions -- such as the Photo Info tool -- which are authored using . NET Framework , they currently recommend against writing managed shell extensions , as only one instance of the CLR ( prior to version 4.0 ) can be loaded per - process . This behavior would cause conflicts if multiple managed add - ins , targeting different versions of the CLR , are attempted to be run simultaneously . See also ( edit ) Comparison of file managers File manager List of alternative shells for Windows Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Misc Windows '' . toastytech.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ John D. Ruley ( September 1995 ) . `` NT Gets the Look But Not the Logo '' . How - To Columns . WinMag . Archived from the original on 14 March 2006 . Retrieved 4 September 2009 . Internet Archive Jump up ^ `` Managing Files , Folders , and Search Methods : Microsoft TechNet '' . microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serenity Macros Home Page - Resources for MS Word '' . www.mvps.org . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Windows 2000 Registry : Latest Features and APIs Provide the Power to Customize and Extend Your Apps , MSDN Magazine , November 2000 , retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 Jump up ^ Kindel , Charlie ( 27 August 1993 ) , OLE Property Sets Exposed , MSDN Magazine , retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 Jump up ^ Esposito , Dino ( June 2000 ) , More Windows 2000 UI Goodies : Extending Explorer Views by Customizing Hypertext Template Files , MSDN Magazine , retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 Jump up ^ Sophos , VBS / Roor - C threat analysis . Accessed 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Virus. VBS. Redlof. a '' , Virus Encyclopedia , Viruslist.com , 15 January 2004 , archived from the original on 28 October 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 Jump up ^ Figure 1 Windows Shell Extensions , MSDN Magazine , June 2000 , archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 31 , retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 Jump up ^ `` What is Indexing Service ? '' . msdn.microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Is Microsoft Office 2003 still decent for general use on Windows 7 , 8.1 and 10 '' . answers.microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Windows XP -- What 's new with files and folders '' . Windows . Microsoft . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The sort order for files and folders whose names contain numerals is different in Windows Vista , Windows XP , and Windows Server 2003 than it is in Windows 2000 , support.microsoft.com , 2007 - 08 - 28 , retrieved 2009 - 07 - 06 ^ Jump up to : Shultz , Greg ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Examine the filtering , grouping , and stacking features in Windows Vista 's Windows Explorer '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Rory ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` Seven days of Vista -- day 4 : Stacking and filtering '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kaelin , Mark ( July 17 , 2007 ) . `` How do I ... Save and refine desktop searches in Microsoft Windows Vista ? '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Microsoft . `` Saved Search File Format '' . MSDN . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentz , Ben ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Query Composition : Building a search upon another search '' . Shell : Revealed Blog . Microsoft . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to Search for Contents in Any File Type Without Indexing Service Enabled in Windows Vista and Windows 7 '' . Wikihow.com. 2014 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Microsoft . `` Add tags or other properties to a file '' . Windows How - to . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Nick ( July 13 , 2007 ) . `` 10 Things -- Windows Explorer Has a New Preview Pane '' . Windows Vista Team Blog . Microsoft . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Microsoft . `` Pen and Touch Input in Windows Vista '' . MSDN . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oiaga , Marius ( September 27 , 2006 ) . `` Quick Zoom on the Windows Vista Desktop and in Explorer '' . Softpedia . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McFedries , Paul ( 2008 ) . `` Microsoft Windows Vista Unleashed '' . Sams Publishing . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 672 - 33013 - 1 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mangefeste , Tony ; Walp , David ( 2006 ) . `` Optical Platform : Windows Vista and Beyond '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original ( PPT ) on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Christopher ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Your File Is In Use ... Demystified '' . Shell : Revealed Blog . Microsoft . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Properties '' . msdn2.microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IColumnProvider interface ( Windows ) '' . msdn2.microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ A solution to this is provided on http://windowsxp.mvps.org/webpairs.htm . After the webpairs. reg file has been merged into the registry , the `` Managing pairs of Web pages and folders '' option is available in the Folder Options View tab . Jump up ^ `` MS - WSP : Windows Search Protocol '' , MSDN Library , Microsoft , 2006 - 12 - 18 , retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Creating Shortcut Menu Handlers ( Windows ) '' . msdn.microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Improvements in Windows Explorer '' . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft switches to File Explorer name in Windows 8 , bids farewell to Windows Explorer '' . The Verge . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ShellExView v1. 19 -- Shell Extensions Manager for Windows , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Thumbnail Handlers ( Windows ) '' . msdn.microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Create Namespace Extensions for Windows Explorer with the . NET Framework , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Download Center : Windows , Office , Xbox & More '' . www.microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MSDN Magazine Issues '' . msdn.microsoft.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't do Shell Extension Handlers in . NET '' . msdn.com . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Sullivan , Kent . `` The Windows 95 User Interface : A Case Study in Usability Engineering '' . © 1996 for Association for Computing Machinery , Inc . An article written by Kent Sullivan , a developer on the Windows 95 UI team , detailing the usability studies and development processes that led to the creation of the Windows 95 Explorer interface . How To Customize the Windows Explorer Views in Windows XP MSDN : Creating Shell Extension Handlers The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Writing Shell Extensions Namespace extensions -- the undocumented Windows Shell <Th_colspan="2"> Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub File Manager Get Help Groove Music Magnifier Mail Messaging Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go Windows Story Remix WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper - V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process NT Vista CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal. dll I / O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl. exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX . NET Framework Universal Windows Platform Windows Mixed Reality Windows Runtime WinUSB Games Solitaire Collection Discontinued Games 3D Pinball Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts InkBall Hold ' Em Purble Place Reversi Spider Solitaire Solitaire Tinker Apps ActiveMovie Anytime Upgrade Address Book Backup and Restore Cardfile CardSpace Contacts Desktop Gadgets Diagnostics DriveSpace DVD Maker Easy Transfer Fax Food & Drink Help and Support Center Health & Fitness HyperTerminal Internet Explorer Journal Media Center Meeting Space Messaging Messenger Mobile Device Center Movie Maker MSN Dial - up NetMeeting NTBackup Outlook Express Travel Photo Gallery Photo Viewer Program Manager Steps Recorder WinHelp Write Others ScanDisk File Protection Media Control Interface Next - Generation Secure Computing Base POSIX subsystem Interix Video for Windows Windows SideShow Windows Services for UNIX Windows System Assessment Tool WinFS Spun off to Microsoft Store DVD Player Hover ! Mahjong Minesweeper <Th_colspan="2"> File managers ( comparison ) Unix - like Dolphin emelFM2 gentoo GNOME Commander GNOME Files Konqueror Krusader Nemo PCManFM ranger Thunar Xfe SpaceFM DOS DOS Navigator DOS Shell Norton Commander PathMinder PC Shell ViewMAX Volkov Commander XTree OS / 2 etc . DOS Navigator Norton Commander Windows Official File Manager File Explorer / Windows Explorer Unofficial Altap Salamander Directory Opus DOS Navigator Explorer++ Far Manager Norton Commander PowerDesk STDU Explorer Total Commander WinSCP xplorer2 XTree XYplorer ZTreeWin Macintosh OSs Classic Mac OS Finder macOS Commander One CRAX Commander Finder Path Finder ForkLift Xfile BeOS etc . OpenTracker Tracker Cross-platform Dired Double Commander fman Graphics Environment Manager Midnight Commander MuCommander Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_Explorer&oldid=846511683 '' Categories : File managers for Microsoft Windows File managers FTP clients Windows components Windowing systems Disk image emulators Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles to be expanded from December 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 06 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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1. File Explorer features and functionality
2. Evolution of Windows Explorer over time
3. Windows Explorer integration with Internet Explorer
4. Customization options in Windows Explorer
5. Changes in Windows Explorer in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008
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when members of congress run against the government they play on
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Tea Party movement - Wikipedia Tea Party movement This article is about the political movement . For the protest events themselves , see Tea Party protests . For the U.S. Congressional caucus , see Tea Party Caucus . Part of the Taxation in the United States series Tax protest in the United States History Arguments Constitutional 16th Amendment Statutory Administrative Conspiracy People Arthur Porth Robert Clarkson Vivien Kellems Irwin Schiff William J. Benson Wayne C. Bentson Tom Cryer Richard Michael Simkanin Eddie Ray Kahn Related topics America : Freedom to Fascism The Law that Never Was Cheek v. United States Titles of Nobility Amendment Tax noncompliance Tax resistance Christian Patriot movement Posse Comitatus Sovereign citizen movement Tea Party movement The Tea Party movement is an American conservative movement within the Republican Party . Members of the movement have called for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit by reducing government spending , and for lower taxes . The movement opposes government - sponsored universal healthcare and has been described as a popular constitutional movement composed of a mixture of libertarian , populist , and conservative activism . It has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since 2009 . According to the American Enterprise Institute , various polls in 2013 estimate that slightly over 10 percent of Americans identify as part of the movement . The movement began following Barack Obama 's first presidential inauguration ( in January 2009 ) when his administration announced plans to give financial aid to bankrupt homeowners . A major force behind it was Americans for Prosperity ( AFP ) , a conservative political advocacy group founded by businessmen and political activist David H. Koch . It is unclear exactly how much money is donated to AFP by David and his brother Charles Koch . Following a February 19 , 2009 call by CNBC reporter Rick Santelli on the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for a `` tea party , '' over fifty conservative activists agreed by conference call to coalesce against Obama 's agenda and scheduled series of protests , including the 2009 Taxpayer March on Washington . Supporters of the movement subsequently have had a major impact on the internal politics of the Republican Party . Although the Tea Party is not a party in the classic sense of the word , some research suggests that members of the Tea Party Caucus vote like a significantly farther right third party in Congress . The movement 's name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16 , 1773 , a watershed event in the launch of the American Revolution . The 1773 event demonstrated against taxation by the British government without political representation for the American colonists , and references to the Boston Tea Party and even costumes from the 1770s era are commonly heard and seen in the Tea Party movement . Contents 1 Agenda 1.1 Foreign policy 2 Organization 3 Etymology 4 History 4.1 Background 4.1. 1 Commentaries on origin 4.2 Early local protest events 4.3 First national protests and birth of national movement 4.4 Health care bill 4.5 U.S. elections 4.6 IRS controversy 4.7 Role in the 2016 presidential election 4.8 Current status 5 Composition 5.1 Membership and demographics 5.2 Polling of supporters 5.3 Leadership 5.3. 1 Individuals 5.3. 2 Organizations 6 Fundraising 6.1 Support of Koch brothers 7 Public opinion 7.1 2010 polling 7.2 After debt - ceiling crisis 7.3 2012 polling 7.4 2013 and 2014 polling 8 Symbols 9 `` Teabagger '' 10 Commentary by the Obama administration 11 Media coverage 11.1 Tea Party 's views of media coverage 12 Perceptions of the Tea Party 13 Controversy 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Further reading 17 External links Agenda See also : Politics of the United States Tea Party protesters on the West Lawn of the U.S. Capitol and the National Mall at the Taxpayer March on Washington on September 12 , 2009 The Tea Party does not have a single uniform agenda . The decentralized character of the Tea Party , with its lack of formal structure or hierarchy , allows each autonomous group to set its own priorities and goals . Goals may conflict , and priorities will often differ between groups . Many Tea Party organizers see this as a strength rather than a weakness , as decentralization has helped to immunize the Tea Party against co-opting by outside entities and corruption from within . The Tea Party has generally sought to avoid placing too much emphasis on traditional conservative social issues . National Tea Party organizations , such as the Tea Party Patriots and FreedomWorks , have expressed concern that engaging in social issues would be divisive . Instead , they have sought to have activists focus their efforts away from social issues and focus on economic and limited government issues . Still , many groups like Glenn Beck 's 9 / 12 Tea Parties , TeaParty.org , the Iowa Tea Party and Delaware Patriot Organizations do act on social issues such as abortion , gun control , prayer in schools , and illegal immigration . The Tea Party generally focuses on a significant reduction in the size and scope of the government . Tea Party members generally advocate a national economy operating without government oversight . Among its goals are limiting the size of the federal government , reducing government spending , lowering the national debt and opposing tax increases . To this end , Tea Party groups have protested the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) , stimulus programs such as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA , commonly referred to as the Stimulus or The Recovery Act ) , cap and trade environmental regulations , health care reform such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA , also known simply as the Affordable Care Act or `` Obamacare '' ) and perceived attacks by the federal government on their 1st , 2nd , 4th and 10th Amendment rights . Tea Party groups have also voiced support for right to work legislation as well as tighter border security , and opposed amnesty for illegal immigrants . On the federal health care reform law , they began to work at the state level to nullify the law , after the Republican Party lost seats in congress and the Presidency in the 2012 elections . It has also mobilized locally against the United Nations Agenda 21 . They have protested the IRS for controversial treatment of groups with `` tea party '' in their names . They have formed Super PACs to support candidates sympathetic to their goals and have opposed what they call the `` Republican establishment '' candidates . Even though the groups have a wide range of different goals , the Tea Party places its view of the Constitution at the center of its reform agenda . It urges the return of government as intended by some of the Founding Fathers . It also seeks to teach its view of the Constitution and other founding documents . Scholars have described its interpretation variously as originalist , popular , or a unique combination of the two . Reliance on the Constitution is selective and inconsistent . Adherents cite it , yet do so more as a cultural reference rather than out of commitment to the text , which they seek to alter . Two constitutional amendments have been targeted by some in the movement for full or partial repeal : the 16th that allows an income tax , and the 17th that requires popular election of senators . There has also been support for a proposed Repeal Amendment , which would enable a two - thirds majority of the states to repeal federal laws , and a Balanced Budget Amendment , to limit deficit spending . One attempt at forming a list of what Tea Partiers wanted Congress to do resulted in the Contract from America . It was a legislative agenda created by conservative activist Ryan Hecker with the assistance of Dick Armey of FreedomWorks . Armey had co-written with Newt Gingrich the previous Contract with America released by the Republican Party during the 1994 midterm elections . One thousand agenda ideas that had been submitted were narrowed down to twenty - one non-social issues . Participants then voted in an online campaign in which they were asked to select their favorite policy planks . The results were released as a ten - point Tea Party platform . The Contract from America was met with some support within the Republican Party , but it was not broadly embraced by GOP leadership , which released its own ' Pledge to America ' . In the aftermath of the 2012 American elections , some Tea Party activists have taken up more traditionally populist ideological viewpoints on issues that are distinct from general conservative views . Examples are various Tea Party demonstrators sometimes coming out in favor of U.S. immigration reform as well as for raising the U.S. minimum wage . Foreign policy See also : Foreign policy of the United States Historian and writer Walter Russell Mead analyzes the foreign policy views of the Tea Party movement in a 2011 essay published in Foreign Affairs . Mead says that Jacksonian populists , such as the Tea Party , combine a belief in American exceptionalism and its role in the world with skepticism of American 's `` ability to create a liberal world order '' . When necessary , they favor ' total war ' and unconditional surrender over `` limited wars for limited goals '' . Mead identifies two main trends , one personified by former Texas Congressman Ron Paul and the other by former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin . `` Paulites '' have a Jeffersonian approach that seeks to avoid foreign military involvement . `` Palinites '' , while seeking to avoid being drawn into unnecessary conflicts , favor a more aggressive response to maintaining America 's primacy in international relations . Mead says that both groups share a distaste for `` liberal internationalism '' . Some Tea Party - affiliated Republicans , such as Michele Bachmann , Jeff Duncan , Connie Mack IV , Jeff Flake , Tim Scott , Joe Walsh , Allen West , and Jason Chaffetz , voted for progressive Congressman Dennis Kucinich 's resolution to withdraw U.S. military personnel from Libya . In the Senate , three Tea Party backed Republicans , Jim DeMint , Mike Lee and Michael Crapo , voted to limit foreign aid to Libya , Pakistan and Egypt . Tea Partiers in both houses of Congress have shown willingness to cut foreign aid . Most leading figures within the Tea Party both within and outside Congress opposed military intervention in Syria . Organization The Tea Party movement is composed of a loose affiliation of national and local groups that determine their own platforms and agendas without central leadership . The Tea Party movement has both been cited as an example of grassroots political activity and has also been described as an example of corporate - funded activity made to appear as spontaneous community action , a practice known as `` astroturfing . '' Other observers see the organization as having its grassroots element `` amplified by the right - wing media '' , supported by elite funding . The Tea Party movement is not a national political party ; polls show that most Tea Partiers consider themselves to be Republicans and the movement 's supporters have tended to endorse Republican candidates . Commentators , including Gallup editor - in - chief Frank Newport , have suggested that the movement is not a new political group but simply a re-branding of traditional Republican candidates and policies . An October 2010 Washington Post canvass of local Tea Party organizers found 87 % saying `` dissatisfaction with mainstream Republican Party leaders '' was `` an important factor in the support the group has received so far '' . Tea Party activists have expressed support for Republican politicians Sarah Palin , Dick Armey , Michele Bachmann , Marco Rubio , and Ted Cruz . In July 2010 , Bachmann formed the Tea Party Congressional Caucus ; however , the caucus has been defunct since July 2012 . An article in Politico reported that many Tea Party activists were skeptical of the caucus , seeing it as an effort by the Republican Party to hijack the movement . Utah congressman Jason Chaffetz refused to join the caucus , saying Structure and formality are the exact opposite of what the Tea Party is , and if there is an attempt to put structure and formality around it , or to co-opt it by Washington , D.C. , it 's going to take away from the free - flowing nature of the true Tea Party movement . Etymology The name `` Tea Party '' is a reference to the Boston Tea Party , a protest in 1773 by colonists who objected to British taxation without representation , and demonstrated by dumping British tea taken from docked ships into the harbor . The event was one of the first in a series that led to the United States Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution that gave birth to American independence . Some commentators have referred to the Tea in `` Tea Party '' as the backronym `` Taxed Enough Already '' , though this did not appear until months after the first nationwide protests . History See also : Tax revolt Background This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . Contrary to Currier 's depiction , few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Native Americans . References to the Boston Tea Party were part of Tax Day protests held in the 1990s and before . In 1984 , David H. Koch and Charles G. Koch of Koch Industries founded Citizens for a Sound Economy ( CSE ) , a conservative political group whose self - described mission was `` to fight for less government , lower taxes , and less regulation . '' Congressman Ron Paul was appointed as the first chairman of the organization . The CSE lobbied for policies favorable to corporations , particularly tobacco companies . In 2002 , a Tea Party website was designed and published by the CSE at web address www.usteaparty.com , and stated `` our US Tea Party is a national event , hosted continuously online and open to all Americans who feel our taxes are too high and the tax code is too complicated . '' The site did not take off at the time . In 2003 , Dick Armey became the chairman of CSE after retiring from Congress . In 2004 , Citizens for a Sound Economy split into FreedomWorks , for 501c4 advocacy activity , and the Americans for Prosperity Foundation . Dick Armey stayed as chairman of FreedomWorks , while David Koch stayed as Chairman of the Americans for Prosperity Foundation . The two organizations would become key players in the Tea Party movement from 2009 onward . Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks were `` probably the leading partners '' in the September 2009 Taxpayer March on Washington , also known as the `` 9 / 12 Tea Party , '' according to The Guardian . Commentaries on origin Fox News Channel commentator Juan Williams has said that the Tea Party movement emerged from the `` ashes '' of Ron Paul 's 2008 presidential primary campaign . Indeed , Ron Paul has stated that its origin was on December 16 , 2007 , when supporters held a 24 - hour record breaking , `` moneybomb '' fundraising event on the Boston Tea Party 's 234th anniversary , but that others , including Republicans , took over and changed some of the movement 's core beliefs . Writing for Slate.com , Dave Weigel has argued in concurrence that , in his view , the `` first modern Tea Party events occurred in December 2007 , long before Barack Obama took office , and they were organized by supporters of Rep. Ron Paul , '' with the movement expanding and gaining prominence in 2009 . Barack Obama , the first African American President of the United States , took office in January 2009 . Journalist Joshua Green has stated in The Atlantic that while Ron Paul is not the Tea Party 's founder , or its culturally resonant figure , he has become the `` intellectual godfather '' of the movement since many now agree with his long - held beliefs . Journalist Jane Mayer has said that the Koch brothers were essential in funding and strengthening the movement , through groups such as Americans for Prosperity . In 2013 , a study published in the journal Tobacco Control concluded that organizations within the movement were connected with non-profit organizations that the tobacco industry and other corporate interests worked with and provided funding for , including the group Citizens for a Sound Economy . Al Gore cited the study and said that the connections between `` market fundamentalists '' , the tobacco industry and the Tea Party could be traced to a 1971 memo from tobacco lawyer Lewis F. Powell , Jr. who advocated more political power for corporations . Gore said that the Tea Party is an extension of this political strategy `` to promote corporate profit at the expense of the public good . '' Former governor of Alaska and vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin , keynoting a Tea Party Tax Day protest at the state capital in Madison , Wisconsin on April 15 , 2011 , reflected on the origins of the Tea Party movement and credited President Barack Obama , saying `` And speaking of President Obama , I think we ought to pay tribute to him today at this Tax Day Tea Party because really he 's the inspiration for why we 're here today . That 's right . The Tea Party Movement would n't exist without Barack Obama . '' Early local protest events Members of Hoosiers for Fair Taxation stage one of the country 's first local Tea Party protests against mayor Bart Peterson on July 28 , 2007 by putting their tax assessments in an oversize tea bag and dunking it into the Broad Ripple Canal . The Sam Adams Alliance awarded organizer Melyssa Hubbard ( née Donaghy ) the first annual Tea Party prize for staging these protests . On January 24 , 2009 , Trevor Leach , chairman of the Young Americans for Liberty in New York State organized a `` Tea Party '' to protest obesity taxes proposed by New York Governor David Paterson and call for fiscal responsibility on the part of the government . Several of the protesters wore Native American headdresses similar to the band of 18th century colonists who dumped tea in Boston Harbor to express outrage about British taxes . Some of the protests were partially in response to several federal laws : the Bush administration 's Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , and the Obama administration 's economic stimulus package the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and healthcare reform legislation . The bailouts of banks by the Bush and Obama administrations triggered the Tea Party 's rise , according to political analyst Scott Rasmussen . Tea party participants `` think federal spending , deficits and taxes are too high , and they think no one in Washington is listening to them , and that latter point is really , really important , '' Rasmussen said . New York Times journalist Kate Zernike reported that leaders within the Tea Party credit Seattle blogger and conservative activist Keli Carender with organizing the first Tea Party in February 2009 , although the term `` Tea Party '' was not used . Other articles , written by Chris Good of The Atlantic and NPR 's Martin Kaste , credit Carender as `` one of the first '' Tea Party organizers and state that she `` organized some of the earliest Tea Party - style protests '' . Carender first organized what she called a `` Porkulus Protest '' in Seattle on Presidents Day , February 16 , the day before President Barack Obama signed the stimulus bill into law . Carender said she did it without support from outside groups or city officials . `` I just got fed up and planned it . '' Carender said 120 people participated . `` Which is amazing for the bluest of blue cities I live in , and on only four days notice ! This was due to me spending the entire four days calling and emailing every person , think tank , policy center , university professors ( that were sympathetic ) , etc. in town , and not stopping until the day came . '' Contacted by Carender , Steve Beren promoted the event on his blog four days before the protest and agreed to be a speaker at the rally . Carender also contacted conservative author and Fox News Channel contributor Michelle Malkin , and asked her to publicize the rally on her blog , which Malkin did the day before the event . The following day , the Colorado branch of Americans for Prosperity held a protest at the Colorado Capitol , also promoted by Malkin . Carender held a second protest on February 27 , 2009 , reporting `` We more than doubled our attendance at this one . '' First national protests and birth of national movement On February 18 , 2009 , the one - month old Obama administration announced the Homeowners Affordability and Stability Plan , an economic recovery plan to help home owners avoid foreclosure by refinance mortgages in the wake of the Great Recession . The next day , CNBC business news editor Rick Santelli criticized the Plan in a live broadcast from the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange . He said that those plans were `` promoting bad behavior '' by `` subsidizing losers ' mortgages '' . He suggested holding a tea party for traders to gather and dump the derivatives in the Chicago River on July 1 . `` President Obama , are you listening ? '' he asked . A number of the floor traders around him cheered on his proposal , to the amusement of the hosts in the studio . Santelli 's `` rant '' became a viral video after being featured on the Drudge Report . According to The New Yorker writer Ben McGrath and New York Times reporter Kate Zernike , this is where the movement was first inspired to coalesce under the collective banner of `` Tea Party . '' Santelli 's remarks `` set the fuse to the modern anti-Obama Tea Party movement , '' according to journalist Lee Fang . About 10 hours after Santelli 's remarks , reTeaParty.com was bought to coordinate Tea Parties scheduled for Independence Day and , as of March 4 , was reported to be receiving 11,000 visitors a day . Within hours , the conservative political advocacy group Americans for Prosperity registered the domain name `` TaxDayTeaParty.com , '' and launched a website calling for protests against Obama . Overnight , websites such as `` ChicagoTeaParty.com '' ( registered in August 2008 by Chicagoan Zack Christenson , radio producer for conservative talk show host Milt Rosenberg ) were live within 12 hours . By the next day , guests on Fox News had already begun to mention this new `` Tea Party . '' As reported by The Huffington Post , a Facebook page was developed on February 20 calling for Tea Party protests across the country . A `` Nationwide Chicago Tea Party '' protest was coordinated across more than 40 different cities for February 27 , 2009 , thus establishing the first national modern Tea Party protest . The movement has been supported nationally by at least 12 prominent individuals and their associated organizations . Fox News called many of the protests in 2009 `` FNC Tax Day Tea Parties '' which it promoted on air and sent speakers to . This was to include then - host Glenn Beck , though Fox came to discourage him from attending later events . Health care bill See also : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Opposition to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) has been consistent within the Tea Party movement . The scheme has often been referred to as ' Obamacare ' by critics , but was soon adopted as well by many of its advocates , including President Obama . This has been an aspect of an overall anti-government message throughout Tea Party rhetoric that includes opposition to gun control measures and to federal spending increases . Activism by Tea Party people against the major health - care reform law from 2009 to 2014 has , according to the Kansas City Star , focused on pushing for Congressional victories so that a repeal measure would pass both houses and that President Obama 's veto could be overridden . Some conservative public officials and commentators such as columnist Ramesh Ponnuru have criticized these views as completely unrealistic with the chances of overriding a Presidential veto being slim , with Ponnuru stating that `` If you have in 2017 a Republican government ... and it does n't get rid of Obamacare , then I think that is a huge political disaster '' . U.S. elections Main article : Tea Party in U.S. elections See also : Mama grizzly Michelle Bachmann Glenn Beck Tim Scott Aside from rallies , some groups affiliated with the Tea Party movement began to focus on getting out the vote and ground game efforts on behalf of candidates supportive of their agenda starting in the 2010 elections . Various Tea Party groups have endorsed candidates in the elections . In the 2010 midterm elections , The New York Times identified 138 candidates for Congress with significant Tea Party support , and reported that all of them were running as Republicans -- of whom 129 were running for the House and 9 for the Senate . A poll by the Wall Street Journal and NBC News in mid October showed 35 % of likely voters were Tea - party supporters , and they favored the Republicans by 84 % to 10 % . The first Tea Party affiliated candidate to be elected into office is believed to be Dean Murray , a Long Island businessman , who won a special election for a New York State Assembly seat in February 2010 . According to statistics on an NBC blog , overall , 32 % of the candidates that were backed by the Tea Party or identified themselves as a Tea Party member won election . Tea Party supported candidates won 5 of 10 Senate races ( 50 % ) contested , and 40 of 130 House races ( 31 % ) contested . In the primaries for Colorado , Nevada and Delaware the Tea - party backed Senate Republican nominees defeated `` establishment '' Republicans that had been expected to win their respective Senate races , but went on to lose in the general election to their Democratic opponents . The Tea Party is generally associated with the Republican Party . Most politicians with the `` Tea Party brand '' have run as Republicans . In recent elections in the 2010s , Republican primaries have been the site of competitions between the more conservative , Tea Party wing of the party and the more moderate , establishment wing of the party . The Tea Party has incorporated various conservative internal factions of the Republican Party to become a major force within the party . Tea Party candidates were less successful in the 2012 election , winning four of 16 Senate races contested , and losing approximately 20 % of the seats in the House that had been gained in 2010 . Tea Party Caucus founder Michele Bachmann was re-elected to the House by a narrow margin . A May 2014 Kansas City Star article remarked about the Tea Party movement post-2012 , `` Tea party candidates are often inexperienced and sometimes underfunded . More traditional Republicans -- hungry for a win -- are emphasizing electability over philosophy , particularly after high - profile losses in 2012 . Some in the GOP have made that strategy explicit . '' In June 2014 , Tea Party favorite Dave Brat unseated the sitting GOP House Majority Leader Eric Cantor . Brat had previously been known as an economist and a professor at Randolph -- Macon College , running a grassroots conservative campaign that espoused greater fiscal restraint and his Milton Friedman - based viewpoints . Brat has since won the seat by a comfortable margin . In November 2014 , Tim Scott became the first African - American member of the U.S. Senate from the South since the reconstruction era , winning the South Carolina seat formerly held by Jim DeMint in a special election . Scott remarked to political commentator Glenn Beck that the Tea Party is neither racist nor sexist , and he also stated that he hoped to see more good - faith efforts to work together between the tea party and political factions in the future . The Senator had been endorsed by several figures within the Tea Party movement prior to his election . In the 2014 elections in Texas , the Tea Party made large gains , with numerous Tea Party favorites being elected into office , including Dan Patrick as Lieutenant Governor and Ken Paxton as Attorney General , in addition to numerous other candidates . In the 2015 Kentucky gubernatorial election , Matt Bevin , a Tea Party favorite who challenged Mitch McConnell in the Republican primary in the 2014 Kentucky Senate election , won with over 52 % of the vote , despite fears that he was too extreme for the state . Bevin is the second Republican in 44 years to be Governor of Kentucky . IRS controversy Main articles : 2013 IRS controversy and Linchpins of Liberty v. United States Lerner testifies before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform in 2014 . In May 2013 , the Associated Press and The New York Times reported that the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) flagged Tea Party groups and other conservative groups for review of their applications for tax - exempt status during the 2012 election . This led to both political and public condemnation of the agency , and triggered multiple investigations . Some groups were asked for donor lists , which is usually a violation of IRS policy . Groups were also asked for details about family members and about their postings on social networking sites . Lois Lerner , head of the IRS division that oversees tax - exempt groups , apologized on behalf of the IRS and stated , `` That was wrong . That was absolutely incorrect , it was insensitive and it was inappropriate . '' Testifying before Congress in March 2012 , IRS Commissioner Douglas Shulman denied that the groups were being targeted based on their political views . Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah , the ranking Republican on the Senate Finance Committee , rejected the apology as insufficient , demanding `` ironclad guarantees from the I.R.S. that it will adopt significant protocols to ensure this kind of harassment of groups that have a constitutional right to express their own views never happens again . '' The resulting Senate subcommittee report ultimately found there had been `` no bias '' , though Republican committee members filed a dissenting report . According to the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration , 18 % of the conservative groups that had Tea Party or other related terms in their names flagged for extra scrutiny by the IRS had no evidence of political activity . Michael Hiltzik , writing in the Los Angeles Times , stated that evidence put forth in the House report indicated the IRS had been struggling to apply complicated new rules to nonprofits that may have been involved in political activity , and had also flagged liberal - sounding groups . Of all the groups flagged , the only one to lose tax exempt status was a group that trains Democratic women to run for office . After a two - year investigation , the Justice Department announced in October 2015 that `` We found no evidence that any IRS official acted based on political , discriminatory , corrupt , or other inappropriate motives that would support a criminal prosecution . '' On October 25 , 2017 , the Trump Administration settled with a Consent Order for the case Linchpins of Liberty v. United States ; the IRS consented to express `` its sincere apology '' for singling out the plaintiff for aggressive scrutiny , stating , `` The IRS admits that its treatment of Plaintiffs during the tax - exempt determinations process , including screening their applications based on their names or policy positions , subjecting those applications to heightened scrutiny and inordinate delays , and demanding of some Plaintiffs ' information that TIGTA determined was unnecessary to the agency 's determination of their tax - exempt status , was wrong . For such treatment , the IRS expresses its sincere apology . '' That same month , the Treasury Department 's inspector general reported that the I.R.S. had also targeted liberal groups , flagging organization names with terms that included `` Progressive '' and `` Occupy . '' Role in the 2016 presidential election See also : United States presidential election , 2016 President Donald Trump praised the Tea Party movement throughout his 2016 campaign . In August 2015 , he told a Tea Party gathering in Nashville that `` The tea party people are incredible people . These are people who work hard and love the country and they get beat up all the time by the media . '' In a January 2016 CNN poll at the beginning of the 2016 Republican primary , Trump led all Republican candidates modestly among self - identified Tea Party voters with 37 percent supporting Trump and 34 percent supporting Ted Cruz . Trump 's candidacy was met with varying reactions by the Tea Party movement 's founders and organizations . National Tea Party movement co-founder and leader Michael Johns endorsed Trump immediately following Trump 's June 2015 announcement of his candidacy and defended Trump throughout the contentious Republican primary . However , Tea Party Patriots , a national Tea Party organization , endorsed Cruz in the presidential primary . Several commentators , including Jonathan Chait , Jenny Beth Martin , and Sarah Palin , argued that the Tea Party played a key role in the election of Donald Trump as the Republican Party presidential nominee , and eventually as U.S. president , and that Trump 's election was even the culmination of the Tea Party and anti-establishment dissatisfaction associated with it . Martin stated after the election that `` with the victory of Donald Trump , the values and principles that gave rise to the tea party movement in 2009 are finally gaining the top seat of power in the White House . '' On the other hand , other commentators , including Paul H. Jossey , a conservative campaign finance attorney , and Jim Geraghty of the conservative National Review , believed that the Tea Party to be dead or in decline . Jossey , for example , argued that the Tea Party `` began as an organic , policy - driven grass - roots movement '' but was ultimately `` drained of its vitality and resources by national political action committees that dunned the movement 's true believers endlessly for money to support its candidates and causes . '' Current status This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2018 ) Tea Party activities have declined since 2010 . According to Harvard professor Theda Skocpol , the number of Tea Party chapters across the country slipped from about 1,000 to 600 between 2009 and 2012 , but that this is still `` a very good survival rate . '' Mostly , Tea Party organizations are said to have shifted away from national demonstrations to local issues . A shift in the operational approach used by the Tea Party has also affected the movement 's visibility , with chapters placing more emphasis on the mechanics of policy and getting candidates elected rather than staging public events . The Tea Party 's involvement in the 2012 GOP presidential primaries was minimal , owing to divisions over whom to endorse as well as lack of enthusiasm for all the candidates . However , the 2012 GOP ticket did have an influence on the Tea Party : following the selection of Paul Ryan as Mitt Romney 's vice-presidential running mate , The New York Times declared that the once fringe of the conservative coalition , Tea Party lawmakers are now `` indisputably at the core of the modern Republican Party . '' Though the Tea Party has had a large influence on the Republican Party , it has attracted major criticism by public figures within the Republican coalition as well . Then - Speaker of the House John Boehner particularly condemned many Tea Party - connected politicians for their behavior during the 2013 U.S. debt ceiling crisis . `` I think they 're misleading their followers , '' Boehner was publicly quoted as saying , `` They 're pushing our members in places where they do n't want to be , and frankly I just think that they 've lost all credibility . '' In the words of The Kansas City Star , Boehner `` stamped out Tea Party resistance to extending the debt ceiling ... worried that his party 's prospects would be damaged by adherence to the Tea Party 's preference for default '' . One 2013 survey found that , in political terms , 20 % of self - identified Republicans stated that they considered themselves as part of the Tea Party movement . Tea Party members rallied at the U.S. Capitol on February 27 , 2014 ; their demonstrations celebrated the fifth anniversary of the movement coming together . Composition See also : List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement Membership and demographics Several polls have been conducted on the demographics of the movement . Though the various polls sometimes turn up slightly different results , they tend to show that Tea Party supporters tend more likely , than Americans overall , to be white , male , married , older than 45 , regularly attending religious services , conservative , and to be more wealthy and have more education . Broadly speaking , multiple surveys have found between 10 % and 30 % of Americans identify as a member of the Tea Party movement . Most Republicans and 20 % of Democrats support the movement according to one Washington Post -- ABC News poll . According to The Atlantic , the three main groups that provide guidance and organization for the protests , FreedomWorks , dontGO , and Americans for Prosperity , state that the demonstrations are an organic movement . Law professor and commentator Glenn Reynolds , best known as author of the Instapundit political blog , said in the New York Post that : `` These are n't the usual semiprofessional protesters who attend antiwar and pro-union marches . These are people with real jobs ; most have never attended a protest march before . They represent a kind of energy that our politics has n't seen lately , and an influx of new activists . '' Conservative political strategist Tim Phillips , now head of Americans for Prosperity , has remarked that the Republican Party is `` too disorganized and unsure of itself to pull this off '' . The Christian Science Monitor has noted that Tea Party activists `` have been called neo-Klansmen and knuckle - dragging hillbillies '' , adding that `` demonizing tea party activists tends to energize the Democrats ' left - of - center base '' and that `` polls suggest that tea party activists are not only more mainstream than many critics suggest '' , but that a majority of them are women , not angry white men . The article quoted Juan Williams as saying that the Tea Party 's opposition to health reform was based on self - interest rather than racism . A Gallup poll conducted in March 2010 found that -- other than gender , income and politics -- self - described Tea Party members were demographically similar to the population as a whole . A 2014 article from Forbes.com stated that the Tea Party 's membership appears reminiscent of the people who supported independent Ross Perot 's presidential campaigns in the 1990s . When surveying supporters or participants of the Tea Party movement , polls have shown that they are to a very great extent more likely to be registered Republican , have a favorable opinion of the Republican Party and an unfavorable opinion of the Democratic Party . The Bloomberg National Poll of adults 18 and over showed that 40 % of Tea Party supporters are 55 or older , compared with 32 % of all poll respondents ; 79 % are white , 61 % are men and 44 % identify as `` born - again Christians '' , compared with 75 % , 48.5 % , and 34 % for the general population , respectively . According to Susan Page and Naomi Jagoda of USA Today in 2010 , the Tea Party was more `` a frustrated state of mind '' than `` a classic political movement '' . Tea party members `` are more likely to be married and a bit older than the nation as a whole '' . They are predominantly white , but other groups make up just under one - fourth of their ranks . They believe that the federal government has become too large and powerful . Polling of supporters An October 2010 Washington Post canvass of local Tea Party organizers found 99 % said `` concern about the economy '' was an `` important factor '' . Various polls have also probed Tea Party supporters for their views on a variety of political and controversial issues . On the question of whether they think their own income taxes this year are fair , 52 % of Tea Party supporters told pollsters for CBS / New York Times that they were , versus 62 % in the general population ( including Tea Party supporters ) . A Bloomberg News poll found that Tea Partiers are not against increased government action in all cases . `` The ideas that find nearly universal agreement among Tea Party supporters are rather vague , '' says J. Ann Selzer , the pollster who created the survey . `` You would think any idea that involves more government action would be anathema , and that is just not the case . '' In advance of a new edition of their book American Grace , political scientists David E. Campbell of Notre Dame and Robert D. Putnam of Harvard published in a The New York Times opinion the results of their research into the political attitudes and background of Tea Party supporters . Using a pre-Tea Party poll in 2006 and going back to the same respondents in 2011 , they found the supporters to be not `` nonpartisan political neophytes '' as often described , but largely `` overwhelmingly partisan Republicans '' who were politically active prior to the Tea Party . The survey found Tea Party supporters `` no more likely than anyone else '' to have suffered hardship during the 2007 -- 2010 recession . Additionally , the respondents were more concerned about `` putting God in government '' than with trying to shrink government . The 2010 midterm elections demonstrated considerable skepticism within the Tea Party movement with respect to the dangers and the reality of global warming . A New York Times / CBS News Poll during the election revealed that only a small percentage of Tea Party supporters considered global warming a serious problem , much less than the portion of the general public that does . The Tea Party is strongly opposed to government - imposed limits on carbon dioxide emissions as part of emissions trading legislation to encourage use of fuels that emit less carbon dioxide . An example is the movement 's support of California Proposition 23 , which would suspend AB32 , the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 . The proposition failed to pass , with less than 40 % voting in favor . Many of the movement 's members also favor stricter measures against illegal immigration . Polls found that just 7 % of Tea Party supporters approve of how Obama is doing his job compared to 50 % ( as of April 2010 ) of the general public , and that roughly 77 % of supporters had voted for Obama 's Republican opponent , John McCain in 2008 . Tea Party rally in Searchlight , Nevada A University of Washington poll of 1,695 registered voters in the state of Washington reported that 73 % of Tea Party supporters disapprove of Obama 's policy of engaging with Muslim countries , 88 % approve of the controversial Arizona immigration law enacted in 2010 that requires police to question people they suspect are illegal immigrants for proof of legal status , 54 % feel that immigration is changing the culture in the U.S. for the worse , 82 % do not believe that gay and lesbian couples should have the legal right to marry , and that about 52 % believe that `` ( c ) ompared to the size of the group , lesbians and gays have too much political power '' . Leadership The movement has been supported nationally by prominent individuals and organizations . Individuals Sarah Palin Ron Paul at 2012 Tea Party Express Rally An October 2010 Washington Post canvass of 647 local Tea Party organizers asked `` which national figure best represents your groups ? '' and got the following responses : no one 34 % , Sarah Palin 14 % , Glenn Beck 7 % , Jim DeMint 6 % , Ron Paul 6 % , Michele Bachmann 4 % . The success of candidates popular within the Tea Party movement has boosted Palin 's visibility . Rasmussen and Schoen ( 2010 ) conclude that `` She is the symbolic leader of the movement , and more than anyone else has helped to shape it . '' In June 2008 , Congressman Dr. Ron Paul announced his non profit organization called Campaign for Liberty as a way of continuing the grassroots support involved in Ron Paul 's 2007 -- 2008 presidential run . This announcement corresponded with the suspension of his campaign . In July 2010 , Bachmann formed the House congressional Tea Party Caucus . This congressional caucus , which Bachmann chaired , is devoted to the Tea Party 's stated principles of `` fiscal responsibility , adherence to the Constitution , and limited government '' . As of March 31 , 2011 , the caucus consisted of 62 Republican representatives . Rep. Jason Chaffetz and Melissa Clouthier have accused them of trying to hijack or co-opt the grassroots Tea Party Movement . Organizations Non-profit social welfare organizations ( IRS classification 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) ) Note : the self - reported membership numbers below are several years old . Tea Party Patriots , an organization with more than 1,000 affiliated groups across the nation that proclaims itself to be the `` Official Home of the Tea Party Movement '' . Americans for Prosperity , an organization founded by David H. Koch in 2003 , and led by Tim Phillips . The group has over 1 million members in 500 local affiliates and led protests against health care reform in 2009 . FreedomWorks , an organization led by Matt Kibbe . The group has over 1 million members in 500 local affiliates . It makes local and national candidate endorsements . Tea Party Express , a national bus tour run by Our Country Deserves Better PAC , itself a conservative political action committee created by Sacramento - based Republican consulting firm Russo , Marsh , and Associates . FreedomWorks , Americans for Prosperity , and DontGo , a free market political activist non-profit group , were guiding the Tea Party movement in April 2009 , according to The Atlantic . Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks were `` probably the leading partners '' in the September 2009 Taxpayer March on Washington , also known as the 9 / 12 Tea Party , according to The Guardian . For - profit businesses Tea Party Nation , which sponsored the National Tea Party Convention that was criticized for its $549 ticket price and because Palin was apparently paid $100,000 for her appearance ( which she put towards SarahPAC ) . Informal organizations and coalitions The National Tea Party Federation , formed on April 8 , 2010 , by several leaders in the Tea Party movement to help spread its message and to respond to critics with a quick , unified response . The Nationwide Tea Party Coalition , a loose national coalition of several dozen local tea party groups . Student movement Tea Party Students organized the 1st National Tea Party Students Conference , which was hosted by Tea Party Patriots at its American Policy Summit in Phoenix on February 25 -- 27 , 2011 . The conference included sessions with Campus Reform , Students For Liberty , Young America 's Foundation , and Young Americans for Liberty . Other influential organizations include Americans for Limited Government , the training organization American Majority , the Our Country Deserves Better political action committee , and Glenn Beck 's 9 - 12 Project , according to the National Journal in February 2010 . Fundraising Sarah Palin headlined four `` Liberty at the Ballot Box '' bus tours , to raise money for candidates and the Tea Party Express . One of the tours visited 30 towns and covered 3,000 miles . Following the formation of the Tea Party Caucus , Michele Bachmann raised $10 million for a political action committee , MichelePAC , and sent funds to the campaigns of Sharron Angle , Christine O'Donnell , Rand Paul , and Marco Rubio . In September 2010 , the Tea Party Patriots announced it had received a $1,000,000 donation from an anonymous donor . Support of Koch brothers Main article : Political activities of the Koch family In an August 30 , 2010 , article in The New Yorker , Jane Mayer said that the brothers David H. Koch and Charles G. Koch and Koch Industries provided financial support to one of the organizations that became part of the Tea Party movement through Americans for Prosperity . The AFP 's `` Hot Air Tour '' was organized to fight against taxes on carbon use and the activation of a cap and trade program . Former U.K. ambassador Sir Christopher Meyer wrote in the Daily Mail that the Tea Party movement is a mix of `` grassroots populism , professional conservative politics , and big money '' , the last supplied in part by the Kochs . A Koch Industries company spokesperson issued a statement saying `` No funding has been provided by Koch companies , the Koch foundation , or Charles Koch or David Koch specifically to support the tea parties '' . Public opinion 2010 Polling A USA Today / Gallup poll conducted in March 2010 found that 28 % of those surveyed considered themselves supporters of the Tea Party movement , 26 % opponents , and 46 % neither . These figures remained stable through January 2011 , but public opinion changed by August 2011 . In a USA Today / Gallup poll conducted in January 2011 , approximately 70 % of adults , including approximately 9 out of 10 Republicans , felt Republican leaders in Congress should give consideration to Tea Party movement ideas . In August 2011 , 42 % of registered voters , but only 12 % of Republicans , said Tea Party endorsement would be a `` negative '' and that they would be `` less likely '' to vote for such a candidate . A Gallup Poll in April 2010 found 47 % of Americans had an unfavorable image of the Tea Party movement , as opposed to 33 % who had a favorable opinion . A 2011 opinion survey by political scientists David E. Campbell and Robert D. Putnam found the Tea Party ranked at the bottom of a list of `` two dozen '' American `` religious , political , and racial groups '' in terms of favorability -- `` even less liked than Muslims and atheists . '' In November 2011 , The New York Times cited opinion polls showing that support for the Tea Party had `` fallen sharply even in places considered Tea Party strongholds . '' It quoted pollster Andrew Kohut speculating that the Tea Party position in Congress was perceived as `` too extreme and not willing to compromise '' . A CBS News / New York Times poll in September 2010 showed 19 % of respondents supported the movement , 63 % did not , and 16 % said they did not know . In the same poll , 29 % had an unfavorable view of the Tea Party , compared to 23 % with a favorable view . The same poll retaken in August 2011 found that 20 % of respondents had a favorable view of the Tea Party and 40 % had an unfavorable view . A CNN / ORC poll taken September 23 -- 25 , 2011 found that the favorable / unfavorable ratio was 28 % versus 53 % . An NBC News / Wall Street Journal poll in September 2010 found 27 % considered themselves Tea Party supporters . 42 % said the Tea Party has been good for the U.S. political system ; 18 % called it a bad thing . Those with an unfavorable view of the Tea Party outnumbered those with a favorable view 36 -- 30 % . In comparison , the Democratic Party was viewed unfavorably by a 42 -- 37 % margin , and the Republican Party by 43 -- 31 % . A poll conducted by the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute in March 2010 found that 13 % of national adults identified themselves as part of the Tea Party movement but that the Tea Party had a positive opinion by a 28 -- 23 % margin with 49 % who did not know enough about the group to form an opinion . A similar poll conducted by the Winston Group in April 2010 found that 17 % of American registered voters considered themselves part of the Tea Party movement . After debt - ceiling crisis See also : United States debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 After the mid-2011 debt ceiling crisis , polls became more unfavorable to the Tea Party . According to a Gallup poll , 28 % of adults disapproved of the Tea Party compared to 25 % approving , and noted that `` ( t ) he national Tea Party movement appears to have lost some ground in popular support after the blistering debate over raising the nation 's debt ceiling in which Tea Party Republicans ... fought any compromise on taxes and spending '' . Similarly , a Pew poll found that 29 % of respondents thought Congressional Tea Party supporters had a negative effect compared to 22 % thinking it was a positive effect . It noted that `` ( t ) he new poll also finds that those who followed the debt ceiling debate very closely have more negative views about the impact of the Tea Party than those who followed the issue less closely . '' A CNN / ORC poll put disapproval at 51 % with a 31 % approval . 2012 Polling A Rasmussen Reports poll conducted in April 2012 showed 44 % of likely U.S. voters held at least a somewhat favorable view of Tea Party activists , while 49 % share an unfavorable opinion of them . When asked if the Tea Party movement would help or hurt Republicans in the 2012 elections , 53 % of Republicans said they see the Tea Party as a political plus . 2013 and 2014 Polling A February 2014 article from Forbes.com reported about the past few years , `` Nationally , there is no question that negative views of the Tea Party have risen . But core support seems to be holding steady . '' In October 2013 , Rasmussen Reports research found as many respondents ( 42 % ) identify with the Tea Party as with President Obama . However , while 30 % of those polled viewed the movement favorably , 50 % were unfavorable ; in addition , 34 % considered the movement a force for good while 43 % considered them bad for the nation . On major national issues , 77 % of Democrats said their views were closest to Obama 's ; in contrast , 76 % of Republicans and 51 % of unaffiliated voters identified closely with the Tea Party . Other survey data over recent years show that past trends of partisan divides about the Tea Party remain . For example , a Pew Research Center poll from October 2013 reported that 69 % of Democrats had an unfavorable view of the movement , in contrast to 49 % of independents and 27 % of Republicans . A CNN / ORC poll also conducted October 2013 generally showed that 28 % of Americans were favorable to the Tea party while 56 % were unfavorable . In an AP / GfK survey from January 2014 , 27 % of respondents stated that they considered themselves a Tea Party supporter in comparison to 67 % that said that they did not . Symbols Gadsden flag Second Revolution flag Beginning in 2009 , the Gadsden flag became widely used as a protest symbol by Tea Party protesters nationwide . It was also displayed by members of Congress at Tea Party rallies . Some lawmakers dubbed it a political symbol due to the Tea Party connection and the political nature of Tea Party supporters . The Second Revolution flag gained national attention on January 19 , 2010 . It is a version of the Betsy Ross flag with a Roman numeral `` II '' in the center of the circle of 13 stars symbolizing a second revolution in America . The Second Revolution flag has been called synonymous with Tea Party causes and events . `` Teabagger '' Some members of the movement adopted the term as a verb , and a few others referred to themselves as `` teabaggers . '' News media and progressive commentators outside the movement began to use the term mockingly and derisively , alluding to the sexual connotation of the term when referring to Tea Party protesters . The first pejorative use of the term was in 2007 by Indiana Democratic Party Communications Director Jennifer Wagner . The use of the double entendre evolved from Tea Party protest sites encouraging readers to `` Tea bag the fools in DC '' to the political left adopting the term for derogatory jokes . It has been used by several media outlets to humorously refer to Tea Party - affiliated protestors . Some conservatives have advocated that the non-vulgar meaning of the word be reclaimed . Grant Barrett , co-host of the A Way with Words radio program , has listed teabagger as a 2009 buzzword meaning , `` a derogatory name for attendees of Tea Parties , probably coined in allusion to a sexual practice '' . Commentary by the Obama administration On April 29 , 2009 , Obama commented on the Tea Party protests during a townhall meeting in Arnold , Missouri : `` Let me just remind them that I am happy to have a serious conversation about how we are going to cut our health care costs down over the long term , how we 're going to stabilize Social Security . Claire McCaskill and I are working diligently to do basically a thorough audit of federal spending . But let 's not play games and pretend that the reason is because of the recovery act , because that 's just a fraction of the overall problem that we 've got . We are going to have to tighten our belts , but we 're going to have to do it in an intelligent way . And we 've got to make sure that the people who are helped are working American families , and we 're not suddenly saying that the way to do this is to eliminate programs that help ordinary people and give more tax cuts to the wealthy . We tried that formula for eight years . It did not work . And I do n't intend to go back to it . '' On April 15 , 2010 , Obama noted the passage of 25 different tax cuts over the past year , including tax cuts for 95 % of working Americans . He then remarked , `` So I 've been a little amused over the last couple of days where people have been having these rallies about taxes . You would think they would be saying thank you . That 's what you 'd think . '' On September 20 , 2010 , at a townhall discussion sponsored by CNBC , Obama said healthy skepticism about government and spending was good , but it was not enough to just say `` Get control of spending '' , and he challenged the Tea Party movement to get specific about how they would cut government debt and spending : `` And so the challenge , I think , for the Tea Party movement is to identify specifically what would you do . It 's not enough just to say , get control of spending . I think it 's important for you to say , I 'm willing to cut veterans ' benefits , or I 'm willing to cut Medicare or Social Security benefits , or I 'm willing to see these taxes go up . What you ca n't do -- which is what I 've been hearing a lot from the other side -- is say we 're going to control government spending , we 're going to propose $4 trillion of additional tax cuts , and that magically somehow things are going to work . '' Media coverage US News and World Report reported that the nature of the coverage of the protests has become part of the story . On CNN 's Situation Room , journalist Howard Kurtz commented that `` much of the media seems to have chosen sides '' . He says that Fox News portrayed the protests `` as a big story , CNN as a modest story , and MSNBC as a great story to make fun of . And for most major newspapers , it 's a nonstory '' . There were reports that the movement had been actively promoted by the Fox News Channel . Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . According to Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting , a progressive media watchdog , there is a disparity between large coverage of the Tea Party movement and minimal coverage of larger movements . In 2009 , the major Tea Party protests were quoted twice as often as the National Equality March despite a much lower turnout . In 2010 , a Tea Party protest was covered 59 times as much as the US Social Forum ( 177 Tea Party mentions versus 3 for Social Forum ) despite the attendance of the latter being 25 times as much ( 600 Tea Party attendees versus at least 15,000 for Social Forum ) . In April 2010 , responding to a question from the media watchdog group Media Matters posed the previous week , Rupert Murdoch , the chief executive of News Corporation , which owns Fox News , said , `` I do n't think we should be supporting the Tea Party or any other party . '' That same week , Fox News canceled an appearance by Sean Hannity at a Cincinnati Tea Party rally . Following the September 12 Taxpayer March on Washington , Fox News said it was the only cable news outlet to cover the emerging protests and took out full - page ads in The Washington Post , the New York Post , and The Wall Street Journal with a prominent headline reading , `` How did ABC , CBS , NBC , MSNBC , and CNN miss this story ? '' CNN news anchor Rick Sanchez disputed Fox 's assertion , pointing to various coverage of the event . CNN , NBC , CBS , MSNBC , and CBS Radio News provided various forms of live coverage of the rally in Washington throughout the day on Saturday , including the lead story on CBS Evening News . James Rainey of the Los Angeles Times said that MSNBC 's attacks on the tea parties paled compared to Fox 's support , but that MSNBC personalities Keith Olbermann , Rachel Maddow and Chris Matthews were hardly subtle in disparaging the movement . Howard Kurtz has said that , `` These ( FOX ) hosts said little or nothing about the huge deficits run up by President Bush , but Barack Obama 's budget and tax plans have driven them to tea . On the other hand , CNN and MSNBC may have dropped the ball by all but ignoring the protests . '' In the January / February 2012 issue of Foreign Affairs , Francis Fukuyama stated that the Tea Party is supporting `` politicians who serve the interests of precisely those financiers and corporate elites they claim to despise '' and inequality while comparing and contrasting it with the occupy movement . Tea Party 's views of media coverage In October 2010 , a survey conducted by The Washington Post found that the majority of local Tea Party organizers consider the media coverage of their groups to be fair . Seventy - six percent of the local organizers said media coverage has been fair , while 23 percent have said coverage was unfair . This was based on responses from all 647 local Tea Party organizers the Post was able to contact and verify , from a list of more than 1,400 possible groups identified . Perceptions of the Tea Party The movement has been called a mixture of conservative , libertarian , and populist activists . As stated before , opinions in terms of the U.S. major political parties play a large role in terms of attitudes about the Tea Party movement , with one study finding that 20 % of self - identified Republicans personally view themselves as part of the Tea Party . The movement has sponsored protests and supported political candidates circa 2009 . Since the movement 's inception , in the late 2000s , left wing groups have accused the party of racism and intolerance . Left leaning opponents have cited various incidents as evidence that the movement is , in their opinion , propelled by various forms of bigotry . Supporters say the incidents are isolated acts attributable to a small fringe that is not representative of the movement . Accusations that the news media are biased either for or against the movement are common , while polls and surveys have been faced with issues regarding the population surveyed , and the meaningfulness of poll results from disparate groups . Although the Tea Party has a libertarian element in terms of some issue convictions , most American libertarians do not support the movement enough to identify with it . A 2013 survey by the Public Religion Research Institute ( PRRI ) found that 61 % of identified libertarians stated they did not consider themselves part of the tea party . This split exists due to the strong Christian right influence in the movement , which puts the majority of the tea party movement at direct odds against libertarians on issues such as the war on drugs ( with the aforementioned survey finding that 71 % of libertarians support legalizing marijuana ) . Some libertarian leaning supporters have grown increasingly annoyed by the influx of religious social issues into the movement . Many in the movement would prefer the complex social issues such as homosexuality , abortion , and religion to be left out of the discussion , while instead increasing the focus on limited government and states ' rights . According to a review in Publishers Weekly published in 2012 , professor Ronald P. Formisano in The Tea Party : A Brief History provides an `` even - handed perspective on and clarifying misconceptions about America 's recent political phenomenon '' since `` party supporters are not isolated zealots , and may , like other Americans , only want to gain control over their destinies '' . Professor Formisano sees underlying social roots and draws a parallel between the tea party movement and past support for independent candidate Ross Perot , a similar point to that made in Forbes as mentioned earlier . Controversy The final round of debate before voting on the health care bill was marked with vandalism and widespread threats of violence to at least ten Democratic lawmakers across the country , which created public relations problems for the fledgeling Tea Party movement . On March 22 , 2010 , in what the New York Times called `` potentially the most dangerous of many acts of violence and threats against supporters of the bill , '' a Lynchburg , Virginia Tea Party organizer and the Danville , Virginia Tea Party Chairman both posted the home address of Representative Tom Perriello 's brother ( mistakenly believing it was the Congressman 's address ) on their websites , and encouraged readers to `` drop by '' to express their anger against Representative Perriello 's vote in favor of the healthcare bill . The following day , after smelling gas in his house , a severed gas line that connected to a propane tank was discovered on Perriello 's brother 's screened - in porch . Local police and FBI investigators determined that it was intentionally cut as an act of vandalism . Perriello 's brother also received a threatening letter referencing the legislation . Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli stated that posting a home address on a website and encouraging people to visit is `` an appalling approach . It 's not civil discourse , it 's an invitation to intimidation and it 's totally unacceptable . '' Leaders of the Tea Party movement tried to contain the public relations damage by denouncing the violent acts and distancing themselves from those behind the acts . One Tea Party website issued a response saying the Tea Party member 's action of posting the address `` was not requested , sanctioned or endorsed by the Lynchburg Tea Party '' . The director of the Northern Colorado Tea Party said , `` Although many are frustrated by the passage of such controversial legislation , threats are absolutely not acceptable in any form , to any lawmaker , of any party . '' In early July 2010 , the North Iowa Tea Party ( NITP ) posted a billboard showing a photo of Adolf Hitler with the heading `` National Socialism '' , one of Barack Obama with the heading `` Democrat Socialism '' , and one of Vladimir Lenin with the heading `` Marxist Socialism '' , all three marked with the word `` change '' and the statement `` Radical leaders prey on the fearful and naive '' . It received sharp criticism , including some from other Tea Party activists . NITP co-founder Bob Johnson acknowledged the anti-socialist message may have gotten lost amid the fascist and communist images . Following a request from the NITP , the billboard was removed on July 14 . See also Conservatism in the United States Coffee Party USA , a progressive alternative to the Tea Party , opposing Corporate personhood rather than taxes United Kingdom Independence Party , third largest political party in the U.K. by popular vote in 2015 , considered by some people as the British version of the Tea Party . Notes Jump up ^ Gallup : Tea Party 's top concerns are debt , size of government The Hill , July 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Somashekhar , Sandhya ( September 12 , 2010 ) . Tea Party DC March : `` Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roy , Avik. April 7 , 2012 . The Tea Party 's Plan for Replacing Obamacare . Forbes . Retrieved : March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Somin , Ilya ( 2011 - 05 - 26 ) . `` The Tea Party Movement and Popular Constitutionalism '' . Rochester , NY . ^ Jump up to : Ekins , Emily ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Is Half the Tea Party Libertarian ? '' . Reason . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Kirby , David ; Ekins , Emily McClintock ( Aug 6 , 2012 ) . `` Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party '' . Cato ^ Jump up to : Halloran , Liz ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` What 's Behind The New Populism ? '' . NPR . Barstow , David ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right '' . New York Times . Fineman , Howard ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Party Time '' . Newsweek . ^ Jump up to : Pauline Arrillaga ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tea Party 2012 : A Look At The Conservative Movement 's Last Three Years '' . Huffington Post . Michelle Boorstein ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Tea party , religious right often overlap , poll shows '' . The Washington Post . Peter Wallsten ; Danny Yadron ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Tea - Party Movement Gathers Strength '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Servatius , David ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Anti-tax - and - spend group throws `` tea party '' at Capitol `` . Deseret News . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anger Management '' . The Economist . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tapscott , Mark ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` Tea parties are flash crowds Obama should fear '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Karlyn Bowman ; Jennifer Marsico ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` As The Tea Party Turns Five , It Looks A Lot Like The Conservative Base '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Americans for Prosperity '' . FactCheck.org . June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Etheridge , Eric ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Rick Santelli : Tea Party Time '' . New York Times : Opinionator . Jump up ^ Pallasch , Abdon M. ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Best 5 minutes of my life ' ; His ' 09 CNBC rant against mortgage bailouts for ' losers ' ignited the Tea Party movement '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p . A4 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party : Palin 's Pet , Or Is There More To It Underneath '' . April 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Mothers and Fathers of the Tea Party Movement , '' by Michael Patrick Leahy , retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ragusa , Jordan ; Gaspar , Anthony ( 2016 ) . `` Where 's the Tea Party ? An Examination of the Tea Party 's Voting Behavior in the House of Representatives '' . Political Research Quarterly . 69 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 372 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Tea Party Is Protest Template '' . UPI. April 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rauch , Jonathan ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Group Think : Inside the Tea Party 's Collective Brain '' . National Journal . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Partiers shaking up races across country '' . KTVB News . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Zernike , Kate ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Avoids Divisive Social Issues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumacher Cohen , Julie ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Role of Religion ( or Not ) in the Tea Party Movement : Current Debates & The Anti-Federalists '' . Concept ( student magazine ) . 35 . Villanova University . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Freedom '' . teapartypatriots.org . Tea Party Patriots . June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Price Foley , Elizabeth ( Spring 2011 ) . `` Sovereignty , Rebalanced : The Tea Party and Constitutional Amendments '' . Tennessee Law Review . Tennessee Law Review Association . 78 ( 3 ) : 751 -- 64 . SSRN 1904656 . Also available via heinonline . Elizabeth Price Foley , law professor at Florida International University College of Law , writing on the Tea Party 's proclamations regarding the Constitution , observed : `` Tea Party opposition to bailouts , stimulus packages and health - care reform is reflected in various proposals to amend the Constitution , including proposals to require a balanced budget , repeal the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments , and give states a veto power over federal laws ( the so - called Repeal Amendment ) . '' Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( 2010 ) . Boiling Mad : Inside Tea Party America . Macmillan Publishers . pp. 65 -- 66 . Preview . Kate Zernike , a national correspondent for The New York Times , wrote : `` It could be hard to define a Tea Party agenda ; to some extent it depended on where you were . In the Northeast , groups mobilized against high taxes ; in the Southwest , illegal immigration . Some Tea Partiers were clearer about what they did n't want than what they did . But the shared ideology -- whether for young libertarians who came to the movement through Ron Paul or older 9 / 12ers who came to it through Glenn Beck -- was the belief that a strict interpretation of the Constitution was the solution to government grown wild . ( ... ) By getting back to what the founders intended , they believed they could right what was wrong with the country . Where in the Constitution , they asked , does it say that the federal government was supposed to run banks ? Or car companies ? Where does it say that people have to purchase health insurance ? Was it so much to ask that officials honor the document they swear an oath to uphold ? '' Jump up ^ Staff writer ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tea Party groups ramp up fight against immigration bill , as August recess looms '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Woodruff , Betsy ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tea Party -- vs -- Immigration Reform '' . National Review . ^ Jump up to : Gabriel , Trip ( December 25 , 2012 ) . `` Clout Diminished , Tea Party Turns to Narrower Issues '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rauch , Jonathan ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Tea Party 's Next Move '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carey , Nick ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Tea Party versus Agenda 21 : Saving the U.S. or just irking it ? '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Ballhaus , Rebecca ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tea Party Protesters Rally Against IRS , Government '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Christopher W. ( Fall 2011 ) . `` The Tea Party and the Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly . University of California , Hastings College of the Law . 39 ( 1 ) : 193 -- 252 . SSRN 2218595 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 17 , 2015 . Also available via heinonline . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` Tea - ing Up the Constitution '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Somin , Ilya ( 2011 ) . `` The Tea Party Movement and Popular Constitutionalism '' . Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy . University of California , Hastings College of the Law . Pdf . Jump up ^ Zietlow , Rebecca E. ( April 2012 ) . `` Popular Originalism ? The Tea Party Movement and Constitutional Theory '' . Florida Law Review . Sage. 64 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 512 . Pdf . Rebecca E. Zietlow , law professor at the University of Toledo College of Law , characterizes the Tea Party 's constitutional position as a combination of two schools of thought : `` originalism '' and `` popular constitutionalism . '' `` Tea Party activists have invoked the Constitution as the foundation of their conservative political philosophy . These activists are engaged in ' popular originalism , ' using popular constitutionalism -- constitutional interpretation outside of the courts -- to invoke originalism as interpretive method . '' ^ Jump up to : Skocpol , Theda ; Williamson , Vanessa ( 2012 ) . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford University Press . pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( 2010 ) . Boiling Mad : Inside Tea Party America . Macmillan Publishers . pp. 67 -- 68 . Preview . Jump up ^ See also : Perrin , Andrew J. ; Tepper , Stephen J. ; Caren , Neal ; Morris , Sally ( May 2011 ) . `` Cultures of the Tea Party '' . Contexts . Sage. 10 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 75 . doi : 10.1177 / 1536504211408945 . Ryan , James E. ( November 2011 ) . `` Laying Claim to the Constitution : The Promise of New Textualism '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association . 97 ( 7 ) : 1549 -- 50 . JSTOR 41307888 . Pdf . Formisano , Ronald ( 2012 ) . The Tea Party : A Brief History . The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Davis , Teddy ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Activists Craft ' Contract from America ' '' . ABC News . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Teddy ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Activists Unveil ' Contract from America ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Helling , Dave ( May 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tea party says it is winning the message war despite losing election battles '' . Kansas City Star . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mead , Walter Russell ( March -- April 2011 ) . `` The Tea Party and American Foreign Policy : What Populism Means for Globalism '' . Foreign Affairs . pp. 28 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` H. Con. Res. 51 : Directing the President , pursuant to section 5 ( c ) of the War ... ( On the Resolution ) '' . GovTrack.us . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` S. 3576 : A bill to provide limitations on United States assistance , and ... ( On Passage of the Bill ) '' . GovTrack.us . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Seth ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Tea party - linked lawmakers shun strike on Syria '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ Pecquet , Julian ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tea Party takes lead on Syria '' . The Hill . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSorsa , Brian ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Tea Party goes to Syria '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Formisano 2012 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` Tea Parties Forever '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hannity , Sean ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` Pelosi Backpedals on Tea Partiers '' . Hannity 's America . FOX News Network . Jump up ^ Pelosi : Tea parties are part of an ' astroturf ' campaign by ' some of the wealthiest people in America . ' ThinkProgress , April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Scott W. ; Schoen , Doug . Mad As Hell : How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two - Party System . Harper . pp. 132 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0061995231 . Jump up ^ Zuesse , Eric ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Final Proof The Tea Party Was Founded As A Bogus AstroTurf Movement '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monbiot , George ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` The Tea Party movement : deluded and inspired by billionaires '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ventura , Elbert ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Tea Party Paradox : A democratic movement that is anti-democratic at heart '' . Columbia Journalism Review . ^ Jump up to : `` Tea Party Supporters Overlap Republican Base '' . Gallup Poll . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Fix -- Tea Party = Republican party ? '' . Washington Post . The Washington Post . July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Scott ; Schoen , Doug ( 2010 ) . Mad As Hell : How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two - Party System . HarperCollins . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0061995231 . Jump up ^ The GOP Takes its Tea ; Los Angeles Times ; July 25 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Five Myths About the Tea Party Slate ; August 9 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Tea Party canvass results , Category : `` What They Believe '' A Party Face Washington Post October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jake ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bachmann forms Tea Party Caucus '' . Politico . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members of the Tea Party Caucus '' . Bachmann.house.gov . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth P. ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Tea party vs. Tea Party Caucus '' . Politico . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lepore , Jill ( 2010 ) . The Whites of Their Eyes : The Tea Party 's Revolution and the Battle over American History . Princeton University Press . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0691150277 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , Anne ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` T.E.A. = Taxed Enough Already '' . Politico.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ This World : Tea Party America , BBC 2 , November 1 , 2010 Archived July 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , pp. 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ `` Smith refuses to defend tax proposition '' . Boca Raton News . Associated Press . July 14 , 1983 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Demonstrators hurl tea bags in bid against raising taxes '' . Victoria Advocate . Associated Press . July 23 , 1991 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tea Party ' Protests Taxation , But Do n't Expect A Revolution '' ( Fee required ) . October 20 , 1991 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fallin , Amanda ; Grana , Rachel ; Glantz , Stanton A. ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' To quarterback behind the scenes , third - party efforts ' : the tobacco industry and the Tea Party '' . Tobacco Control . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Brooke ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Big Tobacco 's Tea Party Ties Exposed '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Luke . `` Armey in Exile '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Armey to lead Citizens for a Sound Economy '' . January 8 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Americans For Prosperity sponsors Tea Party workshop '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Jane ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Covert Operations '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Ed ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Republicans steal Barack Obama 's internet campaigning tricks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Juan ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Surprising Rise of Rep. Ron Paul '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Money bomb ' : Ron Paul raises $6 million in 24 - hour period '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Questions Ron Paul Answered During an Online Q&A '' . LewRockwell.com . August 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . The Tea Party was actually started during the Ron Paul presidential campaign in 2007 when there was a spontaneous moneybomb that was done on the anniversary of the original tea party . Jump up ^ Levenson , Michael ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Ron Paul raises millions in today 's Boston Tea Party event '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Green , Joshua ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Tea Party 's Brain '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Elizabeth ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Study : Tea Party Organizations Have Ties To Tobacco Industry Dating Back To 1980s '' . University of California San Francisco . Jump up ^ DeMelle , Brendan ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by Big Tobacco and Billionaire Koch Brothers '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webster , Stephen C. ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Documents reveal tobacco companies funded their own ' tea party ' first '' . The Raw Story . Jump up ^ Gore , Al ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` False Spontaneity of the Tea Party '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lessin , Tia and Deal , Carl ( 2013 ) . Citizen Koch ( Motion picture ) . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( April 16 , 2011 ) . `` Palin to GOP : ' Fight Like a Girl ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fang , Lee ( 2013 ) . The Machine : A Field Guide to the Resurgent Right . The New Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1595586391 . Jump up ^ Rudavsky , Shari ( December 8 , 2013 ) . `` Former Dominatrix Melyssa Hubbard Still Speaks Her Mind '' . Indianapolis Star . Gannett . Jump up ^ St. Clair , Neil ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` A ' tea party ' to protest Paterson 's taxes '' . YNN Central New York . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 Archived October 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barnes , Tom ( March 8 , 2009 ) . `` Harrisburg Tea Party protests ongoing bailout '' . Local / State . Post-Gazette.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ferrara , Peter ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` The Tea Party Revolution '' . The American Spectator . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seleny , Jeff ( September 12 , 2009 ) . `` Thousands Rally in Capital to Protest Big Government '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McMorris - Santoro , Evan ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Town Hall Dog That Did n't Bite '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weil , Dan ( September 18 , 2010 ) . `` Rasmussen : Tea Party Shows Weakness of GOP Establishment '' . Newsmax Media . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zernike , Kate ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Unlikely Activist Who Got to the Tea Party Early '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . But leaders of the Tea Party movement credit her with being the first Jump up ^ Good , Chris ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Is Palin 's Tea Party Speech A Mistake ? Tea Partiers Have Mixed Opinions '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Keli Carender , 30 , of Seattle , who is credited with hosting one of the first ever Tea Party protests in February 2009 , before the movement really got started . Jump up ^ Kaste , Martin ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Star Leads Movement On Her Own Terms '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Keli Carender ... organized some of the earliest Tea Party - style protests -- before they were even called Tea Party protests Jump up ^ `` Video : Dozens Gather At ' Porkulus ' Protest '' . Seattle : KIRO - TV . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( Video ) on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Keli Carender , Tea Party organizer in Seattle , Washington '' . TaxDayTeaParty.com . March 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beren , Steve ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Seattle protest against Obama stimulus plan ! '' . TCUnation.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carender , Keri ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Protest Update '' . Redistributing Knowledge . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Michelle ( February 15 , 2009 ) . `` Taxpayer revolt : Porkulus protest in Seattle , Obama to sign theft act in Denver '' . MichelleMalkin.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Michelle ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` From the Boston Tea Party to your neighborhood pork protest '' . MichelleMalkin.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Ben ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Movement : The Rise of Tea Party Activism '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montopoli , Brian ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Tax Day Brings Out `` Tea Party '' Protesters Protests Planned Across Country Against Government Taxation And Spending As Some Question Whether Movement Has Been Co-Opted `` . CBS News . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Santelli 's Shout Heard Round the World '' . CNBC.com . February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Santelli , Rick ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Rick Santelli : I Want to Set the Record Straight '' . CNBC.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Rant raises profile of CNBC on - air personality Rick Santelli '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( February 22 , 2009 ) . `` Rant by CNBC 's Rick Santelli puts pundit at odds with Obama administration '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Last , Jonathan V. ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Opposition To The Foreclosure Bailout Rises '' . Weekly Standard ( reprinted by CBS News.com ) . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Case Scenario No. 3 '' . Fox News . February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hamsher , Jane ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` A Teabagger Timeline : Koch , Coors , Newt , Dick Armey There From The Start '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berger , Judson ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Modern - Day Tea Parties Give Taxpayers Chance to Scream for Better Representation '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roesgen , Andy ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` Protestors Gather for Self - Styled Tea Party '' . myFoxChicago.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Tea Party leaders to watch '' Archived May 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , National Journal , February 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Beck says you can `` celebrate with Fox News '' at any of four `` FNC Tax Day Tea Parties '' `` . Media Matters for America . Jump up ^ `` Online efforts boost Tax Day ' tea parties ' '' . The Washingtion Times . Jump up ^ Common Nonsense : Glenn Beck and the Triumph of Ignorance By Alexander Zaitchik , p. 244 Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Set to Win Enough Races for Wide Influence '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jonathan ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` GOP in Lead in Final Lap '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Andrew , Malcolm ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dean Murray , first elected Tea Party activist , joins N.Y. Legislature Monday '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moe , Alexandra ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Just 32 % of Tea Party candidates win '' . NBC News ( first read ) . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary C. Barack Obama , the Tea Party , and the 2010 Midterm Elections ( PDF ) . San Diego : University of California . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Newport , Frank ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Supporters Overlap Republican Base '' . Gallup . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Alan I. ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Republican establishment versus The Tea Party '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tam Cho , Wendy K. ; Gimpel , James G. ; Shaw , Daron R. ( April 2012 ) . `` The Tea Party Movement and the geography of collective action '' . Quarterly Journal of Political Science . Now Publishing Inc. 7 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 33 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.471. 251 . doi : 10.1561 / 100.00011051 . Jump up ^ See : Gray , Ian ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tea Party Election Results : Conservative Movement Of 2010 Takes Pounding In 2012 '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Hartfield , Elizabeth ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Tea Party Candidates Losing Steam in 2012 '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Dwoskin , Elizabeth ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Has the Tea Party Lost Its Mojo ? '' . Businessweek . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Dbug ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` What Happened to The Tea Party in the 2012 Election ? '' . Daily Kos . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barrabi , Thomas ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Who Is David Brat ? A Look At The Economics Professor Who Toppled Eric Cantor '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ritz , Erica ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Scott Urges Media and Politicians to Stop ' Race - Baiting ' and Appealing to the ' Lowest Common Denominator of Fear ' '' . TheBlaze . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Lieutenant Governor Loses Texas Runoff as Tea Party Holds Sway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . 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Bloomberg News . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan . `` DOJ Closes IRs investigation with no charges '' . CNN . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justice Department Settles With Tea Party Groups After I.R.S. Scrutiny ; Emile Cochrane ; New York Times ; October 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ IRS Apologizes For Aggressive Scrutiny Of Conservative Groups ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Trump courts tea party at Nashville straw poll , '' By MJ Lee , CNN , August 29 , 2015 , retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CNN / ORC Donald Trump Poll : Donald Trump dominates GOP field at 41 % , '' by Jennifer Agiesta , CNN , January 26 , 2016 , retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Johns on Stossel , '' Fox Business News , March 4 , 2016 , retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party leader makes it clear where he stands , '' Lars Larson radio show , May 10 , 2016 , retrieved December 1 , 2016 . 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Jossey , How We Killed the Tea Party , Politico Magazine ( August 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Geraghty , The Death of the Tea Party , National Review ( January 19 , 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Tea Party 2012 : A Look At The Conservative Movement 's Last Three Years '' . The Huffington Post . April 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tea Party ' Is Dead ' : How the Movement Fizzled in 2012 's GOP Primaries ; The Daily Beast ; February 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ How tea party and its unlikely allies nixed Atlanta 's transit tax The Christian Science Monitor . August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tea party evolves , achieves state policy victories NBC News . August 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Brings the Tea Party to the Ticket '' ; New York Times ; August 12 , 2012 ; Retrieved August 13 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Libertarians : Do n't call us tea partyers ; survey finds blocs often clash '' . The Washingtion Times . 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Jump up ^ Geraghty , Jim ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Tea Party Movement Has More Women Than Men ? '' . National Review . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Partiers Are Fairly Mainstream in Their Demographics '' . Gallup.com. April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS / NY Times Poll : National Survey of Tea Party Supporters '' . New York Times . April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Sean ( April 4 , 2010 ) , `` Survey : Four in 10 Tea Party members are Democrats or independents '' , retrieved February 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ Przybyla , Heidi ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Advocates Who Scorn Socialism Want a Government Job '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ This number includes White Hispanic and Latino Americans . Excluding these , this category comprises 65.4 % : B02001 . `` Race -- Universe : Total Population '' . 2008 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 , and B03002 . `` Hispanic or Latino origin by race -- Universe : Total pupulation '' . 2008 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` United States '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar ( 2009 ) `` American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS ) 2008 '' Archived April 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Trinity College , Hartford , Connecticut , USA ; Retrieved April 1 , 2009 ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : Page Susan ; Jagoda Naomi ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` What is the Tea Party ? A growing state of mind '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Campbell , David E. & Putnam , Robert D. ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Crashing the Tea Party '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Campbell , Robert D. Putnam , `` God and Caesar in America '' Foreign Affairs , March -- April 2012 , pp. 34 -- 43 , p. 38 Jump up ^ John M. Broder `` Climate Change Doubt Is Tea Party Article of Faith '' The New York Times , October 20 , 2010 , retrieved October 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` California tea party activists work to pass Proposition 23 '' . San Jose Mercury News . October 4 , 2010 . Archived March 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Congress District 36 '' Archived November 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... California Secretary of State . May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tea party ' groups plan Arizona rally against illegal immigration '' , The Washington Post , August 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` More Than Half Of Tea Party Supporters Say Gays And Lesbians Have Too Much Political Power ( POLL ) '' . The Huffington Post . June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garber , Andrew ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` New poll looks at tea party views toward minorities '' . Seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Barreto ; Christopher Parker . `` May 2010 Washington Poll '' ( PDF ) . Washingtonpoll.org . University of Washington Institute for the Study of Ethnicity , Race and Sexuality . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The top national players in the tea party '' . The Washington Post . September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Snow Hopkins , Christopher ; Mahanta , Siddhartha ; Poulson , Theresa ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` 12 Tea Party Players To Watch '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Republican who is not on any ticket is stealing the national spotlight : Sarah Palin '' according to Huma Khan and Alexander Pepper , Sarah Palin 's Endorsements Pack a Punch ABC News , June 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen Mad As Hell ( 2010 ) p. 154 Jump up ^ Michele Bachmann Plans To Form Tea Party Caucus In Congress . Huffington Post ; July 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ Kenneth Vogel `` Tea party vs. Tea Party Caucus '' . Politico ; August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Find Your Local Tea Party '' . Tea Party Patriots. April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Home of the American Tea Party Movement '' . Tea Party Patriots . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brant - Zawadzki , Alex ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Convention Loses Main Sponsor '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roth , Zachery ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` Majority Of Tea Party Group 's Spending Went To GOP Firm That Created It '' . TPMMuckraker . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foster , Rick ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` On board the Tea Party Express '' . The Sun Chronicle . Attleboro , Massachusetts . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jonsson , Patrik ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` Why the Tea Party Convention is tea - tering on the edge '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Kevin ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Palin , Bachmann Tea Party sessions closed to press '' . StarTribune.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Party Disputes Take Toll on Convention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Tea Partying for profit ? '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Patrik Jonsson ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` As others bolt , Sarah Palin stands by ' tea party ' convention '' . Csmonitor.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Palin prête pour une révolution '' ( in French ) . February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Tea parties form a federation , but do n't call them organized '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nationwide Tea Party Coalition Plug into the Tea Party Movement Ecosystem '' . nationwidechicagoteaparty.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Student Tea Partyers head to Phoenix , face challenges '' . Thecollegefix.com . February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Palin stirs Tea Party troops with call to recapture principles of Ronald Reagan : Activists start two - week tour ahead of midterm poll : Key Democrats targeted amid attack on ' socialism ' '' . The Guardian . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Jason ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Bachmann 's MichelePAC has $10 million , shared with local conservatives , ' tea party ' hopefuls '' . Saint Paul Pioneer Press . Jump up ^ Tea Party Patriots to Hand Out $1 million for November Election Spending Bloomberg , September 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Mayer , Jane ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Covert Operations '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Secretive Republican Donors Are Planning Ahead '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Scott ; Schoen , Doug ( 2010 ) . Mad As Hell . p. 150 Jump up ^ Meyer , Christopher ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Is this the start of a new American Revolution ? '' . Daily Mail . UK ( UK ) . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Jane ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` The Brothers Koch : Rich , Political And Playing To Win '' . Fresh Air . NPR . Jump up ^ Saad , Lydia ( April 5 , 2010 ) , `` Tea Partiers Are Fairly Mainstream in Their Demographics '' , Gallup Poll , retrieved February 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Saad , Lydia ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Americans Believe GOP Should Consider Tea Party Ideas '' . Gallup Poll . Jump up ^ USA Today / Gallup ( August 4 -- 7 , 2011 ) . `` Democrats Enjoy Slight Edge on 2012 Congressional Ballot '' . Gallup . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ In U.S. , Negative Views of the Tea Party Rise to New High gallup.com April 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ Doug Thompson . `` Tea party more unpopular than atheists and Muslims '' . Capitol Hill Blue . Jump up ^ `` Support for Tea Party Falls in Strongholds , Polls Show '' , New York Times , Kate Zernike , November 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ Condon , Stephanie ( September 20 , 2010 ) , `` Tea Party Supported by One in Five in New CBS News / NYT Poll '' , CBS News , retrieved February 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ New York Times / CBS News ( August 2 -- 3 , 2011 ) . `` Poll '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Joel ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : Thumbs down to Tea Party '' . seattlepi.com . Jump up ^ Murray , Mark ( September 28 , 2010 ) , `` Poll : Battle for Congress tightens between parties '' , MSNBC , retrieved February 8 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Tea Party Sparks More Antipathy Than Passion , Gallup ^ Jump up to : Views of Tea Party Supporters in Congress Grow More Negative , Pew Jump up ^ August 9th CNN / ORC Poll , CNN Jump up ^ `` 53 % of Republicans See Tea Party As Political Plus ; 32 % of Democrats Say Same of Occupy '' , Rasmussen Reports , April 4 , 2012 , retrieved June 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 42 % Identify with Obama Politically , 42 % with the Tea Party '' . Rasmussen Reports . October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CNN / ORC poll '' ( PDF ) . October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See Staff writer ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Gadsden flag denied over State Capitol '' . WTNH . New Haven , Connecticut : Nexstar . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Hayes , Ted ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tea Party ' flag rankles some '' . East Bay Newspapers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Scocca , Tom ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Flag daze '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Macedo , Diane ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Connecticut Marines Fight for ' Do n't Tread on Me ' Flag Display '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Flags Flying Off the Shelves in Support of the Tea Party Tax Protest '' ( Press release ) . Marketwire. April 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party flag will not fly at Connecticut Capitol '' . NECN. April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Colmes , Alan ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Flag Calling For ' Second Revolution ' Distributed At Scott Brown Victory Party ( blog ) '' . Liberaland . Alan Colmes . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abel , David ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Tea party rally generates plenty of criticism , opposing views '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Shulkin , Jeremy ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Is this town big enough for the Tea Party and the Grand Old Party ? '' . Worcester Magazine . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , David ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` I 'm Proud to Be a Tea Bagger '' . Breitbart.com : Big Government . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` The Slur That Must Not Be Named '' . The Washington Independent . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The evolution of the word ' tea bagger ' '' . The Week . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Jennifer ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` Stay Vigilant : Taxpayers Plan To Teabag Broad Ripple Canal On Saturday '' . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` Scenes from the New American Tea Party '' . The Washington Independent . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koppelman , Alex ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Your guide to teabagging '' . Salon.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Anchors , Guests Use Tea Parties as Platform for Frat House Humor '' . FOX News . April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leibovich , Mark ; Grant Barrett ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Buzzwords of 2009 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Obama 's 100 Days Townhall in Missouri Real Clear Politics ; April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Obama responds to tea party movement CNN Political Ticker ; April 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Travers , Karen ; Rachel Martin ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Obama at Democratic Fundraiser : Tea Partiers Should Be Thanking Him for Tax Cuts '' . Political Punch . ABC News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by the President at DNC Reception , April 15 , 2010 '' Archived October 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Transcript ) . White House Press Office . April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Obama to Tea Party : ' What would you do ? ' USA Today ; September 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ President Obama 's Townhall with CNBC John Harwood Scribd Transcript ; September 20 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Tea Party Rallies Protest Obama Policies '' . US News and World Report . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calderone , Michael ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Fox teas up a tempest '' . POLITICO . Jump up ^ Good , Chris ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` More Tea Party Symbiotics : Fox News '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Hollar , Julie ( December 2009 ) . `` National Equality vs. Tea Party '' . Extra ! . Jump up ^ Hollar , Julie ( September 2010 ) . `` Tea Party vs. U.S. Social Forum '' . Extra ! . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` Fox Canceled Hannity 's Attendance at Tea Party 's Tax Day Rally in Cincinnati '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Steve ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Internal Fox News Email Addresses `` Standards '' After 9 / 12 Flap `` . Mediaite . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Networks respond to false Fox ad '' . CNN . September 18 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calderone , Michael ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` WaPo defends running Fox ad '' . Politico . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ariens , Chris ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` In Full Page Ad , Fox Asks Where Were Other Media on 9 / 12 . The Answer : They Were There '' . MediaBistro.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News , Your Facts Are Wrong : CNN 's Rick Sanchez takes FOX News '' ( Video ) . CNN . September 18 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Linkins , Jason ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Fox News Newspaper Ad Makes False Claims About Tea Party Coverage '' . Huffington Post . USA . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Fox News , MSNBC prejudge ' tea parties ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Howard ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Fox News Ad Draws Protests '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fukuyama , Francis ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Future of History ; Can Liberal Democracy Survive the Decline of the Middle Class ? '' . Foreignaffairs.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Francis Fukuyama on the decline of the middle class -- PNHP 's Official Blog '' . Pnhp.org . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Amy `` Tea party groups say media have been fair , survey finds '' , The Washington Post , October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Are Tea Partiers Racist ? Archived August 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Newsweek ; April 25 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Tea party leaders anxious about extremists ; NBCNews.com ; April 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ Judis , John B. ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Tea Party Movement Is n't Racist '' . New Republic . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly Reviewed on : 02 / 06 / 2012 The Tea Party : A Brief History ( Ronald P. Formisano , The Johns Hopkins University Press ; 2012 ) Jump up ^ See : Kumar , Anita ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` FBI investigating cut gas line at Perriello 's brother 's home '' . The Washington Post . Cooper , Michael ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Accusations Fly Between Parties Over Threats and Vandalism '' . The New York Times . McNeill , Brian ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Severed gas line found at home of Perriello brother '' . The Daily Progress . Charlottesville , Virginia . Barr , Andy ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Tom Perriello gas line ' intentionally cut ' '' . Politico . Barr , Andy ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Tea partiers told to ' drop by ' Tom Perriello 's home '' . Politico . Jump up ^ See : Associated Press ( July 14 , 2010 ) , `` Iowa billboard linking Obama , Hitler removed '' , MSNBC , retrieved June 7 , 2011 Meredith , Luke ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Iowa Tea Party Billboard Compares Obama To Hitler , Lenin '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2010 . Hirschfeld Davis , Julie ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Iowa Tea Party Billboard Compares Obama To Hitler , Lenin '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nico Hines . `` Is Britain 's Tea Party Turning Politics Upside Down ? '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Further reading Agarwal , Sheetal D. , et al. `` Grassroots organizing in the digital age : Considering values and technology in Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street . '' Information , Communication & Society 17.3 ( 2014 ) : 326 - 341 . Armey , Dick ( 2010 ) . Give Us Liberty : A Tea Party Manifesto . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0062015877 . Avlon , John ; Forward by Tina Brown ( 2010 ) . Wingnuts : How the Lunatic Fringe is Hijacking America . Beast Books . ISBN 978 - 0984295111 . Foley , Elizabeth Price . The Tea Party : Three Principles ( Cambridge University Press ; 2012 ) 238 pages . Identifies three core principles that bind the Tea Party movement : limited government , unapologetic U.S. sovereignty , and constitutional originalism ; looks at how they apply to issues , especially immigration , health - care reform , internationalism , and the War on Terror . Horwitz , Robert B. America 's right : anti-establishment conservatism from Goldwater to the Tea Party ( 2013 ) . Kabaservice , Geoffrey . Rule and Ruin : The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party , From Eisenhower to the Tea Party ( 2012 ) scholarly history excerpt and text search Leahy , Michael ( 2012 ) . Covenant of Liberty : The Ideological Origins of the Tea Party Movement . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0062066336 . Lepore , Jill ( 2010 ) . The Whites of Their Eyes : The Tea Party 's Revolution and the Battle over American History . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1400836963 . O'Hara , John M. ; Forward by Michelle Malkin ( 2010 ) . A New American Tea Party : The Counterrevolution Against Bailouts , Handouts , Reckless Spending , and More Taxes . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0470567982 . Paul , Rand ( 2011 ) . The Tea Party Goes to Washington . Center Street . ISBN 978 - 1455503117 . Perrin , Andrew J. , et al. `` Political and Cultural Dimensions of Tea Party Support , 2009 -- 2012 . '' Sociological Quarterly ( 2014 ) 55 # 4 pp : 625 -- 652 . online Rasmussen , Scott ; Schoen , Doug ( 2010 ) . Mad As Hell : How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two - Party System . Harper . ISBN 978 - 0061995231 . Skocpol , Theda ; Williamson , Vanessa ( 2012 ) . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199832637 . Van Dyke , Nella , and David S. Meyer . Understanding the Tea Party Movement ( The Mobilization Series on Social Movements , Protest , and Culture ) ( 2014 ) Zernike , Kate ( 2010 ) . Boiling Mad : Inside Tea Party America . Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0805093483 . 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1. Tea Party movement
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what are the names of the counties in wales
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Preserved counties of Wales - wikipedia Preserved counties of Wales Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Preserved counties ( Wales ) <Td_colspan="2"> Gwent South Glamorgan Mid Glamorgan West Glamorgan Dyfed Powys Gwynedd Clwyd Lieutenancy areas Location Wales Created by Local Government ( Wales ) Act 1994 ( c. 19 ) Created 1 April 1996 Number 8 ( as of 2008 ) The preserved counties of Wales are the current areas used in Wales for the ceremonial purposes of lieutenancy and shrievalty . They are based on the counties created by the Local Government Act 1972 and used for local government and other purposes between 1974 and 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 Boundary changes 3 List of preserved counties 4 See also 5 References Usage ( edit ) The Local Government ( Wales ) Act 1994 abolished the eight ceremonial counties created by the Local Government Act 1972 . However , it created the concept of preserved counties based on their areas , to be used for purposes such as Lieutenancy . This usage was consolidated by the Lieutenancies Act 1997 Certain statutes already in force were amended to include reference to them -- as of 16 February 2011 , the only remaining provisions still extant are : The Sheriffs Act 1887 ( c. 55 ) -- the counties that High Sheriffs are appointed to are the preserved counties . The Defence Act 1842 ( c. 94 ) -- Lieutenants are those appointed to preserved counties . The Sea Fisheries ( Shellfish ) Act 1967 ( c. 83 ) -- relevant portions of the sea shore shall be deemed to be within preserved counties . Boundary changes ( edit ) The preserved counties were originally almost identical to the 1974 -- 96 counties , but with a few minor changes in line with local government boundary changes : Llanrhaeadr - ym - Mochnant , Llansilin and Llangedwyn were transferred from Clwyd to Powys , and Wick , St Brides Major , Ewenny and Pentyrch were transferred from Mid Glamorgan to South Glamorgan . There were however two local government areas , Caerphilly and Conwy , split between preserved counties . The Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales were instructed by the National Assembly for Wales on 11 March 2002 to undertake a review of preserved county boundaries . In their final proposals the part of the local government area of Caerphilly which had been in Mid Glamorgan was to be part of Gwent and the part of the local government area of Conwy which had been in Gwynedd was to be part of Clwyd . The boundary between Mid Glamorgan and South Glamorgan was also to be re-aligned to reflect small changes in local government boundaries . The Assembly accepted these proposals such that from 2 April 2003 each preserved county now encompasses between one and five whole local government areas . The boundary between Mid Glamorgan and Powys was further modified on 1 April 2010 to reflect the 2009 local government boundary changes in the Vaynor area . List of preserved counties ( edit ) Map The population figures are mid-year estimates for 2007 from the Office for National Statistics , grouping component unitary authority area figures into their respective preserved counties . Name Comprises Area ( km2 ) Population Clwyd Conwy Denbighshire Flintshire Wrexham 2,910 491,100 Dyfed Carmarthenshire Ceredigion Pembrokeshire 5,780 375,200 Gwent Blaenau Gwent Caerphilly Monmouthshire Newport Torfaen 1,553 560,500 Gwynedd Gwynedd Isle of Anglesey 3,262 187,400 Mid Glamorgan Bridgend Merthyr Tydfil Rhondda Cynon Taf 781 423,200 Powys Powys 5,196 132,000 South Glamorgan Cardiff Vale of Glamorgan 475 445,000 West Glamorgan Neath Port Talbot Swansea 820 365,500 See also ( edit ) Historic counties of Wales Local government in Wales Ceremonial counties of England Shires of Scotland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 23 '' , Lieutenancies Act , UK : OPSI , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Review of Preserved County Boundaries Final Proposals , UK : Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Counties ( Amendment to Boundaries ) ( Wales ) Order '' , Legislation , UK : OPSI , 2003 . Jump up ^ The Preserved Counties of Powys and Mid Glamorgan ( Changes in Area ) Order 2010 Jump up ^ Statistics.gov.uk Archived 2011 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . <Th_colspan="2"> Administrative geography of the United Kingdom United Kingdom local government History Subdivisions : Shrievalties Lieutenancy areas Counties ( list ) England local government History Subdivisions : Regions Ceremonial counties list Combined authorities Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan counties Unitary authorities ( list ) Districts ( list ) Civil parishes ( list ) Northern Ireland local government History Subdivisions : Counties Districts Scotland local government History Subdivisions : Sheriffdoms Lieutenancy areas Council areas Community council areas Civil parishes Wales local government History Subdivisions : Preserved counties Principal areas Communities ( list ) Historic counties <Th_colspan="2"> Preserved counties of Wales <Td_colspan="2"> Clwyd Dyfed Gwent Gwynedd Mid Glamorgan Powys South Glamorgan West Glamorgan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preserved_counties_of_Wales&oldid=803394964 '' Categories : Lists of counties of Wales Preserved counties of Wales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Italiano Македонски Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 08 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Preserved counties of Wales
2. Ceremonial purposes of lieutenancy and shrievalty
3. Local Government Act 1972
4. Boundary changes in preserved counties
5. List of preserved counties in Wales
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2,042,700,588,898,351,000 |
who played paul drake on the perry mason tv show
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William Hopper - wikipedia William Hopper Jump to : navigation , search For other people named William Hopper , see William Hopper ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> William Hopper <Td_colspan="2"> William Hopper in 1934 William DeWolf Hopper Jr . ( 1915 - 01 - 26 ) January 26 , 1915 New York City , New York , U.S. March 6 , 1970 ( 1970 - 03 - 06 ) ( aged 55 ) Palm Springs , California , U.S. Cause of death Pneumonia Resting place Rose Hills Memorial Park Occupation Actor Years active 1916 ; 1934 -- 1970 Spouse ( s ) Jane Kies Hopper ( married 1940 -- 1959 ) Jan Hopper ( married 1959 -- 1970 ) Children Parent ( s ) DeWolf Hopper Hedda Hopper William DeWolf Hopper Jr . ( January 26 , 1915 -- March 6 , 1970 ) was an American stage , film , and television actor . The only child of actor DeWolf Hopper and actress and Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper , he appeared in predominantly minor roles in more than 80 feature films in the 1930s and ' 40s . After serving in the United States Navy during World War II , he left acting , but in the mid-1950s , he was persuaded by director William Wellman to resume his film career . He became best known for his work in television , as private detective Paul Drake in the long - running CBS series , Perry Mason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1930s -- 1940s 2.2 Military service and postwar career 2.3 1950s -- 1970s 2.3. 1 Perry Mason 3 Accolades 4 Personal life 5 Death 6 Select theatre credits 7 Select film and television credits 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) William DeWolf Hopper Jr. , was born January 26 , 1915 in New York City . He was the only child of actor , singer , comedian , and theatrical producer DeWolf Hopper ( March 30 , 1858 -- September 23 , 1935 ) and his fifth wife , actress Hedda Hopper ( born Elda Furry ; May 2 , 1885 -- February 1 , 1966 ) . He had one older half - brother , John A. Hopper , from his father 's second marriage in the 1880s . Hopper made his film debut as a baby in his father 's 1916 silent movie Sunshine Dad . His mother divorced his father in 1922 and moved to Hollywood with their son . Hedda Hopper became one of America 's best - known gossip columnists , with nearly 30 million readers in newspapers in the U.S. Contract players Wolfe Hopper and Gail Patrick in a July 1936 Paramount Pictures fashion photograph ; 20 years later , William Hopper was Paul Drake and Gail Patrick Jackson was executive producer of the CBS - TV series Perry Mason William Hopper , Barbara Hale , and Frank Sully in the CBS - TV series Perry Mason ( 1958 ) Hopper and Raymond Burr in the Perry Mason episode , `` The Case of Paul Drake 's Dilemma '' ( 1959 ) Guest star Bette Davis with Hopper in Perry Mason ( 1963 ) Career ( edit ) 1930s -- 1940s ( edit ) Hopper began his acting career as a teenager . He made his first stage appearance at the Pasadena Community Playhouse , in She Loves Me Not . He worked in summer stock in Ogunquit , Maine . He appeared on Broadway in the short - lived comedy Order Please ( 1934 ) and as a member of the ensemble in Katharine Cornell 's production of Romeo and Juliet ( 1934 -- 35 ) . In March 1936 , Hopper -- then working under the name Wolfe Hopper -- won a contract at Paramount Pictures . Early in his film career , Hopper appeared in numerous movies , uncredited and also under the name DeWolf Hopper . In 1936 , he played a small role as a soldier in the Columbia Pictures film The King Steps Out starring Grace Moore and Franchot Tone . In 1937 , he portrayed the leading man in two films , Public Wedding with Jane Wyman and Over the Goal with June Travis . He also enjoyed significant roles alongside Ann Sheridan in The Footloose Heiress ( 1937 ) and Mystery House ( 1938 ) . After that , he had roles that included playing a sergeant in the John Ford Western , Stagecoach ( 1939 ) ; an intern in The Return of Dr. X ( 1939 ) ; a college football player in Over the Goal ( 1939 ) ; and reporters in Knute Rockne , All American ( 1940 ) , The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) and Yankee Doodle Dandy ( 1942 ) . Hopper became an actor because his mother expected it of him . `` When I worked at Warner Bros. , '' Hopper said , `` I was so scared I stuttered all the time . '' Military service and postwar career ( edit ) Hopper served with the United States Navy during World War II , as a volunteer with the Office of Strategic Services and as a member of the newly created Underwater Demolition Team . He received a Bronze Star and several other medals during operations in the Pacific . For eight years after the war , Hopper became involved in business and sold cars in Hollywood . He combined car sales and acting when opportunities came up during the advent of television . `` I did n't even think about acting much until a friend , director Bill Wellman , asked me to do a part in The High and the Mighty , '' Hopper recalled . 1950s -- 1970s ( edit ) In 1953 , director William Wellman persuaded Hopper to resume his movie career with his 1954 film , The High and the Mighty , opposite Jan Sterling . Before filming began , Hopper challenged Wellman because he suspected his mother had arranged the offer . `` When it appeared Wellman was serious , I asked him if he knew whose son I was . He ignored me , '' Hopper recalled . `` I was so lousy , so nervous , I did n't even know where the camera was . But somehow Billy got me through . Afterward , I thanked him . He said , ' Thank me , my foot . After this , you 're going to be in every picture I make . ' I did n't believe him . '' Hopper subsequently appeared in two of Wellman 's films , Track of the Cat ( 1954 ) and Good - bye , My Lady ( 1956 ) . Hopper was cast to star opposite Claire Trevor in the live television drama , `` No Sad Songs for Me '' , broadcast April 14 , 1955 , on NBC 's Lux Video Theatre . He had such stage fright , he initially cancelled : `` I swore I 'd never act again as long as I lived , '' Hopper recalled . `` Then I thought , what the heck , they ca n't shoot me , and walked on the set . Something happened then . It was as if someone had surgically removed the nerves . '' At last comfortable on screen , Hopper played the stern and emotionally distant father of Natalie Wood in the James Dean classic , Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) , and the often absent father in The Bad Seed ( 1956 ) . He starred in the science - fiction films 20 Million Miles to Earth and The Deadly Mantis , released in 1957 . In 1956 Hopper guest - starred again on television during the first season of the Western series Gunsmoke , portraying an outlaw initially supported by townsfolk in an episode titled `` Robin Hood '' . The following year he played a supporting role in the pilot episode of the television series The Restless Gun , which was broadcast as an episode of Schlitz Playhouse of Stars . Some of Hopper 's other television guest appearances include The Joseph Cotten Show , Fury , Studio 57 , and The Millionaire . Perry Mason ( edit ) Hopper is best known for his principal role as the private investigator Paul Drake on CBS 's courtroom television series Perry Mason ( 1957 -- 66 ) . He initially tested for the title role , while Raymond Burr read for the role of Mason 's courtroom adversary , district attorney Hamilton Burger . Burr was encouraged to lose weight and return to audition for the role of Perry Mason -- which he later did , successfully . Hopper , too , was called back . Executive producer Gail Patrick Jackson recalled , `` When Bill Hopper came in to read for Paul Drake he blurted out , ' You hate my mother . ' And that was Hedda Hopper . Well , I disliked what she stood for , but ' hate ' is something else -- and anyway he was perfect as Drake , and we got him . '' `` As Paul Drake , William Hopper was called on to be the most versatile of the principals in the Perry Mason cast , '' wrote Brian Kelleher and Diana Merrill in their chronicle of the television series : He was not only the careful investigator , the duke - it - out tough guy , the ladies ' man , and the hipster , but also the fall guy , the strikeout artist , the `` eating machine '' and `` the big kid . '' Hopper 's Drake alone provided the comic relief for the show . And , despite being a rather late bloomer to the acting field , he played all the parts surprisingly well and believably . His appearances made fair shows good , and good shows better . The 1959 episode , `` The Case of Paul Drake 's Dilemma '' , had Hopper 's character on trial for murder . It was the only time in the series ' nine - year run that Paul Drake was the defendant . Hopper continued to work in summer stock and to make movie appearances during his years on Perry Mason ; however , after the series was cancelled in 1966 , he declined other television offers . He did , though , make one final film appearance in Myra Breckinridge ( 1970 ) , which premiered in New York three months after his death . Accolades ( edit ) In 1959 , Hopper was nominated as Best Supporting Actor ( Continuing Character ) in a Dramatic Series at the 11th Primetime Emmy Awards for his performance as Paul Drake . Personal life ( edit ) In 1940 , Hopper married actress Jane Kies , sister of Margaret Lindsay , whose professional name was Jane Gilbert . They had worked together on the 1939 film , Invisible Stripes . They had one daughter , Joan , born in 1947 . On February 1 , 1966 , Hopper announced the death of his mother , actress and celebrated Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper , from pleural pneumonia . Death ( edit ) Hopper entered Desert Hospital in Palm Springs , California , on February 14 , 1970 , after suffering a stroke . He died of pneumonia three weeks later , on March 6 , at age 55 . Survived by his second wife , Jan , he was buried in Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier , California . Select theatre credits ( edit ) 1934 : Order Please , Playhouse Theatre , New York City ( as Victor Neilson ) 1934 -- 35 : Romeo and Juliet , Martin Beck Theatre , New York City ( Ensemble ) Select film and television credits ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1916 Sunshine Dad Baby Credited as William DeWolf Hopper Jr . 1936 King Steps Out , The The King Steps Out Soldier Offscreen credit 1936 Murder with Pictures Photographer Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1936 Big Broadcast of 1937 , The The Big Broadcast of 1937 Ship 's Officer Uncredited 1936 Easy to Take Monitor room man Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1936 Accusing Finger , The The Accusing Finger Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1936 Beware of Ladies Reporter Uncredited 1937 Larceny on the Air Announcer Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1937 Join the Marines Marine Uncredited 1937 Dick Tracy Dirigible Pilot Uncredited 1937 Public Wedding Tony Burke Male lead , opposite Jane Wyman 1937 Mr. Dodd Takes the Air Second production manager Uncredited 1937 Footloose Heiress , The The Footloose Heiress Jack Pierson 1937 Back in Circulation Pete Edington Offscreen credit 1937 Love Is on the Air Eddie Gould 1937 Over the Goal Ken Thomas Male lead , opposite June Travis 1937 Adventurous Blonde , The The Adventurous Blonde Matt 1938 Daredevil Drivers Neeley bus driver Offscreen credit 1938 Love , Honor and Behave Yale tennis player Offscreen credit 1938 Mystery House Lal Killian 1938 Patient in Room 18 , The The Patient in Room 18 Grabshot Offscreen credit 1938 Women Are Like That Larraby Offscreen credit 1939 Stagecoach Cavalry Sergeant Offscreen credit 1939 Midnight Flammarions ' Party Guest Uncredited 1939 Daughters Courageous Striped - shirted man at beach Offscreen credit 1939 Cowboy Quarterback , The The Cowboy Quarterback Handsome Sam Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1939 Old Maid , The The Old Maid John Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1939 Angels Wash Their Faces , The The Angels Wash Their Faces Photographer Uncredited 1939 Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1939 Dust Be My Destiny Reporter Uncredited 1939 Espionage Agent Student Offscreen credit 1939 On Your Toes Ronald - Peggy 's Escort Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1939 Pride of the Blue Grass Joe Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1939 On Dress Parade Soldier Getting Radio Report from H4 Uncredited 1939 Return of Doctor X , The The Return of Doctor X Intern Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1939 Child Is Born , AA Child Is Born Intern Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1939 Invisible Stripes Young Man Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Fighting 69th , The The Fighting 69th Private Turner Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1940 Calling Philo Vance Hotel clerk Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Castle on the Hudson Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Virginia City Lieutenant Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Til We Meet Again'Til We Meet Again Man Uncredited 1940 Tear Gas Squad George Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1940 Flight Angels Lefty Credited as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Brother Orchid Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Gambling on the High Seas Station operator Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Man Who Talked Too Much , The The Man Who Talked Too Much Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Ladies Must Live Joe Barton Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1940 Money and the Woman J.L. Burns , Bank Depositor Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 No Time for Comedy First - Nighter Uncredited 1940 Knute Rockne , All American Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Always a Bride Man at campaign meeting carrying Michael Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1940 Lady with Red Hair Lyceum Theater Attendant Uncredited 1940 Santa Fe Trail Officer Scenes deleted ; offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Case of the Black Parrot , The The Case of the Black Parrot Second mate Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Flight from Destiny Travin Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1941 Footsteps in the Dark Police secretary Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Here Comes Happiness Best Man Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Knockout Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Shot in the Dark , AA Shot in the Dark Jones Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Strange Alibi Desk clerk Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1941 Affectionately Yours Airline attendant Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Bride Came C.O.D. , The The Bride Came C.O.D. Keenan 's pilot Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1941 Bullets for O'Hara Richard Palmer Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1941 Highway West Frank Carson - Murdered Cashier Uncredited 1941 Manpower Power company telephone operator Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Dive Bomber Pilot Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1941 International Squadron Radio operator Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Passage from Hong Kong Watson Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Navy Blues Ensign Walters Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Maltese Falcon , The The Maltese Falcon Reporter Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1941 Blues in the Night Billiard Player Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1941 They Died with Their Boots On Lt. Frazier Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 All Through the Night Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1941 Body Disappears , The The Body Disappears Terrence Abbott Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1941 You 're in the Army Now Clerk Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1942 Bullet Scars Reporter Offscreen credit 1942 Male Animal , The The Male Animal Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1942 Lady Gangster John Credited as DeWolf Hopper 1942 Murder in the Big House Reporter Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1942 Larceny , Inc . Customer Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1942 Yankee Doodle Dandy Reporter Offscreen credit 1942 Juke Girl Atlanta Postal Clerk Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1942 Spy Ship Reporter Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1942 Escape from Crime Reporter Offscreen credit 1942 Secret Enemies Ensign Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1942 Busses Roar Sailor Offscreen credit 1942 Across the Pacific Orderly Offscreen credit 1942 Desperate Journey Aircraftsman Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1942 You Ca n't Escape Forever Soldier Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1942 Beyond the Line of Duty University of Texas classmate Short film , uncredited 1942 Gentleman Jim Undetermined Role Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1943 Hard Way , The The Hard Way Hotel Desk Clerk Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1943 Mysterious Doctor , The The Mysterious Doctor Orderly Credited as DeWolfe Hopper 1943 Air Force Sergeant Offscreen credit 1943 Truck Busters Trucker Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1943 Action in the North Atlantic Canadian soldier Offscreen credit as DeWolfe Hopper 1943 Murder on the Waterfront First sentry Offscreen credit as DeWolf Hopper 1944 Last Ride , The The Last Ride Swank Offscreen credit 1954 High and the Mighty , The The High and the Mighty Roy Offscreen credit as William DeWolf Hopper 1954 Sitting Bull Charles Wentworth Offscreen credit as Bill Hopper 1954 This Is My Love District Attorney Offscreen credit 1954 Track of the Cat Arthur Bridges Offscreen credit 1955 Conquest of Space Dr. George Fenton 1955 Robbers ' Roost Robert Bell Offscreen credit 1955 One Desire Mac McBain 1955 Rebel Without a Cause Judy 's father 1956 Good - bye , My Lady Walden Grover 1956 First Texan , The The First Texan William B. Travis 1956 Bad Seed , The The Bad Seed Col. Kenneth Penmark 1957 Deadly Mantis , The The Deadly Mantis Dr. Nedrick ( Ned ) Jackson 1957 20 Million Miles to Earth Col. Bob Calder 1957 Slim Carter Joe Brewster 1970 Myra Breckinridge Parole officer Released posthumously Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1954 Mayor of the Town Girard `` Minnie 's Job '' 1955 Lux Video Theatre Brad Scott `` No Sad Songs for Me '' 1955 Ford Theatre Joe Cramer `` The Mumbys '' 1955 Lux Video Theatre Host `` Perilous Deception '' 1955 Warner Brothers Presents ... Casablanca Wilson Randall `` Labor Camp Escape '' 1956 Fury Sam Wilson `` The Hobo '' ( credited as Bill Hopper ) 1956 20th Century Fox Hour , The The 20th Century Fox Hour Phil Harland `` One Life '' 1956 Gunsmoke John Henry Jordan `` Robin Hood '' 1956 Lux Video Theatre Jim Johanson `` The Star '' 1956 Celebrity Playhouse `` Stagecoach to Paradise '' 1956 Millionaire , The The Millionaire Capt . Jonathan Carroll `` Captain Jonathan Carroll '' 1956 Gunsmoke Tasker Sloane `` Unmarked Grave '' 1956 Lux Video Theatre George `` The Top Rung '' 1956 Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre Rick Gordon `` Ten Percent '' 1956 Matinee Theater `` Madame de Treymes '' 1956 Studio 57 Smith `` The Magic Glass '' 1957 Studio 57 Kip `` Mr. November '' 1957 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Dan Mailer `` The Restless Gun '' ( pilot for TV series ) 1957 Joseph Cotten Show , The The Joseph Cotten Show Arnold Bait `` The Case of the Jealous Bomber '' 1957 -- 66 Perry Mason Paul Drake 271 episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hopper 's audition as Perry Mason , along with Burr 's auditions for Burger and Mason , were included as special features on the 2008 `` 50th Anniversary Edition '' Perry Mason DVD set . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reuters ( March 7 , 1970 ) . `` William Hopper , Actor , Dies ; Detective in ' Perry Mason , ' 54 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ancestry.com . California , Death Index 1940 -- 1997 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : Ancestry.com Operations Inc. , 2000 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Harvey ( July 12 , 1933 ) . `` DeWolf Hopper Calls 6th Wife the Only Perfect One '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` William Hopper '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( February 2 , 1966 ) . `` Hedda Hopper , Columnist , Dies ; Chronicled Gossip of Hollywood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` De Wolfe Hopper 's Son Wins Contract '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel. April 8 , 1936 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Wolters , Larry ( January 10 , 1960 ) . `` Meet Hedda 's Son Bill '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Kelleher , Brian ; Merrill , Diana ( 1987 ) . `` William Hopper as Paul Drake '' . The Perry Mason TV Show Book . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 57 -- 66 . ISBN 9780312006693 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Order Please '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo and Juliet '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Wolfe Hopper Gets a Movie Contract '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . March 11 , 1936 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Du Brow , Rick ( July 11 , 1961 ) . `` Mason 's Sidekick Used to Sell Cars '' . The Daily Review ( UPI ) . Jump up ^ `` William Hopper ( ' Paul Drake ' ) is dead '' . Delta Democrat - Times . March 8 , 1970 . ^ Jump up to : United Press International ( March 7 , 1970 ) . `` Perry Mason Star Hopper Dead at 55 '' . Oakland Tribune . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( June 16 , 1962 ) . `` Perry Mason 's Aide Faces a Dilemma '' . Oakland Tribune ( Associated Press ) . Jump up ^ `` The High and the Mighty '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lux Video Theatre , Season 5 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood '' , season 1 episode 17 ( S01E17 ) of Gunsmoke , originally broadcast February 4 , 1956 . Full video of `` Robin Hood '' available for viewing on YouTube . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith IV , Stuart ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` Perry Mason -- 50th Anniversary Edition '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bawden , James ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dream Factory Time : Gail Patrick '' . Classic Images . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Myra Breckinridge , cast and crew credits , production details , and release dates ; catalog of the American Film Institute ( AFI ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Search '' . Emmys . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( March 6 , 1970 ) . `` TV Actor , William Hopper , 55 '' . The Miami News . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Gilbert '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Invisible Stripes '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ancestry.com . California Birth Index , 1905 -- 1995 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : Ancestry.com Operations Inc. 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Screen Goes to a Christening '' . Modern Screen. 35 ( 3 ) : 32 . August 1947 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : United Press International ( March 7 , 1970 ) . `` William Hopper Dies in Palm Springs at 55 '' . Redlands Daily Facts . Jump up ^ `` William Hopper '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` William Hopper '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` William Hopper '' . BFI Film & TV Database . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor of the Town '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Theatre '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Brothers Presents '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Fury , Season 1 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Century - Fox Hour , Season 1 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gunsmoke , Season 1 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lux Video Theatre , Season 6 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Playhouse '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Millionaire , Season 2 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lux Video Theatre , Season 7 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Wyman Theater '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Matinee Theater '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Studio 57 , Season 2 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Studio 57 , Season 4 '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Schlitz Playhouse of Stars '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` On Trial : The Joseph Cotten Show '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Mason '' . Classic TV Archive . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) William Hopper on IMDb William Hopper at the Internet Broadway Database William Hopper at Find a Grave William Hopper at Aveleyman VIAF : 66091327 LCCN : no98088322 ISNI : 0000 0001 1767 7139 BNF : cb15971509k ( data ) IATH : w64c0j7m Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Hopper&oldid=808834405 '' Categories : 1915 births 1970 deaths 20th - century American male actors Male actors from New York City American male child actors American male film actors American male silent film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American military personnel of World War II Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park Deaths from pneumonia Infectious disease deaths in California United States Navy personnel Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. William Hopper - American actor
2. Film career in the 1930s and '40s
3. Military service during World War II
4. Role as Paul Drake in Perry Mason
5. Death and burial in Palm Springs, California
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-1,769,213,031,560,524,800 |
when was on the good ship lollipop written
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On the Good Ship Lollipop - wikipedia On the Good Ship Lollipop Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Shirley Temple Published 1934 Composer ( s ) Richard A. Whiting Lyricist ( s ) Sidney Clare `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' was the signature song of child actress Shirley Temple . Temple first sang it in the 1934 movie Bright Eyes . The song was composed by Richard A. Whiting and the lyrics were supplied by Sidney Clare . In the song , the `` Good Ship Lollipop '' travels to a candy land . The `` ship '' referred to in the song is an aircraft ; the scene in Bright Eyes , where the song appears , takes place on a taxiing American Airlines Douglas DC - 2 . 400,000 copies of the sheet music , published by Sam Fox Publishing Company were sold , and a recording by Mae Questel ( the cartoon voice of Betty Boop and Olive Oyl ) reputedly sold more than two million copies . In 2004 it finished at # 69 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shirley Temple Black , child star who became diplomat , dies at 85 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Remembering Shirley Temple in song , from ' Good Ship Lollipop ' to ' Animal Crackers in My Soup ' '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5 films in which Shirley Temple shined - Washington Times '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Curiously , in the film the floor of the airplane appears to be level , even though the DC - 2 is a taildragger , and in real life it would be quite difficult to walk up and down the steeply sloped aisle while the plane is parked or taxiing . ^ Jump up to : Boyes , Laura . `` Bright Eyes ( 1934 ) '' . Moviediva . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick ( 8 January 1998 ) . `` Mae Questel , 89 , Behind Betty Boop and Olive Oyl '' . The New York Times . p. 9 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> Shirley Temple <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Songs `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` Animal Crackers in My Soup '' `` Goodnight My Love '' Related John Agar ( first husband ) Charles Alden Black ( second husband ) Lori Black ( daughter ) Shirley Temple , The Youngest , Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time Shirley Temple 's Storybook Shirley Temple ( beverage ) Baby Burlesks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Good_Ship_Lollipop&oldid=788492048 '' Categories : Songs from musicals 1934 songs Songs with music by Richard A. Whiting Songs about aviation Music published by Bourne Co . Music Publishers Songs with lyrics by Sidney Clare Shirley Temple Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "On the Good Ship Lollipop" - signature song of Shirley Temple
2. Child actress Shirley Temple
3. Richard A. Whiting - composer of the song
4. Sidney Clare - lyricist of the song
5. Bright Eyes - 1934 movie where the song was first sung by Shirley Temple
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8,580,103,838,450,193,000 |
and i miss you like the desert miss the rain everything but the girl
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Missing ( Everything But the Girl song ) - wikipedia Missing ( Everything But the Girl song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Missing '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Everything but the Girl <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Amplified Heart B - side `` Remix '' Released 8 August 1994 16 October 1995 ( Todd Terry remix ) Format 12 '' maxi CD single CD maxi Recorded 1993 - 1994 Genre House electronica Length 4 : 04 Label Blanco Y Negro ( UK ) Atlantic ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Tracey Thorn , Ben Watt Producer ( s ) Ben Watt Todd Terry <Th_colspan="2"> Everything but the Girl singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Rollercoaster '' ( 1994 ) `` Missing '' ( 1994 ) `` Walking Wounded '' ( 1996 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Rollercoaster '' ( 1994 ) `` Missing '' ( 1994 / 1995 ) `` Walking Wounded '' ( 1996 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Missing '' on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> Everything but the Girl -- `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Club Mix ) file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` Missing '' is a song by British popular music duo Everything but the Girl , taken from their eighth studio album Amplified Heart ( 1994 ) . It was written by the two band members , Tracey Thorn and Ben Watt , and was produced by Watt . It was taken as the second single off the album on 8 August 1994 by Atlantic Records and Blanco Y Negro Records . It initially did not achieve much success . It was remixed by Todd Terry and re-released in 1995 , resulting in a worldwide hit , peaking near the top of the charts in many countries . Musically the song takes in multiple genres . The version from the album is a more low - tempo influenced song , while the remix version is a more up - tempo dance - pop song . Lyrically the song talks about one person missing the other because they have moved away . `` Missing '' was critically acclaimed by the majority of music critics , who praised the composition and generally considered it a highlight on the album . The release of the remixed version of `` Missing '' gave an indication of the band 's future experimentation with more electronic dance music on subsequent albums . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Impact and legacy 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 7 Track listings 8 Official versions 9 Charts and sales 9.1 Peak positions 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Cover versions 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Prior to `` Missing '' , Everything but the Girl was most known as an indie band ; as with many UK bands of the era , their music had folk and jazz leanings . They had released eight albums prior to Amplified Heart and had a number - three UK singles chart success in 1988 ( `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ) , but were relatively unknown in the United States . `` Missing '' was recorded as a relaxed - sounding guitar - based popular music song that had earned modest broadcasting airplay on US Adult Contemporary radio . The duo gave the track to house music producer Todd Terry to remix for nightclubs . Tracey Thorn later explained to Rolling Stone that the song was originally intended as a dance - oriented track : It was written with that idea in mind , totally ... we put on sort of a laid back house groove instead . Then when we gave it to Todd , he took it in a really , really strong New York house direction , which had a real simplicity to it , but it was very infectious . Composition ( edit ) According to the music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , `` Missing '' is written in the key of A Minor . In vocal range , Thorn 's vocals span from the key note of E4 to the key note of G5 . The song is set in common time and has a beat of 128 beats per minute . According to Dusk411 , the stated that the lyrical content `` searches for a lost love . '' Musically , he said the song opens with `` Panic - stricken synths ( ... ) settling a desperate tone . '' He later said `` The rattled arrangement first trembles and then hardens from the numbness . While the Todd Terry remix improves significantly on the original , it 's still stereotypical dance . Other than the remiscient synth which appears to express shock , the remix sticks to the drum machine / synth formula of the genre . '' Lauren Barnett from The Guardian recalled the style of music as `` monochrome electronic beats . '' Toponehitwonders.com had said the remix `` Add ( s ) a pulsing disco beat that sounds equally at home . '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` Missing '' was generally acclaimed by music critics . Billboard wrote about the song : `` Lifted from the gorgeous `` Amplified Heart '' album , this forlorn love song is bolstered by a springy retro - pop arrangement that is brilliantly tweaked into a credible dance confection by post-producer Todd Terry . Singer Tracey Thorn 's performance is a study in affecting , but restrained emotion , and the chorus instantly sticks to the brain . '' The Gavin Report wrote : `` What a difference a few months and a remix can make . Miami is where `` Missing '' has busted big , and where requests tell the story of how broad the appeal of the song really is . Track two , the remix edit , is the one to check out . '' And Network 40 described the song as `` A very exciting uptempo groover from this debut artist . '' Dusk411 commented on Thorns vocals saying `` ( Thorn 's ) despondent , lonesome vocals long for the simplicity and ease of her young adulthood . She 's hopeless and knows now she ca n't go back . It just hurts he moved on without a thought . '' He concluded saying `` The fair `` Missing '' has its moments , showing potential for both EBTG and Terry . '' Allmusic was very positive , highlighting the song as an album standout and rated the song 4 stars out of 5 . In 2011 , Fedde le Grand remixed the song and DJ Ron Slomowicz from About.com listed the song as Song of the Day . He said `` Tracey 's mournful voice fit perfectly over Todd 's house beats to become a club classic and a pop hit around the world . '' Bill Lamb from the same publication ranked the song at top spot on his Top 10 Best Songs of 1996 . He later reviewed the remix saying `` pumps up the tempo , adds some beats but thankfully stays true to the original . '' Toponehitwonders.com . was very positive stating `` `` Missing '' ( ... ) is a tremendous pop song . One of the best of the 1990s . In fact , I would place it in the same company as `` You Get What You Give '' by New Radicals as a nearly perfect pop song . '' They later complimented the chorus , catchy hook and vocal performance by Thorn . Impact and legacy ( edit ) Mixmag ranked the song number 21 in its 100 Greatest Dance Singles Of All Time list in 1996 s . MTV Dance placed `` Missing '' at # 8 in their list of The 100 Biggest 90 's Dance Anthems Of All Time in November 2011 . Chart performance ( edit ) The resulting dance version of `` Missing '' became a worldwide success , matching Everything But the Girl 's best UK chart score of number three in November 1995 and scoring number one on the German singles chart . The song became the duo 's first and only US Top 40 entry on the Billboard Hot 100 , entering at # 94 for the week ending August 12 , 1995 . After a long climb , it peaked at number two during 1996 ( in its 28th chart week ) behind the sixteen - week number - one reign of `` One Sweet Day '' , a duet between Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men . `` Missing '' eventually scored 55 weeks on the chart ( a record at the time which has since been broken -- the single is today the 11th - longest charting song on the US Hot 100 ) . One record it has retained is that `` Missing '' was the first ever single to spend an uninterrupted year on the US Hot 100 . On Radio & Records magazine 's CHR / Pop ( Mainstream Top 40 ) tracks chart , `` Missing '' spent four weeks at number one , and was ranked as the number one song of the year for 1996 . The original album version of `` Missing '' also received airplay on adult contemporary and smooth jazz radio stations in the United States . Even with its success in the mainstream and in nightclubs , ironically with the remix , the song never entered the US Hot Dance Club Play chart . Everything but the Girl would eventually amass four US dance chart number - ones , with singles released after `` Missing '' , one of which , `` Wrong , '' was the duo 's only other single to reach the Billboard Hot 100 . In addition to this , `` Missing '' spent over 20 weeks on the UK charts on its way to gaining a platinum disc for the duo -- an extremely rare feat for a record that was never a British number one . The song also was successful in Australia and New Zealand . It peaked at number 2 in Australia staying in the charts for twenty - three weeks . It has similar success in New Zealand , peaking at 14 on the charts and stayed in the charts for fourteen weeks . The song eventually peaked inside the top ten in many European countries , including Switzerland , Austria , France , the Netherlands , Belgium ( both Wallonia and Flanders ) , Sweden and Norway . To date , it is the group 's most successful single in the charts . The single has sold three million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) An accompanying music video was shot for the single ( both the original and dance versions ) , featuring both Thorn and Watt in an apartment , having split up but them missing each other . It also features Thorn walking around Balham and Clapham South . Track listings ( edit ) CD Promotional Remix Edit - 4 : 09 Album Version - 4 : 04 CD Maxi `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Club Mix ( Blanco / Eternal Radio Edit ) ) -- 3 : 52 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Club Mix ) -- 4 : 58 `` Missing '' ( Rockin ' Blue Mix ) -- 7 : 47 `` Missing '' ( Chris & James Full On Club Mix ) -- 8 : 36 `` Missing '' ( Amplified Heart Album Mix ) -- 4 : 04 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Tee 's Piece ) -- 4 : 34 12 '' Maxi `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry club mix ) -- 4 : 53 `` Missing '' ( Rockin ' blue mix ) -- 7 : 47 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry lite mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry tee 's beat ) -- 2 : 48 `` Missing '' ( Chris & James Full on club mix ) -- 8 : 36 CD Maxi -- Remixes `` Missing '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 04 `` Missing '' ( Little Joey remix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Missing '' ( Chris & James full on club mix ) -- 8 : 35 `` Missing '' ( ultramarine remix ) -- 5 : 26 Official versions ( edit ) `` Missing '' ( Album Version ) / ( Amplified Heart Album Mix ) -- 4 : 04 `` Missing '' ( Chris & James Full On Club Mix ) -- 8 : 35 `` Missing '' ( Little Joey Remix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Missing '' ( Rockin ' Blue Mix ) -- 7 : 47 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Club Mix ) / ( Todd Terry Remix ) -- 4 : 58 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Club Mix -- Blanco / Eternal Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 52 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Lite Mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Remix ) 3 : 55 ( Like The Deserts Miss The Rain Version ) ( new edit by Ben Watt ) `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Tee 's Beat ) -- 2 : 48 `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Tee 's Piece ) -- 4 : 34 `` Missing '' ( Ultramarine Remix ) -- 5 : 26 `` Missing '' ( Powerhouse Mix ) / ( Unreleased CL McSpadden Powerhouse Mix ) -- 7 : 01 ( variation of Todd Terry remix with piano ) `` Missing '' ( Powerhouse Edit ) / ( CL McSpadden Powerhouse Edit ) -- 3 : 58 Charts and sales ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 96 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Dance Singles ( RPM ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Mahasz ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 6 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 70 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 58 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 73 Dutch Top 40 9 French Singles Chart 76 UK Singles Chart 9 Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 7 Austrian Singles Chart 39 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 72 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 17 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 9 Canada Dance ( RPM ) 8 French Singles Chart 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Swiss Singles Chart 24 US Billboard Hot 100 12 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales certified Australia Platinum 70,000 France Gold 250,000 Germany Gold 250,000 Norway Gold 5,000 UK Platinum 600,000 US Gold 500,000 Cover versions ( edit ) No Mercy , 1995 Boy , Spanish version ( Te extraño ) , 1996 Jeff Chang , 1996 Discovery , 2001 Mario Lopez vs DJ Headhunter , 2002 Night Shift , 2002 Paradise Lost , 2007 Expatriate , 2007 ATB , 2009 Antonella Lo Coco , 2013 Luca Schreiner featuring Kimberly Anne , 2016 EDX featuring Mingue , 2016 Bedük , 2016 Mark Sixma & Emma Hewitt , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Feldman , Christopher G ( 2000 ) . `` The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles '' . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 . Billboard books . ^ Jump up to : `` Unsupported Browser or Operating System '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : The Bland Is Out There ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Bland Is Out There '' Music Review : Everything But The Girl `` Missing ( Todd ... ) '' . Dusk411.joeuser.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Laura Barnett . `` Everything But the Girl : ' You feel like you 're listening to a different person ' Music The Observer '' . Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard : Single Reviews '' ( PDF ) . Billboard magazine . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( 19 May 1995 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 2055 . p. 54 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream : Music Meeting '' ( PDF ) . Network 40 ( 11 November 1994 , page 20 ) . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Missing - Everything But the Girl Credits '' . AllMusic. 1998 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann ( 1994 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Amplified Heart - Everything But the Girl Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : About.com . Jump up ^ Top 10 Best Songs of 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Everything But the Girl -- Missing `` . Toponehitwonders.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/mixmag.html#single Jump up ^ MTV Dance - Tuesday 27.12. 2011 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1995-08-12 Jump up ^ Missing Songfacts ^ Jump up to : `` Missing '' , in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved 7 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ http://thequietus.com/articles/09091-everything-but-the-girl-interview Jump up ^ ON ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Everything but the girl - Missing - Video Dailymotion '' . Dailymotion.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada dance peak Jump up ^ Billboard February 17 , 1996 . Billboard . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Everything But the Girl : Missing '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Everything But the Girl Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 26.08. 1995 - 01.09. 1995 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Irish Singles Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved 7 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Everything But the Girl '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Everything But the Girl -- Missing '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles '' ( PDF ) . Cash Box ( 24 February 1996 ) . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ 1995 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1995 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1995 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ 1995 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles 1995 '' . Music Week . 13 January 1996 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ 1996 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1996 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1996 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1996 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1996 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canada Top 50 Dance Tracks of 1996 Jump up ^ 1996 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 17 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1996 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles 1996 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Archived from the original on 2 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ French certifications Disqueenfrance.com Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Missing ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Norwegian certifications Ifpi.no Archived 8 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk Archived 2 October 2012 at WebCite ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ U.S. certifications riaa.com Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 28 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ zh : 夜色 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> hide Everything but the Girl <Td_colspan="2"> Ben Watt Tracey Thorn Discography Studio albums Eden Everything but the Girl Love Not Money Baby , the Stars Shine Bright Idlewild The Language of Life Worldwide Acoustic Amplified Heart Walking Wounded Temperamental Compilation albums Essence & Rare 82 - 92 Home Movies The Best of Everything but the Girl Back to Mine Like the Deserts Miss the Rain Adapt or Die : Ten Years of Remixes The Platinum Collection The Works a 3 CD Retrospective Singles `` Night and Day '' `` Each and Every One '' `` Mine '' `` Native Land '' `` When All 's Well '' `` Angel '' `` Come On Home '' `` Do n't Leave Me Behind '' `` These Early Days ( remix ) '' `` I Always Was Your Girl '' `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' `` Love Is Here Where I Live '' `` Driving '' `` Take Me '' `` Old Friends '' `` Twin Cities '' `` Rollercoaster '' `` Missing '' `` Walking Wounded '' `` Wrong '' `` Single '' `` Before Today '' `` The Future of the Future ( Stay Gold ) '' `` Five Fathoms '' `` Blame '' `` Temperamental '' `` Lullaby of Clubland '' `` Tracey in My Room '' `` Corcovado '' Other notable songs `` I Did n't Know I Was Looking for Love '' Video albums Like the Deserts Miss the Rain Related articles Bedsit Disco Queen Marine Girls Patient <Th_colspan="2"> hide Expatriate <Td_colspan="2"> Ben King Chris Kollias Damian Press Dave Molland Albums In the Midst of This EPs Lovers le Strange Play a Part EP Singles `` Get Out , Give In '' `` The Spaces Between '' `` Killer Kat '' `` Only Wanna Love Ya '' `` Play a Part '' `` Crazy '' `` The Spaces Between '' ( re-issue ) `` Missing '' Other songs `` Sleazy '' Related articles Universal Music Group Dew Process Records John Goodmanson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missing_(Everything_but_the_Girl_song)&oldid=845923561 '' Categories : 1994 singles 1995 singles 1996 singles 2007 singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Everything but the Girl songs Expatriate ( band ) songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Italy No Mercy ( pop band ) songs Blanco y Negro Records singles 1994 songs Atlantic Records singles Songs written by Tracey Thorn Songs written by Ben Watt House music songs Torch songs Songs about betrayal Songs about loneliness Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template webcite links Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Missing" - Everything But the Girl song
2. Amplified Heart - Everything But the Girl album
3. Todd Terry remix - "Missing"
4. Chart performance of "Missing"
5. Music video for "Missing"
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how did the war come to an end in the pacific
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End of World War II in Asia - wikipedia End of World War II in Asia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The end of World War II in Asia occurred on 14 and 15 August 1945 , when armed forces of the Empire of Japan surrendered to the forces of the Allies . The surrender came over three months after the surrender of the Axis forces in Europe and brought an end to World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 2 Final stages 3 Aftermath 3.1 Thailand ( Siam ) 3.2 Occupation of Japan 3.3 International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4 See also 5 References Prelude ( edit ) See also : End of World War II in Europe November 28 , 1943 -- Tehran Conference -- Soviet Union agrees to invade Japan `` after the defeat of Germany '' -- commence stockpiling resources in the Far East . February 4 , 1945 -- Yalta Conference -- Soviet Union agrees to invade Japan within 3 months of German surrender . April 5 , 1945 -- Soviet Union denounces the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact that had been signed on April 13 , 1941 . April 29 , 1945 - Italian Fascist Republican troops , under Rodolfo Graziani 's command , surrender in the `` Rendition of Cazerta '' . May 8 , 1945 -- Germany surrenders July 16 , 1945 -- Potsdam Conference . July 26 , 1945 -- Potsdam Declaration to Japan demanding unconditional surrender . Final stages ( edit ) See also : Pacific War § Final stages , Burma Campaign § Final operations , and Victory over Japan Day August 3 , 1945 -- Soviet General Vasilevskii reported to Stalin that Soviet forces ready for invasion from August 7 . August 6 , 1945 -- An atomic bomb , Little Boy , dropped on Hiroshima from a special B - 29 Superfortress named Enola Gay , flown by Col. Paul Tibbets . It is the first use of atomic weapons in combat . ( Atomic bombing of Hiroshima ) August 8 , 1945 -- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan against the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact . August 9 , 1945 -- Second , and more powerful plutonium implosion atomic bomb , Fat Man , is dropped on Nagasaki from a different Silverplate B - 29 named Bockscar , flown by Maj . Charles Sweeney ( Atomic bombing of Nagasaki ) August 9 , 1945 -- Soviet Armies launch the Soviet invasion of Manchuria . August 10 , 1945 -- The 38th Parallel is set as the delineation between the Soviet and US occupation zones in Korea . August 14 , 1945 ( at noon JST on August 15 , 1945 ) -- Emperor Shōwa 's decree to accept the Potsdam Declaration announced over radio . August 14 , 1945 -- General Douglas MacArthur is appointed to head the occupation forces in Japan . August 16 , 1945 -- Gen. Jonathan Wainwright , a POW since May 6 , 1942 following the surrender of U.S. forces in the Philippines under his command , is released from a POW camp in Manchuria . August 17 , 1945 -- Japanese IGHQ issues formal cease - fire in Manchuria . August 17 , 1945 -- General MacArthur issues General Order No. 1 . August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet Army invades Karafuto on southern Sakhalin Island . August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet amphibious landings in northern Korea . August 18 , 1945 -- Japanese pilots attack two Consolidated B - 32 Dominators of the 386th Bomb Squadron , 312th Bomb Group , on a photo reconnaissance mission over Japan . Sgt . Anthony Marchione , 19 , a photographer 's assistant on the B - 32 Hobo Queen II , was fatally wounded in the attack . Marchione would be the last American killed in air combat in the Second World War . August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet invasion of the Kuril Islands begins with amphibious landings on Shumshu . August 19 , 1945 -- Kwantung Army HQ transmit capitulation order to Japanese troops in Manchuria . August 23 , 1945 -- Last Japanese troops on Shumshu surrender to Soviet forces . August 25 , 1945 -- Japanese surrender in Karafuto ( south Sakhalin Island ) . August 27 , 1945 -- B - 29s drop supplies to Allied POWs in China . August 29 , 1945 -- The Soviets shoot down a B - 29 Superfortress dropping supplies to POWs in Korea August 29 , 1945 -- U.S. troops land near Tokyo to begin the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers . August 30 , 1945 -- The United Kingdom reoccupies Hong Kong . September 2 , 1945 -- Formal Japanese surrender ceremony aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay ; U.S. President Harry S. Truman declares VJ Day . Aftermath ( edit ) See also : South East Asia Command § Post -- World War II September 2 , 1945 -- The Japanese garrison in Penang surrenders , while the British retake Penang under Operation Jurist . September 3 , 1945 -- The Japanese commander in the Philippines , Gen. Yamashita , surrenders to Gen. Wainwright at Baguio . September 4 , 1945 -- Japanese troops on Wake Island surrender . September 5 , 1945 -- The British land in Singapore . September 5 , 1945 -- The Soviets complete their occupation of the Kuril Islands . September 6 , 1945 - Japanese forces in Rabaul surrender . September 8 , 1945 -- MacArthur enters Tokyo . September 8 , 1945 -- U.S. forces land at Incheon to occupy Korea south of the 38th Parallel September 9 , 1945 -- Japanese in China surrender . September 9 , 1945 -- Japanese in Korea surrender . September 10 , 1945 - Japanese in Labuan surrender . September 11 , 1945 - Japanese in Sarawak surrender . September 12 , 1945 - Japanese in Singapore surrender . September 13 , 1945 -- Japanese in Burma surrender . September 14 , 1945 - Japanese in Celebes surrender . September 16 , 1945 - Japanese in Hong Kong formally surrender . October 25 , 1945 -- Japanese in Taiwan surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek as part of General Order No. 1 , which later led to the ambiguous and unresolved political status of Taiwan . Thailand ( siam ) ( edit ) After Japan 's defeat in 1945 , with the help of Seri Thai , Thailand was treated as a defeated country by the British and French , although American support mitigated the Allied terms . Thailand was not occupied by the Allies , but it was forced to return the territory it had regained to the British and the French . In the postwar period Thailand had relations with the United States , which it saw as a protector from the communist revolutions in neighbouring countries . Occupation of Japan ( edit ) At the end of World War II , Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers , led by the United States with contributions also from Australia , India , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the island nation had been occupied by a foreign power . The San Francisco Peace Treaty , signed on September 8 , 1951 , marked the end of the Allied occupation , and after it came into force on April 28 , 1952 , Japan was once again an independent country . International military tribunal for the Far East ( edit ) Main article : International Military Tribunal for the Far East During the occupation , leading Japanese war crime charges were reserved for those who participated in a joint conspiracy to start and wage war , termed `` Class A '' ( crimes against peace ) , and were brought against those in the highest decision - making bodies ; `` Class B '' crimes were reserved for those who committed `` conventional '' atrocities or crimes against humanity ; `` Class C '' crimes were reserved for those in `` the planning , ordering , authorization , or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure . '' Twenty - eight Japanese military and political leaders were charged with Class A crimes , and more than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class B and C crimes , mostly entailing prisoner abuse . China held 13 tribunals of its own , resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions . The Japanese Emperor Hirohito and all members of the imperial family such as Prince Asaka , were not prosecuted for involvement in any the three categories of crimes . Herbert Bix explains that `` the Truman administration and General MacArthur both believed the occupation reforms would be implemented smoothly if they used Hirohito to legitimise their changes . '' As many as 50 suspects , such as Nobusuke Kishi , who later became Prime Minister , and Yoshisuke Aikawa , head of the zaibatsu Nissan Group , and future leader of the Chuseiren ( a body representing small and medium - sized Japanese companies ) were charged but released without ever being brought to trial in 1947 and 1948 . Shiro Ishii received immunity in exchange for data gathered from his experiments on live prisoners . The lone dissenting judge to exonerate all indictees was Indian jurist Radhabinod Pal . The tribunal was adjourned on 12 November 1948 . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II Japanese holdout Aftermath of World War II References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roblin , Sébastien ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` The B - 32 Waged America 's Last Air Battle in World War II ( After the War Ended ) '' . The National Interest . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 -- via Yahoo.com . Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , pp. 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , pp. 33 , 34 . Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art . `` Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History : Japan , 1900 a.d. -- present '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert P. Bix '' . HarperCollins US . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia&oldid=843357126 '' Categories : Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II World War II operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre South West Pacific theatre of World War II Japanese home islands campaign Chronology of World War II Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 16 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. End of World War II in Asia
2. Surrender of Japan
3. Occupation of Japan
4. International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5. Aftermath of World War II in Asia
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-8,143,967,475,611,663,000 |
how many original chicago band members are there
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Chicago ( band ) - wikipedia Chicago ( band ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Chicago Transit Authority '' redirects here . For the mass transit operator in Chicago , see Chicago Transit Authority . For the band 's debut album , see Chicago Transit Authority ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chicago <Td_colspan="2"> Chicago in 2004 ( l -- r ) : Howland , Pankow , Champlin , Parazaider , Imboden , Loughnane , Scheff and Lamm ( behind Scheff ) <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Also known as The Big Thing , The Chicago Transit Authority Origin Chicago , Illinois , United States Genres Soft rock jazz rock progressive rock Years active 1967 -- present Labels Columbia Warner Bros . Full Moon Rhino Reprise Chicago Records / Chicago Records II Frontier Records Associated acts The Beach Boys The Doobie Brothers Earth , Wind & Fire Sons of Champlin Website Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Members Robert Lamm Lee Loughnane James Pankow Walter Parazaider Tris Imboden Keith Howland Lou Pardini Ray Herrmann Walfredo Reyes Jr . Jeff Coffey <Th_colspan="2"> Past members Danny Seraphine Peter Cetera Terry Kath Laudir de Oliveira Donnie Dacus Chris Pinnick Bill Champlin Jason Scheff Dawayne Bailey Drew Hester Daniel de los Reyes Chicago is an American rock band formed in 1967 in Chicago , Illinois . The self - described `` rock and roll band with horns '' began as a politically charged , sometimes experimental , rock band and later moved to a predominantly softer sound , generating several hit ballads . The group had a steady stream of hits throughout the 1970s and 1980s . Since at least 2008 , Billboard has shown Chicago to be the `` greatest of all time '' American band in singles chart success , and since 2015 , the `` greatest of all time '' American band in album chart success as well . Chicago is one of the longest - running and most successful rock groups , and one of the world 's best - selling groups of all time , having sold more than 100 million records . In 1971 , Chicago was the first rock act to sell out Carnegie Hall for a week . According to Billboard , Chicago was the leading singles charting group in the United States during the 1970s . They have sold over 40 million units in the U.S. , with 23 gold , 18 platinum , and 8 multi-platinum albums . They have had five consecutive number - one albums on the Billboard 200 and 19 top - ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016 . In 2017 , original band members Peter Cetera , Robert Lamm , and James Pankow were elected to the Songwriters Hall of Fame for their songwriting efforts as members of the music group . Contents ( hide ) 1 Group history 1.1 Chicago Transit Authority and early success 1.2 The 1970s : Chicago 1.2. 1 Death of Terry Kath and transition 1.3 The 1980s : changing sound 1.3. 1 Peter Cetera 's departure 1.4 The 1990s : more changes and Stone of Sisyphus 1.5 The 2000s 1.6 2010 to present 2 Graphics 3 Personnel 3.1 Lineups 4 Timeline 5 Discography 5.1 Studio albums 5.2 Live albums 6 Awards and honors 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Group history ( edit ) Chicago Transit Authority and early success ( edit ) The original band membership consisted of saxophonist Walter Parazaider , guitarist Terry Kath , drummer Danny Seraphine , trombonist James Pankow , trumpet player Lee Loughnane , and keyboardist / singer Robert Lamm . Parazaider , Kath , Seraphine , Pankow and Loughnane met in 1967 while students at DePaul University . Lamm was recruited from Roosevelt University . The group of six called themselves `` The Big Thing '' , and played top 40 hits . Realizing the need for both a tenor to complement baritone s Lamm and Kath , and a bass player because Lamm 's use of organ bass pedals did not provide `` adequate bass sound '' , they added local tenor and bassist Peter Cetera . While gaining some success as a cover band , the group began working on original songs . In June 1968 , at manager James William Guercio 's request , The Big Thing moved to Los Angeles , California , and signed with Columbia Records . The band changed its name to `` Chicago Transit Authority '' . It was while performing on a regular basis at the Whisky a Go Go nightclub in West Hollywood that the band got exposure to more famous musical artists of the time . Subsequently , they were the opening act for Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix . As related to group biographer , William James Ruhlmann , by Walt Parazaider , Jimi Hendrix once told Parazaider , `` ' Jeez , your horn players are like one set of lungs and your guitar player is better than me . ' '' Their first record ( April 1969 ) , the eponymous Chicago Transit Authority , is a double album , which is rare for a band 's first release . The album made it to number 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart , sold over one million copies by 1970 , and was awarded a platinum disc . The album included a number of pop - rock songs -- `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' , `` Beginnings '' , `` Questions 67 and 68 '' , and `` I 'm a Man '' -- which were later released as singles . For this inaugural recording effort the group was nominated for a Grammy Award for 1969 Best New Artist of the Year . After the release of their first album , the band 's name was shortened to Chicago to avoid legal action being threatened by the actual mass - transit company of the same name . The 1970s : Chicago ( edit ) The band released a second album , titled Chicago ( retroactively known as Chicago II ) , which is another double - LP . The album 's centerpiece track is a seven - part , 13 - minute suite composed by Pankow called `` Ballet for a Girl in Buchannon '' . The suite yielded two top ten hits : `` Make Me Smile '' ( No. 9 U.S. ) and `` Colour My World '' , both sung by Kath . Among the other tracks on the album : Lamm 's dynamic but cryptic `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( Chicago 's first Top 5 hit ) , which is a reference to a songwriter trying to write at 25 or 26 minutes before 4 o'clock in the morning , and was sung by Cetera with Terry Kath on guitar ; the lengthy war - protest song `` It Better End Soon '' ; and , at the end , Cetera 's 1969 moon landing - inspired `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' The double - LP album 's inner cover includes the playlist , the entire lyrics to `` It Better End Soon '' , and two declarations : `` This endeavor should be experienced sequentially '' , and , `` With this album , we dedicate ourselves , our futures and our energies to the people of the revolution . And the revolution in all of its forms . '' The album was a commercial success , rising to number four on the Billboard 200 , and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1970 , and platinum in 1991 . The band was nominated for two Grammy Awards as a result of this album , Album of the Year , and Best Contemporary Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus . Chicago III , another double LP , was released in 1971 and charted at number two on the Billboard 200 . Two singles were released from it : `` Free '' from Lamm 's `` Travel Suite '' , which charted at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; and `` Lowdown '' , written by Cetera and Seraphine , which made it to number 40 . The album was certified gold by the RIAA in February , 1971 , and platinum in November , 1986 . The band released LPs at a rate of at least one album per year from their third album in 1971 on through the 1970s . During this period , the group 's album titles primarily consisted of the band 's name followed by a Roman numeral , indicating the album 's sequence in their canon . The exceptions to this scheme were the band 's fourth album , a live boxed set entitled Chicago at Carnegie Hall , their twelfth album Hot Streets , and the Arabic - numbered Chicago 13 . While the live album itself did not bear a number , the four discs within the set were numbered Volumes I through IV . In 1971 , the band released Chicago at Carnegie Hall Volumes I , II , III , and IV , a quadruple LP , consisting of live performances , mostly of music from their first three albums , from a week - long run at Carnegie Hall . Chicago was the first rock act to sell out a week at Carnegie Hall and the live recording was made to chronicle that milestone . Along with the four vinyl discs , the packaging contained some strident political messaging about how `` We ( youth ) can change The System '' , including wall posters and voter registration information . The album went gold `` out of the box '' and on to multi-platinum status . William James Ruhlmann says Chicago at Carnegie Hall was `` perhaps '' the best - selling box set by a rock act and held that record for 15 years . Drummer Danny Seraphine attributes the fact that none of Chicago 's first four albums were issued on single LPs to the productive creativity of this period and the length of the jazz - rock pieces . In 1972 the band released its first single - disc release , Chicago V , which reached number one on both the Billboard pop and jazz album charts . It features `` Saturday in the Park '' , written by Robert Lamm , which mixes everyday life and political yearning in a more subtle way . It peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1972 . The second single released from the album was the Lamm - composed `` Dialogue ( Part I & II ) '' , which featured a musical `` debate '' between a political activist ( sung by Kath ) and a blasé college student ( sung by Cetera ) . It peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In 1973 , Guercio produced and directed Electra Glide in Blue , a film about an Arizona motorcycle policeman . The film stars Robert Blake and features Cetera , Kath , Loughnane , and Parazaider in supporting roles . The group also appears prominently on the film 's soundtrack . Other albums and singles followed in each of the succeeding years . 1973 's Chicago VI was the first of several albums to include Brazilian jazz percussionist Laudir de Oliveira and saw Cetera emerge as the main lead singer . According to William James Ruhlmann , de Oliveira was a `` sideman '' on Chicago VI , and became an official member of the group in 1974 . Chicago VI featured two top ten singles , `` Just You ' n ' Me '' , written by Pankow , and `` Feelin ' Stronger Every Day '' , written by Pankow and Cetera . Chicago VII was the band 's double - disc 1974 release . Three singles were released from this album : `` ( I 've Been ) Searchin ' So Long '' , written by Pankow , and `` Call On Me '' , written by Loughnane , which both made it into the top ten ; and the Beach Boys - infused `` Wishing You Were Here '' , written by Cetera , which peaked at number eleven . Their 1975 release , Chicago VIII , featured the political allegory `` Harry Truman '' ( No. 13 , Billboard Top 100 chart ) and the nostalgic Pankow - composed `` Old Days '' ( No. 5 , Billboard Top 100 chart ) . That summer also saw a joint tour across America with the Beach Boys , with the two acts performing separately , then coming together for a finale . Chicago VI , VII and VIII all made it to number one on the Billboard 200 , all were certified gold the years they were released , and all have since been certified platinum . Chicago VI was certified two times multi-platinum in 1986 . Chicago IX : Chicago 's Greatest Hits was released in 1975 and became the band 's fifth consecutive number - one album on the Billboard 200 . 1976 's Chicago X features Cetera 's ballad `` If You Leave Me Now '' , which held the top spot in the U.S. charts for two weeks and the UK charts for three weeks . It was the group 's first number one single , and won Chicago their only Grammy Award to date , the 1976 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus , at the 19th Annual Grammy Awards held on February 19 , 1977 . The single was certified gold by the RIAA the same year of its release . The song almost did not make the cut for the album . `` If You Leave Me Now '' was recorded at the very last minute . The success of the song , according to William James Ruhlmann , foreshadowed a later reliance on ballads . The album was commercially successful . It reached number three on the Billboard 200 , was certified both gold and platinum by the RIAA the same year of its release and two times multi-platinum since , and was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . At the 4th Annual American Music Awards , a fan - voted awards show , held January 31 , 1977 , Chicago won the award for Favorite Pop / Rock Band / Duo / Group , the group 's first of two American Music Awards they have received . The group 's 1977 release , Chicago XI , includes Cetera 's ballad `` Baby , What a Big Surprise '' , a No. 4 U.S. hit which became the group 's last top 10 hit of the decade . Chicago XI performed well commercially , peaking at number six on the Billboard 200 , and reaching platinum status during the year of its release . Death of Terry Kath and transition ( edit ) The year 1978 began with a split with Guercio . Then on January 23 of that same year , Kath died of an accidental , self - inflicted gunshot wound from a gun he thought was unloaded . Doc Severinson , who was the bandleader for The Tonight Show at the time and a friend of the group , visited them after Kath 's funeral and encouraged them to continue . According to writer Jim Jerome , the visit `` snapped them back '' and helped them make the decision to carry on . After auditioning over 30 potential replacements for Kath , Chicago decided upon guitarist and singer - songwriter Donnie Dacus . While filming for the musical Hair , he joined the band in April 1978 just in time for the Hot Streets album . Its energetic lead - off single , `` Alive Again '' , brought Chicago back to the Top 15 ; Pankow wrote it `` originally as a love song but ultimately as recognition of Kath 's guiding spirit shining down from above . '' The 1978 album Hot Streets was produced by Phil Ramone . It was Chicago 's first album with a title rather than a number ; and was the band 's first LP to have a picture of the band ( shot by photographer Norman Seeff ) featured prominently on the cover ( with the ubiquitous logo downsized ) . These two moves were seen by many as indications that the band had changed following Kath 's death . To a degree , the band returned to the old naming scheme on its subsequent releases , although most titles would now bear Arabic numerals rather than Roman numerals . Hot Streets , the band 's 12th album , peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard charts ; it was Chicago 's first release since their debut to fail to make the Top 10 . The release also marked a move somewhat away from the jazz - rock direction favored by Kath and towards more pop songs and ballads . Dacus stayed with the band through the 1979 album Chicago 13 , and is also featured in a promotional video on the DVD included in the Rhino Records Chicago box set from 2003 . Again produced by Ramone , it was the group 's first studio album not to contain a Top 40 hit . Dacus departed from the band shortly after the album 's release . The 1980s : changing sound ( edit ) Chicago XIV ( 1980 ) , produced by Tom Dowd , relegated the horn section to the background on a number of tracks , and the album 's two singles failed to make the Top 40 . Chris Pinnick joined the band to play guitar and remained through 1985 , and the band were also augmented by saxophone player Marty Grebb on the subsequent tour . The album peaked at number 71 on the Billboard 200 , and failed to reach gold certification by the RIAA . Believing the band to no longer be commercially viable , Columbia Records dropped them from its roster in 1981 and released a second `` Greatest Hits '' volume ( also known as Chicago XV ) later that year to fulfill its contractual obligation . In late 1981 , the band had a new producer ( David Foster ) , a new label ( Warner Bros. Records ) , and the addition of keyboardist , guitarist , and singer Bill Champlin ( Sons of Champlin ) . Percussionist Laudir de Oliveira and Marty Grebb departed from the band . During Foster 's stewardship , less of an emphasis was placed on the band 's horn - based sound , being replaced by lush power ballads , which became Chicago 's style during the 1980s . The new sound brought more singles success to the band . For the 1982 album Chicago 16 , the band worked with composers from outside the group for the first time , and Foster brought in studio musicians for some tracks ( including the core members of Toto ) , and used new technology ( such as synthesizers ) to `` update '' and streamline the sound , further pushing back the horn section , and in some cases not even using them at all . The band did return to the charts with the Cetera - sung ballad `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry / Get Away '' , which is featured in the soundtrack of the Daryl Hannah film Summer Lovers . Co-written by Cetera and David Foster , `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' was the group 's second single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and brought them a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Chicago 16 reached both gold and platinum status during the year of its release , and went to number nine on the Billboard 200 album chart . 1984 's Chicago 17 became the biggest selling album of the band 's history , certified by the RIAA in 1997 as six times multi-platinum . The album produced two more Top Ten ( both No. 3 ) singles , `` You 're the Inspiration '' , written by Cetera and David Foster , and `` Hard Habit to Break '' , written by Steve Kipner and John Lewis Parker . The single , `` Hard Habit to Break '' , brought two more Grammy Award nominations for the band , for Record of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . The album included two other singles : `` Stay the Night '' ( No. 16 ) , another composition by Cetera and Foster ; and `` Along Comes a Woman '' ( No. 14 ) , written by Cetera and Mark Goldenberg . Peter 's brother , Kenny Cetera , who had provided background vocals on the Chicago 17 album , was brought into the group for the 17 tour to add percussion and high harmony vocals . By 1985 , the band was embracing the newest medium , the music video channel MTV , by releasing music videos for four songs . They featured a track titled `` Good for Nothing '' on the 1985 global activist album , We Are the World . As contributors to the album , along with all other artists who were on the album , the band received its last nomination for a Grammy Award , for Album of the Year . At the 13th Annual American Music Awards , held January 27 , 1986 , Chicago won the award for Favorite Pop / Rock Band / Duo / Group for the second time . It is the last American Music Award the band has received . Peter Cetera 's departure ( edit ) Concurrently with Chicago 's existing career , lead vocalist Peter Cetera had begun a solo career . He proposed an arrangement with the band where they would take hiatuses after tours to let him focus on solo work , but the band declined . Cetera ultimately left Chicago in the summer of 1985 . He soon topped the charts with `` Glory of Love '' ( the theme song of the film The Karate Kid Part II ) , and with `` The Next Time I Fall '' ( a duet with Amy Grant ) . Two more songs reached the Top Ten : a 1988 solo hit called `` One Good Woman '' ( No. 4 U.S. ) , and a 1989 duet with Cher called `` After All '' ( No. 6 U.S. ) . In 1992 , Cetera released his fourth studio album , World Falling Down , which earned him three hits on the Adult Contemporary charts , including the single `` Restless Heart '' . Cetera 's former position was filled by bassist and singer - songwriter Jason Scheff , son of Elvis Presley 's bassist Jerry Scheff . Guitarist Chris Pinnick also left the group prior to the recording of the band 's next album . For the final Foster - produced album , Chicago 18 , the band filled Pinnick 's spot with several session guitarists , none of whom became band members . The album was released on September 29 , 1986 , and included the No. 3 single `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' , and Top 20 Pop song `` If She Would Have Been Faithful ... '' , in addition to an updated version of `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' with a video that got airplay on MTV . Soon after the album was recorded , the band hired guitarist Dawayne Bailey , who was fresh off a stint recording and performing in Bob Seger 's Silver Bullet Band . Bailey and Scheff had previously played in bands together , so Scheff introduced Bailey to the band in time for the Chicago 18 tour . For the 1988 release , Chicago 19 , the band had replaced producer Foster with co-producers Ron Nevison , who had recently produced an album for Heart , and Chas Sanford , who had worked with Rod Stewart and Stevie Nicks . They topped the charts again with the Diane Warren - composed single `` Look Away '' . It was the third and last Chicago single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song ultimately was named as the Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 Song of the Year for 1989 . The album also yielded two more Top 10 hits , `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' and `` You 're Not Alone '' , both with Champlin singing solo lead for the first time , and the Scheff - sung number 55 single , `` We Can Last Forever , '' in addition to including the original version of a Top 5 single titled `` What Kind Of Man Would I Be ? '' . The latter , also sung by Scheff , was remixed for inclusion on the band 's forthcoming greatest hits record ( and twentieth album ) , Greatest Hits 1982 -- 1989 , and it was this version that became a hit . The 1990s : more changes and Stone of Sisyphus ( edit ) Main article : Chicago XXXII : Stone of Sisyphus The beginning of the 1990s brought yet another departure . Original drummer Danny Seraphine left Chicago in May 1990 . Seraphine was succeeded by Tris Imboden , a longtime drummer with Kenny Loggins and former session drummer with Peter Cetera . Imboden made his first appearance on the 1991 album Twenty 1 with a fragment of band 's logo , which yielded an eleven - week stretch on Billboard , a peak at No. 66 , and the song `` Chasin ' the Wind '' which peaked at No. 39 . Twenty 1 would be their last released album of original music for fifteen years . The band was recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on July 23 , 1992 . In 1993 , Chicago wrote and recorded their 22nd album Stone of Sisyphus . This album was to have marked their return to their traditional composition of the 1970s , emphasizing major horn accompaniment . However , following a reorganization of the record company , the new executives at Reprise Records ( now part of the newly formed Warner Music Group ) rejected the completed album . It remained unpublished for fifteen years , aside from bootleg tapes and Internet files . This contributed to the parting of the band from the record label . The band was dismayed by the failure of the label . Upset with the shelving of the album , Dawayne Bailey left the group in late 1994 , leading to many years of debates and conjecture about the events surrounding the recordings . It was also suggested some years later that the band 's management was negotiating with the label regarding a licensing of the extensive Chicago back catalog , and when those talks stalled , the label apparently retaliated by scrapping the project . The album eventually saw an expanded release on Rhino Records in June 2008 to favorable reviews from both fans and critics and made it to No. 122 on the album charts . After finishing their 1994 tour , and after signing with the Warner Bros. Records ' imprint label Giant Records , they released their 1995 album Night & Day : Big Band , consisting of covers of songs originally recorded by Sarah Vaughan , Glenn Miller , and Duke Ellington . Session guitarist Bruce Gaitsch handled the guitar work and the album featured guest appearances by Paul Shaffer of David Letterman fame , and Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry . In early 1995 Keith Howland , who had been a studio musician and stage hand based in Los Angeles , was recruited as Chicago 's new permanent guitarist . In 1998 , Chicago released Chicago XXV : The Christmas Album and a live album in 1999 , Chicago XXVI . The 2000s ( edit ) In 2000 , the band licensed their entire recorded output to Rhino Records , after having recorded it at Columbia Records and Warner Bros. Records . In 2002 , Rhino released a two - disc compilation , The Very Best of Chicago : Only The Beginning , which spanned the band 's career . The compilation made the Top 40 and sold over 2 million copies in the U.S. Rhino also began releasing remastered versions of all of the band 's Columbia - era albums . On March 21 , 2006 , their first all - new studio album since Twenty 1 arrived with Chicago XXX . It was produced by Jay DeMarcus , bassist / vocalist with the country trio Rascal Flatts , who was a long - time fan of Chicago and had cited the group as an influence on him as a musician in a previous fan letter to Jason Scheff . It also marked the first time the band 's music was available as a digital download . The album peaked at No. 41 in the U.S. , spawning two minor adult contemporary hits : `` Feel '' and `` Love Will Come Back '' . Two songs from this album , `` Feel '' and `` Caroline '' , were performed live during Chicago 's fall 2005 tour . Chicago made multi-week appearances at the MGM Grand Las Vegas in March , May and October 2006 . In July 2006 , the band made a series of U.S. appearances with Huey Lewis and the News . On October 2 , 2007 , Rhino Records released the two - disc The Best of Chicago : 40th Anniversary Edition ( Chicago XXXI ) , a new greatest hits compilation spanning their entire forty years , similar to The Very Best of : Only the Beginning , released four years earlier . In 2008 , Stone of Sisyphus -- once known as the aborted Chicago XXII , now listed officially as Chicago XXXII -- was released with an expanded format . In 2009 , Chicago again toured with Earth , Wind & Fire . Drew Hester , who was the percussionist and drummer for the Foo Fighters , joined the band in January 2009 to temporarily fill in for an ill Imboden , and continued with the band as a percussionist upon Imboden 's return later in the year . In August 2009 , Champlin was fired from the band . He was replaced by Grammy - nominated keyboardist Lou Pardini , who had worked with Stevie Wonder and Santana . 2010 to present ( edit ) In 2010 Chicago toured with the Doobie Brothers . A 2011 performance in Chicago became a video for the HDNet cable channel that featured the Doobie Brothers joining Chicago for three encore tunes . The band also appeared on the season nine finale of American Idol . On July 24 , 2011 , the band performed at Red Rocks in Colorado , accompanied by the Colorado Symphony Orchestra . With Chicago XXXIII : O Christmas Three , the band re-teamed with producer Ramone ( he had previously released the new tracks for the expanded Christmas re-release What 's It Gonna Be , Santa ? ) to record a new Christmas album . Dolly Parton was a guest artist on the album , which was released in October 2011 . In the meantime , Rhino released Chicago XXXIV : Live in ' 75 , a two - disc set containing two hours of previously unreleased performances recorded June 24 -- 26 , 1975 at the Capital Centre in Largo , Maryland , featuring the original members of Chicago performing some of their greatest hits up to that point . In 2012 , Chicago and the Doobie Brothers held another joint tour . That same year , Hester left the group shortly before the tour , and was succeeded , first by percussionist Daniel de los Reyes , then by Daniel 's brother and former long - term Santana member , Walfredo Reyes Jr . In 2013 Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , and Walter Parazaider appeared in the HBO movie Clear History as the band Chicago . In late 2013 , the band began releasing singles for a new album , starting with `` Somethin ' Comin ' , I Know '' in August , `` America '' in September , `` Crazy Happy '' in December 2013 , and `` Naked in the Garden of Allah '' in January 2014 . The album , titled Chicago XXXVI : Now , was released on July 4 , 2014 . In 2015 , Chicago was listed among the nominees for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The original lineup was inducted at the 31st annual Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony on April 8 , 2016 along with N.W.A. , Deep Purple , Steve Miller , and Cheap Trick . In February 2016 , it was announced that original drummer Danny Seraphine would join the current lineup of Chicago for the first time in over 25 years for the Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony . Peter Cetera chose not to attend . Terry Kath 's daughter Michelle accepted her father 's award . In July 2016 , Chicago performed on ABC 's Greatest Hits . After taking a temporary leave in May 2016 , citing `` family health reasons '' , it was announced on October 25 , 2016 that Jason Scheff had left Chicago . Jeff Coffey , who had been filling in for Scheff during his absence , was promoted to a full - time member . Touring saxophonist Ray Herrmann also became an official member at that time . In January 2017 , CNN Films aired a 2 - hour biographical documentary film on the group titled Now More Than Ever : The History of Chicago . The film was directed and edited by Peter Pardini , nephew of band member Lou Pardini , and produced by the band , Chicago . The film was the highest rated program in its premiere in the 25 - 54 demographic and has an 8.4 rating on IMDB . The film won the 2016 `` Best of the Fest '' Audience Choice Award at the Sedona International Film Festival . At the 10th Annual Fort Myers Beach Film Festival in 2016 , it won the `` People 's Choice '' award and Peter Pardini won the `` Rising Star Award '' as director and filmmaker . On February 22 , 2017 it was announced that Peter Cetera , Robert Lamm , and James Pankow are among the 2017 Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees for their songwriting efforts as members of the music group , Chicago . The induction event was held Thursday , June 15 at the Marriott Marquis Hotel in New York City . Former percussionist Laudir de Oliveira died of a heart attack while performing onstage in his native Rio de Janeiro . Graphics ( edit ) Upon being renamed from Chicago Transit Authority to Chicago , the band sported a new logo . Its inspiration was found in the design of the Coca - Cola logo , in the attitude of the city of Chicago itself , and in the desire to visually transcend the individual identities of the band 's members . It was designed by the Art Director of Columbia / CBS Records , John Berg , with each album 's graphic art work being done by Nick Fasciano . Berg said , `` The Chicago logo ... was fashioned for me by Nick Fasciano from my sketch . '' The logo would serve as the band 's chief visual icon from Chicago II , onward . In various artistic forms and visual similes , it has been the subject of every subsequent album cover , except the fifteenth album , Greatest Hits , Volume II . For example , it appeared as an American flag on III , a piece of wood on V , a U.S. dollar bill on VI , a leather relief on VII , an embroidered patch on VIII , a chocolate bar on X , a newspaper article on XI , a building on 13 , a fingerprint on XIV , a computer silicon chip on 16 , a parcel on 17 , a mosaic on 18 , and an aquarelle on 19 . Chicago IX 's incarnation was a caricature of the band itself , in the shape of the logo . The album cover series has endured as a cataloged work of art in its own right , described by Paul Nini of the American Institute of Graphic Arts as a `` real landmark in record cover design '' . In 2013 , the iconic status of Chicago 's album art was featured in a New York art museum exhibit , which centered upon ninety - five album covers completely selected from John Berg 's career portfolio of hundreds . Having overseen the design of approximately fourteen Chicago album covers across more than twenty years , Berg stated that this artistic success resulted from the combination of Chicago 's `` unique situation '' and his position in `` the best possible job at the best possible time to have that job , at the center of the graphic universe '' . Berg won the 1976 Grammy Award for Best Album Package for Chicago X , one of four Grammy Awards he won in his lifetime . The book titled Type and Image : The Language of Graphic Design described the logo as `` a warm vernacular form , executed in thick script letters with Victorian swashes in the tradition of sports teams and orange crate labels . '' The book mentions the cultural and material background of the city of Chicago as inspiration for the logo ; for example , describing the leather embossing of Chicago VII as representative of the great fire and the stockades . The author connects the album art to the atmosphere of the band 's namesake city , quoting the band 's original manager , James William Guercio : `` The printed word can never aspire to document a truly musical experience , so if you must call them something , speak of the city where all save one were born ; where all of them were schooled and bred , and where all of this incredible music went down barely noticed ; call them CHICAGO . '' Personnel ( edit ) The four original remaining members of Chicago are Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow and Walter Parazaider . During the summer of 2017 published reports stated Parazaider had retired from touring but is still a member . Unnamed sources date his retirement to October 2016 . Lineups ( edit ) 1967 -- 1974 1974 -- 1978 1978 -- 1980 1980 -- 1981 Peter Cetera -- bass , vocals Terry Kath -- guitar , vocals Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Danny Seraphine -- drums Peter Cetera -- bass , vocals Terry Kath -- guitar , vocals Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Danny Seraphine -- drums Laudir de Oliveira -- percussion Peter Cetera -- bass , vocals Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Danny Seraphine -- drums Laudir de Oliveira -- percussion Donnie Dacus -- guitar , vocals Peter Cetera -- bass , vocals Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Danny Seraphine -- drums Laudir de Oliveira -- percussion Chris Pinnick -- guitar Touring musicians Marty Grebb -- saxophone , guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 1981 -- 1985 1985 -- 1986 1986 -- 1990 1990 -- 1995 Peter Cetera -- bass , vocals Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Danny Seraphine -- drums Chris Pinnick -- guitar Bill Champlin -- keyboards , vocals Touring musicians Kenny Cetera -- percussion , backing vocals ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Danny Seraphine -- drums Bill Champlin -- keyboards , vocals Dawayne Bailey -- guitar , vocals Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Danny Seraphine -- drums Bill Champlin -- keyboards , vocals Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Dawayne Bailey -- guitar , vocals Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Bill Champlin -- keyboards , vocals Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Dawayne Bailey -- guitar , vocals Tris Imboden -- drums Touring musicians Steve Jankowski -- trumpet ( sub for Lee 1992 ) Lee Thornburg -- trumpet ( sub for Lee 1992 ) 1995 1995 -- 2009 2009 2009 -- 2012 Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Bill Champlin -- keyboards , vocals Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Tris Imboden -- drums Keith Howland -- guitar , vocals Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Bill Champlin -- keyboards , vocals Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Tris Imboden -- drums Keith Howland -- guitar , vocals Touring musicians Nick Lane -- trombone ( sub for James 1999 -- 2009 ) Lou Pardini -- guitar , vocals ( sub for Bill for a few shows 1999 , 2007 ) Larry Klimas -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2003 -- 2009 ) Ray Herrmann -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2005 -- 2009 ) Tom Timko -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2005 ) Steve Jankowski -- trumpet ( sub for Lee 2006 , 2007 ) Lee Thornburg -- trumpet ( sub for Lee 2008 , 2009 ) Drew Hester -- drums ( sub for Tris 2009 ) Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Tris Imboden -- drums Keith Howland -- guitar , vocals Lou Pardini -- keyboards , vocals Touring musicians Nick Lane -- trombone ( sub for James 2009 ) Larry Klimas -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2009 ) Ray Herrmann -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2009 ) Drew Hester -- drums ( sub for Tris 2009 ) Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Tris Imboden -- drums Keith Howland -- guitar , vocals Lou Pardini -- keyboards , vocals Touring musicians Nick Lane -- trombone ( sub for James 2009 -- 2012 ) Larry Klimas -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2009 -- 2012 ) Ray Herrmann -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2009 -- 2012 ) Drew Hester -- percussion ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Art Velasco -- trombone ( sub for James 2011 ) 2012 2012 -- 2016 2016 -- present Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Tris Imboden -- drums Keith Howland -- guitar , vocals Lou Pardini -- keyboards , vocals Daniel de los Reyes -- percussion Touring personnel Nick Lane -- trombone ( sub for James 2012 ) Larry Klimas -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2012 ) Ray Herrmann -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2012 ) Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Walter Parazaider -- saxophones , flute Jason Scheff -- bass , vocals Tris Imboden -- drums Keith Howland -- guitar , vocals Lou Pardini -- keyboards , vocals Walfredo Reyes Jr. -- percussion Touring musicians Nick Lane -- trombone ( sub for James 2012 - 2016 ) Larry Klimas -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2012 ) Ray Herrmann -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Walt 2012 -- 2016 ) Lee Thornburg -- trumpet ( sub for Lee 2012 ) Jeff Coffey - bass , vocals ( sub for Jason 2016 ) Robert Lamm -- keyboards , vocals Lee Loughnane -- trumpet James Pankow -- trombone Tris Imboden -- drums Keith Howland -- guitar , vocals Lou Pardini -- keyboards , vocals Walfredo Reyes Jr. -- percussion Jeff Coffey -- bass , vocals Ray Herrmann -- saxophones , flute Touring musicians Nick Lane -- trombone ( sub for James 2016 ) Larry Klimas -- saxophones , flute ( sub for Ray 2016 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Chicago discography Studio albums ( edit ) Chicago Transit Authority ( 1969 ) Chicago ( 1970 ) Chicago III ( 1971 ) Chicago V ( 1972 ) Chicago VI ( 1973 ) Chicago VII ( 1974 ) Chicago VIII ( 1975 ) Chicago X ( 1976 ) Chicago XI ( 1977 ) Hot Streets ( 1978 ) Chicago 13 ( 1979 ) Chicago XIV ( 1980 ) Chicago 16 ( 1982 ) Chicago 17 ( 1984 ) Chicago 18 ( 1986 ) Chicago 19 ( 1988 ) Twenty 1 ( 1991 ) Night & Day Big Band ( 1995 ) Chicago XXV : The Christmas Album ( 1998 ) Chicago XXX ( 2006 ) Chicago XXXII : Stone of Sisyphus ( 2008 ) Chicago XXXIII : O Christmas Three ( 2011 ) Chicago XXXV : The Nashville Sessions ( 2013 ) Chicago XXXVI : Now ( 2014 ) Live albums ( edit ) Chicago at Carnegie Hall ( a.k.a. Chicago IV ; 4 - volume set ) ( 1971 ) Live in Japan ( 1972 ) Chicago Transit Authority Live in Toronto ( 1978 ) Chicago XXVI : Live in Concert ( 1999 ) Chicago XXXIV : Live in ' 75 ( 2011 ) Chicago at Symphony Hall ( 2015 ) Awards and honors ( edit ) American Music Awards Year Category Result Ref . 1977 Favorite Pop / Rock Band / Duo / Group Won 1986 Favorite Pop / Rock Band / Duo / Group Won Grammy Awards Year Category Work Result Ref . 1970 Best New Artist of the Year ( 1969 ) Nominated 1971 Album of the Year Chicago Nominated Contemporary Vocal Group Chicago Nominated Best Album Cover Chicago ( John Berg & Nick Fasciano ) Nominated Best Album Package Chicago VI ( John Berg ) Nominated 1977 Album of the Year Chicago X Nominated Record of the Year `` If You Leave Me Now '' Nominated Best Album Package Chicago X ( John Berg ) Won Best Arrangement , Instrumental and Vocals `` If You Leave Me Now '' ( James William Guercio , Jimmie Haskell ) Won Best Pop Vocal Performance By a Duo , Group or Chorus `` If You Leave Me Now '' Won 1980 Best Album Package Chicago 13 ( Tony Lane ) Nominated 1981 Best Album Package Chicago XIV ( John Berg ) Nominated Pop Vocal Group `` Hard To Say I 'm Sorry '' Nominated 1985 Record of the Year `` Hard Habit To Break '' Nominated Best Engineered Album , Non-Classical Chicago 17 ( Humberto Gatica ) Won Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) `` Hard Habit To Break '' ( David Foster & Jeremy Lubbock ) Won 2014 Grammy Hall of Fame The Chicago Transit Authority Inductee Other honors 1987 : American Video Award , Best Cinematography , `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( Bobby Byrne ) 1992 : Hollywood Walk of Fame star for music contributions , located at 6400 Hollywood Boulevard . 2016 : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction See also ( edit ) Best selling music artists ( worldwide ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kevan , Paul ( September 15 , 2008 ) . `` Top 100 artists of all time '' . 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Rhino Records . 2003 . Jump up ^ Hot Streets ( album liner notes archived online ) ( Media notes ) . New York City , NY : Columbia Records . 1978 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koshatka , Edgar ( September 21 , 1980 ) . `` Chicago 's welcome comeback '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA . p. 8 - I. Retrieved September 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Van Matre , Lynn ( June 13 , 1982 ) . `` Revitalized Chicago back on road again '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , Illinois , USA . p. 5 ( Section 6 ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Catalog of Feature Films : Summer Lovers '' . www.afi.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA by Artists '' . RIAA . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Taking Peaks , '' Nos. 100 - 1 `` . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chicago 17 ( vinyl LP liner ) . Chicago . Warner Bros. Records Inc. 1984 . 9 25060 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bahr , Jeff ( October 6 , 1984 ) . `` Chicago hits musical homer '' . The Lincoln Star . Lincoln , Nebraska , USA . p. 5 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ USA for Africa : We Are the World at AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Thom ( March 8 , 1987 ) . `` Scheff 's Chicago Habit Is Still Hard To Break '' . tribunedigital - orlandosentinel . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 18 '' . www.chicagotheband.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Pete ( October 22 , 1986 ) . `` Chicago brings out old talents , new hits , but fewer fans '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA . p . C8 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Heckman , Don ( November 27 , 1986 ) . `` Chicago Resounds with More Voice , Less Horn '' . The Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California , USA . p . VI - 8 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( September 5 , 1987 ) . `` Chicago is faithful to its past and ready to move on '' . The Morning Call . Allentown , Pennsylvania , USA . KNT News Wire . pp. A52 , A56 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Kiss , Tony ( September 4 , 1988 ) . `` Chicago Keeps Hits Coming After 20 Years '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Asheville , North Carolina , USA . p. 1L . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 Songs of the Year : 1958 - 2015 '' . Billboard . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Rob . `` Chicago : Biography '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burke , Barbara ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tris Imboden finds peace , quiet in Malibu '' . Malibu Surfside News . 22nd Century Media , LLC . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ One More Story ( CD booklet ) . Peter Cetera . Warner Bros. Records Inc. 1988 . p. 13 . 9 25704 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago '' . Walkoffame.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Ed ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Chicago releases ' lost ' album 15 years after recording it '' . www.cnn.com . Cable News Network . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : LeRoy , Dan ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Chicago returns with a record that 's been sitting on the shelves for 15 years '' . Cleveland Scene . Cleveland , Ohio , USA : Cleveland Scene . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chicago at AllMusic . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Sherri ( Winter 1997 ) . `` Montpelier Winter 1997 : Sound and Screen '' . www.jmu.edu . James Madison University . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago moving to Las Vegas ? '' . Las Vegas Sun . Las Vegas , Nevada , USA : Las Vegas Sun . March 8 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Their kind of band , Chicago is '' . Orange County Register . Anaheim , California , USA : Southern California News Group . July 9 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Chicago '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Las Vegas Review - Journal , Inc . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Curtin , Mike ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` Old acts show some flash at SPAC '' . Glens Falls Post-Star . Glens Falls , New York , USA : Robert Forcey . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago , Earth , Wind & Fire reunite for summer tour '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pound , Kara ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago StAugustine.com '' . St. Augustine , Florida , U.S.A. : staugustine.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton , Dave ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Drew Hester Leaves Chicago '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Champlin , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bill Champlin , formerly of Chicago : Something Else ! Interview '' . Something ELSE ! ( Interview ) . Interview with Nick Deriso . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Ed ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Musician Bill Champlin leaves Chicago '' . www.cnn.com . Cable News Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reitz , Allison ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago , Doobie Brothers tour rolls out co-headlining dates for summer 2010 TicketNews '' . www.ticketnews.com . TicketNews . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dretzka , Gary ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Movie City News : Chicago in Chicago : Blu - ray '' . moviecitynews.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Craig ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Idol ' voters make DeWyze choice '' . Today . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago with the Colorado Symphony '' . www.artscomplex.com . City and County of Denver . 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wardlaw , Matt ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Chicago Reveal More Details About Holiday Album '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Loudwire Network . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago and Doobie Brothers Announce 2012 Tour '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com . June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Santos , Sandra ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` After nearly 50 years , Chicago still on the road and rocking '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Chicago 's newest member , percussionist Walfredo Reyes Jr. , came to the band in a fun way a few years ago , Scheff said . Reyes ' brother , percussionist Daniel de los Reyes , was originally touring with the band , but had also been playing with the Zac Brown Band . When scheduling conflicts arose , Reyes would fill in for his brother . De Los Reyes eventually joined the Zac Brown Band on their tour full - time , so Reyes was invited to join Chicago full - time , as well . Jump up ^ `` Front Row King '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walfredo Reyes Jr . '' . Chicago . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walfredo Reyes Jr . '' . Walfredo Reyes Jr . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clear History '' - IMDB Archived April 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Now '' Chicago XXXVI `` . Chicago Records . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2016 Nominees : Cheap Trick , Chicago & More React '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick , Chicago , Deep Purple + Steve Miller Elected into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original ' Chicago ' Drummer & Co-Founder Danny Seraphine to Perform at Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony '' . BWW . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ives , Brian ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall Induction Ceremony 2016 Wrap - Up : Cheap Trick , N.W.A. and More '' . Radio.com . CBS Radio , Inc . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Bonnie Raitt , Miguel , Chicago in ' Greatest Hits ' TV Lineup '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Chicago and Aloe Blacc Sing You 're The Inspiration on Greatest Hits '' . abc.go.com . ABC . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sands , David ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Scheff leaves Chicago '' . For Bass Players Only . Notehead Media Group . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago 's Jason Scheff ' not fired , ' has n't quit the band , source says '' . linkedin.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Jason Scheff Leaves Band After 30 Years : : Chicago News : : antiMusic.com '' . www.antimusic.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick , DeRiso . `` Chicago Replace Longtime Singer and Bassist Jason Scheff '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Films Premieres ' NOW MORE THAN EVER : The History of Chicago ' on New Year 's Day '' ( Press release ) . Cable News Network . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Why did CNN air a documentary about the band Chicago produced by band members ? '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sedona Film Festival - Award Winners : Past Festivals '' . www.sedonafilmfestival.org . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , ISP ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Film Festival Awards '' . Island Sand Paper Fort Myers Beach News . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Percussionista Laudir de Oliveira morre , aos 77 anos '' ( in Portuguese ) . 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , John ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` Across the Graphic Universe : an Interview with John Berg '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Paul Nini . American Institute of Graphic Arts . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Aileen ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` Album Covers That Are as Evocative as the Music '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Margalit ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` John Berg , Art Director Who Made Album Covers Sing , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. ( 1989 ) . Type and Image : The Language of Graphic Design ( book ) . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold . p. 59 . ISBN 9780442258467 . OCLC 18191210 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verity , Michael ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Every Picture Tells A Story : The Iconic Chicago Logo '' . CBS . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Fasciano , credits at AllMusic at AllMusic . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Winners Database '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sculley , Alan ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Original Chicago member , still rockin ' after 50 years , does n't mince words '' . Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Virgina , USA . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durchholz , Daniel ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago delivers a satisfying career retrospective but pulls a political punch '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Robert ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago feeling 50 years young '' . New Jersey Herald . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Jankowski ... The Official Site '' . www.stevejankowski.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burnes , John ( June 11 , 1992 ) . `` Chicago Seems Merely to ' Cover ' Own Material '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , Missouri , USA . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Dimopoulos , Thomas ( June 21 , 2002 ) . `` Chicago brings its brass to town Sunday '' . The Saratogian . Saratoga Springs , New York , USA . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flory , Julie Hail ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` Chicago to Perform with Notre Dame Band '' . Notre Dame News . Notre Dame , Indiana , USA : University of Notre Dame . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Korson , Gerald ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` ' Chicago ' musician releases CD of St. Alphonsus hymns '' . www.catholicvoiceoakland.org . Oakland , California , USA : Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland , CA . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brainard , Karen ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` RHS student takes stage with Chicago - Ramona Sentinel '' . www.sandiegouniontribune.com . Ramona , California , USA : Ramona Sentinel . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saldaña , Hector ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Chicago fans should expect a night of infectious fun , dancing '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gabel , Sue ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago announces 2015 spring and summer tour in North America '' . AXS . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chicago 's sold - out Hard Rock Rocksino show proves band is getting stronger every day ( Review ) '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perciaccante , Mike ( September 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Doobie Brothers and Chicago : Wantagh , NY , August 18 , 2012 '' . All About Jazz . All About Jazz . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Cathy Applefeld ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago 's Jimmy Pankow on Band 's 50th Anniversary & What 's Next for Them '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Award Nominees and Winners -- 1971 '' . awardsandshows.com . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Nominees and Winners -- 1974 '' . awardsandshows.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Award Nominees '' . awardsandshows.com . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Nominees and Winners -- 1980 '' . awardsandshows.com . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Nominees and Winners -- 1981 '' . awardsandshows.com . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Nominees and Winners -- 1983 '' . awardsandshows.com . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Nominees '' . awardsandshows.com . Jump up ^ `` 2014 GRAMMY HALL OF FAME ® INDUCTEES '' . grammy.org . Jump up ^ `` ' Sledgehammer ' wins '' . Fort Lauderdale News . Fort Lauderdale , Florida , USA . February 28 , 1987 . p. 2A . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chicago ( band ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago ( band ) . Official website A Chicago Story , the band 's official history Chicago Awards on AllMusic.com Debbie Kruger 's two interviews with Jimmy Pankow and Robert Lamm in 1999 Debbie Kruger 's words on Chicago , synthesizing those two interviews , for Goldmine Magazine in 1999 Debbie Kruger 's interview with Chicago for Performing Songwriter in July and August 2000 <Th_colspan="2"> Chicago <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Lamm Lee Loughnane James Pankow Walter Parazaider Tris Imboden Keith Howland Lou Pardini Walfredo Reyes Jr . Jeff Coffey Danny Seraphine Peter Cetera Terry Kath Laudir de Oliveira Donnie Dacus Chris Pinnick Bill Champlin Jason Scheff Dawayne Bailey Drew Hester Daniel de los Reyes Touring musicians Studio albums Chicago Transit Authority Chicago Chicago III Chicago V Chicago VI Chicago VII Chicago VIII Chicago X Chicago XI Hot Streets Chicago 13 Chicago XIV Chicago 16 Chicago 17 Chicago 18 Chicago 19 Twenty 1 Night & Day : Big Band Chicago XXV : The Christmas Album Chicago XXX Chicago XXXII : Stone of Sisyphus Chicago XXXIII : O Christmas Three Chicago XXXV : The Nashville Sessions Chicago XXXVI : Now Live albums Chicago at Carnegie Hall Live in Japan Chicago Transit Authority Live In Toronto Chicago XXVI : Live in Concert Chicago XXXIV : Live in ' 75 Chicago at Symphony Hall Compilations Chicago IX : Chicago 's Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume II If You Leave Me Now Take Me Back to Chicago Greatest Hits 1982 -- 1989 Group Portrait The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1997 The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1998 Volume II The Very Best of Chicago : Only the Beginning The Box Love Songs The Best of Chicago : 40th Anniversary Edition Related articles Discography Peter Cetera Tom Dowd Tim Feehan David Foster James William Guercio Electra Glide in Blue Phil Ramone <Th_colspan="2"> Chicago singles discography singles 1960s and 1970s 1969 `` Questions 67 and 68 '' `` Beginnings '' 1970 `` Make Me Smile '' `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' 1971 `` Free '' `` Lowdown '' 1972 `` Saturday in the Park '' `` Dialogue ( Part I & II ) '' 1973 `` Feelin ' Stronger Every Day '' `` Just You ' N ' Me '' `` ( I 've Been ) Searchin ' So Long '' `` Call on Me '' `` Wishing You Were Here '' `` Harry Truman '' `` Old Days '' `` Brand New Love Affair '' 1976 `` Another Rainy Day in New York City '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' 1977 `` You Are on My Mind '' `` Baby , What a Big Surprise '' 1978 `` Little One '' `` Take Me Back to Chicago '' `` Alive Again '' `` No Tell Lover '' 1979 `` Gone Long Gone '' `` Must Have Been Crazy '' `` Street Player '' singles 1980s 1980 `` Thunder and Lightning '' `` Song for You '' 1982 `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' `` Love Me Tomorrow '' `` What You 're Missing '' 1984 `` Stay the Night '' `` Hard Habit to Break '' `` You 're the Inspiration '' 1985 `` Along Comes a Woman '' 1986 `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( re-recorded ) `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' `` If She Would Have Been Faithful ... '' `` Niagara Falls '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` Look Away '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` We Can Last Forever '' `` What Kind of Man Would I Be ? '' singles 1990s and 2000s `` Hearts in Trouble '' 1991 `` Chasin ' the Wind '' `` Explain It to My Heart '' `` You Come to My Senses '' 2008 `` Let 's Take a Lifetime '' <Th_colspan="2"> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2016 Performers Cheap Trick Chicago Deep Purple N.W.A Steve Miller Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Bert Berns LCCN : n85367841 ISNI : 0000 0001 1942 3263 GND : 1212016 - 9 MusicBrainz : 3f5be744 - e867 - 42fb - 8913 - 5fd69e4099b5 NLA : 35728791 BNE : XX99421 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_(band)&oldid=804355158 '' Categories : 1967 establishments in Illinois American soft rock music groups Columbia Records artists Grammy Award winners Jazz fusion ensembles Musical groups established in 1967 Musical groups from Chicago Musical nonets Musical octets Musical septets Reprise Records artists Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Warner Bros. Records artists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2011 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 13 : 04 . 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1. Chicago (band) history and discography
2. Chicago's musical style and evolution
3. Chicago's commercial success and chart achievements
4. The impact of Terry Kath's death on the band
5. Chicago's transition to a softer sound in the 1980s
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the opening of a commercial bank in the united states
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History of banking in the United States - wikipedia History of banking in the United States This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment and transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment United States portal This article details the history of banking in the United States . Banking in the United States is regulated by both the federal and state governments . Contents ( hide ) 1 New Nation 1.1 Early attempts to create a national bank 1.2 First Bank of the United States 1.3 Jacksonian Era 1.4 1837 -- 1863 : `` Free Banking '' Era 2 National Bank Act 3 Rise of investment banks 3.1 Civil War 4 Surging demand for capital in the Gilded Age 4.1 Bimetallism and the gold standard 5 Early 20th century 5.1 The Panic of 1907 and the Pujo Committee 5.2 The Federal Reserve System 5.3 Credit unions 5.4 McFadden Act 5.5 Savings and loan associations 6 New Deal - era reforms 6.1 Emergency Banking Act 6.2 Creation of the FDIC and FSLIC 6.3 Abandonment of the gold standard 6.4 Glass - Steagall Act of 1933 6.5 Banking Act of 1935 7 Bretton Woods system 8 Automated teller machines 9 Nixon shock 10 Deregulation of the 1980s and 1990s 10.1 Savings and loan crisis 10.2 Expansion of FDIC insurance - 1989 10.3 Interstate banking 11 Repeal of the Glass - Steagall Act 12 Late - 2000s financial crisis 12.1 Expansion of FDIC insurance - 2008 - 2010 12.2 Dodd -- Frank Act 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography New nation ( edit ) In the first half of the 19th century , many of the smaller commercial banks within New England were easily chartered as laws allowed to do so ( primarily due to open franchise laws ) . The rise of commercial banking saw an increase in opportunities for entrepreneurs to borrow capital used to grow an enterprise . The small private banking sector saw a great deal of insider lending . Many of these banks actually spurred early investment and helped spur many later projects . Despite what some may consider discriminatory practices with insider lending , these banks actually were very sound and failures remained uncommon , further encouraging the financial evolution in the United States . Early attempts to create a national Bank ( edit ) In 1781 , an act of the Congress of the Confederation established the Bank of North America in Philadelphia , where it superseded the state - chartered Bank of Pennsylvania founded in 1780 to help fund the war . The Bank of North America was granted a monopoly on the issue of bills of credit as currency at the national level . Robert Morris , the first Superintendent of Finance appointed under the Articles of Confederation , proposed the Bank of North America as a commercial bank that would act as the sole fiscal and monetary agent for the government . He has accordingly been called `` the father of the system of credit , and paper circulation , in the United States . '' He saw a national , for - profit , private monopoly following in the footsteps of the Bank of England as necessary , because previous attempts to finance the Revolutionary War , such as continental currency emitted by the Continental Congress , had led to depreciation of such an extent that Alexander Hamilton considered them to be `` public embarrassments . '' After the war , a number of state banks were chartered , including in 1784 : the Bank of New York and the Bank of Massachusetts . In the last decade of the eighteenth century the United States had just three banks but many different currencies in circulation : English , Spanish , French , Portuguese coinage , scrip issued by states , and localities . The values of these currencies were approximated and fluctuations in exchange rates were published . While values of various currencies did fluctuate geographically , this was irrelevant in a society dominated by local trades . Ron Michener of UVA discusses the colonial monetary situation in depth Supporters of the bank argued that if the nation were to grow and to prosper , it needed a universally accepted standard coinage and this would best be provided by a United States Mint , aided and supported by a national bank and an excise tax . Opponents of the bank argued that government monopolization of money was a corrupt exercise that would impoverish the people . First Bank of the United States ( edit ) Main article : First Bank of the United States In 1791 , Congress chartered the First Bank of the United States . The bank , which was jointly owned by the federal government and private stockholders , was a nationwide commercial bank which served as the bank for the federal government and operated as a regular commercial bank acting in competition with state banks . When depositors brought state bank notes to First Bank of the United States , it would present these notes to the state banks , demanding gold , which hampered the state banks ' ability to issues notes and maintain adequate reserves . Consequently , when First Bank of the United States ' charter came up for renewal in 1811 , it was met with a great deal of opposition from state banks and the renewal legislation was not passed . Jacksonian era ( edit ) Main article : Banking in the Jacksonian Era The Second Bank of the United States opened in January 1817 , six years after the First Bank of the United States lost its charter . The predominant reason that the Second Bank of the United States was chartered was that in the War of 1812 , the U.S. experienced severe inflation and had difficulty in financing military operations . Subsequently , the credit and borrowing status of the Treasury was at its lowest level ever . The charter of the Second Bank of the United States ( B.U.S. ) was for 20 years and therefore up for renewal in 1836 . Its role as the depository of the federal government 's revenues made it a political target of banks chartered by the individual states who objected / envied the B.U.S. 's relationship with the central government . Partisan politics came heavily into play in the debate over the renewal of the charter . `` The classic statement by Arthur Schlesinger was that the partisan politics during the Jacksonian period was grounded in class conflict . Viewed through the lens of party elite discourse , Schlesinger saw inter-party conflict as a clash between wealthy Whigs and working class Democrats . '' ( Grynaviski ) President Andrew Jackson strongly opposed the renewal of its charter , and built his platform for the election of 1832 around doing away with the Second Bank of the United States . Jackson 's political target was Nicholas Biddle , financier , politician , and president of the Bank of the United States . Apart from a general hostility to banking and the belief that specie ( gold and / or silver ) were the only true monies , Jackson 's reasons for opposing the renewal of the charter revolved around his belief that bestowing power and responsibility upon a single bank was the cause of inflation and other perceived evils . During September 1833 , President Jackson issued an executive order that ended the deposit of government funds into the Bank of the United States . After September 1833 , these deposits were placed in the state chartered banks , commonly referred to as Jackson 's `` pet banks '' . While it is true that 6 out of the 7 initial depositories were controlled by Jacksonian Democrats , the later depositories , such as the ones in North Carolina , South Carolina , and Michigan , were run by managers who opposed Jacksonian politics . It is probably a misnomer to label all the state chartered repositories `` pet banks '' . 1837 -- 1863 : `` free banking '' era ( edit ) Prior to 1837 a bank charter could be obtained only by a specific legislative act , but in 1837 , the Michigan Act allowed the automatic chartering of banks that could fulfill the Michigan 's chartering requirements so as to no longer require special consent of the state legislature . The following year , New York enacted similar legislation with the Free Banking Act , and other states soon followed . These banks could issue bank notes against specie ( gold and silver coins ) and the states regulated the reserve requirements , interest rates for loans and deposits , the necessary capital ratio etc . Free banking spread rapidly to other states , and from 1840 to 1863 all banking business was done by state - chartered institutions . While the banking systems of several states were initially unstable , over time financial indicators in most states stabilized . In the early years of free banking in many Western states , the banking industry degenerated into `` wildcat '' banking because of the laxity and abuse of state laws . Bank notes were issued against little or no security , and credit was overexpanded ; depressions brought waves of bank failures . In particular , the multiplicity of state bank notes caused great confusion and loss . The real value of a bank bill was often lower than its face value , and the issuing bank 's financial strength generally determined the size of the discount . However , after several years of experience , with the exception of a few exogenous shocks , different states developed more functional and stable banking industries . National Bank Act ( edit ) Main article : National Bank Act To correct the problems of the `` Free Banking '' era , Congress passed the National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 , which created the United States National Banking System and provided for a system of banks to be chartered by the federal government . The National Bank Act encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities . It established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the United States Department of the Treasury , authorizing it to examine and regulate nationally chartered banks . Congress passed the National Bank Act in an attempt to retire the greenbacks that it had issued to finance the North 's effort in the American Civil War . As an additional incentive for banks to submit to Federal supervision , in 1865 Congress began taxing any of state bank notes ( also called `` bills of credit '' or `` scrip '' ) a standard rate of 10 % , which encouraged many state banks to become national ones . This tax also gave rise to another response by state banks -- the widespread adoption of the demand deposit account , also known as a checking account . By the 1880s , deposit accounts had changed the primary source of revenue for many banks . The result of these events is what is known as the `` dual banking system . '' New banks may choose either state or national charters ( a bank also can convert its charter from one to the other ) . At first this new national banking system grew very fast at the expense of state banks , but state banks quickly recuperated as the checking sector began to expand . Additionally , capital requirements for state banks were reduced , which aided their resurgence . Rise of investment banks ( edit ) Main article : History of investment banking in the United States Civil War ( edit ) During the Civil War , banking houses were syndicated to meet the federal government 's need for money to fund its war efforts . Jay Cooke launched the first mass securities selling operation in U.S. history , employing thousands of salesmen to float what ultimately amounted to $830 million worth of government bonds to a wide group of investors . Acting as an agent of the Treasury Department , Cooke then reached out to the general public and personally led a war bond drive that netted approximately $1.5 billion for Treasury . Surging demand for capital in the gilded age ( edit ) The rise of the commercial banking sector coincided with the growth of early factories , since entrepreneurs had to rely on commercial banks in order to fund their own projects . Because of this need for capital , many banks began to arise by the late 19th Century . By 1880 , New England became one of the most heavily banked areas in the world . Lance Davis has demonstrated that the process of capital formation in the nineteenth century was markedly different between the British capital market and the American capital market . British industrialists were readily able to satisfy their need for capital by tapping a vast source of international capital through British banks such as Westminster 's , Lloyds and Barclays . In contrast , the dramatic growth of the United States created capital requirements that far outstripped the limited capital resources of American banks . Investment banking in the United States emerged to serve the expansion of railroads , mining companies , and heavy industry . Unlike commercial banks , investment banks were not authorized to issue notes or accept deposits . Instead , they served as brokers or intermediaries , bringing together investors with capital and the firms that needed that capital . Bimetallism and the gold standard ( edit ) Main article : Coinage Act of 1873 See also : Bimetallism and Gold standard Bimetallism became a center of political conflict toward the end of the nineteenth century . To finance the Civil War , the U.S. switched from bimetallism to a flat greenback currency . In 1873 , the government passed the Fourth Coinage Act and soon resumption to specie payments began without the free and unlimited coinage of silver . This put the U.S. on a mono - metallic gold standard . This angered the proponents of monetary silver , known as the silverites . They referred to this act as `` The Crime of ' 73 , '' as it was judged to have inhibited inflation . The Panic of 1893 was a severe nationwide depression that brought the money issue to the fore . The `` silverites '' argued that using silver would inflate the money supply and mean more cash for everyone , which they equated with prosperity . The gold advocates countered that silver would permanently depress the economy , but that sound money produced by a gold standard would restore prosperity . 1896 GOP posters warn against free silver . Bimetallism and `` Free Silver '' were demanded by William Jennings Bryan who took over leadership of the Democratic Party in 1896 , as well as the Populist and Silver Republican Parties . The Republican Party nominated William McKinley on a platform supporting the gold standard which was favored by financial interests on the East Coast . A faction of Republicans from silver mining regions in the West known as the Silver Republicans endorsed Bryan . Bryan gave the famous `` Cross of Gold '' speech at the National Democratic Convention on July 9 , 1896 . However , his presidential campaign was ultimately unsuccessful ; this can be partially attributed to the discovery of the cyanide process by which gold could be extracted from low - grade ore . This increased the world gold supply and caused the inflation that free coinage of silver was supposed to bring . The McKinley campaign was effective at persuading voters that poor economic progress and unemployment would be exacerbated by adoption of the Bryan platform . Early 20th century ( edit ) During the period from 1890 -- 1925 , the investment banking industry was highly concentrated and dominated by an oligopoly that consisted of JP Morgan & Co. ; Kuhn , Loeb & Co. ; Brown Brothers ; and Kidder , Peabody & Co . There was no legal requirement to separate the operations of commercial and investment banks ; as a result deposits from the commercial banking side of the business constituted an in - house supply of capital that could be used to fund the underwriting business of the investment banking side . The Panic of 1907 and the Pujo Committee ( edit ) Main article : Pujo Committee In 1913 , the Pujo Committee unanimously determined that a small cabal of financiers had gained consolidated control of numerous industries through the abuse of the public trust in the United States . The chair of the House Committee on Banking and Currency , Representative Arsène Pujo , ( D -- La . 7th ) convened a special committee to investigate a `` money trust '' , the de facto monopoly of Morgan and New York 's other most powerful bankers . The committee issued a scathing report on the banking trade , and found that the officers of J.P. Morgan & Co. also sat on the boards of directors of 112 corporations with a market capitalization of $22.5 billion ( the total capitalization of the New York Stock Exchange was then estimated at $26.5 billion ) . Attorney Samuel Untermyer who headed the 1913 Pujo Money Trust Investigation Committee to investigate money trusts defined a money trust to George Baker during the Pujo hearings ; `` We define a money trust as an established identity and community of interest between a few leaders of finance , which has been created and is held together through stock - holding , interlocking directorates , and other forms of domination over banks , trust companies , railroads , public service and industrial corporations , and which has resulted in vast and growing concentration and control of money and credits in the hands of a few men '' . The Pujo Committee Report concluded that a community of influential financial leaders had gained control of major manufacturing , transportation , mining , telecommunications and financial markets of the United States . The report revealed that no less than eighteen different major financial corporations were under control of a cartel led by J.P Morgan , George F Baker and James Stillman . These three men , through the resources of seven banks and trust companies ( Banker 's Trust Co. , Guaranty Trust Co. , Astor Trust Co. , National Bank of Commerce , Liberty National Bank , Chase National Bank , Farmer 's Loan and Trust Co . ) controlled an estimated $2.1 billion . The report revealed that a handful of men held manipulative control of the New York Stock Exchange and attempted to evade interstate trade laws . The Pujo Report singled out individual bankers including Paul Warburg , Jacob H. Schiff , Felix M. Warburg , Frank E. Peabody , William Rockefeller and Benjamin Strong , Jr ... The report identified over $22 billion in resources and capitalization controlled through 341 directorships held in 112 corporations by members of the empire headed by J.P. Morgan . The findings of the committee inspired public support for ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 , passage of the Federal Reserve Act that same year , and passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914 . They were also widely publicized in the Louis Brandeis book Others People 's Money -- and How the Bankers Use It . The Federal Reserve system ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve System The Panic of 1907 was headed off by a private conglomerate , who set themselves up as `` lenders of last resort '' to banks in trouble . This effort succeeded in stopping the panic , and led to calls for a Federal agency to do the same thing . In response , the Federal Reserve System was created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 , establishing a new central bank intended serve as a formal `` lender of last resort '' to banks in times of liquidity crisis -- panics where depositors tried to withdraw their money faster than a bank could pay it out . The legislation provided for a system that included a number of regional Federal Reserve Banks and a seven - member governing board . All national banks were required to join the system and other banks could join . Congress created Federal Reserve notes to provide the nation with an elastic supply of currency . The notes were to be issued to Federal Reserve Banks for subsequent transmittal to banking institutions in accordance with the needs of the public . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 established the present day Federal Reserve System and brought all banks in the United States under the authority of the Federal Reserve ( a quasi-governmental entity ) , creating the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks which are supervised by the Federal Reserve Board . Credit unions ( edit ) Main article : Credit unions in the United States Credit unions originated in Europe in the mid-19th century . The first credit union in the United States was established in 1908 in New Hampshire . At the time , banks were unwilling to lend to many poor laborers , who then turned to corrupt moneylenders and loan sharks . Businessman and philanthropist Edward Filene spearheaded an effort to secure legislation for credit unions first in Massachusetts and later throughout the United States . With the help of the Credit Union National Extension Bureau and an army of volunteers , states began passing credit union legislation in the 1920s . Credit unions were formed based on a bond of association , often beginning with a small group of employees . Despite opposition from the banking industry , the Federal Credit Union Act was signed into law in 1934 as part of the New Deal , allowing the creation of federally chartered credit unions in the United States . The Credit Union National Association ( CUNA ) was formed and by 1937 , 6400 credit unions with 1.5 million members were active in 45 states . Today there are over 9500 credit unions in the United States and they are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration ( NCUA ) . McFadden Act ( edit ) Main article : McFadden Act The McFadden Act was enacted in 1927 based on recommendations made by the comptroller of the currency , Henry May Dawes . The Act sought to give national banks competitive equality with state - chartered banks by letting national banks branch to the extent permitted by state law . The McFadden Act specifically prohibited interstate branching by allowing each national bank to branch only within the state in which it is situated . Although the Riegle - Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 repealed this provision of the McFadden Act , it specified that state law continues to control intrastate branching , or branching within a state 's borders , for both state and national banks . Savings and loan associations ( edit ) Main article : Savings and loan association The savings and loan association became a strong force in the early 20th century through assisting people with home ownership , through mortgage lending , and further assisting their members with basic saving and investing outlets , typically through passbook savings accounts and term certificates of deposit . The earliest mortgages were not offered by banks , but by insurance companies , and they differed greatly from the mortgage or home loan that is familiar today . Most early mortgages were short term with some kind of balloon payment at the end of the term , or they were interest - only loans which did not pay anything toward the principal of the loan with each payment . As such , many people were either perpetually in debt in a continuous cycle of refinancing their home purchase , or they lost their home through foreclosure when they were unable to make the balloon payment at the end of the term of that loan . The US Congress passed the Federal Home Loan Bank Act in 1932 , during the Great Depression . It established the Federal Home Loan Bank and associated Federal Home Loan Bank Board to assist other banks in providing funding to offer long term , amortized loans for home purchases . The idea was to get banks involved in lending , not insurance companies , and to provide realistic loans which people could repay and gain full ownership of their homes . Savings and loan associations sprang up all across the United States because there was low - cost funding available through the Federal Home Loan Bank for the purposes of mortgage lending . New deal - era reforms ( edit ) Further information : New Deal During the 1930s , the U.S. and the rest of the world experienced a severe economic contraction that is now called the Great Depression . In the U.S. during the height of the Great Depression , the official unemployment rate was 25 % and the stock market had declined 75 % since 1929 . Bank runs were common because there was n't insurance on deposits at banks , banks kept only a fraction of deposits in reserve , and customers ran the risk of losing the money that they had deposited if their bank failed . By the beginning of 1933 , the banking system in the United States had effectively ceased to function . The incoming Roosevelt administration and the incoming Congress took immediate steps to pass legislation to respond to the Great Depression . Roosevelt entered office with enormous political capital . Americans of all political persuasions were demanding immediate action , and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the `` first hundred days '' of the administration , in which he met with Congress for 100 days . During those 100 days of lawmaking , Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked , and passed a few programs ( such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts ) that he opposed . A major component of Roosevelt 's New Deal was reform of the nation 's banking system . With strident language Roosevelt took credit for dethroning the bankers he alleged had caused the debacle . On March 4 , 1933 , in his first inaugural address , he proclaimed : Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion , rejected by the hearts and minds of men ... The money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization . Emergency banking Act ( edit ) Roosevelt closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation . On March 9 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days . Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . ( Their depositors eventually received on average 86 cents on the dollar of their deposits ; it is a common false myth that they received nothing back . ) Creation of the FDIC and FSLIC ( edit ) In June 1933 , over Roosevelt 's objections , Congress created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , which insured deposits for up to $2,500 beginning January 1 , 1934 . On June 16 , 1933 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Banking Act of 1933 . This legislation : Established the FDIC as a temporary government corporation Gave the FDIC authority to provide deposit insurance to banks Gave the FDIC the authority to regulate and supervise state nonmember banks Funded the FDIC with initial loans of $289 million through the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve Extended federal oversight to all commercial banks for the first time Separated commercial and investment banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) Prohibited banks from paying interest on checking accounts Allowed national banks to branch statewide , if allowed by state law . The FSLIC was created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934 in order to insure deposits in savings and loans , a year after the FDIC was created to insure deposits in commercial banks . It was administered by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board ( FHLBB ) . Abandonment of the gold standard ( edit ) To deal with deflation , the nation went off the gold standard . In March and April in a series of laws and executive orders , the government suspended the gold standard for United States currency . Anyone holding significant amounts of gold coinage was mandated to exchange it for the existing fixed price of US dollars , after which the US would no longer pay gold on demand for the dollar , and gold would no longer be considered valid legal tender for debts in private and public contracts . The dollar was allowed to float freely on foreign exchange markets with no guaranteed price in gold , only to be fixed again at a significantly lower level a year later with the passage of the Gold Reserve Act in 1934 . Markets immediately responded well to the suspension , in the hope that the decline in prices would finally end . Glass - Steagall Act of 1933 ( edit ) The Glass -- Steagall Act of 1933 was passed in reaction to the collapse of a large portion of the American commercial banking system in early 1933 . One of its provisions introduced the separation of bank types according to their business ( commercial and investment banking ) . In order to comply with the new regulation , most large banks split into separate entities . For example , JP Morgan split into three entities : JP Morgan continued to operate as a commercial bank , Morgan Stanley was formed to operate as an investment bank , and Morgan Grenfell operated as a British merchant bank . Banking Act of 1935 ( edit ) The Banking Act of 1935 strengthened the powers of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in the area of credit management , tightened existing restrictions on banks engaging in certain activities , and enlarged the supervisory powers of the FDIC . Bretton Woods system ( edit ) Main article : Bretton Woods system The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world 's major industrial states in the mid 20th century . The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation - states . Setting up a system of rules , institutions , and procedures to regulate the international monetary system , the planners at Bretton Woods established the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , which today is part of the World Bank Group . The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to the U.S. dollar and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments . Automated teller machines ( edit ) Main article : Automated teller machine On September 2 , 1969 , Chemical Bank installed the first ATM in the U.S. at its branch in Rockville Centre , New York . The first ATMs were designed to dispense a fixed amount of cash when a user inserted a specially coded card . A Chemical Bank advertisement boasted `` On Sept. 2 our bank will open at 9 : 00 and never close again . '' Chemicals ' ATM , initially known as a Docuteller was designed by Donald Wetzel and his company Docutel . Chemical executives were initially hesitant about the electronic banking transition given the high cost of the early machines . Additionally , executives were concerned that customers would resist having machines handling their money . Nixon Shock ( edit ) Main article : Nixon Shock In 1971 , President Richard Nixon took a series of economic measures that collectively are known as the Nixon Shock . These measures included unilaterally cancelling the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold that essentially ended the existing Bretton Woods system of international financial exchange . Deregulation of the 1980s and 1990s ( edit ) Legislation passed by the federal government during the 1980s , such as the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 and the Garn -- St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982 , diminished the distinctions between banks and other financial institutions in the United States . This legislation is frequently referred to as `` deregulation , '' and it is often blamed for the failure of over 500 savings and loan associations between 1980 and 1988 , and the subsequent failure of the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ( FSLIC ) whose obligations were assumed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) in 1989 . However , some critics of this viewpoint , particularly libertarians , have pointed out that the laws extended moral hazard by granting easy credit to federally insured financial institutions , encouraging them to overextend themselves and ( thus ) fail . Savings and loan crisis ( edit ) Main article : Savings and loan crisis The savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s was the failure of 747 out of the 3,234 savings and loan associations in the United States . `` As of December 31 , 1995 , RTC estimated that the total cost for resolving the 747 failed institutions was $87.9 billion . '' The remainder of the bailout was paid for by charges on savings and loan accounts -- which contributed to the large budget deficits of the early 1990s . The concomitant slowdown in the finance industry and the real estate market may have been a contributing cause of the 1990 -- 1991 economic recession . Between 1986 and 1991 , the number of new homes constructed per year dropped from 1.8 million to 1 million , which was at the time the lowest rate since World War II . Expansion of FDIC insurance - 1989 ( edit ) Until 1989 , banks with national charters ( national banks ) were required to participate in the FDIC , while state banks either were required to obtain FDIC insurance by state law or they could voluntarily join it ( usually in an attempt to bolster their appearance of solvency ) . After enactment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1989 ( `` FDICIA '' ) , all commercial banks that accepted deposits were required to obtain FDIC insurance and to have a primary federal regulator ( the Fed for state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System , the FDIC for `` nonmember '' state banks , and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for all National Banks ) . Note : Federal Credit Unions are regulated by National Credit Union Administration ( NCUA ) . Savings & Loan Associations ( S&L ) and Federal Savings Banks ( FSB ) are regulated by the Office of Thrift Supervision ( OTS ) Interstate banking ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2011 ) Ever since the National Bank Act , national - chartered banks were effectively prohibited from interstate banking . This prohibition was further enshrined in the McFadden Act of 1927 . The restriction on interstate banking prevented banks from achieving geographic diversification , making them especially vulnerable to local economic disruptions . The Riegle - Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 repealed this prohibition . Repeal of the Glass - Steagall Act ( edit ) Provisions of the Glass - Steagall Act that prohibit a bank holding company from owning other financial companies were repealed on November 12 , 1999 , by the Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act . The repeal of the Glass -- Steagall Act of 1933 effectively removed the separation that previously existed between Wall Street investment banks and depository banks . This repeal directly contributed to the severity of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 . Late - 2000s financial crisis ( edit ) Main article : late - 2000s financial crisis The late - 2000s financial crisis is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s . It was triggered by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system and has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions , the bailout of banks by national governments , and downturns in stock markets around the world . In many areas , the housing market has also suffered , resulting in numerous evictions , foreclosures and prolonged vacancies . It contributed to the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars , and a significant decline in economic activity , leading to a severe global economic recession in 2008 . The collapse of the U.S. housing bubble , which peaked in 2006 , caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet , damaging financial institutions globally . Questions regarding bank solvency , declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence affected global stock markets , where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009 . Economies worldwide slowed during this period , as credit tightened and international trade declined . Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage - related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st - century financial markets . Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus , monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts . There is some debate as to what role the repeal of Glass -- Steagall had on the late 2000s financial crisis . Although there have been aftershocks , the financial crisis itself ended sometime between late 2008 and mid-2009 . While many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested , with varying weight assigned by experts , the United States Senate issuing the Levin -- Coburn Report found `` that the crisis was not a natural disaster , but the result of high risk , complex financial products ; undisclosed conflicts of interest ; and the failure of regulators , the credit rating agencies , and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street . '' Both market - based and regulatory solutions have been implemented or are under consideration . Expansion of FDIC insurance - 2008 - 2010 ( edit ) Due to the 2008 financial crisis , and to encourage businesses and high - net - worth individuals to keep their cash in the largest banks ( rather than spreading it out ) , Congress temporarily increased the insurance limit to $250,000 . With the passage of the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , this increase became permanent as of July 21 , 2010 . Dodd -- Frank Act ( edit ) Main article : Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2011 ) The Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act is the most sweeping change to financial regulation in the United States since the Great Depression , and represents a significant change in the American financial regulatory environment affecting all Federal financial regulatory agencies and affecting almost every aspect of the nation 's financial services industry . See also ( edit ) American business history History of banking History of investment banking in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goddard , Thomas H. ( 1831 ) . History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States . Carvill . pp. 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Money In The American Colonies by Ron Michener ( 1 ) . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bowden , Elbert V. ( 1989 ) . Money , Banking , and the Financial System . St. Paul , MN : West Publishing Company . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 72626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` A lesson from the free banking era '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - Regional Economist. 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Wildcat Banking , Banking Panics , and Free Banking in the United States '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) No Peace with Greenbacks , New York Times , May 9 , 1879 . Jump up ^ `` US Banking History , Civil War to World War II '' . eh.net . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer , Jay Cooke : financier of the Civil War ( 1907 ) Volume 1 - Page 299 online edition Jump up ^ `` History of Investment Banking in the US and Britain -- An Overview '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jr. , Donald R. ( April 1978 ) . `` The Beginning of Investment Banking in the United States '' . Pennsylvania History . Penn State University Press . 45 ( No. 2 ) . JSTOR 27772505 . Jump up ^ N. Lamoreaux , `` The Great Merge Movement in American Business , 1895 - 1904 '' ( Cambridge , 1985 ) Jump up ^ Davis , Lance . `` Capital Immobilities and Finance Capitalism : A Study of Economic Evolution in the United States , 1820 - 1920 '' . Explorations in Entrepreneurial History , second series . 1 ( Fall 1963 ) : 88 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ; Rockoff , Hugh ( 2009 ) . History of the American Economy . Cengage Learning . p. 352 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stowell , David ( 2010 ) . An Introduction to Investment Banks , Hedge Funds , and Private Equity : The New Paradigm . Academic Press . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bruner & Carr 2007 , p. 148 Jump up ^ https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/01/12/100604553.pdf NY Times Jan 12 1913 Jump up ^ Report of the Committee Appointed Pursuant to House Resolutions 429 and 504 to Investigate the Concentration of Control of Money and Credit . February 28 , 1913 https://www.scribd.com/doc/34121180/Pujo-Committee-Report-Report-of-the-Committee-Appointed-Pursuant-to-House-Resolutions-429-and-504-1912-1913-Pujo-Committee-Report Jump up ^ Teresed , Swen . Dictated But -- -- Not Read . The Deseret News . 14 December 1937 . Jump up ^ Credit Union Head Tells of Expansion . The Deseret News . 14 December 1937 . Jump up ^ NCUA . National Credit Union Administration . Jump up ^ or Lemon ? `` Riegel - Neal Act of 1994 '' Check url = value ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ronnie J. Phillips , The Chicago plan and New Deal banking reform ( 1995 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ `` Bottom - Printout - TIME '' . Time.com . March 13 , 1933 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kushmeider , Rose ( 2006 - 01 - 20 ) . `` The U.S. Federal Financial Regulatory System '' . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Under the gold standard , the Federal Reserve was prevented from lowering interest rates and was instead forced to raise rates to protect the dollar . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Allan H. ( 2004 ) . `` A History of the Federal Reserve : 1913 -- 1951 '' : 442 -- 446 . Jump up ^ `` A Snapshot History of Investment Banking '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ 1969 : the year everything changed - Google Books . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Popular Mechanics - Google Books . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Mr. Don Wetzel '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Audit : Resolution Trust Corporation 's 1995 and 1994 Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . U.S. General Accounting Office . July 1996 . pp. 8 , 13 . Jump up ^ `` Housing Finance in Developed Countries An International Comparison of Efficiency , United States '' ( PDF ) . Fannie Mae . 1992 . pp. 4 , 8 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate - Banking Bill Gets Final Approval in Congress '' . New York Times . September 14 , 1994 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Repeal of Glass -- Steagall and the Advent of Broad Banking '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` GRAMM 'S STATEMENT AT SIGNING CEREMONY FOR GRAMM -- LEACH -- BLILEY ACT '' . Jump up ^ Daily Kos : Banking Deregulation and Clinton Jump up ^ What Was The Glass - Steagall Act ? Jump up ^ `` Sold Out : How Wall Street and Washington Betrayed America , March 2009 , Consumer Education Foundation '' > www.wallstreetwatch.org Jump up ^ `` Clinton repeal of Glass - Steagall faulty as seen today '' March 17th , 2008 , http://mortgageblues.us/news/398 Jump up ^ `` The Repeal of Glass - Steagall '' http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2009/03/repeal-glass-steagall Jump up ^ Three top economists agree 2009 worst financial crisis since great depression ; risks increase if right steps are not taken . ( February 29 , 2009 ). Reuters . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 , from Business Wire News database . Jump up ^ Ivry , Bob ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` ( quoting Joshua Rosner as stating `` It 's not a liquidity problem , it 's a valuation problem . ' ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brookings - Financial Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ This American Life . `` NPR - The Giant Pool of Money - April 2009 '' . Pri.org . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook : Crisis and Recovery , April 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of G20 '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Repeal of Glass -- Steagall '' http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2009/03/repeal-glass-steagall Jump up ^ TIME Magazine Friday , April 10 , 2009 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , Get the Report , accessed 2 - 14 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Was Avoidable , Sewell Chan , New York Times , January 25 , 2011 , accessed 2 - 14 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bernanke - Four Questions '' . Federalreserve.gov. April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Financial Crisis Report , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Obama - Regulatory Reform Speech June 17 , 2009 '' . Whitehouse.gov . June 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historic financial overhaul signed to law by Obama '' . Yahoo ! News . July 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Signs Sweeping Financial Overhaul , Pledges ' No More ' Bailouts '' . FOX News . July 21 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paletta , Damian ; Lucchetti , Aaron ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Senate Passes Sweeping Finance Overhaul '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to Sign Dodd -- Frank Financial Regulatory Reform Bill Into Law Today '' . The Washington Independent . July 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dodd -- Frank Act Becomes Law '' . The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation . July 21 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Dodd -- Frank Act : Significant Impact on Public Companies '' ( PDF ) . Skadden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Chernow , Ron . The house of Morgan : an American banking dynasty and the rise of modern finance ( 2001 ) . Grossman , Richard S. Unsettled Account : The Evolution of Banking in the Industrialized World Since 1800 ( Princeton University Press ; 2010 ) 384 pages . Considers how crises , bailouts , mergers , and regulations have shaped the history of banking in Western Europe , the United States , Canada , Japan , and Australia . Hammond , Bray , Banks and Politics in America , from the Revolution to the Civil War , ( Princeton University Press , 1957 ) . ch 8 appears in Bray Hammond , `` Andrew Jackson 's Battle with the ' Money Power ' '' American Heritage ( June 1956 ) 7 # 4 online Hammond , Bray . Sovereignty and an Empty Purse : Banks and Politics in the Civil War ( Princeton University Press . 1970 ) . Klebaner , Benjamin J. American commercial banking : A history ( Twayne , 1990 ) . online Mason , David L. From buildings and loans to bail - outs : A history of the American savings and loan industry , 1831 -- 1995 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve ( 2 vol . U of Chicago Press , 2010 ) . Murphy , Sharon Ann . Other People 's Money : How Banking Worked in the Early American Republic ( 2017 ) online review Pak , Susie J. Gentlemen Bankers . The World of J.P. Morgan ( 2013 ) 1880s - 1910 Perkins , Edwin J. American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( The Ohio State University Press , 1994 ) Complete text on line free . Rothbard , Murray N. , History of Money and Banking in the United States. Full text ( 510 pages ) in pdf format , A libertarian interpretation Schweikart , Larry , ed . Banking and Finance to 1913 ( 1990 ) , an encyclopedia with short articles by experts Schweikart , Larry , ed . Banking and Finance , 1913 - 1989 ( 1990 ) , an encyclopedia with short articles by experts Sylla , Richard . `` US securities markets and the banking system , 1790 - 1840 . '' Review - Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis 80 ( 1998 ) : 83 - 98 . online Historiography ( edit ) Murphy , Sharon Ann . `` Banks and Banking in the Early American Republic . '' History Compass 10.5 ( 2012 ) : 409 - 422 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_banking_in_the_United_States&oldid=845708727 '' Categories : History of banking in the United States Economic history of the United States Banking in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages with URL errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles to be expanded from May 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 16 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. History of banking in the United States
2. New Nation and early attempts to create a national bank
3. Jacksonian Era and opposition to the Second Bank of the United States
4. Rise of investment banks and the Civil War
5. Surging demand for capital in the Gilded Age and the gold standard
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1,360,484,867,817,781,200 |
celine dion - that's the way it is
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That 's the Way It Is ( Celine Dion song ) - wikipedia That 's the Way It Is ( Celine Dion song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` That 's the Way It Is '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Celine Dion <Th_colspan="2"> from the album All the Way ... A Decade of Song B - side `` I Met an Angel ( On Christmas Day ) '' Released 1 November 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 01 ) Format CD single 12 '' single Recorded 1998 -- 99 Paradise Sounds , Cheiron Studios Genre Pop Length 4 : 01 Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Max Martin Kristian Lundin Andreas Carlsson Producer ( s ) Max Martin Kristian Lundin <Th_colspan="2"> Celine Dion singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Dans un autre monde '' ( 1999 ) `` That 's the Way It Is '' ( 1999 ) `` Then You Look at Me '' ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Dans un autre monde '' ( 1999 ) `` That 's the Way It Is '' ( 1999 ) `` Then You Look at Me '' ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` That 's the Way It Is '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` That 's the Way It Is '' is the lead single from Celine Dion 's greatest hits album All the Way ... A Decade of Song , released on 1 November 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production and release 2 Composition 3 Live performances 4 Music video 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Legacy 8 Formats and track listings 9 Official versions 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Decade - end charts 11 Certifications and sales 12 Release history 13 Covers 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Production and release ( edit ) It was written and produced by Swedish producers Andreas Carlsson , Max Martin and Kristian Lundin , who have written a string of hit songs for artists such as NSYNC , Backstreet Boys and Britney Spears . Composition ( edit ) `` That 's the Way It Is '' starts out in the key of E major with a moderate tempo of 93 beats per minute . Throughout the verses , the song follows a chord progression of C ♯ m -- A -- B , and Dion 's vocals span from B to E . The song has a bridge , and after the bridge is the chorus repeated , only in the key of A major . Live performances ( edit ) Dion sang it live with NSYNC , during her 1999 CBS Special . She also performed `` That 's the Way It Is '' at the Top of the Pops on 12 November , the 1999 Billboard Music Awards , the Bambi Awards on 11 December , The Rosie O'Donnell Show on 13 December , The Today Show on 31 December , and on the Let 's Talk About Love Tour as the closing song . When Dion returned to the music scene after her 2 years off in 2002 , the song was performed on her promotional tour for the A New Day Has Come album including a second time at The Today Show , The Early Show , and at The Concert For World Children 's Day . In 2015 for the first time in 13 years , Dion added the song as an acoustic version to the setlist of her Las Vegas residency show Celine at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . The song was also performed in Dion 's 2017 European tour . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` That 's the Way It Is '' was directed by Liz Friedlander . It was produced by Heather Heller and was shot in Los Angeles , California and completed on 17 October 1999 . It premiered on VH1 on 8 November 1999 . It was nominated for a MuchMusic Video Award . The video was included on Dion 's All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video DVD . The music video , which was uploaded on YouTube on 24 October 2009 reached 100 million views and became Dion 's second VEVO certified music video . Critical reception ( edit ) Michael Paoletta from Billboard highlighted this song on All the Way ... A Decade of Song and called it a `` welcome uptempo number '' . Chuck Taylor from Billboard also praised `` That 's the Way It Is '' . He wrote that Dion at last `` ups the tempo with the irresistible '' first single . According to Taylor , this new track , a joyful ode to holding the faith but allowing love to take its course when it 's ready , matches Dion with a new team of collaborators , consistent hitmakers : Max Martin , Kristian Lundin and Andreas Carlsson . `` Replete with a festive mandolin and a midtempo beat to bring new heights to her as - ever splendid vocal , '' this song is `` destined to enrapture '' top forty and AC the first time through , at last stripping away mainstream radio 's gripe that Dion is `` too adult '' . He said that , youthful and yet elegant , and glowing brightly with warmth , the song also represents a bold step forward for Martin , who is best known for his work with chart - topping youth acts . All in all , `` That 's the Way It Is '' is `` one of the most compelling radio releases yet '' from `` one of the core voices of the decade . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic felt that the danceable `` That 's the Way It Is '' works and highlighted it as a standout on All the Way ... A Decade of Song . Jose F. Promis reviewed the US / South Korea CD maxi single and rated it 3 out 5 stars . He called the song itself `` cheerful pop nugget '' , album version `` definitive hit '' , and `` Metro Club Remix '' a `` bubbly dance '' version of the song . Commercial performance ( edit ) The song became a hit , going to number 1 on the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada , reaching the top ten in other countries all over the world . It was Dion 's first airplay - only single that charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 6 ( number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay ) . The commercial single was released nine months later as a double A-side with `` I Want You to Need Me '' , reaching number 62 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales . It ranked at number 12 on decade - end list of US Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for 2000 -- 2009 . The song spent 1 week at number 1 at the top and an eventual 85 weeks or 1 and a half years on the said chart . It became one of the longest - running single in the chart 's history . `` That 's the Way It Is '' was very successful , being certified platinum in Sweden ( 20,000 ) , gold in Australia ( 35,000 ) , Belgium ( 25,000 ) , Germany ( 250,000 ) and silver in France ( 160,000 ) . According to Billboard , `` That 's the Way It Is '' received the `` BDS Certified Spin Award - 500,000 Spins '' in August 2006 . Since the song was released in November 1999 , it has cycled 500,000 times on almost 1,400 radio stations across Canada and the US . Legacy ( edit ) The song was included later on The Collector 's Series , Volume One compilation ( 2000 ) and My Love : Essential Collection greatest hits ( 2008 ) . Several club remixes were created by the Metro . Some pressings of the single included the song `` I Met an Angel ( On Christmas Day ) '' , a non-album track . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian / European / Japanese / UK CD single `` That 's the Way It Is '' -- 4 : 01 `` I Met an Angel ( On Christmas Day ) '' -- 3 : 20 Australian / South Africa / Taiwan / Asia / European / UK CD maxi single `` That 's the Way It Is '' -- 4 : 01 `` I Met an Angel ( On Christmas Day ) '' -- 3 : 20 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( live ) -- 5 : 23 UK CD maxi single # 2 and Canadian CD maxi single `` That 's the Way It Is '' -- 4 : 01 `` That 's the Way It Is '' ( The Metro Club Remix ) -- 5 : 28 `` Another Year Has Gone By '' -- 3 : 24 US / South Korea CD and 12 '' maxi single `` That 's the Way It Is '' -- 4 : 01 `` That 's the Way It Is '' ( The Metro Club Remix ) -- 5 : 28 `` I Want You to Need Me '' ( Thunderpuss radio mix ) -- 4 : 32 `` I Want You to Need Me '' ( Thunderpuss club mix ) -- 8 : 10 Official versions ( edit ) `` That 's the Way It Is '' ( Metro Mix Edit ) -- 3 : 12 `` That 's the Way It Is '' ( Metro Edit ) -- 3 : 20 `` That 's the Way It Is '' ( The Metro Club Remix ) -- 5 : 28 `` That 's the Way It Is '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 01 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 5 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) 13 Canada ( BDS Contemporary Hit Radio ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Italy ( FIMI ) Italy ( Hit Parade ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 12 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 7 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 40 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 17 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 88 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 93 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 41 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 95 Norway Autumn Period ( VG - lista ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 183 Chart ( 2000 ) Position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 83 Italy ( Hit Parade ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 99 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 99 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 32 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 19 Chart ( 2001 ) Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 189,100 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom 88,100 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United Kingdom 29 November 1999 CD cassette United States 1 August 2000 CD 7 '' 12 '' Covers ( edit ) In 2008 , Japanese singer melody . covered `` That 's the Way It Is '' and included it on her single `` Haruka : Haruka '' . In 2010 the Swedish singer Sanna Nielsen sang the song on the Swedish summer TV show Sommarkrysset . In 2014 , Scottish - American entertainer John Barrowman covered the song on his album You Raise Me Up . See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2000 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2000 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1999 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glatzer , Jenna ( 2005 ) . Céline Dion : For Keeps . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 5559 - 5 . Jump up ^ Céline Dion Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kristian , Lundin , . `` That 's the Way It Is '' . www.musicnotes.com . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=fAgEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=DION&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=eAgEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dion&f=false Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/r444648 Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/thats-the-way-it-is-us-cd-mw0000088221 ^ Jump up to : `` Best of the 2000s '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9695 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 7285 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 27 November 1999 . p. 60 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 8 January 2000 . p. 41 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion : That 's the Way It Is '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- That 's the Way It Is '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale dal 21 / 01 / 2000 al 27 / 01 / 2000 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 8 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : D '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 1999 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Céline Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Celine Dion . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Celine Dion . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Celine Dion . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 19 August 2000 . p. 49 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Celine Dion . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Celine Dion . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Celine Dion . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Tropical Airplay for Celine Dion . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1999 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1999 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 1999 Top 100 Adult Contemporary '' . RPM. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 Van 1999 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single Høst 1999 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 1999 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Najlepsze single na UK Top 40 - 1999 wg sprzedaży '' ( in Polish ) . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 2000 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 Van 2000 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - single 2000 '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2000 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 30 December 2000 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 29 December 2001 . p. 81 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 1999 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 2000 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Celine Dion ; ' That 's the Way It Is ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2000 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- That 's the Way It Is '' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5SXLE95ehY&feature=related External links ( edit ) `` That 's the Way It Is '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Celine Dion English singles <Td_colspan="2"> Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_the_Way_It_Is_(Celine_Dion_song)&oldid=804627392 '' Categories : Celine Dion songs 1999 singles Dance - pop songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Music videos directed by Liz Friedlander Songs written by Andreas Carlsson Songs written by Kristian Lundin Songs written by Max Martin Song recordings produced by Max Martin RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles 1999 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardtropicalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Kiswahili 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 05 : 58 . 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1. Celine Dion
2. That's the Way It Is
3. Greatest hits album
4. Pop music
5. Music video
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who oversees proceedings in the house of commons
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House of Commons of the United Kingdom - wikipedia House of Commons of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search `` British House of Commons '' redirects here . For the House of Commons 1707 -- 1800 , see House of Commons of Great Britain . For other bodies in British history and abroad , see House of Commons . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom <Th_colspan="2"> Leadership Speaker John Bercow MP Since 22 June 2009 Leader of the Commons Andrea Leadsom MP , Conservative Since 11 June 2017 Shadow Leader of the Commons Valerie Vaz MP , Labour Since 6 October 2016 Minor parties Shadow Leaders Pete Wishart MP , Scottish National Tom Brake MP , Liberal Democrat Nigel Dodds MP , Democratic Unionist <Th_colspan="2"> Structure Seats 650 <Td_colspan="2"> Political groups HM Government Conservative Party ( 315 ) Independent ( 2 ) ( Conservative ; whip suspended ) Confidence and supply Democratic Unionist Party ( 10 ) HM Most Loyal Opposition Labour Party ( 260 ) Independent ( 2 ) ( Labour ; whip suspended ) Other opposition Scottish National Party ( 35 ) Liberal Democrats ( 12 ) Sinn Féin ( 7 ) ( abstentionist ) Plaid Cymru ( 4 ) Green Party ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) Speaker Speaker ( 1 ) Length of term up to 5 years <Th_colspan="2"> Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election 8 June 2017 Next election Latest , 5 May 2022 Redistricting Boundary commissions <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> House of Commons chamber Palace of Westminster City of Westminster London , United Kingdom <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> parliament.uk The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Like the upper house , the House of Lords , it meets in the Palace of Westminster . Officially , the full name of the house is : the Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled . The Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Members are elected to represent constituencies by first - past - the - post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved . The House of Commons of England evolved in the 13th and 14th centuries . It eventually became the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland in 1707 , and assumed the title of `` House of Commons of Great Britain and Ireland '' after the political union with Ireland at the start of the 19th century . The `` United Kingdom '' referred to was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1800 , and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922 . Accordingly , the House of Commons assumed its current title . Under the Parliament Act 1911 , the Lords ' power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power . The Government is solely responsible to the House of Commons and the Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of the Commons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 1.1 Relationship with Her Majesty 's Government 1.2 Legislative functions 2 History 2.1 Layout and design 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.4. 1 Expenses scandal 3 Members and elections 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 Officers 4 Procedure 5 Committees 6 Current composition 7 Commons symbol 8 In film and television 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Role ( edit ) Relationship with her Majesty 's Government ( edit ) Although it does not formally elect the prime minister , the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance . By convention , the prime minister is answerable to , and must maintain the support of , the House of Commons . Thus , whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant , the Sovereign appoints the person who has the support of the House , or who is most likely to command the support of the House -- normally the leader of the largest party in the Commons , while the leader of the second - largest party becomes the Leader of the Opposition . Since 1963 , by convention , the prime minister is always a member of the House of Commons , rather than the House of Lords . The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence . Confidence and no confidence motions are phrased explicitly , for instance : `` That this House has no confidence in Her Majesty 's Government . '' Many other motions were considered confidence issues , even though not explicitly phrased as such . In particular , important bills that form a part of the Government 's agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence , as is the annual Budget . When a Government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons , the prime minister is obliged either to resign , making way for another MP who can command confidence , or to request the monarch to dissolve Parliament , thereby precipitating a general election . Parliament normally sits for a maximum term of five years . Subject to that limit , the prime minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament , with the permission of the Monarch . However , since the Fixed - Term Parliaments Act 2011 , terms are now a fixed five years , and an early general election can only be brought about either by a two - thirds majority in favour of a motion for a dissolution , or by a vote of no confidence that is not followed within fourteen days by a vote of confidence ( which may be for confidence in the same government or a different one ) . By this second mechanism , the government of the United Kingdom can change without an intervening general election . Only four of the eight last Prime Ministers have attained office as the immediate result of a general election ; the others have gained office upon the resignation of a Prime Minister of their own party . The latter four were Jim Callaghan , John Major , Gordon Brown and the current Prime Minister Theresa May ; these four inherited the office from Harold Wilson , Margaret Thatcher , Tony Blair and David Cameron respectively . In such circumstances there may not even have been an internal party leadership election , as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim , having no electoral rival ( as in the case of both Brown and May ) . A prime minister may resign even if he or she is not defeated at the polls ( for example , for personal health reasons ) . In such a case , the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons ; in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime minister 's party . Until 1965 , the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader ; when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor , the party was unable to nominate one . It fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister , after taking the advice of ministers . By convention , all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords . A handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament , but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by - election or by receiving a peerage . Since 1902 , all prime ministers have been members of the Commons ( the sole exception , the Earl of Home , disclaimed his peerage three days after becoming prime minister , and was immediately elected to the House of Commons as Sir Alec Douglas - Home after twenty days in neither House ) . In modern times , the vast majority of ministers belong to the Commons rather than the Lords . Few major cabinet positions ( except Lord Privy Seal , Lord Chancellor and Leader of the House of Lords ) have been filled by a peer in recent times . Notable exceptions are Lord Carrington , who served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982 , and Lord Young , who was appointed Employment Secretary in 1985 . Lord Mandelson was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in October 2008 ; he was also briefly a member of neither the Lords nor the Commons while serving in this capacity . The elected status of members of the Commons , as opposed to the unelected nature of members of the Lords , is seen to lend more legitimacy to ministers . The prime minister chooses the ministers , and may decide to remove them at any time ; the formal appointment or dismissal , however , is made by the Sovereign . The House of Commons scrutinises HM Government through `` Prime Minister 's Questions '' , when members have the opportunity to ask questions of the prime minister ; there are other opportunities to question other cabinet ministers . Prime Minister 's Questions occurs once each week , normally for half an hour each Wednesday . Questions must relate to the responding minister 's official government activities , not to his or her activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament . Customarily , members of the Government party and members of the Opposition alternate when asking questions . In addition to questions asked orally during Question Time , Members of Parliament may also make inquiries in writing . In practice , the House of Commons ' scrutiny of the Government is fairly weak . Since the first - past - the - post electoral system is employed , the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons , and there is often little need to compromise with other parties . Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs . Also , many ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government . Thus , during the 20th century , the Government has lost confidence issues only three times -- twice in 1924 , and once in 1979 . However , the threat of rebellions by their own party 's backbench MPs often forces Governments to make concessions ( under the Coalition , over foundation hospitals and under Labour over top - up fees and compensation for failed company pension schemes ) . Occasionally the Government is defeated by backbench rebellions ( Terrorism Act 2006 ) . However , the scrutiny provided by the Select Committees is more serious . The House of Commons technically retains the power to impeach Ministers of the Crown ( or any other subject , even if not a public officer ) for their crimes . Impeachments are tried by the House of Lords , where a simple majority is necessary to convict . The power of impeachment , however , has fallen into disuse : the House of Commons exercises its checks on the Government through other means , such as No Confidence Motions ; the last impeachment was that of Viscount Melville in 1806 . Legislative functions ( edit ) Further information : Act of Parliament Bills may be introduced in either house , though bills of importance generally originate in the House of Commons . The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the Parliament Acts , under which certain types of bills may be presented to the Queen for Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords . The Lords may not delay a money bill ( a bill that , in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons , solely concerns national taxation or public funds ) for more than one month . Moreover , the Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two parliamentary sessions , or one calendar year . These provisions , however , only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons . Moreover , a bill that seeks to extend a parliamentary term beyond five years requires the consent of the House of Lords . By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts , only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or Supply . Furthermore , supply bills passed by the House of Commons are immune to amendments in the House of Lords . In addition , the House of Lords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a taxation or supply - related provision , but the House of Commons often waives its privileges and allows the Lords to make amendments with financial implications . Under a separate convention , known as the Salisbury Convention , the House of Lords does not seek to oppose legislation promised in the Government 's election manifesto . Hence , as the power of the House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice , the House of Commons is clearly the most powerful branch of Parliament . History ( edit ) Further information : House of Commons of England and House of Commons of Great Britain The British Parliament of today largely descends , in practice , from the Parliament of England , although the 1706 Treaty of Union , and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty , created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland , with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen Peers to represent Scotland . Later still the Acts of Union 1800 brought about the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members , creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Although popularly considered to refer to the fact its members are commoners , the actual name of the House of Commons comes from the Norman French word for communities -- communes . Layout and design ( edit ) See also : Palace of Westminster § Commons Chamber The current Commons ' layout is influenced by the use of the original St. Stephen 's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster . The rectangular shape is derived from the shape of the chapel . Benches were arranged using the configuration of the chapel 's choir stalls whereby they were facing across from one another . This arrangement facilitated an adversarial atmosphere that is representative of the British parliamentary approach . The distance across the floor of the House between the government and opposition benches is 3.96 metres ( 13.0 ft ) , said to be equivalent to two swords ' length . 19th century ( edit ) William Pitt the Younger addressing the Commons on the outbreak of the war with France ( 1793 ) ; painting by Anton Hickel The House of Commons in the early 19th century by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson . The House of Commons underwent an important period of reform during the 19th century . Over the years , several anomalies had developed in borough representation . The constituency boundaries had not been changed since 1660 , so many towns that were once important but had declined by the 19th century still retained their ancient right of electing two members , in addition to other boroughs that had never been important , e.g. Gatton . Among the most notorious of these `` rotten boroughs '' were Old Sarum , which had only six voters for two MPs , and Dunwich which had largely collapsed into the sea due to coastal erosion . At the same time , large cities such as Manchester received no separate representation ( although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat ) . Also notable were the pocket boroughs , small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats , whose `` nominees '' were invariably elected . The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831 . At first , the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill , but were forced to relent when the prime minister , Lord Grey , advised King William IV to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers . To avoid this the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832 . The Reform Act 1832 , also known as the `` Great Reform Act '' , abolished the rotten boroughs , established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs , and granted representation to populous cities , but still retained many pocket boroughs . In the ensuing years , the Commons grew more assertive , the influence of the House of Lords having been reduced by the Reform Bill crisis , and the power of the patrons reduced . The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities , and it became an accepted political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office . Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century . The Reform Act 1867 lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs , reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs , and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns . The electorate was further expanded by the Representation of the People Act 1884 , under which property qualifications in the counties were lowered . The Redistribution of Seats Act of the following year replaced almost all multi-member constituencies with single - member constituencies . 20th century ( edit ) The old Chamber of the House of Commons built by Sir Charles Barry was destroyed by German bombs during the Second World War . The essential features of Barry 's design were preserved when the Chamber was rebuilt . In 1908 , the Liberal Government under Asquith introduced a number of social welfare programmes , which , together with an expensive arms race , forced the Government to seek higher taxes . In 1909 , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George , introduced the `` People 's Budget '' , which proposed a new tax targeting wealthy landowners . But this measure failed in the heavily Conservative House of Lords , and the government resigned . The resulting general election returned a hung parliament , but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties . Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed . After a further election in December 1910 , the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the House with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill . Thus the Parliament Act 1911 came into effect , destroying the legislative equality of the two Houses of Parliament . The House of Lords was permitted only to delay most legislation , for a maximum of three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years ( reduced to two sessions or one year by the Parliament Act 1949 ) . Since the passage of these Acts , the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament , both in theory and in practice . In 1918 , women over 30 were given the right to vote , quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling women to be eligible for election as members of parliament at the younger age of 21 . The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish Sinn Féin candidate , Constance Markievicz , who therefore became the first woman MP . However , due to Sinn Féin 's policy of abstention from Westminster , she never took her seat . With effect from the General Election in 1950 , various forms of plural voting ( i.e. some individuals had the right to vote in more than one constituency in the same election ) , including University constituencies , were abolished . Since the 17th century , MPs had been unpaid . Most of the men elected to the Commons had private incomes , while a few relied on financial support from a wealthy patron . Early Labour MPs were often provided with a salary by a trade union , but this was declared illegal by a House of Lords judgment of 1909 . Consequently , a resolution was passed in the House of Commons in 1911 introducing salaries for MPs . Government ministers had always been paid . 21st century ( edit ) Expenses scandal ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) In May and June 2009 revelations of MPs ' expenses claims caused a major scandal and loss of confidence by the public in the integrity of MPs , as well as causing the first forced resignation of the Speaker in 300 years . Members and elections ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United Kingdom House of Commons House of Commons Members Current members of the 57th Parliament ( 2017 general election ) MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland MPs for constituencies in Scotland MPs for constituencies in England MPs for constituencies in Wales Leadership Speaker of the House Leader of the House Shadow Leader of the House Father of the House Committees Committees of the House of Commons Places Palace of Westminster House of Commons Chamber Portcullis House Since 1950 , each Member of Parliament has represented a single constituency . There remains a technical distinction between county constituencies and borough constituencies , but the only effect of this difference is in the amount of money candidates are allowed to spend during campaigns . The boundaries of the constituencies are determined by four permanent and independent Boundary Commissions , one each for England , Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The commissions conduct general reviews of electoral boundaries once every 8 to 12 years , and a number of interim reviews . In drawing boundaries , they are required to take into account local government boundaries , but may deviate from this requirement to prevent great disparities in the populations of the various constituencies . The proposals of the Boundary Commissions are subject to parliamentary approval , but may not be amended . After the next general review of constituencies , the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the Electoral Commission , which was established in 2000 . As of 2017 , the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies , with 533 in England , 40 in Wales , 59 in Scotland , and 18 in Northern Ireland . General elections occur whenever Parliament is dissolved . The timing of the dissolution was normally chosen by the Prime Minister ( see relationship with the Government above ) ; however , as a result of the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , Parliamentary terms are now fixed at five years , except in the event of the House of Commons passing a vote of no confidence or an `` early election '' motion , the latter having to be passed by a two - thirds majority . The first use of this procedure was in April 2017 , when MPs voted in favour of Theresa May 's call for a snap election to be held that June . All elections in the UK are held on a Thursday . The Electoral Commission is unsure when this practice arose , but dates it to 1931 , with the suggestion that it was made to coincide with market day ; this would ease voting for those who had to travel into the towns to cast their ballot . A candidate for a constituency must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that constituency , and pay a deposit of £ 500 , which is refunded only if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote . The deposit seeks to discourage frivolous candidates . Each constituency returns one member , using the first - past - the - post electoral system , under which the candidate with a plurality of votes wins . Minors ( that is , anyone under the age of 18 ) , members of the House of Lords , prisoners , and insane persons are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons . To vote , one must be a resident of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and a British citizen , or a citizen of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after moving from the United Kingdom . No person may vote in more than one constituency . Once elected , Members of Parliament normally continue to serve until the next dissolution of Parliament . But if a member dies or ceases to be qualified ( see qualifications below ) , his or her seat falls vacant . It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member , but this power is exercised only in cases of serious misconduct or criminal activity . In each case , the vacancy is filled by a by - election in the constituency , with the same electoral system as in general elections . The term `` Member of Parliament '' is normally used only to refer to members of the House of Commons , even though the House of Lords is also a part of Parliament . Members of the House of Commons may use the post-nominal letters `` MP '' . The annual salary of each member is £ 74,962 , effective from 1 April 2016 . Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold ( for instance , the Speakership ) . Most members also claim for various office expenses ( staff costs , postage , travelling , etc . ) and , in the case of non-London members , for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital . Qualifications ( edit ) Another picture of the old House of Commons chamber . Note the dark veneer on the wood , which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber . There are numerous qualifications that apply to Members of Parliament . Most importantly , one must be aged at least 18 ( the minimum age was 21 until s. 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 came into force ) , and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom , of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations . These restrictions were introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 , but were previously far more stringent : under the Act of Settlement 1701 , only natural - born subjects were qualified . Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons , or even vote in parliamentary elections ( just as the Queen does not vote ) ; however , they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates ( unlike the Queen , who can not enter the chamber ) . A person may not sit in the Commons if he or she is the subject of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order ( applicable in England and Wales only ) , or if he or she is adjudged bankrupt ( in Northern Ireland ) , or if his or her estate is sequestered ( in Scotland ) . Previously , MPs detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 for six months or more would have their seat vacated if two specialists reported to the Speaker that the member was suffering from a mental disorder . However , this disqualification was removed by the Mental Health ( Discrimination ) Act 2013 . There also exists a common law precedent from the 18th century that the `` deaf and dumb '' are ineligible to sit in the Lower House ; this precedent , however , has not been tested in recent years . Jack Ashley continued to serve as an MP for 25 years after becoming profoundly deaf . Anyone found guilty of high treason may not sit in Parliament until he or she has either completed the term of imprisonment or received a full pardon from the Crown . Moreover , anyone serving a prison sentence of one year or more is ineligible . Finally , the Representation of the People Act 1983 disqualifies for ten years those found guilty of certain election - related offences . Several other disqualifications are codified in the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 : holders of high judicial offices , civil servants , members of the regular armed forces , members of foreign legislatures ( excluding the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth countries ) , and holders of several Crown offices . Ministers , even though they are paid officers of the Crown , are not disqualified . The rule that precludes certain Crown officers from serving in the House of Commons is used to circumvent a resolution adopted by the House of Commons in 1623 , under which members are not permitted to resign their seats . In practice , however , they always can . Should a member wish to resign from the Commons , he or she may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices : that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds , or that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead . These offices are sinecures ( that is , they involve no actual duties ) ; they exist solely to permit the `` resignation '' of members of the House of Commons . The Chancellor of the Exchequer is responsible for making the appointment , and , by convention , never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons . Officers ( edit ) The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons , as depicted in the above print commemorating the destruction of the Commons Chamber by fire in 1834 . At the beginning of each new parliamentary term , the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer , known as the Speaker . If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term , then the House may re-elect him or her merely by passing a motion ; otherwise , a secret ballot is held . A Speaker - elect can not take office until he or she has been approved by the Sovereign ; the granting of the royal approbation , however , is a formality . The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers , the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means . The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means . These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means , a body over which the chairman once used to preside ; even though the Committee was abolished in 1967 , the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained . The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons . Whilst presiding , the Speaker or Deputy Speaker wears ceremonial dress . The presiding officer may also wear a wig , but this tradition was abandoned by a former Speaker , Betty Boothroyd . Michael Martin , who succeeded to the office , also did not wear a wig whilst in the chamber . The current speaker , John Bercow , has chosen to wear a gown over a lounge suit , a decision which has sparked much debate and opposition . The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the House . This chair was designed by Augustus Pugin , who initially built a prototype of the chair at King Edward 's School , Birmingham : that chair is called Sapientia , and is where the Chief master sits . The Speaker is also chairman of the House of Commons Commission , which oversees the running of the House , and he or she controls debates by calling on members to speak . If a member believes that a rule ( or Standing Order ) has been breached , he or she may raise a `` point of order '' , on which the Speaker makes a ruling that is not subject to any appeal . The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the House . Thus , the Speaker is far more powerful than his Lords counterpart , the Lord Speaker , who has no disciplinary powers . Customarily , the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan ; they do not vote ( with the notable exception of tied votes , where the Speaker votes in accordance with Denison 's rule ) , or participate in the affairs of any political party . By convention , a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in his or her constituency by any of the major parties . The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons . The Clerk of the House is both the House 's chief adviser on matters of procedure and chief executive of the House of Commons . He or she is a permanent official , not a member of the House itself . The Clerk advises the Speaker on the rules and procedure of the House , signs orders and official communications , and signs and endorses bills . He or she chairs the Board of Management , which consists of the heads of the six departments of the House . The Clerk 's deputy is known as the Clerk Assistant . Another officer of the House is the Serjeant - at - Arms , whose duties include the maintenance of law , order , and security on the House 's premises . The Serjeant - at - Arms carries the ceremonial mace , a symbol of the authority of the Crown and of the House of Commons , into the House each day in front of the Speaker , and the Mace is laid upon the Table of the House during sittings . The Librarian is head of the House of Commons Library , the House 's research and information arm . Procedure ( edit ) See also : Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom § Stages of a bill Like the Lords , the Commons meets in the Palace of Westminster in London . The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green , in contrast to the large , lavishly furnished red Lords chamber . There are benches on two sides of the chamber , divided by a centre aisle . This arrangement reflects the design of St Stephen 's Chapel , which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834 . The Speaker 's chair is at one end of the Chamber ; in front of it , is the Table of the House , on which the Mace rests . The Clerks sit at one end of the Table , close to the Speaker so that they may advise him or her on procedure when necessary . Members of the Government sit on the benches on the Speaker 's right , whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker 's left . In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn , which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates . Government ministers and the leader of the Opposition and the Shadow Cabinet sit on the front rows , and are known as frontbenchers . Other members of parliament , in contrast , are known as backbenchers . Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the Chamber at the same time , as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members . It 's always said that there are 427 seats in the Chamber , but according to Sir Robert Rogers , former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive , that figure is an average or a finger in the wind estimate . Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the House if they wish to listen to debates . Sittings in the Chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday , and also on some Fridays . During times of national emergency , the House may also sit at weekends . Sittings of the House are open to the public , but the House may at any time vote to sit in private , which has occurred only twice since 1950 . Traditionally , a Member who desired that the House sit privately could shout `` I spy strangers '' and a vote would automatically follow . In the past , when relations between the Commons and the Crown were less than cordial , this procedure was used whenever the House wanted to keep its debate private . More often , however , this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings ; as a result , it was abolished in 1998 . Now , Members seeking that the House sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect . Public debates are recorded and archived in Hansard . The post war redesign of the House in 1950 included microphones , and debates were allowed to be broadcast by radio in 1975 . Since 1989 , they have also been broadcast on television , which is now handled by BBC Parliament . Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the Chamber from the galleries -- items thrown include leaflets , manure , flour by the group Fathers 4 Justice , and a canister of chlorobenzylidene malonitrile ( tear gas ) . Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the House . For instance , in 1976 , Conservative MP Michael Heseltine seized and brandished the Mace of the House during a heated debate . However , perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by King Charles I , who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest five members for high treason . This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the House , and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons . Each year , the parliamentary session begins with the State Opening of Parliament , a ceremony in the Lords Chamber during which the Sovereign , in the presence of Members of both Houses , delivers an address outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod ( a Lords official ) is responsible for summoning the Commons to the Lords Chamber . When he arrives to deliver his summons , the doors of the Commons Chamber are traditionally slammed shut in his face , symbolising the right of the Lower House to debate without interference . He then knocks on the door three times with his Black Rod , and only then is granted admittance , where he informs the MPs that the Monarch awaits them , after which they proceed to the House of Lords for the Queen 's Speech . During debates , Members may speak only if called upon by the Speaker ( or a Deputy Speaker , if the Speaker is not presiding ) . Traditionally , the presiding officer alternates between calling Members from the Government and Opposition . The Prime Minister , the Leader of the Opposition , and other leaders from both sides are normally given priority . All Privy Counsellors used to be granted priority ; however , the modernisation of Commons procedure in 1998 led to the abolition of this tradition . Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr Speaker '' , `` Madam Speaker '' , `` Mr Deputy Speaker '' , or `` Madam Deputy Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in debate ; other members must be referred to in the third person . Traditionally , members do not refer to each other by name , but by constituency , using forms such as `` the Honourable Member for ( constituency ) '' , or , in the case of Privy Counsellors , `` the Right Honourable Member for ( constituency ) '' . Members of the same party ( or allied parties or groups ) refer to each other as `` my ( Right ) Honourable friend '' . ( A member of the Armed Forces used to be called `` the Honourable and Gallant Member '' , a barrister `` the Honourable and Learned Member '' , and a woman `` the Honourable Lady the Member '' . ) This may not always be the case during the actual oral delivery , when it might be difficult for a member to remember another member 's exact constituency , but it is invariably followed in the transcript entered in the Hansard . The Speaker enforces the rules of the House and may warn and punish members who deviate from them . Disregarding the Speaker 's instructions is considered a breach of the rules of the House and may result in the suspension of the offender from the House . In the case of grave disorder , the Speaker may adjourn the House without taking a vote . The Standing Orders of the House of Commons do not establish any formal time limits for debates . The Speaker may , however , order a member who persists in making a tediously repetitive or irrelevant speech to stop speaking . The time set aside for debate on a particular motion is , however , often limited by informal agreements between the parties . Debate may also be restricted by the passage of `` Allocation of Time Motions '' , which are more commonly known as `` Guillotine Motions '' . Alternatively , the House may put an immediate end to debate by passing a motion to invoke Closure . The Speaker is allowed to deny the motion if he or she believes that it infringes upon the rights of the minority . Today , bills are scheduled according to a Timetable Motion , which the whole House agrees in advance , negating the use of a guillotine . When the debate concludes , or when the Closure is invoked , the motion in question is put to a vote . The House first votes by voice vote ; the Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question , and Members respond either `` Aye ! '' ( in favour of the motion ) or `` No ! '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote , but if his or her assessment is challenged by any member or the voice vote is unclear , a recorded vote known as a division follows . The presiding officer , if he or she believes that the result of the voice vote is clear , may reject the challenge . When a division occurs , members enter one of two lobbies ( the `` Aye '' lobby or the `` No '' lobby ) on either side of the Chamber , where their names are recorded by clerks . A member who wishes to pointedly abstain from a vote may do so by entering both lobbies , casting one vote for and one against . At each lobby are two tellers ( themselves members of the House ) who count the votes of the members . Once the division concludes , the tellers provide the results to the presiding officer , who then announces them to the House . If there is an equality of votes , the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has a casting vote . Traditionally , this casting vote is exercised to allow further debate , if this is possible , or otherwise to avoid a decision being taken without a majority ( e.g. voting ' No ' to a motion or the third reading of a bill ) . Ties rarely occur -- the last one was in July 1993 . The quorum of the House of Commons is 40 members for any vote , including the Speaker and four tellers . If fewer than 40 members have participated , the division is invalid . Formerly , if a member sought to raise a point of order during a division , suggesting that some of the rules governing parliamentary procedure are violated , he was required to wear a hat , thereby signalling that he was not engaging in debate . Collapsible top hats were kept in the Chamber just for this purpose . This custom was discontinued in 1998 . The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand , since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote . A party normally entrusts some members of parliament , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired . Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do so jeopardise promotion , or may be deselected as party candidates for future elections . Ministers , junior ministers and parliamentary private secretaries who vote against the whips ' instructions usually resign . Thus , the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be low , although `` backbench rebellions '' by members discontent with their party 's policies do occur . A member is also traditionally allowed some leeway if the particular interests of his constituency are adversely affected . In some circumstances , however , parties announce `` free votes '' , allowing members to vote as they please . Votes relating to issues of conscience such as abortion and capital punishment are typically free votes . Pairing is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division , allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend . A bisque is permission from the Whips given to a member to miss a vote or debate in the House to attend to constituency business or other matters . Committees ( edit ) Main article : Parliamentary Committees of the United Kingdom The British Parliament uses committees for a variety of purposes , e.g. , for the review of bills . Committees consider bills in detail , and may make amendments . Bills of great constitutional importance , as well as some important financial measures , are usually sent to the `` Committee of the Whole House '' , a body that includes all members of the Commons . Instead of the Speaker , the chairman or a Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means presides . The Committee meets in the House of Commons Chamber . Most bills were until 2006 considered by Standing Committees , which consisted of between 16 and 50 members . The membership of each Standing Committee roughly reflected the strength of the parties in the House . The membership of Standing Committees changed constantly ; new Members were assigned each time the committee considered a new bill . There was no formal limit on the number of Standing Committees , but usually only ten existed . Rarely , a bill was committed to a Special Standing Committee , which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised . In November 2006 , Standing Committees were replaced by Public Bill Committees . The House of Commons also has several Departmental Select Committees . The membership of these bodies , like that of the Standing Committees , reflects the strength of the parties . Each committee elects its own chairman . The primary function of a Departmental Select Committee is to scrutinise and investigate the activities of a particular government department . To fulfil these aims , it is permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence . Bills may be referred to Departmental Select Committees , but such a procedure is seldom used . A separate type of Select Committee is the Domestic Committee . Domestic Committees oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members . Other committees of the House of Commons include Joint Committees ( which also include members of the House of Lords ) , the Committee on Standards and Privileges ( which considers questions of parliamentary privilege , as well as matters relating to the conduct of the members ) , and the Committee of Selection ( which determines the membership of other committees ) . Current composition ( edit ) Main article : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Affiliation <Th_colspan="2"> Members At 2017 election Current seats Conservative 317 315 Labour 262 260 SNP 35 35 Liberal Democrat 12 12 DUP 10 10 Sinn Féin 7 7 Plaid Cymru Green Independent Speaker <Th_colspan="2"> Total 650 650 <Td_colspan="2"> Seats needed for majority 5 <Th_colspan="2"> Conservative / DUP majority 13 9 Notes See here for a full list of changes during the fifty - sixth Parliament . In addition to the parties listed in the table above , the Co-operative Party is also represented in the House of Commons by Labour MPs sitting with the Labour Co-operative designation . The number of these MPs is 38 . The `` seats needed for a majority '' is calculated as the number of seats needed by the Conservative Party to have a majority of one ( 320 ) . The `` Conservative / DUP majority '' is calculated as the sum of Conservative and DUP seats , less the sum of all other seats . This calculation excludes the Speaker , Deputy Speakers ( two Labour and one Conservative ) and Sinn Féin ( who follow a policy of abstentionism ) . Commons symbol ( edit ) The symbol used by the Commons consists of a portcullis topped by St Edward 's Crown . The portcullis has been one of the Royal Badges of England since the accession of the Tudors in the 15th century , and was a favourite symbol of King Henry VII . It was originally a pun on the name Tudor , as in tu - door . The original badge was of gold , but nowadays is shown in various colours , predominantly green or black . In film and television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1986 , the British television production company Granada Television created a near - full size replica of the post-1950 House of Commons debating chamber at its studios in Manchester for use in its adaptation of the Jeffrey Archer novel First Among Equals . The set was highly convincing , and was retained after the production -- since then , it has been used in nearly every British film and television production that has featured scenes set in the chamber . From 1988 until 1999 it was also one of the prominent attractions on the Granada Studios Tour , where visitors could watch actors performing mock political debates on the set . The major difference between the studio set and the real House of Commons Chamber is that the studio set has just four rows of seats on either side whereas the real Chamber has five . In 2002 , the set was purchased by the scriptwriter Paul Abbott so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial State of Play . Abbott , a former Granada Television staff writer , bought it personally as the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC . Abbott kept the set in storage in Oxford . The post-1941 Commons Chamber was used in the film Ali G Indahouse , the political satire Restart by Komedy Kollective , about a British prime minister seeking re-election , and was mentioned in the Robin Williams stand - up special Robin Williams Live on Broadway in which he describes it as `` like Congress , but with a two drink minimum '' . The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in Shepperton Studios for the Ridley Scott / Richard Loncraine 2002 biographical film on Churchill , The Gathering Storm . See also ( edit ) British politics portal Adjournment debate Australian House of Representatives Early day motion Father of the House House of Commons of Canada Introduction ( British House of Commons ) List of Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies New Zealand House of Representatives Parliament in the Making Parliament Week Parliamentary Archives Parliamentary Brief Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom Relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament Speaker Denison 's rule Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pollard , A.F. ( 1920 ) . The Evolution of Parliament . Longmans . pp. 107 -- 08 . Not that the house of commons was ever that house of the common people which it is sometimes supposed to have been . For `` commons '' means `` communes '' ; and while `` communes '' have commonly been popular organizations , the term might in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries be applied to any association or confederacy . Jump up ^ `` Some Traditions and Customs of the House '' ( PDF ) . http://www.parliament.uk . Endorsements on Bills -- use of Norman French . August 2010 . p. 9 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . the Bills themselves are made in Norman French ( in this case `` soit baillé aux communes '' ) a relic of the very early days of Parliament External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Commons Chamber in the 16th Century '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentum '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Women in parliament '' . BBC News . 31 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Allen ; Sarah Birch ( 5 February 2015 ) . Ethics and Integrity in British Politics . Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05050 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker quits ' for sake of unity ' '' . BBC News . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Michael Martin resigns over MPs ' expenses '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed - term Parliaments Act '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Peter ( 8 May 2010 ) . `` Archaic electoral biases must go '' . The Australian . Sydney , Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Parliament -- Pay and expenses for MPs '' . Parliament.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ A Treatise on the Law of Elections : In All Its Branches -- Sir John Simeon -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 1789 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An insider 's guide to the House of Commons '' . parliament.uk. 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hansard of the air '' . parliament.uk . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years of TV cameras in the Commons '' . BBC Politics . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ For example : Plaid Cymru , Scottish National Party , the Green Party of England and Wales , and sometimes the Socialist Campaign Group . See e.g. ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Samuel , Sir Herbert ( May 1935 ) . The Pageantry of Parliament . The Rotarian. 46 . Rotary International . p. 22 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pairing -- Glossary page -- UK Parliament '' . Parliament.uk. 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pairing '' . BBC News . 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bisque '' . BBC News . 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Current State of the Parties '' . www.parliament.uk . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox - Davies , Arthur ( 1909 ) . A Complete Guide to Heraldry . London : T.C. & E.C. Jack . Jump up ^ Abbott , Paul . Audio commentary on the DVD release of State of Play . BBC Worldwide . BBCDVD 1493 . Bibliography ( edit ) Farnborough , T.E. May , 1st Baron. ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third , 11th ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co . Mackenzie , K.R. , `` The English Parliament '' , ( 1950 ) Pelican Books . `` Parliament '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed . London : Cambridge University Press . Pollard , Albert F. ( 1926 ) . The Evolution of Parliament , 2nd ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co . Porritt , Edward , and Annie G. Porritt. ( 1903 ) . The Unreformed House of Commons : Parliamentary Representation before 1832 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Raphael , D.D. , Donald Limon , and W.R. McKay. ( 2004 ) . Erskine May : Parliamentary Practice , 23rd ed . London : Butterworths Tolley . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Commons of the United Kingdom . House of Commons official website The Parliamentary Archives Find Your MP Parliament Live TV ( Silverlight is required to watch ) Podcast tour of the Commons chamber with photos House of Commons from Democracy Live at BBC News Guide to the Commons `` House of Commons collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . 2010 Intake -- Educational / Social Breakdown ( BBC Magazine ) 2010 Intake -- Occupational Background ( Times Online ) ( = 39298 ) British House of Commons people on www.C-SPAN.org <Th_colspan="4"> Officers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords <Th_colspan="2"> House of Commons <Th_colspan="2"> House of Lords Speaker John Bercow Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler Leader of the House of Commons Andrea Leadsom Leader of the House of Lords The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Serjeant at Arms Kamal El - Hajji Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod Lt - Gen. 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kurt angle shane mcmahon king of the ring 2001
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King of the Ring ( 2001 ) - wikipedia King of the Ring ( 2001 ) <Th_colspan="2"> King of the Ring ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster featuring an electric chair Tagline ( s ) My Muscles Ache . My Mind Is Spent . My Body Is Broken . Lead me to my throne . <Th_colspan="2"> Information Promotion World Wrestling Federation Sponsor ( s ) Mars Date June 24 , 2001 Attendance 17,777 Venue Continental Airlines Arena City East Rutherford , New Jersey <Th_colspan="2"> Pay - per - view chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Judgment Day ( 2001 ) King of the Ring ( 2001 ) Invasion <Th_colspan="2"> King of the Ring chronology <Td_colspan="2"> King of the Ring ( 2000 ) King of the Ring ( 2001 ) King of the Ring ( 2002 ) King of the Ring ( 2001 ) was the ninth annual King of the Ring professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It was the final King of the Ring tournament held under the WWF name . It was presented by Mars ' Combos and took place on June 24 , 2001 , at the Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The main event was a Triple threat match , a match involving three competitors , for the WWF Championship . Stone Cold Steve Austin defeated Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho to retain the title . The undercard featured the 2001 King of the Ring tournament won by Edge . There were other matches on the undercard , including a Street Fight between Kurt Angle and Shane McMahon , a WWF Light Heavyweight Championship match between champion Jeff Hardy and challenger X-Pac and a WWF Tag Team Championship between champions Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray Dudley and D - Von Dudley ) and the challenger team of Kane and Spike Dudley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Preliminary matches 2.2 Main event matches 3 Aftermath 4 Results 4.1 Tournament brackets 5 References 6 External links Storylines ( edit ) King of the Ring featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds , plots , and storylines that were played out on Raw is War and SmackDown ! -- World Wrestling Federation 's ( WWF ) television programs . Wrestlers portrayed a villain or a hero as they followed a series of events that built tension , and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches . The pay - per - view event featured the annual King of the Ring single elimination bracket tournament . The qualification for the tournament started on the June 4 , 2001 episode of Raw is War , with Jeff Hardy and Rhyno defeating Matt Hardy and Tazz respectively . The qualification continued on the June 7 episode of SmackDown ! , as Kurt Angle defeated Hardcore Holly and Edge defeated Test . On the June 11 episode of Raw is War , Christian and Perry Saturn defeated Kane and Steve Blackman in respective matches to qualify for the tournament . On the June 14 episode of SmackDown ! , qualification ended as Big Show defeated Raven and Tajiri defeated Crash Holly . On the June 18 episode of Raw is War , the quarterfinal round occurred as Kurt Angle defeated Jeff Hardy , Rhyno defeated Tajiri , Edge defeated Perry Saturn and Christian defeated Big Show . The main rivalry heading into the event was between Steve Austin , Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho for the WWF Championship . At Judgment Day , Benoit and Jericho won a Tag Team Turmoil match to become the # 1 contenders for the WWF Tag Team Championship . The next night , on the May 21 , 2001 episode of Raw is War , Benoit and Jericho defeated The Two - Man Power Trip ( Steve Austin and Triple H ) for the Tag Team Championship . Triple H suffered a legitimate quadriceps injury and was out of action for nearly a year . Austin started to feud with Benoit and Jericho . Austin defeated Benoit and Jericho in separate title matches . On the June 11 episode of Raw is War , it was announced that Austin would defend the title against Benoit and Jericho in a Triple Threat match at King of the Ring . Another preliminary feud heading into the event was between Kurt Angle and Shane McMahon . On the May 21 episode of Raw is War , McMahon interrupted Angle 's celebration of regaining his Olympic gold medals from Chris Benoit , the previous night at Judgment Day . McMahon announced that WCW was coming back and mocked Angle , which led to Angle executing an Angle Slam on McMahon . On the June 11 episode of Raw is War , McMahon attacked Angle with an Angle Slam after Angle was attacked by The Undertaker . This led to a match between Angle and McMahon at King of the Ring . Jeff Hardy defended the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship against X-Pac at King of the Ring . On the June 11 episode of Raw is War , Hardy Boyz ( Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy ) defeated X-Factor ( X-Pac and Justin Credible ) in a tag team match when Jeff pinned X-Pac . After the match , X-Pac hit Jeff with a steel chair . This led to a match between Jeff and X-Pac for Jeff 's WWF Light Heavyweight Championship match at King of the Ring . Spike Dudley , a member of Dudley Boyz faction with Bubba Ray Dudley and D - Von Dudley split from the group when Bubba and D - Von started to turn into villains . Spike started a storyline affair with Molly Holly of Holly Cousins ( Hardcore Holly and Crash Holly ) , rivals of Dudley Boyz . On the May 21 episode of Raw is War , Bubba and D - Von powerbombed Molly on a table but Spike laid down on the table to protect Molly . On the June 21 episode of SmackDown ! , Dudley Boyz defeated Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho for the WWF Tag Team Championship , leading to a title defense for Dudley Boyz against Spike and a partner of Spike 's choosing at King of the Ring . Another major storyline in the WWF heading into the event was that a mystery man was stalking The Undertaker 's wife , Sara . On the June 11 episode of Raw is War , Undertaker confronted Kurt Angle as he thought that Angle was Sara 's stalker . Angle refused to claim that he was the stalker and insulted Sara , prompting Undertaker to hit Angle with a Last Ride . On the June 18 episode of Raw is War , Diamond Dallas Page debuted in WWF and revealed that he was Sara 's stalker . Event ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : Commentator Jim Ross Paul Heyman Carlos Cabrera ( Spanish ) Hugo Savinovich ( Spanish ) Interviewer Jonathan Coachman Tazz Ring announcer Howard Finkel Referee Mike Chioda Jim Korderas Earl Hebner Jack Doan Tim White Theodore Long Chad Patton Before the event aired live on pay - per - view , Matt Hardy defended the WWF European Championship against Justin Credible in a match that aired live on Sunday Night Heat . Hardy 's valet Lita hit Credible with a Diving Hurricanrana . Hardy pinned Credible to retain the European Championship . Preliminary matches ( edit ) As the show concluded , the semi-final round of the King of the Ring tournament started with Kurt Angle wrestling against his teammate Christian . Angle dominated the match earlier on and tried to finish it quickly but Christian started getting momentum over Angle . Angle quickly regained momentum by hitting Christian with a series of suplexes . Christian eventually hit Angle with a Spinning Heel Kick . Christian started dominating the match until Shane McMahon interfered in the match and prevented Christian from winning the match . Angle took advantage and hit Christian with an Olympic Slam for the victory . The next match in the semi-final was between Edge and Rhyno . Rhyno dominated most of the match and untied a turnbuckle pad . Both men eventually knocked out each other by Spearing and hitting a Gore on each other . Rhyno tried to hit another Gore on Edge but Edge avoided the move and Rhyno hit the untied turnbuckle . Edge followed by hitting Rhyno with an Edgecution to advance to the final round . The third match was Dudley Boyz 's ( Bubba Ray Dudley and D - Von Dudley ) scheduled title defense of the WWF Tag Team Championship against Spike Dudley and a mystery partner . The mystery partner was revealed to be Kane . Spike battled Dudley Boyz for most of the match until Kane was tagged in . Kane dominated Dudley Boyz until Spike was tagged in again . Spike hit Bubba with a Dudley Dog and tried to pin Bubba for the victory . However , D - Von prevented Spike from pinning Bubba and the Dudley Boyz hit Spike with a 3 - D to retain the Tag Team Championship . Edge won the 2001 King of the Ring tournament . The fourth match was the final round of the King of the Ring tournament between Kurt Angle and Edge . Angle focused on Edge 's ribs that were injured during his match with Rhyno . Angle dominated most of the match against Edge before applying an Ankle Lock on Edge . Edge reversed the hold into a pinfall but Christian distracted the referee to prevent Edge from winning the match . Angle applied another Ankle Lock on Edge and Edge tapped out to the hold but was unable to win the match as the referee was still distracted . Shane McMahon interfered in the match by spearing Angle . Edge followed it by hitting Angle with an Edgecution to win the 2001 King of the Ring tournament . The fifth match pitted Jeff Hardy defending the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship against X-Pac . Hardy dominated earlier part of the match until X-Pac got control of the match . Throughout the match , Hardy and X-Pac did cruiserweight action . In the closing moments of the match , X-Pac hit Hardy with an X-Factor and pinned him . However , as the match ended , the referee realized that Hardy 's foot was on the rope and the match continued . Hardy executed a Swanton Bomb and got the pinfall to retain the Light Heavyweight Championship . Main event matches ( edit ) Before the Street Fight between Kurt Angle and Shane McMahon occurred , Diamond Dallas Page invited The Undertaker to the ring as videos of DDP 's personal life were being aired by Undertaker 's wife Sara throughout the event . Undertaker and DDP had a confrontation which turned out into a brawl . Undertaker began dominating the brawl until DDP escaped the arena through the crowd , while Sara videotaped him leaving . It was followed by a Street Fight match between Angle and McMahon . The match went back and forth as Angle dominated earlier part of the match until McMahon got control of the match . The action spilled outside the ring with both men using weapons and items of the arena on each other . A notable part of the match occurred when Angle failed to suplex McMahon through a plate glass window , which was a part of the set . It took multiple attempts to break the glass , with each failure resulting in McMahon landing on his head and neck . Angle hit an Angle Slam on McMahon from the top rope to win the match . Stone Cold Steve Austin defended the WWF Championship against Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho at King of the Ring . The main event was a Triple Threat match for the WWF Championship . Stone Cold Steve Austin defended the title against Chris Jericho and Chris Benoit . Benoit and Jericho chased Austin outside the ring and forced him to return to the ring . Austin started attacking Benoit until Benoit and Jericho double - teamed Austin . After Austin was attacked , Benoit and Jericho battled each other . Jericho trapped Austin in the Walls of Jericho until Benoit suplexed Jericho outside the ring . Benoit then locked in the Crossface on Austin . The action continued as all the three men continued to attack each other . At one point in the match , both Jericho and Benoit forced Austin to tap out to the Walls of Jericho and Crippler Crossface at the same time . However , since there could be only one winner , the match continued . The WCW Champion Booker T made his WWF debut and attacked Austin on the Spanish announce table . Benoit would follow by hitting a back - suplex off the top - rope on Jericho , which legitimately broke Benoit 's neck . Austin would crawl over to Benoit and pin him to retain the WWF Championship . Aftermath ( edit ) Main articles : The Invasion ( professional wrestling ) and WWF Invasion Chris Benoit suffered a career - halting neck injury after his Triple Threat match at King of the Ring and was out of action for one year . Shane McMahon and WCW wrestlers started involving themselves in the WWF , which led to the beginning of The Invasion storyline . The storyline had WWF wrestlers battle against invaders from WCW and ECW . The King of the Ring tournament caused Team RECK ( Rhyno , Edge , Christian and Kurt Angle ) to split due to battling each other in the semifinals of the tournament . Angle began representing WWF against The Alliance whereas Rhyno joined Alliance . Edge and Christian continued teaming up until the team split when Christian turned on Edge after being jealous of Edge 's success . Edge and Christian would feud with each other over the WWF Intercontinental Championship . Results ( edit ) No . Results Stipulations Times Matt Hardy ( c ) ( with Lita ) defeated Justin Credible Singles match for the WWF European Championship 07 : 03 Kurt Angle defeated Christian King of the Ring semi-final match 08 : 17 Edge defeated Rhyno King of the Ring semi-final match 08 : 52 The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray Dudley and D - Von Dudley ) ( c ) defeated Kane and Spike Dudley Tag team match for the WWF Tag Team Championship 08 : 52 5 Edge defeated Kurt Angle King of the Ring final match 10 : 21 6 Jeff Hardy ( c ) defeated X-Pac Singles match for the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship 07 : 11 7 Kurt Angle defeated Shane McMahon Street Fight 26 : 00 8 Stone Cold Steve Austin ( c ) defeated Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho Triple threat match for the WWF Championship 27 : 52 <Th_colspan="4"> ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match H -- indicates the match was broadcast prior to the pay - per - view on Sunday Night Heat Tournament brackets ( edit ) The tournament took place between June 4 and June 24 , 2001 . The tournament brackets were as follows : <Td_colspan="2"> Qualifiers ( TV ) <Td_colspan="2"> Quarterfinals ( TV ) <Td_colspan="2"> Semifinals ( PPV ) <Td_colspan="2"> Final ( PPV ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Kurt Angle Pin Hardcore Holly 6 : 21 Kurt Angle Sub <Td_colspan="3"> Jeff Hardy 4 : 49 Jeff Hardy Pin <Td_colspan="4"> Matt Hardy 5 : 57 Kurt Angle Pin <Td_colspan="7"> Christian 8 : 17 Christian Pin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Kane 2 : 14 Christian Pin <Td_colspan="3"> Big Show 2 : 19 Big Show Pin <Td_colspan="4"> Raven 1 : 35 Kurt Angle 10 : 21 <Td_colspan="11"> Edge Pin Edge Pin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Test 10 : 22 Edge Pin <Td_colspan="3"> Perry Saturn 5 : 09 Steve Blackman 7 : 45 <Td_colspan="4"> Perry Saturn Pin Edge Pin <Td_colspan="7"> Rhyno 8 : 52 Crash Holly 4 : 48 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Tajiri Pin Tajiri 7 : 52 <Td_colspan="3"> Rhyno Pin Rhyno Pin <Td_colspan="4"> Tazz 3 : 20 <Td_colspan="4"> Professional wrestling portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` King of the Ring 2001 Tournament Brackets '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . June 4 -- 24 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` King of the Ring 2001 results '' . Online World of Wrestling . June 24 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment of World Wrestling Entertainment '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWF Raw is War Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . June 4 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` WWF SmackDown Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . June 7 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWF Raw is War Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . June 11 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` WWF SmackDown Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . June 14 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWF Raw is War Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . June 18 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Judgment Day 2001 official results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . May 20 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWF Raw is War Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . May 21 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` WWF Raw is War Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . May 28 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` WWF SmackDown Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . June 21 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` King of the Ring 2001 report '' . Gerweck.net . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` WWF Raw is War Results '' . Online World of Wrestling . September 3 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Unforgiven 2001 official results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . September 23 , 2001 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` No Mercy 2001 official results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . October 21 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rebellion 2001 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . November 3 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` King of the Ring 2001 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . June 24 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . External links ( edit ) King of the Ring 2001 at Online World of Wrestling WWF King of the Ring 2001 at Complete WWE <Th_colspan="2"> hide ← 2000 2001 ( 2001 ) WWF pay - per - view events 2002 → <Td_colspan="2"> Royal Rumble No Way Out WrestleMania X-Seven Backlash Insurrextion Judgment Day King of the Ring Invasion SummerSlam Unforgiven No Mercy Rebellion Survivor Series Vengeance <Th_colspan="2"> WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events King of the Ring 1985 1986 1991 2001 2006 2008 2015 Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 -- present ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) Super Show - Down ( 2018 - present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 , 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) King of the Ring ( 1993 -- 2002 , 2015 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) Roadblock ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 ) Battleground ( 2013 -- 2017 ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2016 -- 2017 ) Payback ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_the_Ring_(2001)&oldid=839695653 '' Categories : King of the Ring 2001 in New Jersey Events in East Rutherford , New Jersey Professional wrestling in East Rutherford , New Jersey 2001 WWF pay - per - view events June 2001 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 02 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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1. King of the Ring (2001) pay-per-view event
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where did they film star wars rogue one
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Rogue One - wikipedia Rogue One Jump to : navigation , search For the 2016 novel of the same name , see Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( novel ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Rogue One : A Star Wars Story <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Gareth Edwards Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Screenplay by Chris Weitz Tony Gilroy Story by John Knoll Gary Whitta Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Felicity Jones Diego Luna Ben Mendelsohn Donnie Yen Mads Mikkelsen Alan Tudyk Jiang Wen Forest Whitaker Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Greig Fraser Edited by John Gilroy Colin Goudie Jabez Olssen Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) ( Pantages Theatre ) December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $265 million ( gross ) $200 million ( net ) Box office $1.056 billion Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , or simply Rogue One , is a 2016 American epic space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards . The screenplay by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy is from a story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta . It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the first installment of the Star Wars Anthology series , set immediately before the events of the original Star Wars film , and follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star , the Galactic Empire 's superweapon . The cast includes Felicity Jones , Diego Luna , Ben Mendelsohn , Donnie Yen , Mads Mikkelsen , Alan Tudyk , Riz Ahmed , Jiang Wen , and Forest Whitaker . Based on an idea first pitched by Knoll , ten years before it entered development , the film was made to be different in tone and style from the traditional Star Wars films , including omitting the customary opening crawl and transitional screen wipes . Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios near London in early August 2015 and wrapped in February 2016 . The film then went through extensive reshoots and additional filming in mid-June 2016 , with Gilroy acting as director of them . The film premiered in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 16 , 2016 . Rogue One received positive reviews , with praise for its acting , action sequences , score , visuals , and darker tone , although it received criticism for its underdeveloped characters , and generated controversy for its use of CGI in the recreation of specific characters and performers . The film has grossed over $1 billion worldwide , making it the 24th highest - grossing film of all - time unadjusted for inflation , the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , and the third highest - grossing film in the Star Wars franchise . It received two Academy Awards nominations for Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Views on CGI 5.3 Accolades 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Tie - in novels 6.3 Comics 6.4 Video games 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Research scientist Galen Erso and his family are in hiding on the planet Lah'mu when Imperial weapons developer Orson Krennic arrives to press him into completing the Death Star , a space station - based superweapon capable of destroying entire planets . Galen 's wife , Lyra , is killed in the confrontation while their daughter , Jyn , escapes and is rescued by rebel extremist Saw Gerrera . Fifteen years later , cargo pilot Bodhi Rook defects from the Empire , taking a holographic message recorded by Galen to Gerrera on the desert moon Jedha . After learning about the Death Star from an agent at the trading outpost Ring of Kafrene , Rebel Alliance intelligence officer Cassian Andor frees Jyn from an Imperial labor camp at Wobani before bringing her to the Rebel leader Mon Mothma , who convinces her to find and rescue Galen so the Alliance can learn more about the Death Star . Cassian is covertly ordered to kill Galen rather than extract him . Jyn , Cassian , and reprogrammed Imperial droid K - 2SO travel to Jedha , where the Empire is removing kyber crystals from the holy city to power the Death Star while Gerrera and his partisans are engaged in an armed insurgency against them . With the aid of blind spiritual warrior Chirrut Îmwe and his mercenary friend Baze Malbus , Jyn makes contact with Gerrera , who has been holding Rook captive . Gerrera shows her the message , in which Galen reveals he has secretly built a vulnerability into the Death Star and directs them to retrieve the schematics from an Imperial data bank on the planet Scarif . On the Death Star , Krennic orders a low - powered test shot which destroys Jedha 's capital . Jyn and her group take Rook and flee the moon , but Gerrera remains to die with the city . Grand Moff Tarkin congratulates Krennic before using Rook 's defection and security leak as a pretext to take control of the project . Rook leads the group to Galen 's Imperial research facility on the planet Eadu , where Cassian chooses not to kill Galen . Jyn makes her presence known moments before Rebel bombers attack the facility . Galen is wounded and dies in his daughter 's arms , before she escapes with her group on board a stolen Imperial cargo shuttle . Krennic is summoned by Darth Vader to answer for the attack on Eadu . Krennic seeks his support for an audience with the Emperor , but Vader instead orders him to ensure no further breaches occur . Jyn proposes a plan to steal the Death Star schematics using the Rebel fleet but fails to gain approval from the Alliance Council , who feel victory against the Empire is now impossible . Frustrated at their inaction , Jyn 's group lead a small squad of Rebel volunteers to raid the databank themselves . Arriving at Scarif on the stolen Imperial ship , which Rook dubs `` Rogue One '' , a disguised Jyn and Cassian enter the base with K - 2SO while the other Rebels attack the resident Imperial garrison as a diversion . The Rebel fleet learns of the raid from intercepted Imperial communications and deploy in support . K - 2SO sacrifices himself so Jyn and Cassian can retrieve the data . Îmwe is killed after activating the master switch to allow communication with the Rebel fleet , and Malbus dies in battle shortly afterwards . Rook is killed by a grenade after informing the Rebel fleet that it must deactivate the shield surrounding the planet to allow the transmission of the schematics . Jyn and Cassian obtain the schematics , but they are ambushed by Krennic , who is eventually shot and wounded by Cassian . Jyn transmits the schematics to the Rebel command ship . The Death Star enters orbit above Scarif , where Tarkin uses another low - power shot to destroy the compromised base , killing Krennic , Cassian , and Jyn . The Rebel fleet prepares to jump to hyperspace , but many of the fleet 's ships are intercepted by Vader 's flagship . Vader boards the Rebel command ship and attempts to regain the schematics , but a small starship escapes with the plans on board . Aboard the fleeing ship , Princess Leia declares that the schematics will provide hope for the Rebellion . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Star Wars cast members Felicity Jones as Jyn Erso , a young renegade woman who is detained for her crimes against the Empire until she is freed by the Rebel Alliance . She has used many aliases during her life such as Lianna Hallik , Tanith Pontha , and Kestrel Dawn , while her father affectionately calls her `` Stardust '' . Beau and Dolly Gadsdon as a young Jyn Erso at different points in her life . Diego Luna as Cassian Andor , a Rebel Alliance Captain and Intelligence officer . Ben Mendelsohn as Orson Krennic , the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military . Donnie Yen as Chirrut Îmwe , a blind warrior who believes in the Force . He is said to be one of the Guardians of the Whills . Mads Mikkelsen as Galen Erso , Jyn 's father and a research scientist . Alan Tudyk as K - 2SO , a former Imperial enforcer droid who was reprogrammed by Cassian Andor to serve the Rebellion . Riz Ahmed as Bodhi Rook , a former Imperial cargo pilot who defects to the Rebels under the influence of Galen Erso . Jiang Wen as Baze Malbus , a longtime companion of Chirrut Îmwe and one - time devoted Guardian of the Whills , now a Rebel warrior and mercenary . Forest Whitaker as Saw Gerrera , a veteran of the Clone Wars and a friend of the Erso family who had mentored Jyn in her later childhood years . Jimmy Smits , Genevieve O'Reilly , and Anthony Daniels reprise their roles from previous films as Bail Organa , Mon Mothma , and C - 3PO , respectively . James Earl Jones also reprises his role from previous films as the voice of Darth Vader , who is physically portrayed by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous , replacing David Prowse who played the role in the original films . Grand Moff Tarkin and Princess Leia Organa are played by Guy Henry and Ingvild Deila , respectively , with the digital likenesses of Peter Cushing and Carrie Fisher superimposed . Henry also provides the voice for Tarkin , while archival audio of Fisher is used for Leia . Angus MacInnes and Drewe Henley are featured as Gold Leader Dutch Vander and Red Leader Garven Dreis , respectively , via unused footage from A New Hope ; MacInnes returned to record new dialogue for Vander , while new dialogue for the deceased Henley was assembled from archival material . David Ankrum , who voiced Wedge Antilles in A New Hope , reprises his role in a vocal cameo . Ian McElhinney , Michael Smiley , Andy de la Tour and Tim Beckmann play General Jan Dodonna , Dr. Evazan , General Hurst Romodi and Captain Raymus Antilles , respectively . Warwick Davis plays Weeteef Cyubee , a member of Saw Gerrera 's Partisans . Additionally , Alistair Petrie plays General Davits Draven , Ben Daniels plays General Antoc Merrick , and Valene Kane plays Lyra Erso , Jyn 's mother . Jonathan Aris , Fares Fares and Sharon Duncan - Brewster appear as Senators Nower Jebel , Vasp Vaspar , and Tynnra Pamlo , respectively . Simon Farnaby plays a member of Blue Squadron . Jordan Stephens appears as Rebel Alliance member Corporal Tonc . Nick Kellington plays Bistan , the door gunner on a U-wing during the battle on Scarif . Ian Whyte plays Moroff , a member of Saw Gerrera 's Partisans . Daniel Mays appears as Tivik . Rian Johnson and Ram Bergman , director and producer of Star Wars : The Last Jedi , respectively , cameo as two Death Star technicians . Richard Franklin plays one of the Death Star engineers . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Rogue One is the first film in the Star Wars Anthology series , a series of stand - alone spin - off films in the Star Wars franchise . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the stand - alone films would not cross over with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating : George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spinoff movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the stand - alone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . John Knoll , visual effects supervisor for the Star Wars prequel trilogy , pitched the idea for the film 10 years before its development ; after the Disney acquisition he felt as if he had to pitch it again or forever wonder `` what might 've happened if I had '' . In May 2014 , Disney announced that Gareth Edwards would direct the film and Gary Whitta would write the script . That October , cinematographer Greig Fraser revealed that he would work on the film . In January 2015 , it was revealed that Whitta had completed his work on the script , and would no longer be with the project . Simon Kinberg was considered as a replacement . Later in the month , it was announced that Chris Weitz had signed to write the script for the film . In March 2015 , the title was announced . In July 2016 , discussing whether the film would feature an opening crawl , Kennedy said , `` we 're in the midst of talking about it , but I do n't think these ( Anthology ) films will have an opening crawl . '' Edwards said : `` The idea is this film is supposed to be different than the saga films ... ( however , ) this film is born out of a crawl . The thing that inspired this movie was a crawl and what was written in that . There 's this feeling that if we did a crawl , then it 'll create another movie . And so the honest answer is you 'll have to wait and see . '' That same month , at the 2016 Star Wars Celebration , Edwards said the title had three meanings : `` a military sign '' , referring to the Red Squadron from A New Hope ; `` the ' rogue ' one '' of the franchise , given that it is the first film to not be part of the main saga ; and a description of Jyn Erso 's personality . In November 2016 , Kennedy confirmed that the film would not feature an opening crawl , instead beginning in `` a way that is traditional , with just the title . '' Edwards stated that the style of the film would be similar to that of a war film , stating , `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter stated that numerous actresses , including Tatiana Maslany , Rooney Mara , and Felicity Jones were being tested for the film 's lead . In February 2015 , it was announced that Jones was in final talks to star in the film , while Aaron Paul and Édgar Ramírez were being eyed for the male lead role . In March 2015 , Jones was officially cast . In March 2015 , Deadline.com reported a rumor that Ben Mendelsohn was being considered for a lead role . The next month , TheWrap reported that Sam Claflin was being eyed for a role , while Riz Ahmed was in negotiations to join the film . In May , Mendelsohn , Ahmed , and Diego Luna were added to the cast of the film , in the lead roles . Forest Whitaker was added to the cast in June 2015 . In July 2015 , Jonathan Aris was cast to play Senator Jebel . Genevieve O'Reilly was cast as Mon Mothma , reprising her role from Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . James Earl Jones was confirmed to return as the voice of Darth Vader in June 2016 . Filming ( edit ) Laamu Atoll in the Maldives was used as a filming location for the planet Scarif Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire on August 8 , 2015 . Much of the other photography was completed at or near Pinewood Studios at Buckinghamshire , UK where huge sets were built to complement scenes filmed elsewhere in the world . The film was shot using Ultra Panavision 70 lenses with Arri Alexa 65 large format digital 6K cameras . Canary Wharf tube station was used as a location for interior shots of the Imperial security complex on Scarif Filming locations were used around the world . In Iceland , the crew shot in Reynisfjara , and around the mountains of Hjörleifshöfði and Hafursey at Mýrdalssandur , which were used to represent Lah'mu and Eadu . Also used were the Krafla area with its volcanic crater and around Lake Mývatn 's rock formations . The islands of Gan and Baresdhoo of the Laamu Atoll in the Maldives , as well as RAF Bovingdon , were used to represent Scarif . Wadi Rum in Jordan was used to represent Jedha . Pymmes Park in Edmonton , London was also used for location filming , and scenes set on Yavin 4 were filmed at RAF Cardington . Gareth Edwards selected the London Underground 's Canary Wharf station as a location for a chase scene in an Imperial base ; the location shoot took place between midnight and 4 am , when the station was closed to the public . The film spent a total of $265 million and received a $45 million subsidy from the United Kingdom 's film incentive program . Post-production ( edit ) On February 11 , 2016 , Disney executives stated that the film was `` virtually completed '' . Several weeks of pre-scheduled reshoots began in mid-June 2016 . In August 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Tony Gilroy had spearheaded the reshoots , in lieu of Edwards , and that Gilroy would have just as much say in the final cut of the film as Edwards . Gilroy was initially brought on in order to retool the ending of the film , which was not coming together as hoped under Edwards 's direction . Fearing that Disney would require the survival of at least some of the new characters , an alternate , happier ending was conceived with characters Jyn and Cassian escaping the destruction of Scarif ; when it became apparent that Disney would accept the deaths of those characters , the producers opted for the more tragic ending they had envisioned . At least some footage from the unused ending was produced and made it into early trailers . Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) produced the film 's visual effects . ILM used CGI and digitally altered archive footage to insert Peter Cushing 's likeness over the body of actor Guy Henry . Lucasfilm secured permission from the late actor 's estate to include him in the film . The team reportedly searched through countless hours of Cushing footage in order to find suitable material to build from , then Henry provided the motion capture and voice work with the reference material augmented and mapped over his performance like a digital body mask . Cushing 's family were heavily involved with the creation and had input right down to `` small , subtle adjustments '' . Cushing 's mannerisms , including his manner of speaking and facial tics , were studied by the visual effects artists and applied to the digital Tarkin . A similar process was used in the portrayal of Princess Leia ; Carrie Fisher 's appearance as Leia in the first film was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila 's face and archival audio of Fisher saying `` Hope '' was used to voice the character . Post-production wrapped on November 28 , 2016 . Music ( edit ) It does borrow from traditions that both John Williams and George Lucas borrowed from when they made the original Star Wars , you know . George was looking at Flash Gordon , the old serials , and John was looking at Gustav Holst and different composers along the way to get a baseline for what he wanted to communicate . There is a wonderful musical language that John put together for the original films . I wanted to honor that vernacular but still do something new with it , something that was still me in a way . -- Michael Giacchino on balancing the musical traditions of Star Wars with his original music for Rogue One . In March 2015 , it was reported that Alexandre Desplat , who had worked with Edwards on Godzilla , would compose the score for Rogue One . Despite rumors that a contract had not been initially set in place by Lucasfilm , Desplat confirmed in an April 2016 interview that he would serve as composer for the film . Concerning the film , Desplat commented that `` ( Edwards and I ) had a great partnership on Godzilla , and I ca n't wait to be starting with him . It will be in a few weeks from now , and it is very exciting and frightening at the same time because it 's such a legendary project . To be called to come after John Williams ... it 's a great challenge for me . '' However , in September 2016 , it was announced that Michael Giacchino would be replacing Desplat as composer , after the film 's reshoots altered the post-production schedule , and reportedly left Desplat no longer available . Giacchino only had four and a half weeks to compose the music for the film , beginning almost immediately after finishing production on Doctor Strange . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly in November 2016 , Giacchino stated : `` It is a film that is in many ways a really great World War II movie , and I loved that about it . But it also has this huge , huge heart at the center of it , and that was the one thing I just did n't want to discount . Yes , it 's an action movie , and it 's a Star Wars film , and it has all the things that you would come to expect and love about that , but I did n't want to forget that it was also an incredibly emotional movie as well . That was what really pulled me in . '' Giacchino incorporated John Williams ' themes from previous films into the score . The official soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 16 , 2016 . All music was composed by Giacchino except where noted . Giacchino , who has a history of using track titles that contain wordplay , shared his alternate list in the liner notes of the soundtrack release . These names are listed in the notes . <Th_colspan="2"> Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Michael Giacchino Released December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Studio Sony Scoring Stage Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 09 : 18 Label Walt Disney Producer Michael Giacchino <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Giacchino chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Doctor Strange 2016 Rogue One ( 2016 ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) The Book of Henry 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars soundtrack chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Force Awakens 2015 Rogue One ( 2016 ) Rogue One2016 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) The Last Jedi 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Filmtracks Movie - Wave Movie Music UK Positive Soundtrack Geek No . Title Length 1 . `` He 's Here for Us '' ( `` A Krennic Connection '' ) 3 : 20 2 . `` A Long Ride Ahead '' ( `` Jyn and Scare It '' ) 3 : 56 3 . `` Wobani Imperial Labor Camp '' ( `` Jyncarcerated '' ) 0 : 54 4 . `` Trust Goes Both Ways '' ( `` Going to See Saw '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 2 : 45 5 . `` When Has Become Now '' ( `` That New Death Star Smell '' ; includes `` Death Star Motif '' by John Williams ) 1 : 59 6 . `` Jedha Arrival '' ( `` Jedha Call Saw '' ) 2 : 48 7 . `` Jedha City Ambush '' ( `` When Ambush Come to Shove '' ) 2 : 19 8 . `` Star - Dust '' ( `` Erso - Facto '' ) 3 : 47 9 . `` Confrontation on Eadu '' ( `` Go Do , That Eadu , That You Do , So Well '' ; includes `` Death Star Motif '' by John Williams ) 8 : 05 10 . `` Krennic 's Aspirations '' ( `` Have a Choke and a Smile '' ; includes `` Imperial Motif '' and `` The Imperial March '' by John Williams ) 4 : 16 11 . `` Rebellions Are Built on Hope '' ( `` Erso in Vain '' ) 2 : 56 12 . `` Rogue One '' ( `` Takes One to Rogue One '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 2 : 04 13 . `` Cargo Shuttle SW - 0608 '' ( `` World 's Worst Vacation Destination '' ) 3 : 59 14 . `` Scrambling the Rebel Fleet '' ( `` Scarif Tactics '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) 1 : 33 15 . `` AT - ACT Assault '' ( `` Bazed and Confused '' ; includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' and `` Imperial Walkers '' by John Williams ) 2 : 55 16 . `` The Master Switch '' ( `` Switch Hunt '' ) 4 : 02 17 . `` Your Father Would Be Proud '' ( `` Transmission Impossible '' ) 4 : 51 18 . `` Hope '' ( `` Live and Let Jedi '' ; includes `` The Imperial March '' , `` Death Star Motif '' , `` Rebel Blockade Runner '' , and `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 1 : 37 19 . `` Jyn Erso and Hope Suite '' 5 : 51 20 . `` The Imperial Suite '' 2 : 29 21 . `` Guardians of the Whills Suite '' 2 : 52 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 69 : 18 Release ( edit ) Rogue One premiered at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 . The film was released in certain European countries on December 14 , 2016 , and was released in North America on December 16 , with China getting the film on January 6 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Promotion of Rogue One was initially delayed by the release of the film Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation in July 2015 , because the titles are similar . Paramount Pictures registered and cleared the title with the Motion Picture Association of America in January 2015 , well before Disney announced the title of its forthcoming Star Wars spinoff . Disney and Lucasfilm had to reach an agreement with Paramount over promotion in order to avoid any confusion in the public mind . Disney agreed to embargo promotion on Rogue One until after mid-2015 , with the exception of a very short teaser which was screened at Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim that year . A teaser trailer for Rogue One , released by Lucasfilm on April 7 , 2016 , was praised by reviewers for its portrayal of strong female characters . The Daily Telegraph described Jyn Erso 's character as `` a roguish , Han Solo - style heroine '' , calling the film `` progressive '' , while noting its painstaking faithfulness to the production design style of the original Star Wars trilogy . The Hollywood Reporter also noted the visual nods to the original trilogy , and examined the film 's possible narrative direction , considering that the outcome is to some extent already revealed in the opening crawl of A New Hope . The Atlantic writer David Sims stated that the trailer brought `` back some memorable pieces of architecture , from the lumbering AT - AT walkers to the Death Star itself , not to mention the glorious 70s costuming of Star Wars . '' He added that the trailer has `` the look '' , blending the old with the new . The trailer was viewed close to 30 million times in its first 29 hours , at a rate of 800,000 views per hour , from Facebook and YouTube , which is 200,000 views shy of what the first teaser trailer for Star Wars : The Force Awakens was receiving in November 2014 . In June 2016 , Rogue One was promoted at the Star Wars Celebration Europe III event in London . During the event , a new official poster was unveiled , which depicts a battle taking place on the tropical planet Scarif , with the Death Star looming large in a blue sky , above which is printed the tagline `` A Rebellion Built on Hope '' . A second teaser trailer was also unveiled , screened exclusively for the Celebration audience , and not streamed online . This new trailer was reviewed favorably by critics ; The Daily Telegraph noted that the trailer revealed new locations such as the planets Jedha and Scarif , and that its most significant revelation came in the final seconds of the teaser , with the appearance of Darth Vader , reflected in a computer screen and accompanied by his classic breathing sound effect . Variety also hailed the Vader reveal , and noted that the emphasis of the production was much more on the kinetic depiction of large battle sequences and full - on warfare , comparing it to Francis Ford Coppola 's 1979 Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now . A showreel was also shown during the event , which featured footage from the film , cut with behind - the - scenes shots and interviews with the director and cast members . The second trailer was shown publicly during a broadcast of the 2016 Summer Olympics and received favourable media reviews ; Wired stated that the trailer was `` littered with nostalgic throwbacks to the original trilogy '' , while Rolling Stone described the CGI landscape shots seen in the footage as `` eye - poppingly gorgeous '' . A further trailer released in October 2016 prompted The Hollywood Reporter to comment that the newly revealed footage looked like `` a trailer to a different movie than the one advertised earlier '' , remarking that Jyn Erso appeared to be portrayed as a more vulnerable character , and highlighting the appearance of Galen Erso as a protective father figure . Vanity Fair also commented on the emphasis given to Jyn 's relationship with her father , suggesting that Rogue One was drawing on `` the Star Wars franchise 's greatest natural resource : daddy issues '' . The film 's publicity tour began in Mexico on November 23 , 2016 . In Asia , Disney focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen , where his individual poster is used for marketing in territories including Japan , Singapore , Indonesia , Thailand , Hong Kong , China , Vietnam and Malaysia . The official Star Wars Facebook page of the respective Asian countries also featured clips and videos of Donnie Yen speaking various languages , greeting fans and telling them to support the film . In addition , Disney also released various versions of international trailers with more footage of Yen . Home media ( edit ) Rogue One was released on Digital HD on March 24 , 2017 , and by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and DVD on April 4 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Rogue One grossed $532.2 million in the United States and Canada and $523.8 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.056 billion . On January 21 , 2017 , the film became Disney 's fourth of 2016 to earn $1 billion in ticket sales , joining Captain America : Civil War , Zootopia and Finding Dory . It is the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , the third highest - grossing Star Wars film , and the 22nd highest - grossing film of all time , all unadjusted for inflation . It is also the third Star Wars film to gross over $1 billion worldwide , following The Phantom Menace and The Force Awakens . In the United States , it was the top - grossing film of 2016 . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $319.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 3rd most profitable release of 2016 . In late November 2016 , box office projections for the United States and Canada had the film grossing $100 -- 150 million during its opening weekend . Disney chairman Bob Iger noted that Disney and Lucasfilm did not expect Rogue One to match The Force Awakens ' total gross of $2.1 billion , nor its $248 million opening . Pre-sale tickets for the film went on sale at 12 : 01 AM EST on November 28 , 2016 . Within 10 minutes , ticket sale sites such as Fandango crashed , much like they had in advance of The Force Awakens the year prior . In its first 24 hours , the film had the second - highest number of pre-sale tickets ever sold , behind only The Force Awakens . Worldwide , the film was expected to gross $280 -- 350 million in its opening weekend . In the United States , the film made $29 million from its Thursday night previews , making it the highest grossing Thursday opening of 2016 . On Friday , the film earned $71.1 million , earning the 12th highest grossing opening day of all time . The film grossed $46.3 million on Saturday , securing a total of $155.1 million in its opening weekend , the third biggest debut of 2016 . It topped the box office once again in its second weekend , grossing $64 million ( down 58.7 % ) over the three day weekend , and $96.1 million over the four day weekend . On Christmas Day , it grossed $25.9 million . It finished first at the box office again in its third weekend , grossing $49.6 million ( - 22.5 % ) over the three day weekend and $65.5 million over the four day weekend , becoming the seventh film of 2016 to top the box office three times , following Deadpool , Zootopia , The Jungle Book , Finding Dory , Suicide Squad , and Moana . In its fourth weekend , Sunday projections had the film grossing $22 million , besting newcomer Hidden Figures ' $21.8 million . However , final figures the following day revealed the film tallied a weekend total of $21.9 million , falling to second place behind Hidden Figures ' $22.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) Rogue One received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 377 reviews with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Rogue One draws deep on Star Wars mythology while breaking new narrative and aesthetic ground -- and suggesting a bright blockbuster future for the franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score 65 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN reviewer Eric Goldman gave the film 9 / 10 , saying , `` Rogue One is a movie crammed with fan service , but when fan service is done this well , there 's little to complain about and much to adore . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , writing , `` this spin - off / prequel has the same primitive , lived - in , emotional , loopy , let 's - put - on - a-show spirit that made us fall in love with the original trilogy . '' / Film gave Rogue One 8 / 10 , writing that the film is enjoyable but does not have the emotional weight of The Force Awakens , because `` no character in Rogue One was strongly compelling '' . PopMatters wrote , `` Rogue One seems to enjoy spending time on a whole new batch of moons and planets we have n't seen before , reveling in the clutter and clamor of far - flung settlements where anti-Imperial sentiments fester . But the film is bogged down in engineering the complex maneuverings of spy games , dogfights , and the most sprawling Rebel - versus - Empire land battle scene since the opening of The Empire Strikes Back . '' Justin Chang , writing for the Los Angeles Times , called Rogue One `` a swiftly paced , rough - and - ready entertainment . '' The New York Times wrote , `` All the pieces are there , in other words , like Lego figures in a box . The problem is that the filmmakers have n't really bothered to think of anything very interesting to do with them . A couple of 9 - year - olds on a screen - free rainy afternoon would come up with better adventures , and probably also better dialogue . '' Richard Brody of The New Yorker called the film `` lobotomized and `` depersonalized '' , and wrote it `` is n't so much a movie as a feature - length promotional film for itself ; it 's a movie that is still waiting to be made . '' The Washington Post wrote `` Rogue One represents an unobjectionable exercise in franchise extension . It 's fine . It 'll do . For now . '' IndieWire 's David Ehrlich gave the film a C+ rating , calling it `` a spirited but agonizingly safe attempt to expand cinema 's most holy blockbuster franchise and keep the wheels greased between proper installments ( ... ) just a glorified excuse to retcon some sense into one of the silliest things about the original . '' While he praised the set design and visuals , calling them `` gorgeous '' , he criticized a lack of interesting character development and a script that felt `` completely constricted by its purpose . '' Peter Bradshaw , film critic of The Guardian says `` Rogue One does n't really go rogue at any stage , and it is n't a pop culture event like The Force Awakens , in whose slipstream this appears ; part of its charm resides in the eerie , almost dreamlike effect of continually producing familiar elements , reshuffled and reconfigured , a reaching back to the past and hinting at a preordained future . There are some truly spectacular cameos from much - loved personae , involving next - level digital effects -- almost creepily exact , so that watching feels at various stages like going into a time machine , back to the 80s and 70s '' . Rogue One introduced many new characters into the Star Wars mythology , with Chirrut Îmwe , played by Donnie Yen , and K - 2SO , played by Alan Tudyk , being the most popular . Yen 's performance , in particular , was also applauded by audiences worldwide . In a poll on the official Star Wars website in May 2017 , in which more 30,000 people voted , Chirrut Îmwe was voted as the most popular Rogue One character . Views on CGI ( edit ) While much of the computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) received plaudits , some news organizations published criticism about certain aspects , including the visual effects ( VFX ) that were used to revive Peter Cushing , who died in 1994 , as Grand Moff Tarkin . The Guardian 's Catherine Shoard described the `` resurrection '' as a `` digital indignity '' . Joseph Walsh of The Guardian raised legal and ethical issues about bringing a long - dead actor to life . However , Lucasfilm had obtained permission from Peter Cushing 's estate before deciding to use his likeness . The Washington Times 's Eric Althoff rejected the entire concept of using CGI to recreate a deceased actor : `` Alas , what we get is , basically , not a simulation , but an approximation of a simulation -- a dead character portrayed by a living actor inhabiting not the character , but imitating the dead actor . '' Some journalists also criticized the quality of the CGI that was used to represent a younger Carrie Fisher in order to portray Princess Leia at an earlier time , as well as its suitability in movie - making . Eliana Dockterman of Time wrote that `` there was something particularly plastic about this version of the young Carrie Fisher -- so smooth and so perfect it could n't be real -- that pulled me out of the moment . '' Kelly Lawler of USA Today said : `` ... while Tarkin is merely unnerving , the Leia cameo is so jarring as to take the audience completely out of the film at its most emotional moment . Leia 's appearance was meant to help the film end on a hopeful note ( quite literally , as ' hope ' is her line ) , but instead it ends on a weird and unsettling one . '' Michael Cavna of The Washington Post described the facial effect as feeling `` distractingly artificial and nearly alien , like a plastered death mask robbed of authentic actorly effect , well beyond the usual artifice of Botox . '' Nonetheless , Fisher was shown the CGI rendition of her younger self for the film by Kathleen Kennedy and `` loved it . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards February 26 , 2017 Best Sound Mixing David Parker , Christopher Scarabosio and Stuart Wilson Nominated Best Visual Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Mohen Leo Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 12 , 2017 Best Makeup and Hair Amanda Knight , Neal Scanlan and Lisa Tomblin Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll , Mohen Leo and Nigel Sumner Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards February 18 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Live Action Joel Iwataki , Nick Kray , David Parker , Frank Rinella , Christopher Scarabosio and Stuart Wilson Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 21 , 2017 Excellence in Fantasy Film David Crossman and Glyn Dillon Nominated Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Rogue One Nominated Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Film Rogue One Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Actress Felicity Jones Won Best Male Newcomer Riz Ahmed Nominated Best Director Gareth Edwards Won Best Costume Design Rogue One Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Best Make - Up and Hairstyling Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Hugo Awards August 11 , 2017 Best Dramatic Presentation - Long form Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards April 8 , 2017 Outstanding Locations in Period Film Mark Somner and David O'Reily Nominated Outstanding Film Commission `` Jedha '' - Royal Film Commission Jordan Won MTV Movie & TV Awards May 17 , 2017 Movie of the Year Rogue One Nominated Best Hero Felicity Jones Nominated Ray Bradbury Award May 20 , 2017 Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Chris Weitz , Tony Gilroy and Gareth Edwards Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Science Fiction Film Rogue One Won Best Director Gareth Edwards Won Best Writing Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy Nominated Best Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Best Supporting Actor Diego Luna Nominated Best Music Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Editing John Gilroy , Colin Goudie and Jabez Olssen Nominated Best Production Design Doug Chiang and Neil Lamont Nominated Best Costume Design David Crossman and Glyn Dillon Nominated Best Make - up Amy Byrne Nominated Best Special Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Mohen Leo Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Sci - Fi Movie Rogue One Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actor Diego Luna Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 7 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Neil Corbould , Erin Dusseault , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Nigel Sumner Nominated Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature `` Grand Moff Tarkin '' -- Cyrus Jam , Sven Jensen , Jee Young Park and Steve Walton Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature `` Scarif Complex '' -- Enrico Damm , Yanick Dusseault , Kevin George and Olivier Vernay - Kim Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project `` Space Battle '' -- Steve Ellis , Barry Howell , Euising Lee and John Levin Nominated Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project `` Princess Leia '' -- Paul Giacoppo , Gareth Jensen , James Tooley and Todd Vaziri Nominated `` Star Destroyer '' -- Marko Chulev , Steven Knipping , Jay Machado and Akira Orikasa Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature `` Jedha Destruction '' -- Luca Mignardi , Ciaran Moloney , Matt Puchala and Miguel Perez Senent Nominated Jump up ^ Each date is linked to the article about the awards held that year , wherever possible . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Characters from the film appeared in the second half of the animated television series Star Wars Rebels , starting with Saw Gerrera in the Season 3 mid-season one - hour special episode `` Ghosts of Geonosis '' . The Imperial Death Troopers appeared in that season 's one - hour finale , `` Zero Hour '' . More characters and vehicles that were first introduced in the film appear in the series ' fourth and final season , while the film 's main antagonist , Orson Krennic , is mentioned by name . Tie - in novels ( edit ) A tie - in novel to the film , Catalyst : A Rogue One Novel , was released on November 15 , 2016 . Written by veteran Star Wars novelist James Luceno , the story is set some years before the events of Rogue One , and provides a backstory to the 2016 film . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was written by Alexander Freed , and was released on December 16 , 2016 . Months after the film was released , Disney Lucasfilm Press published another novel titled Star Wars : Rebel Rising on May 2 , 2017 . Written by Beth Revis , the novel explains what happened to Jyn Erso between the time her mother died and the day when Rebel agents freed her from an Imperial labor camp , a time period that the film skips over in its opening minutes . Comics ( edit ) Months after the film was released , Marvel Comics adapted the film into a six - part comic book miniseries , which adds extra content . The miniseries ' complete collection was released on December 12 , 2017 . In August 2017 , IDW Publishing announced that it will make a one - shot graphic novel adaptation of the film , which was released one day after the Marvel miniseries ' collection was released . Unlike the Marvel miniseries , this graphic novel will have slightly more cartoony visuals . Video games ( edit ) A downloadable expansion pack was released for the Star Wars Battlefront reboot , titled Rogue One : Scarif , that allows players the ability to play through the various locations , characters and set pieces from the planet introduced in Rogue One . A free virtual reality mission for PlayStation 4 was also released alongside the expansion . Several characters and concepts from the film were also included in the mobile games Star Wars : Force Arena , Star Wars Commander and Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , all available on iOS and Android . See also ( edit ) 2016 in science fiction List of films featuring eclipses List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring space stations List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : could Disney want to cap the success of Star Wars spin - off ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rogue One trailer released '' . BBC News . BBC . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hildago , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars : Rogue One : The Ultimate Visual Guide . Dorling Kindersley . p. 35 . ISBN 9780241232422 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leak Reveals New Characters , Names , Vehicles '' . IGN . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saavedra , John ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - First Trailer Analysis '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' First Trailer Arrives '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : Why it took multiple actors to play Darth Vader ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Radio Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nate ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About the Ending of Rogue One '' . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Rogue One ' Sound Editors Reveal How They Found Princess Leia 's ' Hope ' and More Production Secrets '' . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's How Rogue One Got Its Hands on Unseen Star Wars Footage '' . io9 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leadbeater , Alex ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One : 15 Cameos You Missed '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw . `` Original Star Wars actor reveals how his character was brought back for Rogue One '' . Radio Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Regular Warwick Davis Returns For ' Rogue One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doran , Sarah ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did You Spot All These British and Irish Actors in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` ' Rogue One ' Actor Valene Kane Confirmed as Playing Jyn Erso 's Mother '' . Collider . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Preview - 13 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Empire . United Kingdom . February 2016 . p. 89 . Jonathan Aris will play Senator Jebel . Nope , we have no idea who that is either . Jump up ^ Åberg , Erik ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fares Fares gör roll i nya `` Star wars '' '' ( Fares Fares makes role in the new `` Star Wars '' ) . Aftonbladet ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindholm , Emilie ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fares Fares med i nya Star wars - trailern '' ( Fares Fares in the new Star Wars trailer ) . GP ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Rogue One Images and Details from Empire Magazine ! '' . Star Wars News Net . August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prometheus ' and ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Ian Whyte Plays Moroff In ' Rogue One ' '' . Omega Underground . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Updates on Episode VIII and young Han Solo movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogue One ( Feature film ) . 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Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Standalone Movie Loses Writer Gary Whitta '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rumor : Simon Kinberg Will Take Over Writing First ' Star Wars ' Standalone Film '' . / Film . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie Hiring Oscar - Nominated Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Kathleen Kennedy and Gareth Edwards Tease ' Rogue One ' Opening Crawl -- See What They Said ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Phil ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Rogue One 's Gareth Edwards explains the movie 's title '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Lucasfilm Chief Previews ' Rogue One ' and Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One will be about the Rebel Alliance stealing plans for the Death Star '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tatiana Maslany , Rooney Mara Testing for ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie to Star Felicity Jones ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Orbiting ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ' Rogue One ' ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Claflin Eyed to Star in ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' ; Riz Ahmed in Talks ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Diego Luna Joins Felicity Jones in Lead Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Forest Whitaker Joins Standalone Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sherlock ' Actor Jonathan Aris Joins ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' '' . / Film . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' : ' Darth Vader is Back ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Janine ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars - The Force Awakens but the Storm Troopers are just chilling '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relaxing in a galaxy far , far away ! Off - duty Stormtroopers are pictured on desert set during filming of spin - off movie Star Wars Anthology : Rogue One '' . Daily Mail . August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` First Photos of Stormtroopers on set from Star Wars : Anthology Rogue One '' . Making Star Wars . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take a walk on the Darth side : Event reveals the secrets of the new -- very British -- Star Wars blockbuster , Rogue One '' . Daily Mail . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Not only was Rogue One filmed at Pinewood and Elstree Studios , now home to the ongoing franchise Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming behind the scenes with Rogue One '' . KFTV . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Among the largest sets built at Pinewood was the mountainous planet of Eadu Jump up ^ Miller , Neil ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Amazing Camera Technology Behind The Look of Rogue One '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . During our sit down with ... Gareth Edwards ... old lenses and new digital environments . Jump up ^ Fish , Andrew ( February 2016 ) . `` Interview with Kathleen Kennedy '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit On Vacation '' . Movie Pilot . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Everything We Know ( So Far ) '' . / Film . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Niall ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` A Look At The Real Star Wars Universe ( Infographic ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Meredith ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` 6 Star Wars ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit Right Now '' . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Alex ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` World In a galaxy far , far away -- the real - life locations of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story that travellers can visit '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deluyas , Elyssa ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' News : Visit These Stunning Filming Locations To Have The Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Journey '' . Travelers Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HaveeruOnline - Cast heads to Maldives for Star Wars shooting '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - Darth Vader is back and other things we learned from the behind the scenes video '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Rebecca ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` 11 things you may not have known about Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Metro . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Bits : New Details on Jedha , a Mysterious New Planet Name , and a First Look at New LEGO Sets '' . / Film . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ; Mcculloch - Keeble , Cameron ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story - everything you need to know '' . Empire . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- The complete history , Part III '' . Empire . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Re-shoots for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . The Knowledge . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Cameron K ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's what we know about the new Star Wars film '' . Metro . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Director Gareth Edwards told thousands of fans at Star Wars Celebration in London earlier this year he had always wanted to film a sci - fi movie there . ^ Jump up to : Collin , Robbie ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - Darth Vader is back and other things we learned from the behind the scenes video '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Adrian ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One virtually finished , Disney ' absolutely love ' what they 've seen '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` What 's true and false about the reshoots for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Andrew ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Rogue One 's reshoots show how Disney saved the first standalone Star Wars movie '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One director says its original ending was very different '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Rogue One 's original ending was one such cutting - room casualty . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's Original Ending May Explain Where All Those Deleted Trailer Scenes Went '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . The revelation that the original ending was much different probably explains a lot about how different the trailers were from the final product . Fans have noticed that many scenes in the original spots did not appear in the final film . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` They are going through hours and hours of old footage from the horror movies to recreate his legs and feet ... '' Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tapley , Kristopher ; Debruge , Peter ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry '' . Variety . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Telegraph Film . `` ' Morbid and off - putting ' or ' convincing ' ? Rogue One 's CGI Peter Cushing gets a mixed response from Star Wars fans '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Rogue One ' Brought Back Familiar Faces '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's CGI Princess Leia : The sands of time are so cruel you ca n't even do motion capture for your younger self '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Finishes Post-Production '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One composer Michael Giacchino describes music of the Star Wars standalone '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rogue One Composer Is Alexandre Desplat , Not John Williams '' . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rogue One Bits : Mads Mikkelsen Sheds More Light on His Character , Alexandre Desplat Talks , Disneyland Releases First Merch - Page 2 of 3 '' . / Film . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Replaces Its Composer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Releases Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Today '' ( Press release ) . PRNewsire . Burbank , California . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ GoSoundtracks ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` All right . I 'm renaming my soundtrack titles '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Is ROGUE ONE The End Of Michael Giacchino 's Punny Track Titles ? '' . Birth . Movies . Death . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` How Disney And Dolby Brought ' Rogue One ' To Historic Pantages '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pressberg , Matt ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why ' Rogue One ' Failed to Take Off in China '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible 5 ' Gets a ' Rogue ' Name , Trumps ' Star Wars ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story trailer : Felicity Jones makes a roguish , Han Solo - style heroine '' . The Telegraph . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Teaser Brings Hope of a Subversive ' Star Wars ' Prequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Star Wars Empire Rolls on With Rogue One '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Teaser Blasts Off With Close To 30M Online Views Since Thursday Debut '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ; Freer , Ian ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : ' Star Wars ' Film Releases New Footage , Poster '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woollaston , Victoria ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader returns in the new trailer for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Wired . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bramesco , Charles ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : 5 Things We Learned From New Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : How the New Trailer Looks Like It 's for a Different Movie Than Before '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Rogue One Trailer Taps into the Star Wars Franchise 's Greatest Natural Resource '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery Box is Dead : Lucasfilm Shows Fans 20 Minutes of Rogue One '' . Furious Fanboys . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese Rogue One trailer has lots of new Donnie Yen footage '' . AV Club . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' China Trailer Lands With More Footage Of Chinese Stars '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One 's Digital And Blu - ray / DVD Release Dates Announced , Bonus Features Revealed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasts Past $1 B At Global Box Office ; ' Moana ' Sails To $500 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' maintains stellar course at box office '' . Samaa Web Desk . Samaa TV . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` No. 3 ' Rogue One ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Hits Tracking With $100 M - $140 M ; UK Tickets Available , So When Do U.S. Sales Begin ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Tracking for Huge $130 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Not Expected to Do ' Force Awakens ' Business , Disney CEO Says '' . Variety . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grauso , Alisha ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pre-Sales For ' Rogue One ' Crash Fandango 's Site -- And Disney Benefits From It '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Has Second - Highest First Day of Ticketing Pre-Sales '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasting Off To Est . $30 M Thursday Night -- B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Christmas Juggernaut Leaves Room For Specialty Films -- Final Weekend Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Threepeats at # 1 , ' La La Land ' Opens Big in Limited Release '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Does n't Want To Fall To ' Hidden Figures ' As Winter Storm Helena Closes Theaters '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Review '' . IGN . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Travers : ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Spoiler Free Review : Finally A Good Star Wars Prequel '' . / Film . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Shows There 's Life in Star Wars Yet ... Barely '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' adds an uneven but thrilling wrinkle to the mythology of ' Star Wars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Rogue One ' Leaves ' Star Wars ' Fans Wanting More and Less '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` '' Rogue One '' Reviewed : Is it Time to Abandon the `` Star Wars '' Franchise ? `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' does n't offer much joy , but Star Wars fans will enjoy it anyway '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David . `` ' Rogue One ' Review : The First ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Is a Scrappy Space Adventure That Plays Things Painfully Safe '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story review -- a sleek addition to the fleet '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars ( May 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Who is your favorite Rogue One Character '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` From Rogue One 's Peter Cushing to Audrey Hepburn : 6 stars who were digitally brought back to life '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Cushing is dead . Rogue One 's resurrection is a digital indignity '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Joseph ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : the CGI resurrection of Peter Cushing is thrilling -- but is it right ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Althoff , Eric ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Force reawakens deceased cast -- probably for years to come '' . The Washington Times . Washington , DC . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About Grand Moff Tarkin in Rogue One '' . Time . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 ... the effect ends up showing the limitations of the technology . It 's also distracting : As you ponder what , exactly , is off about this not - human - enough figure -- something in the facial movements -- you begin to lose track of the plot . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` How the ' Rogue One ' ending went wrong '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` One of the best performances in ' Rogue One ' is by an actor who died in 1994 '' . The Washington Post . Washington , DC . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( 2016 ) . `` How Carrie Fisher Felt About That Rogue One Cameo '' . cinemablend . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 ... ( Kathleen Kennedy , president of Lucasfilm ) showed it to her . So , I got a call afterwards from Kathy saying , ' Well , Carrie loved it . ' Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Excellence in Fantasy Film '' . Costume Designer 's Guild . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Women swept nearly every category at the 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - The Nebula Awards '' . The Nebula Awards . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards winners '' . Saturn Awards official website . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy . `` Rogue One Character Joins Star Wars Rebels , and More TV News '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Ryan . `` The Unexpected Ways ' Star Wars Rebels ' Season 4 Connects to ' Rogue One ' '' . CheatSheet . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Synopsis for Star Wars Catalyst novel offers background details on Rogue One '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Prequel Book Reveals Secret Origins of the Death Star '' . MovieWeb . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogue One : A Star Wars Story by Alexander Freed PenguinRandomHouse.com . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy . `` Star Wars Novel Rebel Rising To Explore Jyn Erso 's Backstory '' . Nerdist . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Hoai - Tran . `` New ' Rogue One ' Scenes in the Comic Adaptation Flesh Out The Movie 's Story '' . / Film . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Star Wars : Rogue One Graphic Novel Adaptation ( Preview ) '' . CBR . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Rogue One Graphic Novel Adaptation Coming from IDW '' . Star Wars . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront : Rogue One : Scarif '' . Starwars.ea.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront Rogue One : X-wing VR Mission '' . EA Star Wars Games . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Force Arena '' . Netmarble Games . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 -- via StarWarsForceArena.com . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Content Comes to Star Wars : Commander '' . Jump up ^ Westenberg , Jimmy . `` Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes goes rogue with new characters from Rogue One '' . AndroidAuthority . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rogue One Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rogue One . 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1. Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
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has a host team ever won the memorial cup
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List of Memorial Cup champions - wikipedia List of Memorial Cup champions The Memorial Cup The Memorial Cup is a junior ice hockey club championship trophy awarded annually to the Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) champion . Each year the champions from three CHL member leagues -- the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) , Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) , and Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) , along with a host team -- compete in the MasterCard Memorial Cup Tournament . The QMJHL 's Acadie -- Bathurst Titan are the defending champions . Known originally as the OHA Memorial Cup , it was donated in 1919 by the Ontario Hockey Association in honour of the soldiers who died fighting for Canada in World War I. In 2010 , the trophy was rededicated to honour all soldiers who died for Canada in any conflict . From its donation in 1919 until 1971 , the Memorial Cup was awarded via a series of playoffs to the junior hockey champion of Canada . The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association moved to the current tournament format in 1972 when it divided Junior A hockey into two tiers , naming the Memorial Cup as the championship of the Major Junior rank . Sixty teams across the CHL 's three member leagues are eligible to compete for the Memorial Cup , representing nine provinces and four American states . The Western Hockey League has won the title 19 times since the adoption of the three league tournament format in 1972 . The Ontario Hockey League has 17 titles , and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League has 11 . Since the creation of the Memorial Cup , the Toronto Marlboros have won the most titles with seven . Among currently active teams , the Oshawa Generals lead with five titles , the latest one in 2015 , while the Regina Pats follow with four . Contents 1 Champions and challengers 1.1 1919 to 1971 1.2 1972 to 1982 1.3 1983 to present 1.4 Tournament appearances by current CHL teams 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Champions and challengers ( edit ) 1919 to 1971 ( edit ) The 1926 Calgary Canadians were Alberta 's first Memorial Cup champion . The Memorial Cup was presented to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association ( CAHA ) in 1919 by the Ontario Hockey Association ( OHA ) in remembrance of the soldiers who died fighting for Canada in World War I. It was to be awarded to the junior hockey champions of Canada in an east versus west format . The eastern Canadian champion , who from 1932 won the George Richardson Memorial Trophy , met the western Canadian champion , winners of the Abbott Cup . The first championship featured the University of Toronto Schools against the Regina Patricia ( now the Pats ) in a two - game , total - goals series . The University of Toronto Schools won the title easily , defeating Regina by scores of 14 -- 3 and 15 -- 5 to win the series with a total score of 29 -- 8 . The head - to - head competition for the Memorial Cup has changed formats several times . The CAHA moved to a best - of - three format in 1925 as the first team to win two games was declared the champion . In 1938 , the series was increased to best - of - five , and to best - of - seven in 1943 . There were two exceptions to these formats . The 1949 final between the Montreal Royals and the Brandon Wheat Kings required an eighth game after the third game ended in a tie . The 1971 final between the Quebec Remparts and the Edmonton Oil Kings was nearly canceled outright in the wake of controversy surrounding the inclusion of the previously outlawed Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) as the western league was allowed to use more over-age players and received a larger travel allowance from the CAHA . The differences were resolved , and an abbreviated best - of - three series was held in Quebec City . While the Memorial Cup was not intended to be a challenge trophy , a team has twice challenged the defending champion for the cup . After the Toronto Canoe Club defeated the Selkirk Fishermen in 1920 , they were met with a challenge by the Fort William Beavers for the trophy . Toronto agreed , and easily defeated Fort William 11 -- 1 in a single game playoff . The second challenge occurred a half - century later , in 1970 . The WCHL 's Flin Flon Bombers challenged the Montreal Junior Canadiens . Considered an outlaw league by the CAHA , WCHL teams were not permitted to participate in the Memorial Cup playoffs . The Junior Canadiens declined the challenge . TG = total goals . The team that scored the most goals in two games won the championship . From 1925 onward , the total represents the number of games won . Cup Champion Result Runner - up Host location ( s ) 1919 University of Toronto Schools 29 -- 8 ( TG ) Regina Patricia Toronto 1920 Toronto Canoe Club Paddlers 15 -- 5 ( TG ) Selkirk Fishermen Toronto 1921 Winnipeg Junior Falcons 11 -- 9 ( TG ) Stratford Midgets Toronto 1922 Fort William Great War Vets 8 -- 7 ( TG ) Regina Patricia Winnipeg 1923 University of Manitoba Bisons 14 -- 6 ( TG ) Kitchener Colts Toronto 1924 Owen Sound Greys 7 -- 5 ( TG ) Calgary Canadians Winnipeg 1925 Regina Pats 2 -- 0 Toronto Aura Lee Toronto 1926 Calgary Canadians 2 -- 1 Queen 's University Winnipeg 1927 Owen Sound Greys 2 -- 0 Port Arthur West End Jrs . Toronto 1928 Regina Monarchs 2 -- 1 Ottawa Gunners Toronto 1929 Toronto Marlboros 2 -- 0 Elmwood Millionaires Toronto 1930 Regina Pats 2 -- 0 West Toronto Nationals Winnipeg 1931 Elmwood Millionaires 2 -- 1 Ottawa Primroses Toronto and Ottawa 1932 Sudbury Cub Wolves 2 -- 1 Winnipeg Monarchs Winnipeg 1933 Newmarket Redmen 2 -- 0 Regina Pats Toronto 1934 Toronto St. Michael 's Majors 2 -- 0 Edmonton A.C. Athletics Winnipeg 1935 Winnipeg Monarchs 2 -- 1 Sudbury Cub Wolves Winnipeg 1936 West Toronto Nationals 2 -- 0 Saskatoon Wesleys Toronto 1937 Winnipeg Monarchs 2 -- 1 Copper Cliff Redmen Toronto 1938 St. Boniface Seals 3 -- 2 Oshawa Generals Toronto 1939 Oshawa Generals 3 -- 1 Edmonton A.C. Roamers Toronto 1940 Oshawa Generals 3 -- 1 Kenora Thistles Winnipeg 1941 Winnipeg Rangers 3 -- 2 Montreal Royals Toronto and Montreal 1942 Portage la Prairie Terriers 3 -- 1 Oshawa Generals Winnipeg 1943 Winnipeg Rangers 4 -- 2 Oshawa Generals Toronto 1944 Oshawa Generals 4 -- 0 Trail Smoke Eaters Toronto 1945 Toronto St. Michael 's Majors 4 -- 1 Moose Jaw Canucks Toronto 1946 Winnipeg Monarchs 4 -- 3 Toronto St. Michael 's Majors Toronto 1947 Toronto St. Michael 's Majors 4 -- 0 Moose Jaw Canucks Winnipeg , Moose Jaw and Regina 1948 Port Arthur West End Bruins 4 -- 0 Barrie Flyers Toronto 1949 Montreal Royals 4 -- 3 -- 1 Brandon Wheat Kings Winnipeg and Brandon 1950 Montreal Junior Canadiens 4 -- 1 Regina Pats Montreal and Toronto 1951 Barrie Flyers 4 -- 0 Winnipeg Monarchs Toronto , Barrie and Quebec City 1952 Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters 4 -- 0 Regina Pats Toronto 1953 Barrie Flyers 4 -- 1 St. Boniface Canadiens Winnipeg and Brandon 1954 St. Catharines Teepees 4 -- 0 -- 1 Edmonton Oil Kings Toronto 1955 Toronto Marlboros 4 -- 1 Regina Pats Regina 1956 Toronto Marlboros 4 -- 0 -- 1 Regina Pats Toronto 1957 Flin Flon Bombers 4 -- 3 Ottawa - Hull Junior Canadiens Flin Flon and Regina 1958 Ottawa - Hull Junior Canadiens 4 -- 2 Regina Pats Ottawa and Hull 1959 Winnipeg Braves 4 -- 1 Peterborough TPT Petes Winnipeg and Brandon 1960 St. Catharines Teepees 4 -- 2 Edmonton Oil Kings St. Catharines and Toronto 1961 Toronto St. Michael 's Majors 4 -- 2 Edmonton Oil Kings Edmonton 1962 Hamilton Red Wings 4 -- 1 Edmonton Oil Kings Hamilton , Guelph and Kitchener 1963 Edmonton Oil Kings 4 -- 2 Niagara Falls Flyers Edmonton 1964 Toronto Marlboros 4 -- 0 Edmonton Oil Kings Toronto 1965 Niagara Falls Flyers 4 -- 1 Edmonton Oil Kings Edmonton 1966 Edmonton Oil Kings 4 -- 2 Oshawa Generals Toronto 1967 Toronto Marlboros 4 -- 1 Port Arthur Marrs Thunder Bay 1968 Niagara Falls Flyers 4 -- 1 Estevan Bruins Niagara Falls and Montreal 1969 Montreal Junior Canadiens 4 -- 0 Regina Pats Montreal and Regina 1970 Montreal Junior Canadiens 4 -- 0 Weyburn Red Wings Montreal 1971 Quebec Remparts 2 -- 0 Edmonton Oil Kings Quebec City 1972 to 1982 ( edit ) In 1970 , the CAHA divided the Junior A ranks into two levels , creating a Major -- Junior tier that consisted of three leagues : the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) , the Ontario Hockey Association ( OHA , now the OHL ) and the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL , now WHL ) . It was decided that the Memorial Cup would be the championship trophy of the Major Junior leagues , while the Manitoba Centennial Trophy was created as the Junior A championship . The CAHA decided that beginning in 1972 , the Memorial Cup would be determined via a double round - robin tournament ( four games each ) between the champion of the three leagues , featuring a single game championship involving the top two finishers in the tournament . The creation of the WHL 's Portland Winter Hawks in 1976 opened the competition up to non-Canadian teams for the first time , and in 1982 , the Winter Hawks became the first American team in Memorial Cup history to compete for the trophy . Cup Champion Score Runner - up Additional participants Host location ( s ) 1972 Cornwall Royals ( QMJHL ) 2 -- 1 Peterborough Petes ( OHA ) Edmonton Oil Kings ( WCHL ) Ottawa 1973 Toronto Marlboros ( OHA ) 9 -- 1 Quebec Remparts ( QMJHL ) Medicine Hat Tigers ( WCHL ) Montreal Regina Pats ( WCHL ) 7 -- 4 Quebec Remparts ( QMJHL ) St. Catharines Black Hawks ( OHA ) Calgary Toronto Marlboros ( OHA ) 7 -- 3 New Westminster Bruins ( WCHL ) Sherbrooke Castors ( QMJHL ) Kitchener 1976 Hamilton Fincups ( OHA ) 5 -- 2 New Westminster Bruins ( WCHL ) Quebec Remparts ( QMJHL ) Montreal 1977 New Westminster Bruins ( WCHL ) 6 -- 5 Ottawa 67 's ( OHA ) Sherbrooke Castors ( QMJHL ) Vancouver 1978 New Westminster Bruins ( WHL ) 7 -- 4 Peterborough Petes ( OHA ) Trois - Rivières Draveurs ( QMJHL ) Sudbury and Sault Ste . Marie 1979 Peterborough Petes ( OHA ) 2 -- 1 ( OT ) Brandon Wheat Kings ( WHL ) Trois - Rivières Draveurs ( QMJHL ) Sherbrooke , Trois - Rivières and Verdun 1980 Cornwall Royals ( QMJHL ) 3 -- 2 ( OT ) Peterborough Petes ( OHA ) Regina Pats ( WHL ) Brandon and Regina 1981 Cornwall Royals ( QMJHL ) 5 -- 2 Kitchener Rangers ( OHL ) Victoria Cougars ( WHL ) Windsor 1982 Kitchener Rangers ( OHL ) 7 -- 4 Sherbrooke Castors ( QMJHL ) Portland Winter Hawks ( WHL ) Hull 1983 to present ( edit ) The Vancouver Giants celebrate after winning the 2007 championship on home ice . The Memorial Cup tournament was expanded to four teams in 1983 ; a pre-determined host team was added in place of holding the tournament in a neutral host city . The first such host team was the Portland Winter Hawks , who set numerous firsts in the 1983 tournament . It represented the first time Memorial Cup games were held outside Canada , and by virtue of winning the tournament , the Winter Hawks became the first American team to win the Cup . The Winter Hawks also became the first team in Memorial Cup history to win the championship despite failing to win its own league title -- they had been defeated by the Lethbridge Broncos in the WHL playoffs . The four - team format remains in use , and the host team cycles evenly between all three leagues . In 1987 , however , only three teams competed for the Memorial Cup . To determine the host team for that tournament , the OHL held a `` super series '' between its two regular season division winners before the start of the playoffs . The tournament was won by the Oshawa Generals , who went on to win the OHL championship . As a result , the OHL chose to send only Oshawa to the Memorial Cup . In all other tournaments , if the host team had also won their league title , the runner - up from the championship series qualified for the Memorial Cup as their league 's representative . Since the current format was adopted , the Memorial Cup has been won by each league : Western Hockey League ( WHL ) : 16 times Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) : 12 times Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) : 8 times Impact of automatic tournament berth for host team ( since 1983 ) : Host teams that have won league championship : 6 ( Kamloops 1995 , Peterborough 1996 , Hull 1997 , London 2005 , Moncton 2006 , Kitchener 2008 ) Host teams that have won Memorial Cup : 10 ( Portland 1983 , Sault Ste . Marie 1993 , Kamloops 1995 , Hull 1997 , Ottawa 1999 , Kelowna 2004 , London 2005 , Vancouver 2007 , Shawinigan 2012 , Windsor 2017 ) Teams that have won Memorial Cup without winning league championship : 8 ( Portland 1983 , Sault Ste . Marie 1993 , Ottawa 1999 , Kelowna 2004 , Quebec 2006 , Vancouver 2007 , Shawinigan 2012 , Windsor 2017 ) The host team for each tournament is listed in bold . If a team qualified for the tournament as the runner - up of their league 's championship series , it is listed in italics . Cup Champion Score Runner - up Additional participants Portland Winter Hawks ( WHL ) 8 -- 3 Oshawa Generals ( OHL ) Lethbridge Broncos ( WHL ) , Verdun Juniors ( QMJHL ) 1984 Ottawa 67 's ( OHL ) 7 -- 2 Kitchener Rangers ( OHL ) Laval Voisins ( QMJHL ) , Kamloops Jr . Oilers ( WHL ) 1985 Prince Albert Raiders ( WHL ) 6 -- 1 Shawinigan Cataractes ( QMJHL ) Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds ( OHL ) , Verdun Junior Canadiens ( QMJHL ) 1986 Guelph Platers ( OHL ) 6 -- 2 Hull Olympiques ( QMJHL ) Kamloops Blazers ( WHL ) , Portland Winter Hawks ( WHL ) Medicine Hat Tigers ( WHL ) 6 -- 2 Oshawa Generals ( OHL ) Longueuil Chevaliers ( QMJHL ) 1988 Medicine Hat Tigers ( WHL ) 7 -- 6 Windsor Spitfires ( OHL ) Drummondville Voltigeurs ( QMJHL ) , Hull Olympiques ( QMJHL ) 1989 Swift Current Broncos ( WHL ) 4 -- 3 ( OT ) Saskatoon Blades ( WHL ) Laval Titan ( QMJHL ) , Peterborough Petes ( OHL ) 1990 Oshawa Generals ( OHL ) 4 -- 3 ( OT ) Kitchener Rangers ( OHL ) Laval Titan ( QMJHL ) , Kamloops Blazers ( WHL ) 1991 Spokane Chiefs ( WHL ) 5 -- 1 Drummondville Voltigeurs ( QMJHL ) Chicoutimi Saguenéens ( QMJHL ) , Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds ( OHL ) 1992 Kamloops Blazers ( WHL ) 5 -- 4 Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds ( OHL ) Seattle Thunderbirds ( WHL ) , Verdun Collège Français ( QMJHL ) 1993 Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds ( OHL ) 4 -- 2 Peterborough Petes ( OHL ) Laval Titan ( QMJHL ) , Swift Current Broncos ( WHL ) 1994 Kamloops Blazers ( WHL ) 5 -- 3 Laval Titan ( QMJHL ) Chicoutimi Saguenéens ( QMJHL ) , North Bay Centennials ( OHL ) 1995 Kamloops Blazers ( WHL ) 8 -- 2 Detroit Junior Red Wings ( OHL ) Brandon Wheat Kings ( WHL ) , Hull Olympiques ( QMJHL ) Granby Prédateurs ( QMJHL ) 4 -- 0 Peterborough Petes ( OHL ) Brandon Wheat Kings ( WHL ) , Guelph Storm ( OHL ) 1997 Hull Olympiques ( QMJHL ) 5 -- 1 Lethbridge Hurricanes ( WHL ) Chicoutimi Saguenéens ( QMJHL ) , Oshawa Generals ( OHL ) 1998 Portland Winter Hawks ( WHL ) 4 -- 3 ( OT ) Guelph Storm ( OHL ) Spokane Chiefs ( WHL ) , Val - d'Or Foreurs ( QMJHL ) 1999 Ottawa 67 's ( OHL ) 7 -- 6 ( OT ) Calgary Hitmen ( WHL ) Acadie -- Bathurst Titan ( QMJHL ) , Belleville Bulls ( OHL ) 2000 Rimouski Océanic ( QMJHL ) 6 -- 2 Barrie Colts ( OHL ) Halifax Mooseheads ( QMJHL ) , Kootenay Ice ( WHL ) 2001 Red Deer Rebels ( WHL ) 6 -- 5 ( OT ) Val - d'Or Foreurs ( QMJHL ) Ottawa 67 's ( OHL ) , Regina Pats ( WHL ) 2002 Kootenay Ice ( WHL ) 6 -- 3 Victoriaville Tigres ( QMJHL ) Erie Otters ( OHL ) , Guelph Storm ( OHL ) 2003 Kitchener Rangers ( OHL ) 6 -- 3 Hull Olympiques ( QMJHL ) Kelowna Rockets ( WHL ) , Quebec Remparts ( QMJHL ) Kelowna Rockets ( WHL ) 2 -- 1 Gatineau Olympiques ( QMJHL ) Guelph Storm ( OHL ) , Medicine Hat Tigers ( WHL ) 2005 London Knights ( OHL ) 4 -- 0 Rimouski Océanic ( QMJHL ) Kelowna Rockets ( WHL ) , Ottawa 67 's ( OHL ) 2006 Quebec Remparts ( QMJHL ) 6 -- 2 Moncton Wildcats ( QMJHL ) Peterborough Petes ( OHL ) , Vancouver Giants ( WHL ) 2007 Vancouver Giants ( WHL ) 3 -- 1 Medicine Hat Tigers ( WHL ) Plymouth Whalers ( OHL ) , Lewiston Maineiacs ( QMJHL ) 2008 Spokane Chiefs ( WHL ) 4 -- 1 Kitchener Rangers ( OHL ) Belleville Bulls ( OHL ) , Gatineau Olympiques ( QMJHL ) 2009 Windsor Spitfires ( OHL ) 4 -- 1 Kelowna Rockets ( WHL ) Drummondville Voltigeurs ( QMJHL ) , Rimouski Océanic ( QMJHL ) Windsor Spitfires ( OHL ) 9 -- 1 Brandon Wheat Kings ( WHL ) Moncton Wildcats ( QMJHL ) , Calgary Hitmen ( WHL ) 2011 Saint John Sea Dogs ( QMJHL ) 3 -- 1 Mississauga St. Michael 's Majors ( OHL ) Owen Sound Attack ( OHL ) , Kootenay Ice ( WHL ) 2012 Shawinigan Cataractes ( QMJHL ) 2 -- 1 ( OT ) London Knights ( OHL ) Edmonton Oil Kings ( WHL ) , Saint John Sea Dogs ( QMJHL ) 2013 Halifax Mooseheads ( QMJHL ) 6 -- 4 Portland Winterhawks ( WHL ) London Knights ( OHL ) , Saskatoon Blades ( WHL ) 2014 Edmonton Oil Kings ( WHL ) 6 -- 3 Guelph Storm ( OHL ) Val - d'Or Foreurs ( QMJHL ) , London Knights ( OHL ) 2015 Oshawa Generals ( OHL ) 2 -- 1 ( OT ) Kelowna Rockets ( WHL ) Quebec Remparts ( QMJHL ) , Rimouski Océanic ( QMJHL ) 2016 London Knights ( OHL ) 3 -- 2 ( OT ) Rouyn - Noranda Huskies ( QMJHL ) Red Deer Rebels ( WHL ) , Brandon Wheat Kings ( WHL ) 2017 Windsor Spitfires ( OHL ) 4 -- 3 Erie Otters ( OHL ) Saint John Sea Dogs ( QMJHL ) , Seattle Thunderbirds ( WHL ) 2018 Acadie - Bathurst Titan ( QMJHL ) 3 -- 0 Regina Pats ( WHL ) Hamilton Bulldogs ( OHL ) , Swift Current Broncos ( WHL ) 2019 TBD TBD Halifax Mooseheads ( QMJHL ) Tournament appearances by current CHL teams ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2018 Memorial Cup , the 60 teams currently active in the CHL have won 44 of the 100 annual Memorial Cup competitions held since 1919 . The remaining 56 competitions were won by teams that no longer exist , or no longer compete in the CHL . A bolded year denotes a Memorial Cup win . An italicized year denotes team was host of the tournament . Tournament Appearances Final Appearances Team Modern League Wins Runnerup Third Fourth Tournament Win % Years of appearance 16 14 Regina Pats WHL 10 . 250 2018 , 2001 , 1980 , 1974 , 1969 , 1958 , 1956 , 1955 , 1952 , 1950 , 1933 , 1930 , 1928 , 1925 , 1922 , 1919 12 11 Oshawa Generals OHL 5 6 0 . 417 2015 , 1997 , 1990 , 1987 , 1983 , 1966 , 1944 , 1943 , 1942 , 1940 , 1939 , 1938 9 7 Peterborough Petes OHL 6 . 111 2006 , 1996 , 1993 , 1989 , 1980 , 1979 , 1978 , 1972 , 1959 7 Quebec Remparts QMJHL . 286 2015 , 2006 , 2003 , 1976 , 1974 , 1973 , 1971 7 Gatineau Olympiques QMJHL . 143 2008 , 2004 , 2003 , 1997 , 1995 , 1988 , 1986 6 Kamloops Blazers WHL 0 . 500 1995 , 1994 , 1992 , 1990 , 1986 , 1984 6 6 Kitchener Rangers OHL 0 0 . 333 2008 , 2003 , 1990 , 1984 , 1982 , 1981 6 Brandon Wheat Kings WHL 0 . 000 2016 , 2010 , 1996 , 1995 , 1979 , 1949 5 Portland Winterhawks ^ WHL 0 . 400 2013 , 1998 , 1986 , 1983 , 1982 5 London Knights OHL . 400 2016 , 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2005 5 Medicine Hat Tigers WHL . 400 2007 , 2004 , 1988 , 1987 , 1973 5 Ottawa 67 's OHL . 400 2005 , 2001 , 1999 , 1984 , 1977 5 Kelowna Rockets WHL . 200 2015 , 2009 , 2005 , 2004 , 2003 5 Guelph Storm OHL 0 0 . 000 2014 , 2004 , 2002 , 1998 , 1996 Windsor Spitfires OHL 0 0 . 750 2017 , 2010 , 2009 , 1988 Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds OHL . 250 1993 , 1992 , 1991 , 1985 Rimouski Océanic QMJHL 0 . 250 2015 , 2009 , 2005 , 2000 Spokane Chiefs WHL 0 0 . 667 2008 , 1998 , 1991 Swift Current Broncos WHL 0 . 500 2018 , 1993 , 1989 Kootenay Ice WHL 0 . 333 2011 , 2002 , 2000 Saint John Sea Dogs QMJHL 0 0 . 333 2017 , 2012 , 2011 Drummondville Voltigeurs QMJHL 0 . 000 2009 , 1991 , 1988 Val - d'Or Foreurs QMJHL 0 . 000 2014 , 2001 , 1998 0 Chicoutimi Saguenéens QMJHL 0 0 . 000 1997 , 1994 , 1991 Shawinigan Cataractes QMJHL 0 0 . 500 2012 , 1985 Halifax Mooseheads QMJHL 0 0 . 500 2013 , 2000 Red Deer Rebels WHL 0 0 . 500 2016 , 2001 Vancouver Giants WHL 0 0 . 500 2007 , 2006 Acadie -- Bathurst Titan QMJHL 0 0 . 500 2018 , 1999 Edmonton Oil Kings WHL 0 0 . 500 2014 , 2012 Calgary Hitmen WHL 0 0 . 000 2010 , 1999 Moncton Wildcats QMJHL 0 0 . 000 2010 , 2006 Saskatoon Blades WHL 0 0 . 000 2013 , 1989 Erie Otters OHL 0 0 . 000 2017 , 2002 0 Seattle Thunderbirds WHL 0 0 . 000 2017 , 1992 Prince Albert Raiders WHL 0 0 0 1.000 1985 Barrie Colts OHL 0 0 0 . 000 2000 Lethbridge Hurricanes WHL 0 0 0 . 000 1997 Victoriaville Tigres QMJHL 0 0 0 . 000 2002 Rouyn - Noranda Huskies QMJHL 0 0 0 . 000 2016 0 Owen Sound Attack OHL 0 0 0 . 000 2011 0 Hamilton Bulldogs OHL 0 0 0 . 000 2018 Three team competition from 1972 - 1982 and 1987 . Since 1983 , third place goes to loser of semi-final game . ^ Portland Winterhawks excludes 10 appearances , with two wins , as the original Edmonton Oil Kings ( 1951 - 1976 ) . Notes ( edit ) In 1987 , the OHL organized a Super Series for the right to host the Memorial Cup tournament between the Leyden Division champions Oshawa Generals , and the Emms Division champions North Bay Centennials . The super series was played before the OHL playoffs commenced . Oshawa defeated North Bay 4 games to 3 for the right to host the Memorial Cup . Oshawa also won the OHL championship series defeating North Bay 4 games to 3 . Since Oshawa won both the Super Series and the OHL Championship , only three teams participated in the Memorial Cup . The Chicoutimi Saguenéens hosted the 1988 tournament at the Centre Georges - Vézina of Chicoutimi , but were not guaranteed a berth . They were eliminated in the playoffs so the QMJHL sent the Drummondville Voltigeurs , who finished as the championship runners - up , in their place . The Dukes of Hamilton hosted the 1990 tournament at Copps Coliseum . However , because of the team 's poor standing in the 1989 -- 90 season , the team stepped aside for the OHL championship runners - up , the Kitchener Rangers . The Beauport Harfangs hosted the 1991 tournament , however were not guaranteed a berth . The Harfangs were eliminated in the playoffs . The QMJHL championship runners - up Drummondville Voltigeurs were awarded this berth . The Harfangs were based in Beauport , Quebec City , a suburb of Quebec City ; however , the tournament was played in the Colisée Pepsi . The Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds won the right to host the 1993 Memorial Cup by defeating the Peterborough Petes 4 games to 0 in a Super Series , much like how Oshawa hosted in 1987 . However , the Petes won the OHL championship , thus granting them a spot in the tournament . References ( edit ) General Lapp , Richard ; Macaulay , Alec ( 1997 ) . The Memorial Cup . Harbour Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55017 - 170 - 4 . `` Memorial Cup History '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . `` Memorial Cup Champions '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . `` History of Participating Teams '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Specific Jump up ^ Flett , Cory ; Watts , Jessie ( eds . ) . 2008 -- 09 WHL Guide . Western Hockey League . p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Memorial Cup -- Canada 's Junior Trophy '' . Edmonton Oilers Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorial Cup History '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 13 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 26 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 57 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 70 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 84 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 158 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 16 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , pp. 154 -- 155 ^ Jump up to : Lapp , Richard ; Macaulay , Alec ( 1997 ) . The Memorial Cup . Harbour Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55017 - 170 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 160 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 204 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : The Memorial Cup , p. 227 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 232 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 242 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 247 Jump up ^ The Memorial Cup , p. 255 External links ( edit ) Canadian Hockey League <Th_colspan="2"> Memorial Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 <Td_colspan="2"> 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 <Td_colspan="2"> 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 <Td_colspan="2"> 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Memorial Cup champions James T. Sutherland George Richardson Memorial Trophy Abbott Cup Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy George Parsons Trophy Hap Emms Memorial Trophy Ed Chynoweth Trophy Memorial Cup All - Star Teams <Th_colspan="2"> Canadian Hockey League Leagues Western Hockey League Ontario Hockey League Quebec Major Junior Hockey League Presidents Ed Chynoweth ( 1975 -- 1995 ) David Branch ( 1996 -- present ) History Canadian Amateur Hockey Association List of CHL franchise post-season droughts List of CHL playoffs series Canadian Hockey League Players ' Association Events Memorial Cup ( list of champions ) CHL / NHL Top Prospects Game CHL Canada / Russia Series CHL Import Draft Teddy bear toss Awards Brian Kilrea Coach of the Year Award CHL Player of the Year CHL Top Scorer Award CHL Goaltender of the Year CHL Defenceman of the Year CHL Rookie of the Year CHL Top Draft Prospect Award CHL Scholastic Player of the Year CHL Sportsman of the Year CHL Humanitarian of the Year CHL Executive of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> Canadian Hockey League web site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Memorial_Cup_champions&oldid=854746477 '' Categories : Canadian Amateur Hockey Association Memorial Cup Canadian ice hockey - related lists Memorial Cup winners Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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the study of the structure of the body is known as
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Human body - wikipedia Human body Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Human body <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin corpus humanum TA A01. 0.00. 000 FMA 20394 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The human body is the entire structure of a human being . It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organ systems . They ensure homeostasis and the viability of the human body . It comprises a head , neck , trunk ( which includes the thorax and abdomen ) , arms and hands , legs and feet . The study of the human body involves anatomy , physiology , histology and embryology . The body varies anatomically in known ways . Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions . Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis , with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood . The body is studied by health professionals , physiologists , anatomists , and by artists to assist them in their work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 1.1 Cells 1.2 Tissues 1.3 Organs 1.4 Systems 1.4. 1 Circulatory system 1.4. 2 Digestive system 1.4. 3 Endocrine system 1.4. 4 Immune system 1.4. 5 Integumentary system 1.4. 6 Lymphatic system 1.4. 7 Musculoskeletal system 1.4. 8 Nervous system 1.4. 9 Reproductive system 1.4. 10 Respiratory system 1.4. 11 Urinary system 2 Anatomy 3 Physiology 4 Development 5 Health and disease 6 Society and culture 6.1 Professional study 6.2 Depiction 6.3 History of anatomy 6.4 History of physiology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Books 10 External links Composition Elements of the human body by mass . Trace elements are less than 1 % combined ( and each less than 0.1 % ) . The human body is composed of elements including hydrogen , oxygen , carbon , calcium and phosphorus . These elements reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body . The adult male body is about 60 % water for a total water content of some 42 litres . This is made up of about 19 litres of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres of blood plasma and about 8.4 litres of interstitial fluid , and about 23 litres of fluid inside cells . The content , acidity and composition of the water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained . The main electrolytes in body water outside cells are sodium and chloride , whereas within cells it is potassium and other phosphates . Cells The body contains trillions of cells , the fundamental unit of life . At maturity , there are roughly 30 -- 37 trillion cells in the body , an estimate arrived at by totalling the cell numbers of all the organs of the body and cell types . The body is also host to about the same number of non-human cells as well as multicellular organisms which reside in the gastrointestinal tract and on the skin . Not all parts of the body are made from cells . Cells sit in an extracellular matrix that consists of proteins such as collagen , surrounded by extracellular fluids . Of the 70 kg weight of an average human body , nearly 25 kg is non-human cells or non-cellular material such as bone and connective tissue . Cells in the body function because of DNA . DNA sits within the nucleus of a cell . Here , parts of DNA are copied and sent to the body of the cell via RNA . The RNA is then used to create proteins which form the basis for cells , their activity , and their products . Proteins dictate cell function and gene expression , a cell is able to self - regulate by the amount of proteins produced . However , not all cells have DNA -- some cells such as mature red blood cells lose their nucleus as they mature . Tissues External video <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Human Body 101 , National Geographic , 5 : 10 The body consists of many different types of tissue , defined as cells that act with a specialised function . The study of tissues is called histology and often occurs with a microscope . The body consists of four main types of tissues -- lining cells ( epithelia ) , connective tissue , nervous tissue and muscle tissue . Cells that lie on surfaces exposed to the outside world or gastrointestinal tract ( epithelia ) or internal cavities ( endothelium ) come in numerous shapes and forms -- from single layers of flat cells , to cells with small beating hair - like cilia in the lungs , to column - like cells that line the stomach . Endothelial cells are cells that line internal cavities including blood vessels and glands . Lining cells regulate what can and ca n't pass through them , protect internal structures , and function as sensory surfaces . Organs See also : List of organs of the human body Organs , structured collections of cells with a specific function , sit within the body . Examples include the heart , lungs and liver . Many organs reside within cavities within the body . These cavities include the abdomen and pleura . Systems See also : List of systems of the human body Circulatory system Main article : Circulatory system The circulatory system comprises the heart and blood vessels ( arteries , veins and capillaries ) . The heart propels the circulation of the blood , which serves as a `` transportation system '' to transfer oxygen , fuel , nutrients , waste products , immune cells and signalling molecules ( i.e. , hormones ) from one part of the body to another . The blood consists of fluid that carries cells in the circulation , including some that move from tissue to blood vessels and back , as well as the spleen and bone marrow . Digestive system Main article : Digestive system The digestive system consists of the mouth including the tongue and teeth , esophagus , stomach , ( gastrointestinal tract , small and large intestines , and rectum ) , as well as the liver , pancreas , gallbladder , and salivary glands . It converts food into small , nutritional , non-toxic molecules for distribution and absorption into the body . Endocrine system Main article : Endocrine system The endocrine system consists of the principal endocrine glands : the pituitary , thyroid , adrenals , pancreas , parathyroids , and gonads , but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine hormones as well . The endocrine hormones serve as signals from one body system to another regarding an enormous array of conditions , and resulting in variety of changes of function . Immune system Main article : Immune system The immune system consists of the white blood cells , the thymus , lymph nodes and lymph channels , which are also part of the lymphatic system . The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from outside cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as antibodies , cytokines , and toll - like receptors , among many others . Integumentary system Main article : Integumentary system The integumentary system consists of the covering of the body ( the skin ) , including hair and nails as well as other functionally important structures such as the sweat glands and sebaceous glands . The skin provides containment , structure , and protection for other organs , and serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world . Lymphatic system Main article : Lymphatic system The lymphatic system extracts , transports and metabolizes lymph , the fluid found in between cells . The lymphatic system is similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function , to carry a body fluid . Musculoskeletal system Main article : Musculoskeletal system The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton ( which includes bones , ligaments , tendons , and cartilage ) and attached muscles . It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement . In addition to their structural role , the larger bones in the body contain bone marrow , the site of production of blood cells . Also , all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate . This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system . Nervous system Main article : Nervous system The nervous system consists of the central nervous system ( the brain and spinal cord ) and the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord . The brain is the organ of thought , emotion , memory , and sensory processing , and serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions . The special senses consist of vision , hearing , taste , and smell . The eyes , ears , tongue , and nose gather information about the body 's environment . Reproductive system Main article : Human reproductive system The reproductive system consists of the gonads and the internal and external sex organs . The reproductive system produces gametes in each sex , a mechanism for their combination , and in the female a nurturing environment for the first 9 months of development of the infant . Respiratory system Main article : Respiratory system The respiratory system consists of the nose , nasopharynx , trachea , and lungs . It brings oxygen from the air and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air . Urinary system Main article : Urinary system The urinary system consists of the kidneys , ureters , bladder , and urethra . It removes toxic materials from the blood to produce urine , which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body . Anatomy Cavities of human body Main articles : Outline of human anatomy and Anatomy Human anatomy is the study of the shape and form of the human body . The human body has four limbs ( two arms and two legs ) , a head and a neck which connect to the torso . The body 's shape is determined by a strong skeleton made of bone and cartilage , surrounded by fat , muscle , connective tissue , organs , and other structures . The spine at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible vertebral column which surrounds the spinal cord , which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the brain to the rest of the body . Nerves connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body . All major bones , muscles , and nerves in the body are named , with the exception of anatomical variations such as sesamoid bones and accessory muscles . Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body , which moves because of the beating of the heart . Venules and veins collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body . These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body 's two largest veins , the superior and inferior vena cava , which drain blood into the right side of the heart . From here , the blood is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart . From here , it is pumped into the body 's largest artery , the aorta , and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue . Here blood passes from small arteries into capillaries , then small veins and the process begins again . Blood carries oxygen , waste products , and hormones from one place in the body to another . Blood is filtered at the kidneys and liver . The body consists of a number of different cavities , separated areas which house different organ systems . The brain and central nervous system reside in an area protected from the rest of the body by the blood brain barrier . The lungs sit in the pleural cavity . The intestines , liver , and spleen sit in the abdominal cavity Height , weight , shape and other body proportions vary individually and with age and sex . Body shape is influenced by the distribution of muscle and fat tissue . Physiology Main articles : Outline of physiology and Physiology Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions . This includes the mechanical , physical , bioelectrical , and biochemical functions of humans in good health , from organs to the cells of which they are composed . The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs . These interact to maintain homeostasis , keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood . Each system contributes to homeostasis , of itself , other systems , and the entire body . Some combined systems are referred to by joint names . For example , the nervous system and the endocrine system operate together as the neuroendocrine system . The nervous system receives information from the body , and transmits this to the brain via nerve impulses and neurotransmitters . At the same time , the endocrine system releases hormones , such as to help regulate blood pressure and volume . Together , these systems regulate the internal environment of the body , maintaining blood flow , posture , energy supply , temperature , and acid balance ( pH ) . Development Main article : Human development ( biology ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) Health and disease Health is a difficult state to define , but relates to the self - defined perception of an individual and includes physical , mental , social and cultural factors . The absence or deficit of health is illness which includes disease and injury . Diseases cause symptoms felt , seen or perceived by a person , and signs which may be visible on a medical examination . Illnesses may be from birth ( congenital ) or arise later in life ( acquired ) . Acquired diseases may be contagious , caused or provoked by lifestyle factors such as smoking , alcohol use and diet , arise as the result of injury or trauma , or have a number of different mechanisms or provoking factors . As life expectancy increases , many forms of cancer are becoming more common . Cancer refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of one or more cell types and occurs more commonly in some tissue types than others . Some forms of cancer have strong or known risk factors , whereas others may arise spontaneously . Depending on the type of cancer , risk factors can include exposure to carcinogens and radiation , excessive alcohol or tobacco intake , age , and hormone imbalances in the body . Society and culture Professional study Anatomical study by Leonardo da Vinci Further information : History of anatomy , History of medicine , and History of physiology Health professionals learn about the human body from illustrations , models , and demonstrations . Medical and dental students in addition gain practical experience , for example by dissection of cadavers . Human anatomy , physiology , and biochemistry are basic medical sciences , generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school . Depiction Figure drawing by Lovis Corinth ( before 1925 ) Main articles : Human figure ( aesthetics ) and Figure drawing Anatomy has served the visual arts since Ancient Greek times , when the 5th century BC sculptor Polykleitos wrote his Canon on the ideal proportions of the male nude . In the Italian Renaissance , artists from Piero della Francesca ( c. 1415 -- 1492 ) onwards , including Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 -- 1519 ) and his collaborator Luca Pacioli ( c. 1447 -- 1517 ) , learnt and wrote about the rules of art , including visual perspective and the proportions of the human body . History of anatomy Two facing pages of text with woodcuts of naked male and female figures , in the Epitome by Andreas Vesalius , 1543 Main article : History of anatomy In Ancient Greece , the Hippocratic Corpus described the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles . The 2nd century physician Galen of Pergamum compiled classical knowledge of anatomy into a text that was used throughout the Middle Ages . In the Renaissance , Andreas Vesalius ( 1514 -- 1564 ) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by dissection , writing the influential book De humani corporis fabrica . Anatomy advanced further with the invention of the microscope and the study of the cellular structure of tissues and organs . Modern anatomy uses techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging , computed tomography , fluoroscopy and ultrasound imaging to study the body in unprecedented detail . History of physiology Main article : History of physiology The study of human physiology began with Hippocrates in Ancient Greece , around 420 BC , and with Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) who applied critical thinking and emphasis on the relationship between structure and function . Galen ( c. 126 -- 199 ) was the first to use experiments to probe the body 's functions . The term physiology was introduced by the French physician Jean Fernel ( 1497 -- 1558 ) . In the 17th century , William Harvey ( 1578 -- 1657 ) described the circulatory system , pioneering the combination of close observation with careful experiment . In the 19th century , physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate with the cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838 , that organisms are made up of cells . Claude Bernard ( 1813 -- 1878 ) created the concept of the milieu interieur ( internal environment ) , which Walter Cannon ( 1871 -- 1945 ) later said was regulated to a steady state in homeostasis . In the 20th century , the physiologists Knut Schmidt - Nielsen and George Bartholomew extended their studies to comparative physiology and ecophysiology . Most recently , evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline . See also Biology portal Medicine portal Body image Cell physiology Comparative physiology Comparative anatomy Human development Notes References Jump up ^ `` Chemical Composition of the Human Body '' . About education . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fluid Physiology '' . Anaesthesiamcq . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ganong 's 2016 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Cells in Your Body '' . Science Netlinks . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ron Sender ; Shai Fuchs ; Ron Milo ( 2016 ) . `` Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body '' . PLOS Biology . 14 ( 8 ) : e1002533 . bioRxiv 036103 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1002533 . PMID 27541692 . Jump up ^ Bianconi , E ; Piovesan , A ; Facchin , F ; Beraudi , A ; Casadei , R ; Frabetti , F ; Vitale , L ; Pelleri , MC ; Tassani , S ; Piva , F ; Perez - Amodio , S ; Strippoli , P ; Canaider , S ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` An estimation of the number of cells in the human body '' . Annals of Human Biology . 40 ( 6 ) : 463 -- 71 . doi : 10.3109 / 03014460.2013. 807878 . PMID 23829164 . Jump up ^ David N. , Fredricks . `` Microbial Ecology of Human Skin in Health and Disease '' . Science Direct . Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ganong 's 2016 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Expression Learn Science at Scitable '' . www.nature.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` tissue -- definition of tissue in English '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Gray 's Anatomy 2008 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` organ Definition , meaning & more Collins Dictionary '' . www.collinsdictionary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiovascular System '' . U.S. National Cancer Institute . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Human Biology and Health . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Cardiovascular System '' . SUNY Downstate Medical Center . 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Your Digestive System and How It Works '' . NIH . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hormonal ( endocrine ) system '' . Victoria State Government . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Kim Ann . `` Immune System : Diseases , Disorders & Function '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Integumentary System at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ Marieb , Elaine ; Hoehn , Katja ( 2007 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology ( 7th ed . ) . Pearson Benjamin Cummings . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Kim Anne . `` Lymphatic System : Facts , Functions & Diseases '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Keith L. ; Dalley , Arthur F. ; Agur Anne M.R. ( 2010 ) . Moore 's Clinically Oriented Anatomy . Phildadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60547 - 652 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Nervous System '' . Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Columbia University Press . 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 787 - 65015 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Reproductive System '' . Epidemiology and End Results ( SEER ) Program . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Hopkins , Jean Susan ; Johnson , Charles William ; McLaughlin , Maryanna Quon ; Warner , David ; LaHart Wright , Jill ( 2010 ) . Human Biology and Health . Prentice Hall . pp. 108 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 134 - 23435 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Kim Ann . `` Urinary System : Facts , Functions & Diseases '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Henry ( 1918 ) . `` Anatomy of the Human Body '' . Bartleby . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is Physiology ? '' . Understanding Life . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Factors '' . National Cancer Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction page , `` Anatomy of the Human Body '' . Henry Gray . 20th edition . 1918 `` . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Publisher 's page for Gray 's Anatomy . 39th edition ( UK ) . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07168 - 3 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Publisher 's page for Gray 's Anatomy . 39th edition ( US ) . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07168 - 3 '' . Archived from the original on 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( November 1978 ) . `` Polykleitos of Argos , '' One Hundred Greek Sculptors : Their Careers and Extant Works `` . Journal of Hellenic Studies . 98 : 122 -- 131 . doi : 10.2307 / 630196 . JSTOR 630196 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo '' . Dartmouth College . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gillispie , Charles Coulston ( 1972 ) . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . VI . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 419 -- 427 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Vivien . `` Galen of Pergamum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD . Jump up ^ `` Vesalius 's De Humanis Corporis Fabrica '' . Archive.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andreas Vesalius ( 1514 -- 1567 ) '' . Ingentaconnect. 1 May 1999 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Microscopic anatomy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomical Imaging '' . McGraw Hill Higher Education . 1998 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Physiology -- History of physiology , Branches of physiology '' . www.Scienceclarified.com . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Fell , C. ; Griffith Pearson , F. ( November 2007 ) . `` Thoracic Surgery Clinics : Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy '' . Thorac Surg Clin. 17 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 48 , v . doi : 10.1016 / j. thorsurg. 2006.12. 001 . Jump up ^ `` Galen '' . Discoveriesinmedicine.com . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Tim . `` Introduction to Physiology : History And Scope '' . Medicine News Today . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 2004 ) . `` Soul Made Flesh : The Discovery of the Brain -- and How It Changed the World '' . J Clin Invest . 114 ( 5 ) : 604 -- 04 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI22882 . PMC 514597 . Jump up ^ Feder , Martin E. ( 1987 ) . New directions in ecological physiology . New York : Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34938 - 3 . Jump up ^ Garland , Jr , Theodore ; Carter , P.A. ( 1994 ) . `` Evolutionary physiology '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Physiology. 56 ( 1 ) : 579 -- 621 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ph. 56.030194. 003051 . PMID 8010752 . Books Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology. 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 182510 - 8 . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice . Editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone. 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . External links Wikisource has original works on the topic : Human Anatomy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human body . Look up body in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Human Physiology The Book of Humans ( from the late 18th and early 19th centuries ) Inner Body <Th_colspan="2"> Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans <Th_colspan="3"> Physiology types Animals Fish physiology Human physiology Insect physiology Physiology of dinosaurs Plants Plant physiology Plant perception ( physiology ) Physiological plant disorders Cells Cell physiology Related topics Comparative physiology Electrophysiology Evolutionary physiology Molecular physiology <Th_colspan="2"> Medicine <Td_colspan="2"> Outline History Specialties and subspecialties <Td_colspan="2"> Surgery <Td_colspan="2"> Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Colorectal surgery Eye surgery General surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ( ENT ) Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Thoracic surgery Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery <Td_colspan="2"> Internal medicine <Td_colspan="2"> Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious disease Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology <Td_colspan="2"> Obstetrics and gynaecology <Td_colspan="2"> Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal -- fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology <Td_colspan="2"> Diagnostic <Td_colspan="2"> Radiology Interventional radiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical pathology Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Clinical immunology Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine <Td_colspan="2"> Other specialties <Td_colspan="2"> Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass - gathering medicine Family medicine General practice Hospital medicine Intensive - care medicine Medical genetics Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Physical medicine and rehabilitation ( PM&R ) Preventive medicine Psychiatry Public health Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Venereology Medical education Medical school Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD -- PhD Related topics Allied health Dentistry Podiatry Physiotherapy Nanomedicine Molecular oncology Personalized medicine Veterinary medicine Physician Chief physician History of medicine <Td_colspan="2"> Book NDL : 00574823 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_body&oldid=813567160 '' Categories : Human physiology Human body Human anatomy Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc অসমীয়া বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar मराठी Мокшень Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Human body structure and composition
2. Organ systems and their functions
3. Anatomy and physiology of the human body
4. Health and disease in relation to the human body
5. Historical development of the study of the human body
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public administration is both an art and science
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Public administration - wikipedia Public administration Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the discipline . For the journal , see Public Administration ( journal ) . Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice ; the latter is depicted in this picture of United States federal public servants at a meeting . Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Federacy Feudalism Dictatorship Directory Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( hide ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Civil society Public interest Foreign policy Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service . As a `` field of inquiry with a diverse scope '' its `` fundamental goal ... is to advance management and policies so that government can function . '' Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are : `` the management of public programs '' ; the `` translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day '' ; and `` the study of government decision making , the analysis of the policies themselves , the various inputs that have produced them , and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies . '' Public administration is `` centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials ( usually non-elected ) formally responsible for their conduct '' . Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators , including heads of city , county , regional , state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors , human resources ( H.R. ) administrators , city managers , census managers , state mental health directors , and cabinet secretaries . Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies , at all levels of government . In the US , civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s , moving public administration into academia . However , `` until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Weber 's theory of bureaucracy '' there was not `` much interest in a theory of public administration . '' The field is multidisciplinary in character ; one of the various proposals for public administration 's sub-fields sets out six pillars , including human resources , organizational theory , policy analysis and statistics , budgeting , and ethics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 History 2.1 Antiquity to the 19th century 2.2 US in the 1940s 2.2. 1 1950s to the 1970s 2.3 1980s -- 1990s 3 Core branches 4 Decision - making models 4.1 Niskanen 's budget - maximizing 4.2 Dunleavy 's bureau - shaping 5 Academic field 5.1 Comparative public administration 5.2 Master 's degrees 5.3 Doctoral degrees 5.4 Notable scholars 6 International organizations 7 Public management 7.1 Organizations 8 See also 8.1 Societies 8.2 Public management academic resources 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Public management 12 External links Definitions ( edit ) Administrators tend to work with both paper documents and computer files : `` There has been a significant shift from paper to electronic records during the past two decades . Although government institutions continue to print and maintain paper documents as ' official records , ' the vast majority of records are now created and stored in electronic format . '' ( pictured here is Stephen C. Dunn , Deputy Comptroller for the US Navy ) In 1947 Paul H. Appleby defined public administration as `` public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action '' . In a democracy , it has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity , the worth , and the potentials of the citizen . One year later , Gordon Clapp , then Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority defined public administration `` as a public instrument whereby democratic society may be more completely realized . '' This implies that it must `` relate itself to concepts of justice , liberty , and fuller economic opportunity for human beings '' and is thus `` concerned with `` people , with ideas , and with things . '' According to James D. Carroll & Alfred M. Zuck , the publication by `` Woodrow Wilson of his essay , `` The Study of Administration '' in 1887 is generally regarded as the beginning of public administration as a specific field of study `` . Drawing on the democracy theme and discarding the link to the executive branch , Patricia M. Shields asserts that public administration `` deals with the stewardship and implementation of the products of a living democracy . '' The key term `` product '' refers to `` those items that are constructed or produced '' such as prisons , roads , laws , schools , and security . `` As implementors , public managers engage these products . '' They participate in the doing and making of the `` living '' democracy . A living democracy is `` an environment that is changing , organic '' , imperfect , inconsistent and teaming with values . `` Stewardship is emphasized because public administration is concerned `` with accountability and effective use of scarce resources and ultimately making the connection between the doing , the making and democratic values . '' More recently scholars claim that `` public administration has no generally accepted definition '' , because the `` scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define '' . Public administration is a field of study ( i.e. , a discipline ) and an occupation . There is much disagreement about whether the study of public administration can properly be called a discipline , largely because of the debate over whether public administration is a subfield of political science or a subfield of administrative science `` , the latter an outgrowth of its roots in policy analysis and evaluation research . Scholar Donald Kettl is among those who view public administration `` as a subfield within political science '' . According to Lalor a society with a public authority that provides at least one public good can be said to have a public administration whereas the absence of either ( or a fortiori both ) a public authority or the provision of at least one public good implies the absence of a public administration . He argues that public administration is the public provision of public goods in which the demand function is satisfied more or less effectively by politics , whose primary tool is rhetoric , providing for public goods , and the supply function is satisfied more or less efficiently by public management , whose primary tools are speech acts , producing public goods . The moral purpose of public administration , implicit in its acceptance of its role , is the maximisation of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants . The North American Industry Classification System definition of the Public Administration ( NAICS 91 ) sector states that public administration `` ... comprises establishments primarily engaged in activities of a governmental nature , that is , the enactment and judicial interpretation of laws and their pursuant regulations , and the administration of programs based on them '' . This includes `` Legislative activities , taxation , national defense , public order and safety , immigration services , foreign affairs and international assistance , and the administration of government programs are activities that are purely governmental in nature '' . From the academic perspective , the National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) in the United States defines the study of public administration as `` A program that prepares individuals to serve as managers in the executive arm of local , state , and federal government and that focuses on the systematic study of executive organization and management . Includes instruction in the roles , development , and principles of public administration ; the management of public policy ; executive - legislative relations ; public budgetary processes and financial management ; administrative law ; public personnel management ; professional ethics ; and research methods . '' History ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Antiquity to the 19th century ( edit ) Dating back to Antiquity , Pharaohs , kings and emperors have required pages , treasurers , and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government . Prior to the 19th century , staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism , favoritism , and political patronage , which was often referred to as a `` spoils system '' . Public administrators have long been the `` eyes and ears '' of rulers . In medieval times , the abilities to read and write , add and subtract were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment . Consequently , the need for expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in such necessary activities as legal record - keeping , paying and feeding armies and levying taxes . As the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over other continents and people , the need for a sophisticated public administration grew . The field of management may well be said to have originated in ancient China , including possibly the first highly centralized bureaucratic state , and the earliest ( by the second century BC ) example of an administration based on merit through testing . Far in advance of the rest of the world until almost the end of the eighteenth century , Sinologist Herrlee G. Creel and other scholars find the influence of Chinese administration in Europe by the twelfth century , for example , in Fredrick II 's promulgations , characterized as the `` birth certificate of modern bureaucracy '' . Though Chinese administration can not be traced to any one individual , emphasizing a merit system figures of the Fa - Jia like 4th century BC reformer Shen Buhai ( 400 -- 337 BC ) may have had more influence than any other , and might be considered its founder , if not valuable as a rare pre-modern example of abstract theory of administration . Creel writes that , in Shen Buhai , there are the `` seeds of the civil service examination '' , and that , if one wishes to exaggerate , it would `` no doubt be possible to translate Shen Buhai 's term Shu , or technique , as ' science ' '' , and argue that he was the first political scientist , though Creel does `` not care to go this far '' . The eighteenth - century noble , King Frederick William I of Prussia , created professorates in Cameralism in an effort to train a new class of public administrators . The universities of Frankfurt an der Oder and University of Halle were Prussian institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines , with the goal of societal reform . Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi was the most well - known professor of Cameralism . Thus , from a Western European perspective , Classic , Medieval , and Enlightenment - era scholars formed the foundation of the discipline that has come to be called public administration . Lorenz von Stein , an 1855 German professor from Vienna , is considered the founder of the science of public administration in many parts of the world . In the time of Von Stein , public administration was considered a form of administrative law , but Von Stein believed this concept too restrictive . Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many prestablished disciplines such as sociology , political science , administrative law and public finance . He called public administration an integrating science , and stated that public administrators should be concerned with both theory and practice . He argued that public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method . Modern American public administration is an extension of democratic governance , justified by classic and liberal philosophers of the western world ranging from Aristotle to John Locke to Thomas Jefferson . Woodrow Wilson In the United States of America , Woodrow Wilson is considered the father of public administration . He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled `` The Study of Administration . '' The future president wrote that `` it is the object of administrative study to discover , first , what government can properly and successfully do , and , secondly , how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy . '' Wilson was more influential to the science of public administration than Von Stein , primarily due to an article Wilson wrote in 1887 in which he advocated four concepts : Separation of politics and administration Comparative analysis of political and private organizations Improving efficiency with business - like practices and attitudes toward daily operations Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil servants , merit - based assessment The separation of politics and administration has been the subject of lasting debate . The different perspectives regarding this dichotomy contribute to differentiating characteristics of the suggested generations of public administration . By the 1920s , scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson 's solicitation and thus textbooks in this field were introduced . A few distinguished scholars of that period were , Luther Gulick , Lyndall Urwick , Henri Fayol , Frederick Taylor , and others . Frederick Taylor ( 1856 -- 1915 ) , another prominent scholar in the field of administration and management also published a book entitled ' The Principles of Scientific Management ' ( 1911 ) . He believed that scientific analysis would lead to the discovery of the ' one best way ' to do things and / or carrying out an operation . This , according to him could help save cost and time . Taylor 's technique was later introduced to private industrialists , and later into the various government organizations ( Jeong , 2007 ) . Taylor 's approach is often referred to as Taylor 's Principles , and / or Taylorism . Taylor 's scientific management consisted of main four principles ( Frederick W. Taylor , 1911 ) : Replace rule - of - thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks . Scientifically select , train , and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves . Provide ' Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker 's discrete task ' ( Montgomery 1997 : 250 ) . Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers , so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks . Taylor had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system ( approach ) : ' It is only through enforced standardization of methods , enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions , and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured . And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with management alone . ' The American Society for Public Administration ( ASPA ) the leading professional group for public administration was founded in 1939 . ASPA sponsors the journal Public Administration Review , which was founded in 1940 . US in the 1940s ( edit ) Luther Gulick ( 1892 -- 1993 ) was an expert on public administration . The separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant role in public administration today . However , the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged by second generation scholars , beginning in the 1940s . Luther Gulick 's fact - value dichotomy was a key contender for Wilson 's proposed politics - administration dichotomy . In place of Wilson 's first generation split , Gulick advocated a `` seamless web of discretion and interaction '' . Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick are two second - generation scholars . Gulick , Urwick , and the new generation of administrators built on the work of contemporary behavioral , administrative , and organizational scholars including Henri Fayol , Fredrick Winslow Taylor , Paul Appleby , Frank Goodnow , and Willam Willoughby . The new generation of organizational theories no longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical and enlightened theorists . Gulick developed a comprehensive , generic theory of organization that emphasized the scientific method , efficiency , professionalism , structural reform , and executive control . Gulick summarized the duties of administrators with an acronym ; POSDCORB , which stands for planning , organizing , staffing , directing , coordinating , reporting , and budgeting . Fayol developed a systematic , 14 - point , treatment of private management . Second - generation theorists drew upon private management practices for administrative sciences . A single , generic management theory bleeding the borders between the private and the public sector was thought to be possible . With the general theory , the administrative theory could be focused on governmental organizations . The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick . The politics - administration dichotomy remained the center of criticism . 1950s to the 1970s ( edit ) During the 1950s , the United States experienced prolonged prosperity and solidified its place as a world leader . Public Administration experienced a kind of heyday due to the successful war effort and successful post war reconstruction in Western Europe and Japan . Government was popular as was President Eisenhower . In the 1960s and 1970s , government itself came under fire as ineffective , inefficient , and largely a wasted effort . The costly American intervention in Vietnam along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic party headquarters ( the 1974 Watergate scandal ) are two examples of self - destructive government behavior that alienated citizens . The costly Vietnam War alienated US citizens from their government ( pictured is Operation Arc Light , a US bombing operation ) There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective , wasteful bureaucracy . Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective . Elected officials supported these reforms . The Hoover Commission , chaired by University of Chicago professor Louis Brownlow , to examine reorganization of government . Brownlow subsequently founded the Public Administration Service ( PAS ) at the university , an organization which has provided consulting services to all levels of government until the 1970s . Concurrently , after World War II , the whole concept of public administration expanded to include policy - making and analysis , thus the study of ' administrative policy making and analysis ' was introduced and enhanced into the government decision - making bodies . Later on , the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of Public Administration . This period witnessed the development and inclusion of other social sciences knowledge , predominantly , psychology , anthropology , and sociology , into the study of public administration ( Jeong , 2007 ) . Henceforth , the emergence of scholars such as , Fritz Morstein Marx with his book ' The Elements of Public Administration ' ( 1946 ) , Paul H. Appleby ' Policy and Administration ' ( 1952 ) , Frank Marini ' Towards a New Public Administration ' ( 1971 ) , and others that have contributed positively in these endeavors . 1980s -- 1990s ( edit ) In the late 1980s , yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last . The new theory , which came to be called New Public Management , was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book Reinventing Government . The new model advocated the use of private sector - style models , organizational ideas and values to improve the efficiency and service - orientation of the public sector . During the Clinton Administration ( 1993 -- 2001 ) , Vice President Al Gore adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches . In the 1990s , new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US , the UK and , to a lesser extent , in Canada . The original public management theories have roots attributed to policy analysis , according to Richard Elmore in his 1986 article published in the `` Journal of Policy Analysis and Management '' . Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller , more fragmented agencies , encouraging competition between different public agencies , and encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms and using economic incentives lines ( e.g. , performance pay for senior executives or user - pay models ) . NPM treats individuals as `` customers '' or `` clients '' ( in the private sector sense ) , rather than as citizens . Some critics argue that the New Public Management concept of treating people as `` customers '' rather than `` citizens '' is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector model , because businesses see customers as a means to an end ( profit ) , rather than as the proprietors of government ( the owners ) , opposed to merely the customers of a business ( the patrons ) . In New Public Management , people are viewed as economic units not democratic participants which is the hazard of linking an MBA ( business administration , economic and employer - based model ) too closely with the public administration ( governmental , public good ) sector . Nevertheless , the NPM model ( one of four described by Elmore in 1986 , including the `` generic model '' ) is still widely accepted at multiple levels of government ( e.g. , municipal , state / province , and federal ) and in many OECD nations . In the late 1990s , Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public services model in response to the dominance of NPM . A successor to NPM is digital era governance , focusing on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities , needs - based holism ( executing duties in cursive ways ) , and digitalization ( exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage ) . One example of this is openforum.com.au , an Australian non-for - profit eDemocracy project which invites politicians , senior public servants , academics , business people and other key stakeholders to engage in high - level policy debate . Another new public service model is what has been called New Public Governance , an approach which includes a centralization of power ; an increased number , role and influence of partisan - political staff ; personal - politicization of appointments to the senior public service ; and , the assumption that the public service is promiscuously partisan for the government of the day . In the mid-1980s , the goal of community programs in the US was often represented by terms such as independent living , community integration , inclusion , community participation , deinstitutionalization , and civil rights . Thus , the same public policy ( and public administration ) was to apply to all citizens , inclusive of disability . However , by the 1990s , categorical state systems were strengthened in the US ( Racino , in press , 2014 ) , and efforts were made to introduce more disability content into the public policy curricula with disability public policy ( and administration ) distinct fields in their own right . Behaviorists have also dominated `` intervention practice '' ( generally not the province of public administration ) in recent years , believing that they are in opposition to generic public policy ( termed ecological systems theory , of the late Urie Bronfenbrenner ) . Increasingly , public policy academics and practitioners have utilized the theoretical concepts of political economy to explain policy outcomes such as the success or failure of reform efforts and / or the persistence of sub-optimal outcomes . Core branches ( edit ) In academia , the field of public administration consists of a number of sub-fields . Scholars have proposed a number of different sets of sub-fields . One of the proposed models uses five `` pillars '' : Organizational theory in public administration is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them . Ethics in public administration serves as a normative approach to decision making . Policy analysis serves as an empirical approach to decision making . Public budgeting is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce resources among unlimited demands . Human resource management is an in - house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased , ethical and values - based manner . The basic functions of the HR system are employee benefits , employee health care , compensation , and many more ( e.g. , human rights , Americans with Disabilities Act ) . The executives managing the HR director and other key departmental personnel are also part of the public administration system . Decision - making models ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Given the array of duties public administrators find themselves performing , the professional administrator might refer to a theoretical framework from which he or she might work . Indeed , many public and private administrative scholars have devised and modified decision - making models . Niskanen 's budget - maximizing ( edit ) In 1971 , Professor William Niskanen proposed a rational choice variation which he called the `` budget - maximizing model '' . He claimed that rational bureaucrats will universally seek to increase the budgets of their units ( to enhance their stature ) , thereby contributing to state growth and increased public expenditure . Niskanen served on President Reagan 's Council of Economic Advisors ; his model underpinned what has been touted as curtailed public spending and increased privatization . However , budgeted expenditures and the growing deficit during the Reagan administration is evidence of a different reality . A range of pluralist authors have critiqued Niskanen 's universalist approach . These scholars have argued that officials tend also to be motivated by considerations of the public interest . Dunleavy 's bureau - shaping ( edit ) The bureau - shaping model , a modification of Niskanen , holds that rational bureaucrats only maximize the part of their budget that they spend on their own agency 's operations or give to contractors and interest groups . Groups that are able to organize a `` flowback '' of benefits to senior officials would , according to this theory , receive increased budgetary attention . For instance , rational officials will get no benefit from paying out larger welfare checks to millions of low - income citizens because this does not serve a bureaucrats ' goals . Accordingly , one might instead expect a jurisdiction to seek budget increases for defense and security purposes in place programming . If we refer back to Reagan once again , Dunleavy 's bureau shaping model accounts for the alleged decrease in the `` size '' of government while spending did not , in fact , decrease . Domestic entitlement programming was financially de-emphasized for military research and personnel . Academic field ( edit ) See also : Master of Public Administration and Doctor of Public Administration University programs preparing students for careers in public administration typically offer the Master of Public Administration ( MPA ) degree , although in some universities , an MA in Public Administration is awarded . In the United States , the academic field of public administration draws heavily on political science and administrative law . Some MPA programs include economics courses to give students a background in microeconomic issues ( markets , rationing mechanisms , etc . ) and macroeconomic issues ( e.g. , national debt ) . Scholars such as John A. Rohr write of a long history behind the constitutional legitimacy of government bureaucracy . In Europe ( notably in Britain and Germany ) , the divergence of the field from other disciplines can be traced to the 1720s continental university curriculum . Formally , official academic distinctions were made in the 1910s and 1890s , respectively . The goals of the field of public administration are related to the democratic values of improving equality , justice , security , efficiency and effectiveness of public services in a non-profit venue ; business administration , on the other hand , is primarily concerned with expanding market share , generating revenue and earning profit . For a field built on concepts ( accountability , governance , decentralization and clientele ) , these concepts are often ill - defined and typologies often ignore certain aspects of these concepts ( Dubois & Fattore 2009 ) . The more specific term `` public management '' refers to ordinary , routine or typical management that aims to achieve public good . In some definitions , `` public management '' refers to private sector , market - driven perspective on the operation of government . This typically involves putting senior executives on performance contracts , rather than tenured positions , instituting pay - for - performance systems for executives , creating revenue - generating agencies and so on . This latter view is often called `` new public management '' ( NPM ) by its advocates . New Public Management represents a reform attempt that emphasizes the professional nature of public administration . NPM advocates aim to replace the academic , moral or disciplinary emphasis of traditional public administration with a professional focus . Some theorists advocate a `` bright line '' differentiation of the professional field from related academic disciplines like political science and sociology ; it remains interdisciplinary in nature . One public administration scholar , Donald Kettl , argues that `` ... public administration sits in a disciplinary backwater '' , because `` ... ( f ) or the last generation , scholars have sought to save or replace it with fields of study like implementation , public management , and formal bureaucratic theory '' . Kettl states that `` public administration , as a subfield within political science ... is struggling to define its role within the discipline '' . He notes two problems with public administration : it `` has seemed methodologically to lag behind '' and `` the field 's theoretical work too often seems not to define it '' - indeed , `` some of the most interesting recent ideas in public administration have come from outside the field '' . Public administration theory is the domain in which discussions of the meaning and purpose of government , the role of bureaucracy in supporting democratic governments , budgets , governance , and public affairs takes place . In recent years , public administration theory has periodically connoted a heavy orientation toward critical theory and postmodern philosophical notions of government , governance , and power . However , many public administration scholars support a classic definition of the term emphasizing constitutionality , public service , bureaucratic forms of organization , and hierarchical government . Comparative public administration ( edit ) Comparative public administration or CPA is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries . There have been several issues which have hampered the development of comparative public administration , including : the major differences between Western countries and developing countries ; the lack of curriculum on this sub-field in public administration programs ; and the lack of success in developing theoretical models which can be scientifically tested . Even though CPA is a weakly formed field as a whole , this sub-field of public administration is an attempt at cross-cultural analysis , a `` quest for patterns and regularities of administrative action and behavior . '' CPA is an integral part to the analysis of public administration techniques . The process of comparison allows for more widely applicable polices to be tested in a variety of situations . Comparative public administration emerged during the post World War II time period in order to seek international developmental strategies which aided in the containment of Communism during the Cold War . ( Riggs 1954 , Heady 1960 ) The developers of this field expanded on a general theory , a research agenda , and generalized `` lessons learned '' . ( Riggs 1954 , Heady 1960 ) A prominent figure of Public Administration , Woodrow Wilson , commented on the study by saying , `` Like principles of civil liberty are everywhere fostering like methods of government ; and if comparative studies of the ways and means of government should enable us to offer suggestions which will practicably combine openness and vigor in the administration of such governments with ready docility to all serious , well - sustained public criticism , they will have approved themselves worthy to be ranked among the highest and most fruitful of the great departments of political study . '' As the financial state of the powering countries began to stabilize toward the decline of the Cold War , the field of CPA began to diminish . The resulting decline caused the lack of further expansion of this study making it irrelevant . Comparative public administration lacks curriculum , which has prevented it from becoming a major field of study . This lack of understanding of the basic concepts that build this field 's foundation has ultimately led to its lack of use . For example , Dr. William Waugh , a professor at Georgia State University has stated `` Comparative studies are difficult because of the necessity to provide enough information on the sociopolitical context of national administrative structures and processes for readers to understand why there are differences and similarities . '' He also asserts , `` Although there is sizable literature on comparative public administration it is scattered and dated . '' Waugh argues that public administration requires an understanding of different administrative structures and a comparison of different public administration models . The literature to build this base of knowledge is scattered and often hard to obtain . The lack or ill - formed use of comparative public administration has been detrimental for many countries , including the United States . Fred Riggs a political scientist , states that `` comparisons to the United States also can be problematic , because of the tendency of many American scholars to presume the American organizational structures and processes are models for other nations to emulate , which was a failing of early developmental administrative studies . '' In this , he claims the misuse and misapplication of comparative public administration has led to it being underdeveloped . The development and better use comparative public administration could lead to better understanding . In 2002 , the National Security Strategy was used in the battle of hearts and minds . They tried to assimilate with an Arab and Islamic audience to push American values and democracy in an attempt to stop terrorism , when in fact the lack of comparison on the public level was ineffective and backfired . The lack of willingness to understand their culture led to more tension in the Middle East . In conclusion of these events there are not enough resources directed to the study of comparative public administration . For a basic understanding of sociopolitical structure of a society or culture is a key component of comparative public administration . Despite all of its set backs there are examples of the application of well - formed Comparative Public Administration working in the world today . One of which is the comparison on the national level David Clark an author in this field states `` In spite of similarities in public management reform rhetoric , it is argued that there is increasing divergence in the philosophy & practice of public service in the two nations , & and these differences reflect regimes that incorporate different ideals of citizenship . '' This highlights the benefit of proper comparison of public administration . By examining patterns that emerge in international public sectors one can identify similarities and differences in many things including ideals of citizenship on the local level . Although the United States failed use of Comparative Public Administration in the Middle East is noted , they did properly incorporate it domestically . `` During the Clinton administration , the focus on residential energy consumption in the United States was elevated to a high level with the inauguration of the Million Solar Roofs initiative , in which the Department of Energy ( DOE ) sponsored workshops , developed a pool of existing federal lending and financing options , and worked with partners in the solar and building industries to remove market barriers to strengthen grassroots demand for solar technologies '' . This grassroots demand may have come from the comparative knowledge that concluded `` In the United States , residential and commercial buildings combined now use 71 % of all electricity produced and account for 79 % of all electricity expenditures . Annual CO2 emission attributed to electricity consumption in these U.S. buildings constitute 43 % of the country 's annual total CO2 emission , which is approximately equivalent to the total CO2 emission of Japan , France , and the United Kingdom combined . These levels support the claim of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that energy use in buildings offer more potential for reducing carbon emission than any other single sector in the United States and abroad . '' . This example compares CO2 emission in the U.S. to other countries and through the buildings sector ; the U.S. could cut down on CO2 emission . The field of comparative public administration is often misunderstood for the definition itself is complex and requires layers of understanding . The field will require many more years of collaborative research before it becomes a widely recognized academic study . Master 's degrees ( edit ) The Knapp - Sanders Building , the home of the School of Government at the University of North Carolina . Some public administration programs have similarities to business administration programs , in cases where the students from both the Master 's in Public Administration ( MPA ) and Master 's in Business Administration ( MBA ) programs take many of the same courses . In some programs , the MPA ( or MAPA ) is more clearly distinct from the MBA , in that the MPA often emphasizes substantially different ethical and sociological criteria that pertain to administering government programs for the public good that have not been key criteria for business managers , who typically aim to maximize profit and / or share price . The MPA is related to similar graduate - level government studies programs including Master of Arts ( MA ) programs in public affairs , public policy , and political science . MPA degrees may be more likely to include program emphases on policy analysis techniques or other topical focuses such as the study of international affairs as opposed to MA degrees , which tend to focus on constitutional issues such as separation of powers , administrative law , contracting with government , problems of governance and power , and participatory democracy . Some MPA degrees may be more oriented towards training students to undertake public service work tasks , whereas some MA programs may have a more academic , theoretical focus . Some universities offer their Masters in public administration as an MA degree ( e.g. , Carleton University in Ottawa , Canada and the University of Kerala in India ) . Some universities offer mid-career Master 's programs , sometimes called an MC / MPA , that can be taken part - time ( often outside of business hours ) by public servants and public service managers who are working full - time . Community programs may offer internships or continuing education credits . One example is the Maxwell School 's mid-career Masters at Syracuse University , which was launched by Robert Iversen in the 1970s . Doctoral degrees ( edit ) There are two types of doctoral degrees in public administration : the Doctor of Public Administration ( DPA ) and the Ph. D. in public administration . The DPA is an applied - research doctoral degree in the field of public administration , focusing on the practice of public administration more than on its theoretical aspects . The DPA requires coursework beyond the Masters level and a thesis , dissertation or other doctoral project . Upon successful completion of the doctoral requirements , the title of `` Doctor '' is awarded and the post-nominals of D.P.A. can be used . Some universities use the Ph. D. as their doctoral degree in public administration ( e.g. , Carleton University in Ottawa , Canada and the University Of Kerala in India ) . The Ph. D. is typically sought by individuals aiming to become professors of public administration or researchers . Individuals pursuing a Ph. D. in public administration often pursue more theoretical dissertation topics than their DPA counterparts . Notable scholars ( edit ) Main article : List of notable public administration scholars Notable scholars of public administration have come from a range of fields . In the period before public administration existed as its own independent discipline , scholars contributing to the field came from economics , sociology , management , political science , administrative law , and , other related fields . More recently , scholars from public administration and public policy have contributed important studies and theories . International organizations ( edit ) There are a number of international public administration organizations . The Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management ( CAPAM ) is diverse , as it includes the 54 member states of the Commonwealth from India and the UK to Nauru . Its biennial conference brings together ministers of public service , top public officials and leading scholars . The oldest organization is the International Institute of Administrative Sciences ( IIAS ) . Based in Brussels , Belgium , the IIAS is a worldwide platform providing a space for exchanges that promote knowledge and good practices to improve the organization and operation of public administration . The IIAS also aims to ensure that public agencies will be in a position to better respond to the current and future expectations and needs of society . The IIAS has set up four entities : the International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration ( IASIA ) , the European Group for Public Administration ( EGPA ) , The Latin American Group for Public Administration ( LAGPA ) and the Asian Group for Public Administration ( AGPA ) . IASIA is an association of organizations and individuals whose activities and interests focus on public administration and management . The activities of its members include education and training of administrators and managers . It is the only worldwide scholarly association in the field of public management . EGPA , LAGPA and AGPA are the regional sub-entities of the IIAS . Another body , the International Committee of the US - based Network of Schools of Public Policy , Affairs , and Administration ( NASPAA ) , has developed a number of relationships around the world . They include sub regional and National forums like CLAD , INPAE and NISPAcee , APSA , ASPA . The Center for Latin American Administration for Development ( CLAD ) , based in Caracas , Venezuela , this regional network of schools of public administration set up by the governments in Latin America is the oldest in the region . The Institute is a founding member and played a central role in organizing the Inter-American Network of Public Administration Education ( INPAE ) . Created in 2000 , this regional network of schools is unique in that it is the only organization to be composed of institutions from North and Latin America and the Caribbean working in public administration and policy analysis . It has more than 49 members from top research schools in various countries throughout the hemisphere . NISPAcee is a network of experts , scholars and practitioners who work in the field of public administration in central Europe and Eastern Europe , including the Russian Federation and the Caucasus and Central Asia . The US public administration and political science associations like NASPAA , American Political Science Association ( APSA ) and American Society of Public Administration ( ASPA ) . These organizations have helped to create the fundamental establishment of modern public administration . Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration ( EROPA ) is a state - membership based organisation , open to other organisations and individuals , headquartered in The Philippines with centres and membership organised around the Asia Pacific region . EROPA organizes annual conferences , and publishes a journal Asian Review of Public Administration ( ARPA ) . It has a number of centers in the region , and assists in networking experts with its members . Public management ( edit ) `` Public management '' is an approach to government administration and non-profit administration that resembles and / or draws on private - sector management and business techniques and approaches . These business approaches often aim to maximize efficiency and effectiveness and provide improved customer service . A contrast is drawn with the study of public administration , which emphasizes the social and cultural drivers of government that many contend ( e.g. Graham T. Allison and Charles Goodsell ) makes it different from the private sector . Studying and teaching about public management are widely practiced in developed nations . Organizations ( edit ) Many entities study public management in particular , in various countries , including : In the US , the American Society for Public Administration . Indiana University Bloomington In Canada , the Institute of Public Administration of Canada , the Observatoire de l'Administtation publique , and various projects of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and Infrastructure Canada In the UK , Warwick Business School , the London School of Economics , University College London , the UK local democracy project and London Health Observatory . In the Netherlands , The Hague University of Applied Sciences In Australia , the Institute of Public Administration Australia . In France , the École nationale d'administration , the Sciences Po School of Public Affairs , the INET , National Institute of Territorial Studies , and the IMPGT , Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance in Aix - en - Provence , Aix - Marseille University . In Belgium , the Public Governance Institute , KU Leuven . In Germany , the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer , the Hertie School of Governance , the Bachelor and Master of Politics , Administration & International Relations ( PAIR ) at the Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen , and the Bachelor and Master of Public Policy & Management and the Executive Public Management Master of University of Potsdam . In Switzerland , the University of Geneva and the Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration ( IDHEAP ) . In Italy , the SDA Bocconi School of Management , the graduate business school of Bocconi University in Milan , Italy . In Cyprus , the Cyprus International Institute of Management or CIIM . In Ireland , the Institute of Public Administration , Dublin . In South Africa , Regenesys Business School through the Regenesys School of Public Management and MANCOSA . Comparative public management , through government performance auditing , examines the efficiency and effectiveness of two or more governments . See also ( edit ) Book : Public administration Administration ( government ) Administrative law Budgeting Bureaucracy Civil society Community services Max Weber Doctor of Public Administration Municipal government Official Politics Professional administration Public administration theory Public policy Policy Studies Public policy schools Teleadministration Theories of administration The Study of Administration Societies ( edit ) International Institute of Administrative Sciences American Society for Public Administration Chinese Public Administration Society Dutch Association for Public Administration Indian Institute of Public Administration Korea Institute of Public Administration Royal Institute of Public Administration Public management academic resources ( edit ) International Journal of Public Sector Management , ISSN 0951 - 3558 , Emerald Group Publishing Public Management Review , ISSN 1471 - 9045 ( electronic ) ISSN 1471 - 9037 ( paper ) Routledge Public Works Management & Policy , ISSN 1552 - 7549 ( electronic ) ISSN 1087 - 724X ( paper ) , SAGE Publications Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Random House Unabridged Dictionary '' . Dictionary.infoplease.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Public Administration . Eds Jack Rabin , W. Bartley Hildreth , and Gerard J. Miller . 1989 : Marcel Dekker , NY . p. iii Jump up ^ Robert and Janet Denhardt . Public Administration : An Action Orientation . 6th Ed . 2009 : Thomson Wadsworth , Belmont CA . ^ Jump up to : Kettl , Donald and James Fessler. 2009 . The Politics of the Administrative Process . Washington D.C. : CQ Press . Jump up ^ Jerome B. McKinney and Lawrence C. Howard . Public Administration : Balancing Power and Accountability . 2nd Ed . 1998 : Praeger Publishing , Westport , CT . p. 62 Jump up ^ UN Economic and Social Council . Committee of Experts on Public Administration . Definition of basic concepts and terminologies in governance and public administration . 2006 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Woodrow . June , 1887 . The Study of Administration , Political Science Quarterly 2 . Jump up ^ Public administration . ( 2010 ) In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : Shafritz , J.M. , A.C. Hyde . 2007 . Classics of Public Administration . Wadsworth : Boston . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Records and Document Management Systems : A New Tool for Enhancing the Publicâ € TM s Right to Access Government - Held Information ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . C1 control character in title = at position 89 ( help ) Jump up ^ Appleby , Paul 1947 . `` Toward Better Public Administration , '' Public Administration Review Vol. 7 , No. 2 pp. 93 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Gordon . 1948 . `` Public Administration in an Advancing South . '' Public Administration Review Vol. 8 . no . 2 pp. 169 -- 75 . Clapp attributed part of this definition to Charles Beard . Jump up ^ Carroll , J.D. & Zuck , A.M. ( 1983 ) . `` The Study of Public Administration Revisited '' . A Report of the Centennial Agendas project of the American Society for Public Administration . Washington , DC ; American Society for Public Administration . Jump up ^ Shields , Patricia . 1998 . `` Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science : A Tool for Public Administration '' Research in Public Administration Vol. 4 . pp. 195 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Shields , Patricia . 1998 . `` Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science : A Tool for Public Administration '' Research in Public Administration Vol. 4 . p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20120929081522/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006540Accessed . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Haveman , R.H. ( 1987 ) . Policy analysis and evaluation research after twenty years . `` Policy Studies Journal '' , 16 ( 1 ) : 191 -- 218 . ^ Jump up to : Kettl , Donald F. `` The Future of Public Administration '' ( PDF ) . H-net.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lalor , Stephen ' A General Theory of Public Administration ' ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Definition Public Administration ( NAICS 91 ) '' . Ic.gc.ca . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CIP user site '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ewan Ferlie , Laurence E. Lynn , Christopher Pollitt 2005 p. 30 , The Oxford Handbook of Public Management Jump up ^ Kazin , Edwards , and Rothman ( 2010 ) , 142 . One of the oldest examples of a merit - based civil service system existed ' in the imperial bureaucracy of China . Tan , Chung ; Geng , Yinzheng ( 2005 ) . India and China : twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations . University of Michigan Press . p. 128 . China not only produced the world 's first `` bureaucracy '' , but also the world 's first `` meritocracy '' Konner , Melvin ( 2003 ) . Unsettled : an anthropology of the Jews . Viking Compass . p. 217 . China is the world 's oldest meritocracy Tucker , Mary Evelyn ( 2009 ) . `` Touching the Depths of Things : Cultivating Nature in East Asia '' . Ecology and the environment : perspectives from the humanities . Harvard Divinity School : 51 . To staff these institutions , they created the oldest meritocracy in the world , in which government appointments were based on civil service examinations that drew on the values of the Confucian Classics Jump up ^ Ewan Ferlie , Laurence E. Lynn , Christopher Pollitt 2005 p. 30 , The Oxford Handbook of Public Management Herrlee G. Creel , 1974 p. 119 . Shen Pu - Hai : A Secular Philosopher of Administration , Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1 . Creel , The Origins of Statecraft in China , I , The Western Chou Empire , Chicago , pp. 9 - 27 Otto B. Van der Sprenkel , ' Max Weber on China ' , in History and Theory3 ( 1964 ) , 357 . Jump up ^ Creel , What Is Taoism ? , 94 Creel , 1974 p. 4 , 119 Shen Pu - hai : A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. Creel 1964 : 155 - 6 Herrlee G. Creel , 1974 p. 119 . Shen Pu - Hai : A Secular Philosopher of Administration , Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1 . Paul R. Goldin , p. 16 Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism . http://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_ Jump up ^ Second Treatise on Government Jump up ^ Declaration of Independence Jump up ^ Ryan , M. , Mejia , B. , and Georgiev , M. ( Ed ) . 2010 . AM Gov 2010 . McGraw Hill : New York . ^ Jump up to : Jeong Chun Hai Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2007 ) . Principles of Public Administration : An Introduction . Kuala Lumpur : Karisma Publications . ISBN 978 - 983 - 195 - 253 - 5 Jump up ^ Frederick W. Taylor . ( 1856 -- 1915 ) . ' Principles of Scientific Management . ' New York & London : Harper Brothers ; Also see , Jeong Chun Hai Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2007 ) . Principles of Public Administration : An Introduction . Kuala Lumpur : Karisma Publications . ISBN 978 - 983 - 195 - 253 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Our Web Site Has Moved ! '' . Aspanet.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fry , Brian R. 1989 . Mastering Public Administration ; from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo . Chatham , New Jersey : Chatham House Publishers , Inc. p. 80 Jump up ^ Kamensky , John M. ( May -- June 1996 ) . `` Role of the `` Reinventing Government '' movement in Federal management reform `` . Public Administration Review . Wiley . 56 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 55 . JSTOR 976448 . doi : 10.2307 / 976448 . Jump up ^ Elmore , Richard F. ( 1986 ) . `` Graduate education in public management : working the seams of government '' . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . Wiley . 6 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 83 . doi : 10.1002 / pam. 4050060107 . Jump up ^ Margetts , Helen ; Dunleavy , Patrick ; Bastow , Simon ; Tinkler , Jane ( July 2006 ) . `` New public management is dead -- long live digital - era governance '' . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory . Oxford Journals. 16 ( 3 ) : 467 -- 94 . doi : 10.1093 / jopart / mui057 . Jump up ^ Diane Stone , ( 2008 ) ' Global Public Policy , Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks , ' Journal of Policy Sciences . Jump up ^ Denhardt , Robert B. ; Vinzant Denhardt , Janet ( November -- December 2000 ) . `` The new public service : serving rather than steering '' . Public Administration Review . Wiley . 60 ( 6 ) : 549 -- 59 . JSTOR 977437 . doi : 10.1111 / 0033 - 3352.00117 . Jump up ^ Aucoin , Peter ( 2008 ) . New Public Management and the Quality of Government : Coping with the New Political Governance in Canada , Conference on `` New Public Management and the Quality of Government '' , SOG and the Quality of Government Institute , University of Gothenburg , Sweden , 13 -- 15 November 2008 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elmore , Richard F. ; Watson , Sara ; Pfeiffer , David ( 1992 ) . `` A case for including disability policy issues in public policy curricula '' . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management ( Curriculum and Case Notes ) . Wiley . 11 ( 1 ) : 167 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 3325146 . Jump up ^ Zola , Irving K. ( 1993 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Brown , Susan T. , An Independent Living Approach to Disability Policy Studies , Berkeley , CA : Research and Training Center on Public Policy And Independent Living , World Institute on Disability , OCLC 36404707 . Jump up ^ Racino , Julie A. ( 2015 ) . Public administration and disability community services administration in the US . Boca Raton : CRC Press . ISBN 9781466579828 . Jump up ^ Corduneanu - Huci , Cristina ; Hamilton , Alexander ; Masses Ferrer , Issel ( 2012 ) . Understanding Policy Change : How to Apply Political Economy Concepts in Practice . Washington DC. : The World Bank . Jump up ^ Dubois , Hans F.W. ; Fattore , Giovanni ( 2009 ) . International Journal of Public Administration . 32 . Routledge Taylor & Francis Group . pp. 704 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 01900690902908760 . The field of public administration knows many concepts . By focusing on one such concept , this research shows how definitions can be deceptive ... Jump up ^ Jreisat , Jamil E. ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Comparative Public Administration Is Back In , Prudently '' . Public Administration Review . 65 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 42 . ISSN 1540 - 6210 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6210.2005. 00447. x . ^ Jump up to : utminers.utep.edu/spena2/PAD5355/WHAT % 20IS % 20CPA. ppt Jump up ^ `` American Founders The Heritage Foundation '' . Heritage.org. 2013 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Off Campus Database Authentication '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Off Campus Database Authentication '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Off Campus Database Authentication '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Off Campus Database Authentication '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NASPAA International Web Portal '' . Globalmpa.net . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CLAD '' . CLAD. 2007 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 25 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Studio , Floyd ; Andruch , Ján . `` Homepage - NISPAcee Information Portal '' . nispa.sk . Jump up ^ `` APSA - American Political Science Association '' . Apsanet.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ aspanet.org Jump up ^ `` Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration '' . Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Mancosa . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Institute Of Public Administration - Home '' . Iipa.org.in . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . References ( edit ) Kirchwey , George W. ( 1905 ) . `` Civil Administration '' . In Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Further reading ( edit ) Dubois , H.F.W. & Fattore , G. ( 2009 ) , ' Definitions and typologies in public administration research : the case of decentralization ' , International Journal of Public Administration , 32 ( 8 ) : 704 -- 27 . Jeong Chun Hai @ Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2007 ) . Principles of Public Administration : An Introduction . Kuala Lumpur : Karisma Publications . ISBN 978 - 983 - 195 - 253 - 5 Smith , Kevin B. and Licari , Michael J. Public Administration -- Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government , ISBN 1 - 933220 - 04 - X White , Jay D. and Guy B. Adams . Research in public administration : reflections on theory and practice . 1994 . Donald Menzel and Harvey White ( eds ) 2011 . The State of Public Administration : Issues , Challenges and Opportunity . New York : M.E. Sharpe . Public management ( edit ) Janicke , M. ( 1990 ) . State Failure . Cambridge : Polity Press . Kanter , R.M. ( 1985 ) . The Change Masters : Corporate Entrepreneurs at Work . Hemel Hempstead : Unwin Paperbacks . Lane , R.E. ( 1991 ) . The Market Experience . New York : Cambridge University Press . Lynn , L.E. , Jr. ( 1996 ) . `` Public Management as Art , Science , and Profession . '' Chatham House , CQ Press . Lynn , L.E. , Jr. ( 2006 ) . `` Public Management : Old and New . '' Routledge . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Public administration Gov Monitor : A public administration , policy and public sector website Public Administration Theory Network ( PAT - Net ) : This is an international network of professionals concerned with the advancement of public administration theory . The Global Public Administration Resource : A forum where practitioners , academics and students can discuss topics in public administration . United Nations Public Administration Network ( UNPAN ) : A body which aims to establish an Internet - based network that links regional and national institutions devoted to public administration . 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1. Public administration as an academic discipline
2. Implementation of government policy
3. Role of public administrators in government departments and agencies
4. Evolution of public administration theories and practices
5. Challenges and reforms in public administration
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freddie mercury living on my own lyrics meaning
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Living on My Own - wikipedia Living on My Own <Th_colspan="2"> `` Living on My Own '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Freddie Mercury <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Mr. Bad Guy Released 2 September 1985 Format 7 '' 12 '' ( original 1985 ) CD cassette ( 1993 reissue ) Recorded 1984 Genre Pop disco ( original mix ) Eurodance ( 1993 ' No More Brothers ' Mix ) Length 3 : 21 Label EMI / Sony Music Songwriter ( s ) Freddie Mercury Producer ( s ) Mack and Freddie Mercury <Th_colspan="2"> Freddie Mercury singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Made in Heaven '' ( 1985 ) `` Living on My Own '' ( 1985 ) `` Love Me Like There 's No Tomorrow '' ( 1985 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Made in Heaven '' ( 1985 ) `` Living on My Own '' ( 1985 ) `` Love Me Like There 's No Tomorrow '' ( 1985 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Living on My Own '' ( 1993 ' No More Brothers ' Mix ) on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> 1993 Cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover art for 1993 No More Brothers Mix . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Freddie Mercury `` Living On My Own '' ( 1993 ) 46 seconds sample from Freddie Mercury 's `` Living On My Own '' . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Living on My Own '' is a song by Freddie Mercury , originally included in his first solo album Mr. Bad Guy . It was released as a single ( backed with `` My Love Is Dangerous '' ) in September 1985 in the United Kingdom where it peaked at number 50 . The July 1985 release in the United States had `` She Blows Hot & Cold '' as its B - side . Contents 1 The 1993 No More Brothers ' Mix 2 Critical reception 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 Sales and certifications 6 Track listings 6.1 1985 edition 6.2 1993 edition 7 Music video 8 See also 9 References 10 External links The 1993 No More Brothers ' Mix ( edit ) In 1993 , two years after Mercury 's death , the No More Brothers Mix of the song was released and reached number 1 in the UK , Ireland and France , becoming Mercury 's first solo number 1 hit ; in the rest of the world including Europe , Asia and Ibero - America this version also reached the top in the charts , meanwhile in the United States and Canada the 1993 version was not officially released . It remained at the top for two weeks on the British charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Music & Media wrote about the 1993 version of the song : `` Belgian dance producers picked up a Mercury vocal track , put it on top of sequencers -- with surprising results -- and made a local top 10 hit out of it . '' Network 40 wrote : `` Hitting you over the head like a hammer , the harmony - laden hook compliments an uptempo groove , making `` Living On My Own '' a perfect balance tune for your playlist . '' Personnel ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals Colin Peter - Additional Production / Remix Carl Ward - Additional Production / Remix Serge Ramaekers - Additional Production / Remix Charts ( edit ) Original version ( 1985 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 50 No More Brothers Mix ( 1993 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( Pop + Rock ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Israeli Singles Chart ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( ALEF MB ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Track listings ( edit ) 1985 edition ( edit ) 7 '' A. Living on My Own ( single version ) B. My Love Is Dangerous ( album version ) 3 : 41 12 '' A. Living on My Own ( extended version ) 6 : 42 B. My Love Is Dangerous ( extended version ) 6 : 28 1993 edition ( edit ) 7 `` / Cassette A. Living on My Own ( Radio mix ) B. Living on My Own ( 1992 album remix ) CD single Living on My Own ( Radio mix ) Living on My Own ( Extended mix ) Living on My Own ( Club mix ) Living on My Own ( 1992 album remix ) 12 '' A1 . Living on My Own ( Extended mix ) A2 . Living on My Own ( Club mix ) B1 . Living on My Own ( Dub mix ) B2 . Living on My Own ( LA mix ) Music video ( edit ) The videos for both the original 1985 and the 1993 remix versions of `` Living on My Own '' featured footage of Mercury 's 39th birthday celebration in 1985 in Munich . See also ( edit ) List of posthumous number ones on the UK Singles Chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mr Bad Guy - Living On My Own Ultimate Queen . Retrieved 22 March 2012 Jump up ^ Singles Chart For Week Up To 21 / 08 / 1993 Chart Stats . Retrieved 22 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums . London : Guinness World Records Limited Jump up ^ `` New Releases : Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media ( 1993 - 07 - 31 , page 11 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream : Music Meeting '' ( PDF ) . Network 40 ( 1993 - 12 - 03 , page 22 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Freddie Mercury -- Living on My Own '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Denmark '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurochart Hot 100 '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Finland '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . 30 October 1993 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Freddie Mercury -- Living on My Own '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Freddie Mercury Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 02.09. 1993 - 08.09. 1993 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Israeli Singles Chart - 2 weeks at No. 1 ( 17.08. 1993 and 24.08. 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Freddie Mercury -- Living on My Own '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Spain '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . 30 October 1993 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Freddie Mercury -- Living on My Own '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Freddie Mercury -- Living on My Own '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Living on My Own '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Living on My Own in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at Queen official website ( from Greatest Hits III ) <Th_colspan="2"> Freddie Mercury <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Mr. Bad Guy Barcelona Compilations The Freddie Mercury Album The Solo Collection Lover of Life , Singer of Songs Messenger of the Gods : The Singles Collection Singles `` Love Kills '' `` I Was Born to Love You '' `` Made in Heaven '' `` Living on My Own '' `` Time '' `` The Great Pretender '' `` Barcelona '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` How Can I Go On '' `` In My Defence '' `` Love Kills '' Related articles 17473 Freddiemercury The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert Queen Smile Larry Lurex The Mercury Phoenix Trust The Hectics Cirolana mercuryi Mercurana Biopic film Logan Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_on_My_Own&oldid=847471846 '' Categories : Freddie Mercury songs 1985 singles 1993 singles 1994 singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by Freddie Mercury Songs about loneliness Parlophone singles EMI Records singles Song recordings produced by Reinhold Mack Hollywood Records singles 1984 songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2014 Use British English from July 2014 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 16 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Living on My Own" - Freddie Mercury's solo song
2. Mr. Bad Guy - Freddie Mercury's first solo album
3. No More Brothers Mix - Remix version of "Living on My Own"
4. Chart success - Number 1 hit in the UK, Ireland, and France
5. Music video - Features footage of Freddie Mercury's birthday celebration in 1985
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gojira the heaviest matter of the universe meaning
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From Mars to Sirius - wikipedia From Mars to Sirius <Th_colspan="2"> From Mars to Sirius <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Gojira Released 27 September 2005 Genre Technical death metal , progressive metal , groove metal Length 66 : 52 Label Listenable , Prosthetic Producer Gabriel Editions <Th_colspan="2"> Gojira chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Link Alive ( 2004 ) From Mars to Sirius ( 2005 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 2008 ) From Mars to Sirius is the third studio album by the French progressive death metal band Gojira . Rolling Stone named the album no . 97 on their list of the top 100 greatest metal albums of all time , and MetalSucks named it no . 9 on their list of the 21 best metal albums of the 21st century . AllMusic 's Eduardo Rivadavia describes the album as marking a turning point for the band , `` gaining them access into the exclusive top echelon of the world 's progressive metal elite . '' In 2018 , Decibel inducted the album into their hall of fame . Contents 1 Writing , recording , production 2 Release 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 5.1 Gojira 5.2 Technical personnel 6 References Writing , recording , production ( edit ) A concept album , From Mars to Sirius relates the resurrection of a dead planet through an interplanetary quest , tackling environmental issues as well as broader themes of life , death , and rebirth . Explaining the meaning behind the album title , Joe Duplantier said in an interview that `` In some cultures , Mars symbolizes war and Sirius peace . I 'm simplifying ! It is a journey of a state of war , even if in France we are preserved , but it can be a war within us , in our flesh , in our mind , a war with ourselves '' . The album was largely written by Joe and Mario Duplantier , but Christian Andreu contributed certain parts such as the outro of `` Where Dragons Dwell '' and the central melody on `` World to Come '' . According to Mario , the album was entirely self - produced by the band . Release ( edit ) Listenable Records reissued the album on vinyl in September 2012 and in November 2015 in limited quantities . A 10th anniversary box - set was released on February 12 , 2016 , again through Listenable Records . A video directed by Alain Duplantier was filmed for the song `` To Sirius '' . Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating About.com AllMusic The A.V. Club Blabbermouth.net 9 / 10 Phoenix New Times favorable From Mars to Sirius was received positively by critics . AllMusic 's Eduardo Riviera noted the influences of bands such as Pantera , Meshuggah , and Neurosis on the album , particularly in the guitarwork and emphasis on atmosphere . Heaping praise on the album , Rivadavia wrote that `` the fluidity with which utmost heaviness and delicate melodies were made to coexist within the scope of single songs like `` Where Dragons Dwell , '' `` Flying Whales , '' and `` World to Come , '' was truly astonishing -- as was the surprisingly seamless flow accomplished by the sequencing of these wildly disparate tracks , and the thematically conjoined esoteric subjects undertaken throughout . The final outcome was still not easy to digest , and admittedly just a tad bit overlong ( Gojira 's next challenge was definitely to be a little more concise ) , but compared to most of the impossibly dense ( and often exhausting ) prog metal available , From Mars to Sirius , struck a close to perfect balance between degree of difficulty and ultimate reward . '' Blabbermouth 's Keith Bergman made similar comparisons to Meshuggah and Neurosis , but wrote that `` A grocery list of influences does Gojira no justice '' and that `` This is a masterpiece on par with anything Meshuggah or Mastodon have released . '' He described their musical style as `` dark , churning and hypnotic , massively heavy but varied and surprising , never monotonous . '' , and their lyrics as `` surprisingly positive and life - affirming , their words add humanity to even the most angry , mechanized portions of the album . '' Bergman concluded his review by praising From Mars to Sirius as an `` immense , intense , and very impressive album . '' Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Joe Duplantier ; all music composed by Gojira . No . Title Length 1 . `` Ocean Planet '' 5 : 32 2 . `` Backbone '' 4 : 18 3 . `` From the Sky '' 5 : 48 4 . `` Unicorn '' ( instrumental ) 2 : 09 5 . `` Where Dragons Dwell '' 6 : 54 6 . `` The Heaviest Matter of the Universe '' 3 : 57 7 . `` Flying Whales '' 7 : 44 8 . `` In the Wilderness '' 7 : 47 9 . `` World to Come '' 6 : 52 10 . `` From Mars '' 2 : 24 11 . `` To Sirius '' 5 : 37 12 . `` Global Warming '' 7 : 50 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 66 : 58 <Th_colspan="5"> show Japanese bonus track No . Title Lyrics Music Length 13 . `` Escape '' ( Metallica cover ) Hetfield Hetfield , Ulrich , Hammett 5 : 20 Personnel ( edit ) Personnel adapted from AllMusic . Gojira ( edit ) Joe Duplantier -- vocals , guitar , mixing Christian Andreu -- guitar Jean - Michel Labadie -- bass , mixing Mario Duplantier -- drums Technical personnel ( edit ) Seb Dupuis -- mastering Jean - Pierre Chalbos -- mastering Laurent Etchemendy -- engineering , mixing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Gojira-From-Mars-To-Sirius/release/10957084 Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` # 9 : GOJIRA - FROM MARS TO SIRIUS MetalSucks '' . MetalSucks. 2009 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gojira Decibel Magazine '' . Decibel Magazine . 2018 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` GOJIRA - FROM MARS TO SIRIUS '' . MetalSucks. 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Gojira : Interview / Spirit of Metal Webzine ( fr ) '' . www.spirit-of-metal.com ( in French ) . October 2005 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Greg ( August 2018 ) . `` In the Deep End : The Making of Gojira 's From Mars to Sirius '' . Decibel . pp. 49 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` Gojira catalogue set for vinyl release '' . Metal Hammer. 2015 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gojira To Release Past Albums On Limited Splatter Vinyl Theprp.com -- Metal And Hardcore News Plus Reviews And More '' . Theprp.com. 2015 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` GOJIRA : ' From Mars To Sirius ' Limited - Edition Tenth - Anniversary Box Set Due In February '' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET. 2016 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gojira 's From Mars To Sirius gets 10 - year box set '' . Metal Hammer. 2016 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Listenablerecs ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) , Gojira - To Sirius , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Gojira - From Mars To Sirius Review '' . Heavymetal.about.com. 2011 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` From Mars to Sirius '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( August 23 , 2006 ) . `` Music in Brief '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blabbermouth.Net '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , Niki ( 25 October 2007 ) . `` From Mars to Sirius review '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` From Mars to Sirius - Gojira Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . <Th_colspan="2"> Gojira <Td_colspan="2"> Joe Duplantier Mario Duplantier Christian Andreu Jean - Michel Labadie Alexandre Cornillon Studio albums Terra Incognita The Link From Mars to Sirius The Way of All Flesh L'Enfant Sauvage Magma EP albums Maciste All'Inferno Live albums The Link Alive The Flesh Alive Les Enfants Sauvages Singles and music videos `` Love '' `` Indians '' `` To Sirius '' `` Vacuity '' `` All the Tears '' `` End of Time '' `` L'Enfant Sauvage '' `` Liquid Fire '' `` Explosia '' `` Born in Winter '' `` Stranded '' `` Silvera '' `` Low Lands '' `` The Shooting Star '' `` The Cell '' Related articles Discography Cavalera Conspiracy Empalot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=From_Mars_to_Sirius&oldid=856721861 '' Categories : 2005 albums Gojira ( band ) albums Decibel Magazine Hall of Fame inductees Listenable Records albums Prosthetic Records albums Concept albums Science fiction concept albums Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Polski Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 04 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Gojira's album "From Mars to Sirius"
2. Genre of the album: Technical death metal, progressive metal, groove metal
3. Critical reception and accolades for the album
4. Concept and themes explored in the album
5. Track listing and personnel involved in the album's production
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which incident had let to the outbreak of the revolution france
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Storming of the Bastille - wikipedia Storming of the Bastille Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Storming of the Bastille <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Storming of The Bastile by Jean - Pierre Houël <Td_colspan="2"> Date 14 July 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 07 - 14 ) Location Paris , France 48 ° 51 ′ 11 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 09 '' E / 48.85306 ° N 2.36917 ° E / 48.85306 ; 2.36917 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 11 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 09 '' E / 48.85306 ° N 2.36917 ° E / 48.85306 ; 2.36917 Result Bastille captured , rebellion begins <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents French government Parisian militia Gardes françaises <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Bernard - René de Launay Camille Desmoulins Pierre - Augustin Hulin <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 114 soldiers , 30 artillery pieces Up to 1,000 insurgents <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses One ( six or possibly eight killed after surrender ) 98 killed The Storming of the Bastille ( French : Prise de la Bastille ( pʁiz də la bastij ) ) occurred in Paris , France , on the afternoon of 14 July 1789 . The medieval fortress , armory , and political prison in Paris known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris . The prison contained just seven inmates at the time of its storming , but was seen by the revolutionaries as a symbol of the monarchy 's abuses of power ; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution . In France , Le quatorze juillet ( 14 July ) is a public holiday , usually called Bastille Day in English . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Necker 's dismissal 3 Armed conflict 4 Storming the Bastille ( 14 July 1789 ) 5 Aftermath 6 References 6.1 Additional sources 7 Further reading 8 External links 9 In popular culture Background During the reign of Louis XVI , France faced a major economic crisis , caused in part by the cost of intervening in the American Revolution , and exacerbated by a regressive system of taxation . On 5 May 1789 , the Estates - General of 1789 convened to deal with this issue , but were held back by archaic protocols and the conservatism of the Second Estate , consisting of the nobility and amounting to only 2 % of France 's population . On 17 June 1789 , the Third Estate , with its representatives drawn from the commoners , reconstituted themselves as the National Assembly , a body whose purpose was the creation of a French constitution . The king initially opposed this development , but was forced to acknowledge the authority of the assembly , which renamed itself the National Constituent Assembly on 9 July . The commoners had formed the National Guard , sporting tricolour cockades ( cocardes ) of blue , white and red , formed by combining the red and blue cockade of Paris and the white cockade of the king . These cockades , and soon simply their colour scheme , became the symbol of the revolution and , later , of France itself . Paris , close to insurrection and , in François Mignet 's words , `` intoxicated with liberty and enthusiasm '' , showed wide support for the Assembly . The press published the Assembly 's debates ; political debate spread beyond the Assembly itself into the public squares and halls of the capital . The Palais - Royal and its grounds became the site of an ongoing meeting . The crowd , on the authority of the meeting at the Palais - Royal , broke open the prisons of the Abbaye to release some grenadiers of the French guards , reportedly imprisoned for refusing to fire on the people . The Assembly recommended the imprisoned guardsmen to the clemency of the king ; they returned to prison , and received pardon . The rank and file of the regiment , previously considered reliable , now leaned toward the popular cause . Necker 's dismissal On 11 July 1789 , Louis XVI - acting under the influence of the conservative nobles of his privy council -- dismissed and banished his finance minister , Jacques Necker ( who had been sympathetic to the Third Estate ) and completely reconstructed the ministry . The marshals Victor - François , duc de Broglie , la Galissonnière , the duc de la Vauguyon , the Baron Louis de Breteuil , and the intendant Foulon , took over the posts of Puységur , Armand Marc , comte de Montmorin , La Luzerne , Saint - Priest , and Necker . Jacques Necker ( 1732 -- 1804 ) , French minister of finance News of Necker 's dismissal reached Paris in the afternoon of Sunday , 12 July . The Parisians generally presumed that the dismissal marked the start of a coup by conservative elements . Liberal Parisians were further enraged by the fear that a concentration of Royal troops -- brought in from frontier garrisons to Versailles , Sèvres , the Champ de Mars , and Saint - Denis -- would attempt to shut down the National Constituent Assembly , which was meeting in Versailles . Crowds gathered throughout Paris , including more than ten thousand at the Palais - Royal . Camille Desmoulins successfully rallied the crowd by `` mounting a table , pistol in hand , exclaiming : ' Citizens , there is no time to lose ; the dismissal of Necker is the knell of a Saint Bartholomew for patriots ! This very night all the Swiss and German battalions will leave the Champ de Mars to massacre us all ; one resource is left ; to take arms ! ' '' The Swiss and German regiments referred to were among the foreign mercenary troops who made up a significant portion of the pre-revolutionary Royal Army , and were seen as being less likely to be sympathetic to the popular cause than ordinary French soldiers . By early July , approximately half of the 25,000 regular troops in Paris and Versailles were drawn from these foreign regiments . The French regiments included in the concentration appear to have been selected either because of the proximity of their garrisons to Paris or because their colonels were supporters of the reactionary `` court party '' opposed to reform . During the public demonstrations that started on 12 July , the multitude displayed busts of Necker and of Louis Philippe II , Duke of Orléans , then marched from the Palais Royal through the theater district before continuing westward along the boulevards . The crowd clashed with the Royal German Cavalry Regiment ( `` Royal - Allemand '' ) between the Place Vendôme and the Tuileries Palace . From atop the Champs - Élysées , the Prince de Lambesc unleashed a cavalry charge that dispersed the remaining protesters at Place Louis XV -- now Place de la Concorde . The Royal commander , Baron de Besenval , fearing the results of a blood bath amongst the poorly armed crowds or defections among his own men , then withdrew the cavalry towards Sèvres . Meanwhile , unrest was growing among the people of Paris who expressed their hostility against state authorities by attacking customs posts blamed for causing increased food and wine prices . The people of Paris started to plunder any place where food , guns and supplies could be hoarded . That night , rumors spread that supplies were being hoarded at Saint - Lazare , a huge property of the clergy , which functioned as convent , hospital , school and even as a jail . An angry mob broke in and plundered the property , seizing 52 wagons of wheat , which were taken to the public market . That same day multitudes of people plundered many other places including weapon arsenals . The Royal troops did nothing to stop the spreading of social chaos in Paris during those days . Armed conflict The Bastille of Paris before the Revolution . The regiment of Gardes Françaises ( French Guards ) formed the permanent garrison of Paris and , with many local ties , was favourably disposed towards the popular cause . This regiment had remained confined to its barracks during the initial stages of the mid-July disturbances . With Paris becoming the scene of a general riot , Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( Marshal of the Camp , Proprietor of the Royal Allemand - Dragoons ) , not trusting the regiment to obey his order , posted sixty dragoons to station themselves before its dépôt in the Chaussée d'Antin . The officers of the French Guards made ineffectual attempts to rally their men . The rebellious citizenry had now acquired a trained military contingent . As word of this spread , the commanders of the royal forces encamped on the Champ de Mars became doubtful of the dependability of even the foreign regiments . The future `` Citizen King '' , Louis - Philippe , duc d'Orléans , witnessed these events as a young officer and was of the opinion that the soldiers would have obeyed orders if put to the test . He also commented in retrospect that the officers of the French Guards had neglected their responsibilities in the period before the uprising , leaving the regiment too much to the control of its non-commissioned officers . However , the uncertain leadership of Besenval led to a virtual abdication of royal authority in central Paris . On the morning of 13 July the electors of Paris met and agreed to the recruitment of a `` bourgeois militia '' of 48,000 men from the sixty voting districts of Paris , to restore order . Storming the Bastille ( 14 July 1789 ) People to the Castle of Bastille On the morning of 14 July 1789 , the city of Paris was in a state of alarm . The partisans of the Third Estate in France , now under the control of the Bourgeois Militia of Paris ( soon to become Revolutionary France 's National Guard ) , had earlier stormed the Hôtel des Invalides without meeting significant opposition . Their intention had been to gather the weapons held there ( 29,000 to 32,000 muskets , but without powder or shot ) . The commandant at the Invalides had in the previous few days taken the precaution of transferring 250 barrels of gunpowder to the Bastille for safer storage . At this point , the Bastille was nearly empty , housing only seven prisoners : four forgers , two `` lunatics '' and one `` deviant '' aristocrat , the Comte de Solages ( the Marquis de Sade had been transferred out ten days earlier ) . The high cost of maintaining a garrisoned medieval fortress , for what was seen as having a limited purpose , had led to a decision being made shortly before the disturbances began to replace it with an open public space . Amid the tensions of July 1789 , the building remained as a symbol of royal tyranny . The regular garrison consisted of 82 invalides ( veteran soldiers no longer suitable for service in the field ) . It had however been reinforced on 7 July by 32 grenadiers of the Swiss Salis - Samade Regiment from the regular troops on the Champ de Mars . The walls mounted 18 eight - pound guns and 12 smaller pieces . The governor was Bernard - René de Launay , son of the previous governor and actually born within the Bastille . Arrest of de Launay , by Jean - Baptiste Lallemand , 1790 Arrest of de Launay by an anonymous artist . A 2013 analysis of the Bastille dimensions showed that it did not tower over the neighborhood as was depicted in the paintings but was more of a comparable height to other buildings in the neighborhood . The official list of vainqueurs de la Bastille ( conquerors of the Bastille ) subsequently compiled has 954 names , and the total of the crowd was probably fewer than one thousand . A breakdown of occupations included in the list indicates that the majority were local artisans , together with some regular army deserters and a few distinctive categories such as 21 wine merchants . The crowd gathered outside around mid-morning , calling for the surrender of the prison , the removal of the cannon and the release of the arms and gunpowder . Two representatives of the crowd outside were invited into the fortress and negotiations began , and another was admitted around noon with definite demands . The negotiations dragged on while the crowd grew and became impatient . Around 1 : 30 , the crowd surged into the undefended outer courtyard . A small party climbed onto the roof of a building next to the gate to the inner courtyard and broke the chains on the drawbridge , crushing one vainqueur as it fell . Soldiers of the garrison called to the people to withdraw but in the noise and confusion these shouts were misinterpreted as encouragement to enter . Gunfire began , apparently spontaneously , turning the crowd into a mob . The crowd seems to have felt that they had been intentionally drawn into a trap and the fighting became more violent and intense , while attempts by deputies to organise a cease - fire were ignored by the attackers . The firing continued , and after 3 : 00 pm , the attackers were reinforced by mutinous gardes françaises , along with two cannons . A substantial force of Royal Army troops encamped on the Champ de Mars did not intervene . With the possibility of mutual carnage suddenly apparent , Governor de Launay ordered a cease - fire at 5 : 00 pm . A letter offering his terms was handed out to the besiegers through a gap in the inner gate . His demands were refused , but de Launay nonetheless capitulated , as he realised that with limited food stocks and no water supply his troops could not hold out much longer . He accordingly opened the gates to the inner courtyard , and the vainqueurs swept in to liberate the fortress at 5 : 30 . Ninety - eight attackers and one defender had died in the actual fighting , a disparity accounted for by the protection provided to the garrison by the fortress walls . De Launay was seized and dragged towards the Hôtel de Ville in a storm of abuse . Outside the Hôtel , a discussion as to his fate began . The badly beaten de Launay shouted `` Enough ! Let me die ! '' and kicked a pastry cook named Dulait in the groin . De Launay was then stabbed repeatedly and died . An English traveller , Doctor Edward Rigby , reported what he saw , `` ( We ) perceived two bloody heads raised on pikes , which were said to be the heads of the Marquis de Launay , Governor of the Bastille , and of Monsieur Flesselles , Prévôt des Marchands . It was a chilling and a horrid sight ! ... Shocked and disgusted at this scene , ( we ) retired immediately from the streets . '' The three officers of the permanent Bastille garrison were also killed by the crowd ; surviving police reports detail their wounds and clothing . Two of the invalides of the garrison were lynched , but all but two of the Swiss regulars of the Salis - Samade Regiment were protected by the French Guards and eventually released to return to their regiment . Their officer , Lieutenant Louis de Flue , wrote a detailed report on the defense of the Bastille , which was incorporated in the logbook of the Salis - Samade and has survived . It is ( perhaps unfairly ) critical of the dead Marquis de Launay , whom de Flue accuses of weak and indecisive leadership . The blame for the fall of the Bastille would rather appear to lie with the inertia of the commanders of the 5,000 Royal Army troops encamped on the Champ de Mars , who did not act when either the nearby Hôtel des Invalides or the Bastille were attacked . Engraving , c. 1789 : militia hoisting the heads of Flesselles and the marquis de Launay on pikes . The caption reads `` Thus we take revenge on traitors '' . Returning to the Hôtel de Ville , the mob accused the prévôt dès marchands ( roughly , mayor ) Jacques de Flesselles of treachery , and he was assassinated en route to an ostensible trial at the Palais - Royal . Aftermath Sans - culottes wearing iconic Phrygian caps and tricolor cockades The Place de la Bastille and the July Column where the Bastille once stood . The king first learned of the storming only the next morning through the Duke of La Rochefoucauld . `` Is it a revolt ? '' asked Louis XVI . The duke replied : `` No sire , it 's not a revolt ; it 's a revolution . '' The citizenry of Paris , expecting a counterattack , entrenched the streets , built barricades of paving stones , and armed themselves as well as they could , especially with improvised pikes . Meanwhile , at Versailles , the Assembly remained ignorant of most of the Paris events , but eminently aware that Marshal de Broglie stood on the brink of unleashing a pro-Royalist coup to force the Assembly to adopt the order of 23 June and then to dissolve . The vicomte de Noailles apparently first brought reasonably accurate news of the Paris events to Versailles . M. Ganilh and Bancal - des - Issarts , dispatched to the Hôtel de Ville , confirmed his report . By the morning of 15 July , the outcome appeared clear to the king as well , and he and his military commanders backed down . The Royal troops concentrated around Paris dispersed to their frontier garrisons . The Marquis de la Fayette took up command of the National Guard at Paris ; Jean - Sylvain Bailly -- leader of the Third Estate and instigator of the Tennis Court Oath -- became the city 's mayor under a new governmental structure known as the Commune de Paris . The king announced that he would recall Necker and return from Versailles to Paris ; on 17 July , in Paris , he accepted a tricolour cockade from Bailly and entered the Hôtel de Ville to cries of `` Long live the King '' and `` Long live the Nation '' . Nonetheless , after this violence , nobles -- little assured by the apparent and , as it was to prove , temporary reconciliation of king and people -- started to flee the country as émigrés . Among the first to leave were the comte d'Artois ( the future Charles X of France ) and his two sons , the prince de Condé , the prince de Conti , the Polignac family , and ( slightly later ) Charles Alexandre de Calonne , the former finance minister . They settled at Turin , where Calonne , as agent for the count d'Artois and the prince de Condé , began plotting civil war within the kingdom and agitating for a European coalition against France . The news of the successful insurrection at Paris spread throughout France . In accord with principles of popular sovereignty and with complete disregard for claims of royal authority , the people established parallel structures of municipalities for civic government and militias for civic protection . In rural areas , many went beyond this : some burned title - deeds and no small number of châteaux , as the `` Great Fear '' spread across the countryside during the weeks of 20 July to 5 August , with attacks on wealthy landlords impelled by the belief that the aristocracy was trying to put down the revolution . On July 22 , 1789 the populace lynched Joseph Foullon de Doué and his son - in - law Louis Bénigne François Bertier de Sauvigny . Both held official positions under the monarchy . Although there were arguments that the Bastille should be preserved as a monument to liberation or as a depot for the new National Guard , the Permanent Committee of Municipal Electors at the Paris Town Hall gave the construction entrepreneur Pierre - François Palloy the commission of disassembling the building . Palloy commenced work immediately . The demolition of the fortress itself , the melting down of its clock portraying chained prisoners , and the breaking up of four statues were all carried out within five months . On July 16 , 1789 , two days after the Storming of the Bastille , John Frederick Sackville , serving as ambassador to France , reported to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Francis Osborne , 5th Duke of Leeds , `` Thus , my Lord , the greatest revolution that we know anything of has been effected with , comparatively speaking -- if the magnitude of the event is considered -- the loss of very few lives . From this moment we may consider France as a free country , the King a very limited monarch , and the nobility as reduced to a level with the rest of the nation . '' In 1790 , Lafayette gave the cast - iron , one - pound and three - ounce key to the Bastille to American President George Washington . Washington displayed it prominently at government facilities and events in New York and in Philadelphia until shortly before his retirement in 1797 . The key remains on display at Washington 's residence of Mount Vernon . References Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 60 -- 71 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Simon Schama , p. 402 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 ^ Jump up to : M.J. Sydenham , p. 46 The French Revolution , B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre , p. 114 The Coming of the French Revolution , ISBN 9780691121888 ^ Jump up to : Mignet 1824 , § Chapter I Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 370 -- 71 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 371 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 375 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Munro Price , pp. 85 -- 87 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Munro Price , p. 85 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Munro Price , p. 76 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Micah Alpaugh , `` The Politics of Escalation in French Revolutionary Protest : Political Demonstrations , Nonviolence and Violence in the Grandes journees of 1789 '' , French History ( Fall 2009 ) Jump up ^ Simon Schama , page 385 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 73 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 Jump up ^ Munro Price , page 88 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Louis , Bergeron ( 1970 ) . Le Monde et son Histoire . Paris . p . Volume VII , Chapter VI . Micah Alpaugh , `` The Politics of Escalation in French Revolutionary Protest : Political Demonstrations , Nonviolence and Violence in the Grandes Journees of 1789 '' , French History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Terry Crowdy , p. 6 French Revolutionary Infantry 1789 -- 1802 , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 660 - 7 Jump up ^ Munro Price , pp. 96 -- 97 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Comments recorded in diary entries made by Louis - Philipp during 1789 Jump up ^ Munro Price , page 88 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 75 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 Jump up ^ Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 68 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 ^ Jump up to : Simon Schama , p. 399 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Civilisation : A Personal View , Kenneth Clark , Penguin , 1987 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 398 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Connelly , Owen ( 2006 ) . The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon 1792 -- 1815 . New York : Routledge . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Christopher J. Tozzi , p. 54 `` Nationalizing France 's Army . Foreign , Black and Jewish Troops in the French Military , 1715 -- 1831 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 3833 - 2 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/10/arts/design/paris-3d-a-digital-model-of-the-french-capital.html?partner=rss&emc=rss Jump up ^ Hibbert , Christopher . The French Revolution ( 1980 ) , p. 82 ( 1982 Penguin Books edition ) ^ Jump up to : Simon Schama , p. 400 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 400 -- 01 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Munro Price , page 89 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 403 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 403 -- 04 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 404 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 405 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Rigby , Edward , Dr. Rigby 's Letters from France &C. in 1789 , HardPress Publishing , 2013 , 264 p. , ISBN 978 - 1313441636 Jump up ^ J.B. Morton , appendix The Bastille Falls : and other studies of the French Revolution , Longmans , Green & Co , London 1936 ^ Jump up to : `` Relation de la prise de la Bastille le 14 juillet 1789 par un de ses défenseurs '' , in Revue Rétrospective , vol. 4 ( Paris : M.J. Taschereau , 1834 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Hibbert , p. 70 The French Revolution , ISBN 978 - 0140049459 Jump up ^ Hibbert , Christopher ( 1980 ) . The Days of the French Revolution . New York : William Morrow and Co. pp. 69 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03704 - 6 . Jump up ^ Guy Chaussinand - Nogaret , La Bastille est prise , Paris , Éditions Complexe , 1988 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` The Séance royale of 23 June 1789 '' . Fitchburg State College . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 419 -- 20 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Munro Price , p. 92 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Terry Crowdy , p. 9 French Revolutionary Infantry 1789 -- 1802 , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 660 - 7 Jump up ^ François Furet and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , pp. 519 -- 28 Jump up ^ M.J. Sydenham , p. 50 The French Revolution , B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Jump up ^ Munro Price , page 93 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 129 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 Jump up ^ M.J. Sydenham , p. 54 The French Revolution , B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Jump up ^ Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 77 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 Jump up ^ M.J. Sydenham , p. 55 The French Revolution , B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 412 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 414 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Wikisource , https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Englishmen_in_the_French_Revolution/Chapter_II Jump up ^ `` Bastille Key '' . Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Additional sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` `` . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . This article incorporates text from the public domain History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 , by François Mignet ( 1824 ) , as made available by Project Gutenberg . Further reading Paris portal History portal France portal Communism portal Alpaugh , Micah . `` The Politics of Escalation in French Revolutionary Protest : Political Demonstrations , Nonviolence and Violence in the Grandes journees of 1789 '' , French History ( Fall 2009 ) . Alpaugh , Micah . `` A Self - Defining Bourgeoisie in the Early French Revolution : The Milice bourgeoise , the Bastille Days of 1789 , and their Aftermath '' , Journal of Social History 47 , no . 3 ( Spring 2014 ) , 696 -- 720 . Lüsebrink , Hans - Jürgen ; Reichardt , Rolf ; Schürer , Norbert ( 1997 ) . The Bastille . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 1894 - 1 . Mignet , Francois - Auguste ( 1 January 2006 ) . History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 . Taylor , David ( 1997 ) . The French Revolution . Heinemann . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 31694 - 5 . Stephens , Henry Morse ( 1886 ) . A History of the French Revolution . C. Scribner 's sons . pp. 128 -- 68 . Sewell , William H. `` Historical Events as Transformations of Structures : Inventing Revolution at the Bastille '' , Theory and Society 25 , no . 6 ( Dec. , 1996 ) , 841 -- 81 . Abbott , John Stevens Cabot ( 1887 ) . The French Revolution of 1789 as Viewed in the Light of Republican Institutions . Jefferson Press . pp. 112 -- 22 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Storming of the Bastille . Place de la Bastille -- Official French website ( in English ) Thomas Jefferson 's letter to John Jay recounting the storming of the Bastille In popular culture Austrian composer Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf wrote his Symphony in C Major as a tribute to the event . The first movement of the piece is known as La Prise De La Bastille . In Book 2 of Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities , the Defarges help lead the assault on the Bastille . 1789 : Les Amants de la Bastille , stage musical whose main characters are split up during the early stages , then reunited during the storming of the Bastille The protagonist of Assassin 's Creed Unity , Arno Dorian , is depicted as being one of the prisoners in the Bastille when it gets stormed , and manages to escape in the confusion . Bastille Day was a song written in 1975 by the progressive rock band Rush about the siege , and was included on their album Caress of Steel . <Th_colspan="2"> French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Influential thinkers <Td_colspan="2"> Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cultural impact <Td_colspan="2"> La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution BNF : cb119567399 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storming_of_the_Bastille&oldid=804644134 '' Categories : 1789 events of the French Revolution 18th century in Paris Conflicts in 1789 Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Interlanguage link template link number Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 08 : 25 . 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1. Storming of the Bastille
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list of kentucky basketball players in the nba
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List of Kentucky Wildcats in the NBA Draft - wikipedia List of Kentucky Wildcats in the NBA Draft Jump to : navigation , search The Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team , representing the University of Kentucky , has had 118 players drafted into the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) since the league began holding drafts in 1947 . Each NBA franchise seeks to add new players through an annual draft . The NBA uses a draft lottery to determine the first three picks of the NBA draft ; the 14 teams that did not make the playoffs the previous year are eligible to participate . After the first three picks are decided , the rest of the teams pick in reverse order of their win -- loss record . To be eligible for the NBA Draft , a player in the United States must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft and must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class . From 1967 until the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 , the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) held its own draft . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Players selected 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) Forward Center Guard <Td_colspan="5"> Selected to an all - star game ( ABA All - Star Game , NBA All - Star game ) <Td_colspan="5"> Won a championship ( ABA Champion ) , NBA Champion ) <Td_colspan="5"> Inducted into Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players selected ( edit ) Anthony Davis was drafted 1st overall by the New Orleans Pelicans in the 2012 NBA Draft . Karl - Anthony Towns was drafted 1st overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the 2015 NBA Draft . John Wall was drafted 1st overall by the Washington Wizards in the 2010 NBA Draft . Michael Kidd - Gilchrist was drafted 2nd overall by the Charlotte Hornets in the 2012 NBA Draft . DeMarcus Cousins was drafted 5th overall by the Sacramento Kings in the 2010 NBA Draft . Brandon Knight was drafted 7th overall by the Detroit Pistons in the 2011 NBA Draft . Rajon Rondo was drafted 21st overall by the Phoenix Suns in the 2006 NBA Draft . Tayshaun Prince was drafted 23rd overall by the Detroit Pistons in the 2002 NBA Draft . Year Round Pick Overall Player name Position NBA team Notes 1947 -- -- -- Tingle , Jack Jack Tingle Washington Capitols -- 1948 -- -- -- Holland , Joe Joe Holland Baltimore Bullets -- -- -- -- Parkinson , Jack Jack Parkinson Washington Capitols -- -- -- -- Rollins , Ken Ken Rollins Fort Wayne Pistons 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1949 Groza , Alex Alex Groza * Indianapolis Olympians NBA All - Star ( 1951 ) 6 6 Jones , Wallace Wallace Jones Washington Capitols -- -- 22 Beard , Ralph Ralph Beard * Chicago Stags NBA All - Star ( 1951 ) 1950 -- -- -- Barnstable , Dale Dale Barnstable Boston Celtics -- -- -- -- Line , Jim Jim Line Washington Capitols -- 1951 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1952 -- -- -- Watson , Bobby Bobby Watson Milwaukee Hawks -- -- -- -- Whitaker , Skippy Skippy Whitaker Indianapolis Olympians -- 1953 5 5 Ramsey , Frank Frank Ramsey Boston Celtics NBA Champion ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee ( 1981 ) -- 13 Hagan , Cliff Cliff Hagan Boston Celtics NBA Champion ( 1958 ) NBA All - Star ( 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 ) Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee ( 1977 ) 7 -- 23 Tsioropoulos , Lou Lou Tsioropoulos Boston Celtics NBA Champion ( 1957 , 1959 ) 1954 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1955 5 32 Evans , William William Evans Rochester Royals -- 1956 -- -- -- Bird , Jerry Jerry Bird Minneapolis Lakers -- -- -- -- Burrow , Bob Bob Burrow Rochester Royals -- -- -- -- Grawemeyer , Phil Phil Grawemeyer Minneapolis Lakers -- 1957 10 73 Calvert , Gerry Gerry Calvert Philadelphia 76ers -- 1958 9 Hatton , Vernon Vernon Hatton Cincinnati Royals -- 1959 6 28 Cox , Johnny Johnny Cox New York Knicks 5000000000000000000 ♠ -- 1960 8 32 Cohen , Sid Sid Cohen Boston Celtics -- 7 5 53 Kauffman , Bennie Bennie Kauffman Syracuse Nationals -- 18 96 Mills , Don Don Mills Cincinnati Royals -- 1961 5 45 Lickert , Bill Bill Lickert G , F Los Angeles Lakers -- 7 5 64 Newman , Roger Roger Newman G , F Syracuse Nationals -- 13 102 Jennings , Ned Ned Jennings New York Knicks -- 1962 8 61 Pursiful , Larry Larry Pursiful Chicago Zephyrs -- 1963 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1964 5 13 Nash , Cotton Cotton Nash Los Angeles Lakers -- 1965 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1966 24 Kron , Tommy Tommy Kron St. Louis Hawks -- 1967 7 Riley , Pat Pat Riley G , F San Diego Rockets NBA Champion ( 1972 as player ; 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2006 , 2012 , 2013 as head coach ) Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee ( 2008 ) 7 28 Dampier , Louie Louie Dampier Cincinnati Royals ABA Champion ( 1975 ) ABA All - Star ( 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 ) All - ABA Second Team ( 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1974 ) 1968 5 10 60 Jaracz , Thad Thad Jaracz Boston Celtics -- 9 13 119 Berger , Cliff Cliff Berger Milwaukee Bucks -- 1969 10 15 139 Argento , Phil Phil Argento Los Angeles Lakers -- 1970 8 122 Issel , Dan Dan Issel Detroit Pistons ABA Champion ( 1975 ) NBA All - Star ( 1977 ) ABA All - Star ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 ) Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee ( 1993 ) 8 11 130 Casey , Mike Mike Casey Chicago Bulls -- 1971 37 Steele , Larry Larry Steele Portland Trail Blazers NBA Champion ( 1977 ) 1972 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1973 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 18 18 Grevey , Kevin Kevin Grevey Washington Bullets NBA Champion ( 1978 ) 18 36 Conner , Jimmy Dan Jimmy Dan Conner Phoenix Suns -- 12 49 Guyette , Bob Bob Guyette Kansas City Kings -- 7 5 113 Flynn , Mike Mike Flynn Philadelphia 76ers -- 1976 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1977 24 Johnson , Larry Larry Johnson Buffalo Braves -- 1978 Robey , Rick Rick Robey Indiana Pacers NBA Champion ( 1981 ) 16 16 Givens , Jack Jack Givens Atlanta Hawks -- 18 39 Lee , James James Lee Seattle SuperSonics -- 45 Phillips , Mike Mike Phillips New Jersey Nets -- 1979 22 22 Macy , Kyle Kyle Macy Phoenix Suns -- 6 111 Claytor , Truman Truman Claytor Detroit Pistons -- 1980 5 12 101 Williams , LaVon LaVon Williams Cleveland Cavaliers -- 9 183 Shidler , Jay Jay Shidler Chicago Bulls -- 1981 6 12 127 Cowan , Fred Fred Cowan F , C Houston Rockets -- 1982 7 7 145 Verderber , Chuck Chuck Verderber Chicago Bulls -- 9 33 Minniefield , Dirk Dirk Minniefield Dallas Mavericks -- 21 67 Hord , Derrick Derrick Hord Cleveland Cavaliers -- 6 18 134 Hurt , Charles Charles Hurt Milwaukee Bucks -- 1984 Bowie , Sam Sam Bowie F , C Portland Trail Blazers -- 6 6 Turpin , Melvin Melvin Turpin F , C Washington Bullets -- 11 81 Beal , Dickie Dickie Beal Atlanta Hawks -- 6 11 127 Master , Jim Jim Master Atlanta Hawks -- 8 163 Heitz , Tom Tom Heitz Indiana Pacers -- 1985 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1986 5 5 Walker , Kenny Kenny Walker New York Knicks -- 5 13 105 Harden , Roger Roger Harden Los Angeles Lakers -- 5 94 Blackmon , James James Blackmon New Jersey Nets -- 1988 8 8 Chapman , Rex Rex Chapman Charlotte Hornets -- 51 Lock , Rob Rob Lock Los Angeles Clippers -- 10 60 ED Davender , Ed Ed ED Davender Washington Bullets -- 14 64 Bennett , Winston Winston Bennett Cleveland Cavaliers -- <Td_colspan="7"> No selections <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1991 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 1993 Mashburn , Jamal Jamal Mashburn * Dallas Mavericks NBA All - Star ( 2003 ) Dent , Rodney Rodney Dent Orlando Magic -- 1995 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 6 6 Walker , Antoine Antoine Walker Boston Celtics NBA Champion ( 2006 ) NBA All - Star ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 ) 16 16 Delk , Tony Tony Delk Charlotte Hornets -- 19 19 McCarty , Walter Walter McCarty New York Knicks -- 23 52 Pope , Mark Mark Pope Indiana Pacers -- 6 6 Mercer , Ron Ron Mercer Boston Celtics -- 13 13 Anderson , Derek Derek Anderson Cleveland Cavaliers NBA Champion ( 2006 ) 1998 29 29 Mohammed , Nazr Nazr Mohammed Utah Jazz NBA Champion ( 2005 ) 1999 28 28 Padgett , Scott Scott Padgett Utah Jazz -- 2000 19 19 Magloire , Jamaal Jamaal Magloire * Charlotte Hornets NBA All - Star ( 2004 ) <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 2002 23 23 Prince , Tayshaun Tayshaun Prince Detroit Pistons NBA Champion ( 2004 ) 2003 13 43 Bogans , Keith Keith Bogans Milwaukee Bucks -- <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 2005 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 2006 21 21 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo Phoenix Suns NBA Champion ( 2008 ) NBA All - Star ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 ) 2007 <Td_colspan="7"> No selections 2008 28 58 Crawford , Joe Joe Crawford Los Angeles Lakers -- 2009 11 41 Meeks , Jodie Jodie Meeks Milwaukee Bucks -- Wall , John John Wall * Washington Wizards NBA All - Star ( 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) 5 5 Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins * F , C Sacramento Kings NBA All - Star ( 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) 13 13 Patterson , Patrick Patrick Patterson Houston Rockets -- 18 18 Bledsoe , Eric Eric Bledsoe Oklahoma City Thunder -- 29 29 Orton , Daniel Daniel Orton Orlando Magic -- 2011 Kanter , Enes Enes Kanter Utah Jazz -- 8 8 Knight , Brandon Brandon Knight Detroit Pistons -- 15 45 Harrellson , Josh Josh Harrellson New Orleans Hornets -- 23 53 Liggins , DeAndre DeAndre Liggins Orlando Magic -- 2012 Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis * New Orleans Hornets NBA All - Star ( 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Kidd - Gilchrist , Michael Michael Kidd - Gilchrist Charlotte Bobcats -- 18 18 Jones , Terrence Terrence Jones Houston Rockets -- 29 29 Teague , Marquis Marquis Teague Chicago Bulls -- 12 42 Lamb , Doron Doron Lamb Milwaukee Bucks -- 16 46 Miller , Darius Darius Miller New Orleans Hornets -- 2013 6 6 Noel , Nerlens Nerlens Noel New Orleans Pelicans -- 29 29 Goodwin , Archie Archie Goodwin Oklahoma City Thunder -- 2014 7 7 Randle , Julius Julius Randle Los Angeles Lakers -- 17 17 Young , James James Young Boston Celtics -- 2015 Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves Rookie of the Year ( 2016 ) 6 6 Cauley - Stein , Willie Willie Cauley - Stein Sacramento Kings -- 12 12 Lyles , Trey Trey Lyles Utah Jazz -- 13 13 Booker , Devin Devin Booker Phoenix Suns -- 14 44 Harrison , Andrew Andrew Harrison Phoenix Suns -- 18 48 Johnson , Dakari Dakari Johnson Oklahoma City Thunder -- 2016 7 7 Murray , Jamal Jamal Murray Denver Nuggets 28 28 Labissiere , Skal Skal Labissiere Phoenix Suns -- 34 Ulis , Tyler Tyler Ulis Phoenix Suns -- 2017 5 5 Fox , De'Aaron De'Aaron Fox Sacramento Kings -- 11 11 Monk , Malik Malik Monk Charlotte Hornets -- 14 14 Adebayo , Edrice Edrice Adebayo Miami Heat -- Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : When the franchise previously known as the Charlotte Bobcats renamed itself the Charlotte Hornets starting with the 2014 -- 15 season , it received sole ownership of the history and records of the original Charlotte Hornets , which played from 1988 to 2002 . Jump up ^ Although Kanter enrolled at Kentucky and attended classes during the 2010 -- 11 school year , he never played for the team . He was declared ineligible by the NCAA due to benefits received while playing club basketball in Turkey . References ( edit ) General `` 2012 - 13 Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . University of Kentucky . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . `` NBA Draft Picks From University of Kentucky '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . `` Rookie of the Year Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . `` NBA postseason awards : Sixth Man Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . `` Most Improved Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . `` Defensive Player of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . `` Coach of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . `` Finals Most Valuable Player '' . NBA / Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . `` All - NBA Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on 17 September 2008 . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . `` All - Star Game : Year - by - Year Results '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers Index '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Draft and Lottery '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dengate , Jeff ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Let the Ping - Pong Balls Fall '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( i ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Pluto , Terry ( 1990 ) . Loose Balls : The Short , Wild Life of the American Basketball Association . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 432 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 4061 - X . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Groza NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Beard NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1956 - 57 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1958 - 59 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 - 60 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 - 61 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 - 62 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 - 63 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 - 64 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 - 58 St. Louis Hawks Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Hagan NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 - 72 Los Angeles Lakers Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 - 82 Los Angeles Lakers Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 - 85 Los Angeles Lakers Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 - 87 Los Angeles Lakers Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 - 88 Los Angeles Lakers Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 - 06 Miami Heat Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 12 Miami Heat Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 Miami Heat Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1974 - 75 Kentucky Colonels Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Louie Dampier NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Issel NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 - 77 Portland Trail Blazers Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 - 78 Washington Bullets Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 - 81 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jamal Mashburn NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Antoine Walker NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 - 05 San Antonio Spurs Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaal Magloire NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 Detroit Pistons Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 Boston Celtics Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Rajon Rondo NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` DeMarcus Cousins NBA & ABA Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis Olympic Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball Venues State College Gymnasium ( 1903 -- 1914 ) Buell Armory Gymnasium ( 1910 -- 1924 ) Alumni Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 1950 ) Memorial Coliseum ( 1950 -- 1976 ) Rupp Arena ( 1976 -- present ) Joe Craft Center ( practice ) Rivalries Centre College ( historical ) Florida Georgetown College ( historical ) Indiana Louisville North Carolina Tennessee Transylvania ( historical ) Culture & Lore Basketbowl Champions Classic Fabulous Five `` The Shot '' The Unforgettables History under Adolph Rupp The Rivalry : Red v. Blue 2011 game vs. Indiana People Head coaches Honored players Honorees NBA draftees Players Recruiting history Seasons 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 <Td_colspan="2"> Helms and Premo - Porretta national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics ; NCAA championships in bolded italics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kentucky_Wildcats_in_the_NBA_draft&oldid=813203807 '' Categories : Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball players Lists of National Basketball Association draftees by college basketball team Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 11 : 38 . About Wikipedia
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1. Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team
2. NBA Draft
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significance of the number 7 in japanese culture
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Japanese superstitions - wikipedia Japanese superstitions This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Japanese superstitions are rooted in the culture and history of Japan and the Japanese people . Some Japanese superstitions are meant to teach lessons or serve as practical advice . Contents 1 Overview 2 Folk wisdom 3 Linguistic superstition 3.1 Numbers 3.1. 1 Lucky Numbers 3.1. 2 Unlucky Numbers 4 Death and the supernatural 5 Animals 6 Spring 7 See also 8 References Overview ( edit ) Some superstitions that are common in Japan have been imported from other cultures . The Japanese share superstitions with other Asian cultures , particularly the Chinese , with whom they share significant historical and cultural ties . The unluckiness of the number four is one such example , as the Japanese word for `` four '' sounds like the word for `` death '' . However , unlike most other countries , in Japan , a black cat crossing one 's path is considered to bring good luck . A significant portion of Japanese superstition is related to language . Numbers and objects that have names that are homophones for words such as `` death '' and `` suffering '' are typically considered unlucky . Other superstitions relate to the literal meanings of words . Another significant part of Japanese superstition has its roots in Japan 's ancient pagan , animist culture and regards certain natural things as having kami . Thus , many Japanese superstitions involve beliefs about animals and depictions of animals bringing about good or bad fortune . Folk wisdom ( edit ) If one plays with fire , they will wet their beds . ( This is said to make children aware of the danger of fire . ) If one rests just after eating , they will become a cow / pig / elephant . ( This discourages laziness . ) If one whistles or plays a flute at night , snakes will come to them . ( This means not to bother one 's neighbors . ) In this context , `` snake '' means a `` thief '' . A cold midsection will cause diarrhea . The first dream of a Japanese New Year will come true . Breaking a comb or the cloth strap of a geta wooden sandal is an omen of misfortune . Stepping on the cloth border of a tatami mat brings bad luck . Linguistic superstition ( edit ) If a funeral hearse drives past , one must hide their thumbs in a fist . The Japanese word for `` thumb '' literally translates as `` parent - finger . '' . Hiding it is considered protection for one 's parents . If this is not done , one 's parents will die . Numbers ( edit ) Lucky numbers ( edit ) 7 , when pronounced with `` shichi '' , sounds similar to the number four ( 四 shi ) . It is considered a good number since 7 symbolizes `` Togetherness '' . 8 is considered a lucky number because it is nearly homophonous to the word `` Prosperity '' ( 繁栄 han'ei ) , It is also homophonous to Hachikō. 9 is considered a good number , when it was pronounced Kyū , sounds like a word for Relief. 10 is considered a good number because it is pronounced Jū , sounds like the word for `` Enough '' and `` Replete '' . It is also a homophone for the word `` Ample '' ( 十分 な jūbun'na ) . Unlucky numbers ( edit ) See also : Tetraphobia There are several unlucky numbers in Japanese . Traditionally , 4 is unlucky because it is sometimes pronounced shi , which is the word for death . Sometimes levels or rooms with 4 do n't exist in hospitals or hotels . Particularly in the maternity section of a hospital , the room number 43 is avoided because it can literally mean `` stillbirth '' . ( 死産 - shizan : 死 - death / to die and 産 - childbirth / produce ) . In cars and racing , number 42 which sounds like shini ( 死に -- to death ) and 49 , which sounds like shiku ( 敷く -- to run over ) are avoided . When giving gifts such as plates , they are normally in sets of three or five , never four . Number 9 is sometimes pronounced ku -- with the same pronunciation as agony or torture . Combs ( kushi ) are rarely given as presents as the name is pronounced the same as 9 4 . Due to these unlucky connotations , the numbers 4 and 9 are often pronounced yon and kyuu instead . The number 13 is occasionally thought of as unlucky , although this is imported from Western culture . Death and the supernatural ( edit ) If one goes to a Japanese funeral , he or she should throw salt over themselves before re-entering their homes . This is believed to be cleansing . One should never sleep with their heads to the north or that person will have a short life . ( This is the way a body is laid out at funeral . ) Chopsticks should not be stuck upright into food , especially rice . Chopsticks are only stuck upright into rice in the bowl on the altar at a funeral or when paying respects to the deceased . This is called hotokebashi . Food should never be passed chopstick - to - chopstick , as this is done only in a ceremony where bone fragments from cremated remains are placed in an urn . Cutting of fingernails or toenails at night is bad luck . If one does so , it is believed that he or she will not be with their parents at their deathbed . One should never write a person 's name in red ink . ( This is due to names on grave markers being red . ) Dark brown is not unlucky . Animals ( edit ) Use of the Maneki Neko or `` lucky cat '' . Many businesses such as shops or restaurants have figures of such beckoning cats , which are considered to be lucky and to bring in money and fortune . If one sees a spider in the morning , it means good luck so he or she should not kill it . However , if one sees a spider at night , it means bad luck so he or she can kill it . If one catches a crow 's glance , something bad will happen . Spring ( edit ) Ehou - maki are eaten during Setsubun in a lucky direction . See also ( edit ) Japanese mythology Shinto Japanese Buddhism List of haunted locations in Japan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simon , Gwladys Hughes ( July -- September 1952 ) . `` Some Japanese Beliefs and Home Remedies '' . The Journal of American Folklore. 65 ( 257 ) : 281 -- 293 . doi : 10.2307 / 537081 . JSTOR 537081 . Jump up ^ `` Superstition Bash Black Cats '' . Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Superstitions Part 1 - Death and the Number 4 '' . Japan Zone . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Superstitions , Part 2 - Omens and Floor Plans '' . Japan Zone . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Superstition '' . Japan Guide . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/ Jump up ^ http://maggiesensei.com/2010/03/03/%E8%BF%B7%E4%BF%A1meishin-%E7%B8%81%E8%B5%B7engi-japanese-superstitions/ Jump up ^ Shuji , Matsushita ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` A mouse in cat 's skin '' . CNet Asia . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . <Th_colspan="2"> Superstition Main topics Amulet Evil eye Luck Omen Talismans Myth and ritual Lists List of superstitions List of lucky symbols List of unlucky symbols Sailors ' superstitions Theatrical superstitions Africa Buda Gris - gris Sampy Sleeping child Americas Ascalapha odorata Carranca Curupira Djucu Fortune cookie I'noGo tied White lighter myth Witch window Asia Superstition in India list Superstition in Pakistan Japanese superstitions Bhoot ( ghost ) Chhaupadi Churel Ghosts in Bengali culture Jackal 's horn Muhurta Navaratna Nazar battu Pichal Peri Puppy pregnancy syndrome Akabeko Kanai Anzen Maneki - neko Okiagari - koboshi Omamori Fan death Agimat Albularyo Barang Kulam Lihi Pagtatawas Pasma Usog Kuman Thong Palad khik Takrut Nang Kwak Curse of 39 Jin Chan Numbers in Chinese culture Russian traditions and superstitions Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese Europe Barbary macaques in Gibraltar Blarney Stone Cimaruta Cornicello Goodman 's Croft In bocca al lupo Kitchen witch Nazar Painted pebbles Rabbit rabbit rabbit Ravens of the Tower of London Spilling water for luck Troll cross Tycho Brahe days Witch post Wolfssegen General 11 : 11 4 ( Four - leaf clover , Tetraphobia ) 7 ( Seventh son of a seventh son ) 8 9 13 ( Friday the 13th , The Thirteen Club , Thirteenth floor , Triskaidekaphobia ) 108 111 666 ( Number of the Beast ) Ace of spades Auspicious wedding date Baseball superstition Bayern - luck Beginner 's luck Black cat Bread and butter Break a leg Chain letter Cooties Cramp - ring Curse Davy Jones ' Locker End - of - the - day betting effect Fear of frogs Fear of ghosts First - foot Flying Dutchman Four Eleven Forty Four Gambler 's conceit Good luck charm Groundhog Day Himmelsbrief Human sacrifice Jinx Klabautermann Knocking on wood Law of contagion Literomancy Lock of hair Maternal impression Miasma theory Mooncalf Need - fire Nelson Numismatic charm Oscar love curse Penny Powder of sympathy Rabbit 's foot Rainmaking The Scottish Play Ship sponsor Shoes on a table Sign of the horns Something old Spilling salt Susto Three on a match Threshold Toi toi toi Wishing well Witch ball Witching hour Related Apotropaic magic Astrology and science Coincidence Debunker Divination Folk religion Fortune - telling Magic and religion Magical thinking Numerology Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Post hoc ergo propter hoc Traditional medicine Urban legend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_superstitions&oldid=840707113 '' Categories : Superstitions of Japan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 16 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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we will we will rock you by queen
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We Will Rock You - wikipedia We Will Rock You This article is about the Queen song . For other uses , see We Will Rock You ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` We Will Rock You '' <Td_colspan="2"> as side B of `` We Are the Champions '' UK vinyl single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Queen <Th_colspan="2"> from the album News of the World A-side `` We Are the Champions '' Released 7 October 1977 Format 7 '' single Genre Arena rock Length 2 : 02 Label EMI Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Brian May Producer ( s ) Queen Mike Stone <Th_colspan="2"> Queen singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Long Away '' ( 1977 ) `` We Are the Champions '' / `` We Will Rock You '' ( 1977 ) `` Spread Your Wings '' ( 1978 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Long Away '' ( 1977 ) `` We Are the Champions '' / `` We Will Rock You '' ( 1977 ) `` Spread Your Wings '' ( 1978 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> News of the World track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` We Will Rock You '' ( 1 ) `` We Are the Champions '' ( 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` We Will Rock You '' is a song written by Brian May and recorded by Queen for their 1977 album News of the World . Rolling Stone ranked it number 330 of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' in 2004 , and it placed at number 146 on the Songs of the Century list in 2001 . In 2009 , `` We Will Rock You '' was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Other than the last 30 seconds containing a guitar solo by May , the song is generally set in a cappella form , using only stomping and clapping as a rhythmic body percussion beat . In 1977 , `` We Will Rock You '' and `` We Are the Champions '' were issued together as a worldwide top 10 single . Soon after the album was released , many radio stations began playing the songs consecutively and without interruption . Since its release , `` We Will Rock You '' has been covered , remixed , sampled , parodied , referenced and used by multiple recording artists , TV shows , films and other media worldwide . Since its release , the song has become a staple at sports events around the world as a stadium anthem , mostly due to its simple rhythm . On 7 October 2017 , Queen released a Raw Sessions version of the track to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the release of News of the World . It features a radically different approach to the guitar solo and includes May 's count - in immediately prior to the recording . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original Queen version 1.1 History 2 Five + Queen version 2.1 Track listing 3 Chart performance 3.1 Queen version 3.2 Five + Queen version 3.3 KCPK remix 4 Certifications 5 Cover versions 6 Live cover performances 7 Remixes 8 Sampling 9 Parodies and references to the song 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Original Queen version ( edit ) History ( edit ) `` We Will Rock You '' and `` We Are the Champions '' were written in response to an event that occurred during the A Day at the Races Tour . The band played at Stafford 's Bingley Hall , and , according to Brian May : We did an encore and then went off , and instead of just keeping clapping , they sang `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' to us , and we were just completely knocked out and taken aback -- it was quite an emotional experience really , and I think these chant things are in some way connected with that . One version was used as the opening track on 1977 's News of the World . This consists of a stomp - stomp - clap - pause beat , and a power chorus , being somewhat of an anthem . The stamping effects were created by the band overdubbing the sounds of themselves stomping and clapping many times and adding delay effects to create a sound like many people were participating . The durations of the delays were in the ratios of prime numbers , a technique now known as non-harmonic reverberation . A tape loop is used to repeat the last phrase of the guitar solo three times as opposed to Brian May playing it three separate times on the recording . The `` stomp , stomp , clap '' sounds were later used in the Queen + Paul Rodgers song `` Still Burnin ' '' . When performed live , the song is usually followed by `` We Are the Champions '' , as they were designed to run together . The songs are often paired on the radio and at sporting events , where they are frequently played . They were the last two songs Queen performed at Live Aid in 1985 . Queen also performed an alternate version `` We Will Rock You '' known as the `` fast version '' , featuring a faster - feeling tempo and a full band arrangement . The band would frequently use this version to open their live sets in the late 1970s and early 1980s , as heard on the albums Live Killers ( 1979 ) , Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl ( 2004 ) , Queen Rock Montreal ( 2007 ) , and the expanded edition of News of the World ( 2011 ) . A studio recording of this version is also known to exist , recorded for John Peel 's show on BBC Radio 1 in 1977 . It is part of a longer cut that starts with the original version . In 2002 , the fast version was officially released on a promo single distributed by the tabloid The Sun . The `` fast '' BBC studio version can also be found on The Best of King Biscuit Live Volume 4 . Between the two versions , there is a brief cut of a woman discussing Brahmanism , used in a BBC Radio documentary . The fast version is also used as the curtain call music for the musical of the same title , after the finale , which is a pairing of the original `` We Will Rock You '' and `` We Are the Champions . '' Since its release , the song has become a staple at sporting events around the world as a stadium anthem . It was the most played song during the 2008 -- 2009 seasons of the National Football League , National Hockey League and Major League Baseball . Five + Queen version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` We Will Rock You '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Five + Queen <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Invincible B - side Megamix Keep on Movin ' ( The Five - A-Side Mix ) Released 17 July 2000 Format CD single cassette single Length 3 : 08 Label Sony BMG Songwriter ( s ) Brian May Producer ( s ) Richard Stannard Julian Gallagher <Th_colspan="2"> Five singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Wanna Let You Go '' ( 2000 ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( 2000 ) `` Let 's Dance '' ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Wanna Let You Go '' ( 2000 ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( 2000 ) `` Let 's Dance '' ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Queen singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Under Pressure ( Rah Mix ) '' ( 1999 ) Under Pressure ( Rah Mix ) 1999 `` We Will Rock You '' ( 2000 ) We Will Rock You2000 `` Flash ( Vanguard Mix ) '' ( 2003 ) Flash ( Vanguard Mix ) 2003 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Invincible track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't Wanna Let You Go '' ( 3 ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( 4 ) `` Two Sides to Every Story '' ( 5 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` We Will Rock You '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> In July 2000 , English boy band Five released a cover of `` We Will Rock You '' . It was released from their second studio album , Invincible ( 1999 ) . Released on 17 July 2000 , the song features two members of Queen : Brian May on guitar and Roger Taylor on drums ; however , they do not sing any vocals on the track . Freddie Mercury had died in November 1991 , nearly a decade before this version 's release , and John Deacon had retired from public life three years before its release . The song charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart , making it Five 's second number - one single , and their ninth consecutive top - ten hit . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD1 `` We Will Rock You '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 08 `` Keep on Movin ' '' ( The Five - A-Side Mix ) -- 3 : 32 `` We Will Rock You '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 08 UK CD2 `` We Will Rock You '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 08 `` Invincible Megamix '' ( Including `` We Will Rock You '' ) -- 4 : 19 `` Invincible Megamix '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 19 UK Cassette single `` We Will Rock You '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 08 `` Keep on Movin ' '' ( The Five - A-Side Mix ) -- 3 : 32 `` Invincible Megamix '' ( Including `` We Will Rock You '' ) -- 4 : 19 European CD single `` We Will Rock You '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 08 `` Invincible Megamix '' ( Without `` We Will Rock You '' ) -- 3 : 43 `` We Will Rock You '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 08 Chart performance ( edit ) Queen version ( edit ) Year Chart Peak position 1978 France ( IFOP ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 45 US Billboard Hot 100 52 2003 France ( SNEP ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 49 2006 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 36 2008 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 56 2011 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 18 2012 Japan Hot 100 Singles 95 2017 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 69 Five + Queen version ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 64 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Iceland ( Tonlist ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 29 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 35 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts Chart ( 2000 ) Position Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 70 KCPK remix ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 50 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 10 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 10 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 18 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) 1990s 1992 : American glam metal band Warrant covered the song for the film Gladiator . 1992 : Brazilian band Viper covered the fast version of the song in their third album Evolution , and later in a 1993 live album Maniacs in Japan . 1996 : American recording artist Linda Ronstadt performed a soft lullaby version for her album Dedicated to the One I Love . 2000s 2000 : American hip hop producer DJ Hurricane and vocalist Scott Weiland collaborated on a cover of the song for the album Do n't Sleep . 2003 : A remix by KCPK , sung by a chorus of children , was released in a series of animated Evian adverts which aired in France , Germany and Belgium . The remix was later released as a single and entered the local charts . 2004 : American pop singers Britney Spears , Beyoncé and Pink used this song in an international commercial Pepsi campaign and the song was released on Pepsi Music 2004 : ( Dare For More ) CD . 2009 : Australian Idol winner of season 7 Stan Walker did a cover on the show and recorded a version on his debut album Introducing Stan Walker ( 2010 ) . 2013 : American musical TV series Glee covered the song in the twentieth episode of their fourth season , `` Lights Out '' . Live cover performances ( edit ) 1990s 1992 : Guns N ' Roses lead singer Axl Rose performed the song with Queen at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert . 1992 : U2 used the song as a set list opener before they performed on stage during the Zoo TV Tour . 1993 : Nirvana performed it in São Paulo , Brazil , changing the lyrics to `` we will fuck you '' . 1996 : Alanis Morissette and her band ended the first encore of her `` Ca n't Not '' Tour ( following the song , `` You Learn '' ) with a cover of the song , with Alanis playing the `` stomp - stomp - clap '' rhythm on drums . 2000s 2003 : English singer - songwriter Robbie Williams performed the song live at Knebworth . 2007 , 2010 : Japanese pop singer Kumi Koda covered this in her a-nation ' 07 performance , and three years later in a medley at her 10th anniversary concert at the Tokyo Dome . 2008 : Canadian singer Celine Dion performed a Queen medley with `` We Will Rock You '' and `` The Show Must Go On '' in her Taking Chances World Tour . 2009 : American guitarist Joe Perry from Aerosmith and singer Katy Perry covered the song at the MTV 's Video Music Awards 2009 . 2010s 2011 : American rock band My Chemical Romance performed the song with Queen guitarist Brian May at the Reading Festival . 2011 : Christina Aguilera , Cee Lo Green , Adam Levine and Blake Shelton covered the song on The Voice ( U.S. ) . 2012 : English pop singer Jessie J performed the song live with Brian May and Roger Taylor at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London on 12 August . 2012 : English rapper Dappy covered the song live alongside Brian May for BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge . The song later appeared on UK chart - topping album BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge 2012 . Remixes ( edit ) 1991 : Rick Rubin produced remixes of `` We Will Rock You '' , for an EP released by Hollywood Records . The `` Ruined Remix '' also contains contributions by Flea and Chad Smith of the Red Hot Chili Peppers . 2009 : French electronic music duo Daft Punk mixed this song along with their own song `` Robot Rock '' for the game DJ Hero to create `` We Will ( Robot ) Rock You '' . 2011 : Geddy ( a.k.a. Armageddon ) , former member from hip hop group Terror Squad , mashed up `` I Want It All '' and `` We Will Rock You '' for the soundtrack to the 2011 film Sucker Punch and the videogame Madden NFL 12 . 2012 : Helmut VonLichten ( formerly of E.S. Posthumus ) mixed this song with an orchestral version of `` Posthumus Zone '' for CBS 's Super Bowl 50 coverage . This mashup was later used for the 2015 film Pixels . 2014 : Canadian dubstep producer Excision and downlink remixed this song in the track Rock You . Sampling ( edit ) 2011 : American pop singer Katy Perry uses the `` stomp - stomp - clap '' beat in her song E.T . 2011 : Beyoncé uses the `` stomp - stomp - clap '' beat in her song `` Dreaming '' , featured on the Japanese edition of her 4th album 4 . 2011 : Lady Gaga sampled the `` stomp - stomp - clap '' in her song `` You and I '' , which also features the band 's guitarist Brian May , from Gaga 's album Born This Way . 2012 : One Direction sampled the `` stomp - stomp - clap '' and references `` Rock '' in their song `` Rock Me '' featured on their second album Take Me Home . 2012 : Kesha sampled the `` stomp - stomp - clap '' in her song `` Gold Trans Am '' , featured on the deluxe edition of her second album , Warrior . Parodies and references to the song ( edit ) 1987 : Henry Rollins did a parody of `` We Will Rock You '' titled `` I Have Come to Kill You '' . 2010 : The cast of the Off - Broadway musical Avenue Q performed covers of `` We Will Rock You '' and `` We Are the Champions '' in a video spoof of the Muppets ' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . 2012 : In the edition of WWE Raw of 12 March , The Rock performed his version during the Rock Concert segment by adding references to Team Bring It and fans chanting `` Cena Sucks '' in the chorus while taking aim at John Cena before they square off at WrestleMania XXVIII . 2014 : Indonesian singer Ahmad Dhani made a video with three Indonesian Idol contestants for supporting the Indonesian presidential candidate Prabowo - Hatta . Dhani wears a Nazi costume . It was noted as one of the worst political campaigns ever . 2015 : In The Big Bang Theory episode `` The Bachelor Party Corrosion '' Raj , Howard and Leonard sing a modified version of the song called , `` We Will Percussive Shock You '' and Sheldon burst out singing the first verse of the original song , which he then credited to his eidetic memory , mentioned that in this instance it was a ' curse . ' See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 1978 ( France ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Furniss , Matters ( 2012 ) . Queen -- Uncensored On the Record . Coda Books Ltd. p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 9085 - 3884 - 0 . Gaar , Gillian G. ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` Album reviews of Queen 's second box set of reissues '' . Goldmine . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Huang , Hao ( 2012 ) . Music in the 20th century . 3 . Coda Books Ltd. p. 508 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 9085 - 3884 - 0 . Queen ( ... ) proved expert at creating crowd - pleasing and long lasting anthems such as `` We Will Rock You '' and `` We Are the Champions '' -- popular songs for the burgeoning stadium - rock circuit . Konow , David ( 2002 ) . Bang Your Head : The Rise and Fall of Heavy Metal . Three Rivers Press . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0609807323 . Two years later , in 1977 , they would practically invent the arena - rock anthem with `` We Will Rock You . '' The song was designed for maximum audience participation , where everyone would stomp and clap along to its beat . Even today , whenever you stomp and clap that thunderous beat at a sporting event , Queen gets royalties . Serwer , Jesse ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` The 77 Best Rock Samples in Rap History -- 41 . Dame Dash Presents Dream Team f / Kanye West , Beanie Sigel , Cam'Ron , Young Chris and Twista `` We Are the Champions '' ( 2002 ) `` . Complex . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . The distinctive stomp - stomp - clap drum pattern from `` We Will Rock You '' -- the apotheosis of arena rock Jump up ^ `` Queen -- News of the World '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Will Rock You '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 ... Rolling Stone . 9 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame -- w '' . Grammy Hall of Fame Award . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Queen enter Grammy Hall of Fame '' . BBC News . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` We Are the Champions -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 12 - Inch Single Joins 2 Queen Hits '' . Billboard. 89 ( 50 ) : 72 . 17 December 1977 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` '' We Will Rock You '' Still Most Popular Sporting Event Anthem `` . FMQB. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Rock Songs '' . Mystic Madness . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Taylor , Gary ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` Detalles del álbum '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 ... Queen Online . Jump up ^ Stanford , Peter ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Queen : their finest moment at Live Aid '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums . London : Guinness World Records Limited . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 70 '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Queen -- We Will Rock You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Queen -- We Will Rock You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Queen -- We Will Rock You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Queen - We Will Rock You We Are The Champions '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Queen -- We Will Rock You / We Are The Champions ( Live At Wembley ' 86 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Queen -- We Will Rock You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Queen -- We Will Rock You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Five + Queen -- We Will Rock You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Five + Queen -- We Will Rock You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Five + Queen -- We Will Rock You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Five + Queen -- We Will Rock You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 2000 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- KCPK -- We Will Rock You ( Remix ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- KCPK -- We Will Rock You ( Remix ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- KCPK -- We Will Rock You ( Remix ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 115 ( 24 ) : 65 . 14 June 2003 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- KCPK -- We Will Rock You ( Remix ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- KCPK -- We Will Rock You ( Remix ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- KCPK -- We Will Rock You ( Remix ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Queen ; ' We Will Rock You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Queen -- We Will Rock You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Queen -- We Will Rock You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` we will rock you by warrant '' . joMusic.net . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Song > We Will Rock You '' . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 ... Youmix.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 22 ) Dedicated To The One I Love '' . Softshoe-slim.com . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Hurricane - Do n't Sleep CD '' . CD Universe . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Will Rock You 2003 editions '' . Archived from the original on 6 April 2004 ... Queencollector.com . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears Beyonce Pink - We will rock you '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2010 ... Yahoo ! 7 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Walker 's Official Site '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 ... Stanwalker.com.au . Jump up ^ `` GLEE Will Rock You ! All The NEW MUSIC From Lights Out HERE ! '' . PerezHilton.com. 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert '' . Ultimatequeen.co.uk . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axl Rose ( Freddie Mercury cover ) - We Will Rock You ( Live Wembley ) '' . Facebook . 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Showing details for U2 's ZOO TV Tour '' . U2gigs.com . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Há 18 anos , Nirvana realizava show histórico em São Paulo '' . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette Setlist at Estadio Obras Sanitarias , Buenos Aires , Argentina '' . Setlist.fm. 26 October 1996 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We Will Rock You ( Live ) by Robbie Williams '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 ... Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ `` KODA KUMI 10th Anniversary - FANTASIA - in TOKYO DOME ( Hong Kong Version ) '' . YesAsia . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert : Includes Dvd '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2011 ... HMV . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Performs `` We Will Rock You '' to Intro Russell Brand `` . MTV . Viacom . 13 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` My Chemical Romance joined by Queen 's Brian May at Reading Festival '' . NME. 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' : Christina Aguilera , Blake Shelton , Adam Levine , Cee Lo Green Perform Queen Medley ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics Closing Ceremony : Jessie J Joins Queen For ' We Will Rock You ' Performance '' . Capital FM . 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Tulisa , Lana Del Rey , Jessie J for new ' Radio 1 Live Lounge 2012 ' album '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Queen -- We Will Rock You ( The Rick Rubin `` Ruined '' Remix ) `` . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robot Rock vs . We Will Rock You ( 2 : 57 ) '' . Last.fm . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Wisniewski , Dan ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Queen 's `` I Want It All / We Will Rock You '' Mash - up featured on Sucker Punch Soundtrack `` . Mxdwn.com . 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Retrieved 8 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at Queen official website ( from Queen Rocks ) <Th_colspan="2"> Queen songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Queen `` Keep Yourself Alive '' `` Liar '' Queen II `` Seven Seas of Rhye '' Sheer Heart Attack `` Killer Queen '' / `` Flick of the Wrist '' `` Now I 'm Here '' `` Lily of the Valley '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' A Night at the Opera `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` Love of My Life '' A Day at the Races `` Somebody to Love '' `` Tie Your Mother Down '' `` Teo Torriatte ( Let Us Cling Together ) '' `` Long Away '' `` Good Old - Fashioned Lover Boy '' News of the World `` We Are the Champions '' / `` We Will Rock You '' `` Spread Your Wings '' `` It 's Late '' Jazz `` Bicycle Race '' / `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' `` Jealousy '' `` Mustapha '' Live Killers `` Love of My Life '' ( Live ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( Live ) The Game `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Play the Game '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` Need Your Loving Tonight '' Flash Gordon `` Flash '' Hot Space `` Under Pressure '' ( with David Bowie ) `` Body Language '' `` Las Palabras de Amor '' `` Calling All Girls '' `` Staying Power '' `` Back Chat '' The Works `` Radio Ga Ga '' `` I Want to Break Free '' `` It 's a Hard Life '' `` Hammer to Fall '' A Kind of Magic `` One Vision '' `` A Kind of Magic '' `` Princes of the Universe '' `` Friends Will Be Friends '' `` Pain Is So Close to Pleasure '' `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' `` One Year of Love '' The Miracle `` I Want It All '' `` Breakthru '' `` The Invisible Man '' `` Scandal '' `` The Miracle '' Innuendo `` Innuendo '' `` I 'm Going Slightly Mad '' `` Headlong '' `` I Ca n't Live with You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' Made in Heaven `` Heaven for Everyone '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` I Was Born to Love You '' `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' `` Let Me Live '' `` You Do n't Fool Me '' Queen Rocks `` No - One but You ( Only the Good Die Young ) '' / `` Tie Your Mother Down '' Greatest Hits III `` Under Pressure ( Rah Mix ) '' Non-album singles `` Thank God It 's Christmas '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( Small Soldiers Remix ) '' `` We Will Rock You '' ( with Five ) `` We Are the Champions '' ( with Robbie Williams ) `` Flash ( Vanguard Mix ) '' `` Another One Bites the Dust ( The Miami Project Remixes ) '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( with The Muppets ) Other songs `` See What a Fool I 've Been '' `` Death on Two Legs '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Good Company '' `` Sheer Heart Attack '' `` Is This the World We Created ... ? '' `` Ride the Wild Wind '' `` Delilah '' `` Made in Heaven '' `` Mother Love '' `` Let Me in Your Heart Again '' `` Love Kills '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> John Farnham Studio albums Sadie Everybody Oughta Sing a Song Looking Through a Tear Christmas Is ... Johnny Farnham Johnny Together Johnny Farnham Sings the Shows Hits Magic & Rock ' N Roll Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies J.P. Farnham Sings Uncovered Whispering Jack Age of Reason Chain Reaction Then Again ... Romeo 's Heart 331⁄3 The Last Time I Remember When I Was Young : Songs from the Great Australian Songbook Jack Friends for Christmas Live albums Johnny Farnham Sings The Big Hits Of ' 73 Live ! Full House Live At The Regent Theatre Highlights from The Main Event John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert The Acoustic Chapel Sessions Two Strong Hearts Live Compilation albums The Best of Johnny Farnham Johnny Farnham 's Greatest Hits Anthology 1 : Greatest Hits 1986 -- 1997 Anthology 2 : Classic Hits 1967 -- 1985 ( Recorded Live ) Anthology 3 : Rarities Love Songs One Voice : The Greatest Hits The Essential The Essential 3.0 Videos & DVDs The Main Event Anthology - The Videos An Audience with John Farnham The Last Time One Voice : The Greatest Clips John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert Classic Jack Live ! Chain Reaction Live in Concert With The Sydney Symphony Live at the Sydney Opera House Two Strong Hearts Live EPs & Singles `` Sadie ( The Cleaning Lady ) '' `` Underneath the Arches '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` One '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Help ! '' `` You 're the Voice '' `` Pressure Down '' `` A Touch of Paradise '' `` Reasons '' `` Age Of Reason '' `` Two Strong Hearts '' `` Beyond the Call '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` Everytime You Cry '' `` The Last Time '' `` We Will Rock You '' `` Downhearted '' `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' Related articles Discography Awards Little River Band Darryl Sambell Glenn Wheatley <Th_colspan="2"> Five <Td_colspan="2"> Sean Conlon Ritchie Neville Scott Robinson Jason `` J '' Brown Abz Love Studio albums Five Invincible Kingsize Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles `` Slam Dunk ( Da Funk ) '' `` When the Lights Go Out '' `` Got the Feelin ' '' `` Everybody Get Up '' `` It 's the Things You Do '' `` Until the Time Is Through '' `` If Ya Gettin ' Down '' `` Keep On Movin ' '' `` Do n't Wanna Let You Go '' `` We Will Rock You '' `` Let 's Dance '' `` Closer to Me '' `` Rock the Party '' Tours The Big Reunion 5ive Greatest Hits Tour Loud and Intimate Tour Related articles Discography Abstract Theory <Th_colspan="2"> Warrant <Td_colspan="2"> Erik Turner Jerry Dixon Steven Sweet Joey Allen Robert Mason Adam Shore Josh Lewis Chris Vincent Jani Lane Scott Warren Rick Steier James Kottak Mike Fasano Keri Kelli Billy Morris Jaime St. James Studio albums Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich ( 1989 ) Cherry Pie ( 1990 ) Dog Eat Dog ( 1992 ) Ultraphobic ( 1995 ) Belly to Belly ( 1996 ) Greatest & Latest ( 1999 ) Under the Influence ( 2001 ) Born Again ( 2006 ) Rockaholic ( 2011 ) Louder Harder Faster ( 2017 ) Compilations The Best of Warrant ( 1996 ) Rocking Tall ( 1996 ) Then and Now ( 2004 ) Live albums Warrant Live 86 -- 97 ( 1997 ) Singles `` Down Boys '' `` Heaven '' `` Big Talk '' `` Sometimes She Cries '' `` Cherry Pie '' `` I Saw Red '' `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' `` Blind Faith '' `` We Will Rock You '' `` Machine Gun '' `` The Bitter Pill '' `` Heaven ' 99 ' '' `` Cherry Pie ' 99 '' `` I Think I 'll Just Stay Here and Drink '' Related articles Discography List of Warrant members Back Down to One Saints of the Underground Love the Sin , Hate the Sinner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Will_Rock_You&oldid=850468383 '' Categories : 1977 songs 1977 singles 2000 singles Elektra Records singles EMI Records singles Five ( band ) songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Hollywood Records singles Queen ( band ) songs Number - one singles in France Songs written by Brian May Sony BMG singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 02 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Queen's "We Will Rock You" song
2. Stadium anthem
3. Cover versions and remixes
4. Live performances and collaborations
5. Sampling and parodies
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8,353,850,584,432,139,000 |
white space located inside letters like o and p
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Counter ( typography ) - Wikipedia Counter ( typography ) Jump to : navigation , search The counter of the letter `` p '' shown in red In typography , a counter is the area of a letter that is entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol ( the counter-space / the hole of ) . Letters containing closed counters include A , B , D , O , P , Q , R , a , b , d , e , g , o , p , and q . Letters containing open counters include c , f , h , i , s etc . The digits 0 , 4 , 6 , 8 , and 9 also possess a counter . An aperture is the opening between an open counter and the outside of the letter . The lowercase ' g ' has two typographic variants : the single - story ' ' has one closed counter and one open counter ( and hence one aperture ) ; the double - story ' ' has two closed counters . The digit 4 also has two typographic variants : the closed - top variant ' ' has a closed counter , and an open - top ( e.g. handwritten ) ' ' has an open counter . Open and closed apertures ( edit ) Different typeface styles have different tendencies to use open or more closed apertures . This design decision is particularly important for sans - serif typefaces , which can have very wide strokes making the apertures very narrow indeed . Three sans - serif fonts : Corbel with open apertures , Helvetica with closed apertures and Haettenschweiler which is also condensed . Notice how 8 and 9 in Haettenschweiler are barely distinguishable . Fonts designed for legibility often have very open apertures , keeping the strokes widely separated from one another to reduce ambiguity . This may be especially important in situations such as signs to be viewed at a distance , materials intended to be viewed by people with vision problems , or small print , especially on poor - quality paper . Fonts with open apertures include Lucida Grande , Trebuchet MS , Corbel and Droid Sans , all designed for use on low - resolution displays , and Frutiger , FF Meta and others designed for print use . This design trend has become increasingly common with the spread of humanist sans - serif designs since the 1980s and the 1990s and the use of computers requiring new fonts which are legible on - screen . Helvetica ca n't do everything ... it can be really weak in small sizes . Shapes like ' C ' and ' S ' curl back into themselves , leaving tight `` apertures '' -- the channels of white between a letter 's interior and exterior ... The lowercase ' e , ' the most common letter in English and many other languages , takes an especially unobliging form . These and other letters can be a pixel away from being some other letter . Tobias Frere - Jones Realist or neo-grotesque sans - serif fonts like Helvetica use very closed apertures , folding up stroke ends to make them closer together . This gives these designs a distinctive , compact appearance , but may make similar letterforms hard to distinguish . Closed letterforms on highly condensed realist designs such as Impact and Haettenschweiler make characters such as 8 and 9 almost indistinguishable at small print sizes . Designer Nick Shinn has suggested that the cause of this design trend , similar to the Didone serif typefaces of the nineteenth century , may have been the desire to distribute the pressure of the printing press on the type , reducing wear . See also ( edit ) Figure space Thin space Paren space Counterpunch ( typography ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maxymuk , John ( 1997 ) . Using desktop publishing to create newsletters , handouts , and Web pages ( Google books ( snippet view ) ) . Neal - Schuman . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55570 - 265 - 6 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Counter is the white space center of enclosed letters like Bb , Dd , Pp . Jump up ^ Narang , Sumita ( 2006 ) . Designing Websites : According to the Ancient Science of Directions ( Google books ( limited prview ) ) . Smita Jain Narang . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 3071 - 7 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Open space in a letter is called the counter or the aperture . Jump up ^ `` Mercury Text : Features '' . Hoefler & Frere - Jones . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Whited , Billy . `` Three Exemplary Typefaces for User Interfaces '' . The Typekit Blog . Adobe . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Covert , Adrian . `` Why Apple 's New Font Wo n't Work On Your Desktop '' . FastCoDesign . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Shinn , Nick . `` Modern Suite '' ( PDF ) . Shinntype . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ My Type Design Philosophy by Martin Majoor <Th_colspan="2"> Typography terminology Page Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Paragraph Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter - spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization ALL CAPS Camel case Letter case Petite caps Small caps Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Infɑnt Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Classifications Roman type Antiqua ( old style ) Didone ( modern ) Sans - serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse - contrast Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen - minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point - size names Thin space Digital typography Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography Related Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal This typography - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counter_(typography)&oldid=810051262 '' Categories : Typography Whitespace Typography stubs Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Shqip 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 02 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Counter in typography
2. Open and closed counters
3. Apertures in letterforms
4. Sans-serif typefaces and apertures
5. Design trends in typography
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-4,108,063,076,555,416,600 |
who are the teams in the acc conference
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Atlantic Coast conference - wikipedia Atlantic Coast conference <Th_colspan="2"> Atlantic Coast Conference <Td_colspan="2"> Established 1953 Association NCAA Division Division I Subdivision FBS Members 15 Sports fielded 27 men 's : 13 women 's : 14 Region South South Atlantic East South Central Northeast Mid-Atlantic New England Midwest ( except football ) East North Central ( except football ) Headquarters Greensboro , North Carolina Commissioner John Swofford ( since 1997 ) Website www.theacc.com <Th_colspan="2"> Locations <Td_colspan="2"> The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference in the United States of America in which its fifteen member universities compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US - based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty - five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the six collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie - in to a `` New Year 's Six '' bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in Early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools . The additions in recent years extended the conference 's footprint into the Northeast and Midwest . ACC member universities represent a range of well - regarded private and public universities of various enrollment sizes , all of which participate in the Atlantic Coast Conference Academic Consortium whose purpose is to `` enrich the educational missions , especially the undergraduate student experiences , of member universities '' . Locations of the Atlantic Coast Conference member institutions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Member universities 1.1 Current members 1.2 Former members 1.3 Membership timeline 2 History 2.1 Founding and early expansion 2.1. 1 1978 & 1991 expansion 2.1. 2 2004 -- 2005 expansion 2.2 2010 -- present 3 Academics and ACCAC 3.1 Academic rankings 3.2 ACCAC and ACC academic network 3.3 ACCAC academic programs 4 Spending and revenue 5 Facilities 6 Sports 6.1 Men 's sponsored sports by school 6.2 Women 's sponsored sports by school 6.3 Current champions 7 Football 7.1 Divisions 7.2 Bowl games 7.3 National championships 8 Basketball 8.1 History 8.2 Tournament as championship 8.3 Present - day schedule 8.4 National championships and Final Fours 9 Baseball 10 Field hockey 11 Golf 12 Lacrosse 13 Soccer 14 Commissioners 15 NCAA team championships 16 Capital One Cup standings 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Member universities ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) The ACC has 15 member institutions located within the borders of 10 contiguous states . Listed in alphabetical order , these 10 states within the ACC 's geographical footprint are Florida , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Massachusetts , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Virginia . The geographic domain of the conference is predominantly within the Southern and Northeastern United States along the US Atlantic coast and stretches from Florida in the south to New York in the North and from Indiana in the west to Massachusetts furthest east . In two sports , football and baseball , the ACC is divided into two non-geographic divisions of seven teams each , labeled the `` Atlantic '' and `` Coastal '' divisions . Notre Dame does not participate in ACC football and Syracuse does not participate in ACC baseball , leaving 14 total ACC schools for each of those sports . For all other sports , the ACC operates as a single unified league with no divisions . When Notre Dame joined the ACC , it chose to remain a football independent . However , its football team established a special scheduling arrangement with the ACC to play a rotating selection of five ACC football teams per season . Since July 1 , 2014 , the 15 members of the ACC are : Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment Nickname Colors <Th_colspan="9"> Atlantic Division Boston College Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 1863 2005 Private 14,250 Eagles Clemson University Clemson , South Carolina 1889 1953 Public 23,406 Tigers Florida State University Tallahassee , Florida 1851 1991 Public 41,900 Seminoles University of Louisville Louisville , Kentucky 1798 2014 Public 22,640 Cardinals North Carolina State University Raleigh , North Carolina 1887 1953 Public 34,015 Wolfpack University of Notre Dame Notre Dame , Indiana 1842 2013 Private 12,292 Fighting Irish Syracuse University Syracuse , New York 1870 2013 Private 21,970 Orange Wake Forest University Winston - Salem , North Carolina 1834 1953 Private 7,669 Demon Deacons <Th_colspan="9"> Coastal Division Duke University Durham , North Carolina 1838 1953 Private 14,832 Blue Devils Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta , Georgia 1885 1979 Public 26,839 Yellow Jackets University of Miami Coral Gables , Florida 1925 Private 16,801 Hurricanes University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill , North Carolina 1789 1953 Public 29,469 Tar Heels University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 1787 2013 State - related 34,580 Panthers University of Virginia Charlottesville , Virginia 1819 1953 Public 22,391 Cavaliers Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg , Virginia 1872 Public 31,090 Hokies Jump up ^ Although Florida State joined the ACC in 1991 , it did not compete for the league 's football championship until 1992 . Jump up ^ Although Georgia Tech joined the ACC in 1979 , it did not compete for the league 's football championship until 1983 . Jump up ^ Includes enrollment at the university 's Pittsburgh campus and four additional regional campuses . The Pittsburgh campus enrollment is 28,642 . Former members ( edit ) On July 1 , 2014 , The University of Maryland departed for The Big Ten Conference as The University of Louisville joined from The American Athletic Conference ( formerly , The Big East Conference ) . In 1971 , The University of South Carolina left The ACC to become an independent , later joining The Metro Conference in 1983 and moving to its current home , The Southeastern Conference , in 1991 . Institution Location Founded Joined Left Type ( affiliation ) Current Conference Nickname / Colors University of South Carolina Columbia , South Carolina 1801 1953 1971 Public ( USCS ) SEC Gamecocks University of Maryland College Park , Maryland 1856 ( as Maryland Agricultural College ) 1953 2014 Public ( USM ) Big 10 Terrapins Membership timeline ( edit ) Full members Non-football members History ( edit ) Founding and early expansion ( edit ) The ACC was established on June 14 , 1953 , when seven members of the Southern Conference left to form their own conference . These seven universities became charter members of the ACC : Clemson , Duke , Maryland , North Carolina , North Carolina State , South Carolina , and Wake Forest . They left partially due to that league 's ban on post-season football play . After drafting a set of bylaws for the creation of a new league , the seven withdrew from the Southern Conference at the spring meeting on the morning of May 8 , 1953 at the Sedgefield Country Club in Greensboro , North Carolina . The bylaws were ratified on June 14 , 1953 , and the ACC was created , becoming the second conference formed by schools collectively withdrawing from the SoCon , after the Southeastern Conference . On December 4 , 1953 , officials convened in Greensboro , North Carolina , and admitted Virginia , a SoCon charter member that had been independent since 1937 , into the conference . In 1960 , the ACC implemented a minimum SAT score for incoming student - athletes of 750 , the first conference to do so . This minimum was raised to 800 in 1964 , but was ultimately struck down by a federal court in 1972 . On July 1 , 1971 , South Carolina officially left the ACC to become an independent . 1978 & 1991 expansion ( edit ) The ACC operated with seven members until the addition of Georgia Tech from the Metro Conference , announced on April 3 , 1978 and taking effect on July 1 , 1979 except in football , in which Tech would remain an independent until joining ACC football in 1983 . The total number of member schools reached nine with the addition of Florida State , also formerly from the Metro Conference , on July 1 , 1991 in non-football sports and July 1 , 1992 in football . The additions of those schools marked the first expansions of the conference footprint since 1953 , though both schools were still located with the rest of the ACC schools in the South Atlantic States . 2004 -- 2005 expansion ( edit ) See also : 2005 NCAA conference realignment The ACC added three members from the Big East Conference during the 2005 conference realignment : Miami and Virginia Tech joined on July 1 , 2004 , and Boston College joined on July 1 , 2005 , as the league 's twelfth member and the first from the Northeast . The expansion was controversial , as Connecticut , Rutgers , Pittsburgh , and West Virginia ( and , initially , Virginia Tech ) filed lawsuits against the ACC , Miami , and Boston College for conspiring to weaken the Big East Conference . 2010 -- present ( edit ) See also : 2010 -- 13 Big East Conference realignment and 2010 -- 14 Big Ten Conference realignment The ACC Hall of Champions opened on March 2 , 2011 , next to the Greensboro Coliseum arena , making the ACC the second college sports conference to have a hall of fame after the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . On September 17 , 2011 , Big East Conference members Syracuse University and the University of Pittsburgh both applied to join the ACC . The two schools were accepted into the conference the following day , once again expanding the conference footprint like previous expansions . Because the Big East intended to hold Pitt and Syracuse to the 27 - month notice period required by league bylaws , the most likely entry date into the ACC ( barring negotiations ) was July 1 , 2014 . However , in July 2012 , the Big East came to an agreement with Syracuse and Pitt that allowed the two schools to leave the Big East on July 1 , 2013 . On September 12 , 2012 , Notre Dame agreed to join the ACC in all sports except football and hockey as the conference 's first member in the Midwestern United States . As part of the agreement , Notre Dame will play five football games each season against ACC teams beginning in 2014 . On March 12 , 2013 , Notre Dame and the Big East announced they had reached a settlement allowing Notre Dame to join the ACC effective July 1 , 2013 . On November 19 , 2012 , the University of Maryland 's Board of Regents voted to withdraw from the ACC to join the Big Ten Conference effective in 2014 . The following week , the Big East 's University of Louisville accepted the ACC 's invitation to become a full member , replacing Maryland effective July 1 , 2014 . The ACC 's presidents announced on April 22 , 2013 , that all 15 schools that would be members of the conference in 2014 -- 15 had signed a grant of media rights ( GOR ) , effective immediately and running through the 2026 -- 27 school year , coinciding with the duration of the conference 's then - current TV deal with ESPN . This move essentially prevents the ACC from being a target for other conferences seeking to expand -- under the grant , if a school leaves the conference during the contract period , all revenue derived from that school 's media rights for home games would belong to the ACC and not the school . The move also left the SEC as the only one of the FBS Power Five conferences without a GOR . Commissioner John Swofford In July 2016 , the GOR was extended through the 2035 -- 36 school year , coinciding with the signing of a new 20 - year deal with ESPN that would transform the then - current ad hoc ACC Network into a full - fledged network . The new network launched as a digital service in the 2016 -- 17 school year and is set to launch as a linear network no later than August 2019 . Academics and ACCAC ( edit ) Academic Rankings ( edit ) Among the major NCAA athletic conferences that sponsor NCAA Division I FBS football , including the current `` Power Five conferences '' , the ACC has been regarded as having the highest academically ranked collection of members based on U.S. News & World Report and by the NCAA 's Academic Progress Rate . Academics and Research School Endowment ( in US $ billions ) Major Faculty Awards ( total awards ) Princeton Review Rating ( scale 60 -- 99 ) US News US Ranking Washington Monthly US Ranking ARWU US Ranking NTU US Ranking CWTS Leiden US Impact Ranking Scimago US Higher Education Ranking URAP US Ranking US News / QS World Rankings Boston College $2.317300 6 85 32 57 100 138 155 123 145 339 Clemson $0.682736 78 67 114 156 138 110 125 123 701 Duke $7.911175 30 92 9 12 20 14 15 14 16 21 Florida State $0.639371 9 68 81 81 71 91 81 107 75 431 Georgia Tech $1.985802 21 86 34 31 43 47 41 32 45 70 Louisville $0.719001 5 69 165 221 156 119 103 105 110 1001 Miami $0.948579 7 78 46 277 61 59 58 41 54 252 North Carolina $3.027227 19 77 30 23 23 20 23 18 21 80 North Carolina State $1.122899 11 75 81 84 71 72 43 57 56 263 Notre Dame $9.352376 14 80 18 22 71 101 96 93 87 216 Pittsburgh $3.945687 13 80 68 143 35 17 13 20 19 142 Syracuse $1.258728 11 77 61 28 156 138 145 172 129 501 Virginia $6.393561 15 87 25 36 61 53 50 55 46 173 Virginia Tech $0.995807 10 73 69 19 100 95 53 65 63 367 Wake Forest $1.205323 94 27 75 136 86 95 85 88 411 ACCAC and ACC academic network ( edit ) Atlantic Coast Conference Academic Consortium The members of the ACC participate in the Atlantic Coast Conference Academic Consortium ( ACCAC ) , a consortium that provides a vehicle for inter-institutional academic and administrative collaboration between member universities . Growing out of a conference - wide doctoral student - exchange program that was established in 1999 , the ACCAC has expanded its scope into other domestic and international collaborations . The stated mission of the ACCAC is to `` leverage the athletic associations and identities among the 15 ACC universities in order to enrich the educational missions of member universities . '' To that end , the collaborative helps organize various academic initiatives , including fellowship and scholarship programs , global research initiatives , leadership conferences , and extensive study abroad programs . Funding for its operations , 90 % of which is spent on direct student support , is derived from a portion of the income generated by the ACC Football Championship Game and by supplemental allocations by individual universities and various grants . ACCAC academic programs ( edit ) Major academic programs that have been implemented under ACCAC include : The annual Meeting of the Minds ( MOM ) undergraduate research conference . The annual Student Leadership Conference . The Creativity and Innovation Fellowship Program in which each university receives $12,500 to award between two and five undergraduate students ACCAC fellowships for research or creative projects . The Summer Research Scholars Program in which every ACC university will receive $5,000 to support up to two of its undergraduate students in conducting research in residence at another ACC university during a minimum 10 week period over the summer . The ACC Debate Championship The ACC Inventure Prize Competition is a Shark Tank - like innovation competition for teams of students from ACC universities . The Student Federal Relations Trip to Washington , D.C. is an annual trip of student delegates from ACC universities to the nation 's capital . The Creativity Competition is planned to be an ACC - wide , team - based interdisciplinary competition emphasizing use of creative design and the arts to begin in 2017 . The Distinguished Lecturers Program in which five ACC universities select an outstanding faculty member as The ACCAC 's Distinguished Lecturer . In addition to an award stipend , the ACCAC provides financial support to enable each ACC university to sponsor a `` distinguished lecture event '' on their campus . The Executive Leadership Series is a two - day skill enhancement programs designed for Deans , Vice Provosts , and Vice Chancellors of ACC universities . The annual Student President Conference . The Coach for College Program , primarily for student - athletes and run through Duke University with support from the ACCAC , that takes 32 ACC students to Vietnam for three weeks in the summer to coach hundreds of middle school children . The Traveling Scholars Program which allows PhD candidates from one ACC campus to access courses , laboratories , library , or other resources at any one of the other ACC member institution campuses . The Clean Energy Grant Competition that helps coordinate geographically defined clusters of ACC universities in competition for United States Department of Energy Clean Energy Grants . The Study Abroad Program collaborative which allows cross registration in study abroad programs enroll in programs sponsored by an ACC university other than their `` home '' university . A Student Study Abroad Scholarship program that awarded two to five ACCAC scholarships for study abroad was discontinued in 2013 , but is targeted for renewal in 2014 -- 15 . The ACCAC also supports periodic meetings among faculty , administration , and staff who pursue similar interests and responsibilities at the member universities either by face - to - face conferences , video conferences , or telephone conferences . ACCAC affinity groups include those for International Affairs Officers , Study Abroad Directors , Teaching - Learning Center Directors , Chief Information Officers , Chief Procurement Officers , Undergraduate Research Conference Coordinators , Student Affairs Vice Presidents , Student Leadership Conference Coordinators , and Faculty Athletic Representatives To the ACC . Spending and revenue ( edit ) Total revenue includes ticket sales , contributions and donations , rights / licensing , student fees , school funds , and all other sources including TV income , camp income , food , and novelties . Total expenses includes coaching / staff , scholarships , buildings / grounds , maintenance , utilities and rental fees , and all other costs including recruiting , team travel , equipment and uniforms , conference dues , and insurance costs . Conference Rank ( 2015 -- 16 ) National Rank ( 2015 -- 16 ) Institution 2015 - 16 Total Revenue from Athletics 2015 - 16 Total Expenses on Athletics 18 Florida State ! Florida State University $113,754,314 $115,631,800 21 Louisville ! University of Louisville $112,146,504 $109,393,330 27 Clemson ! Clemson University $104,823,057 $103,059,980 28 Virginia ! University of Virginia $103,272,319 $99,801,739 5 33 North Carolina ! University of North Carolina $95,175,985 $95,175,985 6 41 Virginia Tech ! Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University $83,702,698 $84,617,028 7 44 North Carolina State ! North Carolina State University $80,225,029 $79,905,724 8 51 Georgia Tech ! Georgia Institute of Technology $76,409,293 $76,301,805 N / A N / A Boston College ! Boston College Not reported Not reported N / A N / A Duke ! Duke University Not reported Not reported N / A N / A Syracuse ! Syracuse University Not reported Not reported N / A N / A Miami ! University of Miami Not reported Not reported N / A N / A Notre Dame ! University of Notre Dame Not reported Not reported N / A N / A Pittsburgh ! University of Pittsburgh Not reported Not reported N / A N / A Wake Forest ! Wake Forest University Not reported Not reported Facilities ( edit ) School Football stadium Cap . Soccer stadium Cap . Basketball arena Cap . Baseball stadium Cap . Softball stadium Cap . Boston College Alumni Stadium 44,500 Newton Campus Sports Complex N / A Conte Forum 8,606 Harrington Athletics Village at Brighton Field 1,000 + Harrington Athletics Village at Brighton Field 300 + Clemson Memorial Stadium 81,500 Riggs Field 6,500 Littlejohn Coliseum 10,000 Doug Kingsmore Stadium 4,500 + <Td_colspan="2"> Non-softball school Duke Wallace Wade Stadium 40,004 Koskinen Stadium 4,500 Cameron Indoor Stadium 9,314 Jack Coombs Field Durham Bulls Park 2,000 10,000 Duke Softball Stadium 1,300 Florida State Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium 79,560 Seminole Soccer Complex 2,000 Donald L. Tucker Center 13,800 Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium 6,700 JoAnne Graf Field at the Seminole Softball Complex 1,000 Georgia Tech Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field 55,000 <Td_colspan="2"> Non-soccer school Hank McCamish Pavilion 8,600 Russ Chandler Stadium 4,157 Shirley Clements Mewborn Field 1,500 Louisville Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium 65,000 Dr. Mark & Cindy Lynn Stadium 5,300 KFC Yum ! Center 22,090 Jim Patterson Stadium 4,000 Ulmer Stadium 2,200 Miami Hard Rock Stadium 65,326 Cobb Stadium 500 Watsco Center 7,972 Mark Light Field at Alex Rodriguez Park 5,000 <Td_colspan="2"> Non-softball school North Carolina Kenan Memorial Stadium 63,000 Fetzer Field 5,700 Dean Smith Center ( M ) Carmichael Arena ( W ) 21,750 8,010 Boshamer Stadium 4,100 + Anderson Stadium 500 North Carolina State Carter -- Finley Stadium 57,583 Dail Soccer Field N / A PNC Arena ( M ) Reynolds Coliseum ( W ) 19,722 5,500 Doak Field 3,000 Dail Softball Stadium N / A Notre Dame <Td_colspan="2"> Plays football as an FBS independent Alumni Stadium 2,500 Edmund P. Joyce Center 9,149 Frank Eck Stadium 2,500 Melissa Cook Stadium 850 Pittsburgh Heinz Field 65,500 Ambrose Urbanic Field at Petersen Sports Complex 735 Petersen Events Center 12,508 Charles L. Cost Field at Petersen Sports Complex 900 Vartabedian Field at Petersen Sports Complex 600 Syracuse Carrier Dome 49,262 SU Soccer Stadium 1,500 Carrier Dome 35,446 <Td_colspan="2"> Non-baseball school Softball Stadium at Skytop 650 Virginia Scott Stadium 61,500 Klöckner Stadium 3,600 + John Paul Jones Arena 14,593 Disharoon Park 5,500 The Park 475 Virginia Tech Lane Stadium 65,632 Thompson Field 2,028 + Cassell Coliseum 9,847 English Field 1,033 + Tech Softball Park 1,024 Wake Forest BB&T Field 31,500 W. Dennie Spry Soccer Stadium 3,000 Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum 14,407 Wake Forest Baseball Park 6,280 <Td_colspan="2"> Non-softball school Sports ( edit ) The Atlantic Coast Conference sponsors championship competition in thirteen men 's and fourteen women 's NCAA - sanctioned sports . The most recently added sport was fencing , added for the 2014 -- 15 school year after having been absent from the conference since 1980 ; Boston College , Duke , North Carolina , and Notre Dame participate in that sport . Since all ACC members ( including non-football member Notre Dame ) field FBS football teams , they are subject to the NCAA requirement that FBS schools field at least 16 NCAA - recognized varsity sports . However , the ACC itself requires sponsorship of only four sports -- football , men 's basketball , women 's basketball , and either women 's soccer or women 's volleyball . All ACC members sponsor all five of the named sports except Georgia Tech , which sponsors women 's volleyball but not women 's soccer . Teams in ACC Conference competition Sport Men 's Women 's Baseball 14 Basketball 15 15 Cross country 15 15 Fencing Field hockey 7 Football 14 Golf 12 12 Lacrosse 5 8 Rowing 9 Soccer 12 14 Softball 12 Swimming & diving 11.5 12 Tennis 13 15 Track and field ( indoor ) 15 15 Track and field ( outdoor ) 15 15 Volleyball 15 Wrestling 6 Men 's sponsored sports by school ( edit ) Member - by - member sponsorship of the 13 men 's ACC sports for the 2017 -- 18 academic year . School Baseball Basketball Cross country Fencing Football Golf Lacrosse Soccer Swimming & diving Tennis Track & field ( indoor ) Track & field ( outdoor ) Wrestling Total ACC men 's sports Boston College Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Clemson Y Y 9 Duke Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13 Florida State Y Y Y 9 Georgia Tech 9 Louisville Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Miami Y Y Y Y 7.5 North Carolina Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13 North Carolina State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Notre Dame Y Y Y Y Y 11 Pittsburgh Y Y Y Y 9 Syracuse Y Y Y 7 Virginia Y Y Y Y Y 12 Virginia Tech Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Wake Forest Y Y Y Y Y 9 Totals 14 15 15 14 12 5 12 11.5 13 15 15 6 151.5 Men 's varsity sports not sponsored by the Atlantic Coast Conference which are played by ACC schools : School Ice hockey Rifle Rowing Sailing Skiing Boston College Hockey East no no NEISA EISA North Carolina State no GARC & SEARC no no no Notre Dame Big Ten no no no no Syracuse no no EARC no no ^ Jump up to : Not governed or recognized by the NCAA . Women 's sponsored sports by school ( edit ) Member - by - member sponsorship of the 14 women 's ACC sports for the 2017 -- 18 academic year . School Basketball Cross country Fencing Field hockey Golf Lacrosse Rowing Soccer Softball Swimming & diving Tennis Track & field ( indoor ) Track & field ( outdoor ) Volleyball Total ACC women 's sports Boston College Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 14 Clemson Y Y Y Y 9 Duke Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 14 Florida State Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Georgia Tech 8 Louisville Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13 Miami Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 North Carolina Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 14 North Carolina State Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10 Notre Dame Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13 Pittsburgh Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Syracuse Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Virginia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13 Virginia Tech Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11 Wake Forest Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9 Totals 15 15 7 12 8 9 14 12 12 15 15 15 15 168 Jump up ^ Clemson to add softball for the 2020 season . Women 's varsity sports not sponsored by the Atlantic Coast Conference which are played by ACC schools : School Beach volleyball Gymnastics Ice hockey Rifle Sailing Skiing Boston College no no Hockey East no NEISA EISA Florida State CCSA no no no no no North Carolina no EAGL no no no no North Carolina State no EAGL no GARC & SEARC no no Pittsburgh no EAGL no no no no Syracuse no no CHA no no no Jump up ^ Not governed or recognized by the NCAA . Current champions ( edit ) Once the first championship events for 2017 -- 18 are held , champions from the previous academic year will be indicated in italics . Season Sport Men 's champion Women 's champion Fall 2017 Cross country Syracuse NC State Field hockey -- Virginia Football Clemson -- Soccer Wake Forest North Carolina Volleyball -- Louisville and Pittsburgh Winter 2017 -- 18 Basketball Virginia Louisville Fencing Duke North Carolina Swimming & diving NC State Virginia Track & field ( Indoor ) Florida State Florida State Wrestling Virginia Tech -- Spring 2018 Baseball Florida State -- Softball -- Florida State Golf Georgia Tech Duke Lacrosse Notre Dame North Carolina Rowing -- Virginia Tennis Wake Forest North Carolina Track & field ( outdoor ) Florida State Miami Football ( edit ) See also : Atlantic Coast Conference football champions and ACC Championship Game The ACC is considered to be one of the Power Five conferences , all of which receive automatic placement of their football champions into one of the six major bowl games . Seven of its members claim football national championships in their history , with two having won the now - defunct Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) during its existence between 1998 and 2014 and one having won under the current College Football Playoff ( CFP ) system . Five of its members are among the top 25 of college football 's all - time winningest programs . Divisions ( edit ) In 2005 , the ACC began divisional play in football . Division leaders compete in a playoff game to determine the ACC championship . The inaugural Championship Game was played on December 3 , 2005 , in Jacksonville , Florida , at the venue then known as Alltel Stadium , in which Florida State defeated Virginia Tech to capture its 12th championship since it joined the league in 1992 . Notre Dame began playing several ACC teams each year in 2014 , but is not considered a football member and is not eligible to play in the ACC Championship Game . The ACC is the only NCAA Division I conference whose divisions are not divided geographically ( e.g. , North / South , East / West ) . The previous division structure led to each team playing the following games : Five games within its division ( one against each opponent ) One game against a designated permanent rival from the other division ( not necessarily the school 's closest traditional rival , even within the conference ) ; this is similar to the SEC setup Two rotating games ( one home , one away ) against teams in the other division Four out - of - conference games . On February 3 , 2012 , the ACC announced a new regular - season scheduling format which added Syracuse to the Atlantic Division and Pittsburgh to the Coastal Division . These new teams were paired as cross-divisional rivals . This change took effect when Pitt and Syracuse joined the conference in July 2013 . On October 3 , 2012 , it was announced that the extra in - division game would result in one fewer cross-division game . The current division structure leads to each team playing the following games : Six games within its division ( three home , three away , one against each opponent ) One game against a designated permanent rival from the other division ( not necessarily the school 's closest traditional rival , even within the conference ) ; this is similar to the SEC setup One rotating game against a team in the other division Four out - of - conference games . ( Beginning with the 2014 season , one of the four OOC games will be against Notre Dame every two to three years , as Notre Dame will play against five ACC opponents in non-conference games each season . ) Starting with the 2017 season , ACC members will be required to play at least one non-conference game each season against a team in the `` Power 5 '' conferences . Games against Notre Dame also meet the requirement . In January 2015 , the conference announced that games against another FBS independent , BYU , would also count toward the requirement . ACC teams can also meet the requirement by scheduling one another in non-conference games ; the first example of this was also announced in January 2015 , when North Carolina and Wake Forest announced that they would play a home - and - home non-conference series in 2019 and 2021 . In the table below , each column represents one division . Each team 's designated permanent rival is listed in the same row in the opposing column . Alignments reflect those in place since Louisville joined the ACC in 2014 . Atlantic Division Coastal Division Boston College Virginia Tech Clemson Georgia Tech Florida State Miami Louisville Virginia North Carolina State North Carolina Syracuse Pittsburgh Wake Forest Duke Bowl games ( edit ) Within the College Football Playoff , the Orange Bowl serves as the home of the ACC champion against Notre Dame or another team from the SEC or Big Ten . If the conference 's champion is selected for the CFP , another ACC team will be chosen in their place . The other bowls pick ACC teams in the order set by agreements between the conference and the bowls . Beginning in 2014 , Notre Dame is eligible for selection as the ACC 's representative to any of its contracted bowl games . The ACC 's bowl selection will no longer be bound by the rigidity of a `` one - win rule '' but will have a general list of criteria to emphasize regionality and quality matchups on the field . A one - win rule does apply to Notre Dame 's participation in the ACC Bowl structure . Notre Dame is now eligible for ACC Bowl selection beginning with the Citrus Bowl and continuing through the league 's bowl selections . However , Notre Dame must be within one win of the ACC available team which has the best overall record , in order to be chosen . In other words , if an ACC team was 9 - 3 , a 7 - 5 Notre Dame team could not be chosen in its place . Notre Dame would have to be 8 - 4 to be chosen over a 9 - 3 league team . Order of selection for ACC bowl participants Pick Name Location Opposing Conference Opposing Pick 1 * Orange Bowl Miami Gardens , Florida SEC , Big Ten or Notre Dame - 2 * * Citrus Bowl Orlando , Florida SEC Camping World Bowl Orlando , Florida Big 12 Conference ! Big 12 <Td_colspan="5"> Tier One All have equal selection status 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 Sun Bowl El Paso , Texas Pac - 12 5 Belk Bowl Charlotte , North Carolina SEC TBD Music City Bowl Nashville , Tennessee SEC TaxSlayer Bowl Jacksonville , Florida SEC Pinstripe Bowl The Bronx , New York Big Ten TBD <Td_colspan="5"> Tier Two 9 Military Bowl Annapolis , Maryland The American TBD 10 Independence Bowl Shreveport , Louisiana SEC 10 11 Quick Lane Bowl Detroit Big Ten TBD 12 * * * St. Petersburg Bowl St. Petersburg , Florida The American TBD 13 * * * * Birmingham Bowl Birmingham , Alabama C - USA , MAC * If the ACC Champion is not in one of the semifinal games it will appear in the Orange Bowl , or , if the Orange Bowl is a semifinal or national championship site , one of the Playoff `` host '' bowls , either the Fiesta , Cotton or Chick - fil - A Peach . There is no limit on how many teams the College Football Playoff may choose from a particular conference . * * Only if the ACC opponent in the Orange Bowl , in a non-semifinal year is a team from the Big Ten , a maximum of three times in six years . * * * After the 2014 and 2016 seasons ; all others as conditional selection if not filled by C - USA or The American . * * * * Conditional all years if not filled by SEC or The American . National championships ( edit ) Although the NCAA does not determine an official national champion for Division I FBS football , several ACC members claim national championships awarded by various `` major selectors '' of national championships as recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Since 1936 and 1950 respectively , these include what are now the most pervasive and influential selectors , the Associated Press poll and Coaches Poll . In addition , from 1998 to 2013 the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) used a mathematical formula to match the top two teams at the end of the season . The winner of the BCS was contractually awarded the Coaches ' Poll national championship and its AFCA National Championship Trophy as well as the MacArthur Trophy from the National Football Foundation . Maryland won one championship as a member of the ACC in 1953 . School Claims of non-poll `` major selectors '' Associated Press Coaches Poll Bowl Championship Series College Football Playoff Clemson 1981 , 2016 1981 , 2016 2016 Florida State 1993 , 1999 , 2013 1993 , 1999 , 2013 1999 , 2013 Georgia Tech 1917 , 1928 , 1952 Miami 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 2001 2001 Pittsburgh 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1934 , 1936 1937 , 1976 1976 Syracuse 1959 1959 Italics denote championships won before the school joined the ACC . In addition , non-football member Notre Dame claims 11 national titles . Many sources , however , credit the Fighting Irish with 13 . See Notre Dame Fighting Irish football national championships for more details . Jump up ^ A `` list of college football 's mythical champions as selected by every recognized authority since 1924 '' was printed in Sports Illustrated in 1967 . Together with the 1976 national championship which would come later , the national championship selections listed by Sports Illustrated have since served as the historical basis of the university 's national championship claims . For the 1934 season , the Sports Illustrated article included a selection by Parke Davis , then deceased , which had appeared the 1935 edition of the annual Spalding 's Football Guide under Davis ' byline . The 1934 selection is not documented in the Official NCAA Football Records Book with the rest of Pitt 's claimed seasons , although additional major selections for Pitt , which are not claimed by the university , are listed in 1910 , 1980 , and 1981 . College Football Data Warehouse recognizes nine championships for Pitt ( 1910 , 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1936 , 1937 , and 1976 ) out of the 16 years which it has documented that Pitt was named as a national champion by various selectors . Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The early roots of ACC basketball began primarily thanks to two men : Everett Case and Frank McGuire . Case accepted the head coaching job at North Carolina State . Case 's North Carolina State teams dominated the early years of the ACC with a modern , fast - paced style of play . He became the fastest college basketball coach to reach many `` games won '' milestones . Case became known as The Father of ACC Basketball . Despite his success on the court , he may have been even a better promoter off - the - court . Case realized the need to sell his program and university . State started construction on Reynolds Coliseum in 1941 . Case persuaded school officials to expand the arena to 12,400 people . It opened as the new home court for his team in 1949 ; at the time , it was the largest on - campus arena in the South . As such , it was used as the host site for many Southern Conference Tournaments , ACC Tournaments , and the Dixie Classic . The Dixie Classic brought in large revenues for all schools involved and soon became one of the premier sporting events in the South . Partly to counter Case 's success , North Carolina convinced Frank McGuire to come to Chapel Hill in 1952 . McGuire knew that , largely due to Case 's influence , basketball was now the major high school athletic event of the region . He not only tapped the growing market of high school talent in North Carolina , but also brought several recruits from his home territory in New York City as well . Case and McGuire literally invented a rivalry . Both men realized the benefits created through a rivalry between them . It brought more national attention to both of their programs and increased fan support on both sides . After State was slapped with crippling NCAA sanctions before the 1956 -- 57 season , McGuire 's North Carolina team delivered the ACC its first national championship . During the Tar Heels ' championship run , Greensboro entrepreneur Castleman D. Chesley noticed the popularity that it generated . He cobbled together a five - station television network to broadcast the Final Four . That network began broadcasting regular season ACC games the following season -- the ancestor of today 's television package from Raycom Sports . From that point on , ACC basketball gained large popularity . The ACC has been the home of many prominent basketball coaches besides Case and McGuire , including Terry Holland and Tony Bennett of Virginia ; Vic Bubas and Mike Krzyzewski of Duke ; Press Maravich , Norm Sloan and Jim Valvano of North Carolina State ; Dean Smith and Roy Williams of North Carolina ; Bones McKinney of Wake Forest ; Lefty Driesell and Gary Williams of Maryland ; Bobby Cremins of Georgia Tech ; Jim Boeheim of Syracuse ; and Rick Pitino of Louisville . Tournament as championship ( edit ) Main articles : ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament , ACC Women 's Basketball Tournament , and List of Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball regular season champions Possibly Case 's most lasting contribution is the ACC Tournament , which was first played in 1954 and decides the winner of the ACC title . The ACC is unique in that it is the only Division I college basketball conference that does not officially recognize a regular season champion . This started when only one school per conference made the NCAA tournament . The ACC representative was determined by conference tournament rather than the regular season result . Therefore , the league eliminated the regular season title in 1961 , choosing to recognize only the winner of the ACC tournament as conference champion . Fans and media do claim a regular - season title for the team that finishes first , and the NCAA recognizes a regular - season title winner in order to maintain its system of choosing NIT and NCAA tournament berths based on regular season placement . For the ACC , the unofficial crowning of a regular season champion is insignificant as a 1975 NCAA rule change allowed more than one team per conference to earn a bid to the NCAA Tournament . As a result , the team finishing atop the ACC regular - season standings has invariably been invited to the NCAA Tournament even if it did not win the ACC Tournament . Even so , any claim to a regular season `` title '' remains unofficial and carries no reward other than top seed in the ACC tournament . Historically , the ACC has been dominated by the four teams from Tobacco Road in North Carolina -- North Carolina , Duke , North Carolina State and Wake Forest . Between them , they have won 50 tournament titles . They have also won or shared 59 regular season titles , including all but four since 1981 . The Virginia Cavaliers , however , won the regular season titles in 2014 and 2015 , becoming the first ACC team besides Duke or North Carolina to solely win back - to - back regular season titles since 1974 . Present - day schedule ( edit ) See also : ACC -- Big Ten Challenge For 53 years , the ACC employed a double round - robin schedule in the regular season , in which each team played the others twice a season . With the expansion to 12 teams by the 2005 -- 2006 season , the ACC schedule could no longer accommodate this format . In the new scheduling format that was agreed to , each team was assigned two permanent partners and nine rotating partners over a three - year period . Teams played their permanent partners in a home - and - away series each year . The rotating partners were split into three groups : three teams played in a home - and - away series , three teams played at home , and three teams played on the road . The rotating partner groups were rotated so that a team would play each permanent partner six times , and each rotating partner four times , over a three - year period . For the 2012 -- 13 season , the 12 - team in - conference schedule expanded to 18 . Originally for the 2013 -- 14 season , the expanded 14 - team , 18 - game schedule was to consist of a home and away game with a `` primary partner '' while the remaining conference opponents would have rotated in groups of three : one year both home and away , one year at home only , and one year away only . However , when Notre Dame was also added for the 2013 -- 14 season , the now 15 - team , 18 - game schedule was modified so each school played two `` Partners '' home and away annually , two home and away , five home , and the other five away . In 2013 -- 14 , after 1 year at 18 games , women 's basketball went back to a 16 - game schedule where each team only plays 2 teams twice , rotating opponents each year over seven years and has no permanent partners . The ACC and the Big Ten Conference have held the ACC -- Big Ten Challenge each season since 1999 . The competition is a series of regular - season games pitting ACC and Big Ten teams against each other . Each team typically plays one Challenge game each season , except for a few teams from the larger conference that are left out due to unequal conference sizes . The first ACC -- Big Ten Women 's Challenge was played in 2007 , and has the same format as the men 's Challenge . National championships and Final fours ( edit ) Over the course of its existence , ACC schools have captured 13 NCAA men 's basketball championships while members of the conference . North Carolina has won six , Duke has won five , NC State has won two , and Maryland has won one . Three more national titles were won by current ACC members while in other conferences -- two by 2014 arrival Louisville and one by 2013 arrival Syracuse ; Louisville was forced to vacate a third national title due to NCAA sanctions . Seven of the 12 pre-2013 members have advanced to the Final Four at least once while members of the ACC . Another pre-2013 member , Florida State , made the Final Four once before joining the ACC . All three schools that entered the ACC in 2013 , as well as Louisville , advanced to the Final Four at least once before joining the conference . Also notable are earlier national championships from historical eras prior to the dominance of the NCAA - administered championship . The ACC is often credited with forcing the NCAA tournament to expand to allow more than one team per conference , creating the at - large NCAA field common today . The Helms Athletic Foundation selected national champions for seasons predating the beginning of the NCAA tournament ( 1939 ) , including North Carolina , Notre Dame , Pitt , and Syracuse . Prior to the at - large era ( 1975 ) , the National Invitation Tournament championship had prestige comparable to the NCAA championship , and Louisville , North Carolina , Maryland , and Virginia Tech won titles during this period ( later NIT titles are not considered consensus national championships ) . In women 's basketball , ACC members have won three national championships while in the conference , North Carolina in 1994 , Maryland in 2006 , and Notre Dame in 2018 . Notre Dame , which joined in 2013 , also previously won the national title in 2001 . In 2006 , Duke , Maryland , and North Carolina all advanced to the Final Four , the first time a conference placed three teams in the women 's Final Four . Both finalists were from the ACC , with Maryland defeating Duke for the title . School Pre-NCAA Helms Championships NCAA Men 's Championships Men 's NCAA Runner - Up Men 's NCAA Final Fours NCAA Women 's Championships Women 's NCAA Runner - Up Women 's NCAA Final Fours North Carolina ( 1924 ) 6 5 ( 2016 , 1981 , 1977 , 1968 , 1946 ) 20 ( 1994 ) ( 2007 , 2006 , 1994 ) Duke 5 ( 2015 , 2010 , 2001 , 1992 , 1991 ) 6 16 ( 2006 , 1999 ) ( 2006 , 2003 , 2002 , 1999 ) Louisville ( 1980 , 1986 ) 8 ( 2013 , 2009 ) ( 2018 , 2013 , 2009 ) Syracuse ( 1918 , 1926 ) ( 2003 ) ( 1996 , 1987 ) 6 ( 2016 ) ( 2016 ) North Carolina State ( 1983 , 1974 ) ( 1983 , 1974 , 1950 ) ( 1998 ) Virginia ( 1984 , 1981 ) ( 1991 ) ( 1992 , 1991 , 1990 ) Georgia Tech ( 2004 ) ( 2004 , 1990 ) Notre Dame ( 1927 , 1936 ) ( 1978 ) ( 2018 , 2001 ) ( 2015 , 2014 , 2012 , 2011 ) 7 Florida State ( 1972 ) ( 1972 ) Wake Forest ( 1962 ) Pittsburgh ( 1928 , 1930 ) ( 1941 ) Italics denotes honors earned before the school joined the ACC . Women 's national championship tournaments prior to 1982 were run by the AIAW . Jump up ^ North Carolina has won the NCAA men 's championship six times ( 2017 , 2009 , 2005 , 1993 , 1982 , 1957 ) Jump up ^ North Carolina has reached the Final Four 20 times ( 2017 , 2016 , 2009 , 2008 , 2005 , 2000 , 1998 , 1997 , 1995 , 1993 , 1991 , 1982 , 1981 , 1977 , 1972 , 1969 , 1968 , 1967 , 1957 , 1946 ) Jump up ^ Duke has been the men 's NCAA runner - up 6 times ( 1999 , 1994 , 1990 , 1986 , 1978 , 1964 ) Jump up ^ Duke has reached the Final Four 16 times ( 2015 , 2010 , 2004 , 2001 , 1999 , 1994 , 1992 , 1991 , 1990 , 1989 , 1988 , 1986 , 1978 , 1966 , 1964 , 1963 ) Jump up ^ A third national title , in 2013 , was vacated in 2018 due to NCAA sanctions stemming from a major sex scandal . Jump up ^ Louisville has reached the Final Four 8 times ( 2005 , 1986 , 1983 , 1982 , 1980 , 1975 , 1972 , 1959 ) . Two other Final Four appearances ( 2013 , 2012 ) were vacated due to NCAA sanctions stemming from the sex scandal . Jump up ^ Syracuse has reached the Final Four six time ( 2016 , 2013 , 2003 , 1996 , 1987 , 1975 ) Jump up ^ Notre Dame has reached the Women 's Final Four 7 times ( 2018 , 2015 , 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2001 , 1997 ) Baseball ( edit ) See also : Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament The ACC has won the College World Series twice : by the Virginia Cavaliers in 2015 and by Wake Forest in 1955 . However , current conference schools have won six times , including four titles by Miami before joining the ACC . In addition , South Carolina has won the CWS twice since leaving the ACC . Member schools have appeared in the College World Series a combined total of 93 times . In 2013 , the ACC was ranked as the top baseball conference by Rating Percentage Index ( RPI ) and has consistently ranked among the top three conference by that measure over the past five years . In 2013 , eight ACC teams , plus future ACC member Louisville , were selected to play in the 2013 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament , with North Carolina , North Carolina State , and Louisville advancing to the College World Series . ACC Baseball is divided into two divisions , the Atlantic Division and the Coastal Division , that parallel the divisions of ACC football except for the fact that Syracuse is the only ACC school that does not field a baseball team and Notre Dame is assigned to the Atlantic Division . Louisville replaced Maryland in the Atlantic Division beginning with the 2015 season . Atlantic Division Coastal Division Boston College Duke Clemson Georgia Tech Florida State Miami Louisville North Carolina North Carolina State Pittsburgh Notre Dame Virginia Wake Forest Virginia Tech College World Series / NCAA Tournament History School College World Series Championships College World Series Appearances Last CWS Appearance NCAA Tournament Appearances Last NCAA Appearance Miami † 2001 , 1999 , 1985 , 1982 25 2016 45 2016 Virginia 2015 2015 17 2017 Wake Forest 1955 1955 14 2017 Florida State † 22 2017 56 2018 Clemson 12 43 2018 North Carolina 11 2018 31 2018 Boston College † 1967 8 2016 Georgia Tech 2006 31 2016 Louisville † 2017 12 2018 Duke 1961 7 2018 North Carolina State 2013 30 2018 Notre Dame † 2002 22 2015 Virginia Tech 0 n / a 10 2013 Pittsburgh 0 n / a 1995 ^ Syracuse does not currently field a baseball team but has one appearance in the NCAA baseball tournament prior to joining the conference . † The count of College World Series appearances includes those made by the school prior to joining the ACC : Boston College : 4 appearances Florida State : 11 appearances Louisville : 3 appearances Miami : 21 appearances Notre Dame : 2 appearances Syracuse : 1 appearance Field hockey ( edit ) The ACC has won 18 of the 34 NCAA Championships in field hockey . Maryland won 8 as a member of the ACC . National Championships School Total NCAA Women 's Championships North Carolina 6 1989 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2007 , 2009 Wake Forest 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Syracuse 2015 Golf ( edit ) Of the current ACC members , 12 sponsor men 's golf and 10 sponsor women 's golf . Four team national championships in men 's golf and six national titles in women 's golf have been won by ACC members while in the conference , led by the Duke women 's team that has won six national titles since 1999 . In addition , two more team national titles , one in men 's golf and one in women 's golf , have been won by current ACC members before they joined the conference . National Championships School Men 's Team NCAA Men 's Individual NCAA Women 's Team NCAA Women 's Individual NCAA Clemson 2003 Charles Warren 1997 Duke 2014 , 2007 , 2006 , 2005 , 2002 , 1999 Candy Hannemann 2001 , Virada Nirapathpongporn 2002 , Anna Grzebian 2005 , Virginia Elana Carta 2016 Georgia Tech Watts Gunn 1927 , Charles Yates 1934 , Troy Matteson 2002 Miami 1984 Penny Hammel 1983 North Carolina Harvie Ward 1949 , John Inman 1984 North Carolina State Matt Hill 2009 Virginia Dixon Brooke 1940 Wake Forest 1986 , 1975 , 1974 Curtis Strange 1974 , Jay Haas 1975 , Gary Hallberg 1979 Notre Dame 1944 Italics denote championships won before the school joined the ACC . Lacrosse ( edit ) Since 1971 , when the first men 's national champion was determined by the NCAA , the ACC has won 13 NCAA championships , more than any other conference in college lacrosse . Virginia has won seven total national championships , North Carolina has won five , and Duke has won three . Former ACC member Maryland won two national championships as an ACC member . In addition , prior to the establishment of the NCAA tournament , Maryland had won nine national championships while Virginia won two . Syracuse , which joined the ACC in 2013 , won ten NCAA - sponsored national championships , the most ever by any Division I lacrosse program , before joining the conference . Since 1987 , the only years in which the national championship game did not feature a current ACC member were 2015 and 2017 . Women 's lacrosse has only awarded a national championship since 1982 , and the ACC has won more titles than any other conference . In all , the ACC has won 14 women 's national championships : Maryland has won eleven as an ACC member , Virginia has won three and North Carolina has won two . National Championships & Runner - Up Finishes University Men 's NCAA Championships Men 's NCAA Runner - Up Pre-NCAA Men 's Championships Women 's NCAA Championships Women 's NCAA Runner - Up Virginia 2011 , 2006 , 2003 , 1999 , 1972 1996 , 1994 , 1986 , 1980 1970 , 1952 2004 , 1993 , 1991 2007 , 2005 , 2003 , 1999 , 1998 , 1996 North Carolina 2016 , 1991 , 1986 , 1982 , 1981 2016 , 2013 2009 Duke 2014 , 2013 , 2010 2007 , 2005 Syracuse 11 2013 , 2001 , 1999 , 1992 , 1985 , 1984 1925 , 1924 , 1922 , 1920 2012 , 2014 Notre Dame 2010 , 2014 Italics denotes championships before it was part of the ACC . * Syracuse vacated its 1990 championship due to NCAA violations . Jump up ^ Syracuse has won 11 NCAA Championships ( 2009 , 2008 , 2004 , 2002 , 2000 , 1995 , 1993 , 1990 * , 1989 , 1988 , 1983 ) Soccer ( edit ) See also : ACC Men 's Soccer Tournament Twelve of the fifteen ACC schools sponsor men 's soccer -- a higher proportion than any of the other Power Five conferences . Only the three southernmost ACC schools -- Georgia Tech , Florida State , and Miami -- do not sponsor soccer . Virginia has won 7 NCAA titles , and more since 1990 than any other university in the country . The ACC overall has won 16 national championships , including 16 of the 31 seasons between 1984 and 2014 . Seven by Virginia and the remaining nine by Maryland ( 3 times ) , Clemson ( twice ) , North Carolina ( twice ) , Duke , Wake Forest , and Notre Dame . In women 's soccer , North Carolina has won 21 of the 28 NCAA titles since the NCAA crowned its first champion , as well as the only Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ( AIAW ) soccer championship in 1981 . The Tar Heels have also won 19 of the 22 ACC tournaments . They lost in the final to North Carolina State in 1988 and Virginia in 2004 , both times by penalty kicks . The 2010 tournament was the first in which they failed to make the championship game , falling to eventual champion Wake Forest in the semi-finals . The 2012 ACC tournament saw North Carolina 's first quarterfinal loss , to the eventual champion Virginia ; however , the Tar Heels went on to win the national title that season . In 2014 , Florida State became the first school other than North Carolina to win the national championship as an ACC member . Notre Dame won three NCAA titles before it joined the ACC in 2013 . National Championships & Runner - Up Finishes School Men 's NCAA Championships Men 's NCAA Runner - Up Women 's NCAA Championships Women 's NCAA Runner - Up AIAW Virginia 2014 , 2009 , 1994 , 1993 , 1992 , 1991 , 1989 1997 2014 North Carolina 2011 , 2001 2008 21 2001 , 1998 , 1985 1981 Clemson 1987 , 1984 1979 , 2015 Notre Dame 2013 1995 , 2004 , 2010 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2006 , 2008 Wake Forest 2007 2016 Duke 1986 1995 , 1982 2011 , 1992 Florida State 2014 2007 , 2013 Louisville N.C. State Italics denote championships before the school was part of the ACC . Jump up ^ North Carolina has won 21 NCAA Championships ( 2012 , 2009 , 2008 , 2006 , 2003 , 2000 , 1999 , 1997 , 1996 , 1994 , 1993 , 1992 , 1991 , 1990 , 1989 , 1988 , 1987 , 1986 , 1984 , 1983 , 1982 ) Commissioners ( edit ) Name Term Jim Weaver 1954 -- 1970 Bob James 1971 -- 1987 Gene Corrigan 1987 -- 1997 John Swofford 1997 -- present NCAA team championships ( edit ) The Virginia Cavaliers lead the ACC in NCAA men 's titles with 18 , while the North Carolina Tar Heels lead in women 's titles with 30 and in overall NCAA titles with 43 . Excluded from this list are all national championships earned outside the scope of NCAA competition , including Division I FBS football titles , women 's AIAW championships , equestrian titles , and retroactive Helms Athletic Foundation titles . School Total Men Women Co-ed Nickname Most successful sport ( Titles ) North Carolina ! North Carolina 43 13 30 0 Tar Heels Women 's soccer ( 21 ) Virginia ! Virginia 25 18 7 0 Cavaliers Men 's soccer ( 7 ) Notre Dame ! Notre Dame 19 7 6 6 Fighting Irish Fencing ( 10 ) Duke 16 9 7 0 Blue Devils Women 's golf ( 6 ) Syracuse 15 14 0 Orange Men 's lacrosse ( 10 ) Wake Forest 9 6 0 Demon Deacons Field hockey ( 3 ) , Men 's golf ( 3 ) Florida State 7 0 Seminoles Men 's gymnastics , Men 's outdoor track ( 2 ) Boston College 5 5 0 0 Eagles Men 's ice hockey ( 5 ) Miami ! Miami 5 0 Hurricanes Baseball ( 4 ) Clemson 0 0 Tigers Men 's soccer ( 2 ) Louisville ! Louisville 0 0 Cardinals Men 's basketball ( 2 ) NC State 0 0 Wolfpack Men 's basketball ( 2 ) Georgia Tech 0 0 Yellow Jackets Women 's tennis ( 1 ) Pittsburgh ! Pittsburgh 0 0 0 0 Panthers N / A Virginia Tech ! Virginia Tech 0 0 0 0 Hokies N / A See also : List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships , List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships , and NCAA Division I FBS Conferences Capital one Cup Standings ( edit ) The Capital One Cup is an award given annually to the best men 's and women 's Division I college athletics programs in the United States . Points are earned throughout the year based on final standings of NCAA Championships and final coaches ' poll rankings . Virginia ( 2015 ) and Notre Dame ( 2014 ) have finished first in the Cup once apiece for men 's sports , and North Carolina ( 2013 ) has once finished first on the women 's side . ACC top 20 finishes in the Capital One Cup School Year Men Women 2010 -- 11 Virginia Cavaliers ( 2nd place ) North Carolina Tar Heels ( 11th place ) Florida State Seminoles ( 12th place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 13th place ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 5th place ) North Carolina Tar Heels ( 9th place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 16th place ) 2011 -- 12 North Carolina Tar Heels ( 5th place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 5th place ) Florida State Seminoles ( 14th place ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 14th place ) Virginia Cavaliers ( 16th place ) Syracuse Orange ( 17th place ) 2012 -- 13 Duke Blue Devils ( 5th place ) North Carolina Tar Heels ( 9th place ) Syracuse Orange ( 9th place ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 12th place ) North Carolina Tar Heels ( 1st place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 11th place ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 18th place ) 2013 -- 14 Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 1st place ) Virginia Cavaliers ( 4th place ) Florida State Seminoles ( 5th place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 8th place ) North Carolina Tar Heels ( 10th place ) Virginia Cavaliers ( 12th place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 13th place ) Florida State Seminoles ( 14th place ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 19th place ) 2014 -- 15 Virginia Cavaliers ( 1st place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 6th place ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 9th place ) Florida State Seminoles ( 4th place ) North Carolina Tar Heels ( 7th place ) Virginia Cavaliers ( 11th place ) Syracuse Orange ( 17th place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 18th place ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( 18th place ) 2015 -- 16 North Carolina Tar Heels ( 2nd place ) Clemson Tigers ( 5th place ) Syracuse Orange ( 11th place ) Virginia Cavaliers ( 15th place ) North Carolina Tar Heels ( 4th place ) Syracuse Orange ( 4th place ) Florida State Seminoles ( 10th place ) Duke Blue Devils ( 13th place ) Virginia Cavaliers ( 17th place ) 2016 - 17 North Carolina Tar Heels ( 3rd place ) Clemson Tigers ( 6th place ) Wake Forest Demon Deacons ( 11th place ) North Carolina Tar Heels ( 9th place ) Boston College Eagles ( 12th place ) See also ( edit ) ACC portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlantic Coast Conference . ACC Athlete of the Year Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year List of Atlantic Coast Conference football champions List of Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball regular season champions ACC Women 's Basketball regular season List of current ACC football announcers List of current ACC basketball announcers Atlantic Coast Rugby League References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Is the ACC '' . TheACC.com . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Jim ( June 28 , 1998 ) . `` Depression Kept Sedgefield from Intended Course '' . News & Record . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` History of FSU Football '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Florida State Football Media Guide . p. 153 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Tech Football Timeline '' . 2017 Georgia Tech Football Information Guide . p. 146 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Office of Institutional Research ( 2018 ) . University of Pittsburgh Fact Book 2018 ( PDF ) . University of Pittsburgh . p. 32 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About the ACC '' . Atlantic Coast Conference . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ACC Basketball '' . UNC Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ACC Hall of Champions Debuts '' . SlamOnline.com . Source Interlink Magazines , LLC . March 2 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Southern Conference Hall of Fame opened in 2009 . `` Southern Conference Announces Inaugural Hall of Fame Class '' . Southern Conference . 2009 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Big East Exit Is Said to Begin for Syracuse and Pittsburgh '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` ACC expands to 14 with addition of Syracuse , Pittsburgh '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Big East to force Pitt , Syracuse to stay until 2014 '' . College Football Talk . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SU , BIG EAST Reach Agreement for Orange to Move to ACC in 2013 '' . Syracuse Athletics . 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BIG EAST Conference , University of Pittsburgh Reach Agreement on Pittsburgh Departure From The BIG EAST '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , John . `` Sources : Notre Dame to ACC '' . College Football Talk . ESPN . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett . `` Big East , Notre Dame agree on exit '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prewitt , Alex ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Maryland moving to Big Ten '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Media deal OK 'd to solidify ACC '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` You want stability ? Look at the ACC '' . ACC Blog . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sources : ACC Network to launch by August 2019 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travis , Clay ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. News Rankings of Top Six Football Conferences '' . Outkick The Coverage . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. News ' Best College ' rankings spotlight academic strength of ACC '' . OrangeAndWhite.com . September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Teel , David ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Teel Time : Texas , 45th in U.S. News rankings , fits ACC 's academic profile '' . Daily Press . Hampton Roads , Virginia . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bain , John ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` College Football Rankings : Best BCS Conferences Based on Academics '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ACC Again Leads FBS Conferences in `` Best College '' Rankings `` . theACC.com . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Study : How and why the APR is improving major - program academics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Jim ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Analyzing The ACC 's APR '' . ACC Sports Journal . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2017 Endowment Market Value and Change * in Endowment Market Value from FY2016 to FY2017 '' ( PDF ) . National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lombardi , John V. ; Capaldi Phillips , Elizabeth D. ; Abbey , Craig W. ; Craig , Diane D. ( 2017 ) . The Top American Research Universities 2016 Annual Report ( PDF ) . The Center for Measuring University Performance . pp. 206 -- 209 . ISBN 9780985617066 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Faculty Awards in the Arts , Humanities , Science , Engineering , and Health Source : Directories or web - based listings for multiple agencies or organizations . For this category , we collect data from several prominent grant and fellowship programs in the arts , humanities , science , engineering , and health fields . ( see pages 227 - 228 ) Jump up ^ `` The Princeton Review 's College Ratings '' . The Princeton Review . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Best Colleges National University Rankings '' . US News & World Report . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 College Guide and Rankings '' . Washington Monthly . 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . ShanghaiRanking Consultancy . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - Overall Ranking : Top Universities in USA '' . National Taiwan University . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CWTS Leiden Ranking 2017 '' . Netherlands : Centre for Science and Technology Studies , Leiden University . 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCIMAGO Institutions Ranking '' . Scimago Lab. 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` University Ranking by Academic Performance -- United States of America '' . URAP Research Laboratory , Middle East Technical University . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings 2018 '' . Quacquarelli Symonds . June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McKindra , Leilana ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` ACC takes worldwide approach to academic programs '' . The NCAA News . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanda , Steve ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` ACC 's Forward Progress Limited ; Expanded Conference Rates Mixed Reviews at 5 - Year Mark '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2009 ) . `` About the ACCIAC '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2009 ) . `` MOM : Meeting of the Minds Conferences '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2009 ) . `` Student Leadership Conference '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2009 ) . `` Creativity & Innovation Fellowships '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2013 ) . `` Summer Research Scholars '' . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Second Annual ACC Debate Championship Set for April 15 -- 17 '' . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ACC Inventure Prize '' . Georgia Tech University . 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , David G. ( 2015 ) . `` Other Collaborative Initiatives '' . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2015 ) . `` Distinguished Lecturers '' . acciac.org . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Inaugural ACC Student President Conference ( YouTube video ) . Pitt Student Affairs . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2009 ) . `` Coach for College '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , David G. ( 2009 ) . `` Other Collaborative Initiatives '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2013 ) . `` Student Study Abroad Scholarships '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David G. ( 2009 ) . `` Other Groups and Committees '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA FINANCES '' . USA Today . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://gopack.com/facilities/?id=20 Jump up ^ ACC ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Official Athletics Site '' . ACC . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Fencing Back In ACC Mix '' ( Press release ) . Atlantic Coast Conference . September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Matthew ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Despite rich history , Syracuse baseball is unlikely in near future '' . The Daily Orange . Syracuse , NY . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Miami participates in diving only . For the purposes of this chart , Miami men 's diving is counted as sponsoring half of the sport of men 's swimming & diving . Jump up ^ Notre Dame sponsors football as an independent . Although Notre Dame has a commitment to play five games per year against ACC football teams , it does not participate in the ACC football standings and thus is not eligible for the ACC football championship . Notre Dame does , however , have access to the ACC 's bowl lineup aside from the Orange Bowl , to which it has its own arrangement for access . ^ Jump up to : Co-ed Rifle Team Jump up ^ `` Clemson to Add Softball '' ( Press release ) . Clemson University . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I-A All - Time Wins '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chip Patterson ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Notre Dame sets ACC schedule for 2014 - 16 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NCAA College Football Standings Accessed March 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` ACC sticks with 8 - game schedule '' . espn . October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` ACC : BYU to count as Power 5 team '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` UNC , Wake agree to non-ACC series '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ACC Unveils Future League Seal , Divisional Names '' ( Press release ) . Atlantic Coast Conference . October 18 , 2004 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://theacc.co/FB14guide-pdf Jump up ^ `` ACC finalizes bowl lineup for 2014 through 2019 '' . Card Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 Conference -- 2014 Football Media Guide '' . Catalog.e-digitaleditions.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://a.espncdn.com/photo/2014/0714/2014%20SEC%20Football%20Media%20Guide%20PDF.pdf Jump up ^ http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/big10/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/2014-15/misc_non_event/Bowl_Determination_Procedures.pdf Jump up ^ 2011 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( PDF ) . Indianapolis : The National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2011 . pp. 70 -- 75 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( September 11 , 1967 ) . `` This Year The Fight Will Be In The Open '' . Sports Illustrated . Chicago : Time , Inc. 27 ( 11 ) : 30 -- 33 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Borghetti , E.J. ; Nestor , Mendy ; Welsh , Celeste , eds. ( 2008 ) . 2008 Pitt Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh . p. 156 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ 2012 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( PDF ) . Indianapolis , IN : The National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2012 . pp. 71 -- 73 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Composite Championship Listing : Recognized National Championships '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Composite Championship Listing : Recognized National Championships '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness Swells as NCAA Pumps Up NIT Tournament '' . Bloomberg. 2006 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Triangle teams ' original partners , which have since been varied ( for example , Duke 's original partners were North Carolina and Maryland and , as reflected in the table in the body of the article , are now North Carolina and Wake Forest ) can be found here : http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/mensbasketball/acc/2005-02-25-12-team-schedule_x.htm Jump up ^ `` ACC Announces Future Regular - Season Scheduling Formats '' . Atlantic Coast Conference . 2012 - 02 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Expanding ACC sets primary partners '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This overtime lasts 25 years '' . Jump up ^ `` MARCH MADNESS : Growth of NCAA Tournament '' . 11 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia 's 4 - 2 Win Over Vandy Gives ACC 1st Title Since 1955 '' . ABC News . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conference RPI '' . WarrenNolan.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Championship history ( through January 10 , 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Download 2010 -- 2011 Full Standings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Download 2011 -- 2012 Full Standings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Download 2012 -- 2013 Full Standings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Download 2013 -- 2014 Full Standings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Download 2014 -- 2015 Full Standings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Download 2015 - 2016 Full Standings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Download 2016 - 2017 Full Standings '' ( PDF ) . Further reading ( edit ) Walker , J. Samuel , ACC Basketball : The Story of the Rivalries , Traditions , and Scandals of the First Two Decades of the Atlantic Coast Conference . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website ACC Academic Consortium <Th_colspan="3"> hide Atlantic Coast Conference Atlantic Division Boston College Eagles Clemson Tigers Florida State Seminoles Louisville Cardinals North Carolina State Wolfpack Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( non-football member ) Syracuse Orange Wake Forest Demon Deacons Coastal Division Duke Blue Devils Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Miami Hurricanes North Carolina Tar Heels Pittsburgh Panthers Virginia Cavaliers Virginia Tech Hokies Championships & awards Conference champions National championships Athlete of the Year Broadcast partners Raycom Sports ( ACC Network ; list of affiliates ) ESPN ( ACC Network Extra ) <Th_colspan="2"> hide NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision conferences <Td_colspan="2"> The American Atlantic Coast Big 12 Big Ten C - USA Mid-American Mountain West Pac - 12 Southeastern Sun Belt <Td_colspan="2"> Independents VIAF : 127828492 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Coast_Conference&oldid=846324277 '' Categories : Atlantic Coast Conference Sports organisations established in 1953 Sports in the Southern United States 1953 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 00 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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1. Atlantic Coast Conference
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4. Expansion and realignment
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roughly 40 to 45 percent of the u.s. population falls within the largest social class which is the
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Income inequality in the United States - Wikipedia Income inequality in the United States This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Income after taxes and Transfer payments Income inequality in the United States has increased significantly since the 1970s after several decades of stability , meaning the share of the nation 's income received by higher income households has increased . This trend is evident with income measured both before taxes ( market income ) as well as after taxes and transfer payments . Income inequality has fluctuated considerably since measurements began around 1915 , moving in an arc between peaks in the 1920s and 2000s , with a 30 - year period of relatively lower inequality between 1950 -- 1980 . Recasting the 2012 income using the 1979 income distribution , the bottom 99 % of families would have averaged about $7,100 more income . Measured for all households , U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers , but is among the highest after taxes and transfers , meaning the U.S. shifts relatively less income from higher income households to lower income households . Measured for working - age households , market income inequality is comparatively high ( rather than moderate ) and the level of redistribution is moderate ( not low ) . These comparisons indicate Americans shift from reliance on market income to reliance on income transfers later in life and less than households in other developed countries do . The U.S. ranks around the 30th percentile in income inequality globally , meaning 70 % of countries have a more equal income distribution . U.S. federal tax and transfer policies are progressive and therefore reduce income inequality measured after taxes and transfers . Tax and transfer policies together reduced income inequality slightly more in 2011 than in 1979 . While there is strong evidence that it has increased since the 1970s , there is active debate in the United States regarding the appropriate measurement , causes , effects and solutions to income inequality . The two major political parties have different approaches to the issue , with Democrats historically emphasizing that economic growth should result in shared prosperity ( i.e. , a pro-labor argument advocating income redistribution ) , while Republicans tend to avoid government involvement in income and wealth generation ( i.e. , a pro-capital argument against redistribution ) . Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Post-civil war era to around 1937 2.2 The Great Compression , 1937 -- 1967 2.3 Post-1970 increase 2.4 Effects of 2007 -- 2009 recession 2.5 2009 -- present 3 Causes 4 Effects : Economic 4.1 Overview 4.2 Economic growth 4.2. 1 Views that income inequality slows economic growth 4.2. 2 Views that income inequality does not slow growth 4.3 Likelihood of financial crises 4.4 Monopolization of labor , consolidation , and competition 4.5 Aggregate demand and debt 5 Effects : Socio - economic mobility 5.1 Overview 5.2 Over lifetimes 5.3 Between generations 5.4 Poverty 5.5 Further enrichment of corporate top executives 6 Effects on democracy and society 6.1 Political polarization 6.2 Political inequality 6.3 Class system 6.4 Political change 6.5 Health 6.6 Financing of social programs 6.7 Education and human capital 7 Public attitudes 8 States and cities 8.1 Comparisons by state 9 International comparisons 9.1 Overall 9.2 Reasons for relative performance 9.3 Canada 10 Policy responses 10.1 Overview 10.2 Resources available to children 10.3 Affordable healthcare 10.4 Affordable higher education 10.5 Public welfare and infrastructure spending 10.6 Taxes on the wealthy 10.7 Reduce tax expenditures 10.8 Corporate tax reform 10.9 Minimum wages 10.10 Maximum wage implementation 10.11 Subsidies and income guarantees 10.12 Rent - seeking limits 10.13 Economic democracy 10.14 Monetary policy 11 Measurement approaches 11.1 Overview 11.2 Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) data 11.3 Census Bureau data 11.4 Income measures : Pre-and post-tax 11.5 Demographic issues 11.6 Gini index 11.7 Measuring inequality through consumption vs. income 12 Wealth inequality 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview ( edit ) U.S. pre-tax and after - tax income share of top 1 % households from 1979 -- 2013 , for commonly cited data series ( CBO and Piketty - Saez ) Four charts that describe trends in income inequality in the United States . U.S. income inequality has grown significantly since the early 1970s , after several decades of stability , and has been the subject of study of many scholars and institutions . The U.S. consistently exhibits higher rates of income inequality than most developed nations due to the nation 's enhanced support of free market capitalism and less progressive spending on social services . The top 1 % of households received approximately 20 % of the pre-tax income in 2013 , versus approximately 10 % from 1950 to 1980 . The top 1 % is not homogeneous , with the very top income households pulling away from others in the top 1 % . For example , the top 0.1 % of households received approximately 10 % of the pre-tax income in 2013 , versus approximately 3 -- 4 % between 1951 -- 1981 . According to IRS data , adjusted gross income ( AGI ) of approximately $430,000 was required to be in the top 1 % in 2013 . Most of the growth in income inequality has been between the middle class and top earners , with the disparity widening the further one goes up in the income distribution . The bottom 50 % earned 20 % of the nation 's pre-tax income in 1979 ; this fell steadily to 14 % by 2007 and 13 % by 2014 . Income for the middle 40 % group , a proxy for the middle class , fell from 45 % in 1979 to 41 % in both 2007 and 2014 . To put this change into perspective , if the US had the same income distribution it had in 1979 , each family in the bottom 80 % of the income distribution would have had $11,000 more per year in income on average in 2012 , or $916 per month . This figure would be $7,100 per year for the bottom 99 % of families comparing 1979 and 2012 , or about $600 / month . The trend of rising income inequality is also apparent after taxes and transfers . A 2011 study by the CBO found that the top earning 1 percent of households increased their income by about 275 % after federal taxes and income transfers over a period between 1979 and 2007 , compared to a gain of just under 40 % for the 60 percent in the middle of America 's income distribution . U.S. federal tax and transfer policies are progressive and therefore substantially reduce income inequality measured after taxes and transfers . They became moderately less progressive between 1979 and 2007 but slightly more progressive measured between 1979 and 2011 . Income transfers had a greater impact on reducing inequality than taxes from 1979 to 2011 . Americans are not generally aware of the extent of inequality or recent trends . There is a direct relationship between actual income inequality and the public 's views about the need to address the issue in most developed countries , but not in the U.S. , where income inequality is larger but the concern is lower . The U.S. was ranked the 6th from the last among 173 countries ( 4th percentile ) on income equality measured by the Gini index . There is significant and ongoing debate as to the causes , economic effects , and solutions regarding income inequality . While before - tax income inequality is subject to market factors ( e.g. , globalization , trade policy , labor policy , and international competition ) , after - tax income inequality can be directly affected by tax and transfer policy . U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed nations before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers . Income inequality may contribute to slower economic growth , reduced income mobility , higher levels of household debt , and greater risk of financial crises and deflation . Labor ( workers ) and capital ( owners ) have always battled over the share of the economic pie each obtains . The influence of the labor movement has waned in the U.S. since the 1960s along with union participation and more pro-capital laws . The share of total worker compensation has declined from 58 % of national income ( GDP ) in 1970 to nearly 53 % in 2013 , contributing to income inequality . This has led to concerns that the economy has shifted too far in favor of capital , via a form of corporatism , corpocracy or neoliberalism . Although some have spoken out in favor of moderate inequality as a form of incentive , others have warned against the current high levels of inequality , including Yale Nobel prize for economics winner Robert J. Shiller , ( who called rising economic inequality `` the most important problem that we are facing now today '' ) , former Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan , ( `` This is not the type of thing which a democratic society -- a capitalist democratic society -- can really accept without addressing '' ) , and President Barack Obama ( who referred to the widening income gap as the `` defining challenge of our time '' ) . History ( edit ) See also : Economic history of the United States and Great Divergence ( inequality ) U.S. income shares of the top 1 % and top 0.1 % of households 1913 -- 2013 , including capital gains . U.S. share of income earned by top 1 % households in 1979 , 2007 , and 2014 ( CBO data ) . The first date ( 1979 ) reflects the more egalitarian pre-1980 period , 2007 was the peak inequality of the post-1980 period , and the 2014 number reflects the Obama tax increases on the top 1 % along with residual effects of the Great Recession . Post-civil War era to around 1937 ( edit ) The level of concentration of income in the United States has fluctuated throughout its history . The first era of inequality lasted roughly from the post-civil war era or `` the Gilded Age '' to sometime around 1937 . In 1915 , an era in which the Rockefellers and Carnegies dominated American industry , the richest 1 % of Americans earned roughly 18 % of all income . By 2007 , the top 1 percent accounted for 24 % of all income and in between , their share fell below 10 % for three decades . The Great Compression , 1937 -- 1967 ( edit ) From about 1937 to 1947 , a period dubbed as the `` Great Compression '' -- income inequality in the United States fell dramatically . Highly progressive New Deal taxation , the strengthening of unions , and regulation of the National War Labor Board during World War II raised the income of the poor and working class and lowered that of top earners . From the early 20th century , when income statistics started to become available , there has been a `` great economic arc '' from high inequality `` to relative equality and back again '' , according to Nobel laureate economist Paul Krugman . For about three decades ending in the early 1970s , this `` middle class society '' with a relatively low level of inequality remained fairly steady , the product of relatively high wages for the US working class and political support for income leveling government policies . Wages remained relatively high because American manufacturing lacked foreign competition , and because of strong trade unions . By 1947 more than a third of non-farm workers were union members , and unions both raised average wages for their membership , and indirectly , and to a lesser extent , raised wages for workers in similar occupations not represented by unions . According to Krugman political support for equalizing government policies was provided by high voter turnout from union voting drives , the support of the otherwise conservative South for the New Deal , and prestige that the massive mobilization and victory of World War II had given the government . On the other hand , a Marxist writing in the 1950s and 1960s believed `` While the American worker enjoys the highest standard of living of any worker in the world , he is also the most heavily exploited . This tremendously productive working class gets back for its own consumption a smaller part of its output and hands over in the form of profit to the capitalist owners of the instruments of production a greater part of its output than does either the English or the French working class . '' Post-1970 increase ( edit ) Inflation - adjusted percent increase in pre-tax and after - tax household income between 1979 and 2011 , by pre-tax income group . The return to high inequality , or to what Krugman and journalist Timothy Noah have referred as the `` Great Divergence '' , began in the 1970s . Studies have found income grew more unequal almost continuously except during the economic recessions in 1990 -- 91 , 2001 ( Dot - com bubble ) , and 2007 sub-prime bust . The Great Divergence differs in some ways from the pre-Depression era inequality . Before 1937 , a larger share of top earners income came from capital ( interest , dividends , income from rent , capital gains ) . After 1970 , income of high - income taxpayers comes predominantly from labor : employment compensation . Until 2011 , the Great Divergence had not been a major political issue in America , but stagnation of middle - class income was . In 2009 the Barack Obama administration White House Middle Class Working Families Task Force convened to focus on economic issues specifically affecting middle - income Americans . In 2011 , the Occupy movement drew considerable attention to income inequality in the country . CBO reported that for the 1979 - 2007 period , after - tax income of households in the top 1 percent of earners grew by 275 % , compared to 65 % for the next 19 % , just under 40 % for the next 60 % , 18 % for the bottom fifth of households . `` As a result of that uneven income growth , '' the report noted , `` the share of total after - tax income received by the 1 percent of the population in households with the highest income more than doubled between 1979 and 2007 , whereas the share received by low - and middle - income households declined ... The share of income received by the top 1 percent grew from about 8 % in 1979 to over 17 % in 2007 . The share received by the other 19 percent of households in the highest income quintile ( one fifth of the population as divided by income ) was fairly flat over the same period , edging up from 35 % to 36 % . '' According to the CBO , the major reason for observed rise in unequal distribution of after - tax income was an increase in market income , that is household income before taxes and transfers . Market income for a household is a combination of labor income ( such as cash wages , employer - paid benefits , and employer - paid payroll taxes ) , business income ( such as income from businesses and farms operated solely by their owners ) , capital gains ( profits realized from the sale of assets and stock options ) , capital income ( such as interest from deposits , dividends , and rental income ) , and other income . Of them , capital gains accounted for 80 % of the increase in market income for the households in top 20 % , in the 2000 -- 2007 period . Even over the 1991 -- 2000 period , according to the CBO , capital gains accounted for 45 % of the market income for the top 20 % households . In a July 2015 op - ed article , Martin Feldstein , Professor of Economics at Harvard University , stated that the CBO found that from 1980 to 2010 real median household income rose by 15 % . However , when the definition of income was expanded to include benefits and subtracted taxes , the CBO found that the median household 's real income rose by 45 % . Adjusting for household size , the gain increased to 53 % . Effects of 2007 -- 2009 recession ( edit ) Just as higher - income groups are more likely to enjoy financial gains when economic times are good , they are also likely to suffer more significant income losses during economic downturns and recessions when they are compared to lower income groups . Higher - income groups tend to derive relatively more of their income from more volatile sources related to capital income ( business income , capital gains , and dividends ) , as opposed to labor income ( wages and salaries ) . For example , in 2011 the top 1 % of income earners derived 37 % of their income from labor income , versus 62 % for the middle quintile . On the other hand , the top 1 % derived 58 % of their income from capital as opposed to 4 % for the middle quintile . Government transfers represented only 1 % of the income of the top 1 % but 25 % for the middle quintile ; the dollar amounts of these transfers tend to rise in recessions . This effect occurred during the Great Recession of 2007 -- 2009 , when total income going to the bottom 99 percent of Americans declined by 11.6 % , but fell by 36.3 % for the top 1 % . Declines were especially steep for capital gains , which fell by 75 % in real ( inflation - adjusted ) terms between 2007 and 2009 . Other sources of capital income also fell : interest income by 40 % and dividend income by 33 % . Wages , the largest source of income , fell by a more modest 6 % . The share of pretax income received by the top 1 % fell from 18.7 % in 2007 to 16.0 % in 2008 and 13.4 % in 2009 , while the bottom four quintiles all had their share of pretax income increase from 2007 to 2009 . The share of aftertax income received by the top 1 % income group fell from 16.7 % , in 2007 , to 11.5 % , in 2009 . 2009 -- present ( edit ) The distribution of household incomes has become more unequal during the post-2008 economic recovery as the effects of the recession reversed . CBO reported in November 2014 that the share of pre-tax income received by the top 1 % had risen from 13.3 % in 2009 to 14.6 % in 2011 . During 2012 alone , incomes of the wealthiest 1 percent rose nearly 20 % , whereas the income of the remaining 99 percent rose 1 % in comparison . If the United States had the same income distribution it had in 1979 , the bottom 80 percent of the population would have $1 trillion -- or $11,000 per family -- more . The top 1 percent would have $1 trillion -- or $750,000 -- less . Larry Summers by 2012 , the share of pre-tax income received by the top 1 % had returned to its pre-crisis peak , at around 23 % of the pre-tax income according to an article in The New Yorker . This is based on widely cited data from economist Emmanuel Saez , which uses `` market income '' and relies primarily on IRS data . The CBO uses both IRS data and census data in its computations and reports a lower pre-tax figure for the top 1 % . The two series were approximately 5 percentage points apart in 2011 ( Saez at about 19.7 % versus CBO at 14.6 % ) , which would imply a CBO figure of about 18 % in 2012 if that relationship holds , a significant increase versus the 14.6 % CBO reported for 2011 . The share of after - tax income received by the top 1 % rose from 11.5 % in 2009 to 12.6 % in 2011 . Between 2010 and 2013 , inflation - adjusted pre-tax income for the bottom 90 % of American families fell , with the middle income groups dropping the most , about 6 % for the 40th - 60th percentiles and 7 % for the 20th - 40th percentiles . Incomes in the top decile rose 2 % . During the 2009 - 2012 recovery period , the top 1 % captured 91 % of the real income growth per family with their pre-tax incomes growing 34.7 % adjusted for inflation while the pre-tax incomes of the bottom 99 % grew 0.8 % . Measured from 2009 -- 2015 , the top 1 % captured 52 % of the total real income growth per family , indicating the recovery was becoming less `` lopsided '' in favor of higher income families . By 2015 , the top 10 % ( top decile ) had a 50.5 % share of the pre-tax income , close its highest all - time level . In 2013 , tax increases on higher income earners were implemented with the Affordable Care Act and American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 . CBO estimated that `` average federal tax rates under 2013 law would be higher -- relative to tax rates in 2011 -- across the income spectrum . The estimated rates under 2013 law would still be well below the average rates from 1979 through 2011 for the bottom four income quintiles , slightly below the average rate over that period for households in the 81st through 99th percentiles , and well above the average rate over that period for households in the top 1 percent of the income distribution . '' In 2016 , the economists Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson contended that inequality is the highest it has been since the nation 's founding . French economist Thomas Piketty attributed the victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , which he characterizes as an `` electoral upset , '' to `` the explosion in economic and geographic inequality in the United States over several decades and the inability of successive governments to deal with this . '' In May 2017 , new data sets from the economists Piketty , Saez , and Gabriel Zucman of University of California , Berkeley demonstrate that inequality runs much deeper than previous data indicated . The share of incomes for those in the bottom half of the U.S. population stagnated and declined during the years 1980 to 2014 from 20 % in 1980 to 12 % in 2014 . By contrast , the top 1 % share of income grew from 12 % in 1980 to 20 % in 2014 . The top 1 % now makes on average 81 times more than the bottom 50 % of adults , where as in 1981 they made 27 times more . Pretax incomes for the top 0.001 % surged 636 % during the years 1980 to 2014 . The economists also note that the growth of inequality during the 1970s to the 1990s can be attributed to wage growth among top earners , but the ever - widening gap has been `` a capital - driven phenomenon since the late 1990s . '' They posit that `` the working rich are either turning into or being replaced by rentiers . '' A 2017 report by Philip Alston , the United Nations special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights , asserted that Donald Trump and the Republican Congress are pushing policies that would make the United States the `` world champion of extreme inequality '' . Causes ( edit ) Main article : Causes of income inequality in the United States Illustrates the productivity gap ( i.e. , the annual growth rate in productivity minus annual growth rate in compensation ) by industry from 1985 - 2015 . Each dot is an industry ; dots above the line have a productivity gap ( i.e. , productivity growth has exceeded compensation growth ) , those below the line do not . U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries measured before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers . According to the CBO and others , `` the precise reasons for the ( recent ) rapid growth in income at the top are not well understood '' , but `` in all likelihood , '' an `` interaction of multiple factors '' was involved . `` Researchers have offered several potential rationales . '' Some of these rationales conflict , some overlap . They include : the decline of labor unions . A study in the American Sociological Review , as well as other scholarly research , using the broadest methodology , estimates that the decline of unions may account for from one - third to more than one - half of the rise of inequality among men . As unions weakened , the vast majority of the gains from productivity were taken by senior corporate executives , major shareholders and creditors ( e.g. major corporate bondholders , banks and other lenders , etc . ) . As unions have grown weaker , there has been less pressure on employers to increase wages , or on lawmakers to enact labor - friendly or worker - friendly measures . the globalization hypothesis -- low skilled American workers have been losing ground in the face of competition from low - wage workers in Asia and other `` emerging '' economies . skill - biased technological change -- the rapid pace of progress in information technology has increased the demand for the highly skilled and educated so that income distribution favored brains rather than brawn ; the superstar hypothesis -- modern technologies of communication often turn competition into a tournament in which the winner is richly rewarded , while the runners - up get far less than in the past ; financialization -- changing views of linkages between the corporate and financial sectors led to a significant increase in the capitalization of the US stock market . In the decade after 1989 , market capitalization rose from 55 % to 155 % of GDP . At the same time , corporations began to shift compensation packages of managers toward stock options , increasing incentives for managers to make short - term decisions to increase share prices . Over this period , CEO options increased from $500,000 to over $3 million per year , allowing stocks to comprise almost 50 % of CEO compensation . This further incentivized managers to make decisions on shareholder payout rather than toward long - term contracts with workers ; between 2000 and 2007 , nearly 75 % of increased stock growth has been at the cost of labor wages and salaries . immigration of less - educated workers -- relatively high levels of immigration of low skilled workers since 1965 may have reduced wages for American - born high school dropouts ; college premium - workers with college degrees earn more than those that do not and have a lower unemployment rate . This explains some of the gap between the college - educated middle class and lower income persons , but not the 1 % leaving the remainder behind . automation - The Bureau of Labor Statistics explained that labor 's share of income has declined ( with an offsetting increase in share going to capital , generally higher income persons ) due to increased automation that has `` been leading to an overall drop in the need for labor input . This would cause capital share to increase , relative to labor share , as machines replace some workers . '' policy , politics and race -- movement conservatives increased their influence over the Republican Party beginning in the 1970s , moving it politically rightward . Combined with the Party 's expanded political power ( enabled by a shift of southern white Democrats to the Republican Party following the passage of Civil Rights legislation in the 1960s ) , this resulted in more regressive tax laws , anti-labor policies , and further limited expansion of the welfare state relative to other developed nations ( e.g. , the unique absence of universal healthcare ) . Further , variation in income inequality across developed countries indicates policy has a significant influence on inequality ; Japan , Sweden and France have income inequality around 1960 levels . drug use , particularly opioids , has been cited by the Federal Reserve as one cause of the decline in the labor force participation rate . Paul Krugman put several of these factors into context in January 2015 : `` Competition from emerging - economy exports has surely been a factor depressing wages in wealthier nations , although probably not the dominant force . More important , soaring incomes at the top were achieved , in large part , by squeezing those below : by cutting wages , slashing benefits , crushing unions , and diverting a rising share of national resources to financial wheeling and dealing ... Perhaps more important still , the wealthy exert a vastly disproportionate effect on policy . And elite priorities -- obsessive concern with budget deficits , with the supposed need to slash social programs -- have done a lot to deepen ( wage stagnation and income inequality ) . '' According to a 2018 report by the OECD , the U.S. has higher income inequality and a larger percentage of low income workers than almost any other advanced nation because the unemployed and at - risk workers get almost no support from the government and are further set back by a very weak collective bargaining system . Effects : economic ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Real GDP per household has typically increased since the year 2000 , while real median income per household was below 1999 levels until 2016 , indicating a trend of greater income inequality ( i.e. , the average is more influenced by high income outliers than the median ) . The income considered in the two lines is different as well ; the GDP figure includes all income ( derived from labor and capital ) while the median income figure includes only a subset of income ( wages / salaries but not benefits ) . Labor 's share of GDP declined by 4.5 percentage points from 1970 to 2016 , measured based on total compensation . The decline measured for wages and salaries was 7.9 points . These trends imply income due to capital ( i.e. , asset ownership , such as rent , dividends , and business profits ) is increasing as a % of GDP . While middle - class family incomes have stagnated as income shifts to the top , the costs of important goods and services continue rising , resulting in a `` Middle class squeeze . '' Overview ( edit ) There is an ongoing debate as to the economic effects of income inequality . For example , Alan B. Krueger , President Obama 's Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors , summarized the conclusions of several research studies in a 2012 speech . In general , as income inequality worsens : More income shifts to the wealthy , who tend to spend less of each marginal dollar , causing consumption and therefore economic growth to slow ; Income mobility falls , meaning the parents ' income is more likely to predict their children 's income ; Middle and lower - income families borrow more money to maintain their consumption , a contributing factor to financial crises ; and The wealthy gain more political power , which results in policies that further slow economic growth . Among economists and related experts , many believe that America 's growing income inequality is `` deeply worrying '' , unjust , a danger to democracy / social stability , or a sign of national decline . Yale professor Robert Shiller , who was among three Americans who won the Nobel prize for economics in 2013 , said after receiving the award , `` The most important problem that we are facing now today , I think , is rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere in the world . '' Economist Thomas Piketty , who has spent nearly 20 years studying inequality primarily in the US , warns that `` The egalitarian pioneer ideal has faded into oblivion , and the New World may be on the verge of becoming the Old Europe of the twenty - first century 's globalized economy . '' On the other side of the issue are those who have claimed that the increase is not significant , that it does n't matter because America 's economic growth and / or equality of opportunity are what 's important , that it is a global phenomenon which would be foolish to try to change through US domestic policy , that it `` has many economic benefits and is the result of ... a well - functioning economy '' , and has or may become an excuse for `` class - warfare rhetoric '' , and may lead to policies that `` reduce the well - being of wealthier individuals '' . Economic growth ( edit ) Main article : Economic growth § Income equality Views that income inequality slows economic growth ( edit ) Economist Alan B. Krueger wrote in 2012 : `` The rise in inequality in the United States over the last three decades has reached the point that inequality in incomes is causing an unhealthy division in opportunities , and is a threat to our economic growth . Restoring a greater degree of fairness to the U.S. job market would be good for businesses , good for the economy , and good for the country . '' Krueger wrote that the significant shift in the share of income accruing to the top 1 % over the 1979 to 2007 period represented nearly $1.1 trillion in annual income . Since the wealthy tend to save nearly 50 % of their marginal income while the remainder of the population saves roughly 10 % , other things equal this would reduce annual consumption ( the largest component of GDP ) by as much as 5 % . Krueger wrote that borrowing likely helped many households make up for this shift , which became more difficult in the wake of the 2007 -- 2009 recession . Inequality in land and income ownership is negatively correlated with subsequent economic growth . A strong demand for redistribution will occur in societies where a large section of the population does not have access to the productive resources of the economy . Rational voters must internalize such issues . High unemployment rates have a significant negative effect when interacting with increases in inequality . Increasing inequality harms growth in countries with high levels of urbanization . High and persistent unemployment also has a negative effect on subsequent long - run economic growth . Unemployment may seriously harm growth because it is a waste of resources , because it generates redistributive pressures and distortions , because it depreciates existing human capital and deters its accumulation , because it drives people to poverty , because it results in liquidity constraints that limit labor mobility , and because it erodes individual self - esteem and promotes social dislocation , unrest and conflict . Policies to control unemployment and reduce its inequality - associated effects can strengthen long - run growth . Concern extends even to such supporters ( or former supporters ) of laissez - faire economics and private sector financiers . Former Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan , has stated reference to growing inequality : `` This is not the type of thing which a democratic society -- a capitalist democratic society -- can really accept without addressing . '' Some economists ( David Moss , Paul Krugman , Raghuram Rajan ) believe the `` Great Divergence '' may be connected to the financial crisis of 2008 . Money manager William H. Gross , former managing director of PIMCO , criticized the shift in distribution of income from labor to capital that underlies some of the growth in inequality as unsustainable , saying : Even conservatives must acknowledge that return on capital investment , and the liquid stocks and bonds that mimic it , are ultimately dependent on returns to labor in the form of jobs and real wage gains . If Main Street is unemployed and undercompensated , capital can only travel so far down Prosperity Road . He concluded : `` Investors / policymakers of the world wake up -- you 're killing the proletariat goose that lays your golden eggs . '' A 2011 study by Ostry and Berg of the factors affecting the duration of economic growth in developed and developing countries , found that income equality has a more beneficial impact on steady growth than trade openness , sound political institutions , or foreign investment . Among economists and reports that find inequality harming economic growth are a December 2013 Associated Press survey of three dozen economists ' , a 2014 report by Standard and Poor 's , economists Gar Alperovitz , Robert Reich , Joseph Stiglitz , and Branko Milanovic . A December 2013 Associated Press survey of three dozen economists found that the majority believe that widening income disparity is harming the US economy . They argue that wealthy Americans are receiving higher pay , but they spend less per dollar earned than middle class consumers , the majority of the population , whose incomes have largely stagnated . A 2014 report by Standard and Poor 's concluded that diverging income inequality has slowed the economic recovery and could contribute to boom - and - bust cycles in the future as more and more Americans take on debt in order to consume . Higher levels of income inequality increase political pressures , discouraging trade , investment , hiring , and social mobility according to the report . Economists Gar Alperovitz and Robert Reich argue that too much concentration of wealth prevents there being sufficient purchasing power to make the rest of the economy function effectively . Joseph Stiglitz argues that concentration of wealth and income leads the politically powerful economic elite seek to protect themselves from redistributive policies by weakening the state , and this leads to less public investments by the state -- roads , technology , education , etc. -- that are essential for economic growth . According to economist Branko Milanovic , while traditionally economists thought inequality was good for growth , `` The view that income inequality harms growth -- or that improved equality can help sustain growth -- has become more widely held in recent years . The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development . When physical capital mattered most , savings and investments were key . Then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital . But now that human capital is scarcer than machines , widespread education has become the secret to growth . '' He continued that `` Broadly accessible education '' is both difficult to achieve when income distribution is uneven and tends to reduce `` income gaps between skilled and unskilled labor . '' Robert Gordon wrote that such issues as ' rising inequality ; factor price equalization stemming from the interplay between globalization and the Internet ; the twin educational problems of cost inflation in higher education and poor secondary student performance ; the consequences of environmental regulations and taxes ... '' make economic growth harder to achieve than in the past . Views that income inequality does not slow growth ( edit ) In response to the Occupy movement Richard A. Epstein defended inequality in a free market society , maintaining that `` taxing the top one percent even more means less wealth and fewer jobs for the rest of us . '' According to Epstein , `` the inequalities in wealth ... pay for themselves by the vast increases in wealth '' , while `` forced transfers of wealth through taxation ... will destroy the pools of wealth that are needed to generate new ventures . One report has found a connection between lowering high marginal tax rates on high income earners ( high marginal tax rates on high income being a common measure to fight inequality ) , and higher rates of employment growth . Economic sociologist Lane Kenworthy has found no correlation between levels of inequality and economic growth among developed countries , among states of the US , or in the US over the years from 1947 to 2005 . Jared Bernstein found a nuanced relation he summed up as follows : `` In sum , I 'd consider the question of the extent to which higher inequality lowers growth to be an open one , worthy of much deeper research '' . Tim Worstall commented that capitalism would not seem to contribute to an inherited - wealth stagnation and consolidation , but instead appears to promote the opposite , a vigorous , ongoing turnover and creation of new wealth . Likelihood of financial crises ( edit ) Income inequality was cited as one of the causes of the Great Depression by Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis in 1933 . In his dissent in the Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee ( 288 U.S. 517 ) case , he wrote : `` Other writers have shown that , coincident with the growth of these giant corporations , there has occurred a marked concentration of individual wealth ; and that the resulting disparity in incomes is a major cause of the existing depression . '' Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that `` systematic economic inequalities , within the United States and around the world , have created deep financial ' fault lines ' that have made ( financial ) crises more likely to happen than in the past '' -- the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 being the most recent example . To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power , political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners -- particularly to buy homes -- and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low . This has given the American economy a tendency to go `` from bubble to bubble '' fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation . Monopolization of labor , consolidation , and competition ( edit ) Greater income inequality can lead to monopolization of the labor force , resulting in fewer employers requiring fewer workers . Remaining employers can consolidate and take advantage of the relative lack of competition , leading to declining customer service , less consumer choice , market abuses , and relatively higher prices . Aggregate demand and debt ( edit ) Income inequality lowers aggregate demand , leading to increasingly large segments of formerly middle class consumers unable to afford as many luxury and essential goods and services . This pushes production and overall employment down . Deep debt may lead to bankruptcy and researchers Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi found a fivefold increase in the number of families filing for bankruptcy between 1980 and 2005 . The bankruptcies came not from increased spending `` on luxuries '' , but from an `` increased spending on housing , largely driven by competition to get into good school districts . '' Intensifying inequality may mean a dwindling number of ever more expensive school districts that compel middle class -- or would - be middle class -- to `` buy houses they ca n't really afford , taking on more mortgage debt than they can safely handle '' . Effects : socio - economic mobility ( edit ) Further information : Socio - economic mobility in the United States Overview ( edit ) The ability to move from one income group into another ( income mobility ) is a means of measuring economic opportunity . A higher probability of upward income mobility theoretically would help mitigate higher income inequality , as each generation has a better chance of achieving higher income groups . Conservatives and libertarians such as economist Thomas Sowell , and Congressman Paul Ryan ( R. , Wisc . ) argue that more important than the level of equality of results is America 's equality of opportunity , especially relative to other developed countries such as western Europe . Nonetheless , results from various studies reflect the fact that endogenous regulations and other different rules yield distinct effects on income inequality . A study examines the effects of institutional change on age - based labor market inequalities in Europe . There is a focus on wage - setting institutions on the adult male population and the rate of their unequal income distribution . According to the study , there is evidence that unemployment protection and temporary work regulation affect the dynamics of age - based inequality with positive employment effects of all individuals by the strength of unions . Even though the European Union is within a favorable economic context with perspectives of growth and development , it is also very fragile . However , several studies have indicated that higher income inequality corresponds with lower income mobility . In other words , income brackets tend to be increasingly `` sticky '' as income inequality increases . This is described by a concept called the Great Gatsby curve . In the words of journalist Timothy Noah , `` you ca n't really experience ever - growing income inequality without experiencing a decline in Horatio Alger - style upward mobility because ( to use a frequently - employed metaphor ) it 's harder to climb a ladder when the rungs are farther apart . '' Over lifetimes ( edit ) The centrist Brookings Institution said in March 2013 that income inequality was increasing and becoming permanent , sharply reducing social mobility in the US . A 2007 study ( by Kopczuk , Saez and Song in 2007 ) found the top population in the United States `` very stable '' and that income mobility had `` not mitigated the dramatic increase in annual earnings concentration since the 1970s . '' Economist Paul Krugman , attacks conservatives for resorting to `` extraordinary series of attempts at statistical distortion '' . He argues that while in any given year , some of the people with low incomes will be `` workers on temporary layoff , small businessmen taking writeoffs , farmers hit by bad weather '' -- the rise in their income in succeeding years is not the same ' mobility ' as poor people rising to middle class or middle income rising to wealth . It 's the mobility of `` the guy who works in the college bookstore and has a real job by his early thirties . '' Studies by the Urban Institute and the US Treasury have both found that about half of the families who start in either the top or the bottom quintile of the income distribution are still there after a decade , and that only 3 to 6 % rise from bottom to top or fall from top to bottom . On the issue of whether most Americans do not stay put in any one income bracket , Krugman quotes from 2011 CBO distribution of income study Household income measured over a multi-year period is more equally distributed than income measured over one year , although only modestly so . Given the fairly substantial movement of households across income groups over time , it might seem that income measured over a number of years should be significantly more equally distributed than income measured over one year . However , much of the movement of households involves changes in income that are large enough to push households into different income groups but not large enough to greatly affect the overall distribution of income . Multi-year income measures also show the same pattern of increasing inequality over time as is observed in annual measures . In other words , `` many people who have incomes greater than $1 million one year fall out of the category the next year -- but that 's typically because their income fell from , say , $1.05 million to 0.95 million , not because they went back to being middle class . '' Between generations ( edit ) Several studies have found the ability of children from poor or middle - class families to rise to upper income -- known as `` upward relative intergenerational mobility '' -- is lower in the US than in other developed countries -- and at least two economists have found lower mobility linked to income inequality . In their Great Gatsby curve , White House Council of Economic Advisers Chairman Alan B. Krueger and labor economist Miles Corak show a negative correlation between inequality and social mobility . The curve plotted `` intergenerational income elasticity '' -- i.e. the likelihood that someone will inherit their parents ' relative position of income level -- and inequality for a number of countries . Aside from the proverbial distant rungs , the connection between income inequality and low mobility can be explained by the lack of access for un-affluent children to better ( more expensive ) schools and preparation for schools crucial to finding high - paying jobs ; the lack of health care that may lead to obesity and diabetes and limit education and employment . Krueger estimates that `` the persistence in the advantages and disadvantages of income passed from parents to the children '' will `` rise by about a quarter for the next generation as a result of the rise in inequality that the U.S. has seen in the last 25 years . '' Poverty ( edit ) Further information : Poverty in the United States Greater income inequality can increase the poverty rate , as more income shifts away from lower income brackets to upper income brackets . Jared Bernstein wrote : `` If less of the economy 's market - generated growth -- i.e. , before taxes and transfers kick in -- ends up in the lower reaches of the income scale , either there will be more poverty for any given level of GDP growth , or there will have to be a lot more transfers to offset inequality 's poverty - inducing impact . '' The Economic Policy Institute estimated that greater income inequality would have added 5.5 % to the poverty rate between 1979 and 2007 , other factors equal . Income inequality was the largest driver of the change in the poverty rate , with economic growth , family structure , education and race other important factors . An estimated 16 % of Americans lived in poverty in 2012 , versus 26 % in 1967 . A rise in income disparities weakens skills development among people with a poor educational background in term of the quantity and quality of education attained . Those with a low level of expertise will always consider themselves unworthy of any high position and pay Further enrichment of corporate top executives ( edit ) Lisa Shalett , chief investment officer at Merrill Lynch Wealth Management noted that , `` for the last two decades and especially in the current period , ... productivity soared ... ( but ) U.S. real average hourly earnings are essentially flat to down , with today 's inflation - adjusted wage equating to about the same level as that attained by workers in 1970 ... So where have the benefits of technology - driven productivity cycle gone ? Almost exclusively to corporations and their very top executives . '' In addition to the technological side of it , the affected functionality emanates from the perceived unfairness and the reduced trust of people towards the state . The study by Kristal and Cohen showed that rising wage inequality has brought about an unhealthy competition between institutions and technology . The technological changes , with computerization of the workplace , seem to give an upper hand to the high - skilled workers as the primary cause of inequality in America . The qualified will always be considered to be in a better position as compared to those dealing with hand work leading to replacements and unequal distribution of resources . Economist Timothy Smeeding summed up the current trend : Americans have the highest income inequality in the rich world and over the past 20 -- 30 years Americans have also experienced the greatest increase in income inequality among rich nations . The more detailed the data we can use to observe this change , the more skewed the change appears to be ... the majority of large gains are indeed at the top of the distribution . According to Janet L. Yellen , chair of the Federal Reserve , ... from 1973 to 2005 , real hourly wages of those in the 90th percentile -- where most people have college or advanced degrees -- rose by 30 % or more ... among this top 10 percent , the growth was heavily concentrated at the very tip of the top , that is , the top 1 percent . This includes the people who earn the very highest salaries in the U.S. economy , like sports and entertainment stars , investment bankers and venture capitalists , corporate attorneys , and CEOs . In contrast , at the 50th percentile and below -- where many people have at most a high school diploma -- real wages rose by only 5 to 10 % -- Effects on democracy and society ( edit ) Economists Jared Bernstein and Paul Krugman have attacked the concentration of income as variously `` unsustainable '' and `` incompatible '' with real democracy . American political scientists Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson quote a warning by Greek - Roman historian Plutarch : `` An imbalance between rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of all republics . '' Some academic researchers have written that the US political system risks drifting towards a form of oligarchy , through the influence of corporations , the wealthy , and other special interest groups . Political polarization ( edit ) Rising income inequality has been linked to the political polarization in Washington DC . According to a 2013 study published in the Political Research Quarterly , elected officials tend to be more responsive to the upper income bracket and ignore lower income groups . Paul Krugman wrote in November 2014 that : `` The basic story of political polarization over the past few decades is that , as a wealthy minority has pulled away economically from the rest of the country , it has pulled one major party along with it ... Any policy that benefits lower - and middle - income Americans at the expense of the elite -- like health reform , which guarantees insurance to all and pays for that guarantee in part with taxes on higher incomes -- will face bitter Republican opposition . '' He used environmental protection as another example , which was not a partisan issue in the 1990s but has since become one . As income inequality has increased , the degree of House of Representatives polarization measured by voting record has also increased . The voting is mostly by the rich and for the rich making it hard to achieve equal income and resource distribution for the average population ( Bonica et al. , 2013 ) . There is a little number of people who turn to government insurance with the rising wealth and real income since they consider inequality within the different government sectors . Additionally , there has been an increased influence by the rich on the regulatory , legislative and electoral processes within the country that has led to improved employment standards for the bureaucrats and politicians . Professors McCarty , Pool and Rosenthal wrote in 2007 that polarization and income inequality fell in tandem from 1913 to 1957 and rose together dramatically from 1977 on . They show that Republicans have moved politically to the right , away from redistributive policies that would reduce income inequality . Polarization thus creates a feedback loop , worsening inequality . The IMF warned in 2017 that rising income inequality within Western nations , in particular the United States , could result in further political polarization . Political inequality ( edit ) Bartels studied the voting patterns of the US Senate and correlated it with the responsiveness to the opinions of different amounts of Income in the United States . Several economists and political scientists have argued that economic inequality translates into political inequality , particularly in situations where politicians have financial incentives to respond to special interest groups and lobbyists . Researchers such as Larry Bartels of Vanderbilt University have shown that politicians are significantly more responsive to the political opinions of the wealthy , even when controlling for a range of variables including educational attainment and political knowledge . Class system ( edit ) Historically , discussions of income inequality and capital vs. labor debates have sometimes included the language of class warfare , from President Theodore Roosevelt ( referring to the leaders of big corporations as `` malefactors of great wealth '' ) , to President Franklin Roosevelt ( `` economic royalists ... are unanimous in their hate for me -- and I welcome their hatred '' ) , to more the recent `` 1 % versus the 99 % '' issue and the question of which political party better represents the interests of the middle class . Investor Warren Buffett said in 2006 that : `` There 's class warfare , all right , but it 's my class , the rich class , that 's making war , and we 're winning . '' He advocated much higher taxes on the wealthiest Americans , who pay lower effective tax rates than many middle - class persons . Two journalists concerned about social separation in the US are economist Robert Frank , who notes that : `` Today 's rich had formed their own virtual country ... ( T ) hey had built a self - contained world unto themselves , complete with their own health - care system ( concierge doctors ) , travel network ( Net jets , destination clubs ) , separate economy ... The rich were n't just getting richer ; they were becoming financial foreigners , creating their own country within a country , their own society within a society , and their economy within an economy . George Packer wrote that `` Inequality hardens society into a class system ... Inequality divides us from one another in schools , in neighborhoods , at work , on airplanes , in hospitals , in what we eat , in the condition of our bodies , in what we think , in our children 's futures , in how we die . Inequality makes it harder to imagine the lives of others . Even these class levels can affect the politics in certain ways . There has been an increased influence by the rich on the regulatory , legislative and electoral processes within the country that has led to improved employment standards for the bureaucrats and politicians . They have a greater influence through their lobbying and contributions that give them an opportunity to immerse wealth for themselves . Political change ( edit ) Loss of income by the middle class relative to the top - earning 1 % and 0.1 % is both a cause and effect of political change , according to journalist Hedrick Smith . In the decade starting around 2000 , business groups employed 30 times as many Washington lobbyists as trade unions and 16 times as many lobbyists as labor , consumer , and public interest lobbyists combined . From 1998 through 2010 business interests and trade groups spent $28.6 billion on lobbying compared with $492 million for labor , nearly a 60 - to - 1 business advantage . The result , according to Smith , is a political landscape dominated in the 1990s and 2000s by business groups , specifically `` political insiders '' -- former members of Congress and government officials with an inside track -- working for `` Wall Street banks , the oil , defense , and pharmaceutical industries ; and business trade associations . '' In the decade or so prior to the Great Divergence , middle - class - dominated reformist grassroots efforts -- such as civil rights movement , environmental movement , consumer movement , labor movement -- had considerable political impact . `` We have n't achieved the minimalist state that libertarians advocate . What we 've achieved is a state too constrained to provide the public goods -- investments in infrastructure , technology , and education -- that would make for a vibrant economy and too weak to engage in the redistribution that is needed to create a fair society . But we have a state that is still large enough and distorted enough that it can provide a bounty of gifts to the wealthy . '' Joseph Stiglitz Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that hyper - inequality may explain political questions -- such as why America 's infrastructure ( and other public investments ) are deteriorating , or the country 's recent relative lack of reluctance to engage in military conflicts such as the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Top - earning families , wealthy enough to buy their own education , medical care , personal security , and parks , have little interest in helping pay for such things for the rest of society , and have the political influence to make sure they do n't have to . So too , the lack of personal or family sacrifice involved for top earners in the military intervention of their country -- their children being few and far between in the relatively low - paying all - volunteer military -- may mean more willingness by influential wealthy to see its government wage war . Economist Branko Milanovic argued that globalization and the related competition with cheaper labor from Asia and immigrants have caused U.S. middle - class wages to stagnate , fueling the rise of populist political candidates such as Donald Trump . Health ( edit ) The relatively high rates of health problems and social problems , ( obesity , mental illness , homicides , teenage births , incarceration , child conflict , drug use ) and lower rates of social goods ( life expectancy , educational performance , trust among strangers , women 's status , social mobility , even numbers of patents issued per capita ) , in the US compared to other developed countries may be related to its high income inequality . Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US , British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found such a correlation which remains after accounting for ethnicity , national culture , and occupational classes or education levels . Their findings , based on UN Human Development Reports and other sources , locate the United States at the top of the list in regards to inequality and various social and health problems among developed countries . The authors argue inequality creates psychosocial stress and status anxiety that lead to social ills . A 2009 study conducted by researchers at Harvard University and published in the British Medical Journal attribute one in three deaths in the United States to high levels of inequality . According to The Earth Institute , life satisfaction in the US has been declining over the last several decades , which has been attributed to soaring inequality , lack of social trust and loss of faith in government . It is claimed in a 2015 study by Princeton University researchers Angus Deaton and Anne Case that income inequality could be a driving factor in a marked increase in deaths among white males between the ages of 45 to 54 in the period 1999 to 2013 . Financing of social programs ( edit ) Paul Krugman argues that the much lamented long - term funding problems of Social Security and Medicare can be blamed in part on the growth in inequality as well as the usual culprits like longer life expectancies . The traditional source of funding for these social welfare programs -- payroll taxes -- is inadequate because it does not capture income from capital , and income above the payroll tax cap , which make up a larger and larger share of national income as inequality increases . Upward redistribution of income is responsible for about 43 % of the projected Social Security shortfall over the next 75 years . Education and human capital ( edit ) Illustration from a 1916 advertisement for a vocational school in the back of a US magazine . Education has been seen as a key to higher income , and this advertisement appealed to Americans ' belief in the possibility of self - betterment , as well as threatening the consequences of not achieving economic security in the great income inequality existing during the Industrial Revolution . Disagreeing with this focus on the top - earning 1 % , and urging attention to the economic and social pathologies of lower - income / lower education Americans , is conservative journalist David Brooks . Whereas in the 1970s , high school and college graduates had `` very similar family structures '' , today , high school grads are much less likely to get married and be active in their communities , and much more likely to smoke , be obese , get divorced , or have `` a child out of wedlock . '' The zooming wealth of the top one percent is a problem , but it 's not nearly as big a problem as the tens of millions of Americans who have dropped out of high school or college . It 's not nearly as big a problem as the 40 percent of children who are born out of wedlock . It 's not nearly as big a problem as the nation 's stagnant human capital , its stagnant social mobility and the disorganized social fabric for the bottom 50 percent . Contradicting most of these arguments , classical liberals such as Friedrich Hayek have maintained that because individuals are diverse and different , state intervention to redistribute income is inevitably arbitrary and incompatible with the concept of general rules of law , and that `` what is called ' social ' or distributive ' justice is indeed meaningless within a spontaneous order '' . Those who would use the state to redistribute , `` take freedom for granted and ignore the preconditions necessary for its survival . '' Public attitudes ( edit ) The growth of inequality has provoked a political protest movement -- the Occupy movement -- starting in Wall Street and spreading to 600 communities across the United States in 2011 . Its main political slogan -- `` We are the 99 % '' -- references its dissatisfaction with the concentration of income in the top 1 % . A December 2011 Gallup poll found a decline in the number of Americans who felt reducing the gap in income and wealth between the rich and the poor was extremely or very important ( 21 percent of Republicans , 43 percent of independents , and 72 percent of Democrats ) . In 2012 , several surveys of voters ' attitudes toward growing income inequality found the issue ranked less important than other economic issues such as growth and equality of opportunity , and relatively low in affecting voters `` personally '' . In 1998 a Gallup poll had found 52 % of Americans agreeing that the gap between rich and the poor was a problem that needed to be fixed , while 45 % regarded it as `` an acceptable part of the economic system '' . In 2011 , those numbers are reversed : Only 45 % see the gap as in need of fixing , while 52 % do not . However , there was a large difference between Democrats and Republicans , with 71 % of Democrats calling for a fix . In contrast , a January 2014 poll found 61 % of Republicans , 68 % of Democrats and 67 % of independents accept the notion that income inequality in the US has been growing over the last decade . The Pew Center poll also indicated that 69 % of Americans supported the government doing `` a lot '' or `` some '' to address income inequality and that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour . Opinion surveys of what respondents thought was the right level of inequality have found Americans no more accepting of income inequality than other citizens of other nations , but more accepting of what they thought the level of inequality was in their country , being under the impression that there was less inequality than there actually was . Dan Ariely and Michael Norton show in a study ( 2011 ) that US citizens across the political spectrum significantly underestimate the current US wealth inequality and would prefer a more egalitarian distribution of wealth . Joseph Stiglitz in `` The Price of Inequality '' has argued that this sense of unfairness has led to distrust in government and business . States and cities ( edit ) This Gini Index map shows regional and county level variation in pre-tax income inequality Gini index . The 2010 Gini index value range from 0.207 for Loving County ( Texas ) to 0.645 to East Carroll Parish ( Louisiana ) . Income inequality ( as measured by the Gini coefficient ) is not uniform among the states : after - tax income inequality in 2009 was greatest in Texas and lowest in Maine . Income inequality has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas . Comparisons by state ( edit ) The household income Gini index for the United States was 0.468 in 2009 , according to the US Census Bureau , though it varied significantly between states . The states of Utah , Alaska and Wyoming have a pre-tax income inequality Gini coefficient that is 10 % lower than the average , while Washington D.C. and Puerto Rico 10 % higher . After including the effects of federal and state taxes , the U.S. Federal Reserve estimates 34 states in the USA have a Gini coefficient between 0.30 and 0.35 , with the state of Maine the lowest . At the county and municipality levels , the pre-tax Gini index ranged from 0.21 to 0.65 in 2010 across the United States , according to Census Bureau estimates . International comparisons ( edit ) Income gini coefficient map according to The World Bank ( 2014 ) . Higher Income Gini Index for a nation in this map implies more income inequality among its people . Share of income of the top 1 % for selected developed countries , 1975 to 2015 . Overall ( edit ) Measured for all households , U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers , meaning the U.S. shifts relatively less income from higher income households to lower income households . Measured for working - age households , market income inequality is comparatively high ( rather than moderate ) and the level of redistribution is moderate ( not low ) . These comparisons indicate Americans shift from reliance on market income to reliance on income transfers later in life and less fully than do households in other developed countries . The U.S. was ranked the 41st worst among 141 countries ( 30th percentile ) on income equality measured by the Gini index . The UN , CIA World Factbook , and OECD have used the Gini index to compare inequality between countries , and as of 2006 , the United States had one of the highest levels of income inequality among similar developed or high income countries , as measured by the index . While inequality has increased since 1981 in two - thirds of OECD countries most developed countries are in the lower , more equal , end of the spectrum , with a Gini coefficient in the high twenties to mid thirties . The gini rating ( after taxes and government income transfers ) of the United States is sufficiently high , however , to put it among less developed countries . The US ranks above ( more unequal than ) South American countries such Guyana , Nicaragua , and Venezuela , and roughly on par with Uruguay , Nicaragua , and Venezuela , according to the CIA . The NYT reported in 2014 : `` With a big share of recent income gains in this country flowing to a relatively small slice of high - earning households , most Americans are not keeping pace with their counterparts around the world . '' Real median per capita income in many other industrialized countries was rising from 2000 - 2010 while the U.S. measure stagnated . The poor in much of Europe receive more than their U.S. counterparts . Reasons for relative performance ( edit ) One 2013 study indicated that U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers , but rated last ( worst ) among 22 developed countries after taxes and transfers . This means that public policy choices , rather than market factors , drive U.S. income inequality disparities relative to comparable wealthy nations . Some have argued that inequality is higher in other countries than official statistics indicate because of unreported income . European countries have higher amounts of wealth in offshore holdings . The NYT reported in 2014 that there were three key reasons for other industrialized countries improving real median income relative to the United States over the 2000 - 2010 period : Educational attainment in the U.S. has risen more slowly than much of the industrialized world over the past 30 years ; Companies in the U.S. distribute relatively less of their income as wages to the middle class and poor than other industrialized countries , with top executives making relatively more , a lower minimum wage , and weaker unions ; and Other industrialized countries have tax policies that more aggressively redistribute income from rich to poor . Canada ( edit ) According to The New York Times , Canadian middle class incomes are now higher than those in the United States as of 2014 , and some European nations are closing the gap as their citizens have been receiving higher raises than their American counterparts . Bloomberg reported in August 2014 that only the wealthy saw pay increases since the 2008 recession , while average American workers saw no boost in their paychecks . Policy responses ( edit ) Further information : Welfare 's effect on poverty Overview ( edit ) Economists have proposed a variety of solutions for addressing income inequality . For example , Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen described four `` building blocks '' that could help address income and wealth inequality in an October 2014 speech . These included expanding resources available to children , affordable higher education , business ownership , and inheritance . While before - tax income inequality is subject to market factors , after - tax income inequality can be directly affected by tax and transfer policy . U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed nations before taxes and transfers , but is among the worst after taxes and transfers . This suggests that more progressive tax and transfer policies would be required to align the U.S. with other developed nations . The Center for American Progress recommended a series of steps in September 2014 , including tax reform , subsidizing and reducing healthcare and higher education costs , and strengthening labor influence . However , there is debate regarding whether a public policy response is appropriate for income inequality . For example , Federal Reserve Economist Thomas Garrett wrote in 2010 : `` It is important to understand that income inequality is a byproduct of a well - functioning capitalist economy . Individuals ' earnings are directly related to their productivity ... A wary eye should be cast on policies that aim to shrink the income distribution by redistributing income from the more productive to the less productive simply for the sake of ' fairness . ' '' Public policy responses addressing causes and effects of income inequality include : progressive tax incidence adjustments , strengthening social safety net provisions such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , welfare , the food stamp program , Social Security , Medicare , and Medicaid , increasing and reforming higher education subsidies , increasing infrastructure spending , and placing limits on and taxing rent - seeking . Democrat and Republican politicians also provided a series of recommendations for increasing median wages in December 2014 . These included raising the minimum wage , infrastructure stimulus , and tax reform . Resources available to children ( edit ) Research shows that children from lower - income households who get good - quality pre-Kindergarten education are more likely to graduate from high school , attend college , hold a job and have higher earnings . In 2010 , the U.S. ranked 28th out of 38 advanced countries in the share of four - year - olds enrolled in public or private early childhood education . Gains in enrollment stalled after 2010 , as did growth in funding , due to budget cuts arising from the Great Recession . Per - pupil spending in state - funded programs declined by 12 % after inflation since 2010 . The U.S. differs from other countries in that it funds public education primarily through sub-national ( state and local ) taxes . The quality of funding for public education varies based on the tax base of the school system , with significant variation in local taxes and spending per pupil . Better teachers also raise the educational attainment and future earnings of students , but they tend to migrate to higher income school districts . Among developed countries , 70 % of 3 - year - olds go to preschool , versus 38 % in the United States . Affordable healthcare ( edit ) The distributional impact of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA or Obamacare ) during 2014 . The ACA raised taxes mainly on the top 1 % to fund approximately $600 in benefits on average for the bottom 40 % of families . Raising taxes on higher income persons to fund healthcare for lower income persons reduces after - tax inequality . The CBO described how the Affordable Care Act ( ACA or `` Obamacare '' ) reduced income inequality for calendar year 2014 in a March 2018 report : `` In 2014 , households in the lowest and second quintiles ( the bottom 40 % ) received an average of an additional $690 and $560 respectively , because of the ACA ... '' `` Most of the burden of the ACA fell on households in the top 1 % of the income distribution , and relatively little fell on the remainder of households in that quintile . Households in the top 1 % paid an additional $21,000 , primarily because of the net investment income tax and the additional Medicare tax . '' Affordable higher education ( edit ) Median annual earnings of full - time workers with a four - year bachelor 's degree is 79 % higher than the median for those with only a high school diploma . The wage premium for a graduate degree is considerably higher than the undergraduate degree . College costs have risen much faster than income , resulting in an increase in student loan debt from $260 billion in 2004 to $1.1 trillion in 2014 . From 1995 to 2013 , outstanding education debt grew from 26 % of average yearly income to 58 % , for households with net worth below the 50th percentile . The unemployment rate is also considerably lower for those with higher educational attainment . A college education is nearly free in many European countries , often funded by higher taxes . Public welfare and infrastructure spending ( edit ) The OECD asserts that public spending is vital in reducing the ever - expanding wealth gap . Lane Kenworthy advocates incremental reforms to the U.S. welfare state in the direction of the Nordic social democratic model , thereby increasing economic security and equal opportunity . Currently , the U.S. has the weakest social safety net of all developed nations . Welfare spending may entice the poor away from finding remunerative work and toward dependency on the state . Eliminating social safety nets can discourage free market entrepreneurs by increasing the risk of business failure from a temporary setback to financial ruin . Taxes on the wealthy ( edit ) See also : Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States Average tax rate percentages for the highest - income U.S. taxpayers , 1945 - 2009 . Based on CBO Estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying a higher effective tax rate , while other income groups will remain essentially unchanged . CBO chart illustrating the percent reduction in income inequality due to Federal taxes and income transfers from 1979 to 2011 . CBO reported that less progressive tax and transfer policies contributed to an increase in after - tax income inequality between 1979 and 2007 . This indicates that more progressive income tax policies ( e.g. , higher income taxes on the wealthy and a higher earned - income tax credit ) would reduce after - tax income inequality . Policies enacted under President Obama increased taxes on the wealthy , including the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 and the Affordable Care Act . As reported by The New York Times in January 2014 , these laws include several tax increases on individuals earning over $400,000 and couples earning over $450,000 : Raised the top marginal tax rate to 39.6 % from 35 % ; Raised the rate on dividends and capital gains by 5 percentage points , to 20 percent ; and Two new surcharges -- a 3.8 % tax on investment income and a 0.9 % tax on regular income . These changes are estimated to add $600 billion to revenue over 10 years , while leaving the tax burden on everyone else mostly as it was . This reverses a long - term trend of lower tax rates for upper income persons . The NYT reported in July 2018 that : `` The top - earning 1 percent of households -- those earning more than $607,000 a year -- will pay a combined $111 billion less this year in federal taxes than they would have if the laws had remained unchanged since 2000 . That 's an enormous windfall . It 's more , in total dollars , than the tax cut received over the same period by the entire bottom 60 percent of earners . '' This represents the tax cuts for the top 1 % from the Bush tax cuts and Trump tax cuts , partially offset by the tax increases on the top 1 % by Obama . The CBO estimated that the average tax rate for the top 1 % rose from 28.1 % in 2008 to 33.6 % in 2013 , reducing after - tax income inequality relative to a baseline without those policies . The economists Emmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty recommend much higher top marginal tax rates on the wealthy , up to 50 percent , or 70 percent or even 90 percent . Ralph Nader , Jeffrey Sachs , the United Front Against Austerity , among others , call for a financial transactions tax ( also known as the Robin Hood tax ) to bolster the social safety net and the public sector . The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 54 % of Americans supported raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations to expand aid to the poor . By party , 29 % of Republicans and 75 % of Democrats supported this action . During 2012 , investor Warren Buffett advocated higher minimum effective income tax rates on the wealthy , considering all forms of income : `` I would suggest 30 percent of taxable income between $1 million and $10 million , and 35 percent on amounts above that . '' This would eliminate special treatment for capital gains and carried interest , which are taxed at lower rates and comprise a relatively larger share of income for the wealthy . He argued that in 1992 , the tax paid by the 400 highest incomes in the United States averaged 26.4 % of adjusted gross income . In 2009 , the rate was 19.9 % . Reduce tax expenditures ( edit ) CBO charts describing amount and distribution of top 10 tax expenditures ( i.e. , exemptions , deductions , and preferential rates ) Tax expenditures ( i.e. , exclusions , deductions , preferential tax rates , and tax credits ) cause revenues to be much lower than they would otherwise be for any given tax rate structure . The benefits from tax expenditures , such as income exclusions for healthcare insurance premiums paid for by employers and tax deductions for mortgage interest , are distributed unevenly across the income spectrum . They are often what the Congress offers to special interests in exchange for their support . According to a report from the CBO that analyzed the 2013 data : The top 10 tax expenditures totaled $900 billion . This is a proxy for how much they reduced revenues or increased the annual budget deficit . Tax expenditures tend to benefit those at the top and bottom of the income distribution , but less so in the middle . The top 20 % of income earners received approximately 50 % of the benefit from them ; the top 1 % received 17 % of the benefits . The largest single tax expenditure was the exclusion from income of employer sponsored health insurance ( $250 billion ) . Preferential tax rates on capital gains and dividends were $160 billion ; the top 1 % received 68 % of the benefit or $109 billion from lower income tax rates on these types of income . Understanding how each tax expenditure is distributed across the income spectrum can inform policy choices . Corporate tax reform ( edit ) Economist Dean Baker argues that the existence of tax loopholes , deductions , and credits for the corporate income tax contributes to rising income inequality by permitting large corporations with many accountants to reduce their tax burden and by permitting large accounting firms to receive payments from smaller businesses in exchange for helping these businesses reduce their tax burden . He says that this redistributes large sums of money that would otherwise be taxed to individuals who are already wealthy yet contribute nothing to society in order to obtain this wealth . He further argues that since a large portion of corporate income is reinvested in the business , taxing corporate income amounts to a tax on reinvestment , which he says should be left untaxed . He concludes that eliminating the corporate income tax , while needing to be offset by revenue increases elsewhere , would reduce income inequality . Minimum wages ( edit ) Main article : Minimum wage in the United States CBO projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income , under two scenarios In his 2013 State of the Union address , Barack Obama proposed raising the federal minimum wage . The progressive economic think tank the Economic Policy Institute agrees with this position , stating : `` Raising the minimum wage would help reverse the ongoing erosion of wages that has contributed significantly to growing income inequality . '' In response to the fast - food worker strikes of 2013 , Labor Secretary Thomas Perez said that it was another sign of the need to raise the minimum wage for all workers : `` It 's important to hear that voice ... For all too many people working minimum wage jobs , the rungs on the ladder of opportunity are feeling further and further apart . '' The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... America 's federal minimum wage , at 38 % of median income , is one of the rich world 's lowest . Some studies find no harm to employment from federal of state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage . '' The U.S. minimum wage was last raised to $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . As of December 2013 , there were 21 states with minimum wages above the Federal minimum , with the State of Washington the highest at $9.32 . Ten states index their minimum wage to inflation . The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour . By party , 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action . Also in January 2014 , six hundred economists sent the President and Congress a letter urging for a minimum wage hike to $10.10 an hour by 2016 . In February 2014 , the CBO reported the effects of a minimum wage increase under two scenarios , an increase to $10.10 with indexing for inflation thereafter and an increase to $9.00 with no indexing : Income inequality would be improved under both scenarios . Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall ( due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs ) , while families with incomes below that threshold would rise . Employment would likely fall by 500,000 under the $10.10 option and 100,000 under the $9.00 option , with a wide range of possible outcomes . Approximately 16.5 million workers would have their wages rise under the $10.10 option versus 7.5 million under the $9.00 option . The number of persons below the poverty income threshold would fall by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option . Maximum wage implementation ( edit ) Amalgamated Transit Union international president Lawrence J. Hanley has called for a maximum wage law , which `` would limit the amount of compensation an employer could receive to a specified multiple of the wage earned by his or her lowest paid employees . '' CEO pay at the largest 350 U.S. companies was 20 times the average worker pay in 1965 ; 58 times in 1989 and 273 times in 2012 . Subsidies and income guarantees ( edit ) Others argue for a basic income guarantee , ranging from civil rights leader Martin Luther King , Jr. to libertarians such as Milton Friedman ( in the form of negative income tax ) , Robert Anton Wilson , Gary Johnson ( In the form of the fair tax `` prebate '' ) and Charles Murray to the Green Party . Rent - seeking limits ( edit ) General limitations on and taxation of rent - seeking is popular with large segments of both Republicans and Democrats . Economic democracy ( edit ) The economists Richard D. Wolff and Gar Alperovitz claim that greater economic equality could be achieved by extending democracy into the economic sphere . In an essay for Harper 's Magazine , investigative journalist Erik Reece argues that `` With the political right entrenched in its opposition to unions , worker - owned cooperatives represent a less divisive yet more radical model for returning wealth to the workers who earned it . '' Monetary policy ( edit ) The effect on income inequality of monetary policy pursued by the Federal Reserve is challenging to measure . Monetary policy can be used to stimulate the economy ( e.g. , by lowering interest rates , which encourages borrowing and spending , additional job creation , and inflationary pressure ) or tightened , with the opposite effects . Former Fed Chair Ben Bernanke wrote in June 2015 that there are several effects on income and wealth inequality from monetary stimulus that work in opposing directions : Stimulus reduces income inequality by creating or preserving jobs , which mainly helps the middle and lower classes who derive more of their income from labor than the wealthy . Stimulus inflates the prices of financial assets ( owned mainly by the wealthy ) , but also housing and the value of small businesses ( owned more widely ) . Stimulus may increase the rate of inflation or lower interest rates , which helps debtors ( mainly the middle and lower classes ) while hurting creditors ( mainly the wealthy ) , as they are paid back with cheaper dollars or through lower variable rate loans . Measurement approaches ( edit ) U.S. median family income from 2001 to 2016 ( real , measured in 2016 dollars ) , with comparative statistics , from the Fed Survey of Consumer Finances . The top decile and bottom quintile had real increases in income comparing 2001 and 2016 , while the 20th to 80th percentiles has decreases . For all families , the median was $54,100 in 2001 and $52,700 in 2016 , a slight decline . Note this differs from real median household income , which hit a record level in 2016 . U.S. family pre-tax income and net worth distribution for 2013 and 2016 , from the Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances . Overview ( edit ) Various methods are used to determine income inequality and different sources may give different figures for gini coefficients or ratio different ratio of percentiles , etc ... The United States Census Bureau studies on inequality of household income and individual income show lower levels of inequality than some other sources ( Saez and Piketty , and the CBO ) , but do not include data for the highest - income households where most of change in income distribution has occurred . Two commonly cited sources of income inequality data are the CBO and economist Emmanuel Saez , which differ somewhat in their sources and methods . According to Saez , for 2011 the share of `` market income less transfers '' received by the top 1 % was about 19.5 % . Saez used IRS data in this measure . The CBO uses both IRS data and Census data in its computations and reported a lower `` pre-tax '' figure for the top 1 % of 14.6 % . The two data series were approximately 5 percentage points apart in recent years . Internal revenue service ( IRS ) data ( edit ) Pioneers in the use of IRS income data to analyze income distribution are Emmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty at the Paris School of Economics showed that the share of income held by the top 1 percent was as large in 2005 as in 1928 . Other sources that have noted the increased inequality included economist Janet Yellen who stated , `` the growth ( in real income ) was heavily concentrated at the very tip of the top , that is , the top 1 percent . '' Follow - up research , published in 2014 , by Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman revealed that more than half of those in the top 1 percent had not experienced relative gains in wealth between 1960 and 2012 . In fact , those between the top 1 percent and top . 5 percent had actually lost relative wealth . Only those in the top . 1 percent and above had made relative wealth gains during that time . Census Bureau data ( edit ) The comparative use of Census Bureau data , as well as most sources of demographic income data , has been questioned by statisticians for being unable to account for ' mobility of incomes ' . At any given time , the Census Bureau ranks all households by household income and then divides this distribution of households into quintiles . The highest - ranked household in each quintile provides the upper income limit for each quintile . Comparing changes in these upper income limits for different quintiles is how changes are measured between one moment in time and the next . The problem with inferring income inequality on this basis is that the census statistics provide only a snapshot of income distribution in the U.S. , at individual points in time . The statistics do not reflect the reality that income for many households changes over time -- i.e. , incomes are mobile . For most people , income increases over time as they move from their first , low - paying job in high school to a better - paying job later in their lives . Also , some people lose income over time because of business - cycle contractions , demotions , career changes , retirement , etc . The implication of changing individual incomes is that individual households do not remain in the same income quintiles over time . Thus , comparing different income quintiles over time is like comparing apples to oranges , because it means comparing incomes of different people at different stages in their earnings profile . Gary Burtless of the Brookings Institution notes that many economists and analysts who use U.S. census data fail to recognize recent and significant lower - and middle - income gains , primarily because census data does not capture key information : `` A commonly used indicator of middle class income is the Census Bureau 's estimate of median household money income . The main problem with this income measure is that it only reflects households ' before - tax cash incomes . It fails to account for changing tax burdens and the impact of income sources that do not take the form of cash . This means , for example , that tax cuts in 2001 - 2003 and 2008 - 2012 are missed in the census statistics . Furthermore , the Census Bureau measure ignores income received as in - kind benefits and health insurance coverage from employers and the government . By ignoring such benefits as well as sizeable tax cuts in the recession , the Census Bureau 's money income measure seriously overstated the income losses that middle - income families suffered in the recession . New CBO income statistics are beginning to show the growing importance of these items . In 1980 , in - kind benefits and employer and government spending on health insurance accounted for just 6 % of the after - tax incomes of households in the middle one - fifth of the distribution . By 2010 these in - kind income sources represented 17 % of middle class households ' after - tax income . The income items missed by the Census Bureau are increasing faster than the income items included in its money income measure . What many observers miss , however , is the success of the nation 's tax and transfer systems in protecting low - and middle - income Americans against the full effects of a depressed economy . As a result of these programs , the spendable incomes of poor and middle - class families have been better insulated against recession - driven losses than the incomes of Americans in the top 1 % . As the CBO statistics demonstrate , incomes in the middle and at the bottom of the distribution have fared better since 2000 than incomes at the very top . '' Income measures : pre-and post-tax ( edit ) Inequality can be measured before and after the effects of taxes and transfer payments such as social security and unemployment insurance . Market income , or income before taxes & transfers : Expertise , productiveness and work experience , inheritance , gender , and race have had a strong influence on distribution of personal income in the United States as in other countries . After taxes & transfers : Reducing the progressivity of the income tax system and transfers increases income inequality . CBO reported in 2011 that : `` The equalizing effect of transfers declined over the 1979 -- 2007 period primarily because the distribution of transfers became less progressive . The equalizing effect of federal taxes also declined over the period , in part because the amount of federal taxes shrank as a share of market income and in part because of changes in the progressivity of the federal tax system . '' Demographic issues ( edit ) Comparisons of income over time should adjust for changes in average age , family size , number of breadwinners , and other characteristics of a population . Measuring personal income ignores dependent children , but household income also has problems -- a household of ten has a lower standard of living than one of two people , though the income of the two households may be the same . People 's earnings tend to rise over their working lifetimes , so `` snapshot measures of income inequality can be misleading . '' The inequality of a recent college graduate and a 55 - year - old at the peak of his / her career is not an issue if the graduate has the same career path . Conservative researchers and organizations have focused on the flaws of household income as a measure for standard of living in order to refute claims that income inequality is growing , becoming excessive or posing a problem for society . According to sociologist Dennis Gilbert , growing inequality can be explained in part by growing participation of women in the workforce . High earning households are more likely to be dual earner households , And according to a 2004 analysis of income quintile data by the Heritage Foundation , inequality becomes less when household income is adjusted for size of household . Aggregate share of income held by the upper quintile ( the top earning 20 percent ) decreases by 20.3 % when figures are adjusted to reflect household size . However the Pew Research Center found household income has appeared to decline less than individual income in the twenty - first century because those who are no longer able to afford their own housing have increasingly been moving in with relatives , creating larger households with more income earners in them . The 2011 CBO study `` Trends in the Distribution of Household Income '' mentioned in this article adjusts for household size so that its quintiles contain an equal number of people , not an equal number of households . Looking at the issue of how frequently workers or households move into higher or lower quintiles as their income rises or falls over the years , the CBO found income distribution over a multi-year period `` modestly '' more equal than annual income . The CBO study confirms earlier studies . Overall , according to Timothy Noah , correcting for demographic factors ( today 's population is older than it was 33 years ago , and divorce and single parenthood have made households smaller ) , you find that income inequality , though less extreme than shown by the standard measure , is also growing faster than shown by the standard measure . Gini index ( edit ) Further information : Gini coefficient Further information : List of U.S. states by income equality The Gini coefficient summarizes income inequality in a single number and is one of the most commonly used measures of income inequality . It uses a scale from 0 to 1 -- the higher the number the more inequality . Zero represents perfect equality ( everyone having exactly the same income ) , and 1 represents perfect inequality ( one person having all income ) . ( Index scores are commonly multiplied by 100 to make them easier to understand . ) Gini index ratings can be used to compare inequality within ( by race , gender , employment ) and between countries , before and after taxes . Different sources will often give different gini values for the same country or population measured . For example , the U.S. Census Bureau 's official Gini coefficient for the United States was 47.6 in 2013 , up from 45.4 in 1993 , the earliest year for comparable data . By contrast , the OECD 's Gini coefficient for income inequality in the United States is 37 in 2012 ( including wages and other cash transfers ) , which is still the highest in the developed world , with the lowest being Denmark ( 24.3 ) , Norway ( 25.6 ) , and Sweden ( 25.9 ) . Professor Salvatore Babones of the University of Sydney notes : A major gap in the measurement of income inequality is the exclusion of capital gains , profits made on increases in the value of investments . Capital gains are excluded for purely practical reasons . The Census does n't ask about them , so they ca n't be included in inequality statistics . Obviously , the rich earn much more from investments than the poor . As a result , real levels of income inequality in America are much higher than the official Census Bureau figures would suggest . Measuring inequality through consumption vs. income ( edit ) Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption , rather than income should be the measure of inequality , and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US . Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that `` the weight of the evidence shows that the run - up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality , '' and consumption is more important than income . According to Johnson , Smeeding , and Tory , consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986 . The debate is summarized in `` The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor '' by journalist Thomas B. Edsall . Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality , and the CBO 's study found consumption data not `` adequately '' capturing `` consumption by high - income households '' as it does their income , though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income . Others dispute the importance of consumption over income , pointing out that if middle and lower income are consuming more than they earn it is because they are saving less or going deeper into debt . A `` growing body of work '' suggests that income inequality has been the driving factor in the growing household debt , as high earners bid up the price of real estate and middle income earners go deeper into debt trying to maintain what once was a middle class lifestyle . Between 1983 and 2007 , the top 5 percent saw their debt fall from 80 cents for every dollar of income to 65 cents , while the bottom 95 percent saw their debt rise from 60 cents for every dollar of income to $1.40 . Economist Krugman has found a strong correlation between inequality and household debt in the United States over the last hundred years . Wealth inequality ( edit ) Main article : Wealth inequality in the United States CBO Chart , U.S. Holdings of Family Wealth 1989 to 2013 . The top 10 % of families held 76 % of the wealth in 2013 , while the bottom 50 % of families held 1 % . Inequality worsened from 1989 to 2013 . Related to income inequality is the topic of wealth inequality , which refers to the distribution of net worth ( i.e. , what is owned minus what is owed ) as opposed to annual income . Net worth is affected by movements in the prices of assets , such as stocks , bonds , and real estate , which can fluctuate significantly over the short - term . Income inequality also has a significant effect over long - term shifts in wealth inequality , as income is accumulated . Wealth inequality is also highly concentrated and increasing : The top 1 % owned approximately 40 % of the wealth in 2012 , versus 23 % in 1978 . The top 1 % share of wealth was at or below 30 % from 1950 -- 1993 . The top 0.1 % owned approximately 22 % of the wealth in 2012 , versus 7 % in 1978 . The top 0.1 % share of wealth was at or below 10 % from 1950 -- 1987 . The threshold for the top 1 % of wealth group was approximately $8.4 million measured for the 2008 -- 2010 period . Nearly half the top 1 % group by income is also represented in the top 1 % group by wealth . The increase in wealth for the 1 % was not homogeneous , with much of the wealth gains in the top 0.1 % . Those between the top 1 percent and top 0.5 percent have actually lost a significant share of wealth over the past 50 years . Further , the top 400 Americans had net worth of $2 trillion in 2013 , which was more than the combined net worth of the bottom 50 % of U.S. households . The average net worth of these 400 Americans was $5 billion . The lower 50 % of households held 3 % of the wealth in 1989 and 1 % in 2013 . The average net worth of the bottom 50 % of households in 2013 was approximately $11,000 . This wealth inequality is apparent in the share of assets held . In 2010 , the top 5 % wealthiest households had approximately 72 % of the financial wealth , while the bottom 80 % of households had 5 % . Financial wealth is measured as net worth minus home values , meaning income - generating financial assets like stocks and bonds , plus business equity . The Center for American Progress reported in September 2014 that : `` The trends in rising inequality are also striking when measured by wealth . Among the top 20 percent of families by net worth , average wealth increased by 120 percent between 1983 and 2010 , while the middle 20 percent of families only saw their wealth increase by 13 percent , and the bottom fifth of families , on average , saw debt exceed assets -- in other words , negative net worth ... Homeowners in the bottom quintile of wealth lost an astounding 94 percent of their wealth between 2007 and 2010 . '' See also ( edit ) American Dream Economic inequality Economic mobility Economy of the United States Educational attainment in the United States High - net - worth individual Homelessness in the United States Inequality for All -- 2013 documentary film presented by Robert Reich Income inequality metrics Atkinson index Gini coefficient Hoover index Pareto distribution # Applications Theil index Legatum Prosperity Index List of countries by income equality List of countries by inequality - adjusted HDI Median income per household member Middle - class squeeze Occupy Movement Racial inequality in the United States Racism in the United States Second Bill of Rights Socio - economic mobility in the United States The Divide : American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap -- book The Spirit Level : Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better -- book Social justice Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes 2011 '' . 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( review of Capital in the Twenty - first Century by Thomas Piketty ) '' . New Yorker . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Americas : One Rich , One Poor ? Understanding Income Inequality in the United States , '' by Rea Hederman , Jr. and Robert Rector , Heritage Foundation ( August 24 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Sowell , Thomas `` Perennial Economic Fallacies '' , Jewish World Review February 7 , 2000 , URL accessed November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A Look at the Global One Percent By Allan H. Meltzer , Wall Street Journal ( March 9 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The United States of Inequality , Entry 10 : Why We Ca n't Ignore Growing Income Inequality , '' by Timothy Noah , Slate ( September 16 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Thomas A. Garrett ( Spring 2010 ) . `` U.S. Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Garrett . U.S. Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad . Inside the Vault . Spring 2010 . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 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The Price of Inequality : How Today 's Divided Society Endangers Our Future ( p. 85 ) . Norton . Kindle Edition . See also : Karen E. Dynan , Jonathan Skinner , and Stephen P. Zeldes , `` Do the Rich Save More ? , '' Journal of Political Economy 112 , no . 2 ( 2004 ) : 397 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` More or Less '' , by Branko Milanovic , Finance & Development ( September 2011 ) Vol. 48 , No. 3 Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert J. ( August 2012 ) . `` Is US economic growth over ? Faltering innovation confronts the six headwinds '' . NBER Working Paper No. 18315 . doi : 10.3386 / w18315 . Jump up ^ Three Cheers for Income Inequality Archived November 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Corley - Coulibaly , Marva ; Prasadm , Naren ; Sekerler Richiardi , Pelin ( October 2011 ) . `` Tax reform for improving job recovery and equity '' . World of Work Report . International Institute for Labour Studies . pp. 97 -- 120 . doi : 10.1002 / wow3. 28 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Escudero , Verónica ; López Mourelo , Elva ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 3 , Fiscal consolidation and employment growth '' . In Torres , Raymond ( ed . ) . World of Work Report ( PDF ) . International Institute for Labour Studies . pp. 59 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 9251 - 010 - 7 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Lane ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` Does More Equality Mean Less Economic Growth ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Does inequality prevent economic growth ? '' by Jared Bernstein , Salon ( October 1 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Yet Another Reason Why Thomas Piketty ' Is Wrong , Forbes , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Inequality A Piketty problem ? , Economist , May 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee : 288 U.S. 517 ( 1933 ) : : Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ Lo , Andrew W. `` Reading About the Financial Crisis : A 21 - Book Review '' ( PDF ) . 2012 . Journal of Economic Literature . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koehn , Nancy F. ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` A Call to Fix the Fundamentals ( Review of Fault Lines : How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy by Raghuram G. Rajan ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pigou , Arthur C. ( 1932 ) . The Economics of Welfare ( 4thchapter = Part I , Chapter VIII ed . ) . London : Macmillan and Co . ^ Jump up to : Lynn , Barry C. ; Longman , Phillip ( March -- April 2010 ) . `` Who Broke America 's Jobs Machine ? '' . Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast Is America 's Most Hated Company '' . Jump up ^ Vanishing Trials : The Bankruptcy Experience Archived August 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Elizabeth Warren * Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul , The Conscience of a Liberal , WW Norton & Company , 2007 , ( pp. 246 -- 47 ) Jump up ^ Paul Ryan on Income Inequality and Upward Mobility Diane Ellis , Ed . November 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dieckhoff , Martina ; Steiber , Nadia ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Institutional reforms and age - graded labour market inequalities in Europe '' . International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 53 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 119 . doi : 10.1177 / 0020715212452285 . ISSN 0020 - 7152 . ^ Jump up to : Uncovering the American Dream : Inequality and Mobility in Social Security Earnings Data since 1937 Wojciech Kopczuk , Emmanuel Saez , Jae Song , September 15 , 2007 , Figure 4B Jump up ^ Vasia Panousi ; Ivan Vidangos ; Shanti Ramnath ; Jason DeBacker ; Bradley Heim ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Inequality Rising and Permanent Over Past Two Decades '' . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul . `` The Rich , the Right , and the Facts : Deconstructing the Income Distribution Debate '' prospect.org , December 19 , 2001 Jump up ^ Millionaire For A Day Paul Krugman . November 3 , 2011 , ^ Jump up to : `` Harder for Americans to Rise From Lower Rungs '' , By Jason DeParle ( January 4 , 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Here is the source for the `` Great Gatsby Curve '' in the Alan Krueger speech at the Center for American Progress on January 12 - Economics for public policy `` . Economics for public policy . Jump up ^ Corak graphs 25 countries , Krueger limits his to developed countries and lists 10 Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jared . `` Poverty and Inequality , in Charts '' . Jump up ^ Matt Bruenig ( January 17 , 2014 ) . We Would Have Eliminated Poverty Entirely by Now if Inequality Had n't Skyrocketed . Moyers & Company . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb ( December 9 , 2013 ) . Study : U.S. poverty rate decreased over past half - century thanks to safety - net programs . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cingano , Federico ( 2014 ) . `` Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth '' . OECD Social , Employment and Migration Working Papers . OECD Social , Employment and Migration Working Papers . doi : 10.1787 / 5jxrjncwxv6j - en . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall Street Bolshevism , Part 3 , '' by Timothy Noah , The New Republic ( October 5 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Kristal , Tali ; Cohen , Yinon ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` The causes of rising wage inequality : the race between institutions and technology '' . Socio - Economic Review . Oxford Journals : mww006 . doi : 10.1093 / ser / mww006 . ( Advance publication . ) Jump up ^ Smeeding , T. ( 2005 ) . Public policy , economic inequality , and poverty : The United States in comparative perspective . Social Science Quarterly , 86 , 956 -- 983 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page ( 2014 ) . `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Politics . 12 ( 3 ) : 564 -- 581 . doi : 10.1017 / S1537592714001595 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X p. 514 : `` the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed . '' Jump up ^ Josh Harkinson ( September 13 , 2013 ) . Chart : Washington Gridlock Linked to Income Inequality . Mother Jones . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Gentilviso ( August 21 , 2013 ) . Senate Represents The Wealthy First : Study . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pollution and Politics '' . The New York Times . November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bonica , Adam ; McCarty , Nolan ; Poole , Keith T ; Rosenthal , Howard ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Why Has n't Democracy Slowed Rising Inequality ? '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 27 ( 3 ) : 103 -- 124 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 27.3. 103 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . Jump up ^ `` Polarization and Inequality '' . The Monkey Cage . Jump up ^ Dunsmuir , Lindsay ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` IMF calls for fiscal policies that tackle rising inequality '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Based on Larry Bartels 's study Economic Inequality and Political Representation Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Table 1 : Differential Responsiveness of Senators to Constituency Opinion . Jump up ^ Bartels , Larry ( 2008 ) . Unequal Democracy : The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age . Princeton University Press . pp. 270 -- 80 . ISBN 9781400828357 . Jump up ^ Bartels , Larry ( November 2002 ) . `` Economic Inequality and Political Representation '' ( PDF ) . Russell Sage . Retrieved July 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Obama , GOP fight the class war '' . POLITICO . Jump up ^ `` In Class Warfare , Guess Which Class Is Winning '' . The New York Times . November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert ( 2007 ) . Richistan : A Journey Through the American Wealth Boom and the Lives of the New Rich . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 9780307341457 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Hedrick , Who Stole the American Dream , Random House pp. xviii -- xix Jump up ^ Smith , Hedrick , Who Stole the American Dream , Random House p. xix Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( June 2012 ) . `` We 've been brainwashed '' . Salon Magazine . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( June 4 , 2012 ) . The Price of Inequality : How Today 's Divided Society Endangers Our Future ( p. 92 ) . Norton . Kindle Edition . ^ Jump up to : Joseph E. Stiglitz ( May 2011 ) . Of the 1 % , by the 1 % , for the 1 % . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Matt . `` The hidden economics behind the rise of Donald Trump '' . Jump up ^ A study confined to non-Hispanic whites in US and England also showed the effect . ( Pickett and Wilkinson , The Spirit Level , 2011 , p. 177 ) Jump up ^ Countries of similar cultures and different levels of equality -- Spain and Portugal -- showed difference in the index , while countries with very different cultures and ways of achieving equality -- Nordic countries and Japan -- charted closer to each other . ( Pickett and Wilkinson , The Spirit Level , 2011 , p. 183 ) Jump up ^ The effect was worse among low class / education level in high inequality countries , but continued through all occupational classes and was still significant among the highest . ( Pickett and Wilkinson , The Spirit Level , 2011 , pp. 178 -- 79 ) Jump up ^ `` The Spirit Level '' . equalitytrust.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Spirit Level : How ' ideas wreckers ' turned book into political punchbag , '' by Robert Booth , The Guardian ( August 13 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Joshua Holland ( April 19 , 2014 ) . High Inequality Results in More US Deaths Than Tobacco , Car Crashes and Guns Combined . Moyers & Company . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Helliwell , Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs . World Happiness Report . The Earth Institute at Columbia University , p. 8 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michelle Chen ( November 5 , 2015 ) . Now White People Are Dying From Our Terrible Economic Policies , Too . The Nation . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A.W. Gaffney ( November 8 , 2015 ) . How Class Kills . Jacobin . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Implications of Capital - Biased Technology : Opening Remarks '' by Paul Krugman , New York Times ( December 28 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Upward Redistribution of Wage Income on Social Security Solvency '' Center for Economic and Policy Research , February 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` David Brooks . '' Contemporary Authors Online . Detroit : Gale , 2012 . Biography In Context . Web . November 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wrong Inequality , '' by David Brooks , New York Times ( 31 October 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` The White Underclass , '' by Niholas D. Kristof , New York Times ( 8 February 2012 ) Jump up ^ Hayek , Friedrich A. Von . `` Law , Legislation , and Liberty '' . Volume 2 : The Mirage of Social Justice . Chicago : University of Chicago , 1976 . p. 33 . Print . Jump up ^ Hayek , Friedrich A. Von . The Constitution of Liberty . Chicago : University of Chicago , 1960 . p. 231 ^ Jump up to : `` Why Obama 's New Populism May Sink His Campaign , '' by William Galston , The New Republic ( December 17 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Why the President 's Campaign Should n't Focus on Inequality '' by William Galston , The New Republic ( May 3 , 2012 ) accessed May 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ by USA Today / Pew Research Center Jump up ^ Susan Page and Kendall Breitman ( January 23 , 2014 ) . Poll : United we stand on wealth gap . USA Today . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most See Inequality Growing , but Partisans Differ over Solutions '' . Pew Research Center for the People and the Press . January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Osberg , Lars ; Smeeding , Timothy ( 2006 ) . `` Fair Inequality ? Attitudes Toward Pay Differentials : The United States in Comparative Perspective '' . American Sociological Review . 71 : 450 -- 73 . doi : 10.1177 / 000312240607100305 . Jump up ^ Norton , M.I. , & Ariely , D. , `` Building a Better America -- One Wealth Quintile at a Time '' , Perspectives on Psychological Science , January 2011 6 : 9 -- 12 Jump up ^ Joseph E. Stiglitz ( 2012 ) The Price of Inequality . New York : W.W. Norton ^ Jump up to : Adam Bee ( February 2012 ) . `` Household Income Inequality Within U.S. Counties : 2006 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Census Bureau , U.S. Department of Commerce . ^ Jump up to : Daniel H. Cooper ; Byron F. Lutz ; Michael G. Palumbo ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Quantifying the Role of Federal and State Taxes in Mitigating Income Inequality '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve , Boston , United States . Jump up ^ Chokshi , Niraj ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Income inequality seems to be rising in more than 2 in 3 metro areas '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2009 '' . Newsroom . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Table 2.9 of World Development Indicators : Distribution of income or consumption The World Bank ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` CIA . ( June 14 , 2007 ) . Field Listing -- Distribution of family income -- Gini index . Factbook '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Growing Unequal ? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries ( summary ) OECD ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , Growing Unequal ? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Eurofound '' . europa.eu . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Middle Class Is No Longer the World 's Richest '' . The New York Times . April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Cassidy ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` American Inequality in Six Charts '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ For example , Ingvar Kamprad 's family is one of the richest in the world ( by some accounts with wealth between 50 and 90 billion U.S. dollars ) , but because of offshore arrangements the family 's wealth and income never shows up in Swedish statistics . ( see : `` Who 's really the world 's richest ? '' CNNMoney.com , April 6 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Peter Baldwin ( 2009 ) . The narcissism of minor differences : how America and Europe are alike . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539120 - 6 Jump up ^ Tax evasion is a national pastime afflicting southern Europe . CNN . November 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ Low - Income Italians Own An Awful Lot Of Supercars , Private Jets And Yachts Archived December 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . January 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ ki Ito , Ian Katz and Ilan Kolet ( August 19 , 2014 ) . Only Rich Know Wage Gains With No Raises for U.S Workers . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yellen , Janet . `` Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas A. Garrett . ( Spring 2010 ) . `` U.S. Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad . Inside the Vault '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Jump up ^ Grusky , David B. ( March -- April 2013 ) . `` What to Do about Inequality '' . Boston Review . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` For Solution to Income Stagnation , Republicans and Democrats Revise Their Playbooks '' . The New York Times . December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan , Obama and Inequality '' . The New York Times . January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Household Income , 2014 '' . cbo.gov . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph '' . stlouisfed.org . Jump up ^ Salles , Joaquim ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` This Country Just Abolished College Tuition Fees '' . ThinkProgress.org . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wealth Gap Widens In Rich Countries As Austerity Threatens To Worsen Inequality : OECD . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Lane ( February 2014 ) . America 's Social Democratic Future . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . See also : Kenworthy , Lane ( 2014 ) . Social Democratic America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199322511 Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Lane ( 1999 ) . `` Do Social - Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty ? A Cross-National Assessment '' . Social Forces . 77 ( 3 ) : 1119 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / sf / 77.3. 1119 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Bradley , D. , E. Huber , S. Moller , F. Nielsen , and J.D. Stephens ( 2003 ) . `` Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies '' . American Sociological Review . 68 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 3088901 . JSTOR 3088901 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Gould , Elise and Wething , Hilary ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. poverty rates higher , safety net weaker than in peer countries . '' Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas . `` Race , Inequality , and the Market '' . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek ( February 17 , 2012 ) `` The Entrepreneur State : Safety Nets for Startups , Capitalism for Corporations '' The Atlantic Jump up ^ Livingston , Jay ( November 10 , 2011 ) `` Start - Ups and Safety Nets '' The Society Pages : Sociological Images Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes , 2010 '' . The US Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowrey , Annie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tax Code May Be the Most Progressive Since 1979 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBO - Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2008 , p. 20 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ NYT - David Leonhardt - $111 Billion in Tax Cuts for the Top 1 Percent - July 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` In Defense of Obama '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Annie Lowrey ( April 16 , 2012 ) . For Two Economists , the Buffett Rule Is Just a Start . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nader , Ralph ( April 18 , 2013 ) . Time for a Sales Tax on Wall Street Financial Transactions . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 1 % Wall Street Sales Tax . UFAA . Jump up ^ Erika Eichelberger ( October 30 , 2013 ) . Economists to Congress : It 's Time for a `` Robin Hood Tax '' on the Rich . Mother Jones . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Minimum Tax for the Wealthy '' . The New York Times . November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richest 20 percent get half the overall savings from U.S. tax breaks , CBO says '' . Jump up ^ `` The Distribution of Major Tax Expenditures in the Individual Income Tax System '' . CBO . May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Dean ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` How to Think About the Corporate Income Tax '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Dean ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Subverting the Inversions : More Thoughts on Ending the Corporate Income Tax '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Dean ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` More Cheap Thoughts on the Corporate Income Tax '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , David and Hall , Doug ( March 13 , 2013 ). Raising the federal minimum wage to $10.10 would give working families , and the overall economy , a much - needed boost . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hananel , Sam ( August 29 , 2013 ) . Labor Secretary Thomas Perez : Fast Food Strikes Show Need For Minimum Wage Hike The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The logical floor '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . dol.gov . Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) , U.S. Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Laws in the States - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . dol.gov . Jump up ^ Economist Statement on the Federal Minimum Wage . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CBO ( February 2014 ) . `` The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Lawrence J. ( August 3 , 2012 ) . A Maximum Wage Law ? The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CEO Pay in 2012 Was Extraordinarily High Relative to Typical Workers and Other High Earners '' . Economic Policy Institute . Jump up ^ Allan Sheahen ( August 26 , 2013 ) . Fulfilling One of MLK 's Dreams -- A Basic Income Guarantee . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert H. Frank ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` The Other Milton Friedman : A Conservative With a Social Welfare Program '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ RAWIllumination.net . RAWIllumination.net ( August 9 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Danny Vinik ( November 20 , 2013 ) . Paul Ryan Should Get Behind This Plan To Give Everyone Free Money . Business Insider . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Party of the United States '' . gp.org . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Konczal , Mike ( March 30 , 2013 ) . `` How an anti-rentier agenda might bring liberals , conservatives together '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Wolff on Curing Capitalism . Moyers & Company , March 22 , 2013 ; See also : Wolff , Richard D. ( 2012 ) . Democracy at Work : A Cure for Capitalism . Haymarket Books . ISBN 1608462471 . Jump up ^ 11 - 20 - 13 : MK Asante 's Memoir `` Buck '' and Gar Alperovitz on Using Democracy to Reduce Inequality . WYPR . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 ; See also : Alperovitz , Gar ( 2013 ) . What Then Must We Do ? : Straight Talk about the Next American Revolution . Chelsea Green Publishing . ISBN 1603585044 Jump up ^ Erik Reece ( October 4 , 2013 ) . The End of Illth : In search of an economy that wo n't kill us . Harper 's Magazine . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben S. Bernanke ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Monetary policy and inequality '' . The Brookings Institution . Jump up ^ `` The Fed - Survey of Consumer Finances ( SCF ) '' . Jump up ^ `` The Fed - Survey of Consumer Finances ( SCF ) '' . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau . ( 2005 ) . Historical Income Tables -- Income Equality '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau . ( 2006 ) . Measures of Individual Earnings Inequality for Full - Time , Year - Round Workers by Sex : 1967 to 2005 '' . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ a gini index increase of 15 % as opposed to CBO 's increase in gini index of 33 % ( cbo `` Trends in Distribution '' study p. 7 ) Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ A 2010 census study showed the top 20 percent of Americans earned 49.4 % of the nation 's income , compared with the 3.4 % earned by Americans living below the poverty line ( roughly 15 percent of the population ) . This earnings ratio of 14.5 to 1 was an increase from the 13.6 to 1 ratio just two years earlier , and a significant rise from the historic low of 7.69 to 1 in 1968 Jump up ^ `` Associated Press . ( September 28 , 2010 ) '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Distribution of US Wealth , Capital Income and Returns since 1913 , Emmanuel Saez , Gabriel Zucman , March 2014 Jump up ^ New Perspectives On Income Mobility and Inequality , Gerald Auten , Geoffrey Gee , and Nicholas Turner , National Tax Journal , December 2013 . Jump up ^ Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad , Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , Spring 2010 ^ Jump up to : Income Growth and Income Inequality : The Facts May Surprise You , Brookings Institution , January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Stoops , N. ( June , 2004 ) . Educational Attainment in the United States : 2003 . US Census Bureau '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau . ( 2006 ) . Selected Characteristics of Households , by Total Money Income in 2005 '' . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Datta , Gautam ; Meerman , Jacob ( 1980 ) . `` Datta , B. , & Meerman , J. ( December 18 , 1980 ) . Household Income or Household Income Per Capita in Welfare Comparisons . Review of Income and Wealth 26 ( 4 ) , 401 -- 418 '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 26 ( 4 ) : 401 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.1980. tb00175. x . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Consumption and the Myths of Inequality , K. Hassett and A. Mathur , Wall Street Journal , October 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Reynolds , A. ( January 8 , 2007 ) . Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased ? . Cato Institute . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rector , R. , & Herderman Jr. , R. ( August 24 , 2004 ) . Two Americas , One Rich , One Poor ? Understanding Income Inequality In the United States . Heritage Foundation '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rakesh Kochhar and D'Vera Cohn ( October 3 , 2011 ) `` Fighting Poverty in a Bad Economy , Americans Move in with Relatives '' Pew Research Center Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. 2 Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Aron - Dine , A. & Sherman , A. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . New CBO Data Show Income Inequality Continues to Widen : After - tax - income for Top 1 Percent Rose by $146,000 in 2004 '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Conservative Inequality Denialism , '' by Timothy Noah The New Republic ( October 25 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Schiller , Bradely ( 2003 ) . The Economy Today : Ninth Edition . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ `` Income distribution -- Inequality : Income distribution -- Inequality -- Country tables '' . OECD. 2012 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ N.C. Kakwani ( April 1977 ) . `` Applications of Lorenz Curves in Economic Analysis '' . Econometrica. 45 ( 3 ) : 719 -- 28 . doi : 10.2307 / 1911684 . JSTOR 1911684 . Jump up ^ Chu , Davoodi , Gupta ( March 2000 ) . `` Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chen Wang ; Koen Caminada ; Kees Goudswaard ( July -- September 2012 ) . `` The redistributive effect of social transfer programmes and taxes : A decomposition across countries '' . International Social Security Review . 65 ( 3 ) : 27 -- 48 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 246X. 2012.01435. x . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Income , Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2013 '' . prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph '' . stlouisfed.org . ^ Jump up to : Salvatore Babones ( February 14 , 2012 ) . U.S. Income Distribution : Just How Unequal ? inequality.org , Institute for Policy Studies . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thinking Clearly About Economic Inequality '' , Will Wilkinson , Cato Institute 2009 Jump up ^ Johnson , Smeeding , Tory , `` Economic Inequality '' in Monthly Labor review of April 2005 , table 3 . Jump up ^ see also `` Consumption and the Myths of Inequality '' , by Kevin Hassett and Aparna Mathur , Wall Street Journal , October 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Attanasio , Orazio ; Hurst , Erik ; Pistaferri , Luigi ( 2012 ) . `` The Evolution of Income , Consumption , and Leisure Inequality in The US , 1980 -- 2010 '' . NBER Working Papers No. 17982 . doi : 10.3386 / w17982 . SSRN 2035781 . Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . p. 5 Jump up ^ The Way Forward By Daniel Alpert , Westwood Capital ; Robert Hockett , Professor of Law , Cornell University ; and Nouriel Roubini , Professor of Economics , New York University , New America Foundation , October 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Plumer , Brad . `` ' Trickle - down consumption ' : How rising inequality can leave everyone worse off '' . 27 March 2013 . Washington Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inequality and crises : coincidence or causation ? Paul Krugman ( see last chart : Inequality and household debt ) Jump up ^ `` Trends in Family Wealth , 1989 to 2013 '' . Congressional Budget Office . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` the top 1 % by wealth , not income - January 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Forget the 1 % '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` 400 richest Americans now worth $2 trillion '' . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Speech with Slideshow -- Yellen , Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances '' . federalreserve.gov . October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Rules America : Wealth , Income , and Power '' . ucsc.edu . Further Reading ( edit ) Willford I. King Income inequality in the United States at Google Books , 1915 -- at the time most comprehensive study to date Larry M. Bartels Income inequality in the United States at Google Books Princeton : Princeton University Press . 2008 . 328 pp . Greg J. Duncan , Richard J. Murnane Restoring Opportunity : The Crisis of Inequality and the Challenge for American Education , Harvard Education Press , 2013 Barnes , L. ( 2013 ) . Does Median Voter Income Matter ? The Effects of Inequality and Turnout on Government Spending . Political Studies , 61 ( 1 ) , 82 - 100 . Duncan , G.J. , & Murnane , R.J. ( 2014a ) . Growing income inequality threatens American education . Phi Delta Kappan , 95 ( 6 ) , 8 - 14 . Galbraith , J.K. , & Hale , J. ( 2008 ) . State Income Inequality and Presidential Election Turnout and Outcomes . Social Science Quarterly ( Wiley - Blackwell ) , 89 ( 4 ) , 887 - 901 . Garand , J.C. ( 2010 ) . Income Inequality , Party Polarization , and Roll - Call Voting in the U.S. Senate . Journal of Politics , 72 ( 4 ) , 1109 - 1128 . Gilman , M. ( 2014 ) . A Court For the One Percent : How the Supreme Court Contributes to Economic Inequality . Utah Law Review , 2014 ( 3 ) , 389 - 463 . Jin Yi , D. ( 2012 ) . No taxation , no democracy ? Taxation , income inequality , and democracy . Journal of Economic Policy Reform , 15 ( 2 ) , 71 - 92 . Nau , M. ( 2013 ) . Economic Elites , Investments , and Income Inequality . Social Forces , 92 ( 2 ) , 237 - 461 . Taylor , Lance ; Rezai , Armon ; Kumar , Rishabh ; and Barbosa , Nelson ( 2014 ) . Wage Increases , Transfers , and the Socially Determined Income Distribution in the USA , Institute for New Economic Thinking ( INET ) , Working Group on the Political Economy of Distribution , Working Paper No. 3 . Summarized in an interview with lead author Lance Taylor ( Feb. 2015 ) . `` A simulation model is used to illustrate how `` reasonable '' modifications to tax / transfer programs and increasing low wages can not offset the historical redistribution toward the well - to - do . '' Atkinson , Anthony B. ( 2015 ) . Inequality : What Can Be Done ? Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674504763 Peter H. Lindert & Jeffrey G. Williamson ( 2016 ) . Unequal Gains : American Growth and Inequality since 1700 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691170497 Temin , Peter ( 2017 ) . The Vanishing Middle Class : Prejudice and Power in a Dual Economy . MIT Press . ISBN 9780262036160 . Quart , Alissa ( 2018 ) . Squeezed : Why Our Families Ca n't Afford America . Ecco Press . ISBN 978 - 0062412256 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Income distribution in the United States . A Giant Statistical Round - up of the Income Inequality Crisis in 16 Charts from The Atlantic Slate - Timothy Noah - The Great Divergence - Book Excerpts Emmanuel Saez - Income and Wealth Inequality Presentation - October 2014 The Top 1 Percent : What Jobs Do They Have ? ( What percentage of what occupations are in the top 1 % income bracket ) New York Times January 15 , 2012 What Percent Are You ? ( Enter your household income and see how you rank ) New York Times January 14 , 2012 Islands of High Income Richard Wilkinson : How economic inequality harms societies . TED , Oct 2011 . Five Economic Reforms Millennials Should Be Fighting For . Rolling Stone , January 3 , 2014 . Income Inequality in the United States : Hearing Before the Joint Economic Committee , Congress of the United States , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , Second Session , January 16 , 2014 `` Wealth Gap '' -- A Guide ( AP News -- January 27 , 2014 ) . U.S. Census Bureau - Income , Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2013 Bloomberg - Quick Take - Income Inequality - Retrieved December 2014 Can worker cooperatives alleviate income inequality ? Al Jazeera America . January 13 , 2015 Wolfers , Justin ( March 2015 ) . All You Need to Know About Income Inequality , in One Comparison , The New York Times Economic Inequality : It 's Far Worse Than You Think . The great divide between our beliefs , our ideals , and reality ( April 2015 ) , Scientific American ' Scandinavian Dream ' is true fix for America 's income inequality . Joseph Stiglitz for CNN Money , June 3 , 2015 . Hershey : U.S. Income Inequality Is Transforming The Chocolate Business . Reuters via The Huffington Post , October 28 , 2015 . Stanford report shows that U.S. performs poorly on poverty and inequality measures . Stanford News . February 2 , 2016 . Massive new data set suggests economic inequality is about to get even worse . The Washington Post . January 4 , 2018 . Michael Hiltzik ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Employers will do almost anything to find workers to fill jobs -- except pay them more '' . Los Angeles Times . 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1. Income inequality in the United States
2. Trends in income distribution
3. Causes and effects of income inequality
4. Political and policy responses to income inequality
5. International comparisons of income inequality
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who ran the least active campaign in the 1912 election
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United states presidential election , 1912 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1912 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1912 <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 1908 November 5 , 1912 1916 → <Th_colspan="2"> All 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 58.8 % 6.6 pp <Td_colspan="2"> Nominee Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt Party Democratic Progressive Home state New Jersey New York Running mate Thomas R. Marshall Hiram Johnson Electoral vote 435 88 States carried 40 6 Popular vote 6,296,284 4,122,721 Percentage 41.8 % 27.4 % <Td_colspan="4"> Nominee William Howard Taft Eugene V. Debs Party Republican Socialist Home state Ohio Indiana Running mate Nicholas M. Butler ( replacing James S. Sherman ) Emil Seidel Electoral vote 8 0 States carried 0 Popular vote 3,486,242 901,551 Percentage 23.2 % 6.0 % <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential election results map . Blue denotes those won by Wilson / Marshall , light green denotes those won by Roosevelt / Johnson , red denotes states won by Taft / Butler . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . <Td_colspan="2"> President before election William Howard Taft Republican Elected President Woodrow Wilson Democratic The United States presidential election of 1912 was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 5 , 1912 . Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey defeated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt , who ran as the Progressive Party ( `` Bull Moose '' ) nominee . Roosevelt remains the only third party presidential candidate in U.S. history to finish better than third in the popular or electoral vote . Roosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909 , and Taft had won the 1908 Republican president nomination with Roosevelt 's support . Displeased with Taft 's actions as president , Roosevelt challenged Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention . After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the Republican convention , Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid . Backed by William Jennings Bryan and other progressives , Wilson won the Democratic Party 's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot , defeating Speaker of the House Champ Clark and several other candidates . Meanwhile , the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard - bearer , Eugene V. Debs . The election of 1912 was bitterly contested by three individuals , Wilson , Roosevelt , and Taft , who all had or would serve as president . Roosevelt 's `` New Nationalism '' platform called for a social insurance programs , an eight - hour workday , and a strong federal role in regulating the economy . Wilson 's `` New Freedom '' platform called for tariff reform , banking reform , and a new antitrust law . Knowing that he had little chance of victory , Taft conducted a subdued campaign based on his own platform of `` progressive conservatism . '' Debs claimed that the other three candidates were largely financed by trusts and tried to galvanize support behind his socialist policies . Wilson carried 40 states and won a large majority of the electoral vote , taking advantage of the split in the Republican Party . He was the first Democrat to win a presidential election since 1892 , and would be one of just two Democratic presidents to serve between the Civil War and the onset of the Great Depression . Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes , while Taft carried just two states , taking 8 electoral votes . Wilson won 41.8 % of the national popular vote , while Roosevelt won 27 % , Taft 23 % , and Debs 6 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Nominations 2.1 Republican Party nomination 2.1. 1 Candidates gallery 2.2 Progressive Party 2.3 Democratic Party nomination 2.3. 1 Candidates gallery 2.4 Socialist Party nomination 3 General election 3.1 Campaign 3.2 Tariffs and Republican Party split 3.3 Results 3.4 Geography of results 3.4. 1 Cartographic gallery 3.5 Results by state 3.6 Close states 3.6. 1 Statistics 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Primary sources 8 External links Background ( edit ) Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a second full term . Roosevelt 's first term as president ( 1901 -- 1905 ) was incomplete , as he succeeded to the office upon the assassination of William McKinley ; it was only his second term ( 1905 -- 1909 ) that encompassed four full years . He had tapped Secretary of War William Howard Taft to become his successor , and Taft defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the general election . During Taft 's administration , a rift grew between Roosevelt and Taft as they became the leaders of the Republican Party 's two wings : the progressives , led by Roosevelt , and the conservatives , led by Taft . The progressive Republicans favored restrictions on the employment of women and children , promoted ecological conservation , and were more sympathetic toward labor unions . The progressives were also in favor of the popular election of federal and state judges and opposed to having judges appointed by the president or state governors . The conservatives were in support of high tariffs on imported goods to encourage consumers to buy American - made products ( as were most progressives ) , favored business leaders over labor unions , and were generally opposed to the popular election of judges . By 1910 the split between the two wings of the Republican Party was deep , and this , in turn , caused Roosevelt and Taft to turn against one another , despite their personal friendship . The 1910 Midterm elections proved to be rather rough for The Republicans which seemed to further cement the growing divide among the party . Taft 's popularity among progressives collapsed when he supported the Payne - Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909 , abandoned Roosevelt 's anti-trust policy and fired popular conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry in 1910 . Nominations ( edit ) Republican Party nomination ( edit ) Main articles : Republican Party ( United States ) presidential primaries , 1912 and 1912 Republican National Convention <Td_colspan="30"> Republican Party Ticket , 1912 William Howard Taft James S. Sherman for President for Vice President 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 27th Vice President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1912 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign Republican candidates : William Howard Taft , President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt , former President of the United States from New York Robert M. La Follette , Senator from Wisconsin Candidates gallery ( edit ) President William Howard Taft Theodore Roosevelt from New York Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin A Punch cartoon by Leonard Raven - Hill , depicting the perceived aggression between Taft and Roosevelt . For the first time , significant numbers of delegates to the national conventions were elected in presidential preference primaries . Primary elections were advocated by the progressive faction of the Republican Party , which wanted to break the control of political parties by bosses . Altogether , twelve states held Republican primaries . Robert M. La Follette won two of the first four primaries ( North Dakota and Wisconsin ) . Beginning with his runaway victory in Illinois on April 9 , however , Roosevelt won nine of the last ten presidential primaries ( in order , Illinois , Pennsylvania , Nebraska , Oregon , Maryland , California , Ohio , New Jersey , and South Dakota ) , losing only Massachusetts to Taft . As a sign of his great popularity , Roosevelt even carried Taft 's home state of Ohio . The Republican Convention was held in Chicago from June 18 to 22 . Taft , however , had begun to gather delegates earlier , and the delegates chosen in the primaries were a minority . Taft had the support of the bulk of the party organizations in the Southern states . These states had voted solidly Democratic in every presidential election since 1880 , and Roosevelt objected that they were given one - quarter of the delegates when they would contribute nothing to a Republican victory ( as it turned out , delegates from the former Confederate states supported Taft by a 5 to 1 margin ) . When the convention gathered , Roosevelt challenged the credentials of nearly half of the delegates . By that time , however , it was too late . The delegates chose Elihu Root -- once Roosevelt 's top ally -- to serve as chairman of the convention . Afterwards , the delegates seated Taft delegations in Alabama , Arizona , and California on tight votes of 597 - 472 , 564 - 497 , and 542 - 529 , respectively . After losing California , where Roosevelt had won the primary , the progressive delegates gave up hope . They voted `` present '' on most succeeding roll calls . Not since the 1872 election had there been a major schism in the Republican party . Now , with the Democrats holding about 45 % of the national vote , any schism would be fatal . Roosevelt 's only hope at the convention was to form a `` stop - Taft '' alliance with La Follette , but Roosevelt had alienated La Follette , and the alliance could not form . Unable to tolerate the personal humiliation he suffered at the hands of Taft and the Old Guard , and refusing to entertain the possibility of a compromise candidate , Roosevelt struck back hard . On the evening of June 22 , 1912 , Roosevelt asked his supporters to leave the convention . Roosevelt maintained that President Taft had allowed fraudulent seating of delegates to capture the presidential nomination from progressive forces within the Party . Thus , with the support of convention chairman Elihu Root , Taft 's supporters outvoted Roosevelt 's men , and the convention renominated incumbents William Howard Taft and James S. Sherman , making Sherman the first sitting vice-president to be nominated for re-election since John C. Calhoun in 1828 . <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential Ballot William Taft 561 Theodore Roosevelt 107 Robert La Follette 41 Albert B. Cummins 17 Charles Evans Hughes Present , not voting 344 Absent 6 <Td_colspan="2"> Vice Presidential Ballot James S. Sherman 596 William Borah 21 Charles Edward Merriam 20 Herbert S. Hadley 14 Albert J. Beveridge Progressive Party ( edit ) Main article : 1912 Progressive National Convention <Td_colspan="30"> Progressive Party Ticket , 1912 Theodore Roosevelt Hiram Johnson for President for Vice President 26th President of the United States ( 1901 -- 1909 ) 23rd Governor of California ( 1911 -- 1917 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign Progressive candidate : Theodore Roosevelt , former President of the United States , from New York Progressive convention , 1912 Republican progressives reconvened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party . When formally launched later that summer , the new Progressive Party chose Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson from California as his vice presidential running mate . Questioned by reporters , Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a `` bull moose '' . Henceforth known as the `` Bull Moose Party , '' the Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people . The party was funded by publisher Frank Munsey and its executive secretary George Walbridge Perkins , an employee of banker J.P. Morgan and International Harvester . Perkins blocked an anti-trust plank , shocking reformers who thought of Roosevelt as a true trust - buster . The delegates to the convention sang the hymn `` Onward , Christian Soldiers '' as their anthem . In a famous acceptance speech , Roosevelt compared the coming presidential campaign to the Battle of Armageddon and stated that the Progressives were going to `` battle for the LORD . '' However , many of the nation 's newspapers , which tended to be pro-Republican , harshly depicted Roosevelt as an egotist who was only running for president to spoil Taft 's chances and feed his vanity . Many of these newspapers ' political cartoons portrayed Roosevelt in this fashion ; the anti-Roosevelt cartoon below was drawn by Edward Windsor Kemble for the January 1912 edition of Harper 's Weekly . Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1912 Democratic National Convention <Td_colspan="30"> Democratic Party Ticket , 1912 Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall for President for Vice President 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 27th Governor of Indiana ( 1909 -- 1913 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign Democratic candidates : Woodrow Wilson , Governor of New Jersey Champ Clark , Speaker of the House from Missouri Judson Harmon , Governor of Ohio Oscar Underwood , House Majority Leader from Alabama Eugene Foss , Governor of Massachusetts Thomas R. Marshall , Governor of Indiana Simeon E. Baldwin , Governor of Connecticut Candidates gallery ( edit ) Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey Speaker of the House Champ Clark from Missouri Governor Judson Harmon of Ohio House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood from Alabama Governor Eugene Foss of Massachusetts Governor Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana Governor Simeon E. Baldwin of Connecticut The Democratic Convention was held in Baltimore , Maryland , from June 25 to July 2 . It proved to be one of the more memorable presidential conventions of the twentieth century . Initially , the frontrunner appeared to be Champ Clark of Missouri , the Speaker of the House , and Clark did receive the largest number of delegate votes early in the balloting . However , he was unable to get the two - thirds majority required to win the nomination . His chances were hurt when Tammany Hall , the powerful and corrupt Democratic political machine in New York City , threw its support behind Clark . Instead of helping him , this led William Jennings Bryan , the three - time Democratic presidential candidate and still the leader of the party 's progressives , to turn against Clark as the candidate of `` Wall Street '' . Bryan instead threw his support to New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson , who had consistently finished second to Clark on each ballot , and who was regarded as a moderate reformer . Wilson had nearly given up hope that he could be nominated , and he was on the verge of having a concession speech read for him at the convention that would free his delegates to vote for someone else . Bryan 's defection from Clark to Wilson led many other delegates to do the same , and Wilson gradually gained strength while Clark 's support dwindled . Wilson finally received the nomination on the 46th ballot . Thomas R. Marshall , the Governor of Indiana , who had swung his state 's delegate votes to Wilson in later ballots , was named as Wilson 's running mate . ( show ) ( 1 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="25"> Presidential Ballot 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th Woodrow Wilson 324 339.75 345 349.5 351 354 352.5 351.5 352.5 350.5 354.5 354 356 361 362.5 362.5 362.5 361 358 388.5 395.5 396.5 399 402.5 Champ Clark 440.5 446.5 441 443 443 445 449.5 448.5 452 556 554 547.5 554.5 553 552 551 545 535 532 512 508 500.5 497.5 496 Judson Harmon 148 141 140.5 136.5 141.5 135 129.5 130 127 31 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 0 0 0 Oscar Underwood 117.5 111.25 114.5 112 119.5 121 123.5 123 122.5 117.5 118.5 123 115.5 111 110.5 112.5 112.5 125 130 121.5 118.5 115 114.5 115.5 Eugene Foss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 43 45 43 Thomas R. Marshall 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Simeon E. Baldwin 22 14 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 William J. Bryan 0 0 7 John W. Kern 0 0 0 4.5 3.5 0 0 Ollie M. James 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 William Sulzer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 William J. Gaynor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J. Hamilton Lewis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blank 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( show ) ( 25 - 46 ) <Td_colspan="23"> Presidential Ballot 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th Unanimous Woodrow Wilson 405 407.5 406.5 437.5 436 460 475.5 477.5 477.5 479.5 494.5 496.5 496.5 498.5 501.5 501.5 499.5 494 602 629 633 990 1,088 Champ Clark 469 463.5 469 468.5 468.5 455 446.5 446.5 447.5 447.5 433.5 434.5 432.5 425 422 423 424 430 329 306 306 84 Judson Harmon 29 29 29 29 29 19 17 14 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 28 27 27 28 27 25 12 Oscar Underwood 108 112.5 112 112.5 112 121.5 116.5 119.5 103.5 101.5 101.5 98.5 100.5 106 106 106 106 104 98.5 99 97 0 Eugene Foss 43 43 38 38 38 30 30 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 27 27 27 0 Thomas R. Marshall 30 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Simeon E. Baldwin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 William J. Bryan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 John W. Kern 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ollie M. James 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 William Sulzer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 William J. Gaynor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J. Hamilton Lewis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blank 0 1.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0 0 <Td_colspan="4"> Vice Presidential Ballot 1st 2nd Unanimous Thomas R. Marshall 389 644.5 1,088 John Burke 304.67 386.33 George E. Chamberlain 157 12.5 Elmore W. Hurst 78 0 James H. Preston 58 0 Martin J. Wade 26 0 William F. McCombs 18 0 John E. Osborne 8 0 William Sulzer 0 Blank 46.33 44.67 Socialist Party nomination ( edit ) <Td_colspan="30"> Socialist Party Ticket , 1912 Eugene V. Debs Emil Seidel for President for Vice President Former Indiana State Senator ( 1885 -- 1887 ) 36th Mayor of Milwaukee ( 1910 -- 1912 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign Socialist candidates : Eugene V. Debs , former State Representative from Indiana Eugene V. Debs ' 6 % was an all - time high for the Socialist Party The Socialist Party of America was a highly factionalized coalition of local parties based in industrial cities and usually was rooted in ethnic communities , especially German and Finnish . It also had some support in old Populist rural and mining areas in the West , especially Oklahoma . By 1912 , the party claimed more than a thousand locally elected officials in 33 states and 160 cities , especially the Midwest . Eugene V. Debs had run for president in 1900 , 1904 , and 1908 , primarily to encourage the local effort , and he did so again in 1912 and from prison in 1920 . The conservatives , led by Victor L. Berger from Milwaukee , promoted progressive causes of efficiency and an end to corruption , nicknamed `` gas and water socialism . '' Their opponents were the radicals who wanted to overthrow capitalism , tried to infiltrate labor unions , and sought to cooperate with the Industrial Workers of the World ( `` the Wobblies '' ) . With few exceptions , the party had weak or nonexistent links to local labor unions . Immigration was an issue -- the radicals saw immigrants as fodder for the war with capitalism , while conservatives complained that they lowered wage rates and absorbed too many city resources . Many of these issues had been debated at the First National Congress of the Socialist Party in 1910 , and they were debated again at the national convention in Indianapolis in 1912 . At the latter , the radicals won an early test by seating Bill Haywood on the Executive Committee , sending encouragement to western `` Wobblies '' , and passed a resolution seeming to favor industrial unionism . The conservatives counterattacked by amending the party constitution to expel any socialists who favored industrial sabotage or syndicalism ( that is , the IWW ) , and who refused to participate in American elections . They adopted a conservative platform calling for cooperative organization of prisons , a national bureau of health , abolition of the Senate and the presidential veto . Debs did not attend ; he saw his mission as keeping the disparate units together in the hope that someday a common goal would be found . General election ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) The 1912 presidential campaign was bitterly contested . Vice-President James S. Sherman died in office on October 30 , 1912 , less than a week before the election , leaving Taft without a running mate . ( Nicholas M. Butler was designated to receive electoral votes that would have been cast for Sherman . ) With the Republican Party divided , Wilson captured the presidency handily on November 5 . Republican campaign postcard charging a Democratic administration would remove pensioners from the rolls While Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee on October 14 , 1912 , a saloonkeeper named John Flammang Schrank shot him , but the bullet lodged in his chest only after penetrating both his steel eyeglass case and a 50 - page single - folded copy of the speech he was to deliver , carried in his jacket pocket . Schrank was immediately disarmed , captured and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed . Roosevelt , as an experienced hunter and anatomist , correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood , the bullet had not reached his lung , and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately . In keeping with his he - man image , Roosevelt gave his speech before seeking medical attention . When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign , he said to the reporter `` I 'm fit as a bull moose '' , which inspired the party 's emblem . The election of 1912 is considered the high tide of progressive politics . Had either Roosevelt or Taft stayed out of the race , a Republican victory would have been assured . The Socialists had little money ; Debs ' campaign cost only $66,000 , mostly for 3.5 million leaflets and travel to rallies organized by local groups . His biggest event was a speech to 15,000 supporters in New York City . The crowd sang `` La Marseillaise '' and `` The Internationale '' as Emil Seidel , the vice - presidential candidate , boasted , `` Only a year ago workingmen were throwing decayed vegetables and rotten eggs at us but now all is changed ... Eggs are too high . There is a great giant growing up in this country that will someday take over the affairs of this nation . He is a little giant now but he is growing fast . The name of this little giant is socialism . '' Debs said that only the socialists represented labor . He condemned `` Injunction Bill Taft '' and ridiculed Roosevelt as `` a charlatan , mountebank , and fraud , and his Progressive promises and pledges as the mouthings of a low and utterly unprincipled self seeker and demagogue . '' Debs insisted that the Democrats , Progressives , and Republicans alike were financed by the trusts . Party newspapers spread the word -- there were five English - language and eight foreign - language dailies along with 262 English and 36 foreign - language weeklies . The labor union movement , however , largely rejected Debs and supported Wilson . Roosevelt mixing radical ingredients in his speeches in this 1912 editorial cartoon by Karl K. Knecht ( 1883 -- 1972 ) in the Republican Evansville Courier newspaper Roosevelt conducted a vigorous national campaign for the Progressive Party , denouncing the way the Republican nomination had been `` stolen '' . He bundled together his reforms under the rubric of `` The New Nationalism '' and stumped the country for a strong federal role in regulating the economy and chastising bad corporations . Wilson supported a policy called `` The New Freedom '' . This policy was based mostly on individualism instead of a strong government . Taft campaigned quietly , and spoke of the need for judges to be more powerful than elected officials . The departure of the more progressive Republicans left the conservative Republicans even more firmly in control of their party until 1916 , when many progressives returned . Much of the Republican effort was designed to discredit Roosevelt as a dangerous radical , but this had little effect . Tariffs and Republican Party split ( edit ) Before the ratification of the Sixteenth United States Constitutional Amendment ( 1913 ) , the funding of the United States government heavily relied upon tariffs . Tariffs are a direct taxation of raw materials and manufactured goods with regard to trade . This issue was key in fracturing the Republican Party . Early in his term , President Taft had promised to stand for a less protectionist tariff bill . Protectionism was major policy of the business oriented Republican Party . After Congressional deliberation , the Payne - Aldrich Act ( 1909 ) was passed and signed by President Taft . The Payne - Aldrich Act would not satisfy the growing economic sectionalism of the country ; the Northwest and South wanted tariff reductions on manufactured goods , as well as more raw materials to be added to the ' free - list ' ( non-taxed goods ) The new tariff policy would increase duties ; going against President Taft 's promises , further alienating the progressive wing of the Republican Party . President Taft 's inability to satisfy both wings of his party would create a political opening for his predecessor , Theodore Roosevelt , to make a run for the presidency . Theodore Roosevelt would rally progressives with speeches to pressure the political establishment . In regards to tariff the current tariff policy , Theodore Roosevelt would vouch for `` ... an expert tariff commission , wholly removed from the possibility of political pressure or of improper business influence . '' . Results ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate . Shades of blue are for Wilson ( Democratic ) , shades of green are for Roosevelt ( Progressive ) , shades of red are for Taft ( Republican ) , shades of yellow are for Debs ( Socialist ) , light grey indicates zero recorded votes and dark grey indicates territories not elevated to statehood The impact of the third - party vote is indicated by the fact that few states were carried by a majority of the popular vote . Taft carried two states ( Utah and Vermont ) , Roosevelt six , and Wilson forty . Taft carried no state with a popular majority , Roosevelt one ( South Dakota , where there was no Republican ticket ) , and Wilson eleven , all of them states of the former Confederacy . More than two - thirds of Wilson 's total vote was cast in the 37 states that he did not carry by majority vote . Wilson 's vote , 6,296,919 , was less than William Jennings Bryan totaled in any one of his campaigns , and over 100,000 less than Bryan received in 1908 , when Bryan won only 162 electoral votes . Wilson fell behind the Bryan strength in most of the country , and notably so in Pennsylvania , Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Nebraska , Kansas , South Carolina , Kentucky , and Arkansas . In only two sections was Wilson 's vote greater than the greatest Bryan vote : New England and the Pacific . Wilson led the poll in 1,969 counties , but he received a majority of the vote in only 1,237 counties , less than Bryan had had in any of his campaigns . Taft had a majority in only 35 , and `` Other ( s ) '' in only 305 . These small figures clearly reveal the result of the division of the normal Republican vote , as does the fact that in a plurality of counties ( 1,396 ) no candidate obtained a majority . Taft had a lead over the field in only 232 counties . In addition to South Dakota and California , where there was no Taft ticket , and seven `` Solid South '' states in which he carried no county , Taft also carried no counties in Maine , New Jersey , Minnesota , Nevada and Arizona . Nine counties did not record any votes due to either black disenfranchisement or being inhabited only by Native Americans who would not gain full citizenship for twelve more years . The 772 counties not carried by Wilson or by Taft were distributed in 38 states , most of them in Pennsylvania ( 48 ) , Illinois ( 33 ) , Michigan ( 68 ) , Minnesota ( 75 ) , Iowa ( 49 ) , South Dakota ( 54 ) , Nebraska ( 32 ) , Kansas ( 51 ) , Washington ( 38 ) , and California ( 44 ) , and almost without exception were carried by Roosevelt . Debs carried four counties in Minnesota ( Lake and Beltrami ) , North Dakota ( Burke County ) , and Kansas ( Crawford County ) , the only counties ever to vote socialist in a presidential election . This is the first time in 60 years ( since 1852 ) , states of Iowa , Maine , New Hampshire , Ohio , and Rhode Island voted for a Democrat , and first time in history that Massachusetts voted for a Democratic candidate . This was the last election in which the Democrats won Maine until 1964 , the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut and Delaware until 1936 , the last in which the Democrats won Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , New Jersey , New York , Oregon , West Virginia , and Wisconsin until 1932 , and the last in which the Democrats won Massachusetts and Rhode Island until 1928 . After the 2016 presidential election , 1912 remains the last election in which the key Indiana counties of Hamilton and Hendricks , along with Walworth County , Wisconsin , Pulaski and Laurel Counties in Kentucky and Hawkins County , Tennessee have given a plurality to the Democratic candidate . Presidential candidate Party Home state <Th_colspan="2"> Popular vote Electoral vote <Th_colspan="3"> Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Woodrow Wilson Democratic New Jersey 6,296,284 41.84 % 435 Thomas R. Marshall Indiana 435 Theodore Roosevelt Progressive New York 4,122,721 27.40 % 88 Hiram W. Johnson California 88 William Howard Taft ( Incumbent ) Republican Ohio 3,486,242 23.17 % 8 Nicholas Murray Butler New York 8 Eugene V. Debs Socialist Indiana 901,551 5.99 % 0 Emil Seidel Wisconsin 0 Eugene W. Chafin Prohibition Illinois 208,156 1.38 % 0 Aaron S. Watkins Ohio 0 Arthur E. Reimer Socialist Labor Massachusetts 29,324 0.19 % 0 August Gillhaus New York 0 <Td_colspan="3"> Other 4,556 0.03 % -- <Td_colspan="2"> Other -- <Th_colspan="3"> Total 15,048,834 100 % 531 <Td_colspan="2"> 531 <Th_colspan="5"> Needed to win 266 <Td_colspan="2"> 266 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1912 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 28 , 2005 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 31 , 2005 . <Th_colspan="5"> Popular vote <Td_colspan="2"> Wilson <Td_colspan="2"> 41.84 % <Td_colspan="2"> Roosevelt <Td_colspan="2"> 27.40 % <Td_colspan="2"> Taft <Td_colspan="2"> 23.17 % <Td_colspan="2"> Debs <Td_colspan="2"> 5.99 % <Td_colspan="2"> Others <Td_colspan="2"> 1.60 % <Th_colspan="5"> Electoral vote <Td_colspan="2"> Wilson <Td_colspan="2"> 81.92 % <Td_colspan="2"> Roosevelt <Td_colspan="2"> 16.57 % <Td_colspan="2"> Taft <Td_colspan="2"> 1.51 % Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery ( edit ) Map of presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of `` other '' presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram ( county sizes based on total votes recorded ) of presidential election results by county Cartogram ( county sizes based on total votes recorded ) of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram ( county sizes based on total votes recorded ) of `` other '' presidential election results by county Cartogram ( county sizes based on total votes recorded ) of Republican presidential election results by county Results by state ( edit ) States won by Wilson / Marshall States won by Roosevelt / Johnson States won by Taft / Butler <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Woodrow Wilson Democratic <Th_colspan="3"> Theodore Roosevelt Progressive <Th_colspan="3"> William H. Taft Republican <Th_colspan="3"> Eugene V. Debs Socialist <Th_colspan="3"> Eugene Chafin Prohibition <Th_colspan="3"> Arthur Reimer Socialist Labor <Th_colspan="2"> Margin <Th_colspan="2"> State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 12 82,438 69.89 12 22,680 19.23 - 9,807 8.31 - 3,029 2.57 - - - - - - - 59,758 50.66 117,959 AL Arizona 10,324 43.52 6,949 29.29 - 3,021 12.74 - 3,163 13.33 - 265 1.12 - - - - 3,375 14.23 23,722 AZ Arkansas 9 68,814 55.01 9 21,644 17.30 - 25,585 20.45 - 8,153 6.52 - 908 0.73 - - - - 43,229 34.55 125,104 AR California 13 283,436 41.81 283,610 41.83 11 3,914 0.58 - 79,201 11.68 - 23,366 3.45 - - - - - 174 - 0.03 677,944 CA Colorado 6 114,232 42.80 6 72,306 27.09 - 58,386 21.88 - 16,418 6.15 - 5,063 1.90 - 475 0.18 - 41,926 15.71 266,880 CO Connecticut 7 74,561 39.16 7 34,129 17.92 - 68,324 35.88 - 10,056 5.28 - 2,068 1.09 - 1,260 0.66 - 6,237 3.28 190,404 CT Delaware 22,631 46.48 8,886 18.25 - 15,998 32.85 - 556 1.14 - 623 1.28 - - - - 6,633 13.62 48,694 DE Florida 6 35,343 69.52 6 4,555 8.96 - 4,279 8.42 - 4,806 9.45 - 1,854 3.65 - - - - 30,537 60.07 50,837 FL Georgia 14 93,087 76.63 14 21,985 18.10 - 5,191 4.27 - 1,058 0.87 - 149 0.12 - - - - 71,102 58.53 121,470 GA Idaho 33,921 32.08 25,527 24.14 - 32,810 31.02 - 11,960 11.31 - 1,536 1.45 - - - - 1,111 1.05 105,754 ID Illinois 29 405,048 35.34 29 386,478 33.72 - 253,593 22.13 - 81,278 7.09 - 15,710 1.37 - 4,066 0.35 - 18,570 1.62 1,146,173 IL Indiana 15 281,890 43.07 15 162,007 24.75 - 151,267 23.11 - 36,931 5.64 - 19,249 2.94 - 3,130 0.48 - 119,883 18.32 654,474 IN Iowa 13 185,325 37.64 13 161,819 32.87 - 119,805 24.33 - 16,967 3.45 - 8,440 1.71 - - - - 23,506 4.77 492,356 IA Kansas 10 143,663 39.30 10 120,210 32.88 - 74,845 20.47 - 26,779 7.33 - - - - - - - 23,453 6.42 365,560 KS Kentucky 13 219,484 48.48 13 101,766 22.48 - 115,510 25.52 - 11,646 2.57 - 3,253 0.72 - 1,055 0.23 - 103,974 22.97 452,714 KY Louisiana 10 60,871 76.81 10 9,283 11.71 - 3,833 4.84 - 5,261 6.64 - - - - - - - 51,588 65.10 79,248 LA Maine 6 51,113 39.43 6 48,495 37.41 - 26,545 20.48 - 2,541 1.96 - 946 0.73 - - - - 2,618 2.02 129,640 ME Maryland 8 112,674 48.57 8 57,789 24.91 - 54,956 23.69 - 3,996 1.72 - 2,244 0.97 - 322 0.14 - 54,885 23.66 231,981 MD Massachusetts 18 173,408 35.53 18 142,228 29.14 - 155,948 31.95 - 12,616 2.58 - 2,754 0.56 - 1,102 0.23 - 17,460 3.58 488,057 MA Michigan 15 150,751 27.36 - 214,584 38.95 15 152,244 27.63 - 23,211 4.21 - 8,934 1.62 - 1,252 0.23 - - 62,340 - 11.31 550,976 MI Minnesota 12 106,426 31.84 - 125,856 37.66 12 64,334 19.25 - 27,505 8.23 - 7,886 2.36 - 2,212 0.66 - - 19,430 - 5.81 334,219 MN Mississippi 10 57,324 88.90 10 3,549 5.50 - 1,560 2.42 - 2,050 3.18 - - - - - - - 53,775 83.39 64,483 MS Missouri 18 330,746 47.35 18 124,375 17.80 - 207,821 29.75 - 28,466 4.07 - 5,380 0.77 - 1,778 0.25 - 122,925 17.60 698,566 MO Montana 27,941 35.00 22,456 28.13 - 18,512 23.19 - 10,885 13.64 - 32 0.04 - - - - 5,485 6.87 79,826 MT Nebraska 8 109,008 43.69 8 72,681 29.13 - 54,226 21.74 - 10,185 4.08 - 3,383 1.36 - - - - 36,327 14.56 249,483 NE Nevada 7,986 39.70 5,620 27.94 - 3,196 15.89 - 3,313 16.47 - - - - - - - 2,366 11.76 20,115 NV New Hampshire 34,724 39.48 17,794 20.23 - 32,927 37.43 - 1,981 2.25 - 535 0.61 - - - - 1,797 2.04 87,961 NH New Jersey 14 178,289 41.20 14 145,410 33.60 - 88,835 20.53 - 15,948 3.69 - 2,936 0.68 - 1,321 0.31 - 32,879 7.60 432,739 NJ New Mexico 20,437 41.39 8,347 16.90 - 17,733 35.91 - 2,859 5.79 - - - - - - - 2,704 5.48 49,376 NM New York 45 655,573 41.27 45 390,093 24.56 - 455,487 28.68 - 63,434 3.99 - 19,455 1.22 - 4,273 0.27 - 200,086 12.60 1,588,315 NY North Carolina 12 144,407 59.24 12 69,135 28.36 - 29,129 11.95 - 987 0.40 - 118 0.05 - - - - 75,272 30.88 243,776 NC North Dakota 5 29,555 34.14 5 25,726 29.71 - 23,090 26.67 - 6,966 8.05 - 1,243 1.44 - - - - 3,829 4.42 86,580 ND Ohio 24 424,834 40.96 24 229,807 22.16 - 278,168 26.82 - 90,144 8.69 - 11,511 1.11 - 2,630 0.25 - 146,666 14.14 1,037,094 OH Oklahoma 10 119,156 46.95 10 - - - 90,786 35.77 - 41,674 16.42 - 2,185 0.86 - - - - 28,370 11.18 253,801 OK Oregon 5 47,064 34.34 5 37,600 27.44 - 34,673 25.30 - 13,343 9.74 - 4,360 3.18 - - - - 9,464 6.91 137,040 OR Pennsylvania 38 395,637 32.49 - 444,894 36.53 38 273,360 22.45 - 83,614 6.87 - 19,525 1.60 - 706 0.06 - - 49,257 - 4.04 1,217,736 PA Rhode Island 5 30,412 39.04 5 16,878 21.67 - 27,703 35.56 - 2,049 2.63 - 616 0.79 - 236 0.30 - 2,709 3.48 77,894 RI South Carolina 9 48,357 95.94 9 1,293 2.57 - 536 1.06 - 164 0.33 - - - - - - - 47,064 93.37 50,405 SC South Dakota 5 48,942 42.07 - 58,811 50.56 5 - - - 4,662 4.01 - 3,910 3.36 - - - - - 9,869 - 8.48 116,325 SD Tennessee 12 133,021 52.80 12 54,041 21.45 - 60,475 24.00 - 3,564 1.41 - 832 0.33 - - - - 72,546 28.80 251,933 TN Texas 20 221,589 72.62 20 28,853 9.46 - 26,755 8.77 - 25,743 8.44 - 1,738 0.57 - 442 0.14 - 192,736 63.17 305,120 TX Utah 36,579 32.55 - 24,174 21.51 - 42,100 37.46 9,023 8.03 - - - - 510 0.45 - - 5,521 - 4.91 112,386 UT Vermont 15,354 24.43 - 22,132 35.22 - 23,332 37.13 928 1.48 - 1,095 1.74 - - - - - 1,200 - 1.91 62,841 VT Virginia 12 90,332 65.95 12 21,776 15.90 - 23,288 17.00 - 820 0.60 - 709 0.52 - 50 0.04 - 67,044 48.95 136,975 VA Washington 7 86,840 26.90 - 113,698 35.22 7 70,445 21.82 - 40,134 12.43 - 9,810 3.04 - 1,872 0.58 - - 26,858 - 8.32 322,799 WA West Virginia 8 113,197 42.11 8 79,112 29.43 - 56,754 21.11 - 15,248 5.67 - 4,517 1.68 - - - - 34,085 12.68 268,828 WV Wisconsin 13 164,230 41.06 13 62,448 15.61 - 130,596 32.65 - 33,476 8.37 - 8,584 2.15 - 632 0.16 - 33,634 8.41 399,975 WI Wyoming 15,310 36.20 9,232 21.83 - 14,560 34.42 - 2,760 6.53 - 434 1.03 - - - - 750 1.77 42,296 WY TOTALS : 531 6,296,284 41.84 435 4,122,721 27.40 88 3,486,242 23.17 8 901,551 5.99 - 208,156 1.38 - 29,324 0.19 - 2,173,563 14.44 15,048,834 US Close states ( edit ) Margin of victory less than 1 % ( 13 electoral votes ) : California , 0.03 % Margin of victory less than 5 % ( 142 electoral votes ) : Idaho , 1.05 % Illinois , 1.62 % Wyoming , 1.77 % Vermont , 1.91 % Maine , 2.02 % New Hampshire , 2.04 % Connecticut , 3.28 % Rhode Island , 3.48 % Massachusetts , 3.58 % Pennsylvania , 4.04 % North Dakota , 4.42 % Iowa , 4.77 % Utah , 4.91 % Margin of victory between 5 % and 10 % ( 73 electoral votes ) : New Mexico , 5.48 % Minnesota , 5.81 % Kansas , 6.42 % Montana , 6.87 % Oregon , 6.91 % New Jersey , 7.60 % Washington , 8.32 % Wisconsin , 8.41 % South Dakota , 8.48 % Statistics ( edit ) Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Democratic ) Greenville County , South Carolina 100.00 % Marlboro County , South Carolina 100.00 % Hampton County , South Carolina 100.00 % Jasper County , South Carolina 100.00 % Reagan County , Texas 100.00 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Other ) Scott County , Tennessee 82.80 % Campbell County , South Dakota 80.42 % Clearwater County , Minnesota 77.35 % Avery County , North Carolina 72.84 % Cook County , Minnesota 72.70 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Republican ) Zapata County , Texas 80.89 % Valencia County , New Mexico 77.25 % Kane County , Utah 75.40 % Clinton County , Kentucky 64.79 % Huerfano County , Colorado 63.36 % Inauguration platform being constructed in front of the Capitol See also ( edit ) Progressive Era History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) United States House of Representatives elections , 1912 United States Senate elections , 1912 and 1913 First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Coletta , Presidency of William Howard Taft ch 3 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1973 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Schweikart and Allen , p. 491 . Jump up ^ `` History , Travel , Arts , Science , People , Places Smithsonian '' . Smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Taft Is Nominated On First Ballot '' . Santa Cruz News . Santa Cruz , CA . June 22 , 1912 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taft Wins With 561 '' . The Courier . Harrisburg , PA . June 23 , 1912 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pietrusza , David ( 2007 ) . 1920 : The Year of the Six Presidents . New York : Carroll & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1622 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` HarpWeek Elections 1912 Large Cartoons '' . Elections.harpweek.com. 1912 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ira Kipnis , The American Socialist Movement , 1897 -- 1912 1952 . Jump up ^ `` The Bull Moose and related media '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It Takes More Than That to Kill a Bull Moose : The Leader and The Cause '' . Theodore Roosevelt Association . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/880426-196/daily-twip---theodore-roosevelt-delivers-campaign.html Jump up ^ NEW YORK TIMES. ( 1909 , September 19 ) . MR . TAFT 'S DECISION . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 , from https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D0DE1DE143EE033A2575AC1A96F9C946897D6CF Jump up ^ Fisk , G.M. ( 1910 ) . The Payne - Aldrich Tariff . Political Science Quarterly , 25 ( 1 ) , 35 - 39 . doi : 10.2307 / 2141008 Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt Association . `` The New Nationalism . '' The New Nationalism - Theodore Roosevelt Association . N.p. , n.d. Web . 17 Apr. 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Presidential Vote , 1896 -- 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 14 ^ Jump up to : The Presidential Vote , 1896 -- 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 15 Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 -- 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 17 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Robert David ; ' How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century ' ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 1912 Presidential General Election Data -- National '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Broderick , Francis L. Progressivism at risk : Electing a president in 1912 ( Praeger , 1989 ) . Chace , James ( 2004 ) . 1912 : Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft , and Debs -- The Election That Changed the Country . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0394 - 1 . Cooper , John Milton , Jr. ( 1983 ) . The Warrior and the Priest : Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt . Cambridge : Belknap Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 94751 - 7 . Cowan , Geoffrey . Let the People Rule : Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of the Presidential Primary ( 2016 ) . Delahaye , Claire . `` The New Nationalism and Progressive Issues : The Break with Taft and the 1912 Campaign , '' in Serge Ricard , ed. , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 452 - 67 . online DeWitt , Benjamin P . The Progressive Movement : A Non-Partisan , Comprehensive Discussion of Current Tendencies in American Politics . ( 1915 ) . Flehinger , Brett . The 1912 Election and the Power of Progressivism : A Brief History with Documents ( Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2003 ) . Flynn , James P. `` Eugene Debs and the Politics of Parrhesia . '' ( MA thesis , U of South Carolina , 2015 ) . online Gable , John A . The Bullmoose Years : Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party . Port Washington , NY : Kennikat Press , 1978 . Gould , Lewis L. Four hats in the ring : The 1912 election and the birth of modern American politics ( Univ Pr of Kansas , 2008 ) . Jensen , Richard . `` Theodore Roosevelt '' in Encyclopedia of Third Parties . ( ME Sharpe , 2000 ) . pp 702 - 707 . Kipnis , Ira ( 1952 ) . The American Socialist Movement , 1897 -- 1912 . New York : Columbia University Press . Kraig , Robert Alexander . `` The 1912 Election and the Rhetorical Foundations of the Liberal State . '' Rhetoric and Public Affairs ( 2000 ) : 363 - 395 . in JSTOR Link , Arthur S. ( 1956 ) . Wilson : Volume 1 , The Road to the White House . Milkis , Sidney M. , and Daniel J. Tichenor . `` `` Direct Democracy '' and Social Justice : The Progressive Party Campaign of 1912 . '' Studies in American Political Development 8 # 2 ( 1994 ) : 282 - 340 . Milkis , Sidney M. Theodore Roosevelt , the Progressive Party , and the Transformation of American Democracy . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , 2009 . Morgan , H. Wayne ( 1962 ) . Eugene V. Debs : Socialist for President . Syracuse University Press . Mowry , George E. ( 1946 ) . Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement . Madison : Wisconsin University Press . Mowry , George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America . New York : Harper and Row , 1962 . O'Mara , Margaret . Pivotal Tuesdays : Four Elections That Shaped the Twentieth Century ( 2015 ) , compares 1912 , 1932 , 1968 , 1992 in terms of social , economic , and political history Painter , Carl , `` The Progressive Party In Indiana , '' Indiana Magazine of History , 16 # 3 ( 1920 ) , pp. 173 -- 283 . In JSTOR Pinchot , Amos . History of the Progressive Party , 1912 -- 1916 . Introduction by Helene Maxwell Hooker . ( New York University Press , 1958 ) . Selmi , Patrick . `` Jane Addams and the Progressive Party Campaign for President in 1912 . '' Journal of Progressive Human Services 22.2 ( 2011 ) : 160 - 190 . Wilensky , Norman N. ( 1965 ) . Conservatives in the Progressive Era : The Taft Republicans of 1912 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press . Primary sources ( edit ) Pinchot , Amos . What 's the Matter with America : The Meaning of the Progressive Movement and the Rise of the New Party . n.c. : Amos Pinchot , 1912 . Roosevelt , Theodore . Bull Moose on the Stump : The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Theodore Roosevelt Ed . Lewis L. Gould . ( UP of Kansas , 2008 ) . Wilson , Woodrow ( 1956 ) . John Wells Davidson , ed . A Crossroads of Freedom , the 1912 Campaign Speeches . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1912 . United States presidential election of 1912 at Encyclopædia Britannica Presidential Election of 1912 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress editorial cartoons Sound recording of TR speech Woodrow Wilson Suspends Campaign After TR Assassination Attempt Shapell Manuscript Foundation OurCampaigns.com overview of Republican Presidential Primaries of 1912 1912 popular vote by counties 1912 State - by - state Popular vote The Election of 1912 How close was the 1912 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Booknotes interview with James Chace on 1912 : Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft & Debs -- The Election That Changed the Country , August 29 , 2004 . Election of 1912 in Counting the Votes <Th_colspan="2"> ( 1908 ← ) United States presidential election , 1912 ( → 1916 ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Woodrow Wilson VP nominee Thomas R. Marshall Candidates Champ Clark Judson Harmon Oscar Underwood Thomas R. Marshall Eugene Foss Republican Party Convention Nominee William Howard Taft VP nominee Nicholas Murray Butler Candidates Theodore Roosevelt Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Progressive Party Convention Nominee Theodore Roosevelt VP nominee Hiram Johnson Socialist Party Nominee Eugene V. Debs VP nominee Emil Seidel <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee Eugene W. Chafin VP nominee Aaron S. Watkins Socialist Labor Party Nominee Arthur E. 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in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society <Td_colspan="2"> ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Category <Th_colspan="3"> William Howard Taft <Td_colspan="3"> 10th Chief Justice of the United States ( 1921 -- 1930 ) 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 3rd Provisional Governor of Cuba ( 1904 ) 42nd United States Secretary of War ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Governor - General of the Philippines ( 1901 - 1904 ) 6th Solicitor General of the United States ( 1890 -- 1892 ) Presidency 1909 inauguration Dollar diplomacy Income Tax amendment Payne -- Aldrich Tariff Act Mann -- Elkins Act Defense Secrets Act of 1911 Commission on Economy and Efficiency U.S. occupation of Nicaragua United States Chamber of Commerce Ceremonial first pitch State of the Union Address 1912 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court First Oval Office Chief Justice , Supreme Court Supreme Court career Judiciary Act of 1925 Creation of the Supreme Court Building Taft Court cases Other actions Taft Commission Insular Government of the Philippine Islands Philippines Civil Governor , 1901 -- 1904 Taft -- Katsura agreement 1906 -- 1909 Occupation of Cuba League to Enforce Peace National War Labor Board Life and legacy Early life Birthplace , home , and historic site Woodbury Point Taft Bridge Bibliography U.S. Postage stamps Elections 1908 Republican National Convention 1908 U.S. presidential election 1912 Republican National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election Family Helen Herron Taft ( wife ) Robert Taft ( son ) Helen Taft Manning ( daughter ) Charles Phelps Taft II ( son ) Robert Taft Jr. ( grandson ) William Howard Taft III ( grandson ) Seth Taft ( grandson ) Alphonso Taft ( father ) Louise Taft ( mother ) Charles Phelps Taft ( brother ) Henry Waters Taft ( brother ) Horace Dutton Taft ( brother ) Peter Rawson Taft ( paternal grandfather ) Related Progressive Era <Td_colspan="3"> ← Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1912&oldid=821471944 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1912 History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Theodore Roosevelt Industrial Workers of the World Presidency of Woodrow Wilson William Howard Taft November 1912 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 18 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. United States presidential election, 1912
2. Woodrow Wilson
3. Theodore Roosevelt
4. William Howard Taft
5. Progressive Party
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3,807,743,664,915,060,000 |
who sings the theme song to true blood
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Jace Everett - wikipedia Jace Everett <Th_colspan="2"> Jace Everett <Td_colspan="2"> Everett in 2009 <Th_colspan="2"> Background information ( 1972 - 05 - 27 ) May 27 , 1972 ( age 46 ) Evansville , Indiana , United States Origin Evansville , Indiana , USA Genres Rock , Country Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter Instruments Vocals , Acoustic guitar , Electric guitar , Bass guitar Years active 2005 -- present Labels Epic , Phantom , Weston Boys Associated acts Josh Turner Jace Everett ( born May 27 , 1972 ) is a singer from the United States who performs country and rock music . Signed to Epic Records in 2005 , he released his debut single `` That 's the Kind of Love I 'm In '' in 2005 , which peaked at No. 52 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , and was the first single from his self - titled debut album . He also co-wrote Josh Turner 's Number One single `` Your Man '' . His song `` Bad Things '' is the theme for the HBO series True Blood and peaked No. 2 in Norway in 2009 . In the same year , he released his third album , Red Revelations , under the Weston Boys label that peaked No. 12 in Norway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Discography 2.1 Albums 2.2 Singles 2.3 Music videos 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Jace Everett was born in Evansville , Indiana in 1972 . His father 's jobs kept them on the move through Indianapolis and then St. Louis , MO before moving to Fort Worth , TX at the age of six . He started playing music in his church and in school concerts . He later moved to Nashville , TN to attend Belmont University . Jace has been married to Nicole Taylor Hart since August 22 , 2015 . He has a son , Jacques Beasley , born in 1996 , and a step - daughter , Lucienne Hart born in 2007 . In 2005 , Everett was signed to Epic Records . He released his first single , `` That 's The Kind of Love I 'm In '' , in June 2005 . This song charted at No. 52 on the country charts , and was followed in early 2006 by the release of his self - titled debut album . Also in 2006 , Josh Turner charted at Number One on the country charts with the song `` Your Man '' , which Everett co-wrote , and for which Everett received a Broadcast Music Incorporated award . The album 's other singles -- `` Bad Things , '' `` Nowhere in the Neighborhood '' and `` Everything I Want '' -- did not chart in the United States , although `` Bad Things '' reached No. 2 in Norway , No. 30 in Sweden and No. 49 in UK in 2009 . `` Bad Things '' is used as the theme song for the HBO TV series True Blood . Charlaine Harris pays homage to the song by including `` Bad Things '' playing at Merlotte 's in the 2010 Sookie Stackhouse mystery Dead in the Family . It won a 2009 Broadcast Music Incorporated award in the cable television category and was nominated for a 2009 Scream Award for `` Best Scream Song of the Year . '' His album , entitled Red Revelations , was released in June 2009 . His duet Evil ( Is Going On ) , a cover of the song written by Willie Dixon , with CC Adcock is part of the True Blood season 2 soundtrack . A new album , `` Mr. Good Times '' was released in 2011 . His latest album , `` Terra Rosa '' was released digitally on July 23 , 2013 . It was subsequently released on physical formats . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Title Album details <Th_colspan="1"> Peak positions NOR Jace Everett Release date : March 7 , 2006 Label : Epic Records -- Old New Borrowed Blues Release date : 2007 Label : Phantom -- Red Revelations Release date : June 23 , 2009 Label : Weston Boys 12 Mr. Good Times Release date : September 19 , 2011 Label : Hump Head Records -- Terra Rosa Release date : July 23 , 2013 Label : Haywood Group Productions -- <Td_colspan="3"> `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Singles ( edit ) Year Single <Th_colspan="4"> Peak chart positions Album US Country NOR SWE UK 2005 `` That 's the Kind of Love I 'm In '' 52 -- -- -- Jace Everett `` Bad Things '' -- -- -- -- 2006 `` Nowhere in the Neighborhood '' -- -- -- -- `` Everything I Want '' -- -- -- -- 2009 `` Bad Things '' ( re-release ) -- 30 49 Red Revelations 2011 `` Good Times '' -- -- -- -- Mr. Good Times <Td_colspan="7"> `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Music videos ( edit ) Year Video Director 2005 `` That 's the Kind of Love I 'm In '' David McClister `` Bad Things '' Kristin Barlowe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jace Everett at Last.fm '' . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Monger , James Christopher . `` Jace Everett biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts Stand By ' Your Man ' '' . Broadcast Music Incorporated. 12 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( 20 March 2006 ) . `` ASCAP , BMI Honor Josh Turner and Writers of `` Your Man '' `` . CMT . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jace Everett - Norwegian Charts '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jace Everett - Swedish Singles Chart '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Charts Company - Jace Everett '' . The Official Charts Company . 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( 2008 - 09 - 07 ) . `` True Blood - TV Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Film & Television Awards Tout Composers of Year 's Top Film , Television , & Cable Music '' Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Best Scream Song of the Year , 2009 '' Spike.com Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jace Everett talks about his new CD `` Red Revelations '' `` . True Blood Online . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ True Blood : Listen to the Season 2 Soundtrack Live Stream ; Watch the Full Season 3 Trailer Jump up ^ `` JaceEverett.com : Let The Games Begin '' Jump up ^ `` Terra Rosa at Amazon.com '' Jump up ^ Billboard ( August 6 , 2005 ) . Billboard Magazine . August 6 , 2005 . p. 51 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website BIBSYS : 13005057 BNF : cb16192350w ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 7760 6642 LCCN : n2006095628 MusicBrainz : 6c04cad1 - bcb0 - 4542 - a04a - 14d4a7114ab2 VIAF : 264308060 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jace_Everett&oldid=836077006 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people American country singers American country singer - songwriters Musicians from Evansville , Indiana Epic Records artists Belmont University alumni Songwriters from Indiana Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 15 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Jace Everett - American singer-songwriter
2. Country and rock music
3. Debut single "That's the Kind of Love I'm In"
4. Theme song for HBO series True Blood
5. Albums: Jace Everett, Red Revelations, Mr. Good Times, Terra Rosa
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410,710,687,166,240,100 |
what happened to the patient in the tarasoff case
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Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California - wikipedia Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California <Td_colspan="2"> Court Supreme Court of California Full case name Vladimir Tarasoff , et al. , Plaintiffs - Petitioners v. Regents of the University of California , et al. , Defendants - Respondents . Decided July 1 1976 Citation ( s ) 17 Cal . 3d 425 , 551 P. 2d 334 , 131 Cal . Rptr. 14 <Th_colspan="2"> Case history Prior action ( s ) Appeal from sustained demurrer <Th_colspan="2"> Holding <Td_colspan="2"> Psychotherapists have a duty to protect an individual they reasonably believe to be at risk of injury on the basis of a patient 's confidential statements . <Th_colspan="2"> Court membership Chief Judge Donald Wright Associate Judges Raymond L. Sullivan , Marshall F. McComb , Matthew O. Tobriner , William P. Clark , Jr. , Stanley Mosk , Frank K. Richardson <Th_colspan="2"> Case opinions Majority Tobriner , joined by Wright , Sullivan , Richardson Concur / dissent Mosk Dissent Clark , joined by McComb Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California , 17 Cal . 3d 425 , 551 P. 2d 334 , 131 Cal . Rptr. 14 ( Cal. 1976 ) , was a case in which the Supreme Court of California held that mental health professionals have a duty to protect individuals who are being threatened with bodily harm by a patient . The original 1974 decision mandated warning the threatened individual , but a 1976 rehearing of the case by the California Supreme Court called for a `` duty to protect '' the intended victim . The professional may discharge the duty in several ways , including notifying police , warning the intended victim , and / or taking other reasonable steps to protect the threatened individual . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Opinion of the court 3 Subsequent developments 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Prosenjit Poddar was a student from Bengal , India . He entered the University of California , Berkeley as a graduate student in September 1967 and resided at International House . In the fall of 1968 , he attended folk dancing classes at the International House , and it was there he met Tatiana Tarasoff . They dated , but apparently had different ideas about the relationship ; he interpreted their relationship to be serious . This view was not shared by Tarasoff who , upon learning of his feelings , told him that she was also involved with other men and that she was not interested in entering into an intimate relationship with him . This gave rise to feelings of resentment in Poddar . He began to stalk her . After this rebuff , Poddar underwent a severe emotional crisis . He became depressed and neglected his appearance , his studies , and his health . He remained by himself , speaking disjointedly and often weeping . This condition persisted , with steady deterioration , throughout the spring and into the summer of 1969 . Poddar had occasional meetings with Tarasoff during this period and tape recorded their various conversations to try to find out why she did not love him . During the summer of 1969 , Tarasoff went to South America . After her departure Poddar began to improve and at the suggestion of a friend sought psychological assistance . Prosenjit Poddar was a patient of Dr. Lawrence Moore , a psychologist at UC Berkeley 's Cowell Memorial Hospital in 1969 . Poddar confided his intent to kill Tarasoff . Dr. Moore requested that the campus police detain Poddar , writing that , in his opinion , Poddar was suffering from paranoid schizophrenia , acute and severe . The psychologist recommended that the defendant be civilly committed as a dangerous person . Poddar was detained but shortly thereafter released , as he appeared rational . Dr. Moore 's supervisor , Dr. Harvey Powelson , then ordered that Poddar not be subject to further detention . In October , after Tarasoff had returned , Poddar stopped seeing his psychologist . Neither Tarasoff nor her parents received any warning of the threat . Poddar then befriended Tarasoff 's brother , even moving in with him . Several weeks later , on October 27 , 1969 , Poddar carried out the plan he had confided to his psychologist , stabbing and killing Tarasoff . Tarasoff 's parents then sued Moore and various other employees of the university . Poddar was subsequently convicted of second - degree murder , but the conviction was later appealed and overturned on the grounds that the jury was inadequately instructed . A second trial was not held , and Poddar was released on the condition that he would return to India . Opinion of the Court ( edit ) The California Supreme Court found that a mental health professional has a duty not only to a patient , but also to individuals who are specifically being threatened by a patient . This decision has since been adopted by most states in the U.S. and is widely influential in jurisdictions outside the U.S. as well . Justice Mathew O. Tobriner wrote the holding in the majority opinion . `` We conclude that the public policy favoring protection of the confidential character of patient - psychotherapist communications must yield to the extent to which disclosure is essential to avert danger to others . The protective privilege ends where the public peril begins . '' Justice Mosk wrote a partial dissent , arguing that ( 1 ) the rule in future cases should be one of the actual subjective prediction of violence on the part of the psychiatrist , which occurred in this case , not one based on objective professional standards , because predictions are inherently unreliable ; and ( 2 ) the psychiatrists notified the police , who were presumably in a better position to protect Tarasoff than she would be to protect herself . Justice Clark dissented , quoting a law review article that stated , `` ... the very practice of psychiatry depends upon the reputation in the community that the psychiatrist will not tell . '' Subsequent developments ( edit ) As of 2012 , a duty to warn or protect is mandated and codified in legislative statutes of 23 states , while the duty is not codified in a statute but is present in the common law supported by precedent in 10 states . 11 states have a permissive duty , and six states are described as having no statutes or case law offering guidance . Despite initial commentators predictions of negative consequences for psychotherapy because of the Tarasoff ruling , court decisions show otherwise . An analysis of 70 cases that went to appellate courts between 1985 and 2006 found that only four of the six rulings in favor of the plaintiff cited Tarasoff statutes ; courts ruled in favor of the defendant in 46 cases and sent 17 cases back to lower courts . However , courts do rule in victims ' favor in clear - cut cases of failure to warn or protect , such as the case of a psychiatrist who committed rape during a child psychiatry fellowship , for which he was recommended even after telling his own psychiatrist about his sexual attraction to children . In 2018 , the Court held that universities should protect students in the Regents of University of California v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ People v. Poddar , 518 P. 2d 342 ( Supreme Court of California February 7 , 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Munson , Ronald , ed. ( 2008 ) . Intervention and Reflection : Basic Issues in Medical Ethics ( 8th ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 09502 - 6 . OCLC 156891897 . ^ Jump up to : Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California , 17 Cal. 3d 425 ( Supreme Court of California July 1 , 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Slovenko , Ralph ( Spring 1960 ) . `` Psychiatry and a Second Look at the Medical Privilege '' . Wayne Law Review . 6 : 175 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Rebecca ; Persad , Govind ; Sisti , Dominic ( December 2014 ) . `` The Tarasoff Rule : The Implications of Interstate Variation and Gaps in Professional Training '' . Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law . 42 ( 4 ) : 469 -- 477 . PMID 25492073 . Jump up ^ THANAWALA , SUDHIN ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Court : California colleges have duty to protect students '' . The Sacramento Bee . ISSN 0890 - 5738 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` California Supreme Court rules alumna can sue UCLA for 2009 stabbing '' . dailybruin.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Text of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California , 17 Cal . 3d 425 , 551 P. 2d 334 , 131 Cal . Rptr. 14 ( Cal. 1976 ) is available from : CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Extended summary : `` Tarasoff v . The Regents of the University of California : Supreme Court of California , 1976 '' . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarasoff_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California&oldid=832822307 '' Categories : California state case law United States tort case law Mental health law in the United States University of California litigation 1976 in United States case law 1976 in California University of California , Berkeley Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 05 : 20 . About Wikipedia
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1. Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
2. Duty to protect individuals from harm
3. Mental health professionals' responsibility
4. Supreme Court of California ruling
5. Impact on psychotherapy and legal obligations
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-3,910,594,356,069,404,000 |
who won the world cup last world cup
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List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals <Td_colspan="2"> France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 <Th_colspan="8"> Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup Final venues <Td_colspan="2"> Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. FIFA World Cup finals
2. List of winners and runners-up
3. World Cup history
4. Final match results
5. Trophy and venue information
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4,186,294,150,742,468,600 |
where is house on the rock located in wisconsin
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House on the Rock - wikipedia House on the Rock Jump to : navigation , search For the parable of Jesus , see Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders . <Th_colspan="2"> House on the Rock <Td_colspan="2"> Location of the House on the Rock within Wisconsin <Th_colspan="2"> General information Architectural style Modernism Town or city Iowa County , Wisconsin Country United States Coordinates 43 ° 06 ′ 00 '' N 90 ° 08 ′ 10 '' W / 43.10000 ° N 90.13611 ° W / 43.10000 ; - 90.13611 Construction started 1945 Completed 1959 <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction Architect Alex Jordan Jr . <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> www.thehouseontherock.com The House on the Rock is a tourist attraction located between the cities of Dodgeville and Spring Green , Wisconsin . Opened in 1959 , it is a complex of architecturally distinct rooms , streets , gardens , and shops designed by Alex Jordan Jr . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Layout and attractions 3 Authenticity of the collections 4 Timeline 5 In other media 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Both of Jordan 's biographers relate a story told by Sid Boyum , which places the inspiration for the house in a meeting between Alex Jordan Jr. and Frank Lloyd Wright , at some unspecified time between 1914 and 1923 . Jordan Sr. supposedly drove with Boyum to Taliesin to show Wright the plans for a building , the Villa Maria in Madison . Jordan worshipped the famous architect and hoped for his approval . Wright looked at the plans and told Jordan : `` I would n't hire you to design a cheese crate or a chicken coop . You 're not capable . '' Fuming , on the drive back on Highway 23 , Jordan pointed to a spire of rock and told Boyum : `` I 'm going to put up a Japanese house on one of those pinnacle rocks and advertise it . '' Balousek says Wright `` apparently did n't forget the incident '' , noting that Wright `` complained publicly to Iowa County officials about the house the Jordans were building '' and bought a nearby piece of property , `` perhaps as a way to get back at Jordan . '' The House 's `` Infinity Room '' is visible from an overlook off of Highway 23 , almost a mile ( 1.6 km ) away The House on the Rock 's website has posted information questioning the legitimacy of Boyum 's story for the following reasons : The Villa Maria was built in 1923 and designed by well - known architect Frank Riley , not Alex Jordan , Sr . Both Sid Boyum and Alex Jordan Jr. were born in 1914 and would have been less than nine years old when this story was to have happened . Frank Lloyd Wright ( 1867 -- 1959 ) would have been over 50 years old and unlikely to have known the nine - year - old Sid Boyum . Frank Lloyd Wright was in Japan working on the Imperial Hotel project from 1916 -- 1922 and would not have likely been in Spring Green when this story was to have happened . The legitimacy of this story is also questioned in the biography of Alex Jordan written by Tom Kupsh . Tom Kupsh 's book lists many of the same reasons as The House on the Rock website and also states that `` The first agreement ( an extended lease ) with the Christianson family , who owned Deer Shelter Rock , was made some 30 years later in 1953 and no sign appeared at the road entrance until The House on the Rock opened to the public in 1960 . '' Layout and attractions ( edit ) The `` house '' itself is atop Deer Shelter Rock , a column of rock approximately 60 feet ( 18 m ) , 70 feet ( 21 m ) by 200 feet ( 61 m ) on the top , which stands in a forest nearby . Additions were made to the original structure and other buildings added over the course of several decades . The complex now features `` The Streets of Yesterday '' , a re-creation of an early twentieth century American town ; `` The Heritage of the Sea '' , featuring nautical exhibits and a 200 - foot model ( 61 m ) of a fanciful sperm whale - like sea creature ; `` The Music of Yesterday '' , a huge collection of automatic music machines ; and what the management bills as `` the world 's largest indoor carousel '' , among other attractions . The carousel at the House on the Rock features 269 carousel animals , 182 chandeliers , over 20,000 lights , and hundreds of mannequin angels hanging from the ceiling . The carousel has no horses . During the winter , the attraction features a Christmas theme , with decorations and a large collection of Santa Claus figures . Many of the bathrooms are decorated with strange objects , including mannequins , flowers , and preserved animals . The earlier structures , namely the House on the Rock itself , the Gate House , and the Mill House , are reminiscent of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright , though much less coherently designed than is characteristic of Wright , given its patchwork of external structures and interior spaces . According to a likely apocryphal story , the building actually began partly to spite the master architect , who ran his Taliesin communal school near Spring Green . These early structures feature exposed stone , low ceilings , dark woodwork , and antiques on display . Jordan sold the house in 1988 to a friend who continued building on the site , adding to the collections of knick - knacks and exhibits featuring authentic pieces , reproductions , and specially - made examples of everything . The most recent addition is the `` Spirit of Aviation '' , a collection of large model airplanes in a themed room . Another exhibit , the `` Transportation Building '' , is under construction , but visitors can walk through and view the work in progress . Jane Smiley wrote this about the complex in 1993 : Though most people outside of the Midwest have never heard of it , the House on the Rock is said to draw more visitors every year than any other spot in Wisconsin . Also in the Wyoming Valley , but on top of a huge monolith , the House on the Rock reveals the spirit of its builder , Alex Jordan Jr. , to be as single - minded and eccentric as Wright 's , but in substance almost absurdly opposed . ... And it is hard not to be overwhelmed by the House on the Rock . The sheer abundance of objects is impressive , and the warmth most of the objects exude , the way that the toys ask to be played with , for example , makes the displays inherently inviting . But almost from the beginning , it is too much . The house itself is dusty . Windowpanes are cracked . Books are water damaged . The collections seem disordered , not curated . In fact , there is no effort to explore the objects as cultural artifacts , or to use them to educate the passing hordes . If there were informative cards , it would be impossible to read them in the dark . Everything is simply massed together , and Alex Jordan comes to seem like the manifestation of pure American acquisitiveness , and acquisitiveness of a strangely boyish kind , as if he had finalized all his desires in childhood and never grown into any others . Automated musical instruments , operated by inserting tokens . Some instruments play , while others are synthesized . The Infinity Room juts out 218 feet ( 66 m ) from the House on the Rock , without supports underneath . The room has over 3,000 windows . The House on the Rock Carousel Authenticity of the collections ( edit ) Some of the apparent antiques in the House on the Rock are real , but many are not what they seem : depending on one 's point of view one could call them fakes , or replicas , or original and imaginative creations in the style of antiques . Moe 's authorized biography suggests that the question of authenticity is not a problem , presenting it this way : While the Regina Sublima music box is a real antique , as are many other pieces and exhibits at the House , everyone knows that other pieces are re-creations designed and built on the House property . It 's part of the fun -- guessing what 's real at the House and what is the magic of imagination and re-creation . Much of the House 's contents were built by Jordan and his associates . Balousek quotes Jordan associate Bob Searles as saying We were creating entertainment . We were not making a historically accurate representation . There was never any need to worry about historical accuracy . We were creating a fun place . The `` Phelps Car '' in the Streets of Yesterday , for example , was made by Jordan associate Bob Searles from an old carriage and some motorcycle parts . Balousek quotes Searles as saying `` We could fabricate any antiques we wanted to -- that was the fun of it . It was just one guy 's great big sandbox , where he kept building stuff . '' Balousek says that Jordan sometimes bought bonafide antiques , but `` usually preferred a good copy that cost less , '' and quotes a supplier as saying `` I suspect that Jordan would pay more for a good copy than he would for an original , because he could sit in a corner and laugh about the way he fooled everyone . '' In 1978 , a disgruntled employee complained to the state Justice Department of consumer fraud , saying that these claims were tall tales . The `` Tiffany '' lamps , for example , were made by the Illinois firm of Bauer and Coble . The name of the Tusk of Ranchipoor was actually a pun on the name of Richard Rahn , a Mazomanie antiques dealer , who had built many of the fakes : `` Rahn is poor . '' Jordan was enjoined from making false claims , the brochure was rewritten , and misleading signs were removed from the exhibit . However , the exhibits retained their colorful names , allowing visitors to surmise what they wished . The room - sized assemblages of what appear to be mechanical musical instruments are partly illusion . Some of the instruments actually play , but the strings and woodwinds in particular do not ; their sound is actually produced by organ pipes , while the moving instruments fool visitors . Today , the nature of the exhibits is disclosed , though perhaps not emphasized , by the management ; for example , the current website notes , `` All the armor featured in this elaborate collection was made for The House on the Rock '' . This was not always the case . According to Balousek , before 1978 brochures advertised authentic Tiffany lamps , said the Gladiator Calliope dated from 1895 , that the Franz Josef music machine had actually belonged to the Austrian emperor , that the Tusk of Ranchipoor was genuine ivory carved by an `` unknown Punjab artisan , '' and so forth . The official 1993 brochure says that the house `` boasts the largest collection of Bauer and Coble lamps in the world . The management considers them finer and expects them to be more valuable than Tiffany 's , '' and boasts that `` The ' Four Seasons ' panels are thought to be the only exact replica of the original and very popular Tiffany effort . '' Timeline ( edit ) c. 1920 -- Alex Jordan Sr. allegedly vowed to `` put up a Japanese house on one of those pinnacle rocks '' , to spite Frank Lloyd Wright c. 1945 -- Alex Jordan Jr. began blasting to form a level foundation at the top of the pinnacle . He talked to the farmer who owned the rock but did not bother to secure formal rights at the time . The first structure on the rock was a simple `` tent '' ( Moe ) or a `` picnic place with a tarpaper roof '' ( Balousek ) 1952 -- An electric hoist was installed to aid construction . 1959 -- Labor Day : Jordan placed a stone marker on Highway 23 and officially opened the house to paying visitors . 1962 -- Wisconsin Trails magazine published a long article about the house by Howard Mead . The article marked the status of the house as a serious tourist attraction , and drew regional attention to it . State Industrial Commission gave the house its first formal inspection . 1968 -- the `` Mill House '' opened , containing `` one of the world 's largest '' fireplaces . It is the first room in the house to emphasize collections of curiosities and antiques , including dolls , guns , and mechanical musical instruments . 1971 -- `` Streets of Yesterday '' opened , influenced by techniques devised by Paul Yank for a 1968 `` Streets of Old Milwaukee '' exhibit at the Milwaukee Public Museum . 1974 -- `` Music of Yesterday '' opened . 1981 -- Carousel Building and `` World 's Largest Carousel '' opened , on Easter weekend . 1985 -- The `` Infinity Room '' was constructed . 2008 -- Two additional buildings ; the Welcome Center and the Alex Jordan Jr . Center ( a museum detailing Mr. Jordan 's personal life and the construction of the complex 's many buildings ) were constructed . In other media ( edit ) In 1988 , the Wisconsin State Journal published a four - part series on `` The House on the Rock , '' which reporter Marv Balousek later expanded into a self - published book entitled House of Alex . According to Balousek , Jordan Sr. hired `` drunks and bums '' from the Madison street to help blast the rock . Balousek says that according to Sid Boyum these workers were sometimes paid with whiskey and sometimes by check , but that Alex Jordan Jr. destroyed the cancelled checks later to further a myth that he had personally built the house himself . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Balousek 1989 , p. 60 -- 62 ; Moe 1991 , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Balousek , Marv ( 1990 ) . House of Alex : A true story of architecture and art ; greed , deception and blackmail . Oregon , Wisconsin : Waubesa Press . ISBN 1 - 878569 - 06 - 6 . ( Waubesa Press is a subsidy imprint ) . Balousek describes himself as `` a reporter for the Wisconsin State Journal in Madison since 1981 '' , and the book is said to be based on three months of research which led to a four - part series published in the Wisconsin State Journal . According to Balousek : `` ( My book is ) an unauthorized biography , ( which has ) not been sanctioned by the new owner of The House on the Rock , nor by those closest to Alex Jordan . Jennie Olson , his companion of 50 years , declined to be interviewed ; so did Don Martin , who helped build every exhibit . '' ( p. 182 ) Jump up ^ Moe 1991 ; The spine gives `` The House on the Rock '' as the publisher 's imprint . The back cover bears the House on the Rock corporate logo and the legend `` The Authorized Biography '' . The author is described as a `` magazine journalist '' and `` associate editor of Madison Magazine '' . Moe had access to and quotes Jennie Olson , Don Martin , and others not accessible to Balousek . Jump up ^ Boyum was `` Jordan 's closest friend ... ( for ) 60 years '' Balousek 1990 , p. 34 . Balousek notes that Boyum `` enjoys telling a good tale , whether it 's true or not '' and says the Burlington Liars ' Club declared him World Champion Liar in 1976 . According to Moe , Boyum said that he `` decided to make a legend out of ( Alex ) '' and wrote the copy for early brochures , which stretched the truth on many matters . ^ Jump up to : The building exists today , at 615 Howard Place , Madison , Wisconsin , and is being renovated : Lisa Schuetzin ( 2006 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Villa Maria Regains Some Of Its Classic Shine : New Owner Tries To Recapture The Building 's Original Beauty In The Single - tenant Units '' . Wisconsin State Journal . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . , which says : `` Architect Frank Riley designed the Spanish Colonial revival building for Jordan ... Its walls are stucco , broken up by irregularly spaced and sized windows . Dormer windows line the top of the structure . A large front terrace is surrounded by iron grillwork and the roof , which was originally covered with red tile as shown in a postcard from about 1950 , is now shingled . '' The stucco was originally pink . Jump up ^ Balousek 1990 , p. 58 ; Moe 1991 , p. 21 gives a virtually identical account , with Wright quoted as saying : `` I would n't hire you to design a cheese case for me , or a chicken coop , '' and Jordan Sr. as saying : `` I 'm going to get even with him . I 'm going to build a Japanese house out there . '' Jump up ^ Balousek 1990 , p. 58 Jump up ^ `` Did Alex Jordan Build The House on the Rock to Spite Frank Lloyd Wright ? '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . The House on the Rock . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rajer , Anton ; Host - Jablonski , Lou ( Fall 1999 ) . `` Sid Boyum 's Sculpture '' . The Journal of the Folk Art Society of America . 12 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Lloyd Wright , The Prairie Style : From Theory to Practice '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . `` Finally , after years of project delays and several trans - Pacific crossings , Wright took up temporary residence in Tokyo in January 1917 . Over the six tumultuous years he lived off and on in Tokyo , Wright poured his prodigious creativity into the Imperial Hotel project . It would remain , as the many decades of his career passed , his largest and most complex design . '' Jump up ^ page 29 - 30 Never Enough The Creative Life of Alex Jordan written by Tom Kupsh ^ Jump up to : Jane Smiley ( 1993 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Wisconsin : Three Visions Attained '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Attraction '' . The House on the Rock . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Photo of Fact Sheet from House on the Rock Jump up ^ The House on the Rock . `` Tour 2 - The Carousel '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Moe 1991 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Balousek 1990 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Balousek 1990 : `` Phelps car , '' `` fabricate any antiques , '' p. 92 ; `` laugh about the way he fooled everyone , '' p. 93 Jump up ^ Balousek 1990 , pp. 103 -- 4 : antiques disclosed as fake ^ Jump up to : Moe 1991 , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` House on the Rock : Attraction '' . The House on the Rock . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ The House on the Rock , 1993 , `` Photography and factual data supplied by The House on the Rock executive staff . Jump up ^ Balousek 1990 , p. 58 ; Moe 1991 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Moe 1991 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Balousek 1989 p. 76 Jump up ^ Moe 1991 , pp. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Moe 1991 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Moe 1991 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Moe 1991 , p. 30 Bibliography Balousek , Marv ( 1990 ) . House of Alex. Oregon , Wis. : Waubesa Press . ISBN 1878569066 . Moe , Doug ( 1991 ) . Alex Jordan : architect of his own dream . Spring Green , WI : House of Wyoming Valley . ISBN 0963020706 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House on the Rock . Official website 2004 CBS article ( with video ) The House That Alex Jordan Built , Madison Magazine Article , January 2009 Coordinates : 43 ° 06 ′ 00 '' N 90 ° 08 ′ 10 '' W / 43.1 ° N 90.136 ° W / 43.1 ; - 90.136 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_on_the_Rock&oldid=810172288 '' Categories : Houses in Iowa County , Wisconsin Folly buildings in the United States Historic house museums in Wisconsin Museums in Iowa County , Wisconsin Roadside attractions in Wisconsin 1959 establishments in Wisconsin Buildings and structures completed in 1959 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 19 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. House on the Rock - tourist attraction
2. Alex Jordan Jr. - architect and designer
3. Layout and attractions - unique rooms, streets, gardens, and shops
4. Authenticity of the collections - debate over real vs. replica items
5. Timeline - construction and expansion of the complex over the years
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5,668,509,273,258,441,000 |
what is the mechanism of action of carbidopa
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Carbidopa / levodopa - wikipedia Carbidopa / levodopa Carbidopa / levodopa <Th_colspan="2"> Combination of Agonist Levodopa Enzyme inhibitor Carbidopa <Th_colspan="2"> Clinical data Trade names Atamet , Carbilev , Sinemet AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a601068 License data US FDA : Sinemet Pregnancy category AU : B3 US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) ATC code N04BA02 ( WHO ) <Th_colspan="2"> Legal status Legal status AU : S4 ( Prescription only ) CA : ℞ - only UK : POM ( Prescription only ) US : ℞ - only <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers PubChem CID 104778 ChemSpider 94585 <Th_colspan="2"> ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) Carbidopa / levodopa , also known as levocarb and co-careldopa , is the combination of the two medications carbidopa and levodopa . It is primarily used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson 's disease but does not change the course of the disease . It is taken by mouth . It can take two to three weeks of treatment before benefits are seen . Each dose then begins working in about ten minutes with a duration of effect of about five hours . Common side effects include movement problems and nausea . More serious side effects include depression , low blood pressure with standing , sudden onset of sleepiness , psychosis , and increased risk taking behavior . Carbidopa prevents the breakdown of levodopa outside the brain . In the brain , levodopa is broken down into dopamine by which it has its effects . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . It is available as a generic medication and is moderately expensive . The wholesale price in the developing world is about 1.80 to 3.00 USD a month . In the United States a month 's supply is about 50 to 150 USD . Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Parkinson 's disease 1.2 Other 2 Side effects 3 Mechanism of action 4 History 5 Society and culture 5.1 Cost 5.2 Names 5.3 Shortages 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Parkinson 's disease ( edit ) It is primarily used to improve the symptoms of Parkinson 's disease but does not change the course of the disease . It can take two to three weeks of treatment before benefits are seen . Each dose then begins working in about ten minutes with a duration of effect of about five hours . A formulation that can be given in an intra-intestinal pump , known as Duodopa is being developed . Other ( edit ) Other uses include for dopamine - responsive dystonia ( DRD ) and restless legs syndrome . There is tentative evidence that it is useful in amblyopia when used with other treatments . Side effects ( edit ) Common side effects include movement problems , and nausea . Most common early side effect is hallucinations , as movement problems manifest 5 -- 10 years after initiation of treatment . More serious side effects include depression , low blood pressure with standing , sudden onset of sleepiness , and the compulsion to gamble , engage in sexual behavior , or other risk - taking behavior . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Levodopa is converted to dopamine via the action of a naturally occurring enzyme called DOPA decarboxylase . This occurs both in the peripheral circulation and in the central nervous system after levodopa has crossed the blood brain barrier . Activation of central dopamine receptors improves the symptoms of Parkinson 's disease ; however , activation of peripheral dopamine receptors causes nausea and vomiting . For this reason levodopa is usually administered in combination with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor ( DDCI ) , in this case carbidopa , which is very polar ( and charged at physiologic pH ) and can not cross the blood brain barrier , however prevents peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine and thereby reduces the unwanted peripheral side effects of levodopa . Use of carbidopa also increases the quantity of levodopa in the bloodstream that is available to enter the brain . History ( edit ) In 1960 the Austrian biochemist Oleh Hornykiewicz , while at the University of Vienna , examined results of autopsies of patients who had died with Parkinson 's disease . He suggested that the disease was associated with , or caused by , a reduction in the levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia of the brain . Since dopamine itself did not enter the brain , he tried treating twenty patients with a racemic mixture of dihydroxyphenylalanine ( DOPA ) , which could enter the brain and be converted there to dopamine by the action of DOPA decarboxylase . His results were positive , as were those of another trial in Montreal run by André Barbeau . Unfortunately , other investigators were unable to replicate these early results , and the use of DOPA remained in question until 1967 , when George Cotzias at the Brookhaven National Laboratories in Upton , New York , used megadoses of DOPA , up to 16 grams per day . Not long after these results became known , Curt Porter at Merck showed that L - DOPA was the active stereoisomer , thus reducing the effective dose to half . With L - DOPA identified as the active form , Alfred Pletscher and his colleagues at Hoffman - LaRoche synthesized benserazide , an inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase , which further reduced the required dose . A drug combining L - DOPA with benserazide was marketed under the brand name of Madopar . Independent work was carried out by Victor Lotti at Merck in West Point , Pennsylvania . Merck had already synthesized and patented carbidopa , another dopa decarboxylase inhibitor in 1962 , and in 1971 Lotti showed that the use of the L - form of carbidopa , further reduced the therapeutic dose of L - DOPA . The combination of L - carbidopa and L - DOPA was marketed under the brand name of Sinemet . Society and culture ( edit ) Cost ( edit ) It is available as a generic medication and is moderately expensive . Globally , the wholesale price of the medication is about 1.80 to 3.00 USD a month . In the United States a month 's supply is about 50 to 150 USD . Names ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The generic name under the BAN system is Co-careldopa . It is sold under several brand names , including Sinemet ( Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited ) , Pharmacopa , Atamet , Apo - Levocarb , Duodopa , Kinson , and Pharmacopa , among others . Extended - release formulations are sold as Rytary and Sinemet - CR . An extended - release enteral solution is sold as Duopa . Shortages ( edit ) In 1991 , Merck licensed the rights to the manufacture and sale of Sinemet to a newly created joint venture , DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company . That same year , approvals for a sustained release formulation ( Sinemet CR ) which could be taken less frequently were also obtained . DuPont purchased Merck 's share in the joint venture in 1998 and began operating the company as DuPont Pharmaceuticals ( DuPont Pharma ) , but Merck continued to manufacture the drug for DuPont . Starting in late 2009 and continuing into 2011 Merck stopped manufacturing the drug while awaiting regulatory approvals due to a change in the supplier of the active ingredient . This resulted in shortages of the brand name products Sinemet and Sinemet CR , although alternative generic versions were still available . Another shortage appears to be occurring ; it seems to have begun at the end of 2017 . See also ( edit ) Stalevo in combination with entacapone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Levodopa / Carbidopa '' . The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved Aug 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pharmacology and the Nursing Process . Elsevier Health Sciences . 2014 . p. 246 . ISBN 9780323293617 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Atlee , John L. ( 2007 ) . Complications in anesthesia ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders . p. 490 . ISBN 9781416022152 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Richard J. ( 2013 ) . Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia ( 14th ed . ) . Burlington , MA. : Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 303 . ISBN 9781449673635 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Levodopa + Carbidopa '' . International Drug Price Indicator Guide . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fact sheet - Duodopa ( levodopa / carbidopa intestinal gel ) '' . Hc-sc.gc.ca. 2010 - 08 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abbott Healthcare - Information on Duodopa '' . Duodopa.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , D ( June 2014 ) . `` Amblyopia '' . Pediatric clinics of North America . 61 ( 3 ) : 505 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pcl. 2014.03. 006 . PMID 24852148 . ^ Jump up to : Scriabine , Alexander ( 1999 ) . `` Discovery and Development of Major Drugs Currently in Use '' , pp. 222 -- 223 in Pharmaceutical Innovation : Revolutionizing Human Health , edited by Ralph Landau , Basil Achilladelis , and Alexander Scriabine . Philadelphia : Chemical Heritage Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941901 - 21 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sinemet Archived 2011 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . at Dupont Heritage . Jump up ^ SINEMET at listingdrugs.com Archived May 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letter From MERCK About SINEMET Shortage Archived July 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . at Bibmomma 's Blog -- Reflections of an early onset Parkinson 's patient . Jump up ^ https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/drugshortages/dsp_ActiveIngredientDetails.cfm?AI=Carbidopa%20and%20Levodopa%20Extended%20Release%20Tablets&st=c&tab=tabs-1 Jump up ^ https://www.ashp.org/Drug-Shortages/Current-Shortages/Drug-Shortage-Detail.aspx?Type=Rss&Id=1181 External links ( edit ) Levodopa and Carbidopa at U.S. National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health Sinemet ® CR Product Monograph at Merck Canada Sinemet ® Data Sheet at The Ministry of Health , New Zealand <Th_colspan="2"> show Antiparkinson agents ( N04 ) Dopaminergics DA precursors Levodopa Melevodopa DA receptor agonists Apomorphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Dihydroergocryptine Lisuride Pergolide Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine MAO - B inhibitors Rasagiline Selegiline COMT inhibitors Entacapone Opicapone Tolcapone AAAD inhibitors Benserazide Carbidopa Anticholinergics Benzatropine Biperiden Bornaprine Chlorphenoxamine Cycrimine Dexetimide Diphenhydramine Etanautine Etybenzatropine Mazaticol Metixene Orphenadrine Phenglutarimide Piroheptine Procyclidine Profenamine Trihexyphenidyl Tropatepine Others Amantadine Budipine Methylxanthines ( e.g. , caffeine ) Rimantadine <Td_colspan="2"> WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III <Th_colspan="2"> show Dopamine receptor modulators D - like Agonists Benzazepines : 6 - Br - APB Fenoldopam SKF - 38,393 SKF - 77,434 SKF - 81,297 SKF - 82,958 SKF - 83,959 Trepipam Zelandopam Ergolines : Cabergoline CY - 208,243 Dihydroergocryptine LEK - 8829 Lisuride Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives : A-77636 A-86929 Adrogolide ( ABT - 431 , DAS - 431 ) Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine Phenethylamines : BCO - 001 Deoxyepinephrine ( N - methyldopamine , epinine ) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L - DOPA ( levodopa ) Melevodopa L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine XP21279 Others : A-68930 Apomorphine Isocorypalmine Nuciferine PF - 6649751 PF 6669571 Propylnorapomorphine Rotigotine SKF - 89,145 SKF - 89,626 Stepholidine Tetrahydropalmatine Antagonists Typical antipsychotics : Butaclamol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Flupentixol ( flupenthixol ) ( + melitracen ) Fluphenazine Loxapine Perphenazine ( + amitriptyline ) Pifluthixol Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine ( + tranylcypromine ) Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics : Asenapine Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine DHA - clozapine Fluperlapine Iloperidone Norclozapine Norquetiapine Olanzapine ( + + fluoxetine ) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Tefludazine Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Others : Berupipam Ecopipam EEDQ Metitepine ( methiothepin ) Odapipam Perlapine SCH - 23390 D - like Agonists Adamantanes : Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Aminotetralins : 5 - OH - DPAT 7 - OH - DPAT 8 - OH - PBZI Rotigotine UH - 232 Ergolines : Bromocriptine Cabergoline Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Ergocornine Lisuride LSD Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives : 2 - OH - NPA Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinoxyline N , N - Propyldihydrexidine Phenethylamines : Deoxyepinephrine ( N - methyldopamine , epinine ) Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L - DOPA ( levodopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine Melevodopa XP21279 Atypical antipsychotics : Alentemol ( U-66444B ) Aripiprazole ( + sertraline ) Aripiprazole lauroxil Bifeprunox Brexpiprazole Cariprazine F - 15063 Lumateperone Norclozapine RP - 5063 Others : 3 - PPP A-412997 ABT - 670 ABT - 724 Adrafinil Aplindore Apomorphine Arketamine Armodafinil BP - 897 Captodiame CP - 226,269 Dizocilpine Esketamine Flibanserin GSK - 789,472 Ketamine Mesulergine Modafinil OSU - 6162 Pardoprunox PD - 128,907 PD - 168,077 PF - 219,061 PF - 592,379 Phencyclidine Piribedil Pramipexole Preclamol Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS - 127 Ro10 - 5824 Ropinirole Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF - 83,959 Sumanirole Talipexole Umespirone WAY - 100,635 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics : Acepromazine Acetophenazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Butaclamol Butaperazine Chloracizine Chlorproethazine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Clopenthixol Clothixamide Clopimozide Droperidol Fluacizine Fluanisone Flucindole Fluotracen Flupentixol ( flupenthixol ) ( + melitracen ) Fluphenazine Fluprothixene Fluspirilene Haloperidol Homopipramol Lenperone Levomepromazine ( methotrimeprazine ) Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Moperone Naranol Nemonapride Penfluridol Perathiepin Perazine Pericyazine ( periciazine ) Perphenazine ( + amitriptyline ) Piflutixol ( pifluthixol ) Pimozide Pipamperone Preclamol Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Spiperone ( spiroperidol ) Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Teflutixol Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Thiothixene Timiperone Trifluoperazine ( + tranylcypromine ) Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zetidoline Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics : Amisulpride Asenapine BL - 1020 Blonanserin Carpipramine Cinuperone Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine ( clothiapine ) Clozapine Cyamemazine DHA - clozapine Dixyrazine Elopiprazole Flumezapine Fluperlapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Mazapertine Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Ocaperidone Olanzapine ( + fluoxetine ) Paliperidone Perospirone Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tefludazine Tenilapine Tiospirone Veralipride Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Antiemetics / gastroprokinetics / sedatives : Aceprometazine AS - 8112 Alimemazine Alizapride Benzquinamide Bromopride Clebopride Domperidone Eticlopride Hydroxyzine Itopride Metoclopramide Metopimazine Promethazine Thiethylperazine Trimethobenzamide Antidepressants : Amoxapine Nefazodone Opipramol Propiomazine Trimipramine Others : 3 - PPP Alpiropride Azapride Buspirone Desmethoxyfallypride EEDQ F - 15063 Fallypride Fananserin Fenfluramine GSK - 789,472 Iodobenzamide Isocorypalmine L - 741,626 L - 745,870 Levofenfluramine LEK - 8829 Metergoline Metitepine ( methiothepin ) N - Methylspiperone Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU - 99,194 Pridopidine Raclopride Sarizotan SB - 277,011 - A Seridopidine Sonepiprazole Spiroxatrine Stepholidine SV - 293 Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH - 232 Yohimbine <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Adrenergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbidopa/levodopa&oldid=845433444 '' Categories : Antiparkinsonian agents Combination drugs World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields Drugs that are a combination of chemicals All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references RTT Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية تۆرکجه Español فارسی 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 19 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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1. Carbidopa/levodopa combination
2. Parkinson's disease treatment
3. Side effects of carbidopa/levodopa
4. Mechanism of action of carbidopa/levodopa
5. Availability and cost of carbidopa/levodopa
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in which channel fifa world cup will come
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2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Television camera filming Serbia versus Brazil in Group E . FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to the following broadcasters . Television ( edit ) Country / Region Broadcaster Ref . 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Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Radio ( edit ) Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref Albania RTSH Australia SBS , ABC Austria ORF Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi Bulgaria BNR Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Denmark DR Ecuador RTS Estonia ERR France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1 Hong Kong RTHK Iceland RÚV Indonesia RRI Iran IRIB Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy RAI , Mediaset Jamaica RJR 94 FM Kosovo RTK Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LT Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova Monaco RMC Sport Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars Netherlands NOS Norway NRK Peru RPP Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP Russia VGTRK Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC South Korea SBS Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde Sweden SR Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , talkSPORT United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island ESPN Radio , Fútbol de Primera Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol Vietnam VOV References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . Infront . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA awards further TV rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBS strike EPL deal with Optus '' . SBS.com.au . SBS . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Independent , The . `` Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live '' . Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live theindependentbd.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports fecha acordo para transmitir Copa do Mundo da Rússia '' . Folha de São Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Band fecha acordo para transmissão da Copa da Rússia '' . UOL. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . The Sports Network . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV pockets Fifa media rights until 2022 '' . SportsProMedia. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youku acquires World Cup streaming rights in China '' . SportsProMedia. 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Movistar Costa Rica ( 13 June 2017 ) , Mirá La Copa FIFA Confederaciones en Movistar Play , retrieved 15 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Antena 7 y Antena 21 transmitirán el Mundial de Fútbol para la República Dominicana '' . www.diariolibre.com ( in Spanish ) . Diario Libre . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasila , Tanja ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Ylelle mittava jalkapallosopimus -- seuraavat MM - kisat ja FIFA Confederations Cup näkyvät Ylellä '' . yle.fi ( in Finnish ) . Yleisradio . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Sopimukseen kuuluvat miesten jalkapallon MM - kisat kesällä 2018 , naisten jalkapallon MM - kisat 2019 ja tänä kesänä maanosaliittojen Confederations Cup sekä naisten EM - lopputurnaus . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Executive Committee agrees major governance reforms & Ethics structure '' . FIFA. 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` ARD and ZDF get rights to 2018 World Cup '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena . `` Sky Deutschland gets ultra HD rights for 2018 Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` DAZN lands Fifa World Cup highlights in Germany '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV ‧ ViuTV 獨家 播 2018 世界 盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . Now TV . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV 與 ViuTV 獨家 播放 俄羅斯 2018 FIFA 世界 盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . ViuTV. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2018 live broadcasters in India '' . Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Transmedia Jadi Pemegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 '' ( in Indonesian ) . CNN Indonesia . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolasport.com . `` K - Vision Pegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 untuk Televisi Kabel '' . bolasport.com ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superpass Jadi Penyedia Siaran Piala Dunia 2018 via TV Kabel '' . FMA dan SuperPass Resmi Bekerjasama dalam Menyiarkan Piala Dunia ( in Indonesian ) . JawaPos.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IndiHome Sajikan Siaran Langsung Piala Dunia 2018 Goal.com '' ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` تدارک صداوسیما برای جامجهانی 2018 '' ( in Persian ) . Jameja Online . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Annahar ( 30 May 2018 ) . `` Télé Liban to broadcast World Cup for free in Lebanon '' . Annahar . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrous , Sabine ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be broadcast live for free on Télé Liban '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` SRG secures Swiss World Cup rights until 2022 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 澳 廣 視 《 2018 FIFA 俄羅斯 世界 盃 》 64 場 全程 直播 '' ( in Chinese ) . TDM. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guan Eng : RM30mil sponsorship secured for World Cup on RTM '' . The Star . 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's World Cup broadcasts all covered by sponsors , says finance minister '' . Channel NewsAsia. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Santa Maria Chin ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Maxis main sponsor for RTM 's World Cup 2018 telecast , Gobind reveals '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russie 2018 : La SNRT a obtenu les droits de retransmission des matches '' . Medias24 - Site d'information ( in French ) . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN S + A , Liga to broadcast the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . ABS - CBN Sports . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopes , Maria . `` RTP partilha direitos do Mundial 2018 com SIC '' . Público.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Público . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV garante emissão da totalidade dos jogos do Mundial 2018 '' . Infocul ( in Portuguese ) . Infocul . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa awards media rights in Russia for 2018 World Cup '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub to broadcast 2018 World Cup '' . Channel NewsAsia. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世 足 6 月 登場 華 視 加入 轉播 行列 '' ( in Chinese ) . Chinese Television System . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions picked to broadcast World Cup '' . The Nation. 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Elena Holmes ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup rights deals agreed in Thailand '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wassana Nanuam ; Nanat Suchiva ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be live streamed free , in full '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Інтер транслюватиме усі матчі ЧС - 2018 , -- голова редакції спортпрограм телеканалу '' . Football24.ua ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` NBC Sports and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . FIFA. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT приобрел права трансляции Чемпионата мира по футболу 2018 '' ( in Uzbek ) . uzreport. news . 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ha Do ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Vietnam strikes eleventh hour World Cup 2018 deal '' . VnExpress . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyên Hà ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Tiết lộ : Viettel và Vingroup giúp VTV mua bản quyền World Cup 2018 '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` DirecTV picks up Fifa rights package in Caribbean '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Eoin ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Al Jazeera secures first 2018 / 2022 rights package '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport rebranded beIN SPORTS '' . Al Arabiya. 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世界 盃. 多 星 道 ( 版權 所 限 , 本 節目 不 設 網 上 收聽 及 重 溫 ) '' . RTHK . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RRI Mendapat Lisensi Radio Siaran Sepakbola Piala Dunia 2018 '' . RRI . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondiale Russia 2018 in diretta anche su Radio 105 '' . Calcio Casteddu ( in Italian ) . Calcio Casteddu . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP É MUNDIAL '' ( PDF ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Futbol de Primera Awarded the Exclusive U.S. Spanish - Language Radio Rights to the Mexican National Team '' . FDP Radio . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theo dõi World Cup 2018 trên các kênh của Đài Tiếng Nói Việt Nam '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_broadcasting_rights&oldid=850545656 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Uzbek - language sources ( uz ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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how many episodes are there in the walking dead season 2
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The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the second season of the television series . For the second season of The Walking Dead video game series , see The Walking Dead : Season Two . <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Jon Bernthal Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Jeffrey DeMunn Steven Yeun Chandler Riggs Norman Reedus Melissa McBride Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network AMC Original release October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) -- March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 <Td_colspan="2"> List of The Walking Dead episodes The second season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 16 , 2011 , and concluded on March 18 , 2012 , consisting of 13 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . It was executive produced by Darabont , Kirkman , Glen Mazzara , David Alpert , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont 's departure from the series . The season was well received by critics . It won Best Television Presentation at the 38th Saturn Awards and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special at the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . The season finale was viewed by 9 million viewers , making it the highest - rated episode of the series up to that point and the most viewed episode of an original series on AMC in history , up until the premiere of the series ' third season , which was watched by 10.9 million viewers . This season adapts material from issues # 7 -- 12 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters Hershel Greene ( Scott Wilson ) and his daughter , Maggie ( Lauren Cohan ) . Mainly set at the Greene Family Farm , after the escape and destruction of the CDC , the season continues the story of Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and his group of survivors as they continue to survive in a post-apocalyptic world overrun by flesh - eating zombies , dubbed `` walkers '' . After leaving Atlanta , Rick and the group are stopped on the highway by a threat unlike anything they have seen before . While searching for someone who has gone missing , the group eventually discovers an isolated farm , where tensions arise among members of the main group , and the mysterious and ignorant inhabitants of the farm , whose secrets and motives are unclear . In the midst of events , Rick and the others try to restore order after a terrible discovery as differences begin to openly erupt between Rick and Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Production 2.1 Webisodes 2.2 Talking Dead 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 Home media releases 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the second season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Sophia , Carol , Lori , Carl , T - Dog , Glenn , Andrea , Dale , Daryl , and Shane Main cast ( edit ) The second season features eight actors receiving opening credits billing , all returning from the first season ; seven are listed as main cast members in the first season , while Norman Reedus and Melissa McBride were promoted from recurring status . While McBride is credited as `` Also starring '' , she is a series regular . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and a former sheriff 's deputy from King County , Georgia , who is the husband of Lori and the father of Carl . Rick has taken leadership from Shane after his actions almost killed them in the previous season . Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , Rick 's close friend , and former fellow sheriff 's deputy . He had a love affair with Lori in the previous season , believing that Rick was dead , which has steamed into jealousy towards Rick , and is also the primary antagonist of the season . Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes , Rick 's emotionally fragile wife and mother of Carl . She had a love affair with Shane in the previous season , which has put her and Shane at odds . Laurie Holden as Andrea , a former civil rights attorney , who has formed a close bond with Dale . She deals with suicidal tendencies after the loss of her sister by trying to contribute more to the group 's safety by becoming a sharp shooter . Jeffrey DeMunn as Dale Horvath , an older member of the group , who owns the RV with which the group travels . He is often the voice of reason ; he forms a protectiveness over Andrea and becomes a mentor to the group , especially to Rick and Glenn . He is also a good friend of T - Dog . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , a former pizza delivery boy , who saved Rick 's life in previous season . He is an integral member of the group and does many supply runs for them . He cares very much for the core group of survivors . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick and Lori 's young son , whose innocence has slowly declined due to the brutality of the world around him , even wanting to use a gun . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , an antihero - like Southern redneck , the group 's hunter , and expert tracker . He is less friendly with the group and maintains a careless facade , but is reasonable enough to fight with them when needed and is the most active in the group for the search for Sophia . Also starring ( edit ) Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a former victim of domestic abuse , who has found new strength after the death of her abusive husband Ed . Supporting cast ( edit ) IronE Singleton as Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , a member of the group and a man of honor , duty and well - intentions , who feels under - appreciated and tries to contribute as much as possible . He also has a strong friendship with Dale . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene , Hershel 's elder tomboyish daughter , who is strong - willed and determined , yet slightly stubborn . Maggie is , like her father , ignorant of what the walkers are . Emily Kinney as Beth Greene , Hershel 's younger daughter and Maggie 's half - sister . She is shy , soft - spoken and compassionate , but lacks the strong - will of her sister . Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , a veterinarian and religious farmer , who is blinded by his own refusal to accept the world 's new state , believing that the walkers are just sick . Jane McNeill as Patricia , Otis ' quiet wife and Hershel 's medical aid . James Allen McCune as Jimmy , Beth 's protective and helpful boyfriend . Madison Lintz as Sophia Peletier , Carol 's daughter and Carl 's best friend . Michael Zegen as Randall Culver , a teenager , whom Rick , Glenn and Hershel encounter as part of another group . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Otis , Hershel 's ranch hand and Patricia 's husband . Adam Minarovich as Ed Peletier , Carol 's deceased abusive husband ; seen in a flashback sequence . Michael Raymond - James as Dave , a member of Randall 's group , who runs into Rick , Hershel , and Glenn . Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon , Daryl 's violent and unreasonable older brother , who disappeared in the first season ; seen in a hallucination . Production ( edit ) The cast and crew of The Walking Dead at PaleyFest in 2011 ( left to right ) : executive producer Gale Anne Hurd , Andrew Lincoln ( Rick Grimes ) , Sarah Wayne Callies ( Lori Grimes ) , Jon Bernthal ( Shane Walsh ) , Laurie Holden ( Andrea ) , Steven Yeun ( Glenn Rhee ) , and Emma Bell ( Amy ) After the first season aired , Deadline Hollywood reported that Frank Darabont had let the entire writing staff go and planned to use only freelance writers for the second season . This turned out to be not entirely accurate , and Robert Kirkman was quoted as saying the changes to the writing staff would not affect the production of the show . In February 2011 , it was announced that Glen Mazzara , who had written the first - season episode `` Wildfire '' , had been hired again as a writer / executive producer for the second season and will put together a staff of five more writers . At C2E2 members of the cast confirmed that the second season would begin shooting on June 1 , 2011 , and that Frank Darabont would write the season premiere episode . At the same event , cast members speculated that acclaimed author and long - time Darabont collaborator Stephen King may write an episode . Kirkman later confirmed that along with himself , Darabont and Mazzara the writing staff will consist of Scott M. Gimple , Evan Reilly , Angela Kang and one freelance writer , David Leslie Johnson . Four actors have joined the cast as new characters for season 2 -- Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , Lauren Cohan as his daughter Maggie , Pruitt Taylor Vince as Hershel 's ranch hand , Otis , and Michael Zegen as Randall . A preview of season 2 was shown during the fourth - season premiere of Breaking Bad on July 17 , 2011 and a full length trailer was released to promote season 2 at the San Diego Comic - Con on July 22 , 2011 . In July 2011 , series developer and showrunner Frank Darabont stepped down from his position as showrunner for the series , amidst rumors that he was unable to adjust to the schedule of running a television series . Executive producer Glen Mazzara succeeded Darabont as showrunner for the series . Darabont 's sudden departure further sparked controversy in August when The Hollywood Reporter broke a story revealing that Darabont had in fact been fired due to issues of the show 's reduced budget and a strained relationship with AMC executives . The premiere aired in an extended 90 - minute time slot , similar to the pilot episode . After the first seven episodes aired , the series went on a hiatus and returned on February 12 , 2012 , with the final six episodes of the season airing until its conclusion on March 18 , 2012 . Webisodes ( edit ) Torn Apart , a six - part web series , premiered on October 3 , 2011 on AMC 's official website . The web series is directed by special effects makeup artist and co-executive producer Greg Nicotero and tells the origin story of Hannah , also known as `` Bicycle Girl '' , the walker whom Rick Grimes mercy - killed in the pilot episode . Talking Dead ( edit ) Main article : Talking Dead Following the encore presentation of the second - season premiere on October 16 , 2011 , a live after - show titled Talking Dead , hosted by Chris Hardwick , premiered . The series airs after encore presentations of The Walking Dead on Sunday nights . It features host Chris Hardwick discussing the latest episode with fans , actors , and producers of the show . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 7 `` What Lies Ahead '' Ernest Dickerson Gwyneth Horder - Payton Ardeth Bey and Robert Kirkman October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) 7.26 <Td_colspan="7"> While traveling to Fort Benning , the survivors are forced to hide among a number of abandoned vehicles as a walker horde passes . Sophia , Carol 's daughter , is chased off into the woods by two walkers before they are killed by Rick . While searching for Sophia , Carl is accidentally shot . 8 `` Bloodletting '' Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 6.70 <Td_colspan="7"> Otis , the hunter that accidentally shot Carl , helps Rick to bring Carl to a farmstead owned by veterinarian Hershel Greene , who stabilizes Carl , but needs further medical supplies to heal him . Shane and Otis leave to a walker - infested school to find supplies . They do so , but are caught and attacked by the horde . 9 `` Save the Last One '' Phil Abraham Scott M. Gimple October 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 6.10 <Td_colspan="7"> Shane manages to escape with the supplies by shooting Otis in the leg , while the walkers devour him instead ; when he returns to the farm , Shane lies that Otis sacrificed himself . Daryl continues the search for Sophia , while the other survivors start arriving at the farm and their wounds tended to by Hershel . 10 `` Cherokee Rose '' Billy Gierhart Evan Reilly November 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 6.29 <Td_colspan="7"> With Hershel 's surgery on Carl successful , Hershel tells Rick that his group should leave his farm once Carl is well enough , but Rick convinces him to allow them to stay if they follow Hershel 's rules . The survivors attempt to remove a walker from the farm 's well - water . Glenn and Hershel 's daughter , Maggie , begin a romantic relationship , while Lori discovers she is pregnant . 11 5 `` Chupacabra '' Guy Ferland David Leslie Johnson November 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 6.12 <Td_colspan="7"> Daryl continues to search for Sophia , despite Rick and Shane arguing whether it is pointless and Hershel becoming more unnerved by the group 's presence . As Glenn 's relationship with Maggie continues in secret , Glenn offers to meet Maggie in the barn 's hayloft , and Maggie is too late to stop him from discovering the barn is filled with walkers . 12 6 `` Secrets '' David Boyd Angela Kang November 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) 6.08 <Td_colspan="7"> Glenn tells Dale about the walkers , and together discreetly approach Hershel , who explains the walkers are his friends and family , and believes they can be cured . Rick discovers that Lori is pregnant , and tensions rise between Rick and Shane over what transpired with Lori while Rick was in a coma . 13 7 `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' Michelle MacLaren Scott M. Gimple November 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) 6.62 <Td_colspan="7"> Glenn reveals the presence of the walkers in the barn to the rest of the group , and Rick confronts Hershel about it . Hershel tells Rick their group can only stay if they promise not to kill any walkers , and takes Rick out to demonstrate how to capture them . When they return , Shane becomes enraged , and releases the barn 's locks , letting the walkers trickle out , and the group is forced to kill them . One last walker appears : Sophia . Rick is forced to shoot her in the head . 14 8 `` Nebraska '' Clark Johnson Evan Reilly February 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) 8.10 <Td_colspan="7"> Hershel demands Rick 's group leave . The group is shaken by the loss of Sophia and they bury her along with Hershel 's wife and son - in - law . Hershel goes missing ; Rick and Glenn find him drinking in a nearby town bar . When they turn to leave , they are confronted by two men , Dave and Tony , that want to know about Hershel 's farm . Rick kills them before they attack the three . 15 9 `` Triggerfinger '' Billy Gierhart David Leslie Johnson February 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 19 ) 6.89 <Td_colspan="7"> Three other men arrive at the bar to investigate the gunfire , and Rick , Glenn , and Hershel attempt to sneak away . Their activities have lured walkers to the town , and in their haste to escape , one of the three men , Randall , gets his leg impaled on a fence . Rick is unable to leave him behind and helps to free him , taking him with them back to the farm . The other survivors at the farm start to recognize Shane is becoming more unhinged . 16 10 `` 18 Miles Out '' Ernest Dickerson Scott M. Gimple & Glen Mazzara February 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 26 ) 7.04 <Td_colspan="7"> Rick and Shane take a healed Randall several miles from the farm with the intent to abandon him without knowledge of the farm 's location , but once there , have an argument , which turns physical , about not only what to do with Randall , but the fissure between Rick and Shane 's leadership with the group . When the brawl attract a pack of walkers , they are forced to take Randall back to the farm . Meanwhile , Hershel 's daughter Beth attempts suicide while under Andrea 's watch , but is saved by Maggie and Lori . 17 11 `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) 6.77 <Td_colspan="7"> Randall is kept in custody , and they learn his group would be dangerous to bring to the farm , and that letting Randall live to reveal the farm 's location would be a risk . Dale tries to calm tensions reminding everyone about their humanity and warning them the group is broken . Carl attempts to kill a walker in the forest , but it scares him away . Shane , Rick , and Daryl take Randall out to the barn to execute him , but Ricks stops when he sees that Carl was watching . Later , as Dale paces on the outskirts of the farm , he is mortally wounded by the walker Carl failed to kill . Daryl dispatches the walker before mercifully killing Dale . 18 12 `` Better Angels '' Guy Ferland Evan Reilly & Glen Mazzara March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) 6.89 <Td_colspan="7"> As Dale is laid to rest , his advice to the group sits heavy with Rick , and he decides they should spare Randall 's life . However , Shane secretly takes Randall deep into the woods and murders him , then returns and claims Randall escaped . The group searches for him , and Shane uses the opportunity to confront Rick at gunpoint , intent on killing him . Rick , after trying unsuccessfully to calm Shane down , is forced to stab him to death , unaware Carl is watching nearby . Carl holds his gun at Rick , but uses it to shoot Shane , who has reanimated as a walker , in the head . The gunfire draws a horde of walkers to the farm . 19 13 `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Ernest Dickerson Robert Kirkman & Glen Mazzara March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 8.99 <Td_colspan="7"> Hershel 's farm is swarmed by walkers and overwhelm the survivors , forcing them to abandon it , bringing Hershel , Maggie , and Beth with them . After regrouping , Rick is forced to tell them what Jenner told him ; they are all infected and will become walkers when they die . He takes charge of the group to find them a safe haven . Andrea is separated from the others during the evacuation from the farm , but found by a mysterious hooded person , who has two armless walker pets and wields a katana . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The second season of The Walking Dead has received positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 80 out of 100 , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' , based on 22 critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an 83 % with an average rating of 8.09 out of 10 , based on 22 reviews , and an average episode score of 79 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The second season of The Walking Dead fleshes out the characters while maintaining the grueling tension and gore that made the show a hit . '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post wrote , `` You 'll be happy to know that at least as far as the first two episodes go ... the show is better than ever -- which would have seemed impossible . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today also praised the direction in which the second season was heading stating that the show delivers `` edge - of - your - chair tension '' and noting , `` what separates this fine series from similar shows is the honesty of its human interactions '' . Some critics were less enthused midway through the second season , including Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly who described the series as `` a nighttime soap with occasional appearances by deceased but moving , flesh - rotting , flesh - eating cameo monsters '' adding that it `` had not been dramatic enough '' or had a `` tendency ... to botch truly dramatic situations '' . Nate Rawlings of TIME magazine criticized the show 's pacing saying , `` the first half of this season has been brutally slow '' . Following the season 's finale , Scott Wampler of Collider.com , described the second half of the season as `` far more intense , more interesting , better written '' despite `` a helluva lot of water - treading '' in the first half . Kevin Yeoman of Screen Rant further emphasized this point : `` It was with the last half of season 2 -- arguably the last four episodes -- where the writers succeeded in unshackling themselves from the intermittent monotony brought about by the serial nature of the show . '' The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead The second season of The Walking Dead received three nominations for the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special ( `` What Lies Ahead '' ) , and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects ( both for `` Beside the Dying Fire '' ) . The season also won Best Television Presentation at the 38th Saturn Awards , while Norman Reedus was nominated for Best Supporting Actor on Television . Additionally , the second half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Ratings ( edit ) On October 16 , 2011 , the season two premiere set a new record of 7.3 million viewers . The episode also set new records for the most viewers in the 18 - 49 and 25 - 54 demographics , with 4.8 million and 4.2 million viewers respectively , making it the most watched episode of a drama in the history of basic cable television in these measures . The original broadcast and the two subsequent encore presentations of the episode drew a collective total of 11 million viewers . On February 12 , 2012 , the show 's mid season premiere beat its previous record by attaining 8.1 million viewers , 5.4 million in the 18 - 49 key demographic , despite airing at the same time as the second most watched Grammy Awards in history . The series once again beat its own record with the airing of the season two finale on March 18 , 2012 , which received 9 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` What Lies Ahead '' October 16 , 2011 3.8 7.26 `` Bloodletting '' October 23 , 2011 3.6 6.70 `` Save the Last One '' October 30 , 2011 3.1 6.10 `` Cherokee Rose '' November 6 , 2011 3.4 6.29 5 `` Chupacabra '' November 13 , 2011 3.2 6.12 6 `` Secrets '' November 20 , 2011 3.1 6.08 7 `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' November 27 , 2011 3.5 6.62 8 `` Nebraska '' February 12 , 2012 4.2 8.10 9 `` Triggerfinger '' February 19 , 2012 3.6 6.89 10 `` 18 Miles Out '' February 26 , 2012 3.8 7.04 11 `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' March 4 , 2012 3.5 6.77 12 `` Better Angels '' March 11 , 2012 3.6 6.89 13 `` Beside the Dying Fire '' March 18 , 2012 4.7 8.99 Home media releases ( edit ) Limited Edition Blu - ray packaging showing a screwdriver in a zombie 's eye socket The second season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on August 28 , 2012 , in region 2 on August 27 , 2012 , and in region 4 on June 20 , 2012 . Special features include eleven featurettes -- `` All the Guts Inside '' , `` Live or Let Die '' , `` The Meat of the Music '' , `` Fire on Set '' , `` The Ink is Alive '' , `` The Sound of the Effects '' , `` In the Dead Water '' , `` You Could Make a Killing '' , `` She Will Fight '' , `` The Cast on Season 2 '' , and `` Extras Wardrobe '' . Six audio commentaries , for episodes `` What Lies Ahead '' , `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' , `` Nebraska '' , `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' , and `` Beside the Dying Fire '' . Also included is the six - part webisode series The Walking Dead : Torn Apart , with optional commentary by Greg Nicotero , and 30 minutes of deleted scenes across eight episodes , with optional commentary by Glen Mazzara . The second season was also released in limited edition Blu - ray packaging , featuring a zombie head with a screwdriver in the zombie 's eye socket , a recreation of a scene from the second - season premiere . The limited edition packaging was designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` AMC 's ' The Walking Dead ' Renewed for 13 Episode Season Two as Second Episode = Big Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' exclusive : Exec producer Gale Anne Hurd denies Frank Darabont fired writers , talks season two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Take Home Saturn Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series , Miniseries , Movie Or A Special - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' finale draws record ratings '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on HIMYM , Private Practice , Bones , Walking Dead , Parks and Rec and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Melissa McBride Clears Up Walking Dead Contract Mystery , Declares : ' I Am a Series Regular ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Lets Go of Writers ; Considers No Writing Staff For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's Robert Kirkman : Writing Staff Changes Wo n't Affect the Show '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Getting Itself a Writing Staff '' . Dread Central . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Mike ( March 19 , 2011 ) . `` C2E2 : ' The Walking Dead ' Panel Offers Tasty Season 2 Details '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Robert Kirkman Dispels Fired Writers Rumor , Wants Stephen King '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Josie ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` CCI : `` The Walking Dead '' Cast And Creators Talk Season Two `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : The Walking Dead Casts Greene Family '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hanh , Nguyen ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fresh Meat ! Walking Dead Casts Season 2 's Otis '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` AMC to Debut First Look of The Walking Dead During Premiere of Breaking Bad '' . AMC . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' season 2 trailer is here ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' WALKING DEAD ' SHOCKER : Frank Darabont Steps Down As Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Glen Mazzara To Succeed Frank Darabont As ' Walking Dead ' Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : What Really Happened to Fired Showrunner Frank Darabont '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Walking Dead '' Season 2 Kicks Off with an Extra Half Hour of Zombie Drama '' ( Press release ) . AMC . September 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Launches `` The Walking Dead '' Webisodes on Monday , October 3 at 2 PM '' ( Press release ) . AMC . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` AMC Launches Talking Dead -- A Live After - Show Following The Walking Dead '' . AMC . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Doubles NLCS + NJ Housewives , ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Talking Dead , ' ' Dexter ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Slips , Still Tops ; + NJ Housewives , ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seldman , Robert ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Drops , Still Tops ; + ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seldman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Hell On Wheels ' Lead AMC + ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Stays On Top + ' Housewives Atl , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Stays On Top + NASCAR Championship , ' Housewives ATL , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Goes Out on Top + Kardashians , ' Housewives ' ' Soul Train Awards , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' Mid-Season Two Premiere Draws 8.1 Million Viewers , Reigns As The Strongest Drama Telecast in Basic Cable History Against Key Demos `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More Cable Beats Broadcast -- ' The Walking Dead ' Down , But Still Dominates + ' Ax Men ' , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Shameless , ' ' House Of Lies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Rises + ' NBA All - Star Game , ' ' Ax Men ' , Oscar 's Red Carpet & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Storage Wars , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Real Housewives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Dominates , ' Oprah 's Next Chapter ' Sees Series High '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Walking Dead ' Season Finale Laps the Field + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Frozen Planet , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ewww la la '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` AMC 's The Walking Dead stands with TV 's best '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Pretty Much Dead Already ' : A cheap thrill - kill , or new life for the season ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Nate ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Walking Dead Recap : Pretty Much Dead Already '' . TIME . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` THE WALKING DEAD Season Finale Recap : `` Beside the Dying Fire '' `` . Collider . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , Kevin ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 2 Finale Review '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Sound Editing For A Series - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Special Visual Effects - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Harry Potter , ' ' Hugo , ' ' Breaking Bad ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Premiere Shatters Cable Demo Ratings Records , Draws 7.3 Million Total Viewers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC 's `` The Walking Dead '' Mid-Season Two Premiere Reigns as The Strongest Drama Telecast in Basic Cable History Against Key Demos `` . The Futon Critic . February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Anchor Bay Announces The Walking Dead Season 2 Blu - ray / DVD '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead -- Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Dead , The : Season 2 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Martin ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2012 : Exclusive Look at AMC 's `` The Walking Dead '' DVD Case From McFarlane Toys `` . MTV Geek . February 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead season 2 episodes at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series <Td_colspan="2"> Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage <Td_colspan="2"> Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_2)&oldid=842783711 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 16 : 54 . 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1. The Walking Dead season 2
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i want to go where the sun keeps shining
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Everybody 's Talkin ' - wikipedia Everybody 's Talkin ' Not to be confused with Everybody 's Talking . This article is about the song . For the album known by the same name , see Fred Neil ( album ) . For another album , see Everybody 's Talkin ' ( Tedeschi Trucks Band album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' <Td_colspan="2"> A-side label of 1969 US vinyl rerelease <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Nilsson <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Aerial Ballet B - side `` Do n't Leave Me '' Released July 1968 Format 7 - inch 45 rpm Recorded 1968 Genre Soft rock Length 2 : 43 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Fred Neil Producer ( s ) Rick Jarrard <Th_colspan="2"> Nilsson singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` One '' ( 1968 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 1968 ) `` I Will Take You There '' ( 1968 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` One '' ( 1968 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 1968 ) `` I Will Take You There '' ( 1968 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' is a song written and recorded by singer - songwriter Fred Neil in 1966 . A version of the song performed by Harry Nilsson became a hit in 1969 , reaching No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and winning a Grammy Award after it was featured in the film Midnight Cowboy . The song , which describes the singer 's desire to retreat from other people to the ocean , is among the most famous works of both artists , and has been covered by many other notable performers . The song later appeared in the 1994 film Forrest Gump and is also on the film 's soundtrack album . It also appeared in the comedy film Borat , on The Hangover Part III soundtrack , in the English television show Black Books , the action comedy film Crank , and in the Only Fools and Horses episode `` The Jolly Boys Outing '' . Contents 1 Background 2 Harry Nilsson version 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Theme and style 5 Reception and legacy 6 Cover versions 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The song was first released on Neil 's second album , the self - titled Fred Neil , released in early 1967 . It was composed towards the end of the session , after Neil had become anxious to wrap the album so he could return to his home in Miami , Florida . Manager Herb Cohen promised that if Neil wrote and recorded a final track , he could go . `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' , recorded in one take , was the result . Toby Creswell of 1001 Songs noted that the song had parallels to Neil 's later life -- like the hero of Midnight Cowboy , he looked `` for fame to match his talents , discover ( ed ) that success in his profession is n't all its cracked up to be '' and wanted to retreat . Five years later , Neil permanently fulfilled the promise of the speaker in the song , rejecting fame to live the rest of his life in relative obscurity `` where the sun keeps shining / thru ' the pouring rain '' in his home in Coconut Grove , Miami . Harry Nilsson version ( edit ) Nilsson in 1967 promotional photo Nilsson was searching for a potentially successful song when Rick Jarrard played the track for him , and he decided to release it on his 1968 album Aerial Ballet . When released as a single in July 1968 , it managed to reach only No. 113 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart . After the song was featured as the theme song in the film Midnight Cowboy in 1969 , the song was re-released as a single and became a hit , peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart . When Derek Taylor recommended Nilsson for the Midnight Cowboy soundtrack to director John Schlesinger , Schlesinger selected `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' , preferring the cover to the song Nilsson proposed , `` I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City '' . The song was used as the theme song for the movie and became closely identified with it ; Nilsson 's cover is also known as `` Everybody 's Talkin ' ( Theme from Midnight Cowboy ) '' . William J. Mann , in his biography of Schlesinger , noted that `` one can not imagine Midnight Cowboy now without ' Everybody 's Talkin ' '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position US Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 113 US Cash Box Top 100 54 US Record World Singles Chart 51 Chart ( 1969 -- 70 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 30 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary New Zealand ( Listener ) 12 Swedish Singles Chart 9 UK Singles Chart 23 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 7 US Record World Singles Chart 7 Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 27 US Billboard Hot 100 73 Theme and style ( edit ) Described in The Rock Snob * s Dictionary as an `` anti-urban plaint '' , `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' depicts the introverted speaker 's inability to connect with others . Not hearing or truly seeing them , the speaker declares an intention to leave for the ocean and the summer breeze . AllMusic 's Denise Sullivan describes Neil 's version as `` positively spooky and Spartan '' by comparison to Nilsson 's better - known cover , whose arrangement she felt captured the `` freedom , shrouded in regret and loss , implied in the lyric '' . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Nilsson 's single for the song sold over a million copies and charted on both Billboard 's Adult Contemporary and Pop Singles charts , reaching numbers 2 and 6 respectively in 1969 . Nilsson 's single also won a Grammy that year . The song became a global success and was followed by international appearances by Nilsson to perform it . Although Nilsson himself denied that the song made him successful , 1001 Songs indicates that the hit `` made Nilsson a superstar , '' exposing him to a much broader fan base and altering his reputation from solely that of a songwriter to a singer . After Nilsson 's death , Billboard noted that Nilsson remained popularly remembered for his covers of `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' and `` Without You '' . Neil , too , is largely remembered for this song . But although Neil 's second album was re-released in 1969 under the title Everybody 's Talkin ' in order to capitalize on the success of the song , Neil himself shunned the limelight , retiring from the industry after his final album in 1971 to live quietly in the Florida Keys with the millions of dollars he is estimated to have earned on royalties from the song . In keeping with the song 's position in the works of both artists , it has been used to title several `` greatest hits '' compilation albums -- a 1997 release by BMG , a 2001 release by Armoury and a 2006 release by RCA for Nilsson and a 2005 release for Neil by Raven Records entitled Echoes of My Mind : The Best of 1963 -- 1971 . The song is highly regarded in the industry , having become a standard . Songwriter Jerry Leiber described it as `` a very strange and beautiful song '' , among the `` truly beautiful melodically and lyrically '' songs by Fred Neil , who was described by Rolling Stone as `` ( r ) eclusive , mysterious and extravagantly gifted '' . A 2006 article in The New York Times characterizes the song as `` a landmark of the classic - rock era . '' The song 's popularity has proven persistent ; through 2005 , according to figures from Broadcast Music Incorporated reported in The New York Times , the song had aired on radio and television 6.7 million times . The song 's usage in Midnight Cowboy has become iconic . In 2004 , the song was listed by the American Film Institute as # 20 in its `` top 100 movie songs '' for the first 100 years of film . Harry Dean Stanton described `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' as `` a heroin song '' which he claimed was `` inspired by Luke Askew , an actor . '' Cover versions ( edit ) Since Nilsson 's version of the song achieved chart success , the song has been covered by many other artists -- almost 100 as of 2006 . The more notable artists include Stevie Wonder , Willie Nelson , Neil Diamond , Liza Minnelli , Tony Bennett , Luna , Bill Withers , Madeleine Peyroux , Louis Armstrong , Leonard Nimoy , Julio Iglesias , Lena Horne , Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes , the Beautiful South and Crosby , Stills & Nash . Nilsson 's version was sampled in 2002 by Paul Oakenfold on `` Starry Eyed Surprise '' and in 2004 by the Go ! Team on `` Everyone 's a V.I.P. to Someone '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Harry Nilsson -- Everybody 's Talkin ' ( BMG ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( 2006 - 09 - 24 ) . `` The echoes of his mind just keep reverberating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Creswell , Toby ( 2006 ) . 1001 Songs : The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists , Stories and Secrets Behind Them . Thunder 's Mouth Press . p. 38 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 915 - 9 . Jump up ^ Neil , Fred . `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Shea , Stuart ( 2002 ) . Rock & roll 's most wanted : the top 10 book of lame lyrics , egregious egos , and other oddities . Brassey 's . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 477 - 8 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 2000 ) . Urban spacemen and wayfaring strangers : overlooked innovators and eccentric visionaries of ' 60s rock . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 267 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 616 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Denise . `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits : The Inside Story Behind Every Number One Single on Billboard 's Hot 100 from 1955 to the Present ( 5 ed . ) . Billboard Books . p. 307 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Nilsson had submitted his own song for the Dustin Hoffman -- John Voigt film , but the producers preferred the Neil tune . Undaunted , Harry released `` I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City '' as his second single , and it peaked at 34 in November 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , William J. ( 2005 ) . Edge of midnight : the life of John Schlesinger . Watson - Guptill Publications . p. 331 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8366 - 7 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 1992 ) . The Guinness encyclopedia of popular music . 3 . Guinness Pub . p. 1800 . ISBN 1 - 882267 - 03 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Gary Lynn ( 1995 ) . Song finder : a title index to 32,000 popular songs in collections , 1854 -- 1992 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29470 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . The Comparison Book . Menonomee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 367 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , October 18 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ UK Official Charts , 27 September 1969 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Kamp , David ; Steven Daly ( 2005 ) . The rock snob * s dictionary : an essential lexicon of rockological knowledge . Random House , Inc. p. 76 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1873 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Nilsson , Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Nilsson , GRAMMY Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Cult Pop : The Songs , the Artists , the Genres , the Dubious Fashions . Rough Guides . p. 148 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Nilsson dies at age 52 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 106 ( 5 ) : 110 . 1994 - 01 - 29 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : Brackett , Nathan ; Christian David Hoard ; Rolling Stone Magazine ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide : Completely Revised and Updated ( 4th , revised ed . ) . Simon and Schuster . pp. 572 -- 573 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nason , Pat ( 2004 - 06 - 23 ) . `` AFI 's top 100 movie songs '' . UPI Perspectives . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Huber , Sophie ( Director ) ( 2012 ) . Harry Dean Stanton : Partly Fiction ( Documentary ) . US . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Bill Withers Studio albums Just as I Am Still Bill +'Justments Making Music Naked & Warm Menagerie ' Bout Love Live Albums Live at Carnegie Hall Songs `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` Grandma 's Hands '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Let It Be '' `` Use Me '' `` Lean on Me '' `` Lovely Day '' `` Just the Two of Us '' `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Related Still Bill ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Julio Iglesias <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Amor ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( first wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everybody%27s_Talkin%27&oldid=864843338 '' Categories : 1969 singles Harry Nilsson songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients American soft rock songs Song recordings produced by Nick Venet Bill Withers songs 1966 songs RCA Victor singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español Euskara Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 21 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Everybody's Talkin'" song
2. Fred Neil
3. Harry Nilsson
4. Midnight Cowboy
5. Cover versions
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head to head or goal difference world cup qualifiers
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2018 FIFA World Cup qualification - Wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament details Dates 12 March 2015 -- 15 November 2017 Teams 210 ( from 6 confederations ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament statistics Matches played 872 Goals scored 2,454 ( 2.81 per match ) Attendance 18,720,691 ( 21,469 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil ( 16 goals each ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which will play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup , with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts . All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the qualifying process , and for the first time in World Cup history , all eligible national teams registered for the preliminary competition , but Zimbabwe and Indonesia were disqualified before playing their first matches . Bhutan , South Sudan , Gibraltar and Kosovo made their FIFA World Cup qualification debuts . Myanmar , having successfully appealed against a ban from the competition for crowd trouble during a 2014 World Cup qualifying tie against Oman , were obliged to play all their home matches outside the country . While the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 , a number of qualification matches were played before that . The first began in Dili , Timor Leste , on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , with East Timorese player Chiquito do Carmo scoring the first goal of qualification . Matches were also played in CONCACAF prior to the main draw . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualified teams 2 Qualification process 2.1 Proposal for expansion 2.2 Summary of qualification 3 Format 3.1 Tiebreakers 4 Confederation qualification 4.1 AFC 4.1. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.1. 2 Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) 4.2 CAF 4.2. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.3 CONCACAF 4.3. 1 Final positions ( fifth round ) 4.4 CONMEBOL 4.4. 1 Final positions 4.5 OFC 4.5. 1 Final positions ( third round ) 4.6 UEFA 4.6. 1 Final positions ( first round ) 4.6. 2 Play - offs ( second round ) 5 Inter-confederation play - offs 5.1 CONCACAF v AFC 5.2 OFC v CONMEBOL 6 Top goalscorers 7 References 8 External links Qualified teams ( edit ) Teams qualified for World Cup Teams failed to qualify for World Cup Teams expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Countries were not FIFA members Team Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Consecutive finals appearances Previous best performance Russia Hosts 01 2 December 2010 11th 2014 Fourth place ( 1966 ) Brazil CONMEBOL Round Robin winners 02 28 March 2017 21st 2014 21 Winners ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Iran AFC Third Round Group A winners 03 12 June 2017 5th 2014 Group stage ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Japan AFC Third Round Group B winners 04 31 August 2017 6th 2014 6 Round of 16 ( 2002 , 2010 ) Mexico CONCACAF Fifth Round winners 05 1 September 2017 16th 2014 7 Quarter - finals ( 1970 , 1986 ) Belgium UEFA Group H winners 06 3 September 2017 13th 2014 Fourth place ( 1986 ) South Korea AFC Third Round Group A runners - up 07 5 September 2017 10th 2014 9 Fourth place ( 2002 ) Saudi Arabia AFC Third Round Group B runners - up 08 5 September 2017 5th 2006 Round of 16 ( 1994 ) Germany UEFA Group C winners 09 5 October 2017 19th 2014 17 Winners ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 ) England UEFA Group F winners 10 5 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1966 ) Spain UEFA Group G winners 11 6 October 2017 15th 2014 11 Winners ( 2010 ) Nigeria CAF Third Round Group B winners 12 7 October 2017 6th 2014 Round of 16 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Costa Rica CONCACAF Fifth Round runners - up 13 7 October 2017 5th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Poland UEFA Group E winners 14 8 October 2017 8th 2006 Third place ( 1974 , 1982 ) Egypt CAF Third Round Group E winners 15 8 October 2017 3rd 1990 First round ( 1934 ) , Group stage ( 1990 ) Iceland UEFA Group I winners 16 9 October 2017 1st -- -- Serbia UEFA Group D winners 17 9 October 2017 12th Fourth place ( 1930 , 1962 ) Portugal UEFA Group B winners 18 10 October 2017 7th 2014 5 Third place ( 1966 ) France UEFA Group A winners 19 10 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners ( 1998 ) Uruguay CONMEBOL Round Robin runners - up 20 10 October 2017 13th 2014 Winners ( 1930 , 1950 ) Argentina CONMEBOL Round Robin third place 21 10 October 2017 17th 2014 12 Winners ( 1978 , 1986 ) Colombia CONMEBOL Round Robin fourth place 22 10 October 2017 6th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Panama CONCACAF Fifth Round third place 23 10 October 2017 1st -- -- Senegal CAF Third Round Group D winners 24 10 November 2017 2nd 2002 Quarter - finals ( 2002 ) Morocco CAF Third Round Group C winners 25 11 November 2017 5th 1998 Round of 16 ( 1986 ) Tunisia CAF Third Round Group A winners 26 11 November 2017 5th 2006 Group stage ( 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Switzerland UEFA Second Round winners 27 12 November 2017 11th 2014 Quarter - finals ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 ) Croatia UEFA Second Round winners 28 12 November 2017 5th 2014 Third place ( 1998 ) Sweden UEFA Second Round winners 29 13 November 2017 12th 2006 Runners - up ( 1958 ) Denmark UEFA Second Round winners 30 14 November 2017 5th Quarter - finals ( 1998 ) Australia CONCACAF v AFC play - off winners 31 15 November 2017 5th 2014 Round of 16 ( 2006 ) Peru OFC v CONMEBOL play - off winners 32 15 November 2017 5th 1982 Quarter - finals ( 1970 ) , Second round ( 1978 ) Notes : This is the 4th appearance of Russia at the FIFA World Cup ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who themselves qualified on 7 occasions . : Russia 's best result is group stage in 1994 , 2002 and 2014 ; however , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who achieved this result . : Germany between 1951 and 1990 is often referred to as `` West Germany '' , as a separate East German state and team existed then . : This is the 2nd appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup . However , FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro national teams , who between them qualified on 10 occasions . : No official third place match took place in 1930 and no official third place was awarded at the time ; both United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . However , FIFA lists the teams as third and fourth respectively using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . : In 1978 , the second round was another group stage which involved 8 teams qualified from the first round . Qualification process ( edit ) The number of teams participating in the final tournament is 32 . Even though the qualification process began in March 2015 , the allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress . It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Proposal for expansion ( edit ) In October 2013 , UEFA President Michel Platini proposed that the World Cup finals should be expanded from 32 to 40 teams starting from 2018 . The format would have been the same , but in groups of five instead of four . This was in response to FIFA President Sepp Blatter 's comments that Africa and Asia deserved more spots in the World Cup finals at the expense of European and South American teams . However , FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said that expansion in 2018 would be `` unlikely '' , while Russian sports minister Vitaly Mutko said that the country was `` preparing on the basis that 32 teams will be taking part . '' Expansion was ultimately delayed until 10 January 2017 , when the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to 48 teams starting in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . Summary of qualification ( edit ) While all FIFA members entered the tournament , not all competed . Zimbabwe were expelled from the competition on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee and Indonesia were excluded from the qualifying competition following the suspension of their football association by FIFA on 30 May 2015 . Kuwait had a number of their qualifiers cancelled for a similar suspension that began while their campaign was underway , which eventually resulted in their elimination . Brazil were the first team to achieve qualification for the tournament following their 3 -- 0 victory over Paraguay on 28 March 2017 . Peru became the 32nd and final team to qualify when , 233 days after Brazil secured their place , they beat New Zealand 2 -- 0 on aggregate in the OFC - CONMEBOL play - off . <Td_colspan="10"> Confederation Available slots in finals Teams started Teams eliminated Teams qualified Qualifying start date Qualifying end date AFC 4.5 46 41 5 12 March 2015 15 November 2017 CAF 5 54 49 5 7 October 2015 14 November 2017 CONCACAF 3.5 35 32 22 March 2015 15 November 2017 CONMEBOL 4.5 10 5 5 8 October 2015 15 November 2017 OFC 0.5 11 11 0 31 August 2015 15 November 2017 UEFA 13 + 1 54 + 1 41 13 + 1 4 September 2016 14 November 2017 Total 31 + 1 210 + 1 179 31 + 1 12 March 2015 15 November 2017 Note : One team each from AFC , CONCACAF , CONMEBOL , and OFC played in the inter-confederation play - offs , between 10 -- 15 November 2017 ( CONCACAF v AFC and OFC v CONMEBOL ) . Note : UEFA total includes + 1 for Russia as hosts . Format ( edit ) The formats of the qualifying competitions depended on each confederation ( see below ) . Each round might be played in either of the following formats : League format , where more than two teams formed groups to play home - and - away round - robin matches , or in exceptions permitted by the FIFA Organizing Committee , single round - robin matches hosted by one of the participating teams or on neutral territory . Knockout format , where two teams played home - and - away two - legged matches . Tiebreakers ( edit ) In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee In cases where teams finishing in the same position across different groups are compared for determining which teams advance to the next stage , the criteria is decided by the confederation and require the approval of FIFA ( regulations Article 20.8 ) . In knockout format , the team that has the higher aggregate score over the two legs progresses to the next round . In the event that aggregate scores finish level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs progresses . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time are played , divided into two fifteen - minutes halves . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team qualifies by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out ( regulations Article 20.9 ) . Confederation qualification ( edit ) AFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) The AFC Executive Committee meeting on 16 April 2014 approved the proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds of the FIFA World Cup and the AFC Asian Cup , which will be expanded to 24 teams starting in 2019 : First round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 35 -- 46 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 34 and six first round winners ) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The eight group winners and the four best group runners - up advanced to the third round of FIFA World Cup qualification as well as qualified for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup finals . Third round : The 12 teams ( an increase from 10 for 2014 ) which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of six teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the two third - placed teams advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : The two third - placed teams of each group from the third round played home - and - away over two legs . The winners advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fourth - placed CONCACAF team . A total of 24 teams eliminated from World Cup qualification in the second round compete in the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ( which is separate from the third round of 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ) , where they are divided into six groups of four teams and compete for the remaining slots of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . The 24 teams consist of the 16 highest ranked teams eliminated in the second round , and the eight teams that advanced from the play - off round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification which are contested by the remaining 12 teams eliminated in the second round . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 12 April 2016 at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 10 6 0 10 + 8 22 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 South Korea 10 11 10 + 1 15 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 Syria 10 9 8 + 1 13 Advance to fourth round 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 Uzbekistan 10 5 6 7 − 1 13 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 5 China PR 10 8 10 − 2 12 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 6 Qatar 10 7 8 15 − 7 7 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Japan 10 6 17 7 + 10 20 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 Saudi Arabia 10 6 17 10 + 7 19 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Australia 10 5 16 11 + 5 19 Advance to fourth round 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 United Arab Emirates 10 5 10 13 − 3 13 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 Iraq 10 5 11 12 − 1 11 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 4 -- 0 6 Thailand 10 0 8 6 24 − 18 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Play - off for 5th place ( fourth round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Fourth Round The third - placed teams from each group in the third round played against each other home - and - away over two legs to determine which team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Syria 2 -- 3 Australia 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) CAF ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CAF ) The CAF Executive Committee approved the format for the qualifiers of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 14 January 2015 . However , on 9 July 2015 FIFA officially announced that only three rounds would be played instead of four . First round : A total of 26 teams ( teams ranked 28 -- 53 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 13 winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 40 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 27 and 13 first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The 20 winners advanced to the third round . Third round : The 20 teams which had advanced from the second round were divided into five groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Zimbabwe , even though they entered the competition , were expelled on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee . Therefore , only 53 African teams were involved in the draw . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CAF Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 24 June 2016 at the CAF headquarters in Cairo , Egypt . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Tunisia 6 0 11 + 7 14 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 DR Congo 6 14 7 + 7 13 2 -- 2 -- 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 Libya 6 10 − 6 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 Guinea 6 0 5 6 14 − 8 1 -- 4 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Nigeria 6 11 6 + 5 13 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 Zambia 6 8 7 + 1 8 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 Cameroon 6 7 9 − 2 7 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 Algeria 6 6 10 − 4 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA awarded Algeria a 3 -- 0 win as a result of Nigeria fielding the ineligible player Shehu Abdullahi , after the match had ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . Abdullahi failed to serve a one - game ban after receiving two yellow cards in the qualifying competition . Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Morocco 6 0 11 0 + 11 12 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 6 -- 0 Ivory Coast 6 7 5 + 2 8 0 -- 2 -- 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 Gabon 6 7 − 5 6 0 -- 0 0 -- 3 -- 0 -- 0 Mali 6 0 9 − 8 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Senegal 6 0 10 + 7 14 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Burkina Faso 6 10 6 + 4 9 2 -- 2 -- 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 Cape Verde 6 0 12 − 8 6 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 South Africa 6 7 10 − 3 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA ordered a replay of the original South Africa v Senegal match after the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) upheld the lifetime ban of match referee Joseph Lamptey . Originally South Africa had defeated Senegal 2 -- 1 . Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Egypt 6 8 + 4 13 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 Uganda 6 + 1 9 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 Ghana 6 7 5 + 2 7 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 Congo 6 0 5 12 − 7 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 5 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers CONCACAF ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF ) An amendment to the qualification process for this tournament had been suggested , which would see the first three rounds played as knockout rounds , with both the fourth round and the final round ( referred to as ' The Hex ' ) played as group stages . The first round would be played during the FIFA international dates of 23 -- 31 March 2015 . CONCACAF announced the full details on 12 January 2015 : First round : A total of 14 teams ( teams ranked 22 -- 35 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The seven winners advanced to the second round . Second round : A total of 20 teams ( teams ranked 9 -- 21 and seven first round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The ten winners advanced to the third round . Third round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 7 -- 8 and ten second round winners ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : A total of 12 teams ( teams ranked 1 -- 6 and six third round winners ) were divided into three groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group advanced to the fifth round . Fifth round : The six teams which advanced from the fourth round played home - and - away round - robin matches in one single group . The top three teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fourth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winners of the Asian Football Confederation play - off . Final positions ( fifth round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- CONCACAF Fifth Round The draw for the fifth round ( to decide the fixtures ) was held on 8 July 2016 at the CONCACAF headquarters in Miami Beach , United States . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 10 6 16 7 + 9 21 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 Costa Rica 10 14 8 + 6 16 1 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 Panama 10 9 10 − 1 13 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 Honduras 10 13 19 − 6 13 Advance to inter-confederation play - offs 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 United States 10 17 13 + 4 12 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 6 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 6 Trinidad and Tobago 10 0 8 7 19 − 12 6 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers CONMEBOL ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONMEBOL ) The qualification structure was the same as the previous five editions . The ten teams played in a league of home - and - away round - robin matches . The top four teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the fifth - placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the winners of the Oceania Football Confederation qualifying competition . Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined , the fixtures were decided by a draw held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Final positions ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 18 12 5 41 11 + 30 41 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 Uruguay 18 9 5 32 20 + 12 31 1 -- 4 -- 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 Argentina 18 7 7 19 16 + 3 28 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 3 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 Colombia 18 7 6 5 21 19 + 2 27 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Peru 18 7 5 6 27 26 + 1 26 Advance to inter-confederation play - offs 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 -- 3 -- 4 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 6 Chile 18 8 8 26 27 − 1 26 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 7 Paraguay 18 7 8 19 25 − 6 24 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 2 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 8 Ecuador 18 6 10 26 29 − 3 20 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 9 Bolivia 18 12 16 38 − 22 14 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 3 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 -- 4 -- 2 10 Venezuela 18 6 10 19 35 − 16 12 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 4 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 5 -- 0 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : FIFA awarded Peru and Chile 3 -- 0 wins as a result of Bolivia fielding the ineligible player Nelson Cabrera . Originally Bolivia had defeated Peru 2 -- 0 and drawn 0 -- 0 with Chile . Nelson Cabrera had previously represented Paraguay and did not meet eligibility rules . OFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) The qualification structure was as follows : First round : American Samoa , Cook Islands , Samoa , and Tonga played a round - robin tournament at a single country . The winners advanced to the second round . Second round ( OFC Nations Cup ) : A total of eight teams ( Fiji , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , Tahiti , Vanuatu , and the first round winner ) played the tournament at a single country . For the group stage , they were divided into two groups of four teams . The top three teams of each group advanced to the third round of World Cup qualifying . The top two teams of each group also advanced to the knockout stage ( semi-finals and final ) to decide the 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners which would play in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . Third round : The six teams which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of three teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The two group winners met in a two - legged match with the winners advancing to the inter-confederation play - offs , playing the fifth - placed CONMEBOL team . The OFC had considered different proposals of the qualifying tournament . A previous proposal adopted by the OFC in October 2014 would have the eight teams divided into two groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches in the second round , followed by the top two teams of each group advancing to the third round to play in a single group of home - and - away round - robin matches to decide the winners of the 2016 OFC Nations Cup which would qualify to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and advance to the inter-confederation play - offs . However , it was later reported in April 2015 that the OFC had reversed its decision , and the 2016 OFC Nations Cup was played as a one - off tournament similar to the 2012 OFC Nations Cup . Final positions ( third round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- OFC Third Round The draw for the third round was held on 8 July 2016 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 6 0 + 6 10 Advance to OFC Final -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 New Caledonia 5 − 1 5 0 -- 0 -- 2 -- 1 Fiji 0 8 − 5 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Solomon Islands 0 6 6 0 9 Advance to OFC Final -- 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 Tahiti 0 7 + 3 6 3 -- 0 -- 1 -- 2 Papua New Guinea 0 6 9 − 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA awarded Tahiti a 3 -- 0 win as a result of the Solomon Islands fielding the ineligible player Henry Fa'arodo , after Tahiti had defeated the Solomon Islands 1 -- 0 . Fa'arodo failed to serve a one - game ban after receiving two yellow cards in the 2016 OFC Nations Cup . Final The draw for the final ( which decided the order of legs ) was held on 15 June 2017 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland , New Zealand . The winners of the final advanced to inter-confederation play - offs . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand 8 -- 3 Solomon Islands 6 -- 1 2 -- 2 UEFA ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) Russia qualified automatically as hosts . The qualifying format for the remaining FIFA - affiliated UEFA teams was confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee meeting on 22 -- 23 March 2015 in Vienna . First round ( group stage ) : The 52 UEFA teams affiliated with FIFA at the time of the draw were divided into nine groups ( seven groups of six teams and two groups of five teams ) to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the eight best runners - up advanced to the second round ( play - offs ) . With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016 , both national teams were eligible to make their debuts in World Cup qualifying . With initially two groups in the first round having only five teams , Kosovo was assigned to Group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons , and Gibraltar was then added to Group H , so that each of the nine groups then had six teams . Second round ( play - offs ) : The eight best runners - up from the first round played one other team over two legs , home and away . The four winners qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Final positions ( first round ) ( edit ) The draw for the first round was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup Advance to Second round ( play - offs ) Group A Group B Group C Pos Team Pld Pts France 10 23 Sweden 10 19 Netherlands 10 19 Bulgaria 10 13 5 Luxembourg 10 6 6 Belarus 10 5 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Portugal 10 27 Switzerland 10 27 Hungary 10 13 Faroe Islands 10 9 5 Latvia 10 7 6 Andorra 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Germany 10 30 Northern Ireland 10 19 Czech Republic 10 15 Norway 10 13 5 Azerbaijan 10 10 6 San Marino 10 0 Source : FIFA Group D Group E Group F Pos Team Pld Pts Serbia 10 21 Republic of Ireland 10 19 Wales 10 17 Austria 10 15 5 Georgia 10 5 6 Moldova 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Poland 10 25 Denmark 10 20 Montenegro 10 16 Romania 10 13 5 Armenia 10 7 6 Kazakhstan 10 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts England 10 26 Slovakia 10 18 Scotland 10 18 Slovenia 10 15 5 Lithuania 10 6 6 Malta 10 Source : FIFA Group G Group H Group I Pos Team Pld Pts Spain 10 28 Italy 10 23 Albania 10 13 Israel 10 12 5 Macedonia 10 11 6 Liechtenstein 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Belgium 10 28 Greece 10 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 17 Estonia 10 11 5 Cyprus 10 10 6 Gibraltar 10 0 Source : FIFA Pos Team Pld Pts Iceland 10 22 Croatia 10 20 Ukraine 10 17 Turkey 10 15 5 Finland 10 9 6 Kosovo 10 Source : FIFA Ranking of runners - up In deciding the eight best runners - up , the matches against the sixth - placed team in each group were discarded . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Switzerland 8 7 0 18 6 + 12 21 Advance to second round ( play - offs ) Italy 8 5 12 8 + 4 17 Denmark 8 13 6 + 7 14 Croatia 8 8 + 4 14 5 Sweden 8 18 9 + 9 13 6 Northern Ireland 8 10 6 + 4 13 7 Greece 8 9 5 + 4 13 8 Republic of Ireland 8 7 5 + 2 13 9 Slovakia 8 0 11 6 + 5 12 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fifth in the group , 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Fair play points ; 5 ) Drawing of lots . Play - offs ( second round ) ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA Second Round The draw for the second round ( play - offs ) was held on 17 October 2017 at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich , Switzerland . The winners of each tie qualified for the World Cup . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Northern Ireland 0 -- 1 Switzerland 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 Croatia 4 -- 1 Greece 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 Denmark 5 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 5 -- 1 Sweden 1 -- 0 Italy 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 Inter-confederation play - offs ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( inter-confederation play - offs ) There were two inter-confederation playoffs to determine the final two qualification spots for the finals . The first legs were played on 10 and 11 November 2017 , and the second legs were played on 15 November 2017 . The matchups were decided at the preliminary draw which was held on 25 July 2015 , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . CONCACAF v AFC ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF -- AFC play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Honduras 1 -- 3 Australia 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 OFC v CONMEBOL ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC -- CONMEBOL play - off ) Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg New Zealand 0 -- 2 Peru 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 Top goalscorers ( edit ) 16 goals Robert Lewandowski Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil 15 goals Cristiano Ronaldo 11 goals Tim Cahill Romelu Lukaku Christian Eriksen Sardar Azmoun 10 goals Mile Jedinak Omar Kharbin Edinson Cavani 9 goals Carlos Ruiz André Silva Hassan Al - Haidos Ali Mabkhout 8 goals Yang Xu Mehdi Taremi Chris Wood Marcus Berg Jozy Altidore For each confederation and inter-confederation play - offs , see sections in each article : AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Inter-confederation play - offs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA.com. 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com. 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impact of Football Association of Indonesia suspension '' . AFC. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modest Bhutan begin World Cup adventure '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Sudan 's World Cup debut ended early by rain '' . bbc.co.uk. 7 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA.com. 13 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers '' . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar appeal partially upheld '' . FIFA. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup TM bidding process '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA chief Platini calls for 40 team World Cup '' . Reuters. 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter wants more Africa slots for World Cup '' . Confederation of African Football . 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini 's World Cup expansion plan unlikely -- Fifa '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 World Cup expansion ' unlikely ' , says Valcke '' . Soccerway. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup TM to 48 teams from 2026 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension of the Kuwait Football Association '' . FIFA.com. 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil qualify for 2018 World Cup after Coutinho and Neymar down Paraguay '' . The Guardian . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peru beat New Zealand 2 - 0 to secure final place '' . BBC Sport. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup draw looms large in Asia '' . FIFA.com. 13 April 2015 . Completing the tournament 's qualifying contenders will be the next 16 highest ranked teams , with the remaining 12 sides battling it out in play - off matches to claim the last eight spots . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Asian Qualifying Round 3 line up complete '' . Asian Football Confederation . 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FORMAT OF 2017 AFCON QUALIFIERS AND 2018 WORLD CUP '' . CAFonline.com. 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary Draw procedures outlined '' . fifa.com. 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` June draw for third round of African Zone qualifiers '' . FIFA.com. 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Latest decisions of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee '' . FIFA.com. 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa vs. Senegal World Cup qualifier to be replayed in November '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Concacaf estrenará formato de eliminatoria ; sigue el Hexagonal '' ( New format for Concacaf qualification - Hexagonal retained ) ( in Spanish ) . ESPN Mexico . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada begins 2018 World Cup qualification in June '' . Sportsnet. 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF to Hold Preliminary FIFA World Cup Qualifying Draw in Miami on January 15 '' . CONCACAF. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USMNT to start 2018 World Cup qualifying in November of 2015 '' . Sports Illustrated . 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Draw Scheduled for the Final Round of CONCACAF Qualifying for FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 '' . CONCACAF.com. 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A unanimous decision : A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments '' . CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia sanctioned for fielding ineligible player '' . FIFA.com. 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary competition format outlined '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee decisions '' . OFC . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OFC Executive Committee outcomes '' . Oceania Football Confederation . 20 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football : Heat goes on NZ after switch '' . New Zealand Herald . 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stage 3 draw complete '' . Oceania Football Confederation . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Several member associations sanctioned for incidents during FIFA World Cup qualifiers and friendlies '' . FIFA.com. 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand at home first in OFC play - off '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee date in Vienna '' . UEFA.org. 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New distribution concept for club competitions approved '' . UEFA.org. 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Focus switches to World Cup qualifying '' . UEFA.com. 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format - FIFA World Cup - News - UEFA.com '' . uefa.com . UEFA . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As it stands : ranking of second - placed teams '' . UEFA.com. 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup European play - off draw to take place on 17 October '' . FIFA.com. 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dates set for Socceroos - Honduras World Cup qualifier '' . SBS the World Game . 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Whites to play first leg against Peru on Saturday afternoon '' . nzherald.co.nz . The New Zealand Herald . 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2018 qualifying . Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers , FIFA.com <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Qualification Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Mascot Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification&oldid=815165697 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup qualification Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use dmy dates from February 2016 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 04 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process
2. Teams and countries participating in the World Cup
3. Format and tiebreakers in the qualification process
4. AFC (Asian Football Confederation) qualification details
5. Expansion proposal for the World Cup
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3,865,592,617,835,899,400 |
who became the president of poland in 1990
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Polish presidential election , 1990 - wikipedia Polish presidential election , 1990 Jump to : navigation , search Polish presidential election , 1990 <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 25 November 1990 ( first round ) 9 December 1990 ( second round ) 1995 → Turnout 60.6 % ( first round ) 53.4 % ( second round ) <Td_colspan="2"> Nominee Lech Wałęsa Stanisław Tymiński Party Solidarity Independent Popular vote 10,622,696 3,683,098 Percentage 74.3 % 25.7 % <Td_colspan="2"> Second round results by voivodeship <Td_colspan="2"> President before election Wojciech Jaruzelski PZPR President - Elect Lech Wałęsa Solidarity Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990 , with a second round on 9 December . They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland , and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926 . Before World War II , presidents were elected by the Sejm . From 1952 to 1989 -- the bulk of the Communist era -- the presidency did not exist as a separate institution , and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland , whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president . The leader of the Solidarity movement , Lech Wałęsa , won the first round . However , he did not earn over 50 % of the vote , which led to a runoff election . Wałęsa faced Polish - Canadian businessman Stanisław Tymiński in the second round , defeating him easily . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Candidates 3 Results 4 References Background ( edit ) Wałęsa was an electrician and union leader with the image of an emotional , shirtsleeves populist . The first non-communist prime minister , Tadeusz Mazowiecki , was very popular and widely considered a front - runner . He appeared as a more respectable and intellectual leader than Wałęsa . but also as more of a compromiser . However , in the first round , Mazowiecki finished in a distant third , with only 18.7 percent of the vote , well behind Tymiński . The reasons for Tymiński 's unexpected success remain unclear . His vague promise to create wealth for everyone quickly , supported by his image as a patriotic Pole who had succeeded abroad , was well received at a time of radical political change and a worsening economic situation . There was increasing disappointment with the trench warfare that had broken out within the former anti-communist opposition so a mysterious , honest and patriotic stranger `` straight out of nowhere '' had considerable appeal . Another factor was that Tymiński 's use of political - marketing methods unknown in Poland at the time . A key element of his campaign was an omnipresent black briefcase , allegedly containing `` secret documents '' which would destroy his rivals ' careers when the time was right . Although the elections passed without the briefcase being opened , its presence attracted constant attention . Tymiński 's adversaries adopted a similar strategy ; the daily Gazeta Wyborcza ( which supported Mazowiecki ) reported that Tymiński had had contact with the secret police , a story that was not withdrawn until after the elections . Despite Tymiński 's defeat , he had not only humiliated Mazowiecki ( one of the best - known and most - respected figures in Polish politics ) , but also forced Wałęsa ( who at that time was a national hero ) into a runoff . After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party , but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland . Candidates ( edit ) Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki ( Independent ) Canadian businessman Stanisław Tymiński Results ( edit ) Winners of the first round by voivodeship Candidate Party <Th_colspan="2"> First round <Th_colspan="2"> Second round Votes % Votes % Lech Wałęsa Solidarity 6,569,889 40.0 10,622,696 74.3 Stanisław Tymiński Independent 3,797,605 23.1 3,683,098 25.7 Tadeusz Mazowiecki Independent 2,973,264 18.1 <Td_colspan="2"> Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz Independent 1,514,025 9.2 <Td_colspan="2"> Roman Bartoszcze Polish People 's Party 1,176,175 7.2 <Td_colspan="2"> Leszek Moczulski Confederation of Independent Poland 411,516 2.5 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Invalid / blank votes 259,526 -- 344,243 -- <Td_colspan="2"> Total 16,702,000 100 14,650,037 100 <Td_colspan="2"> Registered voters / turnout 27,545,625 60.6 27,436,078 53.4 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Nohlen & Stöver Although an independent , Cimoszewicz was supported by Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland ( SdRP ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver ( 2010 ) Elections in Europe : A data handbook , p1491 ISBN 978 - 3 - 8329 - 5609 - 7 Obwieszczenie PKW z dn. 26 XI 1990 r. , Dziennik Ustaw . Nr 83 , poz. 483 ( Polish ) Obwieszczenie PKW z dn. 10 XII 1990 r. , Dz. U. Nr 85 , poz. 499 ( Polish ) <Th_colspan="2"> Elections and referendums in Poland Royal elections 1573 1576 1587 1632 1648 1669 1674 1697 1704 1733 1764 Presidential elections 1922 ( 9 Dec ) 1922 ( 20 Dec ) 1926 ( May ) 1926 ( Jun ) 1933 1947 1989 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 2020 Legislative elections 1919 1922 1928 1930 1935 1938 1947 1952 1957 1961 1965 1969 1972 1976 1980 1985 1989 1991 1997 2005 2007 2011 2015 Next Local elections 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European elections 2009 2014 2019 Referendums 1920 1921 1946 1997 2003 2015 <Th_colspan="3"> History of the Third Polish Republic 1990 -- 1995 Wałęsa Presidency Round Table Agreement 1990 presidential election 1991 parliamentary election 1993 parliamentary election 1995 -- 2005 Kwaśniewski Presidency 1995 presidential election 1996 enfranchisement and privatisation referendums 1997 Constitution 1997 parliamentary election 2000 presidential election 2001 parliamentary election Rywin affair 2003 invasion of Iraq EU membership referendum Accession to the EU 2005 -- 2010 Kaczyński Presidency 2005 parliamentary election 2005 presidential election 2007 parliamentary election Smolensk Air Crash 2010 -- 2015 Komorowski Presidency 2010 presidential election 2011 parliamentary election Euro 2012 2015 presidential election 2015 - present Duda Presidency 2015 parliamentary election 2015 referendum 2015 constitutional crisis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_presidential_election,_1990&oldid=837675822 '' Categories : Presidential elections in Poland 1990 elections in Europe 1990 in Poland History of Poland ( 1989 -- present ) November 1990 events in Europe December 1990 events in Europe Polish presidential election , 1990 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 08 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Polish presidential election, 1990
2. Lech Wałęsa
3. Stanisław Tymiński
4. First direct presidential elections in Poland
5. Factors influencing the election results
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4,164,555,601,063,432,000 |
who has won the most tournaments in golf
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List of golfers with Most PGA Tour wins - wikipedia List of golfers with Most PGA Tour wins Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of golfers who have won five or more official ( or later deemed as historically significant ) money events on the PGA Tour The distinction between these two categories is important to understand as many players won important events early in the 20th century , well before a PGA Tour was officially established . The significance of many of these events was retrospectively established by golf historians , working together with PGA Tour staff , in the 1980s , during the course of a major statistical research project . The column for Major refers to so - called `` Professional Majors '' . The U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were also considered to be majors for much of their history , but these championships are not considered here . Players under 50 years of age are shown in bold . During the last 30 years , only three players have won PGA Tour events after their 50th birthday . A golfer becomes eligible to compete on PGA Tour Champions , against other older players , at that age . Craig Stadler won in 2003 at age 50 , Fred Funk won in 2007 at age 50 , and Davis Love III won in 2015 at age 51 . Sam Snead is the oldest to win a PGA event , at age 52 , in 1965 . Others who have won PGA Tour events past age 50 include Jim Barnes , John Barnum , and Art Wall , Jr . The rarity of golfers winning a non-senior event at that age is not restricted to the PGA Tour ; Miguel Ángel Jiménez is the only golfer to win a European Tour event after turning 50 , doing so in 2014 . Accumulating 20 wins is significant , because it is one of the requirements for `` life membership '' on the PGA Tour . This means that the golfer does not need to requalify for membership on the tour each year by finishing in the top 125 on the money list ( starting in 2013 , top 125 on the FedEx Cup points list ) , or through an exemption for tournament victories . Many golfers struggle to do this through their 40s , and go through a hiatus in their career before they qualify for the Champions Tour , but those with 20 wins avoid this problem . However , life members are required to maintain a certain ( relatively modest ) standard of play to retain their playing privileges : when they can no longer do so , they are moved into the `` Past champions '' membership category , effectively becoming honorary members . Some of the players on this list have won numerous events on other tours , in particular many of the non-Americans . Seve Ballesteros , for example , is shown with only nine PGA Tour wins , but five of them majors . He won an additional 45 European Tour events . A substantial number of players born from approximately 1930 to 1960 have won many PGA Tour Champions events , with some having significantly more wins on the senior circuit than on the regular PGA Tour ( notably Hale Irwin and Gil Morgan ) . The PGA Tour recognized The Open Championship as an official tour event in 1995 . In 2002 , it decided to classify Open Championship victories before 1995 as PGA Tour wins , and the victory tallies in the table reflect this amendment . Members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are indicated by H . Players with the same number of wins are listed alphabetically . The list is complete as of April 8 , 2018 . Rank Name Year of birth and death Country Wins Majors Winning span Span ( years ) Snead , Sam Sam Snead H 1912 -- 2002 United States 82 7 1936 -- 1965 30 Tiger Woods 1975 -- United States 79 14 1996 -- 2013 18 Jack Nicklaus H 1940 -- United States 73 18 1962 -- 1986 25 Ben Hogan H 1912 -- 1997 United States 64 9 1938 -- 1959 22 5 Arnold Palmer H 1929 -- 2016 United States 62 7 1955 -- 1973 19 6 Byron Nelson H 1912 -- 2006 United States 52 5 1935 -- 1951 17 7 Billy Casper H 1931 -- 2015 United States 51 1956 -- 1975 20 8 Walter Hagen H 1892 -- 1969 United States 45 11 1914 -- 1936 23 9 Phil Mickelson H 1970 -- United States 43 5 1991 -- 2018 28 10 Cary Middlecoff H 1921 -- 1998 United States 40 1945 -- 1961 17 11 Gene Sarazen H 1902 -- 1999 United States 39 7 1922 -- 1941 20 Tom Watson H 1949 -- United States 39 8 1974 -- 1998 25 13 Lloyd Mangrum H 1914 -- 1973 United States 36 1940 -- 1956 17 14 Vijay Singh H 1963 -- Fiji 34 1993 -- 2008 16 15 Horton Smith H 1908 -- 1963 United States 32 1928 -- 1941 14 16 Harry Cooper H 1904 -- 2000 United States 31 0 1923 -- 1939 17 Jimmy Demaret H 1910 -- 1983 United States 31 1938 -- 1957 20 18 Leo Diegel H 1899 -- 1951 United States 30 1920 -- 1934 15 19 Gene Littler H 1930 -- United States 29 1954 -- 1977 24 Paul Runyan H 1908 -- 2002 United States 29 1930 -- 1941 12 Lee Trevino H 1939 -- United States 29 6 1968 -- 1984 17 22 Henry Picard H 1906 -- 1997 United States 26 1932 -- 1945 14 23 Tommy Armour H 1894 -- 1968 Scotland United States 25 1920 -- 1938 19 Johnny Miller H 1947 -- United States 25 1971 -- 1994 24 25 Gary Player H 1935 -- South Africa 24 9 1958 -- 1978 21 Macdonald Smith 1892 -- 1949 Scotland United States 24 0 1924 -- 1936 13 27 Johnny Farrell 1901 -- 1988 United States 22 1921 -- 1936 16 Raymond Floyd H 1942 -- United States 22 1963 -- 1992 30 29 Jim Barnes H 1886 -- 1966 England 21 1916 -- 1937 22 Davis Love III H 1964 -- United States 21 1987 -- 2015 29 Willie Macfarlane 1890 -- 1961 Scotland United States 21 1916 -- 1936 21 Lanny Wadkins H 1949 -- United States 21 1972 -- 1992 21 Craig Wood H 1901 -- 1968 United States 21 1928 -- 1944 17 34 Hale Irwin H 1945 -- United States 20 1971 -- 1994 24 Bill Mehlhorn 1898 -- 1989 United States 20 0 1923 -- 1930 8 Greg Norman H 1955 -- Australia 20 1984 -- 1997 14 Doug Sanders 1933 -- United States 20 0 1956 -- 1972 17 38 Ben Crenshaw H 1952 -- United States 19 1973 -- 1995 23 Ernie Els H 1969 -- South Africa 19 1994 -- 2012 19 Doug Ford H 1922 -- United States 19 1952 -- 1963 12 Hubert Green H 1946 -- United States 19 1971 -- 1985 15 Tom Kite H 1949 -- United States 19 1976 -- 1993 18 43 Julius Boros H 1920 -- 1994 United States 18 1952 -- 1968 17 Jim Ferrier 1915 -- 1986 Australia 18 1944 -- 1961 18 E.J. `` Dutch '' Harrison 1910 -- 1982 United States 18 0 1939 -- 1958 20 Nick Price H 1957 -- Zimbabwe 18 1983 -- 2002 20 Johnny Revolta 1911 -- 1991 United States 18 1933 -- 1944 12 48 Bobby Cruickshank 1894 -- 1975 Scotland 17 0 1921 -- 1936 16 Jim Furyk 1970 -- United States 17 1995 -- 2015 21 Dustin Johnson 1984 -- United States 17 2008 -- 2018 11 Harold `` Jug '' McSpaden 1908 -- 1996 United States 17 0 1933 -- 1945 13 Curtis Strange H 1955 -- United States 17 1979 -- 1989 11 53 Jack Burke , Jr . H 1923 -- United States 16 1950 -- 1963 14 Ralph Guldahl H 1911 -- 1987 United States 16 1931 -- 1940 10 Mark O'Meara H 1957 -- United States 16 1984 -- 1998 15 Denny Shute H 1904 -- 1974 United States 16 1929 -- 1939 11 Tom Weiskopf 1942 -- United States 16 1968 -- 1982 15 58 Tommy Bolt H 1916 -- 2008 United States 15 1951 -- 1961 11 Fred Couples H 1959 -- United States 15 1983 -- 2003 21 Ed Dudley 1901 -- 1963 United States 15 0 1928 -- 1939 12 Bobby Locke H 1917 -- 1987 South Africa 15 1947 -- 1957 11 Corey Pavin 1959 -- United States 15 1984 -- 2006 23 Mike Souchak 1927 -- 2008 United States 15 0 1955 -- 1964 10 64 Bruce Crampton 1935 -- Australia 14 0 1961 -- 1975 15 Jock Hutchison H 1884 -- 1977 Scotland United States 14 1918 -- 1928 11 Rory McIlroy 1989 -- Northern Ireland 14 2010 -- 2018 9 Kenny Perry 1960 -- United States 14 0 1991 -- 2009 19 Hal Sutton 1958 -- United States 14 1982 -- 2001 20 Joe Turnesa 1901 -- 1991 United States 14 0 1924 -- 1933 10 Ken Venturi H 1931 -- 2013 United States 14 1957 -- 1966 10 Art Wall , Jr . 1923 -- 2001 United States 14 1953 -- 1975 23 72 George Archer 1939 -- 2005 United States 13 1965 -- 1984 20 Billy Burke 1902 -- 1972 United States 13 1927 -- 1940 14 Mark Calcavecchia 1960 -- United States 13 1986 -- 2007 22 David Duval 1971 -- United States 13 1997 -- 2001 5 Dave Hill 1937 -- 2011 United States 13 0 1961 -- 1976 16 Joe Kirkwood , Sr . 1897 -- 1970 Australia United States 13 0 1923 -- 1933 11 Bruce Lietzke 1951 -- United States 13 0 1977 -- 1994 18 Craig Stadler 1953 -- United States 13 1980 -- 2003 24 David Toms 1967 -- United States 13 1997 -- 2011 15 Adam Scott 1980 -- Australia 13 2003 -- 2016 14 82 Paul Azinger 1960 -- United States 12 1987 -- 2000 14 Zach Johnson 1976 -- United States 12 2004 -- 2015 12 Tony Lema 1934 -- 1966 United States 12 1962 -- 1966 5 Justin Leonard 1972 -- United States 12 1996 -- 2008 13 Wayne Levi 1952 -- United States 12 0 1978 -- 1990 13 Bobby Nichols 1936 -- United States 12 1962 -- 1974 13 Calvin Peete 1943 -- 2015 United States 12 0 1979 -- 1986 8 Steve Stricker 1967 -- United States 12 0 1996 -- 2012 17 90 Miller Barber 1931 -- 2013 United States 11 0 1964 -- 1978 15 Andy Bean 1953 -- United States 11 0 1977 -- 1986 10 Frank Beard 1939 -- United States 11 0 1963 -- 1971 9 John Cook 1957 -- United States 11 0 1981 -- 2001 21 Jason Day 1987 -- Australia 11 2010 -- 2018 9 Dow Finsterwald 1929 -- United States 11 1955 -- 1963 9 Al Geiberger 1937 -- United States 11 1962 -- 1979 18 Vic Ghezzi 1910 -- 1976 United States 11 1935 -- 1948 14 Bob Goalby 1929 -- United States 11 1958 -- 1971 14 Scott Hoch 1955 -- United States 11 0 1980 -- 2003 24 Jordan Spieth 1993 -- United States 11 2013 -- 2017 5 Payne Stewart H 1957 -- 1999 United States 11 1982 -- 1999 18 Bubba Watson 1978 -- United States 11 2010 -- 2018 9 103 Gay Brewer 1932 -- 2007 United States 10 1961 -- 1972 12 Olin Dutra 1901 -- 1983 United States 10 1929 -- 1936 8 Steve Elkington 1962 -- Australia 10 1990 -- 1999 10 David Frost 1959 -- South Africa 10 0 1988 -- 1997 10 Sergio García 1980 -- Spain 10 2001 -- 2017 17 Don January 1929 -- United States 10 1956 -- 1976 21 Ky Laffoon 1908 -- 1984 United States 10 0 1933 -- 1946 14 John Mahaffey 1948 -- United States 10 1973 -- 1989 17 Mark McCumber 1951 -- United States 10 0 1979 -- 1994 16 Dick Metz 1908 -- 1993 United States 10 0 1935 -- 1949 15 Larry Nelson H 1947 -- United States 10 1979 -- 1988 10 Dave Stockton 1941 -- United States 10 1967 -- 1976 10 Fuzzy Zoeller 1951 -- United States 10 1979 -- 1986 8 116 Stuart Appleby 1971 -- Australia 9 0 1997 -- 2010 14 Seve Ballesteros H 1957 -- 2011 Spain 9 5 1978 -- 1988 11 Mike Brady 1887 -- 1972 United States 9 0 1916 -- 1926 11 Wiffy Cox 1896 -- 1969 United States 9 0 1930 -- 1937 8 Al Espinosa 1891 -- 1957 United States 9 0 1924 -- 1935 12 Nick Faldo H 1957 -- England 9 6 1984 -- 1997 14 Johnny Golden 1896 -- 1936 United States 9 0 1927 -- 1935 9 Jay Haas 1953 -- United States 9 0 1978 -- 1993 16 Jimmy Hines 1903 -- 1986 United States 9 0 1933 -- 1946 14 Bobby Jones H 1902 -- 1971 United States 9 7 1923 -- 1930 8 Willie Klein 1901 -- 1957 United States 9 0 1922 -- 1936 15 127 K.J. Choi 1970 -- South Korea 8 0 2002 -- 2011 10 Jim Colbert 1941 -- United States 8 0 1969 -- 1983 15 Roberto De Vicenzo H 1923 -- 2017 Argentina 8 1951 -- 1968 18 Bruce Devlin 1937 -- Australia 8 0 1964 -- 1972 9 Dave Douglas 1918 -- 1978 United States 8 0 1947 -- 1954 8 Brad Faxon 1961 -- United States 8 0 1991 -- 2005 15 Fred Funk 1956 -- United States 8 0 1992 -- 2007 16 David Graham H 1946 -- Australia 8 1972 -- 1983 12 Lee Janzen 1964 -- United States 8 1992 -- 1998 7 Steve Jones 1958 -- United States 8 1988 -- 1998 11 George Knudson 1937 -- 1989 Canada 8 0 1961 -- 1972 12 Ted Kroll 1919 -- 2002 United States 8 0 1952 -- 1962 11 Lawson Little H 1910 -- 1968 United States 8 1936 -- 1948 13 Tony Manero 1905 -- 1989 United States 8 1929 -- 1938 10 Geoff Ogilvy 1977 -- Australia 8 2005 -- 2014 10 Ed Oliver 1916 -- 1961 United States 8 0 1940 -- 1958 19 Jerry Pate 1953 -- United States 8 1976 -- 1982 7 Loren Roberts 1955 -- United States 8 0 1994 -- 2002 9 Justin Thomas 1993 -- United States 8 2015 -- 2018 Chi - Chi Rodríguez H 1935 -- Puerto Rico United States 8 0 1963 -- 1979 17 Justin Rose 1980 -- England 8 2010 -- 2017 8 J.C. Snead 1940 -- United States 8 0 1971 -- 1987 17 Brandt Snedeker 1980 -- United States 8 0 2007 -- 2016 10 Bob Tway 1959 -- United States 8 1986 -- 2003 18 Al Watrous 1899 -- 1983 United States 8 0 1922 -- 1933 12 Mike Weir 1970 -- Canada 8 1999 -- 2007 9 152 Jerry Barber 1916 -- 1994 United States 7 1953 -- 1963 11 Mark Brooks 1961 -- United States 7 1988 -- 1996 9 Clarence Clark 1907 -- 1974 United States 7 0 1931 -- 1936 6 Gardner Dickinson 1927 -- 1998 United States 7 0 1956 -- 1971 16 Bill Glasson 1960 -- United States 7 0 1985 -- 1997 13 Retief Goosen 1969 -- South Africa 7 2001 -- 2009 9 Clarence Hackney 1894 -- 1941 Scotland United States 7 0 1923 -- 1931 9 Chick Harbert 1915 -- 1992 United States 7 1941 -- 1954 14 Chandler Harper 1923 -- 1997 United States 7 1942 -- 1955 14 Jay Hebert 1923 -- 1997 United States 7 1957 -- 1961 5 John Huston 1961 -- United States 7 0 1990 -- 2003 14 Peter Jacobsen 1954 -- United States 7 0 1980 -- 2003 24 Matt Kuchar 1978 -- United States 7 0 2002 -- 2014 13 Billy Maxwell 1929 -- United States 7 0 1955 -- 1962 8 Dick Mayer 1924 -- 1989 United States 7 1953 -- 1965 13 Gil Morgan 1946 -- United States 7 0 1977 -- 1990 14 Johnny Palmer 1918 -- 2006 United States 7 0 1946 -- 1954 9 Scott Simpson 1955 -- United States 7 1980 -- 1998 19 Joey Sindelar 1958 -- United States 7 0 1985 -- 2004 20 Harry Vardon H 1870 -- 1937 Jersey 7 7 1896 -- 1914 19 Bert Yancey 1938 -- 1994 United States 7 0 1966 -- 1972 7 174 Sammy Byrd 1906 -- 1981 United States 6 0 1942 -- 1945 Bob Charles H 1936 -- New Zealand 6 1963 -- 1974 12 Stewart Cink 1973 -- United States 6 1997 -- 2009 13 Henry Ciuci 1903 -- 1986 United States 6 0 1928 -- 1931 Ed Furgol 1917 -- 1997 United States 6 1947 -- 1957 11 Bob Gilder 1950 -- United States 6 0 1976 -- 1983 8 Lou Graham 1938 -- United States 6 1967 -- 1979 13 Bill Haas 1982 -- United States 6 0 2010 -- 2015 6 Paul Harney 1929 -- 2011 United States 6 0 1957 -- 1972 16 Pádraig Harrington 1971 -- Ireland 6 2005 -- 2015 11 Willie Hunter 1892 -- 1968 Scotland United States 6 0 192 ? -- 1936 ~ 11 Gary Koch 1952 -- United States 6 0 1976 -- 1988 13 Bob Lunn 1945 -- United States 6 0 1968 -- 1972 5 Sandy Lyle H 1958 -- Scotland 6 1985 -- 1988 Hunter Mahan 1982 -- United States 6 0 2007 -- 2014 8 Rocco Mediate 1962 -- United States 6 0 1991 -- 2010 20 José María Olazábal H 1966 -- Spain 6 1990 -- 2002 13 Steve Pate 1961 -- United States 6 0 1987 -- 1998 12 Patrick Reed 1990 -- United States 6 2013 -- 2018 6 Bill Rogers 1951 -- United States 6 1978 -- 1983 6 Bob Rosburg 1926 -- 2009 United States 6 1954 -- 1972 19 Rory Sabbatini 1976 -- South Africa 6 0 2000 -- 2011 12 Dan Sikes 1929 -- 1987 United States 6 0 1963 -- 1968 6 Jeff Sluman 1957 -- United States 6 1988 -- 2002 15 Henrik Stenson 1976 -- Sweden 6 2007 -- 2017 11 Frank Stranahan 1922 -- 2013 United States 6 0 1945 -- 1958 14 Peter Thomson H 1929 -- Australia 6 5 1954 -- 1965 12 Mike Turnesa 1907 -- 2000 United States 6 0 1931 -- 1949 19 Cyril Walker 1892 -- 1948 England United States 6 1917 -- 1930 14 Jimmy Walker 1979 -- United States 6 2013 -- 2016 Bo Wininger 1922 -- 1967 United States 6 0 1955 -- 1963 9 Lew Worsham 1917 -- 1990 United States 6 1946 -- 1953 8 206 Buddy Allin 1944 -- 2007 United States 5 0 1971 -- 1976 6 James Braid H 1870 -- 1950 Scotland 5 5 1901 -- 1910 10 Jonathan Byrd 1978 -- United States 5 0 2002 -- 2011 10 Pete Cooper 1914 -- 1993 United States 5 0 1949 -- 1958 10 Ben Crane 1976 -- United States 5 0 2003 -- 2014 12 John Daly 1966 -- United States 5 1991 -- 2004 14 Luke Donald 1977 -- England 5 0 2002 -- 2012 11 Jason Dufner 1977 -- United States 5 2012 -- 2017 6 Danny Edwards 1951 -- United States 5 0 1977 -- 1985 9 Dan Forsman 1958 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 2002 18 Marty Furgol 1916 -- 2005 United States 5 0 1951 -- 1959 9 Jim Gallagher , Jr . 1961 -- United States 5 0 1990 -- 1995 6 Ken Green 1958 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 1989 5 Fred Haas 1916 -- 2004 United States 5 0 1945 -- 1954 10 Bob Hamilton 1916 -- 1990 United States 5 1944 -- 1949 6 Jerry Heard 1947 -- United States 5 0 1971 -- 1978 8 Lionel Hebert 1928 -- 2000 United States 5 1957 -- 1966 10 Herman Keiser 1914 -- 2003 United States 5 1942 -- 1947 6 Tom Lehman 1959 -- United States 5 1994 -- 2000 7 Roger Maltbie 1951 -- United States 5 0 1975 -- 1985 11 Ray Mangrum 1910 -- 1975 United States 5 0 1936 -- 1946 11 Hideki Matsuyama 1992 -- Japan 5 0 2014 -- 2017 Billy Mayfair 1966 -- United States 5 0 1993 -- 1998 6 Blaine McCallister 1958 -- United States 5 0 1988 -- 1993 6 Ryan Moore 1982 -- United States 5 0 2009 -- 2016 8 Bob Murphy 1943 -- United States 5 0 1968 -- 1986 19 Gilbert Nicholls 1878 -- 1950 England United States 5 0 191 ? -- 1927 ~ 11 Jesper Parnevik 1965 -- Sweden 5 0 1998 -- 2001 Carl Pettersson 1977 -- Sweden 5 0 2005 -- 2012 8 Johnny Pott 1935 -- United States 5 0 1960 -- 1968 9 Tom Purtzer 1951 -- United States 5 0 1977 -- 1991 15 Henry Ransom 1911 -- 1987 United States 5 0 1946 -- 1955 10 Phil Rodgers 1938 -- United States 5 0 1962 -- 1966 5 Mason Rudolph 1934 -- 2011 United States 5 0 1959 -- 1970 12 John Henry Taylor H 1871 -- 1963 England 5 5 1894 -- 1913 20 Bob Toski 1926 -- United States 5 0 1953 -- 1954 Scott Verplank 1964 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 2007 23 George Von Elm 1901 -- 1961 United States 5 0 19 ? ? -- 1938 ~ 10 Nick Watney 1981 -- United States 5 0 2007 -- 2012 6 D.A. Weibring 1953 -- United States 5 0 1979 -- 1996 18 Mark Wilson 1974 -- United States 5 0 2007 -- 2012 6 ^ Harry Cooper was born in England , but grew up in Dallas , Texas , and became a U.S. citizen before starting his professional career . However , he was not allowed to compete for the U.S. in the Ryder Cup . U.S. citizens born outside the country , even if they were born with only U.S. citizenship , were not eligible to represent the U.S. in the Ryder Cup until 2002 . Even today , those who naturalize after age 18 are ineligible for Team USA . ^ Jim Barnes was born in England , but became a U.S. citizen soon after moving to the United States in 1906 . See also ( edit ) List of longest PGA Tour win streaks Most PGA Tour wins in a year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most all - time PGA Tour Wins '' . PGA Tour , Inc . December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Career Wins on the PGA Tour '' . About.com . December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barkow , Al ( November 1989 ) . The History of the PGA TOUR . Doubleday . pp. 200 -- 298 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 26145 - 4 . <Th_colspan="2"> Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_golfers_with_most_PGA_Tour_wins&oldid=835497986 '' Categories : PGA Tour PGA Tour golfers Golf records and rankings Lists of male golfers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 01 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. List of golfers with Most PGA Tour wins
2. PGA Tour records and statistics
3. Golfers with the most major championships
4. Golfers with the most wins on the PGA Tour Champions
5. Golfers with the most wins on the European Tour
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4,964,009,912,291,376,000 |
who wrote the song god your mama and me
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God , Your Mama , and Me - wikipedia God , Your Mama , and Me Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Florida Georgia Line featuring Backstreet Boys <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Dig Your Roots Released January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) Format Digital download Recorded NightBird Recording Studios in West Hollywood , CA Genre Country country pop Length 3 : 04 Label Republic Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Josh Kear Hillary Lindsey Gordie Sampson Producer ( s ) Joey Moi <Th_colspan="2"> Florida Georgia Line singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` May We All '' ( 2016 ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Smooth '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` May We All '' ( 2016 ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( 2017 ) `` Smooth '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Backstreet Boys singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Show ' Em ( What You 're Made Of ) '' ( 2013 ) Show ' Em ( What You 're Made Of ) 2013 `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( 2017 ) God , Your Mama , and Me2017 <Td_colspan="2"> `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' is a song recorded by American country music duo Florida Georgia Line and pop music group Backstreet Boys . It is the third single from the duo 's third studio album , Dig Your Roots , which was released on August 26 , 2016 . The song was written by Josh Kear , Hillary Lindsey and Gordie Sampson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 References Background ( edit ) Tyler Hubbard , one - half of Florida Georgia Line , told the blog Taste of Country that it `` is just such a well - written song . A song that when we heard it , we fell in love with it . We never really heard it said that way , you know , and heard it put that way , but it 's so true and that 's how we felt about our wives and just naturally drawn to that song '' . The song was initially recorded with only Florida Georgia Line on vocals . On June 11 , 2016 , Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys , who had become friendly with Florida Georgia Line , attended one of the duo 's performances during the CMA Music Festival at Nissan Stadium in Nashville . After the show , they played some of their newly recorded songs on the tour bus for Carter , and Carter became interested in the song `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' . The duo then asked members of the Backstreet Boys via their manager Seth England if the group would be interested in performing with them , and all five members of the group agreed . In the song , Carter sang on the second verse , while AJ McLean and Kevin Richardson sang on the bridge . The song was recorded on June 27 , 2016 at NightBird Recording Studios in West Hollywood , CA . Reception ( edit ) The song first became available as an instant gratification track on iTunes just before the album release , and it entered the Hot Country Song on the chart date of September 10 , 2016 based on 25,000 copies sold in the first week . It debuted on Country Airplay at No. 51 for the chart of January 28 , 2017 as it was being released to radio as a single . The song entered the Hot 100 at No. 92 for chart dated March 18 , 2017 , which is Backstreet Boys ' first return to the chart since 2007 . The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on May 23 , 2017 . It has sold 430,000 copies in the United States as of August 2017 . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was uploaded to Florida Georgia Line 's YouTube channel on February 20 , 2017 . The video features clips of each singer , recorded on cell phones and Go Pros , surprising their significant others with random acts of love and kindness . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 79 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 46 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 430,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy . `` Florida Georgia Line , Backstreet Boys , ' God , Your Mama & Me ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Laura . `` Florida Georgia Line and Backstreet Boys : The Ultimate Group '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ Roland , Tom ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Backstreet 's Back for Florida Georgia Line 's New Single '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : August 30 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ; Trust , Gary ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` FGLBSB : Florida Georgia Line Brings Backstreet Boys to Hot Country Songs chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Backstreet 's Back ! Backstreet Boys Notch First Billboard Hot 100 Hit Since 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Florida Georgia Line -- God Your Mama and Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart : August 15 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Florida Georgia Line - God , Your Mama , And Me ft . Backstreet Boys '' . YouTube . 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Uria , Daniel . `` Backstreet Boys and Florida Georgia Line surprise their wives in new video '' . UPI . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Georgia Line -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Florida Georgia Line . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Georgia Line -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Florida Georgia Line . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Georgia Line -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Florida Georgia Line . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Georgia Line -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Florida Georgia Line . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Georgia Line -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Florida Georgia Line . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Florida Georgia Line -- God Your Mama And Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Preceded by `` How Not To '' by Dan + Shay Billboard Country Airplay number - one single July 8 , 2017 Succeeded by `` Every Time I Hear That Song '' by Blake Shelton <Th_colspan="2"> Florida Georgia Line <Td_colspan="2"> Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Studio albums Here 's to the Good Times Anything Goes Dig Your Roots EPs It'z Just What We Do Notable singles `` Cruise '' `` Cruise ( Remix ) '' ( with Nelly ) `` Get Your Shine On '' `` Round Here '' `` Stay '' `` This Is How We Roll '' ( with Luke Bryan ) `` Dirt '' `` Sun Daze '' `` Sippin ' on Fire '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Confession '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' `` May We All '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( with Backstreet Boys ) `` Smooth '' `` Let Me Go '' Related articles Discography Joey Moi `` Tippin ' Point '' `` Hope You Get Lonely Tonight '' `` Burnin ' It Down '' `` Lights Come On '' Tree Vibez Music Tours Anything Goes Tour Dig Your Roots Tour Smooth Tour ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Backstreet Boys singles Backstreet Boys `` We 've Got It Goin ' On '' `` Quit Playing Games ( with My Heart ) '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' `` I 'll Never Break Your Heart '' `` All I Have to Give '' Millennium `` I Want It That Way '' `` Larger than Life '' `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' `` The One '' Black & Blue `` Shape of My Heart '' `` The Call '' `` More than That '' The Hits -- Chapter One `` Drowning '' Never Gone `` Incomplete '' `` Just Want You to Know '' `` I Still ... '' Unbreakable `` Inconsolable '' `` Helpless When She Smiles '' This Is Us `` Straight Through My Heart '' `` Bigger '' In a World Like This `` In a World like This '' `` Show ' Em ( What You 're Made Of ) '' NKOTBSB `` Do n't Turn Out the Lights '' ( with New Kids on the Block ) Other songs `` Get Down ( You 're The One For Me ) '' `` Anywhere For You '' `` That 's the Way I Like It '' `` Crawling Back To You '' `` Bye Bye Love '' `` All In My Head '' `` Madeline '' `` Friends Never Say Goodbye '' ( with Elton John ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( with Florida Georgia Line ) Seasonals `` Christmas Time '' `` It 's Christmas Time Again '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God,_Your_Mama,_and_Me&oldid=799595069 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2017 singles Florida Georgia Line songs Backstreet Boys songs Republic Nashville singles Songs written by Josh Kear Songs written by Hillary Lindsey Songs written by Gordie Sampson Song recordings produced by Joey Moi Republic Records singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "God, Your Mama, and Me" - a song by Florida Georgia Line featuring Backstreet Boys
2. Collaboration between country music duo Florida Georgia Line and pop group Backstreet Boys
3. Third single from Florida Georgia Line's album "Dig Your Roots"
4. Recorded at NightBird Recording Studios in West Hollywood, CA
5. Certified Platinum by the RIAA
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-6,152,442,606,009,063,000 |
was james and the giant peach on broadway
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James and the Giant peach ( musical ) - wikipedia James and the Giant peach ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> James and the Giant Peach <Td_colspan="2"> Music Theatre International Poster Music Justin Paul Lyrics Benj Pasek Book Timothy Allen McDonald Basis Book `` James and the Giant Peach '' by Roald Dahl Premiere September 2010 : Goodspeed Musicals James and the Giant Peach is a musical with music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and book by Timothy Allen McDonald based on Roald Dahl 's children 's book of the same name . After McDonald and Leslie Bricusse successfully developed Charlie and the Chocolate Factory into a musical , using songs from the 1971 film adaptation , Dahl 's widow Liccy granted the rights to develop James and the Giant Peach to McDonald . McDonald started assembling the creative team in 2005 . Lynn Ahrens , Freddie Gershon and Michael Kerker recommended the songwriting team of Benj Pasek and Justin Paul in 2008 . After an audition where Pasek and Paul wrote three potential songs in a week , including two that would be worked into the show ( James 's first solo , `` On Your Way Home '' and `` Property of Spiker and Sponge '' ) , McDonald hired the duo . The show was first staged at Goodspeed Musicals directed by Graciela Danielle featuring an all star cast . This production was in talks to go to Broadway following the run . However , due to mixed critical response , it was further developed by the team . It has been re-worked since then and in 2015 , the new version became available for licensing through McDonald 's company Music Theatre International and is a popular show in youth and regional theatre . A cast recording of this new version was released in 2015 . Two other versions ( a Theatre For Young Audiences version and a Junior version are also available and are utilized commonly by children 's theatres . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act One 1.2 Act Two 2 Characters and original casts 3 Musical numbers 4 Productions 4.1 2010 Broadway Tryout ( Goodspeed ) 4.2 2012 Kennedy Center 4.3 2013 Seattle 4.4 2014 Toronto 5 Cast Recording 6 Other Versions 6.1 Theatre For Young Audiences 6.2 Junior Version 7 References Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) Ladahlord sets the stage by introducing the characters and setting the stage right in front of the audience ( `` Right Before Your Eyes '' ) . The story starts with James having a nightmare while sleeping at the orphanage , remembering his parents getting eaten by a rhino at the London zoo . He wakes up in a cold sweat . He then explains to a ladybug and grasshopper on the ground his life problems ( `` On Your Way Home '' ) . The next morning , James is informed that he is leaving the orphanage to live with his two aunts in Dover . The audience meets Spiker and Sponge who are told they have to take care of a child . They pick James up at the train station and decide to use him as a slave ( `` Property of Spiker and Sponge '' ) . They take James back to their house . Spiker walks into a spider - web and instructs James to cut down the old tree it was hanging from . The two aunts leave for the beach . Before James can cut down the tree , he pauses to save an earthworm from a centipede . He then raises his ax but is stopped by a mysterious man named Ladahlord . Ladahlord assists James in fixing his life by giving James access to one spell in Ladahlord 's book of spells ( `` Shake it Up '' ) . The potion is made , and on James ' way back to Spiker and Sponge 's house , he trips , spilling the potion all over the old tree . The next morning , Spiker and Sponge take James back out to the garden to do more work . The three of them are surprised as they see a gigantic peach has grown on the tree . Spiker realizes that she and Sponge can use the peach to make money , and make deals with companies , allowing the peach to be used for lots of commercial use and media ( `` There 's Money on That Tree '' ) . James tells the aunts that he made the peach grow . They call him a liar and force him to sleep outside . James decides that he 'd rather live on his own than with Spiker and Sponge ( `` Middle of a Moment '' ) . James enters the peach and meets the five insects he saw earlier : The grasshopper , ladybug , earthworm , spider , and centipede , who were also grown by Ladahlord 's spell . The insects have also been harmed by the aunts and want to escape too . Centipede cuts the stem of the peach and the peach rolls into the ocean and starts floating in the direction of France . Grasshopper assures everyone that they will be safe and they can rely on the current to get them to France ( `` Floatin ' Along '' ) . Act two ( edit ) Time has passed and all six of our characters are hungry . They decide to ration out the peach so they wo n't starve and wo n't sink . With new energy , the insects decide to entertain James with some personal facts ( `` Have You Even Begun to Wonder ? '' ) . Back at the aunts ' house , the aunts realize they are going to get in trouble for not being able to keep all the promises they made because they lost the peach . They are chased away by an angry mob ( `` A Getaway For Spiker and Sponge '' ) . Back on the Peach , James has another nightmare . He wakes up and the insects tell him about the troubles they had with the aunts . Centipede reveals he hates all humans , including James . The other four insects try to comfort James by telling him his parents ' memory will always be with him ( `` Everywhere That You Are '' ) . Spiker and Sponge have escaped Dover and are now riding a cruise ship to who knows where . They long over the money they could have had , but remember they still have each other ( `` I Got You '' ) . They then spot the peach and redirect the cruise ship to follow it . The peach gets attacked by sharks . Worried that it will sink , James devises a plan to use Spider 's web to attach seagulls to the peach and fly out of the water . The use Earthworm as bait to attract the seagulls ( `` Plump and Juicy '' ) . Centipede is frusturated that the rest of the insects are accepting of James - a human . He falls off the peach . James ties himself to Spider 's web and jumps off to save Centipede . Centipede realizes that maybe not all humans are so bad , but does n't know how to apologize . They arrive in New York City and are attacked by Spiker and Sponge ( who have heat seeking missiles and attack helicopters for some reason ) , and the peach lands on the top of the Empire State building ( `` Empire State / The Attack '' ) . Once the insects and James climb down the building and are on the ground , the aunts try to take James back and exterminate the insects but are squished by the peach falling off the top . Centipede apologizes for his actions and decides to leave , but the other insects and James want him to stay ( `` On Your Way Home ( Reprise ) '' ) . The show ends with all the insects becoming a family and living inside the peach pit in New York ( `` Welcome Home '' ) . Characters and original casts ( edit ) Character Broadway Tryout ( 2010 ) Seattle ( 2013 ) Toronto ( 2014 ) Cast Album ( 2015 ) Columbus Childrens ' Theatre ( 2017 ) James Trotter Ellis Gage Justin Lawrence Hall Mike Spee Alessandro Constantini Luca Padovan Carson Kittaka Aunt Spiker Ruth Gotchall Jayne Muirhead Nicole Robert Jackie Hoffman Kelsey Hopkins Aunt Sponge Denny Dillon Julie Briskman Karen Wood Mary Testa Jenna Lee Shively Ladahlord * Steve Rosen Marc Kudisch Justin King Grasshopper Jim Stanek Greg McCormick Allen Stewart Adam McKensy Christian Borle Ryan Patrick Jones Ladybug Chelsea Packard Kendra Kassebaum Lana Carillo Megan Hilty Jenny Boyd Hare Spider Kate Wetherhead Diana Huey Saccha Dennis Sarah Stiles Bailey Maholm Earthworm Destan Owens Heath Saunders Jacob MacInnis Daniel Breaker Ricardo Locci Centipede Nick Gaswirth Rich Gray Dale Miller Brian d'Arcy James Mark Schuligar * In the Connecticut Pre-Broadway production , the role of `` Ladahlord '' existed as `` Marvo The Magician '' . Both characters served as partial narrators . Musical numbers ( edit ) The following is the song list from the version currently available for licensing through Music Theatre International : Act I `` Right Before Your Eyes '' - Company `` On Your Way Home '' - James `` Property of Spiker and Sponge '' - Spiker and Sponge `` Shake It Up '' - Ladahlord and Company `` There 's Money On That Tree '' - Spiker , Sponge , and Company `` Middle of a Moment '' - James `` Floatin ' Along '' - Insects and James Act II `` Have You Even Begun to Wonder ? '' - Insects and James `` A Getaway for Spiker and Sponge '' - Spiker and Sponge `` Everywhere That You Are '' - Ladybug , Grasshopper , Earthworm , and Spider `` I Got You '' - Spiker , Sponge , and Company `` Plump and Juicy '' Insects , James , and Company `` Empire State / The Attack '' Ladahlord and Company `` On Your Way Home ( reprise ) '' - James `` Welcome Home '' - Company Shake it Up ( Reprise ) where they repeat the second half of the chorus immediately after Shake it Up . There are also four reprises of Right Before Your Eyes that are about four measures long each sprinkled throughout the show . The Goodspeed Broadway tryout production opened with the song `` Perfectly Perfect '' during which James 's life with his parents and their subsequent death is shown and was followed by `` Shuffle On Through '' in which James experiences being put through the system as a orphan . Beyond the other songs changing significantly in content and order , the other most notable difference is that `` Right Before Your Eyes '' had not yet been implemented . Productions ( edit ) 2010 Broadway tryout ( Goodspeed ) ( edit ) The musical premiered from 21 October 2010 to 21 November 2010 at Goodspeed Musicals in East Haddam , Connecticut . The musical itself was quite different from its source material , but honored it . Throughout the two - month run , the show was revised . The cast featured young actors Ellis Gage and Justin Lawrence Hall playing James , Steve Rosen as Marvo The Magician , Ruth Gotschall as Aunt Spiker and Denny Dillon as Aunt Sponge . The show also featured Jim Stanek as the Grasshopper , Chelsea Packard ( credited as Chelsea Krombach ) as the Ladybug , Kate Wetherhead as the Spider , Destan Owens as the Earthworm , Nick Gaswirth as the Centipede , also with Nicholas Park , Minami Yusi , Marissa Palley , and Jessica Fontana ( credited as Jessica Hershberg ) in the Ensemble . The dance troupe `` Pilobolus '' were a large part of the production bringing an innovative theatrical technique of using their bodies to create most of the set , specifically using shadow technique to create a majority of the special effects . The production featured musical direction by Chris Fenwick and Dance arrangements by Sam Davis . The production was initially expected to go to Broadway but received mixed critical feedback and more room for development was seen . Pasek and Paul stated during the Goodspeed staging `` we decided from the beginning that we were not writing a show for children ( ... ) we are taking some of Dahl 's darkness and expanding it even more . '' 2012 Kennedy Center ( edit ) A work - in - progress version of the musical played at the 2012 New Visions / New Voices festival , held at the Kennedy Center in May 2012 for plays in development written for young audiences . The 2012 Kennedy Center production was directed by Marty Johnson and Timothy Allen McDonald . 2013 Seattle ( edit ) In November 2013 , a reworked version of the musical was presented at the Seattle Children 's Theatre . After the 2010 production , the show underwent much revision , altering plot aspects and songs to appeal to a younger audience , the most notable of which were the omitting of its former title song , `` Perfectly Perfect '' , and the discontinuation of the use of `` Pilobolus '' . Also , the character of Marvo , who , at times , was the narrator , is gone , and the introduction of `` sophisticated '' and `` innovative '' puppetry to depict some events , `` including the show 's title character , the Giant Peach . '' The set was also more elaborate than at Goodspeed . Justin Paul said of the revised version : `` It 's certainly changed -- and hopefully evolved -- since we ( premiered ) the show at Goodspeed . Obviously , that was the first time we 'd ever seen the show in front of an audience , so we learned a lot just from that ... Now , we sort of put ( a different ) lens on it and said , ' It needs to be a show that is going to be engaging a young audience -- targeted for all ages , ' ( ... ) '' Mike Spee , an adult , played James , Kendra Kassebaum played the Ladybug , and Julie Briskman and Jayne Muirhead played Sponge and Spiker , respectively . The cast also featured Rich Gray as Centipede , Heath Saunders as Earthworm , Greg McCormick Allen as Grasshopper , Diana Huey as Spider , with Vickielee Wohlbach , Ian Lindsay and Auston James in the Ensemble . 2014 Toronto ( edit ) In 2014 , the musical made its Canadian premiere at the Young People 's Theatre in Toronto , Ontario . Directed by Sue Miner , choreographed by Jen Shuber and musically directed by Jason Jestadt , it featured Alessandro Constantini as James , Lana Carillo as Ladybug , Saccha Dennis as Spider , Stewart Adam McKensy as Grasshopper , Jacob MacInnis as Earthworm , Dale Miller as Centipede , Nicole Robert as Spiker and Karen Wood as Sponge . The show was adapted into James and The Giant Peach Jr. , meant for actors ages 8 - 18 . Its premiere was 14 October 2016 , at the Kum & Go Theater in Des Moines , Iowa . Cast recording ( edit ) When the new Seattle version of the show was made available for licensing by McDonald 's company , Music Theatre International , a cast album was recorded and released in 2015 as a permanently free download along . With young actor Luca Padovan as James , this cast featured Marc Kudisch as Ladahord , Jackie Hoffman and Mary Testa as Spiker and Sponge , respectively , Christian Borle as the Grasshopper , Megan Hilty as the Ladybug , Sarah Stiles as the Spider , Daniel Breaker as the Earthworm , and Brian d'Arcy James as the Centipede . This included bonus tracks of Megan Hilty 's solo arrangement of `` Everywhere That You Are '' and Skylar Astin performing `` Middle Of A Moment '' . Other versions ( edit ) When Music Theatre International started to license the new version of the show in 2015 , they put two other versions on the market ; the Theatre For Young Audiences ( TYA ) version and a Junior version . Theatre for young Audiences ( edit ) This version is like the full show but trimmed down to one act , most notably cutting `` Middle Of A Moment '' and `` Have You Even Begun To Wonder ? '' . Junior version ( edit ) Like the TYA version , this is one act , omitting `` Middle Of A Moment '' and `` Have You Even Begin To Wonder ? '' . This , however , adds characters and features much larger cast and larger ensemble . It is rated G unlike the full and TYA versions which are rated PG . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Van Etten , Allison ( 2014 ) . `` About : The Musical '' . James and the Giant Peach . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Megan Hilty , Christian Borle & More Record Pasek & Paul 's James and the Giant Peach '' . Broadway Buzz . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` James and the Giant Peach , the Musical , Blossoms with the Help of Pilobolus , Oct. 21 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul Talk About Biting Into a Giant Peach of a Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Visions / New Voices : Past Projects '' . John F. Kennedy Center . 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael ( 5 August 2013 ) . `` James and the Giant Peach Will Get Seattle Premiere '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` A Giant Peach Ripens : Benj Pasek , Justin Paul and Timothy Allen McDonald Freshen Up James for Seattle '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' James and the Giant Peach ' Listing '' mtishows.com , accessed 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ Berson , Misha ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Seattle Children 's Theatre stages yummy ' James and the Giant Peach ' '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Crew , Robert ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` James the Giant Peach gives kids something tasty to chew on : review '' . The Star . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Watch Skylar Astin and Megan Hilty Record Pasek and Paul 's James and the Giant Peach ! ( Video ) '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Download the full James and the Giant Peach cast album for free '' . James and the Giant Peach. 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/roald-dahls-james-and-the-giant-peach-tya Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/roald-dahls-james-and-the-giant-peach-jr <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_and_the_Giant_Peach_(musical)&oldid=837139271 '' Categories : 2010 musicals Musicals based on novels Hidden categories : Pages with timeline metadata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 23 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. James and the Giant Peach musical
2. Roald Dahl's children's book
3. Music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
4. Characters and original casts
5. Productions and cast recording
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when does a place to call home return in 2018
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A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) - Wikipedia A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> A Place to Call Home <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Period drama Created by Bevan Lee Starring Marta Dusseldorp Noni Hazlehurst Brett Climo Craig Hall David Berry Abby Earl Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood Aldo Mignone Frankie J. Holden Sara Wiseman Jenni Baird Matt Levett Composer ( s ) Michael Yezerski Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series 5 No. of episodes 57 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) John Holmes Julie McGauran Penny Win Producer ( s ) Chris Martin - Jones Cinematography John Stokes Running time 42 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Seven Productions Distributor Endemol <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Seven Network ( 2013 -- 14 ) SoHo ( 2015 ) Showcase ( 2016 -- present ) Picture format PAL ( 576i ) HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website A Place to Call Home is an Australian television drama series created by Bevan Lee for the Seven Network . It premiered on 28 April 2013 . Set in rural New South Wales in the period following the Second World War , it follows Sarah Adams ( Marta Dusseldorp ) , who has returned to Australia after twenty years abroad to start a new life and ends up clashing with wealthy matriarch Elizabeth Bligh ( Noni Hazlehurst ) . The main cast also consists of Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) , Craig Hall ( Dr. Jack Duncan ) , David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Poletti ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , Sara Wiseman ( Carolyn Bligh ) , Jenni Baird as ( Regina Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) . It has been described as a `` compelling melodrama about love and loss set against the social change of the 1950s '' . The sixth and final season will air in August 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main current cast 1.2 Main departed cast 1.3 Recurring 2 Production 3 Release 3.1 Broadcast 3.1. 1 International 3.2 Home media 3.2. 1 Box sets 3.2. 2 Notes 3.3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and Characters ( edit ) Main current cast ( edit ) Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Adams , who despite a strictly religious Catholic upbringing , had moved to Paris to be with the man she loved and to adopt his Jewish faith . However , a new life awaits her when she comes to work for the local hospital near the Bligh family , whom she met while serving as a nurse on the ship taking them all back to Australia from Europe . Later , she is astonished to hear a report that her husband is still alive following World War II , and her life again spins into troubled times . Noni Hazlehurst as Elizabeth Bligh , the headstrong and stubborn matriarch of the Bligh family . She is at first rude and cruel to Sarah , but she grudgingly mellows over time . Later in the series , she leaves for Sydney to live with her daughter Carolyn , and to become a better person . Brett Climo as Elizabeth 's son , George Bligh , a good - hearted man who takes Sarah under his protection and gradually falls in love with her . He is Elaine 's widower ; at the beginning of the series , he appears to be father to James and Anna ; eventually it emerges that Anna is actually a secret child of his sister Carolyn and their friend Jack , taken in by George and Elaine to spare Carolyn any scandal . His worst flaw may be his trust in people who seek to take advantage of him . Craig Hall as Jack Duncan , the secret past lover of Carolyn , who now faces many challenges in his work as a doctor in a hospital run by the Bligh family . He is a genuine person despite his personal problems and would do anything to help others . David Berry as James Bligh ( regular : seasons 1 -- 4 ; recurring : season 5 ) , the only son of George and Elaine , who grows up unaware of his `` sister '' Anna 's true background . He marries Olivia , but is tormented by the realisation that he is gay , and tries to commit suicide . He later feels betrayed when his wife has an affair , but returns to Ash Park to live for his young son . Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh , James ' wife , a newlywed from England at the start of the series . She develops anger toward James for his indifference to her desperate need for affection , but does try to come to terms with his `` condition '' . Abby Earl as Anna Bligh , the secret child of Carolyn and Jack , who was raised believing she was daughter of George and Elaine . Anna marries a local farmer , Gino , after rebelling against the Bligh family . However the marriage faces difficulties when Gino goes into debt , and his attempts to expand the farm fail . Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs , a kindly old farmer who lives alone at the series start . He is very generous toward Sarah from the time she arrives in town , eventually offering her a refuge in his small home . They develop an easy , informal , mutually - supportive friendship . Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh ( regular : season 2 -- present ; recurring : season 1 ) . Much like her secret daughter Anna , Carolyn was the rebel child of her generation . For a long time , she gave up on her relationship with the Bligh family , and has had little contact for years . Once her secret is revealed , she is reunited with her long - separated daughter Anna and they develop an even closer relationship than before . Later on Carolyn works for Sir Richard Bennett , encountering new problems . Tim Draxl as Doctor Henry Fox ( regular : season 3 -- present ) , the doctor who helps to save George 's life after he is shot . Henry then goes on to befriend James , and they realize their mutual attraction to each other is stronger than mere friendship . Henry falls under the devious control of Regina , when she blackmails him into supplying her with morphine for her addiction . Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins ( regular : season 4 -- present ; recurring : seasons 1 -- 3 ) , the most widely - known member of the Inverness village , who seems omnipresent on her bicycle . Although she means well , her gossiping ways can sometimes make her seem rude and intrusive . Sarah dislikes her at first , but as time goes on , finds her helpful as someone who always knows who has done what in the village . Main departed cast ( edit ) Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) , the young , handsome Italian farmer who has set Anna 's heart on fire . He has a real passion for farming and trying to please everybody , but his ambitious business decisions are not very successful . Jenni Baird as Regina Standish ( season 1 -- 5 ) , the widowed , formerly wealthy and still money - hungry sister of George 's late wife , Elaine . Regina is the opposite of who Elaine had been : cold , bitter , and scheming , she despises Jews and openly displays religious intolerance toward Sarah . Regina has now set her sights on the widower George 's inheritance , and would take extreme actions to achieve her goals regardless of anyone she sees as an obstacle . After being committed in an asylum for the murder of Millie Davis and a policeman , Regina was let go in 1958 . She returned to the town and helped Sarah and George fight Sir Richard 's cruel intentions . She committed suicide at the end of season 5 , overdosing on morphine and making her death appear to be homicide . Dominic Allburn as Harry Polson ( regular : season 1 ; recurring : season 4 ) , Amy 's gay brother . He has a brief romantic involvement with James , but when much of the village learns of Harry 's true nature , he leaves Inverness for a new life elsewhere . Later , when he returns after having been severely beaten , Sarah helps him to settle back into a more stable life at Inverness . Matt Levett as Andrew Swanson ( regular : season 2 ; recurring : season 1 ) , a somewhat entitled heir apparent who tries to win the hand of Anna Bligh . Ben Winspear as Doctor Rene Nordmann ( regular : season 3 ; recurring : season 2 ) , the long - lost first love and husband of Sarah Adams . First seen only in flashback , Rene had been arrested by the Nazi occupiers of Paris , and had disappeared without a trace . Later , when Sarah is amazed to learn that he is still alive , she travels to Paris to rescue him from the deep psychological damage caused by his long ordeal of imprisonment and torture . Rene has great difficulty adjusting to normal life , and still seems to carry his imprisonment within him . Brenna Harding as Rose O'Connell ( regular : season 4 ; recurring : season 3 ) Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard , a retiree who ran a club for Australian war veterans . He married Elizabeth Bligh but died in season 5 . Recurring ( edit ) Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson , the wealthy friend of Elizabeth . Prudence socializes with Elizabeth whenever she comes to visit Sydney . As a member of Sydney 's upper class , she is very aristocratic and looks down her nose at Sarah when she arrives for a garden party . Judi Farr as Peg Maloney , the aunt of Sarah Adams , who writes to her frequently from her home in Sydney . She and Sarah have grown very close , and when Sarah later decides to take a difficult action , she asks Peg for help . Dina Panozzo as Carla Poletti , the mother of Gino . She is very critical of the relationship with Anna and her son , saying that it will never work because she is not Catholic . But when George accedes , she does so as well . Krew Boylan and then Amy Mathews as Amy Polson , the maid of the Bligh household . When Regina suspects that James is gay she manipulates Amy into spying for her , which eventually forces Elizabeth to fire Amy with great sorrow . Angelo D'Angelo as Amo Poletti , the father of Gino Jacinta Acevski as Alma Grey Scott Grimley as Norman Parker ( driver ) Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis - Parker , a talented portrait artist on temporary assignment , who seems to offer Olivia the romantic affection she desperately craves . Michael Sheasby as Bert Ford , a local yobbo who always seems to be looking for a fight . His suspicion of outsiders and religious intolerance make Sarah a natural target , as are the Italian Poletti family . Bert disappears under mysterious circumstances , but his unknown fate continues to haunt his former victims . Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett , a rich and powerful , but unprincipled owner of a major city newspaper . He is used to taking whatever he wishes to possess , including the people around him . Conrad Coleby as Matthew Goddard , Douglas ' son who returns to town after his father 's death . He starts dating Olivia and later asks her to marry him . Production ( edit ) Development for A Place to Call Home began after Bevan Lee completed his `` domestic trilogy '' ( Always Greener , Packed to the Rafters and Winners & Losers ) . He took inspiration from film director Douglas Sirk 's 1950s films such as Written on the Wind ( 1956 ) and All That Heaven Allows ( 1955 ) . Lee told The Age that he wanted to create a romance - driven melodrama based in the 1950s because people 's lives in the present are `` relatively bland '' . He said : `` At the end of the day , conflict is drama and we live in relatively conflict - free society . I had to go to a place where there was pain and damage and hurt ; after the war there was . '' The script is co-written by Lee and Trent Atkinson . Noni Hazlehurst ( Elizabeth Bligh ) was the first cast member to be announced for A Place to Call Home , on 18 June 2012 . Marta Dusseldorp ( Sarah Adams ) , Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) were announced a month later , with Dusseldorp leading the overall cast . Newcomers David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Bligh ) and Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , made up the rest of the main cast . A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate `` Ash Park '' and the nearby fictional town of `` Inverness '' in country New South Wales . Inverness was also used as the country setting of Always Greener . Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness . Ash Park is actually Camelot , a heritage - listed property located at Kirkham , on the outskirts of Camden . Sydney , the capital city of New South Wales , is a third location where major events occur , but most city scenes are filmed indoors , aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge . Filming for the first season began on 9 July 2012 and concluded on 12 December 2012 . Season one was shot on a Sony F65 camera , the first Australian television production to do so . In June 2013 , Erin McWhirter of TV Week announced that A Place to Call Home had been renewed for another season . Abby Earl told McWhirter , `` We 're locked in pre-production in August and then we start filming in September , so there 's plenty of time for me to get back in Anna 's shoes . '' The second season started on 11 May 2014 and concluded on 13 July 2014 . TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned . However , in June 2014 , the magazine reported that Channel Seven had declined the option to renew the series , and that the cast and crew had been told that they would not be required for a third season . On 15 October 2014 , it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see a third season written by Bevan Lee , produced by Seven Productions , but aired on Foxtel . On 25 October 2014 , The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home was renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015 , airing on Foxtel channel , SoHo . It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return . On 16 August 2015 it was announced via the official Facebook page that season 3 would premiere on 27 September 2015 on SoHo . Season 4 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase channel on 11 September 2016 . Season 5 was announced by Foxtel on 16 November 2016 . The timeline of season 5 skips ahead from 1954 to the year 1958 . Production of A Place to Call Home resumed in February 2017 with principal photography continuing through July 2017 . Season 5 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase Channel in Australia starting on 8 October 2017 . A sixth and final season was announced by Foxtel on 6 December 2017 to be aired in 2018 . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Main article : List of A Place to Call Home episodes Series overview <Th_colspan="2"> Series <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="3"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> OzTAM ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewership <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 21 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) Seven Network 8 1,480,000 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> 11 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 13 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 7 1,150,000 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 29 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) SoHo 168,000 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> 11 September 2016 27 November 2016 Showcase 139,000 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> 8 October 2017 24 December 2017 104,000 <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> August 2018 TBA TBA TBA When Seven Network revealed its new television series lineup for 2012 , A Place to Call Home was mentioned alongside other titles . Seven Network 's Angus Ross said that it would potentially premiere in late 2012 , but would not be rushed to air by a certain date unless `` casting and other elements '' were right . The first season of A Place to Call Home consisted of thirteen episodes . The pilot episode was originally broadcast on 28 April 2013 , in the 8 : 30 pm time slot ( previously occupied by Downton Abbey ) . International ( edit ) Shortly after airing in Australia A Place to Call Home started broadcasting on TV One in New Zealand . Series one and two began airing on BBC2 in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014 , series three on 25 February 2016 , and series four on 13 February 2017 . The fifth series was promoted to a BBC1 daytime slot , and began airing daily on 13 March 2018 . The first five seasons are available for streaming in the U.S. on Acorn TV . The show is also distributed to television stations by American Public Television . Home Media ( edit ) Title Set details <Th_colspan="3"> DVD release dates <Th_colspan="1"> Blu - ray release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region B A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 Discs : 4 Episodes : 13 3 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 8 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) Photo gallery ( region 2 only ) Interviews with the Cast ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 30 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 17 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Character Profiles ( region 1 & 2 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Revised Edition Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Collector 's Edition Discs : 1 Episodes : 3 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 3 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 5 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 7 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) N / A New season 2 finale Picture gallery Season 3 episode recaps ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 4 Discs : 3 Episodes : 12 28 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) N / A Region 1 : Cast and crew interviews ( region 1 only ) Behind - the - scenes featurettes ( region 1 only ) Photo gallery A Place to Call Home -- Season 5 Discs : 3 Episodes : 12 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 2 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 28 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) N / A Q and A with Jenni Baird ( region 1 only ) Box sets ( edit ) Title Set details <Th_colspan="3"> DVD release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 & 2 Discs : 7 Episodes : 23 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons One to Three Discs : 10 Episodes : 33 N / A 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 1 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer New season 2 finale ( region 2 & 4 ) Picture gallery ( region 2 & 4 ) Season 3 episode recaps A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons 1 -- 4 Discs : 13 Episodes : 45 N / A 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Alternative series two finale ( region 2 ) A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons 1 -- 5 Discs : 16 Episodes : 57 TBA TBA 28 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) Region 4 : Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer New Season 2 Finale Season 3 Episode Recaps Photo Gallery Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Blu - ray includes 3 discs . Jump up ^ Blu - ray and UK release includes 2 discs . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 4 discs in the U.S. and 2 in the UK . Jump up ^ 6 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 8 discs in the UK . Soundtrack ( edit ) A Place to Call Home -- Music from Seasons 1 -- 5 was released on 20 October 2017 <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Disc 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` A Place to Call Home Theme '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 43 2 . `` Motherland '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 2 : 44 3 . `` Ebb Tide '' ( season 1 ) Stuie French featuring Shanley Del 2 : 45 4 . `` Music ! Music ! Music ! '' ( season 1 ) Teresa Brewer 2 : 46 5 . `` Heart and Soul '' ( season 1 ) The Four Aces featuring Al Alberts 2 : 19 6 . `` We 're Going to have a Baby '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 58 7 . `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' ( season 1 ) Ella Fitzgerald 7 : 05 8 . `` It 's Coming '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 3 : 03 9 . `` The Anniversary Waltz '' ( season 1 ) Vera Lynn 2 : 46 10 . `` You Belong to Me '' ( season 1 ) Jo Stafford 3 : 15 11 . `` Mona Lisa '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Glenn Cunningham 1 : 51 12 . `` When I Fall in Love '' ( season 2 ) Nat King Cole 3 : 13 13 . `` Mr. & Mrs. James Bligh '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 53 14 . `` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' ( season 2 ) Louis Armstrong 3 : 05 15 . `` Lullaby of Broadway '' ( season 1 ) Doris Day with the Norman Luboff Choir and the Buddy Cole Quartet 2 : 30 16 . `` Ash Park Morning '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 19 17 . `` Rag Mop '' ( season 1 ) The Ames Brothers 2 : 41 18 . `` Botch - a-Me ( Ba - Ba - Baciami Piccina ) '' ( season 1 ) Rosemary Clooney 2 : 20 19 . `` Sh - Boom '' ( Single Version ; season 2 ) The Crew Cuts 2 : 50 20 . `` Sway '' ( season 1 ) Stuie French featuring Paul Fisher 2 : 44 21 . `` Paris '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 2 : 16 22 . `` I Believe '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Martha Marlow 1 : 56 23 . `` Are You Awake ? '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski 1 : 46 24 . `` No Other Love '' ( season 2 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Alex Oomens 3 : 41 25 . `` Side by Side '' ( season 1 ) Kay Starr 2 : 55 26 . `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' ( season 1 ) The Mills Brothers 2 : 25 27 . `` Undecided '' ( season 1 ) The Ames Brothers 3 : 01 28 . `` At Last '' ( season 1 ) Etta James 3 : 04 29 . `` Amazing Grace '' ( season 1 ) Michael Yezerski featuring Mahalia Barnes 1 : 50 Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Australian Cinematographers Society Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Telefeatures , TV Drama & Mini Series Award of Distinction John Stokes Season 1 , Episode 9 : `` Cane Toad '' Won Equity Ensemble Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Season 1 Nominated Logie Awards Year Category Nominee Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular New Talent Abby Earl A Place to Call Home Nominated 2016 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actor David Berry A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Best Drama Program N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated 2017 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Blake , Elissa ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` A Marta for her cause '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` More cast for A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` A Place to Call Home to end with 6th season '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characters '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home Drama Launch '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Blundell , Graeme ( 20 April 2013 ) . `` Home truths revealed in Bevan Lee 's new family drama '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Peter ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Dressed with vintage appeal '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Noni Hazlehurst to call Seven home again '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Marta finds a home at Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeap , Sue ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` New Seven blockbuster cranks up '' . The West Australian . Seven West Media Limited ( Kohlberg Kravis Roberts ) . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ B , Alicia ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` New Seven Show - A Place to Call Home '' . Throng.com.au . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Jonathan ( 28 April 2013 ) . `` Camelot at Camden is captivating as A Place to Call Home location on Channel 7 's new 1950s drama series '' . Property Observer . Private Media Pty Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Leys , Nick ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` Seven has high hopes for Bevan Lee 's A Place To Call Home '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home production details '' . Inside Film . 4 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Swift , Brendan ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` First Aus TV drama shot with Sony F65 : A Place to Call Home '' . Inside Film . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 22 -- 28 June 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 25 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ Vnuk , Helen ( 10 -- 16 May 2014 ) . `` Home comforts '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 19 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Williams , Glen ( 14 -- 20 June 2014 ) . `` No place to call home '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 22 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` New Place for A Place to Call Home '' . Sunday Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Amy ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Foxtel breathes new life into A Place To Call Home after Seven signs deal to keep the show alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Returning : A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` A Place To Call Home : Season 6 confirmed for 2018 '' . Foxtel . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2013 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2014 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Zautsen , Daniel ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home , filmed at Camelot in Kirkham , will return for its fourth series on Foxtel 's showcase '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 September 2011 ) . `` Seven Reveals 2012 Highlights '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Programmers Wrap 2012 : Seven Network '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home - TV ONE '' . TV One ( Television New Zealand , Ltd ) . Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - A Place to Call Home - Episode guide '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Programmers ' APT Marketplace choices include Aussie romantic drama and MST3K Archived 24 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : American DVD releases : Lambert , David ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 1 ' of the Australian Show Coming to These Shores '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 2 ' DVDs : Finalized Date , Details , Front Cover Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 February 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The Sexy ' Season 3 ' is Coming to DVD this Spring '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The ' Season 4 ' DVD 's Press Release Arrives from RLJ / Acorn '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Lambert , David ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- Front - of - the - Package Artwork is Now Available for ' Season 5 ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : British DVD releases : `` A Place to Call Home Series One ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series Two ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` A Place To Call Home : Series 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . British box set releases : `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 3 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Australian DVD releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 -- Revised Edition '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 Collector 's Disc -- New Final Episode '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Australian Blu - ray releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Australian box set releases : `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 1 -- 2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Place To Call Home '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Place To Call Home : Seasons 1 -- 5 ( Music From The Television Series ) -- Otv '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations to all our National Award Winners '' . Australian Cinematographers Society ( ACS ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Equity Ensemble Awards - Winners Announced '' . TV Tonight . 30 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Logie Awards 2014 : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` 2016 Logie Awards : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Place to Call Home on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Current Australian drama television series ABC Rake ( 2010 -- ) Jack Irish ( 2012 -- ) Glitch ( 2015 -- ) Cleverman ( 2016 -- ) Harrow ( 2018 -- ) ABC3 Nowhere Boys ( 2013 -- ) Seven Network Home and Away ( 1988 -- ) 800 Words ( 2015 -- ) Wanted ( 2016 -- ) Nine Network Doctor Doctor ( 2016 -- ) Eleven Neighbours ( 1985 -- ) Showcase Wentworth ( 2013 -- 2016 on SoHo , 2017 -- on Showcase ) The Kettering Incident ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) A Place to Call Home ( 2013 -- 14 on Seven Network , 2015 on SoHo , 2016 -- on Showcase ) Secret City ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) Stan Wolf Creek ( 2016 -- ) Future shows Bite Club ( 2018 - on Nine Network ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(TV_series)&oldid=843477713 '' Categories : 2010s Australian television series 2013 Australian television series debuts 2014 Australian television series endings 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian drama television series Australian LGBT - related television shows Australian subscription television series Costume drama television series English - language television programs Period television series Seven Network shows SoHo ( Australian TV channel ) shows Showcase Australia shows Television series by Endemol Television series by Seven Productions Television series revived after cancellation Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in New South Wales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Australian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. A Place to Call Home TV series
2. Period drama
3. Australian television
4. Marta Dusseldorp
5. Bevan Lee
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3,692,841,062,822,279,700 |
where is carbon found in the reactivity series
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Activated carbon - Wikipedia Activated carbon Jump to : navigation , search Activated carbon Activated carbon , also called activated charcoal , is a form of carbon processed to have small , low - volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions . Activated is sometimes substituted with active . Due to its high degree of microporosity , just one gram of activated carbon has a surface area in excess of 3,000 m ( 32,000 sq ft ) , as determined by gas adsorption . An activation level sufficient for useful application may be attained solely from high surface area ; however , further chemical treatment often enhances adsorption properties . Activated carbon is usually derived from charcoal and is sometimes utilized as biochar . Those derived from coal and coke are referred as activated coal and activated coke respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Industrial application 1.2 Medical uses 1.3 Analytical chemistry applications 1.4 Environmental applications 1.5 Agriculture uses 1.6 Distilled alcoholic beverage purification 1.7 Fuel storage 1.8 Gas purification 1.9 Chemical purification 1.10 Mercury scrubbing 2 Production 3 Classification 3.1 Powdered activated carbon ( R 1 , PAC ) 3.2 Granular activated carbon ( GAC ) 3.3 Extruded activated carbon ( EAC ) 3.4 Bead activated carbon ( BAC ) 3.5 Impregnated carbon 3.6 Polymer coated carbon 3.7 Woven carbon 4 Properties 4.1 Iodine number 4.2 Molasses 4.3 Tannin 4.4 Methylene blue 4.5 Dechlorination 4.6 Apparent density 4.7 Hardness / abrasion number 4.8 Ash content 4.9 Carbon tetrachloride activity 4.10 Particle size distribution 5 Modification of properties and reactivity 6 Examples of adsorption 6.1 Heterogeneous catalysis 7 Reactivation and regeneration 7.1 Thermal reactivation 7.2 Other regeneration techniques 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Uses ( edit ) Activated carbon is used in air purification , decaffeination , gold purification , metal extraction , water purification , medicine , sewage treatment , air filters in gas masks and respirators , filters in compressed air and many other applications . Industrial application ( edit ) One major industrial application involves use of activated carbon in the metal finishing field . It is very widely employed for purification of electroplating solutions . For example , it is a main purification technique for removing organic impurities from bright nickel plating solutions . A variety of organic chemicals are added to plating solutions for improving their deposit qualities and for enhancing properties like brightness , smoothness , ductility , etc . Due to passage of direct current and electrolytic reactions of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction , organic additives generate unwanted breakdown products in solution . Their excessive build up can adversely affect the plating quality and physical properties of deposited metal . Activated carbon treatment removes such impurities and restores plating performance to the desired level . Medical uses ( edit ) Main article : Activated charcoal ( medication ) Activated charcoal for medical use Activated carbon is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion . Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the - counter drug to treat diarrhea , indigestion , and flatulence . However , it is ineffective for a number of poisonings including strong acids or alkali , cyanide , iron , lithium , arsenic , methanol , ethanol or ethylene glycol . Incorrect application ( e.g. into the lungs ) results in pulmonary aspiration , which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated . Analytical chemistry applications ( edit ) Activated carbon , in 50 % w / w combination with celite , is used as stationary phase in low - pressure chromatographic separation of carbohydrates ( mono - , di - trisaccharides ) using ethanol solutions ( 5 -- 50 % ) as mobile phase in analytical or preparative protocols . Environmental applications ( edit ) Activated carbon is usually used in water filtration systems . In this illustration , the activated carbon is in the fourth level ( counted from bottom ) . Carbon adsorption has numerous applications in removing pollutants from air or water streams both in the field and in industrial processes such as : Spill cleanup Groundwater remediation Drinking water filtration Air purification Volatile organic compounds capture from painting , dry cleaning , gasoline dispensing operations , and other processes . During early implementation of the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act in the USA , EPA officials developed a rule that proposed requiring drinking water treatment systems to use granular activated carbon . But , because of its high costs , the so - called GAC rule encountered such strong opposition all across the country from the water supply industry , including the largest water utilities in California , that the agency set aside the rule . Activated carbon is also used for the measurement of radon concentration in air . Agriculture uses ( edit ) Activated carbon ( charcoal ) is an allowed substance used by organic farmers in both livestock production and wine making . In livestock production it is used as a pesticide , animal feed additive , processing aid , nonagricultural ingredient and disinfectant . Benefits in case of animal feed additive are questionable . In organic winemaking , activated carbon is allowed for use as a processing agent to absorb brown color pigments from white grape concentrates . Distilled alcoholic beverage purification ( edit ) See also : Lincoln County Process Activated carbon filters ( AC filters ) can be used to filter vodka and whiskey of organic impurities which can affect color , taste , and odor . Passing an organically impure vodka through an activated carbon filter at the proper flow rate will result in vodka with an identical alcohol content and significantly increased organic purity , as judged by odor and taste . Fuel. storage ( edit ) Research is being done testing various activated carbons ' ability to store natural gas and hydrogen gas . The porous material acts like a sponge for different types of gases . The gas is attracted to the carbon material via Van der Waals forces . Some carbons have been able to achieve bonding energies of 5 -- 10 kJ per mol . The gas may then be desorbed when subjected to higher temperatures and either combusted to do work or in the case of hydrogen gas extracted for use in a hydrogen fuel cell . Gas storage in activated carbons is an appealing gas storage method because the gas can be stored in a low pressure , low mass , low volume environment that would be much more feasible than bulky on board compression tanks in vehicles . The United States Department of Energy has specified certain goals to be achieved in the area of research and development of nano - porous carbon materials . All of the goals are yet to be satisfied but numerous institutions , including the ALL - CRAFT program , are continuing to conduct work in this promising field . Gas purification ( edit ) Filters with activated carbon are usually used in compressed air and gas purification to remove oil vapors , odor , and other hydrocarbons from the air . The most common designs use a 1 - stage or 2 stage filtration principle in which activated carbon is embedded inside the filter media . Activated carbon is also used in spacesuit Primary Life Support Systems . Activated carbon filters are used to retain radioactive gases within the air vacuumed from a nuclear boiling water reactor turbine condenser . The large charcoal beds adsorb these gases and retain them while they rapidly decay to non-radioactive solid species . The solids are trapped in the charcoal particles , while the filtered air passes through . Chemical purification ( edit ) Activated carbon is commonly used on the laboratory scale to purify solutions of organic molecules containing unwanted colored organic impurities . Filtration over activated carbon is used in large scale fine chemical and pharmaceutical processes for the same purpose . The carbon is either mixed with the solution then filtered off or immobilized in a filter . Mercury scrubbing ( edit ) Activated carbon , often infused with sulfur or iodine , is widely used to trap mercury emissions from coal - fired power stations , medical incinerators , and from natural gas at the wellhead . This carbon is a special product costing more than US $4.00 per kg . Since it is often not recycled , the mercury - laden activated carbon presents a disposal dilemma . If the activated carbon contains less than 260 ppm mercury , United States federal regulations allow it to be stabilized ( for example , trapped in concrete ) for landfilling . However , waste containing greater than 260 ppm is considered to be in the high - mercury subcategory and is banned from landfilling ( Land - Ban Rule ) . This material is now accumulating in warehouses and in deep abandoned mines at an estimated rate of 1000 tons per year . The problem of disposal of mercury - laden activated carbon is not unique to the United States . In the Netherlands , this mercury is largely recovered and the activated carbon is disposed of by complete burning . Production ( edit ) Activated carbon is carbon produced from carbonaceous source materials such as bamboo , coconut husk , willow peat , wood , coir , lignite , coal , and petroleum pitch . It can be produced by one of the following processes : Physical activation : The source material is developed into activated carbons using hot gases . Air is then introduced to burn out the gasses , creating a graded , screened and de-dusted form of activated carbon . This is generally done by using one or a combination of the following processes : Carbonization : Material with carbon content is pyrolyzed at temperatures in the range 600 -- 900 ° C , usually in inert atmosphere with gases like argon or nitrogen Activation / Oxidation : Raw material or carbonized material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres ( oxygen or steam ) at temperatures above 250 ° C , usually in the temperature range of 600 -- 1200 ° C . Chemical activation : Prior to carbonization , the raw material is impregnated with certain chemicals . The chemical is typically an acid , strong base , or a salt ( phosphoric acid , potassium hydroxide , sodium hydroxide , calcium chloride , and zinc chloride 25 % ) . Then , the raw material is carbonized at lower temperatures ( 450 -- 900 ° C ) . It is believed that the carbonization / activation step proceeds simultaneously with the chemical activation . Chemical activation is preferred over physical activation owing to the lower temperatures and shorter time needed for activating material . Classification ( edit ) Activated carbons are complex products which are difficult to classify on the basis of their behaviour , surface characteristics and other fundamental criteria . However , some broad classification is made for general purpose based on their size , preparation methods , and industrial applications . Powdered activated carbon ( R. 1 , PAC ) ( edit ) See also : Powdered activated carbon treatment A micrograph of activated charcoal ( R 1 ) under bright field illumination on a light microscope . Notice the fractal - like shape of the particles hinting at their enormous surface area . Each particle in this image , despite being only around 0.1 mm across , can have a surface area of several square centimeters . The entire image covers a region of approximately 1.1 by 0.7 mm , and the full resolution version is at a scale of 6.236 pixels / μm . Normally , activated carbons ( R 1 ) are made in particulate form as powders or fine granules less than 1.0 mm in size with an average diameter between 0.15 and 0.25 mm . Thus they present a large surface to volume ratio with a small diffusion distance . Activated carbon ( R 1 ) is defined as the activated carbon particles retained on a 50 - mesh sieve ( 0.297 mm ) . PAC material is finer material . PAC is made up of crushed or ground carbon particles , 95 -- 100 % of which will pass through a designated mesh sieve . The ASTM classifies particles passing through an 80 - mesh sieve ( 0.177 mm ) and smaller as PAC . It is not common to use PAC in a dedicated vessel , due to the high head loss that would occur . Instead , PAC is generally added directly to other process units , such as raw water intakes , rapid mix basins , clarifiers , and gravity filters . Granular activated carbon ( GAC ) ( edit ) A micrograph of activated charcoal ( GAC ) under scanning electron microscope Granular activated carbon has a relatively larger particle size compared to powdered activated carbon and consequently , presents a smaller external surface . Diffusion of the adsorbate is thus an important factor . These carbons are suitable for adsorption of gases and vapors , because they diffuse rapidly . Granulated carbons are used for water treatment , deodorization and separation of components of flow system and is also used in rapid mix basins . GAC can be either in granular or extruded form . GAC is designated by sizes such as 8 × 20 , 20 × 40 , or 8 × 30 for liquid phase applications and 4 × 6 , 4 × 8 or 4 × 10 for vapor phase applications . A 20 × 40 carbon is made of particles that will pass through a U.S. Standard Mesh Size No. 20 sieve ( 0.84 mm ) ( generally specified as 85 % passing ) but be retained on a U.S. Standard Mesh Size No. 40 sieve ( 0.42 mm ) ( generally specified as 95 % retained ) . AWWA ( 1992 ) B604 uses the 50 - mesh sieve ( 0.297 mm ) as the minimum GAC size . The most popular aqueous phase carbons are the 12 × 40 and 8 × 30 sizes because they have a good balance of size , surface area , and head loss characteristics . Extruded activated carbon ( EAC ) ( edit ) Extruded activated carbon combines powdered activated carbon with a binder , which are fused together and extruded into a cylindrical shaped activated carbon block with diameters from 0.8 to 130 mm . These are mainly used for gas phase applications because of their low pressure drop , high mechanical strength and low dust content . Also sold as CTO filter ( Chlorine , Taste , Odor ) . Bead activated carbon ( bac ) ( edit ) Bead activated carbon is made from petroleum pitch and supplied in diameters from approximately 0.35 to 0.80 mm . Similar to EAC , it is also noted for its low pressure drop , high mechanical strength and low dust content , but with a smaller grain size . Its spherical shape makes it preferred for fluidized bed applications such as water filtration . Impregnated carbon ( edit ) Porous carbons containing several types of inorganic impregnate such as iodine , silver , cations such as Al , Mn , Zn , Fe , Li , Ca have also been prepared for specific application in air pollution control especially in museums and galleries . Due to its antimicrobial and antiseptic properties , silver loaded activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for purification of domestic water . Drinking water can be obtained from natural water by treating the natural water with a mixture of activated carbon and Al ( OH ) , a flocculating agent . Impregnated carbons are also used for the adsorption of Hydrogen Sulfide ( H S ) and thiols . Adsorption rates for H S as high as 50 % by weight have been reported . Polymer coated carbon ( edit ) This is a process by which a porous carbon can be coated with a biocompatible polymer to give a smooth and permeable coat without blocking the pores . The resulting carbon is useful for hemoperfusion . Hemoperfusion is a treatment technique in which large volumes of the patient 's blood are passed over an adsorbent substance in order to remove toxic substances from the blood . Woven activated carbon cloth Woven carbon ( edit ) There is a technology of processing technical rayon fiber into activated carbon cloth for carbon filtering . Adsorption capacity of activated cloth is 2 times faster than that of activated charcoal ( BET theory surface area : 500 -- 1500 m / g , pore volume : 0.3 -- 0.8 cm / g ) . Thanks to the different forms of activated material , it can be used in a wide range of applications ( supercapacitors , odour - absorbers , CBRN defense industry etc . ) . Properties ( edit ) A gram of activated carbon can have a surface area in excess of 500 m ( 5,400 sq ft ) , with 3,000 m ( 32,000 sq ft ) being readily achievable . Carbon aerogels , while more expensive , have even higher surface areas , and are used in special applications . Under an electron microscope , the high surface - area structures of activated carbon are revealed . Individual particles are intensely convoluted and display various kinds of porosity ; there may be many areas where flat surfaces of graphite - like material run parallel to each other , separated by only a few nanometers or so . These micropores provide superb conditions for adsorption to occur , since adsorbing material can interact with many surfaces simultaneously . Tests of adsorption behaviour are usually done with nitrogen gas at 77 K under high vacuum , but in everyday terms activated carbon is perfectly capable of producing the equivalent , by adsorption from its environment , liquid water from steam at 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) and a pressure of 1 / 10,000 of an atmosphere . James Dewar , the scientist after whom the Dewar ( vacuum flask ) is named , spent much time studying activated carbon and published a paper regarding its adsorption capacity with regard to gases . In this paper , he discovered that cooling the carbon to liquid nitrogen temperatures allowed it to adsorb significant quantities of numerous air gases , among others , that could then be recollected by simply allowing the carbon to warm again and that coconut based carbon was superior for the effect . He uses oxygen as an example , wherein the activated carbon would typically adsorb the atmospheric concentration ( 21 % ) under standard conditions , but release over 80 % oxygen if the carbon was first cooled to low temperatures . Physically , activated carbon binds materials by van der Waals force or London dispersion force . Activated carbon does not bind well to certain chemicals , including alcohols , diols , strong acids and bases , metals and most inorganics , such as lithium , sodium , iron , lead , arsenic , fluorine , and boric acid . Activated carbon adsorbs iodine very well . The iodine capacity , mg / g , ( ASTM D28 Standard Method test ) may be used as an indication of total surface area . Carbon monoxide is not well adsorbed by activated carbon . This should be of particular concern to those using the material in filters for respirators , fume hoods or other gas control systems as the gas is undetectable to the human senses , toxic to metabolism and neurotoxic . Substantial lists of the common industrial and agricultural gases adsorbed by activated carbon can be found online . Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the adsorptive capacity for some inorganic ( and problematic organic ) compounds such as hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) , ammonia ( NH ) , formaldehyde ( HCOH ) , mercury ( Hg ) and radioactive iodine - 131 ( I ) . This property is known as chemisorption . Iodine number ( edit ) Many carbons preferentially adsorb small molecules . Iodine number is the most fundamental parameter used to characterize activated carbon performance . It is a measure of activity level ( higher number indicates higher degree of activation ) , often reported in mg / g ( typical range 500 -- 1200 mg / g ) . It is a measure of the micropore content of the activated carbon ( 0 to 20 Å , or up to 2 nm ) by adsorption of iodine from solution . It is equivalent to surface area of carbon between 900 and 1100 m / g . It is the standard measure for liquid - phase applications . Iodine number is defined as the milligrams of iodine adsorbed by one gram of carbon when the iodine concentration in the residual filtrate is 0.02 normal . Basically , iodine number is a measure of the iodine adsorbed in the pores and , as such , is an indication of the pore volume available in the activated carbon of interest . Typically , water - treatment carbons have iodine numbers ranging from 600 to 1100 . Frequently , this parameter is used to determine the degree of exhaustion of a carbon in use . However , this practice should be viewed with caution , as chemical interactions with the adsorbate may affect the iodine uptake , giving false results . Thus , the use of iodine number as a measure of the degree of exhaustion of a carbon bed can only be recommended if it has been shown to be free of chemical interactions with adsorbates and if an experimental correlation between iodine number and the degree of exhaustion has been determined for the particular application . Molasses ( edit ) Some carbons are more adept at adsorbing large molecules . Molasses number or molasses efficiency is a measure of the mesopore content of the activated carbon ( greater than 20 Å , or larger than 2 nm ) by adsorption of molasses from solution . A high molasses number indicates a high adsorption of big molecules ( range 95 -- 600 ) . Caramel dp ( decolorizing performance ) is similar to molasses number . Molasses efficiency is reported as a percentage ( range 40 % -- 185 % ) and parallels molasses number ( 600 = 185 % , 425 = 85 % ) . The European molasses number ( range 525 -- 110 ) is inversely related to the North American molasses number . Molasses Number is a measure of the degree of decolorization of a standard molasses solution that has been diluted and standardized against standardized activated carbon . Due to the size of color bodies , the molasses number represents the potential pore volume available for larger adsorbing species . As all of the pore volume may not be available for adsorption in a particular waste water application , and as some of the adsorbate may enter smaller pores , it is not a good measure of the worth of a particular activated carbon for a specific application . Frequently , this parameter is useful in evaluating a series of active carbons for their rates of adsorption . Given two active carbons with similar pore volumes for adsorption , the one having the higher molasses number will usually have larger feeder pores resulting in more efficient transfer of adsorbate into the adsorption space . Tannin ( edit ) Tannins are a mixture of large and medium size molecules . Carbons with a combination of macropores and mesopores adsorb tannins . The ability of a carbon to adsorb tannins is reported in parts per million concentration ( range 200 ppm -- 362 ppm ) . Methylene blue ( edit ) Some carbons have a mesopore ( 20 Å to 50 Å , or 2 to 5 nm ) structure which adsorbs medium size molecules , such as the dye methylene blue . Methylene blue adsorption is reported in g / 100g ( range 11 -- 28 g / 100g ) . Dechlorination ( edit ) Some carbons are evaluated based on the dechlorination half - life length , which measures the chlorine - removal efficiency of activated carbon . The dechlorination half - value length is the depth of carbon required to reduce the chlorine level of a flowing stream from 5 ppm to 3.5 ppm . A lower half - value length indicates superior performance . Apparent density ( edit ) The solid or skeletal density of activated carbons will typically range between 2000 and 2100 kg / m ( 125 -- 130 lbs. / cubic foot ) . However , a large part of an activated carbon sample will consist of air space between particles , and the actual or apparent density will therefore be lower , typically 400 to 500 kg / m ( 25 -- 31 lbs. / cubic foot ) . Higher density provides greater volume activity and normally indicates better - quality activated carbon . ASTM D 2854 - 09 ( 2014 ) is used to determine the apparent density of activated carbon . Hardness / abrasion number ( edit ) It is a measure of the activated carbon 's resistance to attrition . It is an important indicator of activated carbon to maintain its physical integrity and withstand frictional forces imposed by backwashing , etc . There are large differences in the hardness of activated carbons , depending on the raw material and activity levels . Ash content ( edit ) Ash reduces the overall activity of activated carbon and reduces the efficiency of reactivation . The metal oxides ( Fe O ) can leach out of activated carbon resulting in discoloration . Acid / water - soluble ash content is more significant than total ash content . Soluble ash content can be very important for aquarists , as ferric oxide can promote algal growths . A carbon with a low soluble ash content should be used for marine , freshwater fish and reef tanks to avoid heavy metal poisoning and excess plant / algal growth . Standard method D 2866 - 2011 is used to determine the ash content of activated carbon . Carbon tetrachloride activity ( edit ) Measurement of the porosity of an activated carbon by the adsorption of saturated carbon tetrachloride vapour . Particle size distribution ( edit ) The finer the particle size of an activated carbon , the better the access to the surface area and the faster the rate of adsorption kinetics . In vapour phase systems this needs to be considered against pressure drop , which will affect energy cost . Careful consideration of particle size distribution can provide significant operating benefits . However , in the case of using activated carbon for adsorption of minerals such as gold , the particle size should be in the range of 3.35 -- 1.4 millimetres ( 0.132 -- 0.055 in ) . Activated carbon with particle size less than 1 mm would not be suitable for elution ( the stripping of mineral from an activated carbon ) . Modification of properties and reactivity ( edit ) Acid - base , oxidation - reduction and specific adsorption characteristics are strongly dependent on the composition of the surface functional groups . The surface of conventional activated carbon is reactive , capable of oxidation by atmospheric oxygen and oxygen plasma steam , and also carbon dioxide and ozone . Oxidation in the liquid phase is caused by a wide range of reagents ( HNO , H O , KMnO ) . Through the formation of a large number of basic and acidic groups on the surface of oxidized carbon to sorption and other properties can differ significantly from the unmodified forms . Activated carbon can be nitrogenated by natural products or polymers or processing of carbon with nitrogenating reagents . Activated carbon can interact with chlorine , bromine and fluorine . Sulfonic acid functional groups can be attached to activated carbon to give `` starbons '' which can be used to selectively catalyse the esterification of fatty acids . Formation of such activated carbons from halogenated precursors gives a more effective catalyst which is thought to be a result of remaining halogens improving stability . Some of the chemical properties of activated carbon have been attributed to presence of the surface active carbon double bond . The Polyani adsorption theory is a popular method for analyzing adsorption of various organic substances to their surface . Examples of adsorption ( edit ) Heterogeneous Catalysis ( edit ) The most commonly encountered form of chemisorption in industry , occurs when a solid catalyst interacts with a gaseous feedstock , the reactant / s . The adsorption of reactant / s to the catalyst surface creates a chemical bond , altering the electron density around the reactant molecule and allowing it to undergo reactions that would not normally be available to it . Reactivation and regeneration ( edit ) World 's largest reactivation plant located in Feluy , Belgium . Activated carbon reactivation center in Roeselare , Belgium . The reactivation or the regeneration of activated carbons involves restoring the adsorptive capacity of saturated activated carbon by desorbing adsorbed contaminants on the activated carbon surface . Thermal reactivation ( edit ) The most common regeneration technique employed in industrial processes is thermal reactivation . The thermal regeneration process generally follows three steps : Adsorbent drying at approximately 105 ° C ( 221 ° F ) High temperature desorption and decomposition ( 500 -- 900 ° C ( 932 -- 1,652 ° F ) ) under an inert atmosphere Residual organic gasification by a non-oxidising gas ( steam or carbon dioxide ) at elevated temperatures ( 800 ° C ( 1,470 ° F ) ) The heat treatment stage utilises the exothermic nature of adsorption and results in desorption , partial cracking and polymerization of the adsorbed organics . The final step aims to remove charred organic residue formed in the porous structure in the previous stage and re-expose the porous carbon structure regenerating its original surface characteristics . After treatment the adsorption column can be reused . Per adsorption - thermal regeneration cycle between 5 -- 15 wt % of the carbon bed is burnt off resulting in a loss of adsorptive capacity . Thermal regeneration is a high energy process due to the high required temperatures making it both an energetically and commercially expensive process . Plants that rely on thermal regeneration of activated carbon have to be of a certain size before it is economically viable to have regeneration facilities onsite . As a result , it is common for smaller waste treatment sites to ship their activated carbon cores to specialised facilities for regeneration . Other regeneration techniques ( edit ) Current concerns with the high energy / cost nature of thermal regeneration of activated carbon has encouraged research into alternative regeneration methods to reduce the environmental impact of such processes . Though several of the regeneration techniques cited have remained areas of purely academic research , some alternatives to thermal regeneration systems have been employed in industry . Current alternative regeneration methods are : Chemical and solvent regeneration Microbial regeneration Electrochemical regeneration Ultrasonic regeneration Wet air oxidation See also ( edit ) Biochar Bamboo charcoal Binchōtan Bone char Carbon filtering Conjugated microporous polymer Kværner - process Onboard refueling vapor recovery Carbocatalysis Hydrogen storage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Properties of Activated Carbon `` , CPL Caron Link , accessed 2008 - 05 - 02 '' . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , Edward C ; Wilton , John H ; Barlow , Jared C ; Watson , William A ( 1989 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Large surface area activated charcoal and the inhibition of aspirin absorption '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 18 ( 5 ) : 547 -- 552 . doi : 10.1016 / S0196 - 0644 ( 89 ) 80841 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Shoba Jhadhav . `` Value Added Products from Gasification -- Activated Carbon '' . 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Jump up ^ Alvarez PM , Beltrán FJ , Gómez - Serrano V , Jaramillo J , Rodríguez EM ( 2004 ) . `` Comparison between thermal and ozone regenerations of spent activated carbon exhausted with phenol '' . Water Research . 38 ( 8 ) : 2155 -- 2165 . doi : 10.1016 / j. watres. 2004.01. 030 . PMID 15087197 . Jump up ^ Martin , R.J. ; Wj , N ( 1997 ) . `` The repeated exhaustion and chemical regeneration of activated carbon '' . Water Research . 21 ( 8 ) : 961 -- 965 . doi : 10.1016 / S0043 - 1354 ( 87 ) 80014 - 3 . Jump up ^ Aizpuru A , Malhautier L , Roux JC , Fanlo JL ( 2003 ) . `` Biofiltration of a mixture of volatile organic compounds on granular activated carbon '' . Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 83 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 488 . doi : 10.1002 / bit. 10691 . PMID 12800142 . Jump up ^ Narbaitz RM , Karimi - Jashni A ( 2009 ) . `` Electrochemical regeneration of granular activated carbons loaded with phenol and natural organic matter '' . Environmental Technology . 30 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 36 . doi : 10.1080 / 09593330802422803 . PMID 19213463 . Jump up ^ Lim JL , Okada M ( 2005 ) . `` Regeneration of granular activated carbon using ultrasound '' . Ultrasonic - Sono - Chemistry . 12 ( 4 ) : 277 -- 285 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ultsonch. 2004.02. 003 . PMID 15501710 . Jump up ^ Shende RV , Mahajani VV ( 2002 ) . `` Wet oxidative regeneration of activated carbon loaded with reactive dye '' . Waste Management . 22 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / S0956 - 053X ( 01 ) 00022 - 8 . PMID 11942707 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Activated carbon . `` Imaging the atomic structure of activated carbon '' -- JOURNAL OF PHYSICS : CONDENSED MATTER Engber , Daniel ( Nov. 28 , 2005 ) . `` How Does Activated Carbon Work ? '' . Slate . <Th_colspan="2"> Allotropes of carbon sp forms Diamond ( cubic ) Lonsdaleite ( hexagonal diamond ) sp forms Graphite Graphene Fullerenes ( Buckminsterfullerene , C , Higher fullerenes , Lower fullerenes , Nanotubes , Nanobuds , Nanoscrolls ) Glassy carbon sp forms Linear acetylenic carbon mixed sp / sp forms Amorphous carbon Carbon nanofoam Carbide - derived carbon Q - carbon other forms hypothetical forms 6 8 Chaoite Haeckelites Cubic carbon Metallic carbon Penta - graphene related Activated carbon Carbon black Charcoal Carbon fiber Aggregated diamond nanorod <Th_colspan="2"> Toxicology <Td_colspan="2"> History of poison Toxinology Fields Aquatic toxicology Ecotoxicology Occupational toxicology Entomotoxicology Environmental toxicology Forensic toxicology Medical toxicology In vitro toxicology Toxicogenomics Concepts Acceptable daily intake Acute toxicity Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Fixed Dose Procedure Lethal dose Poison Toxic capacity Toxicant Toxin Toxicity Class Venom Treatments Activated carbon Antidote Cathartic Chelation therapy Gastric lavage Hemodialysis Hemoperfusion Whole bowel irrigation Incidents 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 2007 pet food recalls Bhopal disaster Minamata disease Niigata Minamata disease Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko Seveso disaster List of poisonings Related topics Biological warfare Carcinogen Food safety Hazard symbol List of extremely hazardous substances Mutagen Occupational safety and health <Td_colspan="2"> Commons WikiProject NDL : 00565134 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activated_carbon&oldid=815580393 '' Categories : Carbon forms Filters Toxicology treatments Excipients World Health Organization essential medicines Gas technologies Charcoal Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Activated carbon production and properties
2. Industrial and medical uses of activated carbon
3. Environmental applications of activated carbon
4. Gas purification and storage using activated carbon
5. Classification and types of activated carbon
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where did the name pinky finger come from
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Little finger - wikipedia Little finger Jump to : navigation , search For the A Song of Ice and Fire character nicknamed `` Littlefinger '' , see Petyr Baelish . <Th_colspan="2"> Little / pinky finger <Td_colspan="2"> Pinky <Th_colspan="2"> Details Artery Proper palmar digital arteries , dorsal digital arteries Vein Palmar digital veins , dorsal digital veins Nerve Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve Lymph supratrochlear <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin digitus minimus manus , digitus quintus manus , digitus V manus TA A01. 1.00. 057 FMA 24949 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The little finger or pinky finger , also known as the fifth digit or just pinky , is the most ulnar and usually smallest finger of the human hand , opposite the thumb , and next to the ring finger . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Muscles 3 Cultural significance 3.1 Gestures 3.2 Rings 4 References 5 See also Etymology ( edit ) The word `` pinky '' is derived from the Dutch word pink , meaning `` little finger '' . In some places `` pinky '' is also a traditional name for the smallest ( youngest ) child in a family ( especially , when father and mother have 3 children ) . Muscles ( edit ) There are nine muscles that control the fifth digit : Three in the hypothenar eminence , two extrinsic flexors , two extrinsic extensors , and two more intrinsic muscles : Hypothenar eminence : Opponens digiti minimi muscle Abductor minimi digiti muscle ( adduction from third palmar interossei ) Flexor digiti minimi brevis ( the `` longus '' is absent in most humans ) Two extrinsic flexors : Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Two extrinsic extensors : Extensor digiti minimi muscle Extensor digitorum Two intrinsic hand muscles : Fourth lumbrical muscle Third Palmar interosseous muscle Note : the dorsal interossei of the hand muscles do not have an attachment to the fifth digit Cultural significance ( edit ) Gestures ( edit ) A pinky swear Among American children , a `` pinky swear '' or `` pinky promise '' is made when a person wraps one of their pinky fingers around another person 's pinky and makes a promise . Traditionally , it is considered binding , and the idea was originally that the person who breaks the promise must cut off their pinky finger . In a similar vein , among members of the Japanese yakuza ( gangsters ) , the penalty for various offenses is removal of parts of the little finger ( known as yubitsume ) . Raising a pinky finger can be used as an insulting gesture to imply that a man has a small penis . Rings ( edit ) The Iron Ring is a symbolic ring worn by most Canadian engineers . The Ring is a symbol of both pride and humility for the engineering profession , and is always worn on the pinky of the dominant hand . In the United States the Engineer 's Ring is a stainless steel ring worn on the fifth finger of the working hand by engineers that belong to the Order of the Engineer and have accepted the Obligation of an Engineer . In Australia and the United Kingdom the signet ring is traditionally worn on the little finger of a gentleman 's left hand . In recent years this has relaxed with men and women wearing them on various different fingers ; little fingers still tend to be dominant however . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roud , Steve . The Lore of the Playground . Random House . 2010 . Jump up ^ Hill , Peter B.E. : `` The Japanese Mafia : Yakuza , law , and the state '' , p. 75 . Oxford Univ . Press , 2003 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinky . Fifth metacarpal bone - the bone in the hand proximal to the little finger Pinky ring Pinky swear - a type of oath involving the little finger Yubitsume - a Japanese ritual of apology by amputation of the little finger Red string of fate - a Japanese belief that soulmates are bound by a string attached to the little finger Look up little finger in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché <Td_colspan="2"> General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_finger&oldid=825183327 '' Categories : Fingers Human anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Авар বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Кырык мары Лакку Latina मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Pangasinan Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Slovenčina Soomaaliga Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 23 : 26 . About Wikipedia
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1. Little finger anatomy
2. Cultural significance of the little finger
3. Pinky swear gesture
4. Rings worn on the little finger
5. Muscles controlling the little finger
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8,804,384,727,340,845,000 |
who was involved in the alipore bomb case
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Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others - Wikipedia Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others Jump to : navigation , search Anushilan Samiti Influence Indian Nationalism ( Militant nationalism ) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Swami Vivekananda Sister Nivedita Aurobindo Ghosh Shakta philosophy Indian National Congress Bipin Chandra Pal 1905 Partition of Bengal Bande Mataram Jugantar M.C. Samadhyayi Anushilan Samiti History Dhaka Anushilan Samiti Jugantar Aurobindo Raja Subodh Mallik Pramathanath Mitra Sarala Devi C.R. Das Surendranath Tagore Kanailal Dutta Jatindra Nath Banerjee Barin Ghosh Pulin Behari Das Bhupendranath Datta Bagha Jatin Atulkrishna Ghosh Jadugopal Mukherjee Rash Behari Bose Bhupendra Kumar Datta Hemchandra Kanungo Ullaskar Dutta Khudiram Bose Prafulla Chaki Tarak Nath Das Abhinash Bhattacharya Guran Ditt Kumar Naren Bhattacharya Bhavabhushan Mitra Bipin Behari Ganguli Sachindra Nath Sanyal Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay Pratul Chandra Ganguli Hindustan Republican Association Narendra Mohan Sen Niranjan Sen Gupta M.N. Roy Jatin Das Surya Sen Pritilata Waddedar Revolutionary Socialist Party More Notable events Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Howrah - Sibpur Conspiracy Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy Barisal Conspiracy Rodda robbery Indo - German Conspiracy Annie Larsen Christmas Day plot Kakori conspiracy Chittagong armoury raid More Related topics Sir Andrew Fraser Department of Criminal Intelligence Sir Harold Stuart Sir Charles Stevenson - Moore Sir Robert Nathan John Wallinger India House Paris Indian Society Abhinav Bharat Society V.D. Savarkar Madam Cama Har Dayal Ghadar Party More Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others , colloquially referred to as the Alipore Bomb Case , the Muraripukur conspiracy , or the Manicktolla bomb conspiracy , was a criminal case held in India in 1908 . The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta , under charges of `` Waging war against the Government '' of the British Raj . The trial was held at Alipore Sessions Court , Calcutta , between May 1908 and May 1909 . The trial followed in the wake of the attempt on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur by Bengali nationalists Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki in April 1908 , which was linked to the attempts to derail the train carrying Lieutenant - Governor Sir Andrew Fraser in December 1907 . Among the famous accused were Aurobindo Ghosh , his brother Barin Ghosh as well as 37 other Bengali nationalists of the Anushilan Samiti . Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh 's Garden house in 36 Murarirupukur Road , in the Manicktolla suburb of Calcutta . The accused were held in the Presidency Jail in Alipore before the trial , where Narendranath Goswami , approver and crown - witness , was shot dead by two fellow accused Kanailal Dutta and Satyendranath Bose within the jail premises . Goswami 's murder led to collapse of the case against Aurobindo . However , his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life - imprisonment to shorter jail terms . Aurobindo Ghosh retired from active nationalist politics after serving a prison sentence awarded in the trial , beginning his journey into spirituality and philosophy that he described as having started with revelations that occurred to him during his incarceration . He later moved to Pondicherry , establishing an Ashram . For Anushilan samiti , the incarceration of many of its prominent leaders led to a decline in the influence and activity of the Manicktolla branch , and its activities were overtaken by what emerged to be called the Jugantar branch under the leadership of Bagha Jatin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Anushilan samiti 1.2 Manicktolla ashram 2 Muzaffarpur bombings 3 Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others 3.1 Initial hearings 3.2 Naren Goswami 3.3 Murder of Naren Goswami 3.4 Alipore sessions court 3.5 The verdict 4 Popular perception 5 Influence 6 Aftermath 7 Commemoration 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Anushilan Samiti ( edit ) Main articles : Anushilan samiti , Aurobindo Ghosh , and Barin Ghosh Political consciousness and opposition to British raj in Bengal had grown steadily over the last decades of the 1800s . By 1902 , Calcutta had three societies working under the umbrella of a nationalist organisation called Anushilan Samity ( `` Body - building society '' ) which arose from conglomerations of youth - organisations and gyms . These included a society earlier founded by a Calcutta student named Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of a Calcutta barrister by the name of Pramatha Mitra , another led by a Bengalee lady by the name of Sarala Devi , and a third one founded Jatindranath Bannerjee and Aurobindo Ghosh . Ghosh was propounder of militant nationalism . Having forsaken a potential career in the Indian Civil Service , Ghosh had returned to India and taken up an academic post under the patronage of the Maharaja of Baroda . Here he came to develop a close relationship with Indian Maratha nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and through him the nationalist network in Maharashtra . Inspired by the histories of Italian and Irish nationalism , Aurobindo began preparing the grounds and network for an Indian nationalist revolution , in which he found support in Tilak . Aurobindo sought for source of military training to prepare for a revolution in future . His younger brother Barin joined Aurobindo in Baroda . Baroda offered Barin to obtain training in military strategies and armed conflicts.In 1903 , Aurobindo Ghosh sent his younger brother Barindra Kumar Ghosh to Calcutta to rally the nascent organisation . By 1905 , the controversial 1905 partition of Bengal had a widespread political impact : it stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in the Bhadralok community in Bengal , and helped Anushilan acquire a support base among of educated , politically conscious and disaffected young in local youth societies throughout Bengal . The works of Aurobindo and his brother Barin Ghosh allowed Anushilan Samity to spread through Bengal . Anushilan began a program of slowly building a support base , preparing slowly and steadily for a nationalist uprising , on the lines of the Italian Carbonari . Aurobindo returned to Bengal in 1906 , and with the assistance of Subodh Mallik and Bipin Chandra Pal , founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of Jugantar and its English counterpart Bande Mataram . After a slow start , the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes . Aurobindo , active in nationalist politics in the Congress , increasingly became the prominent voice of radical nationalists including Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Pal who advocated break - away from Britain and justified violent revolution as a means to this end . Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and his brother Barin included Bande Mataram , Jugantar had a widespread impact among the youth of Bengal . By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies which later rose to 20,000 . Its message , aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India , and justification of political violence . The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined Anushilan Samiti cited the influence of Jugantar in their decisions . In 1907 , Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo faced prosecution for the message emanating from Bande Mataram , with Pal being convicted . Meanwhile , Jugantar was also subject to close scrutiny . Manicktolla ashram ( edit ) Muraripukur garden house , in the Manicktolla suburbs of Calcutta . This served as the headquarters of Barin Ghosh and his associates . By 1907 , Barin Ghosh had begun gathering around groups of young men attracted to the Jugantar message . This was at a time that the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti under Pulin Das was becoming active in seeking to target British administrative officers and interests as targets . Police searches and surveillance of Jugantar became routine , and the younger Ghosh cut his ties with the paper . A close group of approximately a dozen young men gathered around Barin , some of whom lived in his garden house in 36 Muraripukur lane , in the Manicktolla suburb of Calcutta . The house was intended by Barin to be organised along the lines of an ashram or hermitage along the lines of Aurobindo 's message in Bhawani mandir , away from public eye , where revolutionaries could live in strict discipline and prepare for a future revolution . Barin 's group had been experimenting with production of explosives from 1906 . In 1907 , they were joined by Ullaskar Dutt , a self - taught chemist from the Howrah suburb of Calcutta who was attracted to the Jugantar message . The group had targeted the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal since 1906 . In autumn 1906 Charu Chandra Dutt and Prafulla Chaki had made a failed attempt to assassinate the governor at Darjeeling . With Dutta 's expertise , the plans were revisited . By October that year , Dutta was in a position to manufacture a bomb powerful enough to blow up a train . With dynamite obtained by Barin 's group , Dutt produced a bomb with a detonator of his own manufacturing . The intended target was the train carrying the lieutenant governor of Bengal , Andrew Fraser . Through November 1907 , two attempts were made to target the train carrying the lieutenant governor , which were unsuccessful . However , the group was at last successful on 5 December when Bibhutibhushan sarkar and Prafulla Chaki successfully detonated Dutt 's bomb under the Governor 's train at Narayangarh , near Midnapore . The Governor escaped unhurt , but security was tightened around him in the investigation that followed . In January 1908 , Dutt successfully produced a more powerful picric acid bomb that was tested in Deoghar . However , by this time Bengal police had infiltrated the Medinapore branch of the Samiti through an infiltrator , who was able to pass on information on the Manisktolla ashram , which he obtained from Satyendranth Bose . This included the names of Barin Ghosh and Aurobindo , and both were soon the subject of surveillance by Calcutta police . However , the Government desisted from acting against Ghosh 's group , fearful they would melt away to regroup in secret . Muzaffarpur bombings ( edit ) In 1907 , Barin Ghosh arranged to send to Paris one of his associates by the name of Hem Chandra Kanungo ( Hem Chandra Das ) , who was to learn the art of bomb making from Nicholas Safranski , a Russian revolutionary in exile in the French Capital . Returning to Bengal , Hem began working with Barin Ghosh again . With Fraser alerted , a new target was selected in Douglas Kingsford . Kingsford was the Chief Magistrate of the Presidency court of Alipore , and had overseen the trials of Bhupendranath Dutta and other editors of Jugantar , sentencing them to rigorous imprisonment . Jugantar itself responded with defiant editorials . The defiance of Jugantar saw it face five more prosecutions that left it in financial ruins by 1908 . These prosecutions brought the paper more publicity , and helped disseminate the Samiti 's ideology of revolutionary nationalism . Shukla Sanyal notes in 2014 that revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win support amongst a significant populace in Bengal , tacitly even if not overt . Kingsford also earned notoriety among nationalists when he ordered the whipping of a young Bengali boy by the name of Sushil Sen for participating in the protests that followed the Jugantar trial . The first attempt to kill Kingsford was in the form of a book bomb that Hem constructed . An empty tin of Cadbury 's cocoa was packed with a pound of picric acid and three detonators . This was packed into a hollowed section of Herbert Broom 's Commentaries on the Common Law and delivered wrapped in brown paper to Kingsford 's house by a young revolutionary named Paresh Mallick . Kingsford placed the unopened package in his shelf to examine it later . By March 1908 , fearful of the judge 's safety , he was promoted to District Judge and transferred by the government to Muzaffarpur in northern part of Bihar . With him went his furniture , library and the book bomb made by Hem Chandra . Khudiram Bose , who threw the bomb at Muzaffarpur , held under guard some time after his arrest . Anushilan , under Barin , persisted in their attempts to kill Kingsford . In April , a two - man reconnaissance team visited Muzaffarpur , which included Parfulla Chaki . On their return , Hem provided the bomb that was to be used , composed of 6 ounces of dynamite , a detonator and a black powder fuse . Prafulla returned to Muzaffarpur with a new man , Khudiram Bose . However , the outlines of these plans to attempt to take Kingsford 's life had also become known to Calcutta police , and commissioner F.L. Halliday had passed on the alert to Muzaffarpur superintendent of police . Kingsford was thus alerted by the superintendent , but had ignored the warnings . Four men were assigned to guard the magistrate 's house . On the evening of 29 April Bose and Chaki were in place to execute their plans . Pretending to be schoolboys , they surveyed the Muzaffarpur park , opposite The British club frequented by Kingsford . They were noticed by a constable . The next day they returned and , being noticed by the same constable , they scurried away . The duo moved away , then doubled back , hiding in a tree with the bomb . Kingsford was playing bridge that night at the club with his wife and the wife and daughter of a local barrister , Pringle Kennedy . Finishing the last game at 8 : 30 in the evening , the group broke up to head home . Kingsford and his wife were in a carriage identical to and immediately behind that carrying the Pringles . As the first carriage passed the tree hiding Chaki and Bose , Bose ran up to the carriage and threw his bomb through the carriage window . Both the occupants were fatally wounded . Escaping in the ensuing confusion , Bose and Chaki broke up and left the town separately . Bose walked through the night , reaching a small town called Waini , from where he intended to take the train back to Calcutta . Unfamiliar with the place , he came under the scrutiny of two constables and was caught while attempting to escape . Chaki , in the meantime , was able to take a different train , but came under the suspicion of an off - duty policeman named Nandalal Bannerjee . Bannerjee telegraphed Calcutta , and upon receiving instructions to detain Chaki , attempted to arrest . Chaki attempted to escape from the platform fighting his way through with his revolver and , down to his last bullet , shot himself in the mouth . News of the bombings reached Calcutta on 1 May 1908 , and suspicion was immediately on Aurobindo and Barin . Fraser , the Governor of Bengal , contemplated arrest and deportation of the Samiti leadership of the Ghosh brothers , Abhinash Bhattacharya , Hemchandra Das and Satyendranath Bose . Fraser feared that the evidence may not be sufficient to obtain conviction in a formal trial . By the time Fraser had wired the Government of India however , Halliday , unaware of Fraser 's actions , begun the process of charging Aurobindo and the Manicktolla group . By 7'o clock in the evening , warrants had been obtained to search eight places in Calcutta and the Manicktolla suburbs , and an operation was put in motion which involved all of Calcutta 's police superintendents , nearly twelve inspectors , and more than a hundred constables . A news of the killings broke in the evening newspapers in Calcutta Barin and his group , warned by Aurobindo , began hiding away arms , ammunitions and bombs in various stages of preparation at the house in Muraripukur lane that served as the headquarters . The place also contained a substantial amount of incriminating papers which the group attempted to burn . On 2 May 1908 , police arrested an initial 33 suspects . Aurobindo , Sailen Bose and Abhinash Bhattacharya were arrested from Ghosh 's Grey Street office where the trio were staying and his writings and letters were confiscated by the police . They were taken to the police headquarters at Lal Bazar at mid day , and then held at the detective headquarters at Royd Street overnight , before being produced in front of Commissioner Halliday the following morning . Meanwhile , seven additional police teams raided properties linked to the Ghosh brothers in North Calcutta , including the residences in Scott Street and in Harrison Road . A search in this second place uncovered large amounts of explosives , bombs and chemicals left behind by Ullashkar Dutt . Meanwhile , Barin and fourteen others were arrested in a raid at the Maniktala garden premises where they had been staying the night before . A search of the premises led to the discovery large amounts of arms and ammunitions the group had attempted to hide away , while a large amount of incriminating documents and papers that the group had not managed to burn were also seized . Fearing that the entire Samiti organisation stood at jeopardy , Barin offered to make a confessional statement taking responsibility for the conspiracy and the materiel . Convinced that they would be awarded the death penalty in any case , Barin was joined in written statements by Ullashkar Dutt , Indubhushan Roy and Bibhutibhushan Sarkar who implicated themselves taking entire responsibility with written statements , later confirmed orally in front of a magistrate . Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others ( edit ) The trial room , Alipore Sessions Court , Calcutta in 1997 . Initial hearings ( edit ) The Maniktala gardens under the jurisdiction of the Alipore suburb of Calcutta . On 5 May 1908 , Aurobindo and others were produced in front of the chief presidency magistrate 's court , where they were allowed access to lawyers for the first time . From here the case was transferred to the Alipore chief magistrate 's court , and the accused were held at Alipore jail , with Aurobindo held in solitary confinement . On 18 May , the accused were formally charged in the first hearing of Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others . The charges included `` organising to wage war against the government '' and charging each individual accused with `` waging war against the King '' . The prosecution was headed by Eardley Norton , a leading barrister of the then presidency of Madras . The hearing was assigned to the court of additional district magistrate , Leonard Birley , ICS . Birley started hearing evidence from the 222 witnesses even before formal charges had been pressed . Nearly 2000 material and documentary exhibits formed the evidence . In total , ultimately 49 stood accused . They were held separately from other prisoners . In middle of June , the accused were transferred to a three roomed wing at Alipore Jail , from where they were later moved to Ward 23 of Alipore jail . Naren Goswami ( edit ) The hearings against the accused had continued through May with intermittent recesses . However , despite a considerable body of evidence against most of the accused , very little evidence existed against Aurobindo himself . The structure of Anushilan samiti prevented the higher echelons of the organisation from becoming familiar to the junior ranks , and Aurobindo 's involvement in the organisation and its activities were hard to pinpoint , except for a few letters and correspondences confiscated at Barin 's Manicktolla garden house . These included letters Bain had written in 1907 , initialled `` A.G. '' proclaiming the time to distributing `` sweets '' across India , a euphemism for bombs of which the technology Hem Chandra had learnt in Paris . On the other hand , much of the aim of the prosecution was to gain conviction against Aurobindo , who was seen as the most dangerous individual driving the Samiti against the Raj . Unable to identify stronger material evidence , the prosecution began an effort to obtain witnesses who may be able to implicate Aurobindo . Their target became a young Anushilanite by the name of Naren Goswami . Goswami belonged to the family of a landowner in Bengal , of a wealthy background and social standing . He had been arrested at Maniktala with Barin and others on the initial raid . On 22 June , Prosecutor Norton announced to the court that Narendranath Goswami had turned `` King 's witness '' , or prosecution witness , in return for a pardon . By the middle of August , Birley had heard evidence against the accused . He twice rejected the defence 's requests to cross-examine Goswami , using discretionary powers granted to him by the government of Bengal . On 19 , 31 August prisoners were committed to stand trial at Alipore Sessions Court for waging war against the King . On the evidence against Aurobindo , Birley concluded that letters and correspondences from members of the group - particularly one letter from Barin where he had referred to `` distributing sweets '' across India - indicated prima facie involvement on Aurobindo 's part . Murder of Naren Goswami ( edit ) Kanailal Dutt ( 2nd from right ) and Satyen Basu ( 4th from right ) , under arrest after assassinating Naren Goswami . Interned with his fellow conspirators , Barin Ghosh had carefully planned to stage a jail - break . Careful plans were made to overpower guards with acid , bombs and with arms smuggled into the jail with the help of Samiti members and of family members . By the last week of August , Barin was able to obtain two revolvers , a R.I.C. 0.45 calibre and an Osborne 0.38 calibre revolver . However , the accused soon realised that Goswami knew more than anticipated , and his evidence may implicate many accused including the Ghosh Brothers . A decision was taken by Hem Chandra Das to silence Naren . On 29 August , Kanailal Dutt feigned abdominal colic and gained admission to the Jail hospital , from where he sent word to Naren of wishing to turn approver , along with Satyen Bose . Naren , believing the ruse , walked into the Hospital ward to meet the duo with the jail overseer . Armed with the two revolvers smuggled in at Barin 's request , Sen and Dutta chased Goswami down the jail corridors . The overseer accompanying Goswami , Warden Higgins , attempted to overpower Dutt but was shot through the wrist . Another overseer named Lynton tried to overpower Sen , but the latter broke free . Both Sen and Dutt shot Goswami multiple times , hitting his hip and piercing his spine , wounding him fatally . Sen and Dutta , emptying their cylinders into Goswami 's lifeless body , gave themselves up once they realised Goswami was dead . Dutta later pleaded guilty , was convicted and hanged . Sen was initially declared not guilty by jury , but the verdict was returned to the high court which returned a guilty verdict and awarded him death sentence . Alipore Sessions court ( edit ) On 19 October 1908 , the hearing for the trial began at the court of Charles Poten Beachroft who served as the additional sessions judge of the 24 Paraganas . Beechcroft and Aurobindo had previously entered the Indian Civil Service Examinations in England in the same year , where Aurobindo had ranked ahead of Beechcroft . The defence team was composed of 15 lawyers , barristers and pleaders . Aurobindo was initially represented by Byomkesh Chakravarty , a leading Calcutta barrister . In addition to the 1500 documents and material evidence , defence team entered further 54 items . However , Chakrvarty successfully able to challenge Norton 's attempts to enter Goswami 's testimony as evidence , and able to obtain Beachcroft 's ruling that Birley broke the law in refusing to allow defence to cross-examine Goswami . However , Chakravarty soon pulled out of Ghosh 's defence team , as the funds failed to meet his fees . His defence was then taken over by Chittaranjan Das , then still a junior lawyer . 206 witnesses were called , around 400 documents were filed with the court , and more than 5000 exhibits were produced including bombs , revolvers , and acids . The trial continued for a year ( 1908 - 1909 ). Aurobindo Ghosh , however , was defended by the young lawyer Chittaranjan Das , who concluded his defence : My appeal to you is this , that long after the controversy will be hushed in silence , long after this turmoil , the agitation will have ceased , long after he is dead and gone , he will be looked upon as the poet of patriotism , as the prophet of nationalism and the lover of humanity . Long after he is dead and gone , his words will be echoed and re-echoed , not only in India but across distant seas and lands . Therefore , I say that the man in his position is not only standing before the bar of this Court , but before the bar of the High Court of History . The verdict ( edit ) Beechcroft delivered his verdicts on 6 May 1909 , amidst tight security in Calcutta to prevent outbreak of nationalist violence . Observing the popular supports following the executions of Kshudiram Bose , Kanailal Dutt and Satyen Bose , the day of the verdict was kept closely guarded . Additional security measures were put in place , with a reserve force of European officers held ready in case of an outbreak of violence and disorder in the streets of Calcutta . Beechcroft delivered his verdicts on 6 May 1909 , amidst tight security in Calcutta to prevent . In his verdict , Barin Ghosh and Ullaskar Dutt were found guilty , and sentenced to death by hanging ( later commuted to life imprisonment ) . Thirteen others , Upendra Nath Banerjee , Bibhuti Bhusan Sarkar , Hrishikesh Kanjilal , Birendra Sen , Sudhir Sarkar , Indra Nundy , Abinash Bhuttacharjee , Soilendra Bose , Hem Chunder Dass , Indu Bhusan Roy , Poresh Mullick , Sishir Ghosh , Nirapado Roy were sentenced to transportation for life and forfeiture all property . Three others , Poresh Mullick , Sishir Ghosh , Nirapado Roy were sentenced to ten years incarceration along with forfeiture of property . A further three Asoke Nundy , Balkrishna Kane , Susil Sen were sentenced to seven years jail terms . Seventeen , including Aurobindo , were found not guilty . One defendant , Kristo Jibon Sanyal , was sentenced to one year rigorous imprisonment . Two of the 17 acquitted , Dharani Gupta & Nogen Gupta , were already undergoing a 7 - year sentence for conviction in the Harrison Road case , so they were not released . Probash Chunder Deb was re-arrested on a sedition charge under Section 124A , in connection with the publication of the book `` Desh Acharjya '' . The verdict on Aurobindo was passed last . Beechcroft highlighted the lack of concrete evidence linking Aurobindo to the conspiracy in the lack of crown - witness Naren Goswami . The verdict was disappointing to the Government of India , who had hoped to obtain a conviction against Aurobindo . Further fears were raised that those acquitted may had already received instruction from Hem on constructing the boms . Aurobindo further was seen as the most dangerous adversary to the Raj whilst he remained free . Consulted on the prospects of a successful appeal against the verdict on Aurobindo , the advocate general of Bombay the chance of obtaining a conviction `` fair '' , but was unable to provide more reassuring prospects . In August 1909 , the government took the decision not to launch an appeal . Of the two sentenced to death by hanging ( but released in 1920 ) , Ullaskar Dutt , a young man of 22 , described his occupation as a cow keeper . Barindra Kumar Ghosh , younger brother of Aurobindo Ghosh , was a key player in the Alipore trial . It was in their house that the revolutionaries carried out their activities . Barindra had been born in England and came to India at the age of one . According to British Indian law , he was asked whether he preferred being tried as a British citizen . Barin , as a patriot , refused . Those two were sentenced to death , with the sentence later commuted to life imprisonment in the Cellular Jail in Andamans , where they remained until a general amnesty , in 1920 . Popular perception ( edit ) The trial was considered sensational at the time , and generated an enormous amount of interest in both British and Indian press . In India , journals such as The Empire ran editorials calling for harsh punishments for the undertrials . The Times published a number of reports , reflecting on Aurobindo 's career Aurobindo 's monologues and essays , published in Karmayogin , Jugantar , and other publications . Influence ( edit ) In the aftermath of the trial , the power of native Indian press in promoting nationalist messages were severely curtailed , with the Indian Press act of 1910 allowing provincial governments to demand punitive deposits from journals deemed hostile to the Raj . Bal Gangandhar Tilak , who had close ties with Aurobindo , was arrested and charged with sedition , subsequently found guilty despite publicly dissociating himself from the Muzzafarpur bombings . In the aftermath of these events , moderates in the Indian National Congress came to be a more prominent force within the organisation , and developed a closer working relationship with the Raj . The Minto - Morley reforms were passed in 1910 . Historians like Peter Heehs argue that although these had been planned as early as 1906 , the popular impact of the trials hastened , or were perceived to hasten , the passage . In the view of the larger population , the actions of Aurobindo and his group took credit for this . Aftermath ( edit ) Aurobindo Ghosh was acquitted of the charges ( among 17 acquitted ) and came out of the affair with a new outlook on life and spirituality ( see final conversion ) . He recused himself from active politics , u ; timately settling to his ashram in Pondicherry . Barin was interred till 1920 , and after being released from jail he worked as a journalist , including The Statesman . He died in 1959 . Aurobindo retired from active politics after serving a prison sentence . This was followed by a 1909 Dhaka conspiracy case , which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan to trial . Nandalal Bannerjee ( the officer who arrested Kshudiram ) was shot dead in 1908 , followed by the assassinations of the prosecutor and informant for the Alipore case in 1909 . In the aftermath of the Manicktala conspiracy , the western Anushilan Samiti found a more - prominent leader in Bagha Jatin and emerged as the Jugantar . Jatin revitalised links between the central organisation in Calcutta and its branches in Bengal , Bihar , Orissa and Uttar Pradesh , establishing hideouts in the Sunderbans for members who had gone underground . The group slowly reorganised , aided by Amarendra Chatterjee , Naren Bhattacharya and other younger leaders . Some of its younger members , including Taraknath Das , left India . Between 1909 and 1914 , the group continued its campaign against the interests , making a number of attempts on the lives of Raj officials with variable successes . In a concerted attempt of revenge , Ashutosh Biswas , an advocate of Calcutta High Court in charge of the prosecution of the Gossain murder case , was shot dead within Calcutta High Court in 1909 . In 1910 , Shamsul Alam , Deputy Superintendent of Bengal Police responsible for investigating the Alipore Bomb case , was shot dead on the steps of Calcutta High Court . Naren Bannerjee , the police officer who arrested Kshudiram Bose , was murdered in 1910 . These assassinations led up to the uncovering of Jatin 's network , precipitating the Howrah - Sibpur Conspiracy case . Undeterred , the Samiti 's networks continued the attempts on political violence and assassinations , using its base in Chandernagore . The most notable was the attempt on the life of Viceroy of India in 1912 in a conspiacy headed by Rash Behari Bose . However , the most serious threat organised by the Samiti arose in 1914 when , with the clouds of war gathering in Europe in 1914 , the Samiti began liaising with revolutionary groups abroad and with Imperial Germany to overthrow the British Raj with a Pan-Indian Mutiny . Commemoration ( edit ) The site of Barin Ghosh 's country residence -- the site of arrest of fourteen nationalists who stood trial -- is commemorated by a marble plaque unveiled in 1990 by the West Bengal state government in independent India . 48 Grey Street , where Aurobindo was arrested with three others , was also commemorated with a marble plaque from the government in 1993 . Grey street was renamed Arabinda Sarani by West Bengal Government in independent India . Pusa road railway station , where Khudiram Bose was arrested , is now named after him . Kanailal Dutt is commemorated with a bust at his birth town of Chanderrnagore , while the Osborne 0.38 calibre revolver used in Naren Goswami 's assassination forms a part of Calcutta Police Museum collections . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : SriAurobindoAshram. org - doc16 `` Documents in the Life of Sri Aurobindo : The Judgment in the Alipore Bomb Case '' Check url = value ( help ) . Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust . 2007 . Jump up ^ Sen 2006 , p. 148 ^ Jump up to : Heehs 2008 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Sanyal 2014 , pp. 90 -- 91 `` ( Sanyal translates from Jugantar : ) `` In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects , it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength . In such a situation , subjects too must rely on brute force . '' ... The Jugantar challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... ( its ) position thus amounted to a fundamental critique of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies , a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after . The Jugantar ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young , literate and politically radicalized . '' Jump up ^ Heehs 2008 , p. 153 Jump up ^ Popplewell 1995 , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Sanyal 2014 , pp. 91 -- 92 `` Bhupendranath Dutt , the editor and proprietor of the Jugantar was arrested in July 1907 and charged under section 124 A ... Bhupendranath was sentenced to a year 's rigorous imprisonment ... The Jugantar 's stance was typically defiant ... The paper did nothing to tone down the rhetoric in its future editions . '' Jump up ^ Sanyal 2014 , p. 93 `` This attitude cost the paper dearly . It suffered five more prosecutions that , by July 1908 , brought about its financial ruin ... The trials brought the paper a great deal of publicity and helped greatly in the dissemination of the revolutionary ideology ... testimony to the fanatical loyalty that the paper inspired in its readers and the deep impression that the Jugantar writings made on them ... revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win if not overt , then at least the tacit , support of Bengalis . '' ^ Jump up to : Heehs 2008 , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Heehs 2008 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Heehs 2008 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : `` Book Review : The Alipore Bomb Case - A historic pre-independence trial '' , Prakash Rao , Lok Aawaz Publishers and Distributors , 2007 , webpage : Ghadar - review . Jump up ^ Roy 1997 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Popplewell 1995 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Popplewell 1995 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Engineer 2006 , p. 105 Jump up ^ M.N. Roy 's Memoirs p3 References ( edit ) Heehs , Peter ( 2008 ) , The Lives of Sri Aurobindo , New York : Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14098 - 0 . Sen ( 2006 ) , Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Sanyal , Shukla ( 2014 ) , Revolutionary Pamphlets , Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal , Delhi : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 06546 - 8 . Popplewell , Richard James ( 1995 ) , Intelligence and Imperial Defence : British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire , 1904 - 1924 , London : Frank Cass , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4580 - X . 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1. Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others
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conflict over water from the indus between india and pakistan
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Indus waters treaty - wikipedia Indus waters treaty Jump to : navigation , search The Indus Waters Treaty ( English ) or ( Hindi ) or `` سندھ طاس معاہدہ '' ( Urdu ) is a water - distribution treaty between India and Pakistan , brokered by the World Bank ( then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ) . The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19 , 1960 by Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and President of Pakistan Ayub Khan . According to this agreement , control over the three `` eastern '' rivers -- the Beas , the Ravi and the Sutlej -- was given to India , while control over the three `` western '' rivers -- the Indus , the Chenab and the Jhelum -- to Pakistan . More controversial , however , were the provisions on how the waters were to be shared . Since Pakistan 's rivers flow through India first , the treaty allowed India to use them for irrigation , transport and power generation , while laying down precise regulations for Indian building projects along the way . The treaty was a result of Pakistani fear that , since the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India , it could potentially create droughts and famines in Pakistan , especially at times of war . Since the ratification of the treaty in 1960 , India and Pakistan have not engaged in any water wars . Most disagreements and disputes have been settled via legal procedures , provided for within the framework of the treaty . The treaty is considered to be one of the most successful water sharing endeavours in the world today , even though analysts acknowledge the need to update certain technical specifications and expand the scope of the document to include climate change . As per the provisions in the treaty , India can use only 20 % of the total water carried by the Indus river . Contents ( hide ) 1 Treaty provisions 2 History and background 3 World Bank involvement 3.1 Grants and Loans to Pakistan 4 Treaty implications 5 Treaty under scrutiny 6 See also 7 Sources 8 References 9 External links 10 Further reading Treaty provisions ( edit ) The Indus system of rivers comprises three western rivers -- the Indus , the Jhelum and Chenab -- and three eastern rivers -- the Sutlej , the Beas and the Ravi . The treaty , under Article 5.1 , envisages the sharing of waters of the rivers Ravi , Beas , Sutlej , Jhelum and Chenab which join the Indus River on its left bank ( eastern side ) in Pakistan . According to this treaty , Ravi , Beas and Sutlej , which constitute the eastern rivers , are allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan . However , a transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilization of waters of Jhelum , Chenab and the Indus itself , allocated to it under the treaty . Similarly , Pakistan has exclusive use of the western rivers Jhelum , Chenab and Indus . As Punjab was dependent on three eastern rivers too , India agreed to make fixed contribution of UK Pound Streling 62,060,000 / = ( Pound Streling sixty two million and sixty thousand only ) towards the cost of construction of new head - works and canal system for irrigation . India had to pay this amount in ten equal installments . allocated to it . The treaty resulted in partitioning of the rivers rather than sharing of their waters . The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty . For this purpose , treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission , with a commissioner appointed by each country . It would follow the set procedure for adjudicating any future disputes arising over the allocation of waters . The Commission has survived three wars and provides an ongoing mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution through inspection , exchange of data and visits . The Commission is required to meet regularly to discuss potential disputes as well as cooperative arrangements for the development of the basin . Either party must notify the other of plans to construct any engineering works which would affect the other party and to provide data about such works . In cases of disagreement , a neutral expert is called in for mediation and arbitration . While neither side has initiated projects that could cause the kind of conflict that the Commission was created to resolve , the annual inspections and exchange of data continue , unperturbed by tensions on the subcontinent . History and background ( edit ) The waters of the Indus basin begin in Tibet and the Himalayan mountains in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh . They flow from the hills through the states of Punjab , Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir and Sindh , converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi . Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers , developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres ( 110,000 km ) , the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world . The partition of British India created a conflict over the plentiful waters of the Indus basin . The newly formed states were at odds over how to share and manage what was essentially a cohesive and unitary network of irrigation . Furthermore , the geography of partition was such that the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India . Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin . Where India certainly had its own ambitions for the profitable development of the basin , Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable land . During the first years of partition , the waters of the Indus were apportioned by the Inter-Dominion Accord of May 4 , 1948 . This accord required India to release sufficient waters to the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for annual payments from the government of Pakistan . The accord was meant to meet immediate requirements and was followed by negotiations for a more permanent solution . However , neither side was willing to compromise their respective positions and negotiations reached a stalemate . From the Indian point of view , there was nothing that Pakistan could do to prevent India from any of the schemes to divert the flow of water in the rivers . Pakistan wanted to take the matter to the International Court of Justice , but India refused , arguing that the conflict required a bilateral resolution . World Bank involvement ( edit ) In this same year , David Lilienthal , formerly the chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority and of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission , visited the region to write a series of articles for Collier 's magazine . Lilienthal had a keen interest in the subcontinent and was welcomed by the highest levels of both Indian and Pakistani governments . Although his visit was sponsored by Collier 's , Lilienthal was briefed by state department and executive branch officials , who hoped that Lilienthal could help bridge the gap between India and Pakistan and also gauge hostilities on the subcontinent . During the course of his visit , it became clear to Lilienthal that tensions between India and Pakistan were acute , but also unable to be erased with one sweeping gesture . He wrote in his journal : India and Pakistan were on the verge of war over Kashmir . There seemed to be no possibility of negotiating this issue until tensions abated . One way to reduce hostility ... would be to concentrate on other important issues where cooperation was possible . Progress in these areas would promote a sense of community between the two nations which might , in time , lead to a Kashmir settlement . Accordingly , I proposed that India and Pakistan work out a program jointly to develop and jointly to operate the Indus Basin river system , upon which both nations were dependent for irrigation water . With new dams and irrigation canals , the Indus and its tributaries could be made to yield the additional water each country needed for increased food production . In the article I had suggested that the World Bank might use its good offices to bring the parties to agreement , and help in the financing of an Indus Development program . Lilienthal 's idea was well received by officials at the World Bank , and , subsequently , by the Indian and Pakistani governments . Eugene R. Black , then president of the World Bank , told Lilienthal that his proposal `` makes good sense all round '' . Black wrote that the Bank was interested in the economic progress of the two countries and had been concerned that the Indus dispute could only be a serious handicap to this development . India 's previous objections to third party arbitration were remedied by the Bank 's insistence that it would not adjudicate the conflict but rather work as a conduit for agreement . Black also made a distinction between the `` functional '' and `` political '' aspects of the Indus dispute . In his correspondence with Indian and Pakistan leaders , Black asserted that the Indus dispute could most realistically be solved if the functional aspects of disagreement were negotiated apart from political considerations . He envisioned a group that tackled the question of how best to utilize the waters of the Indus Basin , leaving aside questions of historic rights or allocations . Black proposed a Working Party made up of Indian , Pakistani and World Bank engineers . The World Bank delegation would act as a consultative group , charged with offering suggestions and speeding dialogue . In his opening statement to the Working Party , Black spoke of why he was optimistic about the group 's success : One aspect of Mr. Lilienthal 's proposal appealed to me from the first . I mean his insistence that the Indus problem is an engineering problem and should be dealt with by engineers . One of the strengths of the engineering profession is that , all over the world , engineers speak the same language and approach problems with common standards of judgment . Black 's hopes for a quick resolution to the Indus dispute were premature . While the Bank had expected that the two sides would come to an agreement on the allocation of waters , neither India nor Pakistan seemed willing to compromise their positions . While Pakistan insisted on its historical right to waters of all the Indus tributaries and that half of West Punjab was under threat of desertification , the Indian side argued that the previous distribution of waters should not set future allocation . Instead , the Indian side set up a new basis of distribution , with the waters of the Western tributaries going to Pakistan and the Eastern tributaries to India . The substantive technical discussions that Black had hoped for were stymied by the political considerations he had expected to avoid . The World Bank soon became frustrated with this lack of progress . What had originally been envisioned as a technical dispute that would quickly untangle itself started to seem intractable . India and Pakistan were unable to agree on the technical aspects of allocation , let alone the implementation of any agreed upon distribution of waters . Finally , in 1954 , after nearly two years of negotiation , the World bank offered its own proposal , stepping beyond the limited role it had apportioned for itself and forcing the two sides to consider concrete plans for the future of the basin . The proposal offered India the three eastern tributaries of the basin and Pakistan the three western tributaries . Canals and storage dams were to be constructed to divert waters from the western rivers and replace the eastern river supply lost by Pakistan . While the Indian side was amenable to the World Bank proposal , Pakistan found it unacceptable . The World Bank allocated the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan . This new distribution did not account for the historical usage of the Indus basin , or the fact that West Punjab 's Eastern districts could turn into desert , and repudiated Pakistan 's negotiating position . Where India had stood for a new system of allocation , Pakistan felt that its share of waters should be based on pre-partition distribution . The World Bank proposal was more in line with the Indian plan and this angered the Pakistani delegation . They threatened to withdraw from the Working Party , and negotiations verged on collapse . However , neither side could afford the dissolution of talks . The Pakistani press met rumors of an end to negotiation with talk of increased hostilities ; the government was ill - prepared to forego talks for a violent conflict with India and was forced to reconsider its position . India was also eager to settle the Indus issue ; large development projects were put on hold by negotiations , and Indian leaders were eager to divert water for irrigation . In December 1954 , the two sides returned to the negotiating table . The World Bank proposal was transformed from a basis of settlement to a basis for negotiation and the talks continued , stop and go , for the next six years . One of the last stumbling blocks to an agreement concerned financing for the construction of canals and storage facilities that would transfer water from the western rivers to Pakistan . This transfer was necessary to make up for the water Pakistan was giving up by ceding its rights to the eastern rivers . The World Bank initially planned for India to pay for these works , but India refused . The Bank responded with a plan for external financing . An Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement ( Karachi , 19 September 1960 ) ; a treaty between Australia , Canada , Germany , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , the United States with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IRDC ) and Pakistan who agreed to provide a combination of funds and loans . This solution cleared the remaining stumbling blocks to agreement , and the Indus Waters Treaty was signed by the leaders of both countries on the same day in 1960 . The grants and loans to Pakistan were extended in 1964 through a supplementary agreement . Grants and Loans to Pakistan ( edit ) Country Currency Original Grant ( 1960 ) Supplementaty Grant ( 1964 ) Original Loan to Pakistan ( 1960 ) Supplementary Loan to Pakistan ( 1964 ) India GB £ 62,060,000 Ten yearly instalments Australia A £ 6,965,000 4,669,643 Canada Can $ 22,100,000 16,810,794 Germany DM 126,000,000 80,400,000 New Zealand NZ £ 1,000,000 503,434 United Kingdom GB £ 20,860,000 13,978,571 United States US $ 177,000,000 118,590,000 70,000,000 51,220,000 IRDC Bank US $ 90,000,000 ( in various currencies ) inc interest 58,540,000 ( in various currencies ) Treaty implications ( edit ) From the rivers flowing in India , India got nearly 33 million acre feet ( MAF ) from eastern rivers whereas Pakistan got nearly 125 MAF from western rivers . However India can use the western river waters for irrigation up to 701,000 acres with new water storage capacity not exceeding 1.25 MAF and use the rivers for run of river hydro power generation with storage not exceeding 1.6 MAF and nominal flood storage capacity of 0.75 MAF . These water allocations made to the Jammu and Kashmir state of India are meagre to meet its irrigation water requirements whereas the treaty permitted enough water to irrigate 80 % of the cultivated lands in the Indus river basin of Pakistan . The storage capacity permitted by the treaty for hydro power generation is less than the total annual silt that would accumulate in the reservoirs if the total hydro potential of the state was to be exploited fully . Pakistan is also losing additional benefits by not permitting moderate water storages in upstream J&K state whose water would be ultimately released to the Pakistan for its use and avoid few dams requirement in its territory . Ultimately , J&K state is bound to resort costly de-silting of its reservoirs to keep them operational . Whereas Pakistan is planning to build multi purpose water reservoirs with massive storage for impounding multi year inflows such as 4,500 MW Diamer - Bhasha Dam , 3,600 MW Kalabagh Dam , 600 MW Akhori Dam , Dasu Dam , Bunji Dam , Thakot dam , Patan dam , etc projects with huge population resettlement . In case of any dam break , downstream areas in Pakistan as well as Kutch region in India would face unprecedented water deluge or submergence as these dams are located in high seismically - active zones . Treaty under scrutiny ( edit ) Main article : Great Rann of Kutch The treaty has not considered Gujarat state in India as part of the Indus river basin . The Indus river is entering the Great Rann of Kutch area and feeding in to Kori Creek during floods . At the time of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 , the Great Rann of Kutch area was disputed territory between the two nations which was later settled in the year 1968 by sharing total disputed area in 9 : 1 ratio between India and Pakistan . Without taking consent from India , Pakistan has constructed Left Bank Outfall Drain ( LBOD ) project passing through the Great Rann of Kutch area with the assistance from the world bank . LBOD 's purpose is to bypass the saline and polluted water which is not fit for agriculture use to reach sea via Rann of Kutch area without passing through its Indus delta . Water released by the LBOD is enhancing the flooding in India and contaminating the quality of water bodies which are source of water to salt farms spread over vast area . The LBOD water is planned to join the sea via disputed Sir Creek but LBOD water is entering Indian territory due to many breaches in its left bank caused by floods Gujarat state of India being the lower most riparian part of Indus basin , Pakistan is bound to provide all the details of engineering works taken up by Pakistan to India as per the provisions of the treaty and shall not proceed with the project works till the disagreements are settled by arbitration process . In aftermath of the 2016 Uri attack , India reviewed the treaty and its provisions and proposed several changes . See also ( edit ) Great Rann of Kutch Baglihar Dam Effects of global warming Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant India -- Pakistan relations Sources ( edit ) Barrett , Scott : Conflict and Cooperation in Managing International Water Resources , Policy Research Working Paper 1303 , The World Bank , May 1994 . Michel , Aloys Arthur : The Indus Rivers -- A Study of the Effects of Partition , Yale University Press : New Haven , 1967 . Verghese , B.G. : Waters of Hope , Oxford and IBH Publishing : New Delhi , 1990 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Full text of ' Indus Water Treaty ' , Ministry of water resources , Govt. of India '' . 1960 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ War over water The Guardian , Monday 3 June 2002 01.06 BST ^ Jump up to : `` The Indus Equation Report '' ( PDF ) . Strategic Foresight Group . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ C.A. Brebbia ( 4 September 2013 ) . Water and Society II . WIT Press . pp. 103 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84564 - 742 - 1 . Jump up ^ Map Workbook . FK Publications . pp. 27 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89611 - 79 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roy Chowdhury , Biswaroop . Memory Unlimited . Diamond Pocket Books ( P ) Ltd . pp. 148 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8419 - 017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Shreyan , Sengupta . `` Transboundary water disputes '' ( PDF ) . ETH Zurich . ETH Zurich . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Garg , Santosh Kumar ( 1999 ) . International and interstate river water disputes . Laxmi Publications . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 81 - 7008 - 068 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Waters Treaty 1960 '' ( pdf ) . Site Resources ; World Bank . pp. 1 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Water Sharing Conflicts Between Countries , and Approaches to Resolving Them '' ( PDF ) . Honolulu : Global Environment and Energy in the 21st century . p. 98 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ What Indus water treaty means By Dr Adam Nayyar , DAWN Archived May 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Gulhati , Niranjan D. , The Indus Waters Treaty : An Exercise in International Mediation , Allied Publishers : Bombay , 1973 . Jump up ^ Mason , Edward Sagendorph ; Asher , Robert E. ( 1973 ) . The World Bank Since Bretton Woods ( First ed . ) . Wawshington : The Brookings Institution . p. 612 . ISBN 9780815720300 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Waters Treaty : View From Kashmir '' . 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1961/2.html Jump up ^ `` Indus water treaty '' . http://web.worldbank.org . World Bank . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1964/14.html Jump up ^ http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/614421468332678823/pdf/Credit-0060-Pakistan-Indus-Basin-Project-Credit-Agreement.pdf Jump up ^ `` India generous with its shared water resources '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Geography of Jammu and Kashmir State '' . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Assembly rejects PDP resolution '' . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Indus Cascade - a disaster in the making '' . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the LBOD issue '' . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indus re-enters India after two centuries , feeds Little Rann , Nal Sarovar '' . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the Delta , the LBOD outfall system and the Badin dhands - chapters 3 & 4 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 2006 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrangles over water : Pakistan wages a water war on India '' . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ How India plans to use Indus Water Treaty to turn the heat on Pakistan Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi lays groundwork for water war in battle with Pakistan '' . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Ali , Saleem H. `` Water Politics in South Asia : Technocratic Cooperation in the Indus basin and beyond . '' Journal of International Affairs , Spring , 2008 . Indus Waters Treaty : The World Bank The actual brokers of the Treaty World Bank and the detailed website . Indus Water Treaty Importance Analysis and Indo pak relation . Bibliography Water Resources and International Law See Indus River . Peace Palace Libray The Indus Waters Treaty : A History . Henry L. Stimson Center . Further reading ( edit ) A. Misra ( 19 July 2010 ) . India - Pakistan : Coming Terms . Palgrave Macmillan US . pp. 63 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10978 - 0 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) India -- Pakistan relations Diplomacy High Commission of India to Pakistan High Commissioner of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan to India High Commissioner of Pakistan to India Treaties and summits Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) Lahore summit ( 1999 ) Agra Summit ( 2001 ) Events and conflicts Partition of India Kashmir conflict Integration of Junagadh 1947 - 1948 War Sir Creek Operation Gibraltar 1965 War 1971 War Bangladesh Liberation War Pokhran -- I Kirana -- I Nuclear race Line of Control Maritime trespassing Siachen conflict Operation Brasstacks Pokhran - II / Chagai - I / Chagai - II Violence against Muslims in India Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Balochistan conflict Kargil conflict Atlantique incident Iran -- Pakistan -- India gas pipeline 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001 -- 2002 military standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes 2013 border skirmishes Sarabjit / Sanaullah murder incidents 2013 Pakistan Embassy attack 2014 - 2015 border skirmishes 2016 Kulbhushan Jadhav interception 2016 -- 17 unrest in Jammu and Kashmir 2016 Uri attack 2016 military confrontation Initiatives Aman ki Asha Hotline Transport Samjhauta Express Delhi -- Lahore Bus Srinagar -- Muzaffarabad Bus Thar Express Indo - Pak Confederation Indo - Pak Joint Judicial Committee Hindi in Pakistan Sports India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Pakistan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_Waters_Treaty&oldid=815743842 '' Categories : Indian historical documents India -- Pakistan relations 1960 in India Treaties concluded in 1960 1960 in Pakistan Indus basin Pakistani historical documents India -- Pakistan treaties Water resource conflicts Water treaties Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Nederlands Русский Simple English سنڌي தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Indus Waters Treaty
2. Water distribution between India and Pakistan
3. World Bank involvement
4. Sharing of eastern and western rivers
5. Success and challenges of the treaty
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is the peak district part of the pennines
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Pennines - wikipedia Pennines Not to be confused with Pennine Alps . Northern England and adjoining areas , showing the general extent of the Pennines Scenery in the Forest of Bowland The Pennines / ˈpɛnaɪnz / , also known as the Pennine Chain or Pennine Hills , are a range of mountains and hills in England separating North West England from Yorkshire and North East England . Often described as the `` backbone of England '' , the Pennine Hills form a more - or-less continuous range stretching northwards from the Peak District in the northern Midlands , through the South Pennines , Yorkshire Dales and North Pennines up to the Tyne Gap , which separates the range from the Cheviot Hills . South of the Aire Gap is a western spur into east Lancashire , comprising the Rossendale Fells , West Pennine Moors and the Bowland Fells in North Lancashire . The Howgill Fells in Cumbria are sometimes considered to be a Pennine spur to the west of the range . The Pennines are an important water catchment area with numerous reservoirs in the head streams of the river valleys . The region is widely considered to be one of the most scenic areas of the United Kingdom . The North Pennines and Nidderdale are designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) within the range , as are Bowland and Pendle Hill . Parts of the Pennines are incorporated into the Peak District National Park and the Yorkshire Dales National Park . Britain 's oldest long - distance footpath , the Pennine Way , runs along most of the Pennine Chain and is 268 miles ( 429 km ) long . The Cheviot Hills , separated by the Tyne Gap and the Whin Sill , along which run the A69 and Hadrian 's Wall , are not part of the Pennines but , perhaps because the Pennine Way crosses them , they are often treated as such . As a result , the northern end of the Pennines may be considered to be either at the Tyne Gap or the Cheviot Hills across the Anglo - Scottish border . Conversely the southern end of the Pennines is commonly said to be in the High Peak of Derbyshire at Edale , the start of the Pennine Way . However , hills continue towards southern Derbyshire , northern Staffordshire , eastern Cheshire , and western Nottinghamshire . Contents 1 Name 2 Geography and geology 2.1 Elevation 2.2 Drainage 2.3 Climate 3 History 4 Demography 5 Economy 6 Transport 7 National Parks and AONBs 8 Language 9 Folklore and customs 10 Flora 11 Fauna 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Name ( edit ) Stanage Edge in the Peak District Various etymologies have been proposed treating `` Pennine '' as though it were a native Brittonic / Modern Welsh name related to pen - ( `` head '' ) . In fact , it did not become a common name until the 18th century and almost certainly derives from modern comparisons with the Apennine Mountains , which run down the middle of Italy in a similar fashion . Following an 1853 article by Arthur Hussey , it has become a common belief that the name derives from a passage in The Description of Britain ( Latin : De Situ Britanniæ ) , an infamous historical forgery concocted by Charles Bertram in the 1740s and accepted as genuine until the 1840s . In 2004 , George Redmonds reassessed this , finding that numerous respected writers passed over the origin of the mountains ' name in silence even in works dedicated to the topological etymology of Derbyshire and Lancashire . He found that the derivation from Bertram was widely believed and considered uncomfortable . In fact , he found repeated comparisons going back at least as early as Camden , many of whose placenames and ideas Bertram incorporated into his work . Bertram was responsible ( at most ) with popularizing the name against other contenders such as Daniel Defoe 's `` English Andes '' . His own form of the name was the `` Pennine Alps '' ( Alpes Peninos ) , which today is used for a western section of the continental Alps . Those mountains derive their name from the Latin Alpes Pœninæ , the St Bernard Pass whose name has been variously derived from the Carthaginians , a local god , and Celtic peninus . This was also the pass used in the invasions of Italy by the Gallic Boii and Lingones in 390 BC . The etymology of the Apennines themselves -- whose name first referred to their northern extremity and then later spread southward -- is also disputed but is usually taken to derive from some form of Celtic pen or ben ( `` mountain , head '' ) . Various towns and geographical features within the Pennines retain Celtic names , including Penrith , the fell Pen - y - ghent , the River Eden , and the area of Cumbria . More commonly , local names result from later Anglo - Saxon and Norse settlements . In Yorkshire and Cumbria , many words of Norse origin , not commonly used in standard English , are part of everyday speech : for example , gill / ghyll ( narrow steep valley ) , beck ( brook or stream ) , fell ( hill ) , and dale ( valley ) . Geography and Geology ( edit ) Limestone scenery : Thor 's Cave , Staffordshire , from the Manifold Way . Limestone is common in the White Peak and Yorkshire Dales , making those areas distinct from other parts of the Pennines . The northern Pennine range is bordered by the foothills of the Lake District , and uplands of the Howgill Fells and Tyne Gap . The Forest of Bowland is a western spur while the Howgill Fells are sometimes considered to be part of the Pennines . The Pennines are fringed by extensive lowlands including the Eden Valley , West Lancashire Coastal Plain , Cheshire Plain , Vale of York , and the Midland Plains . Most of the Pennine landscape is characterised by upland areas of high moorland indented by more fertile river valleys , although the landscape varies in different areas . The Peak District consists of hilly plateaus , uplands , valleys , limestone gorges , moorlands and gritstone edges within the White Peak and Dark Peak . The moorlands of the Dark Peak extend into the South Pennines , a hilly landscape with narrow valleys between the Peak District , Forest of Bowland and Yorkshire Dales . Bowland is dominated by a central upland landform of deeply incised gritstone fells covered with tracts of heather - covered peat moorland , blanket bog and steep - sided wooded valleys linking the upland and lowland landscapes . The landscape becomes higher and more mountainous in the Yorkshire Dales and North Pennines . The Yorkshire Dales are characterised by moorlands , river valleys , hills , fells and mountains while the North Pennines consist of high upland plateaus , moorlands , fells , edges and valleys with most of the area containing flat topped hills while the higher peaks are in the western half . The Pennines have been carved from a series of geological structures whose overall form is a broad anticline whose axis extends in a north -- south direction . The North Pennines are coincident with the Alston Block , whilst the Yorkshire Dales are coincident with the Askrigg Block . In the south the Peak District is essentially a flat - topped dome . Each of these structures consists of Carboniferous limestone overlain with Millstone Grit . The limestone is exposed at the surface in the North Pennines and Yorkshire Dales to the north of the range and the Peak District to the south . In the Yorkshire Dales and the White Peak the limestone exposure has led to the formation of large cave systems and watercourses . In the Dales the caves or potholes are known as `` pots '' in the Yorkshire dialect . They include some of the largest caves in England at Gaping Gill , more than 350 ft ( 107 m ) deep and Rowten Pot , 365 ft ( 111 m ) deep . Titan in the Peak District , the deepest shaft known in Britain , is connected to Peak Cavern in Castleton , Derbyshire , the largest cave entrance in the country . Erosion of the limestone has led to some unusual geological formations , such as the limestone pavements at Malham Cove . Between the northern and southern areas of exposed limestone ( between Skipton and the Dark Peak ) lies a narrow belt of exposed gritstone . Here the shales and sandstones of the Millstone Grit form high hills occupied by a moorland of bracken , peat , heather and coarse grasses ; the higher ground is uncultivable and barely fit for pasture . Elevation ( edit ) Rising less than 3,000 feet ( 900 m ) , the Pennines are often referred to as fells , with the majority of mountainous terrain in the north . The highest is Cross Fell in eastern Cumbria , at 2,930 feet ( 893 m ) , while other principal peaks at the North Pennines include Great Dun Fell 2,782 ft ( 848 m ) , Mickle Fell 2,585 ft ( 788 m ) , and Burnhope Seat 2,451 ft ( 747 m ) . Principal peaks at the Yorkshire Dales include Whernside 2,415 ft ( 736 m ) , Ingleborough 2,372 ft ( 723 m ) , High Seat 2,328 ft ( 710 m ) , Wild Boar Fell 2,324 ft ( 708 m ) and Pen - y - ghent 2,274 ft ( 693 m ) . Principal peaks at the Forest of Bowland include Ward 's Stone 1,841 ft ( 561 m ) , Fair Snape Fell 1,710 ft ( 521 m ) , and Hawthornthwaite Fell 1,572 ft ( 479 m ) . Although terrain is lower towards the south , principal peaks at the South Pennines and Peak District include Kinder Scout 2,087 ft ( 636 m ) , Bleaklow 2,077 ft ( 633 m ) , Black Chew Head 1,778 ft ( 542 m ) , Rombalds Moor 1,319 ft ( 402 m ) and Winter Hill 1,496 ft ( 456 m ) . Drainage ( edit ) Kinder Downfall , a waterfall on Kinder Scout , Dark Peak For much of their length the Pennines form the main watershed in northern England , dividing east and west . The rivers Eden , Ribble , Dane and tributaries of the Mersey ( including the Irwell , Tame and Goyt ) flow westwards towards the Irish Sea . On the eastern side of the watershed , the rivers Tyne , Tees , Wear , Swale , Ure , Nidd , Wharfe , Aire , Calder and Don rise in the region and flow eastwards to the North Sea . The River Trent , however , rises on the western side of the Pennines before flowing around the southern end of the range and up the eastern side ; together with its tributaries ( principally the Dove and Derwent ) it thus drains both east and west sides of the southern end to the North Sea . Climate ( edit ) The Pennine climate is generally temperate like that of the rest of England , but the hills have more precipitation , stronger winds and colder weather than the surrounding areas . Some areas could be described as Oceanic climate verging on Subarctic climate and a small area in Teesdale is classified as subarctic . More snow falls on the Pennines than on surrounding lowland areas due to the elevation and distance from the coast ; unlike lowland areas of England , the Pennines can have quite severe winters . The northwest is amongst the wettest regions of England and much of the rain falls on the Pennines . The eastern side is drier than the west -- the rain shadow shields northeast England from rainfall that would otherwise fall there . Precipitation is important for the area 's biodiversity and human population . Many towns and cities are located along rivers flowing from the hills and in northwest England the lack of natural aquifers is compensated for by reservoirs . Water has carved out gorges , caves and limestone landscapes in the Yorkshire Dales and Peak District . In some areas precipitation has contributed to poor soils , resulting in part in moorland landscapes that characterize much of the range . In other areas where the soil has not been degraded , it has resulted in lush vegetation . For the purpose of growing plants , the Pennines are in hardiness zones 7 and 8 , as defined by the USDA . Zone 8 is common throughout most of the UK , and zone 7 is the UK 's coldest hardiness zone . The Pennines , Scottish Highlands , Southern Uplands and Snowdonia are the only areas of the UK in zone 7 . <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Great Dun Fell , North Pennines ( 848 m ) 1981 -- 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 1.9 ( 35.4 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) − 2.9 ( 26.8 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) − 0.4 ( 31.3 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) − 0.1 ( 31.8 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Met Office Croasdale Fell , Forest of Bowland . History ( edit ) A prehistoric settlement on Harkerside Moor in Swaledale . The area contains many Bronze Age settlements , and evidence of Neolithic settlement ( including many stone circles or henges , such as Long Meg and Her Daughters ) . The Pennines were controlled by the tribal federation of the Brigantes , made up of mainly small tribes who inhabited the area and cooperated on defence and external affairs . The Brigantes evolved an early form of kingdom . During Roman times , the Brigantes were dominated by the Romans who exploited the Pennines for their natural resources including the wild animals found there . The Pennines were a major obstacle for Anglo - Saxon expansion westwards , although it appears the Anglo - Saxons travelled through the valleys . During the Dark Ages the Pennines were controlled by Celtic and Anglo - Saxon kingdoms . It is believed that the north Pennines were under the control of the kingdom of Rheged . During Norse times the Pennines were settled by Viking Danes in the east and Norwegian Vikings in the west . The Vikings influenced place names , culture and genetics . When England was unified the Pennines were incorporated into it . Their mixture of Celtic , Anglo - Saxon and Viking heritage resembled much of the rest of northern England and its culture developed alongside its lowland neighbours in northwest and northeast England . The Pennines were not a distinct political polity , but were divided between neighbouring counties in northeast and northwest England ; a major part was in the West Riding of Yorkshire . Demography ( edit ) The Pennine region is sparsely populated by English standards . Larger population centres adjoin the southern Pennine range , such as Chesterfield , Halifax , Huddersfield , Macclesfield , Oldham and Rochdale , but most of the northern Pennine range is thinly populated . The cities of Bradford , Derby , Leeds , Manchester , Sheffield , Stoke - on - Trent and Wakefield lie in the foothills and lowlands fringing the range . Economy ( edit ) The main economic activities in the Pennines include sheep farming , quarrying , finance and tourism . In the Peak District , tourism is the major local employment for park residents ( 24 % ) , with manufacturing industries ( 19 % ) and quarrying ( 12 % ) also being important while 12 % are employed in agriculture . Limestone is the most important mineral quarried , mainly for roads and cement , while other extracted materials include shale for cement and gritstone for building stone . The springs at Buxton and Ashbourne are exploited to produce bottled mineral water and there are approximately 2,700 farms in the National Park . The South Pennines are predominantly industrial , with the main industries including textiles , quarrying and mining , while other economic activities within the South Pennines include tourism and farming . Although the Forest of Bowland is mostly rural , the main economic activities in the area include farming and tourism . In the Yorkshire Dales , tourism accounts for £ 350 million of expenditure every year while employment is mostly dominated by farming , accommodation and food sectors . There are also significant challenges for managing tourism , farming and other developments within the National Park . The main economic activities in the North Pennines include tourism , farming , timber and small - scale quarrying , due to the rural landscape . Transport ( edit ) The Pennines are traversed by several passes , mostly aligned with major rivers . Gaps that allow west -- east communication across the Pennines include the Tyne Gap between the Pennines and the Cheviots , through which the A69 road and Tyne Valley railway link Carlisle and Newcastle upon Tyne . The A66 road , its summit at 1,450 feet ( 440 m ) , follows the course of a Roman road from Scotch Corner to Penrith through the Stainmore Gap between the Eden Valley in Cumbria and Teesdale in County Durham . The Aire Gap links Lancashire and Yorkshire via the valleys of the Aire and Ribble . Other high - level roads include Buttertubs Pass , named from limestone potholes near its 1,729 - foot ( 527 m ) summit , between Hawes in Wensleydale and Swaledale and the A684 road from Sedbergh to Hawes via Garsdale Head which reaches 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) . Further south the A58 road traverses the Calder Valley between West Yorkshire and Greater Manchester reaching 1,282 feet ( 391 m ) between Littleborough and Ripponden , while the A646 road along the Calder Valley between Burnley and Halifax reaches 764 feet ( 233 m ) following valley floors . In the South Pennines the A628 Woodhead road links the M67 motorway in Greater Manchester with the M1 motorway in South Yorkshire and Holme Moss is crossed by the A6024 road , whose highest point is near Holme Moss transmitting station between Longdendale and Holmfirth . The Pennines are traversed by the M62 motorway , the highest motorway in England at 1,221 feet ( 372 m ) on Windy Hill near Junction 23 . Three trans - Pennine canals built during the Industrial Revolution cross the range : The Huddersfield Narrow Canal connects Huddersfield in the east with Manchester in the west . When it reaches Marsden , it passes underneath the hills through the Standedge Tunnel to Diggle . Fortnightly during the summer season , one can pass through the tunnel on a public narrowboat . The Rochdale Canal crosses the Pennines via Rochdale , connecting the market town of Sowerby Bridge with Manchester . The Leeds and Liverpool Canal , the longest and most northerly of the three , crosses the Pennines via Skipton , Burnley , Chorley and Wigan connecting Leeds in the east with Liverpool in the west . The eastern portal of Woodhead 3 shortly before opening in 1954 A train in British Rail blue about to enter the western portal of Woodhead 3 , shortly before closure in 1981 Photograph from 1953 , showing the western portals of Woodhead 1&2 in the background , with Woodhead 3 under construction in the foreground The first of the earlier twin tunnels ( Woodhead 1 and 2 ) was completed by the Sheffield , Ashton - Under - Lyne and Manchester Railway in 1845 , engineered by Charles Vignoles and Joseph Locke . At the time of its completion in 1845 , Woodhead 1 was one of the world 's longest railway tunnels at a length of 3 miles 13 yards ( 4,840 m ) ; it was the first of several trans - Pennine tunnels including the Standedge and Totley tunnels , which are only slightly longer . The first two tunnels were replaced by Woodhead 3 , which was longer than the other two at 3 miles 66 yards ( 4860m ) . It was bored purposely for the overhead electrification of the route and completed in 1953 . The tunnel was opened by the then transport minister Alan Lennox - Boyd on 3 June 1954 . It was designed by Sir William Halcrow & Partners . The line was closed in 1981 . The London and North Western Railway acquired the Huddersfield and Manchester Railway in 1847 and built a single - line tunnel parallel to the canal tunnel at Standedge with a length of 3 miles , 57 yards ( 4803 m ) . Today rail services along the Huddersfield line between Huddersfield and Victoria and Piccadilly stations in Manchester are operated by TransPennine Express and Northern . Between 1869 and 1876 the Midland Railway built the Settle - Carlisle Line through remote , scenic regions of the Pennines from near Settle to Carlisle passing Appleby - in - Westmorland and a number of other settlements , some a distance from their stations . The line has survived , despite difficult times and is operated by Northern Rail . The Trans Pennine Trail , a long - distance route for cyclists , horse riders and walkers , runs west -- east alongside rivers and canals , along disused railway tracks and through historic towns and cities from Southport to Hornsea ( 207 miles / 333 km ) . It crosses the north -- south Pennine Way ( 268 miles / 431 km ) at Crowden - in - Longdendale . National parks and AONBs ( edit ) The National Parks of England and Wales ; two include areas of the Pennines , those marked as 7 and 1 Considerable areas of Pennine landscape are protected as UK national parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONBs ) . Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty are afforded much the same protection as national parks . The two national parks within the Pennines are the Yorkshire Dales National Park ( 7 ) and the Peak District National Park ( 1 ) . England , Wales and Northern Ireland AONBs . The Pennines host three , with a large one protecting the North Pennines . The North Pennines AONB just north of the Yorkshire Dales rivals the national park in size and includes some of the Pennines ' highest peaks and some of its most isolated and sparsely populated areas while Nidderdale is an AONB east of the Yorkshire Dales National Park , and the Bowland Fells , including Pendle Hill , is an AONB west of the Yorkshire Dales . Language ( edit ) The language used in pre-Roman and Roman times was British . During the Early Middle Ages , the Cumbric language developed . Little evidence of Cumbric remains , so it is difficult to ascertain whether or not it was distinct from Old Welsh . The extent of the region in which Cumbric was spoken is also unknown . During Anglo - Saxon times the area was settled by Anglian peoples of Mercia and Northumbria , rather than the Saxon people of Southern England . Celtic speech remained in most areas of the Pennines longer than it did in the surrounding areas of England . Eventually , the Celtic tongue of the Pennines was replaced by early English as Anglo - Saxons and Vikings settled the area and assimilated the Celts . In Norse times , Viking settlers brought their languages of Old Norse , Old Danish ( mainly in the Yorkshire Dales and parts of the Peak District ) and Old Norwegian ( mainly in the western Pennines ) . With the eventual consolidation of England by the Saxon kingdom of Wessex , the pure Norse speech died out in England , though it survived in the Pennines longer than in most areas . However , the fusion of Norse and Old English was important in the formation of Middle English and hence Modern English , and many individual words of Norse descent remain in use in local dialects , such as that of Yorkshire , and in local place names . Folklore and customs ( edit ) The folklore and customs are mostly based on Celtic , Anglo - Saxon and Viking customs and folklore . Many customs and stories have their origin in Christianised pagan traditions . In the Peak District , a notable custom is well dressing , which has its origin in pagan traditions that became Christianised . Flora ( edit ) Flora in the Pennines is adapted to moorland and subarctic landscapes and climates . The flora found there can be found in other areas of moorland in Northern Europe and some species are also found in areas of tundra . In the Pennine millstone grit areas above an altitude of 900 feet ( 270 m ) the topsoil is so acidic , pH 2 to 4 , that it can grow only bracken , heather , sphagnum , and coarse grasses such as cottongrass , purple moor grass and heath rush . As the Ice age glacial sheets retreated c. 11,500 BC trees returned and archaeological palynology can identify their species . The first trees to settle were willow , birch and juniper , followed later by alder and pine . By 6500 BC temperatures were warmer and woodlands covered 90 % of the dales with mostly pine , elm , lime and oak . On the limestone soils the oak was slower to colonize and pine and birch predominated . Around 3000 BC a noticeable decline in tree pollen indicates that neolithic farmers were clearing woodland to increase grazing for domestic livestock , and studies at Linton Mires and Eshton Tarn find an increase in grassland species . On poorly drained impermeable areas of millstone grit , shale or clays the topsoil gets waterlogged in winter and spring . Here tree suppression combined with the heavier rainfall results in blanket bog up to 7 ft ( 2 m ) thick . The erosion of peat still exposes stumps of ancient trees . `` In digging it away they frequently find vast fir trees , perfectly sound , and some oaks ... '' -- Arthur Young , A Six Months ' Tour of the North of England ( 1771 ) Fauna ( edit ) Shooting of red grouse is an economically important activity in the Pennines . Fauna in the Pennines is similar to the rest of England and Wales , but the area hosts some specialised species . Deer are found throughout the Pennines and some species of animals that are rare elsewhere in England can be found here . Arctic hares , which were common in Britain during the Ice Age and retreated to the cooler , more tundra - like uplands once the climate warmed up , were introduced to the Dark Peak area of the Peak District in the 19th century . Large areas of heather moorland in the Pennines are managed for driven shooting of wild red grouse . The related and declining black grouse is still found in northern parts of the Pennines . Other birds whose English breeding strongholds are in the Pennines include golden plover , snipe , curlew , dunlin , merlin , short - eared owl , ring ouzel and twite , though many of these are at the southern limit of their distributions and are more common in Scotland . See also ( edit ) Geography of England Geology of the United Kingdom Geology of Yorkshire North Pennines South Pennines Yorkshire Three Peaks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What are the landforms of England ? '' . Project Britain . Archived from the original on 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Poucher , W.A. ( 1946 ) . `` The Backbone of England . A photographic and descriptive guide to the Pennine range from Derbyshire to Durham '' . Guildford and Esher : Billing and Sons Limited . Jump up ^ Edwards , W. ; Trotter , F.M. ( 1975 ) . The Pennines and Adjacent Areas . Handbooks on the Geology of Great Britain ( Third ed . ) . London : HMSO ( published 1954 ) . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 11 - 880720 - X . Jump up ^ `` Pennines -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Dudley Stamp , L ( 1946 ) . `` Britain 's Structure and Scenery '' . Nature . The Fontana New Naturalist Series ( 1960 ed . ) . London and Glasgow : Collins . 158 ( 4023 ) : 809 . Bibcode : 1946Natur. 158 ... 809T . doi : 10.1038 / 158809a0 . ^ Jump up to : Great Britain . Alan G. Ogilvie . pp. 270 -- 271 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Mountain Days in the Pennines : Cicerone Press '' . Google Books . Terry Marsh . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Writer inspired by beauty of Pennines celebrates its views '' . Yorkshire Post . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Natural England - Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty '' . Natural England . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural England - National Parks '' . Natural England . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Trail stats , Pennine Way '' . National Trails Homepage . The Countryside Agency . Retrieved 3 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Redmonds , George ( 15 March 2007 ) , `` A Major Place - Name Ignored '' , Names and History : People , Places , and Things , London : Hambledon & London ( published 2004 ) , pp. 65 -- 68 , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 426 - X Jump up ^ Gelling , cited by Redmonds Jump up ^ Hussey , Arthur ( 1853 ) , `` A Renewed Examination of ' Richard of Cirencester ' '' , in Cave , Edward , The Gentleman 's Magazine , XXXIX , London : J.B. Nichols & Son , pp. 270 -- 273 Jump up ^ Bertram , Charles ( 1809 ) ( First published in 1757 ) , `` Chapter XXXIII '' , The Description of Britain , Translated from Richard of Cirencester , Anonymously translated & annotated by Henry Hatcher , London : J. White & Co. , p. 51 Jump up ^ Route VII : `` ... This province is divided into two equal parts by a chain of mountains called the Pennine Alps , which rising on the confines of the Iceni and Carnabii , near the River Trivona ( Trent ) , extend towards the north in a continued series of fifty miles ... '' Jump up ^ Skipton , Camden said , was `` hidden and enclosed among steep Hilles to Latium in Italie , which Varro supposeth to have been called because it lyeth close under the Apennine and the Alps '' . He went on to describe how `` the North part ... riseth up and swelleth somewhat mountainous , with moores and hilles , but of no bignesse , which beginning here runs like as Apennine doth in Italie , through the middest of England ... even as far as Scotland , although oftentimes they change their name . '' Jump up ^ Livy , History of Rome , Book V , § 35 . Jump up ^ Livy , History of Rome , Book XXXI , § 38 . Jump up ^ Falileyev , Alexander , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Summus P ( o ) eninus '' ( PDF ) . Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place - Names . Aberystwyth University . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles ( 1879 ) . `` Apenninus '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford ; Medford : Clarendon Press ; Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Deecke 1904 , p. 23 Jump up ^ `` unknown '' . Jump up ^ R. Matasović ( 2009 ) : Etymological Dictionary of Proto - Celtic . Leiden - Boston : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17336 - 1 Jump up ^ Gunn , Peter ( 1984 ) . The Yorkshire Dales . Landscape with Figures . London : Century Publishing Co Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 0370 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Landscape '' . Peak District National Park . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the South Pennines '' . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Landscape of The Forest of Bowland Area Of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) '' . Lancashire County Council . 6 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Landscape '' . Yorkshire Dales National Park . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : page 4 and page 5 , Marginal Upland Grazing Sutton Moor , Domesday Reloaded , BBC 1986 Jump up ^ `` Great Dun Fell 2 Climatic Averages 1981 -- 2010 '' . Met Office . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A landscape through time '' . Out of Oblivion . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` North Pennines '' . My Pennines . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A place called home '' . Peak District . 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peak District National Park : Study Area '' . Peak District National Park . 2003 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2005 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Waugh , D. ( 2000 ) . Geography An Integrated Approach ( 3rd ed . ) . Nelson Thornes . ISBN 0 - 17 - 444706 - X . Jump up ^ `` South Pennines '' . Pennine Prospects . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` £ 1.2 m fund available to South Pennines farm businesses '' . Farmers Weekly . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Farming '' . Forest of Bowland . Forest of Bowland . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Local Heritage , Global Context : Cultural Perspectives on Sense of Place '' . Google Books . Rosy Szymanski . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yorkshire Dales - Economy '' . Yorkshire Dales . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Pennines - Economy and business '' . North Pennines . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Transpennine Crossings , Sabre roads , retrieved 14 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` Standedge Tunnel & Visitor Centre : Opening times and prices '' . Canal and River Trust . Archived from the original on 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Woodhead Route '' . Railways of Britain . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2008 . Jump up ^ History , settle-carlisle.co.uk , retrieved 15 August 2013 Jump up ^ Trains , settle-carlisle.co.uk , retrieved 15 August 2013 Jump up ^ Welcome to the Trans Pennine Trail , transpenninetrail.org.uk , archived from the original on 19 October 2013 , retrieved 14 August 2013 Jump up ^ A Social History of English . Dick Leith . p. 15 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritual Journeys With Great British Goddesses . Susie Fox . p. 148 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelsall , Dennis ; Kelsall , Jan ( 2008 ) . The Yorkshire Dales : South and West . Milnthorpe : Cicerone . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 485 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : White , Robert ( 2005 ) ( 1997 ) . The Yorkshire Dales , A landscape Through Time ( new ed . ) . Ilkley , Yorkshire : Great Northern Books . ISBN 1 - 905080 - 05 - 0 . Jump up ^ Arthur Young ( 1771 ) A Six Months ' Tour of the North of England Jump up ^ Gibbons ; et al. ( 1993 ) . The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland : 1998 -- 1991 . T & AD Poyser . ISBN 0 - 85661 - 075 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pennines ( hills ) . The Pennine Edge Forest Network Pennine Prospects `` Pennine Chain '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennines&oldid=845890089 '' Categories : Pennines Mountain ranges of the United Kingdom Mountains and hills of Derbyshire Mountains and hills of Cumbria Mountains and hills of Greater Manchester Mountains and hills of Yorkshire Hills of Northumberland Mountains and hills of England Physiographic provinces Northern England Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2011 Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 20 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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1. Pennines - range of mountains and hills in England
2. Scenic areas of the United Kingdom
3. Water catchment area with numerous reservoirs
4. Pennine Way - Britain's oldest long-distance footpath
5. Geology and geography of the Pennines
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who does silver end up with on 90210
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Silver ( 90210 ) - wikipedia Silver ( 90210 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Erin Silver <Td_colspan="2"> Jessica Stroup as Erin Silver <Th_colspan="2"> Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise character Portrayed by April Peterson and Arielle Peterson ( 1993 -- 94 ) Ryanne Kastner ( 1994 -- 95 ) Megan Lee Braley ( 1995 -- 97 ) Mercedes Kastner ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Jessica Stroup ( 2008 -- 13 ) Duration 1992 -- 2000 2008 -- 13 First appearance Beverly Hills , 90210 : July 22 , 1992 ( episode 3.02 : `` The Twins , the Trustee , and the Very Big Trip '' ) Last appearance 90210 : May 13 , 2013 ( episode 5.22 ; `` We All Fall Down '' ) Created by Darren Star <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation College Student ( 2011 - ) Personal Assistant ( 2011 ) High School Student ( 2007 - 2011 ) Residence Beverly Hills , California <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Family Parents Mel Silver ( father ) Jackie Taylor ( mother ) Siblings Kelly Taylor ( half - sister ) David Silver ( half - brother ) Other relatives Sammy Taylor ( nephew ) Ruby Silver ( niece ) Erin Silver , known mononymously as Silver , is a fictional character on The CW television series 90210 , the fourth series in the Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise . Portrayed by Jessica Stroup , the character was originally introduced in Beverly Hills , 90210 as Kelly Taylor and David Silver 's half sister . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 2 Development 2.1 Appearance and style 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Award recognition 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Silver 's original appearance in the first season . Silver Who is going simply by her last name Silver is introduced during the pilot and quickly becomes good friends with Annie Wilson , and develops a romantic interest in Annie 's adopted brother Dixon Wilson , which quickly blossoms into a relationship . Before the first season , Silver warns Annie not to trust Naomi Clark , informing her that they were once best friends . Silver tells Annie that during their friendship , Silver confided in Naomi about her father 's affair but that Naomi caused it to become public knowledge ; this resulted in Silver 's mother relapsing . During the series , Silver celebrates her half - birthday because her mother always seems to mess up her real birthday . In `` By Accident '' , Dixon dumps Silver after taking advice from his mother Debbie Wilson , but later in ' Help Me , Rhonda ' they get back together after Silver finally admits that she is in love with him . On Valentine 's Day , Dixon and Silver lose their virginity to one another . It has been clear from the start of the season that Silver has a slightly manic personality , but in `` Life 's a Drag '' she becomes more unbalanced . She visits Dixon at the Peach Pit where they end up having sex . Silver secretly tapes it and then shows the tape to an entire theater , causing Dixon to break up with her . She ends up breaking into Ryan Matthews house , claiming that he destroyed her relationship with Dixon , and threatening him with a bottle of wine unless he fixes everything . Silver then attempts to run away to Kansas , stating repeatedly that going there would help her solve her problems with Dixon . At the station , a stranger notices her erratic behavior , and after she falls asleep , borrows her phone and calls someone to come get her . Dixon and his mother and father find her on the train tracks . Dixon remembers about his birth mother having bipolar disorder , and realizes that Silver suffers from it also . Dixon calms Silver down and they take her to the hospital . Soon , Silver finds it unbearable to go back to West Beverly High due to the gossip surrounding her recent behavior , and decides to move to St. Claire 's School . She initially tries to make a fresh start , but another girl recognizes her and wants her to be honest with the other students . Going so far as doing a hunger strike until Silver sends the video to everyone . Silver then reprimands her because she 's now considered a slut by everyone else . After Dixon rigs the results , Silver is awarded the West Bev `` prom queen '' at that year 's prom , but admits that she 's not prom material , which creates distance between her and Dixon . Later at Naomi 's after party , whilst swimming , Dixon and Ethan end up confronting one another , which leads to Ethan Ward admitting that he likes her . Silver later runs into Ethan and asks him about his statement , she tells him that they are just friends , to which Ethan responds by kissing her and telling her that he does n't think that they 're just friends and that he does n't want them to be just friends . Season 2 ( edit ) Silver 's new look in season two . In season 2 , Silver is seen having a good time on vacation with Adrianna and Naomi at a resort . She receives a text from Ethan , who now lives in Montana . Silver and Naomi decide to play tennis so Naomi can meet a guy named Teddy . The three finally meet when Naomi `` accidentally '' hits Teddy with her tennis ball . Teddy tries to flirt with both Silver and Naomi , to which Silver responds uninterestedly , intriguing Feddy . Adrianna catches up with Naomi and Silver and it results that Teddy is Teddy Montgomery , Adrianna 's ex-boyfriend . Silver then takes a walk across the beach with Dixon and they share a kiss . However , Silver unknowingly drops her cellphone which is later found by Teddy . Teddy returns the cellphone to Silver but not before reading the text messages from Ethan . Teddy later shares the message from Ethan with Dixon . The text states that Ethan does n't regret the kiss that he shared with Silver . This causes Dixon to break up with Silver because he 's hurt , having found out that she kissed Ethan and texted him behind his back . Later this season , Silver finds out that her mother , Jackie , has cancer and she moves back home to help care for her . Silver begins to feel the growing pressure of her studies , private life , and taking care of her mother . Teddy later tries to talk to her and comfort her about her mom since he had the same experience himself . The two grow closer and become good friends . Just as Silver and her mother are finally catching up with each other , Jackie suffers a cardiac arrest and ends up being confined to the hospital . Silver tries talking to her sister , Kelly , to try and persuade her to forgive their dying mother but to no avail . In the next episode , however , Silver finally convinces Kelly to talk to their mother and the three finally reconcile . Sadly , Jackie dies just afterwards , and Silver becomes depressed after her mom 's funeral . Teddy sends her flowers as a condolence gift because he did n't attend the funeral . Silver later approaches Teddy on the rooftop and sees him playing Tennis alone , she asks him if he 's okay and he responds by saying that he has been a coward . He apologizes for not being there for her , to which Silver responds by hugging him and reassuring him that this is not true . The two share a kiss but snap out of it , agreeing to treat it as nothing but a careless move . After the kiss , Teddy seems to take his interest in Silver to a new level ; He tries to get her to go with him to the Winter Wonderland Dance but is turned down . In a second attempt to win her over , Teddy makes a video of himself saying that he quits his playboy days and only wants to date Silver ; the video is broadcast to the whole school . Teddy again asks Silver to go out with him , but is turned down . However , Teddy eventually gets her to dance with him as friends , but suddenly surprises her with a kiss . Silver is shocked by this sudden advance and goes back to Naomi . Naomi gives Silver advice and tells her to take a chance with Teddy as he seems to be really into her . Silver listens to her friend and decides to give it a try , but later sees Teddy with another girl , not knowing it 's his sister , Silver thinks Teddy has returned to his playboy ways . Dixon later approaches Silver and she asks him about the girl , since Dixon was with Teddy earlier that night . Dixon deliberately lies , leaving Silver to believe that Teddy still behaves like a playboy . Silver feels vulnerable and allows Dixon to kiss her , but this is witnessed by Teddy . After a short vacation , Dixon approaches Silver and asks if she will get back together with him . However , Silver rejects him gently and tells him that she just does n't feel that way about him anymore but that she wants him to stay in her life as friends . Dixon agrees and they hangout together , as they have lunch Teddy 's sister approaches them and tells Silver that she made the wrong decision by not giving Teddy a chance . By approaching Silver , Teddy 's sister subsequently reveals that Dixon knew all along who she was . This causes a strain in Silver and Dixon 's friendship . Finally , After much persuasion and misunderstandings , Teddy and Silver finally get together as a couple . Unfortunately , Teddy 's father goes to see Silver and bribes her to break up with him because he feels Teddy 's tennis career is suffering due to their relationship . Silver refuses to take the bribe , but starts thinking about what his father said . After thinking it through thoroughly , Silver decides that it is in Teddy 's best interests for them to break up . In the season finale , Silver tells him she is sorry and that she loves him , resulting in their reconciliation . Season 3 ( edit ) Silver 's reinvented new edge look in the third season . In season 3 , Teddy and Silver break up due to his drinking habits , this hits Silver particularly hard because of her late mother 's history of alcoholism . After their break up , Silver begins to focus on the West Beverly Blaze , which starts Mr. Cannon 's interest in Silver . Silver is almost drugged by Cannon when she stops by his house to watch a documentary , but she leaves after noticing that Naomi had said exactly the same phrase that was said by Cannon in the video . Due to her work in the Blaze , Silver develops a close bond with Navid Shirazi and helps him with his problems regarding his father . Silver even goes undercover as a porn star in order to help Navid investigate . As she gets to know Navid , she realizes what a great guy he is and slowly starts to develop more romantic feelings for him , this is particularly encouraged by his recent relationship problems with Adrianna . Silver and Navid almost kiss and they begin to accept that there is something more between them . In ' The Best L'eid Plans ' , it becomes apparent that Silver 's feelings for Navid have grown stronger , when they spend the night in her room talking about his father . When Navid and his current girlfriend , Adrianna , have an argument , Silver seems relieved to hear it and hesitates but agrees when Adrianna asks her for help to fix Adrianna 's and Navid 's relationship by helping her plan something special . As Silver takes Navid away from the party , he confesses that he has feelings for her , but the moment is interrupted by Adrianna and Silver is left disappointed . In the episode Holiday Madness , when Navid confronts her in school , before he has a chance to explain what he feels and how he has no feelings for Adrianna anymore , she stops him from saying too much and tells him that it is because they have been spending too much time together and so they should keep their distance . Everything seems to be going well until Silver attends the sleepover at Adrianna 's new house but only Silver and Navid are able to attend . The tension becomes apparent when Silver , Navid and Adrianna are to spend one night together . As Adrianna sleeps , Silver and Navid are unable to and so they run into each other in the hallway . There , Navid brings up the feelings he has for Silver again and he asks her if what he feels is all in his head . Silver says ' yes ' but does not look him the eyes , making it obvious that she does not believe that . As Navid steps closer to her and asks her if she does n't feel anything for him , the moment is interrupted by Adrianna , again . Later on at Adrianna 's Christmas party , Silver finds Navid alone and as he apologizes for ruining their friendship for feelings that he `` thinks '' he has for her , Silver finally admits that she does have feelings for him and he kisses her . Silver gets a text message from Naomi and decided to rescue her at her own apartment . Mr Cannon then holds Silver and Naomi hostage , but they eventually tie him to the chair . Naomi slaps Mr. Cannon and nearly kills him with his knife that he threatened to kill her with . But Naomi breaks down with Silver . They call the police and Mr. Cannon is arrested . Later on , Adrianna finds out about Silver and Navid . When Adrianna pretends to think it was one of Navid 's ex-girlfriends , she tells Silver she is going to send a nude picture of her to the entire school . Silver stops her and comes clean that she is the one Navid was cheating with and that they are in a relationship . Adrianna then tells her she knows , and she texts a nude picture of Silver to the entire school . Silver and Adrianna go back and forth playing mean pranks before they appear to reconcile , but Adrianna switches Silver 's medication for bipolar disorder . She then begins to behave strangely : she dyes her hair in red , she calls Christopher several times , the man who she had an interview with for NYU in the afternoon , etc . After receiving some distressing news about NYU , Silver has an emotional breakdown , causing Navid and Dixon to stage an intervention to make her go to a mental hospital . While Silver is in the hospital , Adrianna takes the opportunity to get close to Navid by getting him drunk and telling him that they kissed . When Navid continues to reject her , Adrianna tells Silver that Navid kissed her , effectively breaking them up . Fortunately , Silver finally discovers the truth during Ivy 's bachelorette party when her medication falls out of Adrianna 's purse . Adrianna is rejected by the group and Navid and Silver reconcile . Season 4 ( edit ) In the season four opener , Silver is still mad with Adrianna and takes it out on Navid and his sister , Leila . Whilst at Naomi 's party , Adrianna shows up with Leila and tries to apologize to Silver , but she told her that she would never forgive her . Silver revealed she was almost going to kill herself , due to Adrianna messing with her medication . Later , Silver finds Teddy at the party and gives him advice on how to tell his family that he is gay . In `` Rush Hour '' , when Navid 's sister was missing , Silver told Navid to stay calm , that eventually she will come back . She used to do this when she lived with her alcoholic mother , Jackie . Silver got mad when Navid talks to Adrianna for help but she ends up asking her for help too after Leila called revealing that she has been kidnapped and they need to pay $50,000 if they wanted her back . At the end Leila is found and the kidnapped story was fake by her and a tattoo guy she met . In Let the Games Begin , Silver wanted to gain experience for her film career and decided to shoot a commercial for Liam 's bar , which resulted in a big hit when a lot of people showed to attend the bar opening . In Party Politics , Silver has the opportunity to create campaign videos for political candidate Marissa Harris - Young , who is running for public office against Teddy 's uncle Charles . Navid confides in Silver about his uncle blackmailing him and refuses to let her help him out . Later on that night , she tells him she needs some space and stays with Naomi . Silver asks Annie to babysit Lelia so she can have time alone with Navid . Silver has the opportunity to create campaign videos for political candidate Marissa Harris - Young , who is running for public office against Teddy 's uncle Charles . Navid confides in Silver about his uncle blackmailing him and refuses to let her help him out . During her work with Marissa , Navid sends her a text asking her to be at Leila _́ s birthday party , Marissa starts noticing Silver is distracted and tries to help her . When Naomi makes a fundraising event for Raj , Silver helps by being the host and Navid shows up again telling her that he is done with his uncle and Silver supports him until Navid leaves without telling her . She starts feeling that she can not trust him again . While working on the Marissa campaign she talks to a woman who appears in one of Marissa video where she help people and the woman tells her that she is an actress and was paid to say that . A few weeks later , Naomi invites everyone to Vegas but Silver has some troubles due to her job with Marissa . She later sees Navid kissing another woman . Silver films Teddy 's wedding with her camera , and the next day when they were leaving Marissa calls Silver asking her about some videos she needs but Silver sends her Teddy 's wedding by mistake along with the work videos . Silver later finds out that the video has been leaked and Teddy immediately blames Shane . Silver realizes she accidentally sent the video to Marrissa and that Marrissa is the one who leaked the video to gain votes . In `` Smoked Turkey '' Silver is with Naomi and Annie , they are buying a drink because of the hot weather . Silver says she has no interest in getting back together with Navid . Silver meets a man name Greg Davis when he asks her for a flier for a food drive at college . Greg is a teacher at CU . At Naomi 's house , Silver is in the kitchen with Annie , she hears the ringtone Annie had previously set for Patrick . Silver asks Annie `` Is that Patrick 's ringtone ? '' Annie denies this . Annie tells Silver to stop worrying about her because she and Patrick are no longer together . Silver then leaves to go to the food drive . At Student union , Greg approaches Silver again , they talk to each other about the food drive . Silver asks Greg if he would like to go with her friend Annie on date at Naomi 's house . Greg accepts Silver 's kind invitation . At Naomi 's house , Silver introduces Annie and Greg , hoping to set them up , when Annie becomes reluctant . Silver apologizes and hopes she is not overstepping but she want Annie to have a nice man in her life because she deserves it . Annie says thanks but Greg is clearly here for Silver . Ivy assumes Greg is Silver 's date . When the police evacuate the house due to the brush fire accidentally started by Naomi . Silver kisses Greg when he says he will be going home and that he will call her for a next date . In `` Project Runaway '' Silver is at Naomi 's house with Ivy and Annie , they are watching a movie when Naomi comes in to say to Silver that Teddy will forgive her . When Silver arrives Liam 's Bar , she hear guys say something to pick on Teddy about gay . She comes to Teddy and tells him that she is very sorry about this . Teddy tells her that he will get a job in London which surprises Silver . When Navid got the window stuck , he asks Silver to close the window because she lived there before . When Silver arrives there , she attempts close the window but it still stuck and Navid tries to help . It closes abruptly which causes Siver to fall onto the bed with Navid . gets angry at Navid and tells him that she is moving on and dating someone else . At the fashion show , Silver is there with Shane , showing her support to Naomi , and she spots a friend named Ronnie . When Navid sees Silver with Ronnie , he thinks Silver is dating him but later finds out Ronnie is gay . Silver sees Navid talk with Ronnie then she then proceeds to yell at Navid for not moving on . Teddy apologises to Silver for avoiding her and giving her the silent treatment with a flower . Silver picks Teddy up so he may leave Washington D.C to be with Shane . Silver and Teddy say goodbye to each other and when Teddy is leaving , Silver stands there and waves them farewell . In `` O Holly Night '' , Silver learns that Greg has a wife , but is currently divorcing her . Late on in the episode , Silver goes to visit Navid in Hospital after he got beat up . Just as she 's about to go in , she overhears Navid confessing his feelings for Kat . Silver leaves right away , and ends up in the arms of her Greg . However , Silver did n't stay around long enough to hear Navid say he cares about Silver more than Kat . In Should Old Acquaintance Be Forgot ? , Greg introduces Silver to his daughter Maisey as they start to get serious. But , Silver is shocked when she finds out Maisey is Adrianna 's biological daughter . In `` Mama Can You Hear Me ? '' , Greg is offered a teaching gig at Columbia University and wants Silver to move with him . Navid confides in Adrianna that he and Silver will never be together , and Adrianna encourages him to at least try to save their friendship . Over at Silver and Greg 's , Navid overhears Greg on the phone about his daughter and he realizes that he adopted Adrianna 's baby . He encourages Silver to tell Adrianna , but she refuses . In `` Trust , Truth and Traffic '' , Adrianna is not happy with Silver , Greg , and Maisy 's relationship so she kidnaps Maisey from the daycare center . Silver and Navid team up together to try to find her . They later find her in a park with Maisey . Greg comes along and tells Silver that she had no right to introduce Maisey to her birth mother and breaks up with her on the spot . In `` No Good Deed '' , Navid decides to attend Princeton University and everyone has a party for him . Silver finally realizes that she loves Navid but does not tell him . In `` Babes In Toyland '' , Silver gets accepted into New York University and hopes she will be close to Navid in nearby Princeton , but she later has second thoughts . In Blood Is Thicker Than Mud , Silver , working as a production assistant on the set of Liam 's latest movie , confides in him about her fears of having an inherited cancer gene . In The Heart Will Go On , Liam finds himself accompanying Silver to a clinic at the hospital to support her during a test to detect if she has the breast cancer gene , while Vanessa becomes increasingly jealous over the time Liam is spending with Silver and his refusal to explain why . In Blue Ivy , Silver and Liam have sex after she knows her test results are positive for the cancer gene . In Bride and Prejudice , Silver wakes up in Liam 's bed from when she ran into his arms after her breast cancer gene diagnosis . Liam admits his feelings for Silver , but she wants to forget the whole night happened . Then , in a string of odd interactions , Silver all of a sudden decides she wants to rekindle things with Navid and seems to go out of her way to express her feelings to Navid right in front of Liam . It 's clear that she has feelings for Liam . But in the end , Navid is committed to staying with Silver while Liam wo n't let Silver get away that easily -- he kisses her , again . In Tis Pity , Silver is still determined to make a relationship with Navid work out . Navid is now Silver 's doting boyfriend and support system again , so he goes with Silver to her first mammogram after learning she has the breast cancer gene . At this appointment , Silver realizes she may be pregnant . Since Navid knows this possible baby could not be his , he wisely names himself `` most likely to raise a stranger 's baby '' considering his track record with Ade back in high school and now this situation . Navid also lets the possibility slip to Liam , since they are bros and Navid has no clue Liam is the potential baby - daddy . Of course the confusion and emotions spiral out of control very quickly at Liam 's movie premiere . With cameras flashing , the boys come to blows when Navid puts two and two together . Even though Silver learns she is not in fact pregnant , the cat is out of the bag . In A Tale of Two Parties , Silver goes to her doctor for an appointment , and the doctor tells her she has a lot of choices . One of them is deciding to have her ovaries removed after she has kids , raising the risk for her to have ovarian cancer . Later on , Silver thinks about wanting to have a baby . While at the Max 's brides bachelorette party , Silver asks Adrianna what it was like being pregnant . Ade tells her it was the most amazing experience of her life . Silver tells her about the missing feeling she had after she found out her pregnancy was a false alarm . Silver decides she wants a baby and asks Liam & Navid if either of them wants to raise one with her . In the season finale , Forever Hold Your Peace , Silver has vehemently decided that she wants to get pregnant sooner rather than later to ensure that she can have a child before preventative cancer treatments . She wants a friend who she can always count on to be in her life and be the father of her child . She picks her best friend Teddy . Season 5 ( edit ) In the fifth season opener , Silver tells Teddy that she does n't want to have a baby with a stranger , and is n't ready to commit to Navid or Liam either . Teddy tells her he is n't ready to be a parent . He understands how important it is to her , but he needs to think about it . Later on , Teddy tells Liam and Navid how Silver wants to have a baby with him . Both of them are outraged to hear this . Silver tells all three of them that she is n't able to make a decision about either of them , as she is n't sure what to do . At the end of the episode , Teddy finally makes his decision about having a baby with Silver , accepting her offer making Silver overjoyed . In The Sea Change , Silver and Teddy visit the sperm bank so Teddy can donate his sperm . Silver tells him she 'll do her part when she 's ovulating . Teddy mentions that he has to go back to D.C. tomorrow . They also talk about Navid & Liam , and if either of them would ever get back with Silver . Later on , Silver goes to see Liam that night and asks him if he wants to go to Naomi 's reception together , and he tells her he 's going with Vanessa . Later , Silver mentions to Teddy that she 's ovulating that day but she has to wait until next month because of the reception . At the reception , Navid introduces his two porn star dates to Silver . The dates are part of his mission to change his `` nice guy '' image . Silver heads down to the cellar to drink her feelings and Teddy comes down to join her . While they 're down there , Silver almost kisses Teddy . It reminds them that they never talked about Teddy 's feelings for her when he was `` straight '' . Thinking that Teddy never really loved her , Silver leaves . Later , Silver asks him if he ever loved her or if it was a lie . Teddy tells her he was never lying to her , he was lying to himself , and he still loves her . In It 's All Fun and Games , Annie , Naomi and Adrianna throw a baby shower for Silver . Silver arrives and reveals to her friends that she is worried about having a baby at her age . She basically is n't sure if she is responsible enough to be a mother yet . Adrianna suggests that Silver and she should have `` crazy Silver fun '' for the next 24 hours , and after that maybe the thought of having a kid would n't be so scary . Just then a male stripper , who Naomi has invited for the party comes in and begins doing his stuff . Silver and Adrianna have a fun day together . Silver though , is n't apparently having too much fun , as being irresponsible is n't making her feel ready to be a mother . Adrianna then suggests that they do something which will help Silver face her fears , and Silver reluctantly agrees . Silver swings on a trapeze , in order to overcome her fears , and apparently seems to have enjoyed every moment of it . `` I kicked fear 's ass '' Silver tells Adrianna with absolute joy . Later on , Silver tells Adrianna that she has made an appointment at the fertility clinic , for the morning . Adrianna tells Silver all she had to do was overcome her fear and trapeze seems to have totally worked . Silver admits she is still scared , but it would be scarier for her to not live her life , she feels . At the end , she is seen getting a naked photo shoot with which she could immortalize her pre-baby , pre-surgery body . In `` 902 - 100 '' , Silver and Teddy have a dispute over the baby . Silver wants to completely erase Teddy out of the picture , but rightfully believes that 's unfair . A couple episodes later , when Teddy refuses to sign a form forfeiting all his parental rights , Silver goes to Teddy 's uncle who threatens to have the embryos frozen or destroyed . Furious with Silver , Teddy again refuses to sign over his parental rights but Silver forges his signature . Teddy then brings in Shane 's sister , Michaela ( Lyndon Smith ) from Washington , D.C. She agrees to become Silver 's surrogate . When Dixon discovers Michaela has an incredible singing voice he wants to sign her to his record label . But Silver does n't think that 's a good idea as she feels Michaela should not be doing anything strenuous . Meanwhile , Silver attempts to reconcile her friendship with Adrianna . As they do , Annie and Naomi 's half - brother Mark ( Charlie Weber ) arrives in LA and Silver and Ade make a pact to not let a guy come in between them . But then Silver finally confesses to Ade that she slept with Mark . Adrianna at first pretends she 's okay with it but when Silver leaves , she shows her anger . She accuses Silver of not having changed since high school and tells her she does n't want to be her friend anymore . Michaela wants to go on tour but because she 's pregnant with Silver 's baby , Silver says no . Michaela feels Silver is becoming too bossy , demanding and overbearing . Feeling bad for Michaela , Adrianna leaks a demo she recorded . Shortly afterwards , Michaela goes missing . Silver immediately blames Dixon who denies leaking the demo . Eventually , they discover Adrianna did it . Dixon accuses Adrianna of stealing Michaela 's song like she stole Javier 's songs . An infuriated Silver then accuses Adrianna of being `` the same conniving , manipulative , backstabbing bitch she was in high school '' . Afterwards , Silver goes to find Michaela on her own . Dixon calls Teddy , which Silver is against because they had been fighting for the last few months . Eventually , they find Michaela at a bar having a drink . Michaela is distraught and crying . She tells Silver that she suffered a miscarriage . She also tells Silver that Adrianna did n't steal her song , she wrote it . Because she 's so devastated , Michaela decides to go back to Washington and asks Dixon to let Adrianna take her place at a Spencer Blaine Tribute concert , to which Ade agrees . But after finishing the song , the stage collapses and catches on fire leaving Ade trapped under the rubble . When Silver arrives on the scene , she begins to regret calling Ade a `` hateful bitch '' , fearing that could 've been the last thing she ever said to her . But then Adrianna ( still trapped under the rubble ) calls Silver and expresses her condolences to her having heard about Michaela 's miscarriage . After that , Silver gets a call from her doctor who tells her she has cancer . She breaks down and cries in front of Dixon and tells him . Dixon gives Silver a pep talk telling her to fight until she ca n't fight anymore and then her friends will be there to carry her up . Development ( edit ) The character of Silver was introduced in the second season of Beverly Hills , 90210 as the newborn daughter of Mel Silver and Jackie Taylor , and the half - sister of Kelly Taylor and David Silver . She is re-introduced as a 15 - year - old in the spin - off . She displayed some classic bipolar symptoms , including erratic , reckless behavior , racing speech , grandiose ideas , hypersexuality , lack of sleep , euphoria and confusion . As often happens during manic phases , Silver ended up making destructive decision , which ended with her at the train station , rambling and bewildered , running toward a speeding train . It was confirmed in the following episode as she was diagnosed with the disorder . Silver 's bipolar disorder was revisited after Adrianna tampers with her medication when implementing her plot for revenge . Appearance and style ( edit ) In Season 1 , Silver is shown to have long black hair and dazzling blue eyes . She has a chilled , laid - back personality and seems to show disdain towards proms and school dances . She seemed to have her own sense of style , as she is usually seen wearing clothes probably would not be worn by a typical Beverly Hills girl . In Season 2 , her hair was cut short and her sense of fashion has become more girly due to Naomi and Adrianna 's influence but still remains her original style . Also , her interest in school dances seemed to have grown since she was seen going to the Snowflake Dance in `` Winter Wonderland and the Pass the Torch Dance in `` Confessions . '' In Season 3 , Silver 's hair was styled like a tomboy 's cut and dyed chocolate brown . For a short time in Season 3 , while she was having another episode with her bipolar disorder , she dyed her hair an intense orange color in order to give it more `` pizazz . '' Eventually , she recolored it brown after returning from the psych ward . In Season 4 , Silver 's hair had grown into a style such as her former one in Season 2 but with blonde highlights . By the fifth season , her hair resembles her former self in Season 1 , with her hair now below her shoulders . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception towards Silver as a character was mainly mixed , with critics praising her uniqueness . As for Stroup , she received positive reviews for her performance , especially for her performance throughout season 1 with Silver dealing with her illness , which was critically lauded . Award recognition ( edit ) In 2010 , Stroup won a Young Hollywood Award in the category of `` Sparkling Performance '' for her portrayal of Silver . In 2012 , Stroup was nominated for two PRISM Award 's for Silver 's Mental Health storyline and Female Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sep 02 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Shenae Grimes ' 90210 ' : Meet 10 New Faces Photo 1 of 11 '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 ( Season 1 Finale ) '' . Shakefire.com. 2009 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sep 8 , 2009 08 : 01 PM ET by Gina DiNunno ( 2009 - 09 - 08 ) . `` 90210 Episode Guide 2009 Season 2 - To New Beginnings ! , Episode 1 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Oh No They Did n't ! - 90210 season finale review '' . Ohnotheydidnt.livejournal.com. 2010 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 : Age Of Inheritance Episode Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 : 2021 Vision Episode Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 : Holiday Madness Episode Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tartakovsky , Margarita. `` 90210 's Portrayal of Bipolar Disorder World of Psychology '' . Psychcentral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' 90210 ' : Hi - hi Silver , Away ... to the Looney Bin - It Happened Last Night - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Megan Masters ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Scoop : 90210 to Revisit Silver 's Bipolar Battle '' . Tvline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ 9.14 PM EST 04.25. 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Andy 's ' 90210 ' Recap : Silver Wigs Out Bipolar - Style & Naomi Fights For Her Nerd ! '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' 90210 ′ Recap : ' Women On The Verge ' '' . Hollywoodcrush.mtv.com. 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chad Ochocinco Wins Young Hollywood Award '' . CBS News . 2010 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` EIC Announces Nominations for 16th Annual PRISM Awards Including Performances by Claire Danes , Tommy Lee Jones , Nick Nolte , Helen Mirren , and Russell Brand '' . 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) Silver on IMDb Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Beverly Hills , 90210 Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Characters Donna Martin Dylan McKay Kelly Taylor Brandon Walsh Brenda Walsh Misc Home video releases Soundtrack The Unauthorized Beverly Hills , 90210 Story Melrose Place ( 1992 -- 99 ) Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Jane Mancini Michael Mancini Matt Fielding Jake Hanson Jo Reynolds Amanda Woodward Sydney Andrews Kimberly Shaw Lexi Sterling Misc The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story 90210 ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Seasons 5 Characters Naomi Clark Erin Silver Adrianna Tate - Duncan Teddy Montgomery Misc Soundtrack Other series Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Melrose Place ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_(90210)&oldid=850542886 '' Categories : Beverly Hills , 90210 characters 90210 ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters with bipolar disorder Fictional characters introduced in 1992 Fictional characters from Los Angeles Teenage characters in television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 14 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Erin Silver - fictional character
2. Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise
3. Jessica Stroup - actress
4. Storylines - seasons 1-5
5. Relationships - Dixon, Teddy, Navid
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5,806,799,594,118,673,000 |
who killed captain alex all vj emmie quotes
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Who Killed Captain Alex ? - Wikipedia Who Killed Captain Alex ? Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Who Killed Captain Alex ? <Td_colspan="2"> Directed by Nabwana IGG Produced by Nabwana IGG , Alan Ssali Hofmanis Starring Kakule Wilson Music by Kizito Vicent Cinematography Nabwana IGG Edited by Nabwana IGG Production companies Ramon Film Productions Distributed by Wakaliwood Release date Running time 68 minutes Country Uganda Language Luganda English Budget Estimated to be $200 Who Killed Captain Alex ? is a 2010 Ugandan action - comedy film directed and produced by Nabwana IGG , in Wakaliwood , an ultra low - budget studio in Kampala , Uganda . It has gained viral notoriety for being a no - budget action film , produced on a reported budget of under $200 . A trailer for the film was uploaded to YouTube in January 2010 , and has been viewed over 2.2 million times as of May 2018 . The original version of the film was lost due to power outages and `` strained conditions '' , while the surviving version of Who Killed Captain Alex ? released online includes an English `` Video Joker '' commentary that adds in running gags about the characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Captain Alex , the local military 's top soldier , is sent out to destroy the evil Tiger Mafia , a group that controls the city of Kampala from the shadows . The Tiger Mafia is led by a man named Richard . After Richard 's brother is captured by Captain Alex , Richard sets out for revenge . Later , Captain Alex turns up dead -- but nobody is sure who killed him . Captain Alex 's brother , a Ugandan Shaolin Monk , arrives in Kampala to try to discover who the murderer is . He develops a friendship with one of Richard 's wives , who has lost her memory due to being shot by Richard ( Richard has so many wives they are expendable ) . The last action sequence features a number of helicopters , myriad explosions , and an immense body count . After an extended ambush , a chain reaction overwhelms Richard to the point where he is wounded and taken into custody . In the end , however , no one knows who actually killed Captain Alex ( even the director himself ) . Production ( edit ) The film was produced on an estimated $200 budget . Production began in late 2009 in the ghettos of Nateete . Filmmaker Isaac Nabwana ( nicknamed Nabwana IGG ) was inspired by his love of Hollywood action movies and martial arts films from childhood . The helicopter scenes in the film were based on Nabwana 's experiences during the Ugandan Bush War where he and his brother were chased by a helicopter . Throughout the film , a panpipes cover of the Seal song `` Kiss from a Rose '' can be heard . See also ( edit ) Wakaliwood Cinema of Uganda Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Ugandan Bush War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Feldman , Jason ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Who Killed Captain Alex '' . INFOtainment ! . WordPress . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Adam ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Fantasia 2015 : Watch the Trailer for Uganda 's First Action Film WHO KILLED CAPTAIN ALEX Film Pulse '' . Film Pulse . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anyangwe , Eliza ( 26 October 2015 ) . `` Uganda 's Tarantino makes $200 action movies '' . CNN . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Gene ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` How a Ugandan director is making great action movies on $200 budgets '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New Wave of Ultra-Violent Ugandan DIY Action Cinema - VICE '' . Vice . 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McPheeters , Sam ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` A Ugandan Filmmaker 's Quest to Conquer the Planet with Low - Budget Action Movies - VICE '' . Vice . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Helicopter '' Excerpt , Director 's Commentary - Who Killed Captain Alex `` . 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Who Killed Captain Alex ? on IMDb Who Killed Captain Alex ? original trailer on YouTube Who Killed Captain Alex ? full movie on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Killed_Captain_Alex%3F&oldid=840109684 '' Categories : Ugandan films 2010s action films 2010 films 2010s war films Films about terrorism Films set in Uganda Films shot in Uganda 2010s comedy films Action comedy films Internet memes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 19 : 51 . About Wikipedia
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1. Who Killed Captain Alex?
2. Ugandan action-comedy film
3. Wakaliwood studio
4. Low-budget production
5. Viral notoriety
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the iconic precious gemstone of colombia is the emerald
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Colombian emeralds - wikipedia Colombian emeralds Jump to : navigation , search Emeralds , Muzo Mine , Vasquez - Yacopí Mining District , Colombia Emeralds are green precious gemstones that are mined in various geological settings . They are minerals in the beryl group of silicates . For more than 4,000 years , emeralds have been among the most valuable of all jewels on Earth . Colombia , located on the continent of South America , is the country that mines and produces the most emeralds for the global market . It is estimated that Colombia accounts for 70 - 90 % of the world 's emerald market . While commercial grade emeralds are quite plentiful , fine and extra fine quality emeralds are extremely rare . Colombian emeralds over 50 carat can cost much more than diamonds of the same size . The Colombian departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca , both in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes , are the locations where most of the emerald mining takes place . Although the Colombian emerald trade has a rich history that dates as far back as the pre-Columbian era , the increase in worldwide demand for the industry of the gemstones in the early 20th century has led prices for emeralds to nearly double on the global market . Until 2016 , the Colombian emerald trade was at the center of Colombia 's civil conflict , which has plagued the country since the 1950s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of emerald extraction 1.1 Pre-Columbian period 1.2 Ancient emerald myths 1.3 Colonial and independence periods 2 Characteristics of ' Colombian ' Emeralds 3 Mining areas in Colombia 4 Negative by - products of the Colombian emerald trade : The Green War 5 Dangers of the Colombian emerald trade 6 Famous Colombian emeralds of history 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of emerald extraction ( edit ) Pre-Columbian period ( edit ) For thousands of years , emeralds have been mined and considered one of the world 's most valuable jewels . The first ever recorded emeralds date back to ancient Egypt , where they were particularly admired by Queen Cleopatra . In addition to their aesthetic value , emeralds were highly valued in ancient times because they were believed to increase intelligence , protect marriages , ease childbirth , and thought to enable its possessor the power of predicting future events . Ancient emerald myths ( edit ) An ancient Colombian legend exists of two immortal human beings , a man and a woman -- named Fura and Tena -- created by the Muisca god Are in order to populate the earth . The only stipulation by Are was that these two human beings had to remain faithful to each other in order to retain their eternal youth . Fura , the woman , however , did not remain faithful . As a consequence , their immortality was taken away from them . Both soon aged rapidly , and they eventually died . Are later took pity on the unfortunate beings and turned them into two crags protected from storms and serpents and in whose depths Fura 's tears became emeralds . Today , the Fura and Tena peaks , rising approximately 840 and 500 meters , respectively , above the valley of the Minero River , are the official guardians of Colombia 's emerald zone . They are located roughly 30 km north of the mines of Muzo , the location of the largest emerald mines in Colombia . Colonial and independence periods ( edit ) Historians believe the indigenous Indians of Colombia mastered the art of mining as early as 500 AD . But Spanish Conquistadors are the ones who are credited with discovering and marketing globally what we now call Colombian emeralds . Colombia , during pre-colonial times , was occupied by Muzo indigenous people , who were overpowered by Spain in the mid 1500s . It took Spain five decades to overpower the Muzo Indians who occupied this entire mining area . Once in control , the Spanish forced this native , indigenous population to work the mining fields that it previously held for many centuries . Monarchs and the gem - loving royalty in India , Turkey , and Persia eventually sought the New World treasures once the gems arrived in Europe . These new emerald owners expanded their private collections with spectacular artifacts bedazzled with emeralds between 1600 and 1820 , the time frame of Spain 's control over the Colombian mines . After Colombia 's independence from Spain in 1819 , the new government and other private mining companies assumed mining operations . Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , these mines were periodically shut down numerous times because of political situations within the country . Characteristics of ' Colombian ' emeralds ( edit ) Emerald , Muzo Mine , Vasquez - Yacopí Mining District , Colombia This documentation needs attention from an expert in Geology . See the talk page for details . WikiProject Geology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2014 ) Geologically speaking , Colombian emeralds are said to be the purest emeralds in the world because Colombian emerald deposits are the only ones on earth found in sedimentary host rock rather than in Igneous rock . The tectonic movements that created the Andes Mountains force the raw materials of emeralds -- beryllium , chromium , and vanadium -- found in the ground into liquid and gaseous states . These materials , in such states , find their way into cracks in the already sedimentary medium surrounding them and then eventually cool and crystallize . A saline solution found in the sedimentary rock eventually washes out impurities such as iron that cloud other beryls from forming onto the crystallizing stone . This intricate process produces the emeralds found in the mines of Colombia . An emerald is actually a beryllium stone that owes its special color to beryllium , chromium , and vanadium , all of which are chemical elements that are very scarce , and the reason for the color of an emerald . Colombian emeralds are much sought after , and not just because of their superb quality and color . A gem 's value depends upon its size , purity , color and brilliance . Even when they are mined in the same area , each individual emerald has its own unique look that sets it apart from the rest . Dark green is considered to be the most beautiful , scarce , and valuable color for emeralds . An emerald of this color is considered rare and is only found in the deepest mines of Colombia . Mining areas in Colombia ( edit ) Emerald , Muzo Mine , Vasquez - Yacopí Mining District , Boyacá Department The eastern portion of the Andes , between the Boyacá and Cundinamarca departments , is where most Colombian emeralds are mined . The three major mines in Colombia are Muzo , Coscuez , and Chivor . Muzo and Coscuez are on long - term leases from the government to two Colombian companies , while Chivor is a privately owned mine . Muzo remains the most important emerald mine in the world to this date . The terms Muzo and Chivor do not always refer to the particular mines that carry the same name . Instead , the two terms , originating from the local indigenous language , often describe the quality and color of emeralds . Muzo refers to a warm , grassy - green emerald , with hints of yellow . Chivor , on the other hand , describes a deeper green color . There are also many other smaller emerald mines in Colombia which produce emeralds of all different grades , but these emeralds are usually of lower quality than the ones extracted from any of the three major mining areas . Negative by - products of the Colombian emerald trade : the green war ( edit ) Colombia has dealt with a civil war starting from the mid-1950s that is still taking place in the country today . This sixty - year conflict between left - wing guerrilla groups , right - wing paramilitary groups , Colombian drug cartels , and the government , has displaced millions and has killed thousands of people . The emerald trade is at the center of funding this ongoing civil conflict in Colombia . Emeralds have helped fund many of the armed non-state actors ( NSAs ) involved in the Colombian internal conflict through means of emerald smuggling and the selling of these precious stones on the international black market . The international demand for emeralds is currently at an all - time high , which secures the continued funneling of millions of dollars annually to illicit organizations in Colombia that acquire and sell emeralds on illegal premise in order to fund their existences . Dangers of the Colombian emerald trade ( edit ) Because of their value on the international market , Colombian emeralds create a large illicit trade . Emerald smugglers , called quaqueros , poach on the mines , particularly along the Itoco River in the Muzo valley . During the day they scour the river beds and scavenge the mining fields for overlooked emeralds in private mines . By night , these smugglers try to rob safe houses that store the rough emeralds before they are able to be transported to safer areas . Quaqueros often compete with other quaqueros for the same loots , most of which return a large profit on the black market . This illegal mining activity is monitored by the National Police , but arrests are infrequent and jail sentences are usually short . Famous Colombian emeralds of History ( edit ) Duke of Devonshire Emerald -- this emerald was named after the sixth Duke of Devonshire . This precious gem can now be viewed in a vault at the Natural History Museum in London . Patricia Emerald -- this 630 - carat , di - hexagonal cut was first discovered in 1920 . It is named after the mine owner 's daughter , Patricia . This emerald currently resides in the American Museum of Natural History in New York . Crown of the Andes -- one of the most famous pieces of Colombian emerald - encrusted jewelry in the world . It has 453 stones totaling 1,521 carats . This piece includes the 45 - carat Atahualpa Emerald , which was named after the last Inca emperor . Gachalá Emerald - 858 carat emerald , found in Gachalá in 1967 Hooker Emerald Brooch - brooch made from a Colombian emerald from an unknown mine , possibly Muzo Fura Emerald - the second - biggest emerald in the world , with 2.2 kilograms ( 4.9 lb ) or 11,000 carat , found in Muzo , in 1999 Tena Emerald - the most valuable emerald in the world , 400 grams ( 0.88 lb ) or 2,000 carat , found in Muzo , in 1999 See also ( edit ) Colombia portal Geology portal Muzo emerald mining Muisca emerald mining Las Pavas , La Pita , Chivor , Muzo , Somondoco References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : CiCeRi LLC Colombian Emeralds . `` Emerald : The Queen of Gems '' . Jump up ^ Proexport Colombia . `` The Green Spell of Colombian Emeralds '' . Jump up ^ `` Emeralds and Bullets '' . Time Magazine . 1971 . Jump up ^ Proexport Colombia . `` The Green Spell of Colombian Emeralds '' . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez International . `` The Fascinating History of Colombian Emeralds '' . Jump up ^ Genesis Gems . `` Jewels of Colombia '' . Jump up ^ Lane , Kris ( 2010 ) . Colour of Paradise : The Emerald in the Age of Gunpowder Empires . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300161311 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting Colombia 's Green War : Treasure of the emerald forest '' . The Independent . April 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg ( March 15 , 1998 ) . `` Colombia To Polish Up Lawless Emerald Trade '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Emeralds of Colombia '' . About.com : South America Travel . Further reading ( edit ) Branquet , Yannick ; Bernard Laumonier ; Alain Cheilletz , and Gaston Giuliani . 1999 . Emeralds in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia : Two tectonic settings for one mineralization . Geology 27 . 597 -- 600 . Accessed 2017 - 01 - 05 . Giuliani , Gaston ; Alain Cheilletz ; Carlos Arboleda ; Victor Carrillo ; Félix Rueda , and James H. Baker . 1995 . An evaporitic origin of the parent brines of Colombian emeralds : fluid inclusion and sulphur isotope evidence . European Journal of Mineralogy 7 . 151 -- 165 . Accessed 2017 - 01 - 05 . Ortega Medina , Laura Milena. 2007 . Tipología y condiciones de formación de las manifestaciones del sector esmeraldífero `` Peña Coscuez '' ( municipio San Pablo de Borbur , Boyacá ) ( MSc . ) , 1 -- 121 . Universidad Industrial de Santander . Accessed 2017 - 01 - 05 . Pignatelli , Isabella ; Gaston Giuliani ; Daniel Ohnenstetter ; Giovanna Agrosì ; Sandrine Mathieu ; Christophe Morlot , and Yannick Branquet. 2015 . Colombian Trapiche Emeralds : Recent Advances in Understanding Their Formation . Gems & Gemology LI. 222 -- 259 . Puche Riart , Octavio. 1996 . La explotación de las esmeraldas de Muzo ( Nueva Granada ) , en sus primeros tiempos - The exploitation of the emeralds of Muzo ( New Kingdom of Granada ) , the first period , 99 -- 104 . 3 ; Accessed 2016 - 07 - 08 . Tequia Porras , Humberto. 2008 . Asentamiento español y conflictos encomenderos en Muzo desde 1560 a 1617 - Spanish settlement and encomienda conflicts in Muzo from 1560 to 1617 ( M.A. ) , 1 -- 91 . Pontificia Universidad Javeriana . Accessed 2016 - 07 - 08 . Uribe , Sylvano E. 1960 . Las esmeraldas de Colombia . Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia XVIII. 1 -- 8 . Accessed 2016 - 07 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colombian emeralds . ( in Spanish ) Las esmeraldas de Colombia <Th_colspan="2"> Muisca <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Topics <Td_colspan="2"> General Agriculture Architecture Art Astronomy Calendar Cuisine Economy Mummification Music Muysccubun Mythology Numerals Religion Society Toponyms Warfare Women Specific Battle of Pasca ( ~ 1470 ) Battle of Chocontá ( ~ 1490 ) Chicha Duit Emeralds Muisca raft Ruana Tejo Tunjo Zoratama The Salt People Zipaquirá Nemocón Tausa Sesquilé <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography and history <Td_colspan="2"> Altiplano Cundiboyacense Bogotá River Frío Fucha Juan Amarillo Soacha Teusacá Torca Tunjuelo Bogotá savanna Suba Hills Wetlands Eastern Hills Flora & fauna Suárez River Ubaté - Chiquinquirá Valley Neighbouring areas Ocetá Páramo Tenza Valley History Prehistory ( < 10,000 BP ) Lake Humboldt El Abra Tibitó Sueva Tequendama Lithic ( 10,000 - 2800 BP ) Piedras del Tunjo Checua Galindo Nemocón Sáchica Aguazuque Lake Herrera El Infiernito Ceramic ( > 800 BC ) Herrera ( 800 BC - 800 ) Early Muisca ( 800 - 1200 ) Muisca Confederation ( ~ 1450 - 1540 ) Cabildo Mayor ( > 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Religion and mythology <Td_colspan="2"> Deities Chiminigagua Bachué Chía Sué Bochica Huitaca Chibchacum Cuchavira Nencatacoa Chaquén Chibafruime Guahaioque Sacred sites Built Sun Temple Moon Temple Cojines del Zaque Goranchacha Temple Hunzahúa Well Natural Fúquene Guasca Guatavita Iguaque Siecha Suesca Tota Ubaque Tequendama Falls Mythology Myths El Dorado Monster of Lake Tota Mythological figures Goranchacha Idacansás Pacanchique Thomagata <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Caciques and neighbours <Td_colspan="2"> Northern caciques zaque of Hunza Hunzahúa Michuá Quemuenchatocha Aquiminzaque iraca of Suamox Nompanim Sugamuxi cacique of Tundama Tundama Southern caciques zipa of Bacatá Meicuchuca Saguamanchica Nemequene Tisquesusa Sagipa cacique of Turmequé Diego de Torres y Moyachoque Neighbours Chibcha - speaking U'wa Sutagao Guane Lache Arawak - speaking Achagua Tegua Guayupe Cariban - speaking Panche Muzo Yarigui <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish conquest <Td_colspan="2"> Conquistadors Major Gonzalo de Quesada Hernán de Quesada Baltasar Maldonado Gonzalo Suárez Rendón Juan de Céspedes Juan de San Martín Minor Antonio Díaz de Cardoso Antonio de Lebrija Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano Gonzalo García Zorro Gonzalo Macías Hernán Venegas Carrillo Juan de Albarracín Juan del Junco Juan Tafur Lázaro Fonte Luis Lanchero Martín Galeano Martín Yañéz Tafur Miguel Holguín y Figueroa Ortún Velázquez de Velasco Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela Pedro Ruíz Corredor Neighbouring conquests Conquest of the Chibchan Nations Conquest of the Muzo Conquest of the Panche Battle of Tocarema ( 1538 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Research and collections <Td_colspan="2"> Scholars Acosta Acosta Samper De Aguado Arango Broadbent De Castellanos Celis Correal Duquesne Freyle Friede Gamboa Groot Hammen Humboldt Izquierdo Langebaek De Lugo Ocampo De Piedrahita De Quesada Reichel - Dolmatoff Schrimpff Simón Triana Uricoechea Zerda Publications Elegías ( 1589 ) El Carnero ( 1638 ) Epítome ( 1889 ) Research institutes ICANH Universidad Nacional Universidad de los Andes Universidad La Javeriana University of Pittsburgh UPTC Collections Museo del Oro Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso Archaeology Museum of Pasca Metropolitan Museum of Art <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal Images <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Colombian emeralds Geology Furatena Fm . Guavio Fm . Muzo Fm . Macanal Fm . Paja Fm . Rosablanca Fm . Villeta Gp . History Pre-Columbian The Emerald People The Salt People Conquest Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Luis Lanchero Pedro de Ursúa Main mining areas Western Belt Muzo Maripí Quípama Otanche Pauna San Pablo de Borbur Yacopí Coper Briceño Eastern Belt Chivor Somondoco Gachalá Guateque Macanal Ubalá Individual mines Muzo Coscuez Chivor Las Pavas La Pita Peñas Blancas Cunas Polveros Tequendama Agua Blanca Buenavista Cincho Gualí Matacana Palo Aranado La Polvorosa Yacopí Individual emeralds ( ct ) Fura ( 11,000 ) Tena ( 2000 ) Crown of the Andes ( 1521 ) Gachalá ( 858 ) Mogul Mughal ( 218 ) Mackay ( 168 ) Hooker Emerald ( 75.47 ) Duke of Devonshire ( 75 ) Chalk ( 38 ) Atocha Star ( 25 ) Related articles Emeralds Mineral industry of Colombia <Td_colspan="3"> Category Images Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_emeralds&oldid=801921198 '' Categories : Colombian emeralds Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing expert attention from March 2014 All articles needing expert attention Geology articles needing expert attention Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 19 : 48 . 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1. Colombian emeralds
2. Emerald mining in Colombia
3. History of emerald extraction
4. Characteristics of Colombian emeralds
5. Dangers and negative impacts of the emerald trade in Colombia
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soccer international afc asian cup qualification group e
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2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification -- third round - wikipedia 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification -- third round Jump to : navigation , search The third round of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification will be played from 26 March 2017 to 27 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Qualified teams 3 Draw 4 Schedule 5 Groups 5.1 Group A 5.2 Group B 5.3 Group C 5.4 Group D 5.5 Group E 5.6 Group F 6 Goalscorers 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) A total of 24 teams ( 16 teams which advanced from the second round and eight teams which advanced from the play - off round ) compete in the third round to compete for the final 12 slots in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . Since the hosts United Arab Emirates advanced to the third round of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification , the automatic slot for the hosts is no longer necessary . The 24 teams were divided into six groups of four teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group will qualify for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup , where they are joined by the 12 teams which qualified directly from the second round . Qualified teams ( edit ) Teams qualified from second round Group Runners - up ( Worst 4 ) Third place Fourth place ( Best 4 ) -- Palestine -- Jordan Kyrgyzstan -- -- Hong Kong -- Oman Turkmenistan Guam -- Singapore Afghanistan -- Vietnam -- Lebanon Kuwait Myanmar North Korea Philippines Bahrain Notes Jump up ^ Guam withdrew from the tournament due to financial constraints . The All Nepal Football Association announced on 27 December 2016 that they accepted an offer from the AFC to replace Guam . Jump up ^ The Kuwait Football Association was suspended by FIFA . Kuwait had a deadline of 11 January 2017 for lifting of the suspension , but they were unable to do so and were replaced by Macau . Teams qualified from play - off round Round 1 winners Cambodia Yemen Tajikistan Malaysia India Round 2 winners Maldives Bhutan Chinese Taipei Teams qualified from Solidarity Cup Due to the withdrawal of Guam and the suspension of Kuwait , the AFC invited both Nepal and Macau , the top two teams of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup , to re-enter 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification as replacements in order to maintain 24 teams in the third round of the competition . Finalists Nepal ( replaced Guam ) Macau ( replaced Kuwait ) Draw ( edit ) The draw for the third round was held on 23 January 2017 , 16 : 00 GST ( UTC + 4 ) , in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It was initially scheduled for 18 January 2017 , but was delayed . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four . They were seeded using the January 2017 FIFA World Rankings ( indicated in parentheses below ) . The national teams which eventually qualified are presented in bold . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Jordan ( 107 ) Oman ( 118 ) Philippines ( 122 ) Bahrain ( 123 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 124 ) North Korea ( 125 ) India ( 129 ) Palestine ( 131 ) Tajikistan ( 132 ) Vietnam ( 136 ) Hong Kong ( 140 ) Turkmenistan ( 143 ) Maldives ( 145 ) Lebanon ( 148 ) Yemen ( 149 ) Afghanistan ( 151 ) Chinese Taipei ( 157 ) Myanmar ( 159 ) Malaysia ( 161 ) Singapore ( 165 ) Cambodia ( 172 ) Nepal ( 175 ) Bhutan ( 176 ) Macau ( 184 ) Schedule ( edit ) The schedule of each matchday is as follows . Matchday Dates Matches Matchday 1 28 March 2017 1 v 4 , 3 v 2 Matchday 2 13 June 2017 4 v 3 , 2 v 1 Matchday 3 5 September 2017 4 v 2 , 1 v 3 Matchday 4 10 October 2017 2 v 4 , 3 v 1 Matchday 5 14 November 2017 4 v 1 , 2 v 3 Matchday 6 27 March 2018 1 v 2 , 3 v 4 Groups ( edit ) The top two teams of each group qualify for the final tournament . Tiebreakers The teams are ranked according to points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) . If tied on points , tiebreakers are applied in the following order ( Regulations Article 9.3 ) : Points in head - to - head matches among tied teams ; Goal difference in head - to - head matches among tied teams ; Goals scored in head - to - head matches among tied teams ; Away goals scored in head - to - head matches among tied teams ; If more than two teams are tied , and after applying criteria 1 to 4 , a subset of teams are still tied , criteria 1 to 4 are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams ; Goal difference in all group matches ; Goals scored in all group matches ; Penalty shoot - out if only two teams are tied and they met in the last round of the group ; Disciplinary points ( yellow card = 1 point , red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points , direct red card = 3 points , yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points ) ; Drawing of lots . Group a ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification India ( Q ) 5 0 10 + 7 13 2019 AFC Asian Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 4 -- 1 Kyrgyzstan 7 6 + 1 7 27 Mar -- 22 Mar 1 -- 0 Myanmar 8 5 + 3 5 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 27 Mar Macau ( E ) 5 0 0 5 15 − 11 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 4 0 -- 4 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 14 November 2017 . Source : AFC ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . Myanmar v India 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 6 : 30 Myanmar 0 -- 1 India Report Chhetri 90 + 1 ' Thuwunna Stadium , Yangon Attendance : 21,025 Referee : Yu Ming - hsun ( Chinese Taipei ) Kyrgyzstan v Macau 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 19 : 30 UTC + 6 Kyrgyzstan 1 -- 0 Macau Baymatov 70 ' Report Dolen Omurzakov Stadium , Bishkek Attendance : 10,600 Referee : Masoud Tufayelieh ( Syria ) Macau v Myanmar 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 19 : 30 UTC + 8 Macau 0 -- 4 Myanmar Report Sithu Aung 4 ' , 62 ' Kyaw Ko Ko 30 ' Min Min Thu 74 ' Estádio Campo Desportivo , Macau Attendance : 1,200 Referee : Kim Dae - yong ( South Korea ) India v Kyrgyzstan 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 20 : 00 UTC + 5 : 30 India 1 -- 0 Kyrgyzstan Chhetri 69 ' Report Sree Kanteerava Stadium , Bangalore Attendance : 6,213 Referee : Yudai Yamamoto ( Japan ) Macau v India 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 19 : 30 UTC + 8 Macau 0 -- 2 India Report B. Singh 57 ' , 82 ' Estádio Campo Desportivo , Macau Attendance : 600 Referee : Ahmed Al - Ali ( Jordan ) Myanmar v Kyrgyzstan 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 6 : 30 Myanmar 2 -- 2 Kyrgyzstan Aung Thu 52 ' Kyaw Ko Ko 90 + 2 ' Report Zemlianukhin 9 ' ( pen . ) Maier 49 ' Thuwunna Stadium , Yangon Attendance : 2,886 Referee : Ali Abdulnabi ( Bahrain ) India v Macau 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 19 : 30 UTC + 5 : 30 India 4 -- 1 Macau Borges 28 ' Chhetri 60 ' Lam Ka Seng 70 ' ( o.g. ) Lalpekhlua 90 + 2 ' Report Torrão 37 ' Sree Kanteerava Stadium , Bangalore Attendance : 4,113 Referee : Yaqoob Abdul Baki ( Oman ) Macau v Kyrgyzstan 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 19 : 30 UTC + 8 Macau 3 -- 4 Kyrgyzstan Chan Pak Chun 72 ' Torrão 79 ' ( pen . ) Fernandes 87 ' Report Zemlianukhin 25 ' ( pen . ) , 55 ' Lux 36 ' Murzaev 84 ' Estádio Campo Desportivo , Macau Attendance : 353 Referee : Võ Minh Trí ( Vietnam ) India v Myanmar 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 20 : 00 UTC + 5 : 30 India 2 -- 2 Myanmar Chhetri 13 ' ( pen . ) Lalpekhlua 69 ' Report Yan Naing Oo 1 ' Kyaw Ko Ko 19 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,546 Referee : Liu Kwok Man ( Hong Kong ) Kyrgyzstan v Myanmar 22 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) Kyrgyzstan Myanmar Report Kyrgyzstan v India 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Kyrgyzstan India Report Dolen Omurzakov Stadium , Bishkek Myanmar v Macau 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Myanmar Macau Report Thuwunna Stadium , Yangon Group b ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Lebanon ( Q ) 5 0 12 + 9 13 2019 AFC Asian Cup -- 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 27 Mar North Korea 5 11 10 + 1 8 2 -- 2 -- 27 Mar 4 -- 1 Hong Kong 5 5 − 1 5 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 Malaysia ( E ) 5 0 13 − 9 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 1 -- 1 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 14 November 2017 . Source : AFC ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . Lebanon v Hong Kong 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 3 Lebanon 2 -- 0 Hong Kong Ghaddar 27 ' Maatouk 34 ' Report Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium , Beirut Attendance : 14,672 Referee : Pranjal Banerjee ( India ) Hong Kong v North Korea 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 20 : 00 UTC + 8 Hong Kong 1 -- 1 North Korea Tan Chun Lok 45 + 1 ' Report Kim Yu - song 46 ' Hong Kong Stadium , Hong Kong Attendance : 8,194 Referee : Jansen Foo ( Singapore ) Malaysia v Lebanon 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 21 : 45 UTC + 8 Malaysia 1 -- 2 Lebanon Mahali 43 ' Report Ataya 79 ' , 90 + 4 ' Tan Sri Dato ' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium , Johor Bahru Attendance : 6,850 Referee : Jameel Abdulhusin ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Lebanon 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 17 : 00 UTC + 8 : 30 North Korea 2 -- 2 Lebanon Kim Yu - song 23 ' Ri Yong - jik 87 ' Report Mansour 47 ' Maatouk 90 + 4 ' Kim Il - sung Stadium , Pyongyang Attendance : 31,000 Referee : Aziz Asimov ( Uzbekistan ) Malaysia v Hong Kong 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 UTC + 8 Malaysia 1 -- 1 Hong Kong Zainon 56 ' Report Sandro 53 ' Hang Jebat Stadium , Malacca City Attendance : 3,646 Referee : Chris Beath ( Australia ) Hong Kong v Malaysia 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 UTC + 8 Hong Kong 2 -- 0 Malaysia Jordi 44 ' McKee 49 ' Report Hong Kong Stadium , Hong Kong Attendance : 7,920 Referee : Nivon Robesh Gamini ( Sri Lanka ) Lebanon v North Korea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 30 UTC + 3 Lebanon 5 -- 0 North Korea El - Helwe 21 ' Maatouk 25 ' Ayass 50 ' Hamam 80 ' Ataya 90 + 1 ' Report Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium , Beirut Attendance : 3,000 Referee : Minoru Tōjō ( Japan ) North Korea v Malaysia 10 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 20 : 00 UTC + 7 North Korea 4 -- 1 Malaysia Pak Kwang - ryong 12 ' ( pen . ) Kim Yu - song 42 ' Kim Yong - il 48 ' Jong Il - gwan 59 ' Report Rasid 67 ' Buriram Stadium , Buriram ( Thailand ) Attendance : 287 Referee : Fahad Al - Mirdasi ( Saudi Arabia ) Malaysia v North Korea 13 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 7 Malaysia 1 -- 4 North Korea Rasid 85 ' Report Kim Yu - song 15 ' , 20 ' , 44 ' Pak Kwang - ryong 79 ' Buriram Stadium , Buriram ( Thailand ) Attendance : 504 Referee : Ahmed Al - Kaf ( Oman ) Hong Kong v Lebanon 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 20 : 00 UTC + 8 Hong Kong 0 -- 1 Lebanon Report Maatouk 43 ' ( pen . ) Hong Kong Stadium , Hong Kong Attendance : 10,109 Referee : Khamis Al - Marri ( Qatar ) North Korea v Hong Kong 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) North Korea Hong Kong Report Kim Il - sung Stadium , Pyongyang Lebanon v Malaysia 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Lebanon Malaysia Report Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium , Beirut Group c ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Jordan ( Q ) 5 0 15 + 11 11 2019 AFC Asian Cup -- 27 Mar 7 -- 0 4 -- 1 Vietnam ( Q ) 5 0 8 + 6 9 0 -- 0 -- 5 -- 0 0 -- 0 Cambodia ( E ) 5 0 15 − 13 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 Afghanistan ( E ) 5 0 5 9 − 4 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 27 Mar -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 14 November 2017 . Source : AFC ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . Afghanistan v Vietnam 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 5 Afghanistan 1 -- 1 Vietnam Amin 69 ' Report Nguyễn Văn Toàn 64 ' Pamir Stadium , Dushanbe ( Tajikistan ) Attendance : 2,500 Referee : Turki Al - Khudhayr ( Saudi Arabia ) Jordan v Cambodia 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 2 Jordan 7 -- 0 Cambodia Al - Dardour 12 ' , 21 ' , 87 ' Al - Bakhit 47 ' Al - Saify 61 ' Samir 62 ' Al - Taamari 90 ' Report King Abdullah II Stadium , Amman Attendance : 2,000 Referee : Dmitry Mashentsev ( Kyrgyzstan ) Cambodia v Afghanistan 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 18 : 30 UTC + 7 Cambodia 1 -- 0 Afghanistan Mony Udom 59 ' Report Olympic Stadium , Phnom Penh Attendance : 40,000 Referee : Mooud Bonyadifard ( Iran ) Vietnam v Jordan 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 7 Vietnam 0 -- 0 Jordan Report Thống Nhất Stadium , Ho Chi Minh City Attendance : 12,000 Referee : Ng Chiu Kok ( Hong Kong ) Cambodia v Vietnam 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 18 : 30 UTC + 7 Cambodia 1 -- 2 Vietnam Vathanaka 10 ' Report Nguyễn Văn Quyết 4 ' Nguyễn Quang Hải 81 ' Olympic Stadium , Phnom Penh Attendance : 34,587 Referee : Minoru Tōjō ( Japan ) Jordan v Afghanistan 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 00 UTC + 3 Jordan 4 -- 1 Afghanistan Murjan 24 ' Al - Saify 33 ' Al - Bakhit 45 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dardour 89 ' Report Amiri 73 ' ( pen . ) King Abdullah II Stadium , Amman Attendance : 1,036 Referee : Arumughan Rowan ( India ) Afghanistan v Jordan 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 15 : 00 UTC + 5 Afghanistan 3 -- 3 Jordan Al - Souliman 15 ' ( o.g. ) Islam Amiri 64 ' Amani 81 ' Report Abu Amarah 40 ' Al - Saify 43 ' ( pen . ) Al - Souliman 86 ' Pamir Stadium , Dushanbe ( Tajikistan ) Attendance : 1,500 Referee : Masoud Tufayelieh ( Syria ) Vietnam v Cambodia 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 7 Vietnam 5 -- 0 Cambodia Đinh Thanh Trung 13 ' Nguyễn Văn Quyết 56 ' Nguyễn Anh Đức 60 ' Nguyễn Công Phượng 76 ' Mạc Hồng Quân 90 + 2 ' Report Mỹ Đình National Stadium , Hanoi Attendance : 11,000 Referee : Sivakorn Pu - udom ( Thailand ) Cambodia v Jordan 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 18 : 30 UTC + 7 Cambodia 0 -- 1 Jordan Report Abu Amarah 17 ' Olympic Stadium , Phnom Penh Attendance : 18,369 Referee : Ilgiz Tantashev ( Uzbekistan ) Vietnam v Afghanistan 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 7 Vietnam 0 -- 0 Afghanistan Report Mỹ Đình National Stadium , Hanoi Attendance : 28,580 Referee : Jameel Abdulhusin ( Bahrain ) Jordan v Vietnam 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Jordan Vietnam Report Amman International Stadium , Amman Afghanistan v Cambodia 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Afghanistan Cambodia Report Pamir Stadium , Dushanbe ( Tajikistan ) Group d ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Palestine ( Q ) 5 5 0 0 25 + 23 15 2019 AFC Asian Cup -- 2 -- 1 8 -- 1 10 -- 0 Oman ( Q ) 5 0 27 5 + 22 12 27 Mar -- 5 -- 0 14 -- 0 Maldives ( E ) 5 0 19 − 15 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 -- 27 Mar Bhutan ( E ) 5 0 0 5 32 − 30 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 4 0 -- 2 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 14 November 2017 . Source : AFC ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . Oman v Bhutan 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 4 Oman 14 -- 0 Bhutan Al - Muqbali 2 ' , 35 ' , 40 ' , 43 ' , 68 ' , 85 ' Al - Mahaijri 25 ' Al - Khaldi 30 ' Mabrook 44 ' Basnet 54 ' ( o.g. ) Al - Hajri 70 ' , 74 ' , 90 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 90 + 2 ' Report Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex , Muscat Attendance : 4,500 Referee : Hussein Abo Yehia ( Lebanon ) Maldives v Palestine 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 21 : 00 UTC + 5 Maldives 0 -- 3 Palestine Report Maher 62 ' , 65 ' Abu Nahyeh 90 + 2 ' National Football Stadium , Malé Attendance : 6,000 Referee : Aziz Asimov ( Uzbekistan ) Bhutan v Maldives 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 6 Bhutan 0 -- 2 Maldives Report Fasir 42 ' ( pen . ) Ah . Abdulla 75 ' Changlimithang Stadium , Thimphu Attendance : 7,600 Referee : Khurram Shahzad ( Pakistan ) Palestine v Oman 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 23 : 00 UTC + 3 Palestine 2 -- 1 Oman Cantillana 13 ' Pinto 21 ' Report Al - Mahaijri 45 ' Faisal Al - Husseini International Stadium , Al - Ram Attendance : 11,000 Referee : Sivakorn Pu - udom ( Thailand ) Bhutan v Palestine 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 6 Bhutan 0 -- 2 Palestine Report Pinto 51 ' Bahdari 90 + 5 ' Changlimithang Stadium , Thimphu Attendance : 7,800 Referee : Ho Wai Sing ( Hong Kong ) Oman v Maldives 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 19 : 15 UTC + 4 Oman 5 -- 0 Maldives Al - Khaldi 5 ' Al - Hajri 58 ' Al - Yahyaei 69 ' Al - Yahmadi 86 ' Al - Hasani 88 ' Report Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex , Muscat Attendance : 1,136 Referee : Võ Minh Trí ( Vietnam ) Palestine v Bhutan 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 UTC + 3 Palestine 10 -- 0 Bhutan Bahdari 4 ' , 40 ' , 44 ' Jaber 6 ' Seyam 22 ' Maraaba 29 ' Salem 48 ' ( pen . ) Natour 60 ' Cantillana 62 ' , 69 ' Report Dora International Stadium , Hebron Attendance : 7,250 Referee : Rowan Arumughan ( India ) Maldives v Oman 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 21 : 00 UTC + 5 Maldives 1 -- 3 Oman Fasir 24 ' Report Al - Hajri 15 ' Ali 19 ' ( o.g. ) Al - Mahaijri 57 ' National Football Stadium , Malé Attendance : 2,884 Referee : Jarred Gillett ( Australia ) Bhutan v Oman 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 6 Bhutan 2 -- 4 Oman Tshering 59 ' Gyeltshen 90 + 3 ' Report Al - Hasani 48 ' Ibrahim 76 ' Al - Hajri 86 ' Al - Ruzaiqi 89 ' Changlimithang Stadium , Thimphu Attendance : 3,100 Referee : Nagor Amir Noor Mohamed ( Malaysia ) Palestine v Maldives 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 16 : 00 UTC + 2 Palestine 8 -- 1 Maldives Yousef 6 ' , 33 ' Faisal 16 ' ( o.g. ) Maraaba 30 ' , 53 ' , 54 ' , 59 ' Cantillana 56 ' Report Hassan 52 ' Arab American University Stadium , Jenin Attendance : 5,750 Referee : Dmitry Mashentsev ( Kyrgyzstan ) Oman v Palestine 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Oman Palestine Report Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex , Muscat Maldives v Bhutan 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Maldives Bhutan Report National Football Stadium , Malé Group e ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Bahrain ( Q ) 5 11 + 8 10 2019 AFC Asian Cup -- 27 Mar 5 -- 0 0 -- 0 Turkmenistan ( Q ) 5 9 6 + 3 10 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 Chinese Taipei ( E ) 5 0 6 12 − 6 6 2 -- 1 1 -- 3 -- 27 Mar Singapore ( E ) 5 0 8 − 5 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 14 November 2017 . Source : AFC ( E ) Eliminated ; ( Q ) Qualified to the phase indicated . Chinese Taipei v Turkmenistan 26 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 18 : 07 UTC + 8 Chinese Taipei 1 -- 3 Turkmenistan Chen Po - liang 45 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Report Annadurdyýew 23 ' Mingazow 24 ' Chen Chia - chun 83 ' ( o.g. ) Taipei Municipal Stadium , Taipei Attendance : 5,898 Referee : Kim Hee - gon ( South Korea ) Bahrain v Singapore 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 3 Bahrain 0 -- 0 Singapore Report Bahrain National Stadium , Riffa Attendance : 225 Referee : Nivon Robesh Gamini ( Sri Lanka ) Singapore v Chinese Taipei 10 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 21 : 00 UTC + 8 Singapore 1 -- 2 Chinese Taipei Hariss 6 ' Report Xavier Chen 31 ' Chen Chao - an 60 ' Jalan Besar Stadium , Singapore Attendance : 5,234 Referee : Ahmed Al - Ali ( Jordan ) Turkmenistan v Bahrain 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 5 Turkmenistan 1 -- 2 Bahrain Ýagşyýew 86 ' Report Al Romaihi 55 ' Yaser 80 ' Sport Toplumy Stadium , Daşoguz Attendance : 9,500 Referee : Ma Ning ( China PR ) Singapore v Turkmenistan 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 19 : 30 UTC + 8 Singapore 1 -- 1 Turkmenistan Shakir 63 ' Report Annadurdyýew 82 ' Jalan Besar Stadium , Singapore Attendance : 3,712 Referee : Yudai Yamamoto ( Japan ) Bahrain v Chinese Taipei 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 3 Bahrain 5 -- 0 Chinese Taipei Al - Aswad 11 ' Madan 45 + 4 ' Abduljabbar 56 ' , 89 ' Helal 74 ' Report Bahrain National Stadium , Riffa Attendance : 362 Referee : Nagor Amir Noor Mohamed ( Malaysia ) Chinese Taipei v Bahrain 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 8 Chinese Taipei 2 -- 1 Bahrain Chen Po - liang 90 ' Chu En - le 90 + 2 ' Report Abdullatif 17 ' ( pen . ) Taipei Municipal Stadium , Taipei Attendance : 7,908 Referee : Hiroyuki Kimura ( Japan ) Turkmenistan v Singapore 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 16 : 30 UTC + 5 Turkmenistan 2 -- 1 Singapore Orazsähedow 18 ' , 90 + 3 ' Report Irfan 27 ' Köpetdag Stadium , Ashgabat Attendance : 15,400 Referee : Ng Chiu Kok ( Hong Kong ) Turkmenistan v Chinese Taipei 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 15 : 00 UTC + 5 Turkmenistan 2 -- 1 Chinese Taipei Ýagşyýew 22 ' Annadurdyýew 40 ' Report Chen Po - liang 88 ' ( pen . ) Sport Toplumy Stadium , Balkanabat Attendance : 9,500 Referee : Hettikamkanamge Perera ( Sri Lanka ) Singapore v Bahrain 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 19 : 30 UTC + 8 Singapore 0 -- 3 Bahrain Report Abduljabbar 65 ' , 84 ' Rashid 81 ' National Stadium , Singapore Attendance : 2,628 Referee : Jarred Gillett ( Australia ) Bahrain v Turkmenistan 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Bahrain Turkmenistan Report Bahrain National Stadium , Riffa Chinese Taipei v Singapore 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Chinese Taipei Singapore Report Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Philippines 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 2019 AFC Asian Cup -- 2 -- 2 27 Mar 4 -- 1 Yemen 5 0 5 + 1 7 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 27 Mar Tajikistan 5 9 7 + 2 7 3 -- 4 0 -- 0 -- 3 -- 0 Nepal ( E ) 5 0 9 − 7 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 -- Updated to match ( es ) played on 14 November 2017 . Source : AFC ( E ) Eliminated . Philippines v Nepal 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 20 : 00 UTC + 8 Philippines 4 -- 1 Nepal P. Younghusband 21 ' ( pen . ) , 23 ' Ramsay 27 ' Patiño 73 ' Report Rai 45 + 1 ' Rizal Memorial Stadium , Manila Attendance : 1,715 Referee : Yaqoob Abdul Baki ( Oman ) Yemen v Tajikistan 28 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 3 Yemen 2 -- 1 Tajikistan D. Ergashev 41 ' ( o.g. ) Al - Sasi 63 ' Report Umarbayev 9 ' Suheim Bin Hamad Stadium , Doha ( Qatar ) Attendance : 380 Referee : Nagor Amir Noor Mohamed ( Malaysia ) Nepal v Yemen 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 15 : 00 UTC + 5 : 45 Nepal 0 -- 0 Yemen Report Halchowk Stadium , Kathmandu Attendance : 700 Referee : Timur Faizullin ( Kyrgyzstan ) Tajikistan v Philippines 13 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 21 : 00 UTC + 5 Tajikistan 3 -- 4 Philippines Umarbayev 57 ' ( pen . ) Vasiev 61 ' Dzhalilov 90 ' Report P. Younghusband 28 ' Patiño 41 ' , 48 ' Sato 79 ' Pamir Stadium , Dushanbe Attendance : 15,000 Referee : Hanna Hattab ( Syria ) Nepal v Tajikistan 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 15 : 00 UTC + 5 : 45 Nepal 1 -- 2 Tajikistan Magar 61 ' Report Dzhalilov 25 ' Vasiev 29 ' ANFA Complex , Lalitpur Attendance : 1,200 Referee : Mohammed Al - Hoish ( Saudi Arabia ) Philippines v Yemen 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 19 : 30 UTC + 8 Philippines 2 -- 2 Yemen P. Younghusband 30 ' J. Younghusband 71 ' Report Al - Radaei 27 ' Al - Matari 55 ' Panaad Park and Stadium , Bacolod Attendance : 2,911 Referee : Kim Dong - jin ( South Korea ) Tajikistan v Nepal 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 5 Tajikistan 3 -- 0 Nepal Davronov 20 ' ( pen . ) Umarbayev 60 ' ( pen . ) Dzhalilov 87 ' ( pen . ) Report Hisor Central Stadium , Hisor Attendance : 12,000 Referee : Mooud Bonyadifard ( Iran ) Yemen v Philippines 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 18 : 00 UTC + 3 Yemen 1 -- 1 Philippines Ali 63 ' Report Mi . Ott 89 ' Saoud bin Abdulrahman Stadium , Al Wakrah ( Qatar ) Attendance : 2,169 Referee : Wang Di ( China PR ) Nepal v Philippines 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 14 : 00 UTC + 5 : 45 Nepal 0 -- 0 Philippines Report ANFA Complex , Lalitpur Attendance : 1,023 Referee : Ahmed Al - Ali ( Jordan ) Tajikistan v Yemen 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 16 : 00 UTC + 5 Tajikistan 0 -- 0 Yemen Report Hisor Central Stadium , Hisor Attendance : 12,000 Referee : Hussein Abo Yehia ( Lebanon ) Philippines v Tajikistan 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 19 : 00 UTC + 8 Philippines Tajikistan Report Panaad Park and Stadium , Bacolod Yemen v Nepal 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Yemen Nepal Report Suheim Bin Hamad Stadium , Doha ( Qatar ) Goalscorers ( edit ) There have been 204 goals scored in 59 matches , for an average of 3.46 goals per match ( as of 14 November 2017 ) . 7 goals Khalid Al - Hajri 6 goals Kim Yu - song Abdul Aziz Al - Muqbali 5 goals Sameh Maraaba 4 goals Mahdi Abduljabbar Hamza Al - Dardour Hassan Maatouk Abdelatif Bahdari Jonathan Cantillana Phil Younghusband Sunil Chhetri 3 goals Chen Po - liang Odai Al - Saify Anton Zemlianukhin Rabih Ataya Kyaw Ko Ko Ahmed Mubarak Al - Mahaijri Javier Patiño Manuchekhr Dzhalilov Parvizdzhon Umarbayev Altymyrat Annadurdyýew 2 goals Balwant Singh Jeje Lalpekhlua Munther Abu Amarah Yaseen Al - Bakhit Niki Torrão Safawi Rasid Ali Fasir Sithu Aung Pak Kwang - ryong Sami Al - Hasani Mohsin Al - Khaldi Ahmad Maher Wridat Yashir Pinto Mahmoud Yousef Dilshod Vasiev Myrat Ýagşyýew Wahyt Orazsähedow Nguyễn Văn Quyết 1 goal Hassan Amin Khaibar Amani Zohib Islam Amiri Zubayr Amiri Abdulla Yaser Abdulla Yusuf Helal Ali Jaafar Mohamed Madan Ismail Abdullatif Komail Al - Aswad Mohamed Al Romaihi Jamal Rashid Chencho Gyeltshen Karma Shedrup Tshering Prak Mony Udom Chan Vathanaka Chen Chao - an Chu En - le Xavier Chen Alessandro Ferreira Leonardo Jaimes McKee Tan Chun Lok Jordi Tarrés Rowllin Borges Mohannad Al - Souliman Musa Al - Taamari Saeed Murjan Ahmed Samir Azamat Baymatov Vitalij Lux Viktor Maier Mirlan Murzaev Ali Hamam Hilal El - Helwe Mohammed Ghaddar Nour Mansour Samir Ayass Chan Pak Chun Carlos Fernandes Mahali Jasuli Syazwan Zainon Ahmed Abdulla Naiz Hassan Aung Thu Min Min Thu Yan Naing Oo Bimal Gharti Magar Bishal Rai Jong Il - gwan Kim Yong - il Ri Yong - jik Sami Al - Hasani Said Al - Ruzaiqi Jameel Al - Yahmadi Salaah Al - Yahyaei Raed Ibrahim Saleh Nadir Mabrook Ahmad Abu Nahyeh Abdullah Jaber Mohammad Natour Khaled Salem Tamer Seyam Mike Ott Iain Ramsay Daisuke Sato James Younghusband Irfan Fandi Shakir Hamzah Hariss Harun Nuriddin Davronov Ruslan Mingazow Đinh Thanh Trung Mạc Hồng Quân Nguyễn Anh Đức Nguyễn Công Phượng Nguyễn Quang Hải Nguyễn Văn Toàn Abdulwasea Al - Matari Ala Al - Sasi Mudir Al - Radaei Tawfiq Ali Mansour 1 own goal Biren Basnet ( playing against Oman ) Chen Chia - chun ( playing against Turkmenistan ) Mohannad Al - Souliman ( playing against Afghanistan ) Lam Ka Seng ( playing against India ) Amdhan Ali ( playing against Oman ) Mohamed Faisal ( playing against Palestine ) Davron Ergashev ( playing against Yemen ) Source : the-afc.com Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since the Government of Kyrgyzstan had advised them that the AFC Asian Cup 2019 Final Round Group A qualifying match between Kyrgyz Republic and Myanmar should not take place in Bishkek as scheduled on 5 September 2017 due to increased security concerns following Myanmar military clearance operations against Rohingya in August - September 2017 , the AFC decided to postpone the match . On 24 November 2017 , the AFC announced that the match will be played on 22 March 2018 at a neutral venue , with the Football Federation of the Kyrgyz Republic covering all the costs of the Myanmar team and of the match organisation , including airfares and accommodation . The two Member Associations will be requested to agree on the neutral venue , and if they fail to reach a consensus the AFC will make the appointment . ^ Jump up to : Due to the death of Kim Jong - nam that led to a diplomatic crisis between Malaysia and North Korea , the Malaysian government decided to disallow the Malaysian football team from playing in North Korea for safety reasons . On 10 March 2017 , the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) announced that North Korea 's home match against Malaysia , originally scheduled for 28 March at the Kim Il - sung Stadium in Pyongyang , would be postponed , with the AFC announcing on 15 March 2017 that the match would be played on 8 June . On 17 May 2017 , the AFC announced that the match was postponed for a second time , to 5 October , due to `` geo - political tension on the Korean Peninsula '' . On 28 September 2017 , the AFC announced that the match was again postponed after the Malaysian government announced a travel ban on Malaysian nationals visiting North Korea . On 20 October 2017 , the AFC announced that both matches between North Korea and Malaysia would be played at a neutral venue in the interests of competition fairness , with North Korea 's `` home '' match played on 10 November 2017 and Malaysia 's `` home '' match played on 13 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : On 15 March 2017 , the AFC announced that should diplomatic relations between the two countries not return to normal , the match between North Korea and Malaysia would be played at a neutral venue , and Malaysia 's home match against North Korea would also be moved to a neutral venue to preserve sporting values and the spirit of fair play . After the AFC received confirmation that Malaysians were allowed to travel to North Korea , the AFC agreed that the match would be played in Pyongyang . However , at the announcement of the second postponement , the AFC said the venue would be decided after monitoring the safety and security of the AFC Cup and AFC U-23 Championship qualifying matches taking place in North Korea in the coming months . On 20 October 2017 , the AFC announced that both matches between North Korea and Malaysia would be played at a neutral venue in the interests of competition fairness , with North Korea 's `` home '' match played on 10 November 2017 and Malaysia 's `` home '' match played on 13 November 2017 , which were later confirmed to be played at Thailand . ^ Jump up to : Afghanistan will play their home matches in Tajikistan due to security concerns from the war in Afghanistan . ^ Jump up to : The Singapore - Chinese Taipei match , originally scheduled for 13 June 2017 at the Singapore National Stadium , was brought forward at the request of the Football Association of Singapore to accommodate a possible Singapore - Argentina friendly at the same location on 13 June . In addition , the game will be held away from the Singapore National Stadium due to the venue hosting a rugby test match between Scotland and Italy on the new date . ^ Jump up to : Yemen will play their home matches in Qatar due to security concerns from the Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup draw looms large in Asia '' . FIFA.com. 13 April 2015 . Completing the ( Asian Cup ) tournament 's qualifying contenders will be the next 16 highest ranked teams , with the remaining 12 sides battling it out in play - off matches to claim the last eight spots . ^ Jump up to : `` AFC Asian Cup 2019 Competition Regulations '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Jump up ^ `` Matao Asian Cup campaign officially ends with withdrawal '' . Guam Football Association . 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matao drop out of Asia Cup qualifiers '' . Guam Pacific Daily News . 29 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal to compete in AFC Asian Cup Qualifiers '' . All Nepal Football Association . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deadline for decision on Kuwait 's participation extended '' . AFC. 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Жеребьевка отборочного турнира Кубка Азии - 2019 перенесена на 23 января '' ( The draw for 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers moved to 23 January ) ( in Russian ) . Tajikistan Football Federation . 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teams for final round of AFC Asian Cup UAE 2019 qualifiers confirmed '' . Asian Football Confederation . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2019 亞洲 盃 外圍 賽 第 三 圈 賽事 事宜 '' ( in Chinese ) . Macau Football Association . 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw for final round of AFC Asian Cup UAE 2019 qualifiers concluded '' . AFC. 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Competitions Committee recommends new AFC Cup format '' . AFC. 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Men 's Ranking -- January 2017 ( AFC ) '' . FIFA.com. 12 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFC Asian Cup 2019 Qualifiers Draw Mechanism '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Jump up ^ `` AFC Calendar of Competitions 2017 '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Jump up ^ `` AFC Competitions Calendar 2018 '' ( PDF ) . AFC. 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyzstan v Myanmar postponed Kygyz PM warns of ' security threat ' '' . Inside World Football . 5 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyz Republic - Myanmar AFC Asian Cup 2019 Qualifier postponed '' . AFC. 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Competitions Committee decisions '' . AFC. 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC postpones DPR Korea and Malaysia match '' . AFC. 10 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DPR Korea -- Malaysia AFC Asian Cup Qualifier to take place on June 8 '' . AFC. 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFC postpones DPR Korea v Malaysia Asian Cup Qualifier '' . AFC. 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DPR Korea -- Malaysia AFC Asian Cup 2019 qualifying match postponed '' . AFC. 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DPR Korea and Malaysia matches to be played in neutral venue '' . AFC. 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latest on DPR Korea versus Malaysia match '' . AFC. 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DPR Korea vs Malaysia matches to be played in Thailand '' . AFC. 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore to host Argentina , probably without Messi , at National Stadium in June '' . External links ( edit ) AFC Asian Cup , the-AFC.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) 2019 AFC Asian Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout stage Final General information Bids Qualification First round Second round Play - off round Third round Squads Statistics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_AFC_Asian_Cup_qualification_ -- _Third_Round&oldid = 815964957 '' Categories : 2017 in Asian football 2018 in Asian football 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification March 2017 sports events in Asia June 2017 sports events in Asia September 2017 sports events in Asia October 2017 sports events in Asia November 2017 sports events in Asia March 2018 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 10 : 36 . 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1. 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification
2. Third round
3. Qualified teams
4. Group stages
5. Schedule and matches
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335,632,652,239,142,900 |
the gasoline tax is an example of a general tax on consumption
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Consumption tax - wikipedia Consumption tax Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Distribution of Tax Tax rate Flat Progressive Regressive Proportional Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) General Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax shelter Smuggling Black market Unreported employment Corporate Tax inversion Transfer mispricing Base erosion and profit shifting ( BEPS ) Double Irish Dutch Sandwich Single Malt Irish Green Jersey Locations Tax havens Corporate tax havens Offshore financial centres ( OFCs ) Offshore magic circle Conduit and Sink OFCs Financial centres Financial Secrecy Index Examples Apple € 13 billion EU fine Luxembourg Leaks Leprechaun economics Paradise Papers Panama Papers Ireland as a tax haven United States as a tax haven Panama as a tax haven Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base ( CCCTB ) Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement ATA Carnet Research ( show ) Academic Mihir A. Desai Dhammika Dharmapala James R. Hines Jr . Joel Slemrod Gabriel Zucman Advocacy Groups Tax Justice Network ( TJN ) Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy ( ITEP ) Oxfam ( UK ) Tax Foundation ( US ) Tax Policy Center ( US ) Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) All Countries List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % of GDP Tax rates in Europe Individual Countries Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay A consumption tax is a tax levied on consumption spending on goods and services . The tax base of such a tax is the money spent on consumption . Consumption taxes are usually indirect , such as a sales tax or a value - added tax . However , a consumption tax can also be structured as a form of direct , personal taxation , such as the Hall -- Rabushka flat tax . Contents 1 Types 1.1 Value - added tax 1.2 Sales tax 1.3 Excise tax 1.4 Expenditure tax 2 History 2.1 United States 2.2 Japan 3 Savings effect 4 Practical considerations 5 Economic impact 5.1 William Gale 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Types ( edit ) Value - added tax ( edit ) A value - added tax applies to the market value added to a product or material at each stage of its manufacture or distribution . For example , if a retailer buys a shirt for twenty dollars and sells it for thirty dollars , this tax would apply to the ten dollar difference between the two amounts . A simple value - added tax would be proportional to consumption but would also tend to be regressive on income at higher income levels , as consumption tends to fall as a percentage of income as income rises . Savings and investment are tax - deferred until they become consumption . A value - added tax may exclude certain goods to make it less regressive against income . It is imposed in European Union countries . In Australia , Canada , New Zealand and Singapore , it is instead called a `` Goods and Services Tax . '' In Canada it is also called Harmonized Sales Tax when it is combined with a provincial sales tax . Sales tax ( edit ) A sales tax typically applies to the sale of goods , and sometimes also to the sales of services . The tax is applied at the point of sale . Laws may allow sellers to itemize the tax separately from the price of the goods or services , or they may require it to be included in the price . The tax amount is usually ad valorem , that is , it is calculated by applying a percentage rate to the taxable price of a sale . When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer , it is usually called a use tax . Often laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from sales and use taxes . Excise tax ( edit ) An excise tax is a sales tax that applies to a specific class of goods , typically alcohol , tobacco , gasoline ( petrol ) , or tourism . The tax rate varies according to the type of good and quantity purchased and is typically unaffected by the person who purchases it . Sin taxes , are a type of excise tax imposed on items which are considered harmful to society , in an effort to decrease their consumption by increasing their prices . Expenditure tax ( edit ) A direct , personal consumption tax may take the form of an expenditure tax , that is , an income tax that deducts savings and investments , such as the Hall -- Rabushka flat tax . A direct consumption tax may be called an expenditure tax , a cash - flow tax , or a consumed - income tax and can be flat or progressive . Expenditure taxes have been briefly implemented in the past in India and Sri Lanka . This form of tax applies to the difference between the income of an individual and the increase / decrease in his savings . Like the other consumption taxes , simple personal consumption taxes tend to be regressive with respect to income . However , because this tax applies on an individual basis , it can be made as progressive as a progressive personal income tax . Just as income tax rates increase with personal income , consumption tax rates increase with personal consumption . Economists from Milton Friedman to Edward Gramlich and Robert H. Frank have supported a progressive consumption tax . History ( edit ) Consumption taxes , specifically excise taxes , have featured in several notable historic events . In the United States , the stamp tax , the tax on tea , and whiskey taxes produced revolts , the first two against the British government and the latter against the new federal government . In India , an excise tax on salt led to Mohandas Gandhi 's famous Salt March , a major event in the Indian Independence Movement . United States ( edit ) In the early United States , taxes were levied principally on consumption . Alexander Hamilton , one of the two chief authors of the anonymous The Federalist Papers , favored consumption taxes in part because they are harder to raise to confiscatory levels than income taxes . In The Federalist Papers ( No. 21 ) , Hamilton wrote : It is a signal advantage of taxes on articles of consumption that they contain in their own nature a security against excess . They prescribe their own limit , which can not be exceeded without defeating the end proposed -- that is , an extension of the revenue . When applied to this object , the saying is as just as it is witty that , `` in political arithmetic , two and two do not always make four . '' If duties are too high , they lessen the consumption ; the collection is eluded ; and the product to the treasury is not so great as when they are confined within proper and moderate bounds . This forms a complete barrier against any material oppression of the citizens by taxes of this class , and is itself a natural limitation of the power of imposing them . Although personal and corporate income taxes provide the bulk of revenue to the federal government , consumption taxes continue to be a primary source of income for state and local governments . One of the first detailed proposals of a personal consumption tax was developed in 1974 by William Andrews . Japan ( edit ) The Liberal Democratic Party government of Masayoshi Ōhira had attempted to introduce a consumption tax in 1979 . Ohira met a lot of opposition within his own party and gave up on his attempt after his party suffered badly in the 1979 election . Ten years later Noboru Takeshita successfully negotiated with politicians , bureaucrats , business and labor unions to introduce a consumption tax , which was introduced at a rate of 3 % consumption tax in 1989 . In April 1997 under the government of Ryutaro Hashimoto it was increased to 5 % . The 5 % is made up of a 4 % national consumption tax and a 1 % local consumption tax . Shortly after the tax was introduced Japan fell into recession , which was blamed by some on the consumption tax increase , and by others on the 1997 Asian financial crisis . Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi said he had no intention of raising the tax during his government , but after his massive victory in the 2005 election he lifted a ban on discussing it . Over the following years a number of LDP politicians discussed raising it further , including prime ministers Shinzō Abe , Yasuo Fukuda , and Tarō Asō . The Democratic Party came to power in the August 2009 elections with a promise not to raise the consumption tax for four years . The first DPJ prime minister , Yukio Hatoyama was opposed , but Naoto Kan replaced him and called for the consumption tax to be raised . The following prime minister , Yoshihiko Noda `` staked his political life '' on raising the tax . Despite an internal battle that saw former DPJ leader and co-founder Ichirō Ozawa and many other DPJ diet members vote against the bill and then leave the party ; on June 26 , 2012 , the lower house of the Japanese diet passed a bill to double the tax to 10 % . Despite considerable opposition and an attempted no - confidence motion from minor opposition parties the bill was successfully passed through the upper house on August 10 , 2012 , so the tax was increased to 8 % by April 2014 and will be increased to 10 % by October 2019 ( twice postponed from the original date of October 2015 ) . Savings effect ( edit ) Consumption taxes do not tax savings , which allows invested assets to grow more quickly . If , in the absence of taxes , one dollar of savings is put aside for retirement at nine percent compound interest , savings will grow to $7.91 after twenty - four years . Alternatively , by assuming a thirty - three percent tax rate , the same dollar is reduced to about sixty - seven cents after taxes when earned . The effective interest rate , thereafter , is reduced to six percent , since the rest of the yield is paid in taxes . After twenty - four years , the balance increases only to $2.73 . The cumulative taxes in the latter case are $1.02 . The other $4.16 is not lost by the economy in any sense , as the $4.16 is what the government would make in interest , if it had invested its tax revenue in the same investment . If the initial invested amount is not taxed when earned , but the earnings are taxed thereafter , the cumulative taxes paid are the same , but are spread more evenly across the period . These results are primarily sensitive to the rate of return ; for example , with a three percent return most of the tax receipts come from the tax on the initial dollar . To the extent that taxing something results in less of it ( whether income or consumption ) , taxing consumption instead of income should encourage both work and capital formation , which will increase economic growth , while discouraging consumption . Secondly , the tax base will be larger because all consumption will be taxed . Some critics argue that consumption taxes can shift the tax burden to the less well - off . The ratio of tax obligation to income tends to shrink as income increases because high - earners tend to consume proportionally less of their income . An individual unable to save will pay taxes on all his income , but an individual who saves or invests a portion of his income will be taxed only on the remaining income . Practical considerations ( edit ) Many proposed consumption taxes share some features with income tax systems . Under these proposals , taxpayers would be given exemptions and / or a standard deduction in order to ensure that the poor do not pay any tax . In a pure consumption tax , these other deductions would not be permitted . A withholding system may also be put into place in order to estimate the total tax liability . It would be difficult for many taxpayers to pay no tax all year , only to be faced with a large tax bill at the end of the year . A consumption tax could also eliminate the concept of basis when computing the value of investments . All income that is put in investments ( such as property , stocks , savings accounts ) would be tax - free . As the asset grows in value , it would not be taxed . Only when the proceeds from the investment are spent is any tax imposed . This is in contrast with an income tax system where if land is bought and sold it with a profit , the gain is taxable . A consumption tax taxes only consumption , so if an investment is sold to buy another investment , no tax is imposed . Andrews notes the inherent problem with housing . Renters necessarily `` consume '' housing , so they will be taxed on the expenditure of rent . However , homeowners also consume housing in the same way , but as they pay down a mortgage , the payments are classified as savings , not consumption ( because equity is being built in an asset ) . The disparity is explained by what is known as the imputed rental value of a home . A homeowner could choose to rent the home to others in exchange for money but instead chooses to live in the home to the exclusion of all possible renters . Therefore , the homeowner is also consuming housing by not permitting renters to pay for and occupy the home . The amount of money that the homeowner could receive in rent is the imputed rental value of the home . A true consumption tax would tax the imputed rental value of the home ( which could be determined in the same way that valuation occurs for property tax purposes ) and would not tax the increase in the value of the asset ( the home ) . Andrews proposes to ignore this method of taxing imputed rental values because of its complexity . In the United States , home ownership is subsidized by the federal government by permitting limited deductions for mortgage interest expense and capital gains . Therefore , treating renters and homeowners identically under a consumption tax may not be feasible there . This issue would not arise under an expenditure tax , since all withdrawals of funds from a pre-tax investment account are treated as taxable consumption , whether these funds are used to pay rent , buy a house , or pay down mortgage principal . A person may buy a house within a pre-tax account , but would not be allowed to live there . Also , a consumption tax could utilize progressive rates in order to maintain `` fairness '' . More consumption means more tax liability . Economic impact ( edit ) The temporal neutrality of a consumption tax , however , is that consumption itself is taxed , so it is irrelevant what good or service is being consumed in terms of allocation of resources . The only possible effect on neutrality is between consumption and savings . Taxing only consumption should , in theory , cause an increase in savings . Many economists and tax experts favor consumption taxes over income taxes for economic growth . Depending on implementation ( such as treatment of depreciation ) and circumstances , income taxes either favor or disfavor investment . ( On the whole , the American system is thought to disfavor investment . ) By not disfavoring investment , a consumption tax would increase the capital stock , productivity , and therefore increase the size of the economy . Consumption also more closely tracks long - run average income . The income of an individual or family can often vary dramatically from year to year . The sale of a home , a one - time job bonus , and various other events can lead to temporary high income that will push a lower or middle income person into a higher tax bracket . On the other hand , a wealthier individual may be temporarily unemployed and earn no income . William Gale ( edit ) In the United States context , William Gale , Co-director of the Urban - Brookings Tax Policy Center , offers a simplified way to understand a consumption tax : assume that the current U.S. tax system remains the same but remove limitations to contributing to and removing funds from a traditional Individual Retirement Account ( IRA ) . Thus , a person would essentially have a bank account where they could place tax - free earnings at any time , but unsaved ( or consumed ) withdrawals would be subject to taxation . Having an unrestricted IRA under the current system would approximate a consumption tax at the federal level . See also ( edit ) Excise tax FairTax Flat tax Land value tax Pigovian tax Sales tax Sin tax Turnover tax Value - added tax William Petty , early classical economist who proposed a consumption tax The Philosophy of Poverty , by mutualist theorist Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Flat Tax Archived 2010 - 05 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , By Robert E. Hall and Alvin Rabushka , Hoover Institution Jump up ^ `` Taxation '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Andrews , Edmund L. ( 2005 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Fed 's Chief Gives Consumption Tax Cautious Backing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Auerbach , Alan J ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` A Consumption Tax '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert H. ( 2008 ) . `` Progressive Consumption Tax '' . Democracy Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 12 - 18 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( 2002 - 04 - 05 ) . `` The Founders and the consumption tax '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Federalist Paper No. 21 Jump up ^ Andrews , William D. `` A Consumption - Type or Cash Flow Personal Income Tax '' , 87 Harv . L. Rev. 1113 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ The Daily Yomiuri Website Reflections on Leadership -- 2 / Leaders should build network of contacts , keep enemies close Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ The Daily Yomiuri Is the `` cash payout plan '' the most effective solution for stimulating the economy ? Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ News Channel Asia Aso says raising consumption tax will not aid Japan 's economy Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bloomberg website `` Japan 's Kan Tackles Sales Tax ' Taboo ' That Obama Wo n't Touch '' Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ JETRO website Section 3 . Taxes in Japan -- 3.6 Overview of consumption tax Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ East Asia Forum Japan 's aging population and public deficits Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ MSNBC Japan firms want ' safety first ' on nuclear restarts : poll Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies Can the Democratic Party Finally Raise Japan 's Consumption Tax ? Archived 2012 - 07 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ The Japan Times Sales tax hike would need voter OK via Lower House poll Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ The Financial Express Fukuda Vows To Continue Reform In Japan Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Reuters Japan PM Aso says consumption tax hike unavoidable Retrieved on July 2012 Jump up ^ Asashi Shimbun DPJ 'S Governing Fiasco : Party never challenged Finance Ministry Archived 2012 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Forbes magazine For PM Noda : A Week of Political Drama and the Challenge Ahead Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Asahi Shimbun Update : Lower House passes bills to double consumption tax Archived 2013 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bloomberg website Abe Postpones Japan 's Sales - Tax Hike Until Late in 2019 Retrieved on March 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ KPMG research Japan - Consumption tax rate increase to be postponed Retrieved on April 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gilbert E. Metcalf . `` The National Sales Tax : Who Bears the Burden ? '' Jump up ^ Regnier , Pat ( 2005 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Just how fair is the FairTax ? '' . Money Magazine . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Greenspan : Consumption Tax Could Help Economy '' . Fox News . 2005 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` America the Uncompetitive '' . Wall Street Journal . 2008 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . External links ( edit ) OECD Center for Tax Policy and Administration The Consumption Tax : Macroeconomic Effects -- Edward Cremata Why do consumption taxes encourage saving ? UK Income Tax Calculator Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumption_tax&oldid=861338502 '' Categories : Personal taxes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Latina Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018 , at 18 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Consumption tax types: value-added tax, sales tax, excise tax, expenditure tax
2. History of consumption taxes: United States, Japan
3. Savings effect of consumption taxes
4. Practical considerations of implementing a consumption tax
5. Economic impact of consumption taxes
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when did mercy me write i can only imagine
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I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Can Only Imagine '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by MercyMe <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Worship Project and Almost There A-side `` Word of God Speak '' Released 2001 Format CD digital download Recorded 1999 and 2001 in the United States Ivy Park The Indigo Room Paradise Sound IBC Studios Genre Christian alternative rock pop rock contemporary Christian Length 4 : 08 Label INO Curb Songwriter ( s ) Bart Millard Producer ( s ) Pete Kipley <Th_colspan="2"> MercyMe singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( sometimes shortened to `` Imagine '' ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was released in 2001 as the album 's lead single . It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004 ; to aid in promotion to these markets , a double A-side physical single ( combined with `` Word of God Speak '' ) was released in 2003 . It charted on several formats , including the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( where it peaked at No. 5 ) and the Hot 100 ( where it peaked at No. 71 ) . In 2002 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned the Dove Awards for ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' ; Millard earned the Dove Award ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . With 2.5 million copies sold , it is the best - selling Christian single of all time , having been certified 2x platinum by the RIAA . As of 2018 , it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Impact 5 Music video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Awards and accolades 7 Other versions 8 Track listing 9 Release history 10 Charts and certifications 11 Film adaptation 12 References Background ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe . Bart Millard , the band 's vocalist , lost his father , Arthur Wesley Millard Jr. , in 1991 . Millard was 18 at the time . Millard began writing the words `` I can only imagine '' on items when he was thinking about his father . During the recording of the band 's 1999 independent album The Worship Project , MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album . Millard , alone on a bus in the middle of the night , finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven . Millard attests that `` ( ' I Can Only Imagine ' ) is one of the only songs I have ever written where there was n't any mistakes , it was just written the way it is and left at that '' , and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics . In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that `` at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas '' . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that , `` we were literally tearing down the stuff ... ( Millard ) and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It was n't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . ( Millard ) said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . '' At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line - up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There . Composition ( edit ) I Can Only Imagine A sample of `` I Can Only Imagine '' . MercyMe 's debut single , `` I Can Only Imagine '' is `` a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Can Only Imagine '' is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B -- G ♯ . The song opens up with only a piano , and builds up to include guitar and drums . Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song . The song was produced by Pete Kipley , who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James , Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster . The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . Regarding this theme , Millard explained to Fox News that `` I was always told that if he could choose , he would rather be in Heaven than here with me . As a Christian I believed that , but as an 18 - year - old it was a little hard to swallow . So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) MercyMe 's lead singer - songwriter , Bart Millard ( left ) and drummer , Robby Shaffer , performing in February 2008 . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was re-recorded for their major - label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001 . The album was recorded in various locations : Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound and IBC Studios . The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats ; by November , it peaked at number - one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . In 2003 , a Dallas mainstream radio station , 100.3 Wild - FM , first played the song on its morning show , The Fitz Radio Program . They had responded to a caller 's repeated requests and the urgings of the program 's producer , Todd Sheppard . The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station . After hearing the song played on the station , Millard called - in and spoke with the crew ; MercyMe then came in and played the song live . As other stations around the country caught on , MercyMe 's label , INO Records , partnered with Curb Records . They marketed the single to wider audiences , such as Top 40 radio . In September , INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single , `` I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak '' . The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band 's producer , Kipley . Eventually , the song cracked into secular charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . Impact ( edit ) MercyMe did not expect `` I Can Only Imagine '' to gain mainstream success , in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven . Millard noted that the band joked around about `` the top five songs never to cross over , and they had included `` I Can Only Imagine '' on that list . Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio . The song had a significant effect on the band 's musical image ; in an interview , Millard commented that `` We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago . But we kind of became the ' adult contemporary poster child ' when ' I Can Only Imagine ' took off '' . Music video ( edit ) Millard holding his father 's photograph in the music video . A music video was released for `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Millard recalled the video 's inspiration : `` I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames ( at MercyMe concerts ) that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way . I 've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they 've lost . These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that '' . The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait , Tammy Trent , Bob Herdman , and Jesse Katina , each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one ; as the video progresses , they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father 's photograph . The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair , shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs . The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy , now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames . The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people , each holding an empty picture frame . As the other instruments join in , the camera comes back to the band , focusing on them before returning to shots of the people , whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives . At the end of the video , the camera returns to the boy , now running down a street with an empty frame , climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception for `` I Can Only Imagine '' was positive . Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that `` ( the song ) is a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Jesus Freak Hideout 's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt `` The lyrics for the song are amazing . If you have n't listened to the lyrics , because you 're afraid of hearing pop music , get over it and listen to it . '' Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that `` The definite highlight on ( Almost There ) is the worship / ballad ' I Can Only Imagine ' ... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar . But what makes the song are the lyrics , penned by Bart Millard himself . The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus ... It 's a song that ca n't be listened to with eyes open '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76 . The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003 , with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003 ; in all , `` I Can Only Imagine '' spent 30 weeks on the chart . On the Adult Top 40 chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27 , holding that spot for three consecutive weeks ; in all , the song spent 26 weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 33 . On the Country Songs chart , the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 52 , which it held for two weeks . According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website , `` I Can Only Imagine '' also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks , No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks , and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart . In April 2010 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' was certified platinum by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads . It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum . The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014 . As of March 2018 , it has sold 2.5 million copies , making it the best - selling Christian single of all time . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002 ; ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' . Millard also won ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . In November 2009 , the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake - up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS - 129 . Other versions ( edit ) The original version of `` I Can Only Imagine '' was a track on MercyMe 's 1999 independent release The Worship Project . In August 2006 , both an acoustic and live form ( as well as the original 1999 version ) were included in the ' Platinum edition ' of Almost There . MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album . In 2009 , two further variants were included on their compilation album 10 ; a ' symphony version ' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra , and a live version . `` I Can Only Imagine '' has also been covered by several artists . In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song ( titled `` Imagine '' and paired with `` Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus '' ) on her album , Legacy ... Hymns and Faith . In 2003 , Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song ; Carson 's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart . In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song ; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs . The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann . The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins , a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva , a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man 's syndrome , in which the body 's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone , causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place . Dobbins , who died in 2004 , sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening , accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips , Craig and Dean . Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary `` Suffer the Children . '' There is also a German version `` Ich kann nur davon träumen '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD release `` I Can Only Imagine '' -- 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard ) `` Word of God Speak '' -- 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard ) Release history ( edit ) Date Territory Label Format 2001 United States INO Airplay 23 September 2003 INO Curb CD 4 January 2005 INO Epic Digital Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak Position Radio and Records Christian AC Radio and Records Christian CHR 15 Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position France ( SNEP ) 65 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak Position US Christian Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak Position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 2003 ) Position Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 24 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 7 Certifications Country Certifications ( sales thresholds ) United States 2x Platinum Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : I Can Only Imagine ( film ) The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brad Schmitt , `` MercyMe 's Bart Millard thought his father was going to kill him '' , Tennessean , February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Ramsay ( 6 July 2003 ) . `` Christian Rock Crosses Over '' . Fox News ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jenison , David . `` A Severe Mercy '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Correa , Karen ( Fall 2003 ) . `` The Quality of MercyMe '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bart Millard , Jim Bryson ( interviewees ) ( 2007 ) . Faith & Fame -- MercyMe . NME . UK : IPC Media ( Time Inc . ) . Event occurs at a-d. 12 : 13 -- 13 : 07 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . Supplied by INO Records / Columbia Records . ^ Jump up to : `` The Worship Project -- MercyMe '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There ( Platinum Edition ) by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc. 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steve . `` '' Almost There '' -- MercyMe ( Review ) `` . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe -- `` I Can Only Imagine '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Note : To access archive , user must click ' bypass ' and then , on the next screen , click ' please click here ' . ^ Jump up to : McNeese , Kevin ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Almost There by MercyMe ( Review ) '' . NewReleaseTuesday.com ( NRT Media ( Kevin McNeese ) ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Almost There ( CD liner ) . MercyMe . INO Records . 2001 . 39972 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Kipley ( Credits ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak `` , MercyMe , Music CD Single -- Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes & Noble . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Billboard Charted Singles '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Number One Records '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , Christa ( September 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Is Still The Little Song That Could '' ( PDF ) . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . 26 ( 3 ) : 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Natalie Nichols ( 2 June 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Impacts Mainstream Radio `` . Crosswalk.com . Salem Web Network ( Salem Communications ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ MercyMe ( interviewees ) ( 2004 ) . The Story Behind `` I Can Only Imagine '' . INO Records . Event occurs at 5 : 55 -- 6 : 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cusic , Don ( 2010 ) . `` Curb , Mike '' . In Cusic , Don . Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music : pop , rock , and worship . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34425 - 1 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deborah Evans ( 25 October 2003 ) . `` A Yearning for More Meaning '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media : 3 , 76 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` Word of God Speak '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John J. ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Well Mercy Me , Children ! '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' -- MercyMe ( VEVO ) `` . Vevo ( Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment , Abu Dhabi Media Company , E1 Entertainment ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . ^ Jump up to : Nentwig , Wendy Lee ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Song Story : `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . Crosswalk.com ( Salem Web Communications ( Salem Communications ) ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Kevin ( 9 September 2002 ) . `` MercyMe , Almost There review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA. 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Note : Requires user to input artist , e.g. MercyMe . Jump up ^ `` Mercyme makes history as `` I Can Only Imagine '' surpasses 1 million downloads `` . Christian Today . Andrew Clark . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Dove Awards History Year ( searchable database ) '' . GMA Dove Award . Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Note : Search for either MercyMe or Bart Millard . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steven Douglas ( 26 December 2002 ) . `` Real People , Real Worship '' . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 129 Wakeup Calls '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Curator : Kim Dismukes ; responsible official : Amiko Kauderer . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` MercyMe , iTunes Originals Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Originals by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` MercyMe , `` 10 '' Review `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kim . `` Who Sings `` I Can Only Imagine '' ? `` . About.com . About.com ( The New York Times Company ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ . `` Satisfy , Christian Music Reviews '' . The Fish . Christianity Today International ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September Demi Lovato has also covered the song . 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jeff Carson Album & Song History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson Drive '' . Emerson Drive . 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Charisma . `` ' Hairpiece Revival ' Spreads Worship Awakening Across the Country -- Charisma Magazine '' . www.charismamag.com . Jump up ^ Spiritwatch Ministries On YouTube ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Suffer The Children - a film by Trevor Glass '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com `` I Can Only Imagine '' / `` Word of God Speak '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Spoken For by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Word of God Speak '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MercyMe -- I Can Only Imagine '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Digital Songs : Top Worship Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 80 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart Archives ( AC ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives ( Singles sales ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 34 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2010 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2011 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . <Th_colspan="2"> MercyMe singles <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Almost There `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Spoken For `` Spoken For '' `` Word of God Speak '' `` The Change Inside Of Me '' Undone `` Here with Me '' `` Homesick '' `` In the Blink of an Eye '' Coming Up to Breathe `` So Long Self '' `` Hold Fast '' `` Bring the Rain '' All That Is Within Me `` God with Us '' `` You Reign '' `` Finally Home '' The Generous Mr. Lovewell `` All of Creation '' `` Beautiful '' `` Move '' The Hurt & The Healer `` The Hurt & The Healer '' Welcome to the New `` Shake '' Lifer `` Even If '' Other charted songs `` O Holy Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Came Upon a Midnight Clear '' `` Go Tell it on the Mountain '' `` Sleigh Ride '' <Th_colspan="2"> Jeff Carson Studio albums Jeff Carson Butterfly Kisses Real Life Singles `` Not on Your Love '' `` The Car '' `` Holdin ' Onto Somethin ' '' `` Butterfly Kisses '' `` Real Life ( I Never Was the Same Again ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(MercyMe_song)&oldid=837313786 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1999 songs 2001 singles MercyMe songs Pop ballads Songs written by Bart Millard Curb Records singles Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from November 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "I Can Only Imagine" - MercyMe song
2. Christian rock band MercyMe
3. Composition and release of the song
4. Chart performance and awards
5. Music video and impact of the song
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how many justices are on the alabama supreme court
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List of justices of the Alabama Supreme Court - wikipedia List of justices of the Alabama Supreme Court Following is a list of justices of the Supreme Court of Alabama . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Contents 1 Current Justices 2 Chief Justices 3 Associate Justices 4 References 5 External links Current Justices ( edit ) Justice Year Service Began Law School Will Sellers 2017 University of Alabama School of Law Alisa Kelli Wise 2011 Thomas Goode Jones School of Law Tommy Bryan 2013 Thomas Goode Jones School of Law Lyn Stuart 2001 University of Alabama School of Law James Allen Main 2011 University of Alabama School of Law Michael F. Bolin 2005 Samford University , Cumberland School of Law Tom Parker 2005 Vanderbilt University School of Law Brady E. Mendheim Jr . 2018 Samford University , Cumberland School of Law Greg Shaw 2009 Samford University , Cumberland School of Law Chief Justices ( edit ) Judge Began active service Ended active service Lyn Stuart 2016 present Charles R. Malone 2011 2013 Sue Bell Cobb 2007 2011 Drayton Nabers 2007 Roy S. Moore 2001 2013 2003 2016 Perry O. Hooper , Sr . 1995 2001 Ernest C. Hornsby 1989 1995 Clement Clay Torbert , Jr . 1977 1989 Howell T. Heflin 1971 1977 J. Ed Livingston 1951 1971 Lucien D. Gardner 1940 1951 John C. Anderson 1914 1940 James R. Dowdell 1909 1914 Samuel D. Weakley 1906 1906 John R. Tyson 1906 1909 Thomas N. McClellan 1894 1906 George W. Stone 1884 1894 Robert C. Brickell 1874 1884 Thomas Minott Peters 1873 1874 E. Woolsey Peck 1868 1873 Abram Joseph Walker 1859 1868 George Goldthwaite 1856 1856 Samuel F. Rice 1856 1859 William Parish Chilton 1852 1856 Edmund Strother Dargan 1849 1852 Arthur F. Hopkins 1837 1837 Henry W. Collier 1837 1849 Henry Hitchcock 1836 1837 Reuben Saffold 1834 1836 Abner Smith Lipscomb 1823 1834 Clement Comer Clay 1820 1823 Associate Justices ( edit ) Judge Began active service Ended active service Henry Y . Webb 1820 1823 Samuel D. Weakley 1906 1907 Richard Wilde Walker 1856 1866 Richard Wilde Walker , Jr . 1891 1892 Abram Joseph Walker 1856 1863 1859 1868 John R. Tyson 1898 1906 Harry I. Thornton 1834 1836 W.S. Thorington 1892 1892 William H. Thomas 1914 1945 John M. Taylor 1825 1834 George W. Stone 1856 1876 1864 1884 Henry B. Steagall II 1986 1995 Davis F. Stakely 1943 1962 Norman T. Spann 1956 1957 Henderson M. Somerville 1880 1890 R.T. Simpson 1904 1912 Robert Tennent Simpson , Jr . 1944 1972 Janie L. Shores 1999 Henry A. Sharpe 1898 1906 Anthony D. Sayre 1909 1931 Benjamin F. Saffold 1868 1874 Samuel F. Rice 1853 1856 John D. Phelan 1851 1854 Thomas M. Peters 1868 1873 Sion L. Perry 1828 1831 John J. Ormond 1837 1847 B.M. Miller 1920 1927 Pelham J. Merrill 1953 1976 Thomas C. McClellan 1906 1923 Thomas N. McClellan 1889 1898 Daniel T. McCall , Jr . 1969 James J. Mayfield 1954 1956 J.J. Mayfield 1908 1920 Amos R. Manning 1874 1880 Alva Hugh Maddox 1969 2001 J. Ed Livingston 1940 1951 Abner Smith Lipscomb 1820 1823 David P. Ligon 1851 1854 Thomas S. Lawson 1942 1972 John B. Kohn 1968 1968 Thomas E. Knight 1931 1942 Thomas J. Judge 1863 1874 1867 1876 Richard L. Jones 1973 1991 Kenneth F. Ingram 1991 1997 J. Gorman Houston , Jr . 1985 2005 Arthur F. Hopkins 1836 1837 J.B. Head 1892 1898 Robert B. Harwood 1962 Edward deGraffenried 1912 1914 John L. Goodwyn 1951 1968 Lucien D. Gardner 1914 1940 Arthur B. Foster 1928 1953 James H. Faulkner 1973 1986 A.A. Evans 1909 1910 T. Eric Embry 1985 James R. Dowdell 1898 1909 N.D. Denson 1904 1909 Edmund Strother Dargan 1847 1849 Henry W. Collier 1828 1836 1831 1837 James S. Coleman 1957 Thomas W. Coleman 1890 1898 Preston C. Clayton 1953 1954 Clement Comer Clay 1843 1843 William Parish Chilton 1847 1852 William M. Byrd 1863 1867 Joel B. Brown 1920 1927 1921 1953 Robert C. Brickell 1873 1874 James N. Bloodworth 1968 1980 Samuel A. Beatty 1976 1989 John C. Anderson 1904 1914 Reneau P. Almon 1999 Oscar W. Adams , Jr . 1980 1993 Richard Ellis 1820 1831 Reuben Saffold 1820 1834 Anderson Crenshaw 1821 1831 John Gayle 1823 1828 Henry Minor 1823 1831 John White 1825 1831 Henry Hitchcock 1834 1836 Henry Goldthwaite 1837 1847 Silas Parsons 1849 1851 George Goldthwaite 1851 1856 Daniel Coleman 1851 1898 Lyman Gibbons 1852 1854 David Clopton 1884 1892 Jonathan Haralson 1882 1906 Ormond Somerville ( I ) 1910 1928 Virgil Bouldin 1923 1944 Ormond Somerville ( II ) 1972 1972 Mark Kennedy 1989 1999 Ralph Cook 1993 2001 Harold See 1997 2008 Jean Brown 1999 2005 Patricia M. Smith 2005 2011 Champ Lyons 1998 2011 R. Bernard Harwood , Jr 2001 2007 Terry L. Butts 1995 1998 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A history of the Alabama Judicial System '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Unified Judicial System . State of Alabama . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Governor Robert J. Bentley appointed Malone on August 1 , 2011 to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Justice Cobb , defeated for re-nomination 2012 Jump up ^ Governor Bob Riley appointed Nabers Chief Justice on June 22 , 2004 to fill Roy Moore 's unexpired term . Jump up ^ Moore was removed from office on 13 November 2003 , and Justice J. Gorman Houston , Jr. became Acting Chief Justice , Moore was re-elected to the Court in 2012 . Jump up ^ On 30 September 2016 , Moore was suspended from office due to ethics violations . The decision was upheld by the Alabama Supreme Court in April 2017 , whereupon Alabama Governor Kay Ivey appointed Justice Lyn Stuart to fill his seat . Jeremy Gray , `` Gov. Kay Ivey appoints Lyn Stuart Alabama Chief Justice , '' Al.com , accessed 25 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Alabama Appellate Justices and Judges , Past and Present A History of the Alabama Judicial System : Supreme Court <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Alabama_Supreme_Court&oldid=850241477 '' Categories : Supreme Court of Alabama justices Lists of United States state supreme court justices Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from February 2011 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 17 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Justices of the Alabama Supreme Court
2. Current Justices and Chief Justices
3. List of Associate Justices
4. Alabama Supreme Court history
5. Incomplete list of Alabama Supreme Court justices
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4,790,677,410,963,129,000 |
the seven deadly sins revival of the commandments anime
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The Seven Deadly Sins ( Manga ) - wikipedia The Seven Deadly Sins ( Manga ) `` Nanatsu no Taizai '' redirects here . For Hobby Japan 's media franchise of the same name , see Seven Mortal Sins . <Td_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins <Td_colspan="2"> First volume of The Seven Deadly Sins , released in Japan by Kodansha on February 15 , 2013 . <Th_colspan="2"> 七 つの 大罪 ( Nanatsu no Taizai ) Genre Adventure , fantasy <Td_colspan="2"> Manga Written by Nakaba Suzuki Published by Kodansha English publisher Kodansha USA Crunchyroll ( digital ) Demographic Shōnen Magazine Weekly Shōnen Magazine Original run October 10 , 2012 -- present Volumes 33 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Manga <Th_colspan="2"> Mayoe ! The Seven Deadly Sins Academy ! Written by Juichi Yamaki Published by Kodansha Demographic Shōnen Magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine Original run August 9 , 2014 -- October 8 , 2016 Volumes 4 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series Directed by Tensai Okamura Written by Shōtarō Suga Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Takafumi Wada Studio A-1 Pictures Licensed by Netflix ( streaming rights ) Funimation ( home video rights ) Original network JNN ( MBS , TBS ) English network Animax Asia Original run October 5 , 2014 -- March 29 , 2015 Episodes 24 + 2 OVA ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Manga <Th_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins Production Written by Chiemi Sakamoto Published by Kodansha Demographic Shōjo Magazine Aria Original run November 28 , 2015 -- October 28 , 2017 Volumes 4 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Manga <Th_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins : King 's Road to Manga Written by Masataka Ono Published by Kodansha Demographic Shōnen Magazine Magazine Special Original run February 20 , 2016 -- February 1 , 2017 Volumes 3 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series <Th_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War Directed by Tomokazu Tokoro Written by Nakaba Suzuki Yuniko Ayana Yuichiro Kido Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Takafumi Wada Studio A-1 Pictures Licensed by Netflix ( streaming rights ) Original network JNN ( MBS , TBS ) English network Animax Asia Original run August 28 , 2016 -- September 18 , 2016 Episodes 4 ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Manga <Th_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins : Seven Days ~ The Thief and the Holy Girl ~ Written by Yō Kokukuji Published by Kodansha Demographic Shōnen Magazine Shōnen Magazine Edge Original run January 17 , 2017 -- August 17 , 2017 Volumes 2 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series <Th_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of The Commandments Directed by Takeshi Furuta Written by Takao Yoshioka Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Kohta Yamamoto Takafumi Wada Studio A-1 Pictures Licensed by Netflix ( streaming rights ) Original network JNN ( MBS , TBS ) Original run January 13 , 2018 -- June 30 , 2018 Episodes 24 ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime film <Th_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins the Movie : Prisoners of the Sky Directed by Noriyuki Abe Yasuto Nishikata Written by Makoto Uezu Music by Hiroyuki Sawano Takafumi Wada Studio A-1 Pictures Released August 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal The Seven Deadly Sins ( Japanese : 七 つの 大罪 , Hepburn : Nanatsu no Taizai ) is a Japanese fantasy manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki . It has been serialized in Kodansha 's Weekly Shōnen Magazine since October 2012 , with the chapters collected into thirty - one tankōbon volumes as of April 17 , 2018 . The manga features a setting similar to the European Middle Ages , with its titular group of knights representing the seven deadly sins . The manga has been licensed by Kodansha USA for English publication in North America , while the chapters are released digitally by Crunchyroll in over 170 countries as they are published in Japan . As of 2018 , The Seven Deadly Sins has over 28 million copies in circulation . It was adapted into a 24 - episode anime television series by A-1 Pictures that aired from October 5 , 2014 to March 29 , 2015 . Netflix acquired the exclusive English streaming rights for the anime series while Funimation currently has the home video rights . A second season of the anime series aired from January 13 , 2018 to June 30 , 2018 . An anime film was released on August 18 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Media 2.1 Manga 2.1. 1 Spin - off manga 2.2 Anime 2.2. 1 Original video animation 2.3 Film 2.4 Video games 2.5 Other media 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of The Seven Deadly Sins characters The Seven Deadly Sins were once an active group of knights in the region of Britannia ( ブリタニア , Buritania ) , who disbanded after they supposedly plotted to overthrow the Liones Kingdom ( リオネス 王国 , Rionesu Ōkoku ) . Their supposed defeat came at the hands of the Holy Knights , but rumors continued to persist that they were still alive . Ten years later , the Holy Knights staged a coup d'état and captured the king , becoming the new , tyrannical rulers of the kingdom . The third princess , Elizabeth , then starts out on a journey to find the Seven Deadly Sins and enlist their help in taking back the kingdom . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) Main article : List of The Seven Deadly Sins chapters Written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki , The Seven Deadly Sins began as a one - shot pilot chapter published on November 22 , 2011 in Weekly Shōnen Magazine 's 52 issue of the year . The manga started serialization in the magazine 's 45 issue of 2012 , released on October 10 , 2012 . The chapters have been collected into 31 tankōbon volumes as of April 17 , 2018 . The first of three planned story arcs was completed with chapter 100 and Suzuki has projected that the series will run for 20 to 30 volumes . The series is licensed for English language release in North America by Kodansha USA , who published the first volume on March 11 , 2014 . As the series is published in Japan , it is also released simultaneously in English digitally by Crunchyroll in over 170 countries . A special issue of Weekly Shōnen Magazine , published on October 19 , 2013 , featured a small crossover between The Seven Deadly Sins and Hiro Mashima 's Fairy Tail , where each artist drew a yonkoma ( four - panel comic ) of the other 's series . An actual crossover chapter between the two ran in the magazine 's combined 4 / 5 issue of 2014 , which was released on December 25 , 2013 . Nakaba wrote a one - shot for the November 2014 issue of the shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi , released on October 3 , 2014 . He also created a comedic one - shot depicting how Meliodas and Hawk first met that ran in the October 20 , 2014 issue of Magazine Special . From February 24 to May 10 , 2015 , two more spin - off manga by Nakaba were available on the smartphone and tablet application Manga Box . Naku na , Tomo yo ( 泣く な 友よ , `` Do Not Cry , My Friend '' ) is about Hendrickson and Dreyfus ' younger years , while Gilthunder no Shinjitsu ( ギル サンダー の 真実 , `` Gilthunder 's Truth '' ) is set after the Vaizel Fight Festival arc and follows Gilthunder . An original 40 - page manga by Nakaba Suzuki will be distributed during screenings of The Seven Deadly Sins the Movie : Prisoners of the Sky movie . Spin - off Manga ( edit ) Main article : List of The Seven Deadly Sins chapters § Spin - offs A comedic spin - off series by Juichi Yamaki , titled Mayoe ! The Seven Deadly Sins Academy ! ( 迷え ! 七 つの 大罪 学園 ! , Mayoe ! Nanatsu no Taizai Gakuen ! ) and imagining the characters as high school students , ran in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine from August 9 , 2014 to October 8 , 2016 . It was collected into four tankōbon volumes . The Seven Deadly Sins Production ( 七 つの 大罪 プロダクション , Nanatsu no Taizai Purodakushon ) , a comedic spin - off by Chiemi Sakamoto that imagines the characters as actors performing in a live - action TV show , ran in Aria from November 28 , 2015 to October 28 , 2017 . It was collected into four tankōbon volumes . A comedic yonkoma titled The Seven Deadly Sins : King 's Road to Manga ( 七 つの 大罪 キング の 漫画 道 , Nanatsu no Taizai Kingu no Manga Michi ) and written by Masataka Ono that depicts King as an aspiring manga artist , began on February 20 , 2016 in Magazine Special before transferring to the Manga Box app on February 1 , 2017 and ending later that year . Its chapters were collected into three tankōbon volumes . A manga adaptation of Mamoru Iwasa 's novel Seven Days was serialized in Shōnen Magazine Edge from January 17 to September 2017 and shows how Ban and Elaine met in more detail . It is illustrated by Yō Kokukuji , titled The Seven Deadly Sins : Seven Days ~ The Thief and the Holy Girl ~ ( 七 つの 大罪 セブン デイズ ~ 盗賊 と 聖 少女 ~ , Nanatsu no Taizai : Sebun Deizu ~ Tōzoku to Seishōjo ~ ) and was collected into two tankōbon volumes . Anime ( edit ) See also : List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes In April 2014 , the 20th issue of Weekly Shōnen Magazine announced that The Seven Deadly Sins was being adapted into an anime television series . The series debuted on MBS and other Japan News Network stations on October 5 , 2014 . The staff was revealed in the combined 36 / 37 issue of the year : created by A-1 Pictures , directed by Tensai Okamura , written by Shōtarō Suga ( Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne ) , with Keigo Sasaki ( Blue Exorcist ) providing character designs and Hiroyuki Sawano composing the music . The show 's first opening theme song is `` Netsujō no Spectrum '' ( 熱情 の スペクトラム , Netsujō no Supekutoramu , `` Spectrum of Passion '' ) performed by Ikimono - gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is `` Seven Deadly Sins '' performed by Man with a Mission , while the first ending theme titled `` 7 - Seven '' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo , the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is `` Season '' the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa . A second anime series was confirmed on September 27 , 2015 to air in 2016 . This turned out to be a four - week anime television special featuring an original story by Nakaba Suzuki , titled The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War ( 七 つの 大罪 聖戦 の 予兆 , Nanatsu no Taizai : Seisen no Shirushi ) , that began airing on August 28 , 2016 on MBS and TBS . The special was produced by A-1 Pictures , directed by Tomokazu Tokoro , and written by Yuniko Ayana and Yuichiro Kido , featuring character designs by Keigo Sasaki . The music was composed by Hiroyuki Sawano and Takafumi Wada . Its opening theme song is `` Classic '' by the rock band Mucc and its ending theme is `` Iroasenai Hitomi '' ( 色褪せ ない 瞳 ) by Alisa Takigawa . A commercial following the final episode confirmed a second anime series has been green - lit . The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime , following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia . All 24 episodes were released on November 1 , 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats . The Signs of Holy War arc , labeled as `` Season 2 '' , has also been licensed by Netflix and was released on February 17 , 2017 . On February 14 , 2017 , Funimation announced that they acquired the first anime for home video distribution for US and Canada and will release the series on Blu - ray and DVD later this year . A second season , titled The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of The Commandments ( 七 つの 大罪 戒め の 復活 , Nanatsu no Taizai : Imashime no Fukkatsu ) , was announced at the `` Nanatsu no Taizai FES '' event in July 2017 and premiered on January 13 , 2018 . Takeshi Furuta and Takao Yoshioka replaced Tensai Okamura and Shōtarō Suga as director and series composer , respectively , while the other main staff members returned from the first season to reprise their roles . Original video animation ( edit ) Main article : List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes § OVAs An original video animation ( OVA ) titled `` Ban 's Additional Chapter '' ( バン の 番外 編 , Ban no Bangai - hen ) was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga , released on June 17 , 2015 . A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga , released on August 12 , 2015 . Film ( edit ) An anime film , titled The Seven Deadly Sins the Movie : Prisoners of the Sky ( 劇場 版 七 つの 大罪 天空 の 囚われ 人 , Gekijō - ban Nanatsu no Taizai Tenkū no Torawarebito ) , premiered in Japanese theaters on August 18 , 2018 . It is directed by Yasuto Nishikata and written by Makoto Uezu , featuring an original story by Nakaba Suzuki and Noriyuki Abe serving as chief director . The other main staff members returned from the anime series to reprise their roles in the film . The movie features three original characters called Sorada ( voiced by Tsubasa Yonaga ) , Elatte ( voiced by Haruka Tomatsu ) , and Bellion ( voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa ) . Video games ( edit ) A video game titled Seven Deadly Sins : Unjust Sin ( 七 つの 大罪 真実 の 冤罪 , Nanatsu no Taizai Shinjitsu no Enzai ) was developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment and released for the Nintendo 3DS on February 11 , 2015 . A game titled The Seven Deadly Sins : Knights of Britannia ( 七 つの 大罪 ブリタニア の 旅人 , Nanatsu no Taizai : Buritania no Tabibito ) was developed by Bandai Namco for the PlayStation 4 . It was released in North America and Europe on February 9 , 2018 . Other media ( edit ) Four light novels based on The Seven Deadly Sins have been published ; The Seven Deadly Sins - Gaiden - The Seven Wishes of the Royal City from Old Times ( 七 つの 大罪 ― 外伝 ― 昔日 の 王 都 七 つの 願い , Nanatsu no Taizai - Gaiden - Sekijitsu no Ōto Nanatsu no Negai ) by Shuka Matsuda on December 17 , 2014 ; The Seven Deadly Sins : Seven Days ( 七 つの 大罪 セブン デイズ , Nanatsu no Taizai Sebun Deizu ) by Mamoru Iwasa on December 26 , 2014 ; The Seven Deadly Sins : Seven Scars They Left Behind ( 七 つの 大罪 ― 外伝 ― 彼ら が 残し た 七 つの 傷跡 , Nanatsu no Taizai - Gaiden - Karera ga Nokoshita Nanatsu no Kizuato ) by Shuka Matsuda on October 16 , 2015 ; and The Seven Deadly Sins : Seven - Colored Recollections ( 七 つの 大罪 ― 外伝 ― 七色 の 追憶 , Nanatsu no Taizai - Gaiden - Nanairo no Tsuioku ) by Shuka Matsuda on October 17 , 2016 . Vertical released Seven Scars They Left Behind in North America in May 2017 , with Seven - Colored Recollections set to follow in March 2018 . An illustration collection titled Rainbow of Sin ( 七色 の 罪 , Nanairo no Tsumi ) and an official fan book were both released on February 17 , 2015 , while a guidebook for the anime called Ani - Sin ( アニ 罪 , Ani - Tsumi ) was released on April 17 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) As of August 2014 , the collected volumes of The Seven Deadly Sins had 5 million copies in circulation . By January 2015 , this number had grown to 10 million sold . As of 2018 , the series has 28 million copies in circulation . The first collected volume of the series sold 38,581 copies in its first week , ranking number 13 on the Oricon manga chart . Its second volume ranked 5 selling 106,829 in its first week , while its third debuted at number 4 with 135,164 copies . The thirteenth volume had the manga 's best debut week to date , selling 442,492 for first place on the chart . The series was the ninth best - selling manga of 2014 , with over 4.6 million copies sold that year . For the first half of 2015 , The Seven Deadly Sins was the number one best - selling series . It finished the year in second place with over 10.3 million copies sold , behind only One Piece . It was the sixth best - selling of 2016 , with over 5 million copies sold , and the seventh of 2017 , with close to 3.6 million copies sold . The 2014 edition of Kono Manga ga Sugoi ! , which surveys people in the manga and publishing industry , named The Seven Deadly Sins the fifth best manga series for male readers . The title was named Best Shōnen Manga at the 39th Kodansha Manga Awards alongside Yowamushi Pedal . It was also nominated for the 2014 Manga Taishō award and as Best Youth Comic at the 42nd Angoulême International Comics Festival in France . The North American releases of volumes two and four charted on The New York Times Manga Best Seller list at number seven and nine respectively . Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network ( ANN ) gave the first volume a B grade , calling the art interesting and the story a `` neat take on the basic knights - in - shining - armor . '' She saw influence from Akira Toriyama in Meliodas and 1970s shōjo manga in the female characters . However , Silverman felt the art had issues with perspective and commented that Elizabeth lacked character development . Both Silverman and Danica Davidson of Otaku USA warned that Meliodas ' perverted actions towards Elizabeth , which are used for comedic relief , could possibly be misinterpreted by some readers . In a brief review , Jason Thompson claimed that the series follows common shōnen manga elements , making its plot twists and dialog predictable . He did however like the art and the series ' European setting . The first DVD volume of the anime debuted at number one on Oricon 's Japanese animation DVD chart with 3,574 copies sold . With 32,762 copies sold of the five volumes released at the time , The Seven Deadly Sins was the 30th best - selling anime of the first half of 2015 . Reviewing the first anime for ANN , Theron Martin felt that the series has a slow start with generic shōnen action fare but the storytelling picks up significantly in the second half . He had strong praise for the music and enjoyed the main cast and their interactions , but not the common archetypal villains . Martin noted that the art has a `` semi-cartoonish look '' that one would expect in a series that `` skews a bit younger , '' but The Seven Deadly Sins ' graphic violence and minimal fan service prove its `` anything but a kiddie show . '' The novel The Seven Deadly Sins - Gaiden - Sekijitsu no Ōto Nanatsu no Negai was the 33rd best - selling light novel of the first half of 2015 , with 61,939 copies sold . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins '' . Funimation . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No. 52 2011 年 11 月 22 日 ( 火 ) 発売 '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 七 つの 大罪 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga 's 1st of 3 Planned Arcs Ends '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Comics Adds UQ Holder , Seven Deadly Sins Manga '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Volume 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` CRUNCHYROLL LAUNCHES `` CRUNCHYROLL MANGA '' DIGITAL COMIC PLATFORM `` . Crunchyroll. 2013 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Simultaneously Offer Kodansha Manga in 170 Countries '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 鈴木 央 が 「 FAIRY TAIL 」 、 真島 ヒロ が 「 七 つの 大罪 」 を 執筆 '' ( in Japanese ) . Natalie. 2013 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail , The Seven Deadly Sins Get Crossover 1 - Shot Manga '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Gets One - Shot in Nakayoshi Magazine For Girls '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga Gets Comedy 1 - Shot Story '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins ' 2nd New Spinoff Manga by Creator Posted '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins -- Prisoner of the Sky Reveals Present for Cinema Goers '' . MANGA. TOKYO . July 2 , 2018 . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Gets School Comedy Manga Spinoff '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins ' Spinoff Manga Mayoe ! Nanatsu no Taizai Gakuen ! Ends '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` '' Seven Deadly Sins '' Inspires Shoujo Parody Spin - Off `` . Crunchyroll. 2015 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Production Manga Reaches ' Climax ' in October '' . Crunchyroll. 2017 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins ' 4 - Panel Spinoff Reimagines King as Aspiring Manga Creator '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Spinoff Manga King no Manga Michi Ends With 3rd Volume '' . Anime News Network . 2017 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Spinoff Manga About Ban & Elaine Ends in September '' . Anime News Network . 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Fantasy Manga Gets TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 「 七 つの 大罪 」 TV アニメ 化 決定 ! 単行本 は 累計 300 万 部 突破 '' ( in Japanese ) . Natalie. 2014 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ アニメ 「 七 つの 大罪 」 10 月 より 日 5 枠 で 放送 ( in Japanese ) . Natalie. 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Game , Cast , Staff Announced '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Theme Songs , Game Detailed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Man With A Mission , Alisa Takigawa Perform The Seven Deadly Sins ' New Songs '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga Gets New TV Anime in 2016 '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of holy war 4 - Episode Special Premieres on August 28 '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Gets 4 - Week TV Anime Special In August With Brand - New Story '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins - Signs of Holy War - TV Special 's Ad Previews Opening Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga 's Next TV Anime Series Teases New Adventures in Ad '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Newman , Heather ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Netflix To Announce Its Second Exclusive Anime Series Tomorrow : ' The Seven Deadly Sins ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to Stream The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's ' Season 2 ' in February '' . Anime News Network . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Acquires Home Video Rights for Seven Deadly Sins '' . Anime News Network . February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Anime Reveals New Season 's January 2018 Premiere , Title , Cast , Staff , Visual , Trailer '' . Anime News Network . July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga to Bundle OVA Episode About Ban '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Seven Deadly Sins OVA to Compile 9 Short Stories '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Gets Anime Film in Summer 2018 '' . Anime News Network . July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Film Reveals Teaser Video , Visual , August 18 Release '' . Anime News Network . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Movie Reveals Visual and more '' . MANGA. TOKYO. April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nakaba Suzuki 's The Seven Deadly Sins Manga Gets PS4 Action Game '' . Anime News Network . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins : Knights of Britannia PS4 Game Gets U.S. Release in Early 2018 '' . Anime News Network . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Seven Deadly Sins : Knights of Britannia coming to Europe in early 2018 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 小説 七 つの 大罪 ― 外伝 ― 昔日 の 王 都 七 つの 願い ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ 七 つの 大罪 セブン デイズ ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ 小説 七 つの 大罪 ― 外伝 ― 彼ら が 残し た 七 つの 傷跡 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ 小説 七 つの 大罪 ― 外伝 ― 七色 の 追憶 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical to Release The Seven Deadly Sins : The Seven Scars Left Behind Novel '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ 七 つの 大罪 イラスト コレクション 〈 七色 の 罪 〉 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ 七 つの 大罪 公式 ファン ブック 解体 罪 書 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ 七 つの 大罪 公式 アニメ ガイド アニ 罪 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga 's 1st of 3 Planned Arcs Ends '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 「 七 つの 大罪 」 鈴木 央 先生 描き 下ろし の オリジナル ストーリー ブック 付き ! '' ( in Japanese ) . PR Times . 2018 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , February 11 -- 17 '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , April 15 -- 21 '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , June 17 -- 23 '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , February 16 -- 22 '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2014 '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2015 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2015 '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2016 '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2017 '' . Anime News Network . 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Top Manga Ranked by Kono Manga ga Sugoi 2014 Voters '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Yowamushi Pedal , The Seven Deadly Sins Win 39th Kodansha Manga Awards '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Titles Nominated for 7th Manga Taisho Awards '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Akira 's Katsuhiro Otomo Wins Angoulême 's Top Prize '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , May 11 -- 17 '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , September 14 -- 20 '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Deadly Sins GN 1 - Review '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga # 1 '' . Otaku USA . 2014 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` House of 1000 Manga - Crunchyroll Manga '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , January 26 - February 1 '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Animation in Japan by Title : 2015 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins - Review '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Light Novels in Japan by Volume : 2015 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . 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( 2013 ) Sword Art Online : Extra Edition ( 2013 ) Black Butler : Book of Murder ( 2014 ) Moments ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls ( 2016 ) Brotherhood : Final Fantasy XV ( 2016 ) Shelter ( 2016 ) Granblue Fantasy : Zankutinzeru Arc ( 2017 ) Video games Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 ( 2008 ) Valkyria Chronicles II ( 2010 ) Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Spirit of Justice ( 2016 ) Radiant Historia : Perfect Chronology ( 2017 ) Layton 's Mystery Journey ( 2017 ) Related CloverWorks <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Works directed by Noriyuki Abe Animated series Yu Yu Hakusho ( 1992 ) Ninku ( 1995 ) Midori no Makibaō ( 1996 ) Flame of Recca ( 1997 ) Great Teacher Onizuka ( 1999 ) Ghost Stories ( 2000 ) Tokyo Mew Mew ( 2002 ) Detective School Q ( 2003 ) Bleach ( 2004 ) Black Butler : Book of Circus ( 2014 ) The Heroic Legend of Arslan ( 2015 ) Divine Gate ( 2016 ) Boruto : Naruto Next Generations ( 2017 ) Films Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie ( 1993 ) Ninku : Tomb of Knives ( 1994 ) Hunter × Hunter - Jump Super Anime Tour ( 1998 ) Bleach : Memories of Nobody ( 2006 ) Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion ( 2007 ) Bleach : Fade to Black ( 2008 ) Bleach : Hell Verse ( 2010 ) Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic ( 2017 ) The Seven Deadly Sins the Movie : Prisoners of the Sky ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Doroku / Nichigo timeslot Doroku ( 2002 - 2008 ) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Fullmetal Alchemist Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny Blood+ Ghost Slayers Ayashi Toward the Terra Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Nichigo ( 2008 - 2017 ) Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 Mobile Suit Gundam 00 ( Season Two ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Sengoku Basara II Star Driver Blue Exorcist Mobile Suit Gundam AGE Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic Space Battleship Yamato 2199 Magi : The Kingdom of Magic Haikyu ! ! The Seven Deadly Sins The Heroic Legend of Arslan Mobile Suit Gundam : Iron - Blooded Orphans My Hero Academia The Heroic Legend of Arslan : Dust Storm Dance The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War Mobile Suit Gundam : Iron - Blooded Orphans ( Season Two ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(manga)&oldid=856566489 '' Categories : Manga series 2012 manga 2014 manga 2014 anime television series 2015 manga 2016 manga 2016 anime television series 2017 manga 2018 anime television series 2018 anime films A-1 Pictures Adventure anime and manga Aniplex Fantasy anime and manga Funimation Kodansha manga Mainichi Broadcasting System shows Netflix original anime Shōnen manga Vertical ( company ) titles Winner of Kodansha Manga Award ( Shōnen ) Upcoming animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles containing Japanese - language text Anime and manga article with malformed first and last infobox parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 03 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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1. The Seven Deadly Sins manga
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who won the 2018 formula 1 australian grand prix tournament
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2018 Formula One World championship - wikipedia 2018 Formula One World championship series of motor races held in 2018 `` F1 2018 '' redirects here . For the video game based on the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship , see F1 2018 ( video game ) . <Td_colspan="4"> 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship Previous : 2017 Next : 2019 <Td_colspan="4"> Races by country Races by season Support series : FIA Formula 2 Championship GP3 Series Lewis Hamilton ( left ) is the defending World Drivers ' Champion while Sebastian Vettel ( right ) is the current championship leader Ferrari ( Ferrari SF71H pictured ) are the current Constructors ' Championship leaders . The 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship is an ongoing motor racing championship for Formula One cars and the 72nd running of the Formula One World Championship . It is recognised by the governing body of international motorsport , the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) , as the highest class of competition for open - wheel racing cars . Drivers and teams are competing in twenty - one Grands Prix for the World Drivers ' and World Constructors ' championship titles . Lewis Hamilton is defending his World Drivers ' Champion title , after winning his fourth championship at the 2017 Mexican Grand Prix . His team , Mercedes , is the defending World Constructors ' Champion , having secured their fourth consecutive title at the 2017 United States Grand Prix . After ten rounds , Sebastian Vettel leads Hamilton in the World Drivers ' Championship by eight points . Kimi Räikkönen is third , a further forty - seven points behind . In the World Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari leads Mercedes by twenty points , with Red Bull Racing third . A new cockpit protection device -- commonly known as the `` halo '' -- became mandatory starting in 2018 . The introduction of the halo in Formula One was the first stage of a planned roll - out that would see the device adopted in all FIA - sanctioned open - wheel racing series by 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Entries 1.1 Team changes 1.2 Driver changes 2 Calendar 2.1 Calendar changes 3 Changes 3.1 Sporting regulations 3.2 Technical regulations 3.3 Driver safety 3.4 Tyres 4 Season report 4.1 Opening rounds 4.2 European races 5 Results and standings 5.1 Grands Prix 5.2 Scoring system 5.3 World Drivers ' Championship standings 5.4 World Constructors ' Championship standings 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Entries The following teams and drivers have been entered in the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship . Teams compete with tyres supplied by Pirelli . Entrant Constructor Chassis Power unit <Th_colspan="3"> Race drivers <Th_colspan="2"> Free Practice drivers No . Driver name Rounds No . Driver name Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari SF71H Ferrari 062 EVO 5 Sebastian Vettel 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 7 Kimi Räikkönen 1 -- 10 Sahara Force India F1 Team Force India - Mercedes VJM11 Mercedes M09 EQ Power+ 11 Sergio Pérez 1 -- 10 34 Nicholas Latifi 31 Esteban Ocon 1 -- 10 Haas F1 Team Haas - Ferrari VF - 18 Ferrari 062 EVO 8 Romain Grosjean 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 20 Kevin Magnussen 1 -- 10 McLaren F1 Team McLaren - Renault MCL33 Renault R.E. 18 Stoffel Vandoorne 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 14 Fernando Alonso 1 -- 10 Mercedes AMG Petronas Motorsport Mercedes F1 W09 EQ Power+ Mercedes M09 EQ Power+ 44 Lewis Hamilton 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 77 Valtteri Bottas 1 -- 10 Aston Martin Red Bull Racing Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer RB14 TAG Heuer Daniel Ricciardo 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 33 Max Verstappen 1 -- 10 Renault Sport Formula One Team Renault R.S. 18 Renault R.E. 18 27 Nico Hülkenberg 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 55 Carlos Sainz Jr . 1 -- 10 Alfa Romeo Sauber F1 Team Sauber - Ferrari C37 Ferrari 062 EVO 9 Marcus Ericsson 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 16 Charles Leclerc 1 -- 10 Red Bull Toro Rosso Honda Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda STR13 Honda RA618H 10 Pierre Gasly 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 28 Brendon Hartley 1 -- 10 Williams Martini Racing Williams - Mercedes FW41 Mercedes M09 EQ Power+ 18 Lance Stroll 1 -- 10 40 Robert Kubica 35 Sergey Sirotkin 1 -- 10 <Td_colspan="12"> Sources : Team changes McLaren terminated their engine partnership with Honda and instead signed a three - year deal for power units supplied by Renault . The team cited Honda 's repeated failure to supply a reliable and competitive power unit as the reason for ending the partnership . Toro Rosso parted ways with Renault -- allowing McLaren to finalise their agreement with Renault -- and came to an agreement to use Honda power units . As part of the deal , Red Bull Racing loaned Toro Rosso driver Carlos Sainz Jr. to Renault 's works team . Sauber renewed their partnership with Ferrari , upgrading to current - specification power units after using year - old power units in 2017 . Driver changes Felipe Massa ( left ) retired from Formula One after fifteen years in the sport . His place at Williams was taken by Sergey Sirotkin ( right ) . Toro Rosso signed 2016 GP2 Series champion Pierre Gasly and two - time World Endurance champion Brendon Hartley as their full - time drivers for 2018 . Both Gasly and Hartley made their Formula One débuts with the team in the latter stages of the 2017 championship . Daniil Kvyat left the team and the Red Bull driver programme , securing a development role with Ferrari . Charles Leclerc , the reigning Formula 2 champion , made his competitive début with Sauber . Leclerc , who had previously driven in Friday practice sessions in 2016 and 2017 , was hired by the team to replace Pascal Wehrlein . Wehrlein was ultimately unable to secure a race seat and was instead enlisted as one of Mercedes 's test and reserve drivers while racing full - time in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series . Williams driver Felipe Massa retired from Formula One at the end of the 2017 championship . Massa was replaced by former Renault test driver and SMP Racing driver Sergey Sirotkin , who made his competitive début with the team . Calendar Nations that are scheduled to host a Grand Prix in 2018 are highlighted in green , with circuit locations marked with a black dot . Former host nations are shown in dark grey , and former host circuits are marked with a white dot . The following twenty - one Grands Prix are due to be run as part of the 2018 World Championship : Round Grand Prix Circuit Date Australian Grand Prix Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit , Melbourne 25 March Bahrain Grand Prix Bahrain International Circuit , Sakhir 8 April Chinese Grand Prix Shanghai International Circuit , Shanghai 15 April Azerbaijan Grand Prix Baku City Circuit , Baku 29 April 5 Spanish Grand Prix Circuit de Barcelona - Catalunya , Montmeló 13 May 6 Monaco Grand Prix Circuit de Monaco , Monte Carlo 27 May 7 Canadian Grand Prix Circuit Gilles Villeneuve , Montreal 10 June 8 French Grand Prix Circuit Paul Ricard , Le Castellet 24 June 9 Austrian Grand Prix Red Bull Ring , Spielberg 1 July 10 British Grand Prix Silverstone Circuit , Silverstone 8 July 11 German Grand Prix Hockenheimring , Hockenheim 22 July 12 Hungarian Grand Prix Hungaroring , Mogyoród 29 July 13 Belgian Grand Prix Circuit de Spa - Francorchamps , Stavelot 26 August 14 Italian Grand Prix Autodromo Nazionale Monza , Monza 2 September 15 Singapore Grand Prix Marina Bay Street Circuit , Singapore 16 September 16 Russian Grand Prix Sochi Autodrom , Sochi 30 September 17 Japanese Grand Prix Suzuka International Racing Course , Suzuka 7 October 18 United States Grand Prix Circuit of the Americas , Austin , Texas 21 October 19 Mexican Grand Prix Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez , Mexico City 28 October 20 Brazilian Grand Prix Autódromo José Carlos Pace , São Paulo 11 November 21 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Yas Marina Circuit , Abu Dhabi 25 November <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Calendar changes The championship returned to the Circuit Paul Ricard for the first time since 1990 The French Grand Prix returned to the calendar for the first time since 2008 . The race has returned to the Circuit Paul Ricard , which last hosted the French Grand Prix in 1990 before the event moved to the Circuit de Nevers Magny - Cours . The race was scheduled to be run in June , with the Azerbaijan Grand Prix brought forward to April to accommodate the change and to avoid clashing with celebrations for centenary of the Azerbaijan republic . The German Grand Prix also returned to the championship after a one - year absence , with the Hockenheimring scheduled to host the race . The Malaysian Grand Prix -- which was part of the championship from 1999 to 2017 -- was discontinued . The Russian Grand Prix was moved from April to September , filling the vacancy left by the Malaysian Grand Prix . Changes Sporting regulations Following widespread criticism of the grid penalty system in 2017 that regularly saw multiple drivers start races outside their qualifying positions , the FIA introduced a revised set of regulations for 2018 . In the event that a driver changes a power unit component , they are still subject to a five - or ten - place grid penalty depending on the component being changed ; however , should they then replace a second component , they will be moved to the back of the starting grid . If multiple drivers are moved to the back of the grid , their starting positions are determined by the order that components were changed based on the most recent change made by each driver . The rules governing starting procedures were changed for 2018 , granting race stewards the power to issue penalties for improper race starts even if a driver 's start does not trigger the automated detection system . The changes were introduced following two incidents during 2017 : at the Chinese Grand Prix , Sebastian Vettel positioned his car too far across his grid slot to be registered by the detection system ; while at the Austrian Grand Prix , Valtteri Bottas 's start was called into question for his reaction time despite the detection system recognising it as legal . In the event that a race is suspended due to a red flag , it will be restarted with a standing start . Drivers will return to the starting grid in the positions they held at the time of the suspension and the race director will repeat the race start procedure . If circuit conditions are suitable for racing but the race director deems a standing start inappropriate , the race will resume with a rolling start where the safety car returns to pit lane and drivers proceed around the circuit in single file until they are shown the green flag . The FIA introduced tighter restrictions on racing licences issued to drivers taking part in free practice sessions . Candidate drivers are required to complete a minimum number of Formula 2 races or earn twenty - five superlicense points over a three - year period . The changes were introduced to address concerns about drivers who would not be able to meet the standards required to compete in Formula One having access to Formula One cars . The schedule of a Grand Prix weekend was changed , with the start time of most European races pushed back by one hour in an attempt to accommodate a larger television audience . All races are scheduled to start at ten minutes past the hour so as to allow broadcasters the opportunity for pre-race coverage when their broadcast of the race starts on the hour . Finally , the mid-season test , which was held in Bahrain in 2017 , was moved to Barcelona . Technical regulations Power unit suppliers are required to provide all teams using their engines with an identical specification of power units . The change was introduced to ensure parity after Mercedes works team was observed to have access to additional engine performance settings that were not available to their customer teams . The quantity of power unit components a driver may use during the season was reduced from four complete power units during the entire season in 2017 to a new system where each of the power unit components is considered separately . Therefore , in 2018 , each driver is permitted to use up to three each of internal combustion engines ( ICE ) , heat motor generator units ( MGU - H ) , and turbochargers ( TC ) ; and two each of the kinetic motor generator units ( MGU - K ) , energy stores ( ES ) , and control electronics ( CE ) . Restrictions against the practice of oil burning , where engine oils are burned as fuel to boost performance , were also introduced . The practice , which was first used in 2017 saw teams burning as much as 1.2 litres per one hundred kilometres . For the 2018 championship , this figure was revised down to a maximum of 0.6 litres per one hundred kilometres . The rules were further amended to restrict teams to using a single specification of oil , which must be declared before the race . These oils are subject to stricter definitions of what is considered `` oil '' in order to prevent teams from using exotic blends designed to boost performance . Teams are also required to inform the stewards of the mass of oil in each oil tank before the race . Further changes to the technical regulations require the temperature of air in the plenum chamber -- adjacent to the turbocharger -- to be no more than 10 ° C above the ambient air temperature . The rule was introduced in a bid to stop teams from artificially heating or cooling air for possible performance gains . Active control valves , which electronically regulate the flow of fluids between power unit components , will also be banned . The FIA banned the use of `` shark fins '' , a carbon fibre extension to the engine cowling aimed at directing airflow over the rear wing . The use of `` T - wings '' , a horizontal secondary wing mounted forward of and above the rear wing , was also banned . Driver safety Comparison between the McLaren MCL32 ( top ) and the MCL33 ( bottom ) showing the addition of the `` halo '' cockpit protection device and removal of the `` shark fin '' Following a series of serious incidents in open - wheel racing -- including the fatal accidents of Henry Surtees and Justin Wilson -- in which drivers were struck in the head by tyres or debris , the FIA announced plans to introduce additional mandatory cockpit protection with 2018 given as the first year for its introduction . Several solutions were tested , with the final design subject to feedback from teams and drivers . Each design was created to deflect debris away from a driver 's head without compromising their visibility or the ability of safety marshals to access the cockpit and extract a driver and their seat in the event of a serious accident or medical emergency , with a series of serious accidents -- such as the fatal accidents of Jules Bianchi and Dan Wheldon -- recreated to simulate the ability of devices to withstand a serious impact . The FIA ultimately settled on the `` halo '' , a wishbone - shaped frame mounted above and around the driver 's head and anchored to the monocoque forward of the cockpit . Seventeen accidents were examined as case studies , with the FIA concluding that the halo would have prevented injuries in fifteen of them . In the other two instances -- most notably Jules Bianchi 's fatal accident -- the FIA concluded that although the halo would not have prevented driver injuries , it would not have contributed to or complicated the outcome of the accidents . Once introduced , the halo concept is scheduled to be applied to other FIA - sanctioned open - wheel racing categories including Formula 2 , Formula 3 and Formula E , with 2020 earmarked as the deadline for all FIA - sanctioned open - wheel racing series to adopt the halo . Following criticisms over the aesthetic value of the device , the FIA revealed plans to allow teams some design freedom in the final version of the halo , with the teams permitted to attach a thin single - plane wing atop the halo to control airflow over the top of the car and into the airbox to assist with engine cooling . Where the test models of the halo had been attached to an existing monocoque structure , teams were required to incorporate the final build of the halo into the chassis design from its inception rather than attached once the design was completed . The minimum weight of the chassis was raised to 734 kg ( 1,618.2 lb ) , in order to accommodate the additional weight of the halo . The mandatory crash tests that each chassis must pass were adjusted to include a new static load test . In order to simulate a serious accident , a tyre was mounted to a hydraulic ram and fired at the crash structure ; to pass the test , the chassis and the mounting points for the halo had to remain intact . In order to prevent teams from exploiting the halo for aerodynamic gain and potentially compromising its purpose , the FIA banned teams from developing their own devices and instead required them to purchase pre-fabricated models from approved suppliers . The technical regulations were updated mid-season to allow teams to mount rear view mirrors to the halo instead of affixing them to the bodywork . The changes were introduced in response to criticism that the halo obstructed the driver 's view of the mirrors ; however , halo - mounted designs were also criticised for allowing teams to exploit a loophole and introduce aerodynamic device , in the form of winglets above the mirrors , into an area where aerodynamic development was prohibited under the pretense of improving driver visibility , and the regulations were rewritten once more to ban the practice of mounting anything besides mirrors on the halo . The FIA made several changes to its trackside procedures to further accommodate the halo . The time limit on the extraction test -- the test of a driver extracting himself from the survival cell of a crashed car -- was extended to allow drivers more time to escape . The starting gantries at circuits were also lowered to improve the visibility of the starting lights . Tyres Tyre supplier Pirelli provides teams with two new tyre compounds in 2018 . Each of the 2017 compounds was made softer , with a new `` hypersoft '' tyre becoming the softest of the nine and a new `` superhard '' tyre to be the hardest . The hypersoft compound is marked by a pink sidewall , while the superhard will be orange . The hard compound , which previously used orange markings , will now be changed to ice blue . The hypersoft compound made its début at the Monaco Grand Prix . The rules dictating which tyres are available were relaxed to allow Pirelli to supply a wider range of compounds . Previously , Pirelli had to provide sequential compounds ; for example , ultrasoft , supersoft and soft . In 2018 , Pirelli is able to supply compounds with up to two steps of difference between them ; for example , the ultrasoft , supersoft and hard tyres . Pirelli is required to manufacture an additional tyre compound that is not intended for competition . This tyre is to be supplied to teams for use in demonstration events to prevent teams from using demonstration events as informal -- and illegal -- testing . For the Spanish , French and British Grands Prix , Pirelli reduced the tread depth by 0.4 mm across all compounds . This is to combat blistering due to new asphalt at these circuits for the 2018 season , which resulted in higher grip and reduced tyre wear . This was in response to the high level of blistering experienced by Mercedes at the re-surfaced Circuit de Barcelona - Catalunya in pre-season testing . Season report Opening rounds The championship started in Melbourne with the Australian Grand Prix . The race ended with a victory for Ferrari and Sebastian Vettel , who used a timely virtual safety car period -- triggered by the stricken Haas of Romain Grosjean -- to pass Mercedes 's Lewis Hamilton and he successfully defended the position until the finish . Kimi Räikkönen finished third in the other Ferrari ahead of Red Bull Racing 's Daniel Ricciardo . McLaren ended the first race of their partnership with Renault with a fifth and ninth place for Alonso and Vandoorne respectively . Max Verstappen finished sixth after an early spin ahead of Nico Hülkenberg . Valtteri Bottas was eighth , having started fifteenth when he took a penalty for a gearbox change after a heavy crash in qualifying . Carlos Sainz Jr. completed the points - scoring positions in tenth . Charles Leclerc and Sergey Sirotkin both made their competitive débuts for Sauber and Williams respectively . Leclerc finished thirteenth while Sirotkin retired with a brake failure . Vettel then won from pole at the next round in Bahrain , holding off a late charge from Bottas to win by seven tenths of a second . Hamilton finished third despite a 5 place grid penalty for a gearbox change and contact with Verstappen on the second lap . However , in China , Vettel 's winning run was broken , with Daniel Ricciardo 's 2 stop strategy helping the Australian to his sixth career victory , ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Kimi Räikkönen . Ricciardo pitted for a new set of softs with 20 laps to go under safety car while the leaders stayed out on their used set of mediums , he then fought his way past both Ferraris and Mercedes to the lead . Hamilton took his first win of the year in Azerbaijan and with it , the lead in the Drivers ' Championship . Räikkönen finished 2nd while Sergio Pérez claimed 3rd . With 10 laps to go , Bottas was leading ( but still needing to make a pitstop ) followed by Vettel and Hamilton when the Red Bulls crashed bringing out the safety car . Bottas pitted under safety car and came out still leading but a puncture on the penultimate lap caused him to retire . Vettel , who was second behind him at the restart , locked up on cold tyres at turn 1 and went wide , dropping behind the remaining top three . European races Hamilton took pole and won comfortably in Spain , extending his lead to seventeen points . Bottas finished second while Verstappen finished third , his first podium of the season . Ricciardo took pole in Monaco and won the event despite developing an engine problem mid-race that left him severely down on power . Vettel finished second and Hamilton finished 3rd . Vettel closed his points deficit to Hamilton , while Ricciardo gained two spots in the Drivers ' Championship to be third overall . In Canada , Vettel won from pole taking the world championship lead by one point from Hamilton . Bottas finished 2nd for the fourth time this season as Verstappen finished third , his qualifying position . The race result was counted back to the standings at the end of lap 68 ( of 70 ) after the chequered flag was waved a lap early in error -- although this did not impact the top - 10 standings . Hamilton took pole position and victory ( his third of the season ) in the returning French Grand Prix , taking the world championship lead back with 14 points , with Vettel finishing only 5th after a first corner crash with Bottas . Verstappen finished second , taking advantage of the Vettel -- Bottas crash . Räikkönen finished third , passing Ricciardo in the closing laps of the race . In Austria , Bottas started the race on pole , followed by Hamilton and Räikkönen . However , in the race , both Mercedes suffered from technical problems and neither one was able to finish the race . Ricciardo also retired from the race . Verstappen won , followed by Räikkönen in 2nd and Vettel in 3rd . Haas took full advantage of the Mercedes and Ricciardo retirements and finished 4th ( Grosjean ) and 5th ( Magnussen ) . Vettel re-took the lead of the championship by 1 point , following Hamilton 's retirement . At his home race in Great Britain , Hamilton took pole on his final flying lap , with the two Ferraris of Vettel and Räikkönen both within a tenth of his time . However , he dropped down to 18th on the first lap after contact with Räikkönen sent him into a spin . Two safety cars late in the race bunched the field up , one for a single car crash involving Ericsson and the other after contact between Grosjean and Sainz . Vettel passed Bottas for the lead with 5 laps to go to take his fourth win of the season and extend his championship lead . Hamilton recovered from his first lap crash to take second ahead of Räikkönen . Results and standings Grands Prix Round Grand Prix Pole position Fastest lap Winning driver Winning constructor Report Australian Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton Daniel Ricciardo Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Report Bahrain Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel Valtteri Bottas Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Report Chinese Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel Daniel Ricciardo Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Report Azerbaijan Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel Valtteri Bottas Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 5 Spanish Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton Daniel Ricciardo Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 6 Monaco Grand Prix Daniel Ricciardo Max Verstappen Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Report 7 Canadian Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel Max Verstappen Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Report 8 French Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton Valtteri Bottas Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 9 Austrian Grand Prix Valtteri Bottas Kimi Räikkönen Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Report 10 British Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton Sebastian Vettel Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Report 11 German Grand Prix Report 12 Hungarian Grand Prix Report 13 Belgian Grand Prix Report 14 Italian Grand Prix Report 15 Singapore Grand Prix Report 16 Russian Grand Prix Report 17 Japanese Grand Prix Report 18 United States Grand Prix Report 19 Mexican Grand Prix Report 20 Brazilian Grand Prix Report 21 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Report Scoring system Further information : List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers in every race , using the following system : Position 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Points 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 In order for full points to be awarded , the race winner must complete at least 75 % of the scheduled race distance . Half points are awarded if the race winner completes less than 75 % of the race distance provided that at least two laps are completed . In the event of a tie at the conclusion of the championship , a count - back system is used as a tie - breaker , with a driver 's best result used to decide the standings . World drivers ' championship standings Pos . Driver AUS BHR CHN AZE ESP MON CAN FRA AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN RUS JPN USA MEX BRA ABU Points Sebastian Vettel 8 5 171 Lewis Hamilton 5 Ret 163 Kimi Räikkönen Ret Ret 6 116 Daniel Ricciardo Ret Ret 5 Ret 5 106 5 Valtteri Bottas 8 14 5 7 Ret 104 6 Max Verstappen 6 Ret 5 Ret 9 15 93 7 Nico Hülkenberg 7 6 6 Ret Ret 8 7 9 Ret 6 42 8 Fernando Alonso 5 7 7 7 8 Ret Ret 16 8 8 40 9 Kevin Magnussen Ret 5 10 13 6 13 13 6 5 9 39 10 Carlos Sainz Jr . 10 11 9 5 7 10 8 8 12 Ret 28 11 Esteban Ocon 12 10 11 Ret Ret 6 9 Ret 6 7 25 12 Sergio Pérez 11 16 12 9 12 14 Ret 7 10 24 13 Pierre Gasly Ret 18 12 Ret 7 11 Ret 11 13 18 14 Charles Leclerc 13 12 19 6 10 18 10 10 9 Ret 13 15 Romain Grosjean Ret 13 17 Ret Ret 15 12 11 Ret 12 16 Stoffel Vandoorne 9 8 13 9 Ret 14 16 12 15 11 8 17 Lance Stroll 14 14 14 8 11 17 Ret 17 14 12 18 Marcus Ericsson Ret 9 16 11 13 11 15 13 10 Ret 19 Brendon Hartley 15 17 20 10 12 19 Ret 14 Ret Ret 20 Sergey Sirotkin Ret 15 15 Ret 14 16 17 15 13 14 0 Pos . Driver AUS BHR CHN AZE ESP MON CAN FRA AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN RUS JPN USA MEX BRA ABU Points <Th_colspan="2"> Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green Other points position Blue Other classified position Not classified , finished ( NC ) Purple Not classified , retired ( Ret ) Red Did not qualify ( DNQ ) Did not pre-qualify ( DNPQ ) Black Disqualified ( DSQ ) White Did not start ( DNS ) Race cancelled ( C ) Blank Did not practice ( DNP ) Excluded ( EX ) Did not arrive ( DNA ) Withdrawn ( WD ) Bold -- Pole position Italics -- Fastest lap Notes : -- Driver did not finish the Grand Prix , but was classified as he completed more than 90 % of the race distance . World Constructors ' championship standings Pos . Constructor AUS BHR CHN AZE ESP MON CAN FRA AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN RUS JPN USA MEX BRA ABU Points Ferrari 287 Ret 8 Ret 6 5 Mercedes Ret 267 8 14 5 5 7 Ret Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer Ret Ret 5 199 6 Ret 5 Ret 5 9 Ret 15 Renault 7 6 6 5 7 8 7 8 12 6 70 10 11 9 Ret Ret 10 8 9 Ret Ret 5 Haas - Ferrari Ret 5 10 13 6 13 12 6 9 51 Ret 13 17 Ret Ret 15 13 11 5 Ret 6 Force India - Mercedes 11 10 11 9 6 9 Ret 6 7 49 12 16 12 Ret Ret 12 14 Ret 7 10 7 McLaren - Renault 5 7 7 7 8 14 16 12 8 8 48 9 8 13 9 Ret Ret Ret 16 15 11 8 Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 15 18 10 12 7 11 14 11 13 19 Ret 17 20 12 Ret 19 Ret Ret Ret Ret 9 Sauber - Ferrari 13 9 16 6 10 11 10 10 9 Ret 16 Ret 12 19 11 13 18 15 13 10 Ret 10 Williams - Mercedes 14 14 14 8 11 16 17 15 13 12 Ret 15 15 Ret 14 17 Ret 17 14 14 Pos . Constructor AUS BHR CHN AZE ESP MON CAN FRA AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN RUS JPN USA MEX BRA ABU Points <Th_colspan="2"> Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green Other points position Blue Other classified position Not classified , finished ( NC ) Purple Not classified , retired ( Ret ) Red Did not qualify ( DNQ ) Did not pre-qualify ( DNPQ ) Black Disqualified ( DSQ ) White Did not start ( DNS ) Race cancelled ( C ) Blank Did not practice ( DNP ) Excluded ( EX ) Did not arrive ( DNA ) Withdrawn ( WD ) Bold -- Pole position Italics -- Fastest lap Notes : -- Driver did not finish the Grand Prix , but was classified as he completed more than 90 % of the race distance . Footnotes Jump up ^ Red Bull Racing uses Renault R.E. 18 power units . For sponsorship purposes , these engines are rebadged as `` TAG Heuer '' . Jump up ^ The United States Grand Prix remains subject to the approval of the local sanctioning body . Jump up ^ The French Grand Prix used the short 3.812 km ( 2.369 mi ) configuration of the Circuit Paul Ricard between 1986 and 1990 ; the longer 5.809 km ( 3.610 mi ) circuit was used nine times between 1971 and 1985 . The 5.842 km ( 3.630 mi ) layout was used for the first time in 2018 . Jump up ^ Formula One measures fuel , oil and engine fluids in mass rather than volume as these fluids expand and contract when subject to heat and as a result the volume may change ; however , the mass remains the same regardless of heat . Jump up ^ Daniel Ricciardo set the fastest lap on lap 70 , but an error in the chequered flag being waved early saw the race results validated on lap 68 . Max Verstappen was officially recognised as setting the fastest lap . Jump up ^ In the event that two laps can not be completed , no points are awarded and the race is abandoned . Jump up ^ In the event that two or more drivers achieve the same best result an equal number of times , their next - best result will be used . If two or more drivers achieve equal results an equal number of times , the FIA will nominate the winner according to such criteria as it sees fit . References Jump up ^ `` Red Bull to run TAG Heuer - badged Renault engines in 2016 '' . formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 4 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 F1 Entry List '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 1 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 F1 cars '' . Road & Track . Hearst Communications . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ferrari F1 2018 , ecco la SF71H , Arrivabene : `` Un pezzo d'eccellenza del made in Italy '' '' ( in Italian ) . Corriere della Sera. 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes AMG F1 Power Unit M09 EQ Power+ Technical ref '' . mercedesamgf1.com . Mercedes AMG Petronas Motorsport . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Renault Sport Formula One Team reveals 2018 challenger '' . renaultsport.com . Renault Sport. 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What a fantastic Valentine 's Day , the STR13 and the Honda RA618H finally meet '' . twitter.com. 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Australian Grand Prix -- Entry List '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 22 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Bahrain Grand Prix -- Entry List '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 5 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix -- Entry List '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 26 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Spanish Grand Prix -- Entry List '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 10 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Monaco Grand Prix -- Entry List '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Canadian Grand Prix -- Entry List '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` McLaren Racing and Renault Sport Racing confirm partnership '' . McLaren Honda . 15 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scuderia Toro Rosso to join forces with Honda '' . Scuderia Toro Rosso. 15 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Sainz joins Renault Sport Formula One for 2018 '' . Renault Sport F1. 15 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Renault Sport Formula One Team confirms driver change '' . Renault F1 . Renault Sport. 7 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sauber F1 Team signed an agreement with Ferrari '' . Sauber F1 Team . 28 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sauber F1 Team enters a multi-year partnership agreement with Alfa Romeo '' . Sauber F1 Team . 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Glenn ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Toro Rosso keeps Pierre Gasly , Brendon Hartley for 2018 F1 season '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Noble , Jonathan ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Daniil Kvyat secures Ferrari Formula 1 development role for 2018 '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Noble , Jonathan ( 2 December 2017 ) . `` Sauber confirms Ericsson alongside Leclerc for 2018 '' . Motorsport.com . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Scott ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Wehrlein , Russell to share Mercedes F1 reserve driver role in 2018 '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wehrlein to stay in Mercedes fold '' . Speedcafe. 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Khorounzhiy , Valentin . `` Pascal Wehrlein back to Mercedes DTM team after losing F1 seat '' . autosport.com . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Massa ends F1 career with ' great feeling ' '' . GPUpdate.net . JHED Media BV. 27 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Williams hints at long - term seat for Sirotkin '' . Speedcafe. 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Calendar '' . motorsportweek.com . Ryan Wood . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIA announces World Motor Sport Council decisions '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 6 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Benson , Andrew ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` French Grand Prix returns for 2018 after 10 - year absence '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ариф Рагимов : В 2018 - м россиянам будет проще посетить гонки в Баку и Сочи '' ( Arif Ragimov : In 2018 it will be easy for Russians to visit both Baku and Sochi . ) . autosport.com.ru ( in Russian ) . Manuscript. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Takle , Abhishek ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` German GP future remains uncertain '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 race to be Malaysia 's F1 farewell '' . formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Ltd. 7 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Карташов , Андрей ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Советник Козака : перенос Гран - при России `` Формулы - 1 '' на осень сделан в интересах зрителей '' ( Deputy for Kozak : moving the Formula 1 Russian Grand Prix to the fall was done in the interest of spectators ) ( in Russian ) . tass.ru . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Noble , Johnathan ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` Formula 1 tweaks grid penalty system for 2018 '' . autosport.com . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stricter F1 jump start rules in 2018 '' . Speedcafe. 23 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federation Internationale de l'Automobile '' . fia.com . Federation Internationale de l'Automobile . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ben ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` FIA clamps down on Formula 1 practice driver licences '' . autosport.com . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Noble , Jonathan ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` F1 announces weekend schedule changes for all 2018 grands prix '' . autosport.com . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` F1 's 2018 testing schedule revealed '' . Eurosport UK . 18 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everything you need to know about the 2017 F1 season '' . ESPN . 20 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Coch , Mat ( 26 February 2018 ) . `` Force India unveils 2018 Formula 1 car '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` F1 pushes ahead with 2018 three - engine plan '' . Autoweek . Crain Communications , Inc. 25 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Horner criticises oil burn allowance in ' green ' F1 '' . Speedcafe. 14 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Noble , Jonathan ; Nugnes , Franco ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` How Formula 1 engine rules are tightening for the 2018 season '' . autosport.com . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Glenn ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` F1 T - wings and shark fins to be clamped down on for 2018 '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Noble , Jonathan ; Barretto , Lawrence ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` Formula 1 shark fin banned for 2018 in U-turn '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Noble , Jonathan ( 8 July 2017 ) . `` FIA reveals first image of shield device and British GP test plans '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Adam ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` Six key myths about F1 's halo cockpit protection device busted '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Barretto , Lawrence ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` FIA reveals details of F1 halo crash testing for 2018 '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Ted ( 25 March 2018 ) . `` F1 Australia Pit Lane Race Day '' . Sky Sports F1 . BSkyB . Jump up ^ Kalinauckas , Alex ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` New F2 car revealed , to feature halo device '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Marcus ; Barretto , Lawrence ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Single - spec International Formula 3 set to replace GP3 on F1 bill '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIA to take cockpit protection to other categories '' . Speedcafe. 24 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Isaacs , Lewis ( 24 March 2018 ) . `` Second - gen Formula E car turns first demo run '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Adam ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Aerodynamic fairings will change halo 's looks for 2018 F1 season '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What are the New F1 Technical Rules for 2018 ? '' . 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halo impact becoming clearer to F1 teams '' . Speedcafe. 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Coch , Mat ( 12 May 2018 ) . `` Vettel : Halo - mounted mirrors improve visibility '' . speedcafe.com . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Adam ( 12 May 2018 ) . `` FIA tells Ferrari it ca n't run halo mirror winglets after Spanish GP '' . autosport.com . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Adam ( 22 March 2018 ) . `` FIA alters Melbourne start lights to address F1 halo concerns '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Scott ( 12 November 2017 ) . `` Pirelli to introduce new softest - compound pink - walled F1 tyre in ' 18 '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Adam ; Barretto , Lawrence ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` Pirelli reveals details and colours for expanded range of 2018 F1 tyres '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirelli unveils expanded range of F1 tyres '' . Speedcafe. 24 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Coxh , Mat ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` Pirelli expects Monaco lap record to tumble '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pirelli confident of two - stop Grands Prix in 2018 '' . Speedcafe. 2 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirelli reduces tread depth for Barcelona , Silverstone & Paul Ricard '' . Formula 1 . 7 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Testing analysis : Has F1 finally got a three - way title battle ? '' . ESPN . 11 March 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` F1 -- Vettel takes sensational Australian GP win ahead of Hamilton '' . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 25 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Green , Jonathan ( 25 March 2018 ) . `` Fernando Alonso says McLaren 's next target is catching Red Bull '' . Sky Sports F1 . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Richards , Giles ( 24 March 2018 ) . `` Charismatic Charles Leclerc poised to lift Sauber to a different level in F1 '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : van Leeuwen , Andrew ; Straw , Edd ( 25 March 2018 ) . `` Plastic bag likely cause of Sirotkin 's Australian GP brake failure '' . Autosport . Motorsport Network . Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What the teams said -- Race day in Melbourne '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 25 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Vettel wins Canadian F1 Grand Prix after chequered flag is waved a lap early in Montreal '' . abc.net.au . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 11 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Formula One Sporting Regulations '' . FIA.com . FIA. 9 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . External links Official website Formula One portal <Th_colspan="2"> Formula One seasons <Td_colspan="2"> 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 2017 2018 2019 <Th_colspan="2"> World championships in 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> `` 2017 2019 '' Summer sports Archery ( indoor ) Association football ( men ) Athletics ( indoor ) Badminton individual team Basketball women Basketball ( 3x3 ) Beach handball men women Bowls Boxing ( women ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track mountain bike & trials cyclo - cross BMX Field hockey men women Finswimming Floorball ( men ) Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic Karate Quidditch Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Squash men women 's team Swimming ( 25 m ) Table tennis Volleyball men women Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Ski flying Speed skating allround sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess open women Darts BDO PDC Snooker six - red Motor sports Air race Endurance racing F1 Powerboat Formula E 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Formula One F2 GP3 Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Formula_One_World_Championship&oldid=850016034 '' Categories : Formula One seasons 2018 in Formula One Current motorsport seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with short description Use dmy dates from July 2017 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 00 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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1. 2018 Formula One World Championship
2. Defending World Drivers' Champion
3. Current Constructors' Championship leaders
4. Introduction of the "halo" cockpit protection device
5. Changes in team and driver line-ups for 2018 season
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8,028,243,329,990,849,000 |
who proposed the idea of the philippine autonomy act
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Jones law ( Philippines ) - wikipedia Jones law ( Philippines ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Jones Act . Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III House of Representatives Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2007 2013 2016 Political parties ( show ) Lakas Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas Congressman William Jones authored the bill which replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 . A poster advertising the passage of the Jones Law The Jones Law ( 39 Stat. 545 , c. 416 , also known as the Jones Act , the Philippine Autonomy Act , and the Act of Congress of August 29 , 1916 ) was an Organic Act passed by the United States Congress . The law replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 and acted as a constitution of the Philippines from its enactment until 1934 , when the Tydings -- McDuffie Act was passed ( which in turn led eventually to the Commonwealth of the Philippines and to independence from the United States ) . The Jones Law created the first fully elected Philippine legislature . The law was enacted by the 64th United States Congress on August 29 , 1916 and contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States Federal Government 's commitment to grant independence to the Philippines . It was a framework for a `` more autonomous government '' , with certain privileges reserved to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests , in preparation for the grant of independence by the United States . The law provides that the grant of independence would come only `` as soon as a stable government can be established '' , which was to be determined by the United States Government itself . The law also changed the Philippine Legislature into the Philippines ' first fully elected body and therefore made it more autonomous of the U.S. Government . The 1902 Philippine Organic Act provided for an elected lower house ( the Philippine Assembly ) , while the upper house ( the Philippine Commission ) was appointed . The Jones Law provided for both houses to be elected and changed the name of the Assembly to the House of Representatives . The executive branch continued to be headed by an appointed Governor General of the Philippines , always an American . Elections were held on October 3 , 1916 to the newly created Philippine Senate . Elections to the Philippine Assembly had already been held on June 6 , 1916 , and those elected automatically became members of the House of Representatives . In 1898 , the Philippines were ceded by Spain to the United States , which subsequently fought the Philippine -- American War between 1899 and 1902 and established control over the Philippines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development of the bill 2 Passage into law 3 Terms 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 6 External links Development of the bill ( edit ) The ultimate goal for the Philippines was independence . U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt said as early as 1901 , `` We hope to do for them what has never been done for any people of the tropics -- to make them fit for self - government after the fashion of really free nations . '' The American public tended to view America 's presence in the Philippines as unremunerative and expensive , so Roosevelt had concluded by 1907 , `` We shall have to be prepared for giving the islands independence of a more or less complete type much sooner than I think advisable . '' Woodrow Wilson said , during the 1912 election campaign which made him US President , `` The Philippines are at present our frontier but I hope we presently are to deprive ourselves of that frontier . '' Even before the 1912 elections , U.S. House Committee on Insular Affairs Chairman William Atkinson Jones attempted to launch a bill which set a fixed date for Philippine independence . Manuel L. Quezon was one of the Philippines ' two resident commissioners to the US House of Representatives . Jones delayed to launch his bill , so Quezon drafted the first of two `` Jones Bills . '' He drafted a second Jones Bill in early 1914 after the election of Wilson as president and his appointment of Francis Burton Harrison as President of the Philippine Commission and Governor General of the Philippines . Wilson had informed Quezon of his hostility to any fixed timetable for independence , and Quezon believed that the draft bill contained enough flexibility to suit Wilson . Passage into law ( edit ) The bill passed the House in October 1913 and went to the Senate , backed by Harrison , US Secretary of War Lindley Garrison , and Wilson . A final version of the bill was signed into US law by Wilson on August 29 , 1916 , after amendment by the Senate and further changes in a congressional conference committee . Terms ( edit ) Joint session of the Philippine Legislature , created by the Jones Law , in Manila , on November 15 , 1916 . Among the provisions of the law was the creation of an all - Filipino legislature . It created the Philippine Senate to replace the Philippine Commission , which had served as the upper chamber of the legislature . See also ( edit ) Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act Commonwealth of the Philippines Jones -- Shafroth Act ( Puerto Rico ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the `` Instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission Archived 2009 - 02 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . '' dated April 7 , 1900 , President William McKinley reiterated the intentions of the United States Government to establish and organize governments , essentially popular in their form , in the municipal and provincial administrative divisions of the Philippine Islands . However , there was no official mention of any declaration of Philippine Independence . ^ Jump up to : Philippine Autonomy Act ( Jones Law ) Jump up ^ James W. Lowen , Lies Across America : What Our History Sites Get Wrong , New York : Touchstone , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 87067 - 3 , page 138 . ^ Jump up to : Ninkovich 2004 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Kramer 2006 , p. 353 ^ Jump up to : Kramer 2006 , p. 354 Bibliography ( edit ) Kramer , Paul Alexander ( 2006 ) . `` The Blood of Government : Race , Empire , the United States , & the Philippines '' . UNC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5653 - 6 . , ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2985 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2985 - 1 . Ninkovich , Frank A. ( 2004 ) . `` The United States and Imperialism '' . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 056 - 2 . , ISBN 1 - 57718 - 056 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 056 - 2 . External links ( edit ) `` The Philippine Autonomy Act '' . Corpus Juris online Philippine law library . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . <Th_colspan="2"> Woodrow Wilson <Td_colspan="2"> 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society <Td_colspan="2"> ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Philippine Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Battles People Events Prelude Novales Revolt Palmero Conspiracy Gomburza Concurrent Cry of Pugad Lawin Bonifacio Plan Katagalugan ( Bonifacio ) Imus Assembly Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak - na - Bato Elections Pact Spanish -- American War Declaration of Independence Malolos Congress República Filipina Negros Revolution Republic of Negros Republic of Zamboanga Epilogue Treaty of Paris Philippine -- American War Katagalugan ( Sacay ) Moro Rebellion Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 Commonwealth of the Philippines Treaty of Manila Organizations American Anti-Imperialist League Aglipayan Church Katipunan La Liga Filipina Magdalo faction Magdiwang faction Philippine Constabulary Philippine Revolutionary Army Pulajanes Propaganda Movement Documents El filibusterismo Kartilya ng Katipunan La Solidaridad Malolos Constitution Mi último adiós Noli Me Tángere Symbols Flags of the Philippine Revolution Flag of the Philippines Lupang Hinirang Spoliarium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jones_Law_(Philippines)&oldid=786313728 '' Categories : 1916 in law 1916 in the United States History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Constitutions of the Philippines Filipino - American history Government of the Philippines History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) United States federal territory and statehood legislation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Nederlands Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2017 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Jones Law - Philippines
2. Philippine Autonomy Act
3. United States Congress
4. Philippine legislature
5. Grant of independence
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how many different types of pennies are there
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Penny ( United States coin ) - wikipedia Penny ( United States coin ) Jump to : navigation , search Penny <Td_colspan="2"> United States Value 0.01 U.S. Dollars Mass 2.5 g ( 0.08 troy oz ) Diameter 19.05 mm ( 0.75 in ) Thickness 1.52 mm ( 0.0598 in ) Edge Plain Composition 1982 -- present copper - plated zinc 97.5 % Zn , 2.5 % Cu Years of minting 1793 -- present Catalog number -- <Th_colspan="2"> Obverse <Td_colspan="2"> Design Abraham Lincoln Designer Victor D. Brenner Design date 1909 <Th_colspan="2"> Reverse <Td_colspan="2"> Design Union Shield Designer Lyndall Bass Design date 2010 -- present The United States one - cent coin , often called a penny , is a unit of currency equaling one - hundredth of a United States dollar . The cent 's symbol is ¢ . Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909 , the centennial of his birth . From 1959 ( the sesquicentennial of Lincoln 's birth ) to 2008 , the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial . Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln 's 200th birthday and a new , `` permanent '' reverse -- the Union Shield -- was introduced in 2010 . The coin is 0.75 inches ( 19.05 mm ) in diameter and 0.0598 inches ( 1.52 mm ) in thickness . Its weight has varied , depending upon the composition of metals used in its production ( see further below ) . The U.S. Mint 's official name for the coin is `` cent '' and the U.S. Treasury 's official name is `` one cent piece '' . The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name , the pre-decimal version of which had a similar place in the British system . In American English , pennies is the plural form . ( The plural form pence -- standard in British English -- is not used in reference to American coins . ) Although the coin 's abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little , there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny . As of 2015 , based on the U.S. Mint Annual Report released for 2014 , it costs the U.S. Mint 1.67 cents ( down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013 ) to make one cent because of the cost of materials , production , and distribution . This figure includes the Mint 's fixed components for distribution and fabrication , as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny . Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny . The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was $55,000,000 . This was a slight decrease from 2012 , the year before , which had a production loss of $58,000,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of composition 2 Designs 3 Lincoln cent 3.1 History 3.1. 1 Reverse design 3.1. 1.1 Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) 3.1. 1.2 Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) 3.1. 1.3 Lincoln Bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) 3.1. 1.4 Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) 3.1. 2 `` Capped cents '' 3.1. 3 Composition 3.2 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916 3.3 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents 4 Toxicity 5 Numismatics and regulations 6 Metal content and manufacturing costs 7 See also 7.1 Other denominations 8 References 9 External links History of composition ( edit ) Years Material Weight ( grains ) Weight ( grams ) 1793 -- 1795 ~ 100 % copper 208 grains 13.48 1795 -- 1857 ~ 100 % copper 168 grains 10.89 1856 -- 1864 88 % copper , 12 % nickel ( also known as NS - 12 ) 72 grains 4.67 1864 -- 1942 bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1943 zinc - coated steel ( also known as 1943 steel cent ) 42 grains 2.72 1944 -- 1946 brass ( shell case copper ) ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1947 -- 1962 bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1962 -- 1981 brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1982 brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) 38.6 grains 2.5 1983 -- present copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) 38.6 grains 2.5 In honor of Lincoln 's 200th anniversary , special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins . The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England , while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula , Michigan ores , a finding consistent with historical records . In 1943 , at the peak of World War II , zinc - coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper . A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins . Similarly , some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed . From 1944 through 1946 , salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process , and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues . During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternative metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected . The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons : vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems ; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue , and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . The cent 's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent . Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5 % zinc composition , while others used the 95 % copper composition . With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors , United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper plating . In Fiscal Year 2013 , the average one - cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents , down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011 . The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface . The predominantly copper coins produce a higher - pitched ringing sound , while the zinc coins make a lower - pitched `` clunk '' . In addition , a full 50 - cent roll of pre-1982 / 3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982 -- 83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz . Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures . Designs ( edit ) The coin has gone through several designs over its two - hundred - year time frame . Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins ( Susan B. Anthony through present dollars ) . A 1937 Wheat cent Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect , obverse Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial The following types of cents have been produced : Large cents : Flowing Hair Chain 1793 Flowing Hair Wreath 1793 Liberty Cap 1793 -- 1796 Draped bust 1796 -- 1807 Classic Head 1808 -- 1814 Coronet 1816 -- 1839 Braided Hair 1839 -- 1857 , 1868 ( not a regular issue ) Small cents : Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head cent ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) Lincoln Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs ( 2009 ) Lincoln Union Shield ( 2010 -- present ) Throughout its history , the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date , but most of the digits have been old - style numerals , except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending . The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending ( the same size as a 0 , 1 , or 2 ) in the early history , before switching to a descending , large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently ( as of 2014 ) in 1943 . Similarly , the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945 , then from 1950 and on , it became a large descending 5 . From 1959 until 2008 , the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent . Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent , Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin . In 1999 , the New Jersey state quarter was released , which depicts George Washington on both sides , crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse . ( The state quarter for South Dakota , released in 2006 , also features Washington on both sides : the typical profile on the obverse , and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse . ) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln , and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future . An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent . The letters `` VDB '' stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner , the primary designer of the Wheat cent . Lincoln cent ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln cent The Lincoln cent is the current one - cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 ( which would have been Lincoln 's 100th birthday ) , replacing the Indian Head cent . Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat - stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial ( to commemorate Lincoln 's sesquicentennial ) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln 's bicentennial . There are more one - cent coins produced than any other denomination , which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item . In its lifespan , this coin has weathered both world wars , one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort . The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency . History ( edit ) When the Lincoln one - cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909 , it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage , as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins . Previously , a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States , but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln 's birth proved stronger than the long - standing tradition . A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln 's image circulated as one - cent pieces during Lincoln 's presidency ; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War . These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination , appearance , size , and composition of Lincoln cents . Theodore Roosevelt , the 26th U.S. President , thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto `` In God We Trust '' removed as offending religion . Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian - born Jew , Victor David Brenner , who , since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation 's premier medalists . Roosevelt had learned of Brenner 's talents in a settlement house on New York City 's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas - relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln , based on a Mathew Brady photograph . Roosevelt , who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President , and who also considered himself Lincoln 's political heir , ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner 's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln 's 100th birthday in 1909 . The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York . In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins -- LIBERTY and the date -- the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination . The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3 , 1865 , authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins , during Lincoln 's tenure in office . Even though no legislation was required for the new design , approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change . Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14 , 1909 , and not quite three weeks later , on August 2 , the new coin was released to the public . In 1918 , after the controversy over Brenner 's name and initials on the reverse had died down , his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy . They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust , just under the shoulder of Lincoln . In 1969 , the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner 's original sculptures . U.S. coin collection featuring Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974 . Nearly complete set in a folder by Whitman Publishing , LLC . Also features two error coins and a description page . Reverse design ( edit ) Reverses of the Lincoln cent Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) Birth and early childhood in Kentucky ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Formative Years in Indiana ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Professional life in Illinois ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Presidency in DC ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Union shield ( 2010 -- present ) Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style . Between these , in the center of the coin , are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , while curving around the upper border is the national motto , E Pluribus Unum , Latin for `` From Many , One . '' The original model bore Brenner 's name on the reverse , curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . Before the coins were issued , however , the initials `` VDB '' were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent . After the coin was released , many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design . Because the coin was in great demand , and because to make a change would have required halting production , the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely . Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents : the 1909 and 1909 - S Indian Head cents , and four Lincoln coins : 1909 VDB , 1909 - S VDB , 1909 and 1909 - S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues . While the smallest mintage is the ' 09 - S Indian , the ' 09 - S VDB is the key Lincoln date , and hence is most valuable . Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7 % of the plain V.D.B. Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) On February 12 , 1959 , a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth . No formal competition was held . Frank Gasparro , then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint , prepared the winning entry , selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration . Again , only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years . The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif , with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design , together with the denomination . The initials `` FG '' appear on the right , near the shrubbery . Lincoln bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) ( edit ) The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent 's reverse be redesigned in 2009 . This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln 's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth . These four designs , unveiled September 22 , 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , are : Birth and early childhood in Kentucky : this design features a log cabin and Lincoln 's birth year 1809 . It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz . This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln 's 200th birthday , February 12 , 2009 , at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln 's birthplace . The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years ( see Lincoln cent mintage figures ) . It has been nicknamed the `` Log Cabin Penny '' . Formative years in Indiana : this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting . It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers . Nicknamed the `` Indiana Penny '' , it was released on May 14 , 2009 . Professional life in Illinois : this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol . It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart . Nicknamed the `` Illinois Penny '' , it was released on August 13 , 2009 . Presidency in Washington , D.C. : this design features the half - completed Capitol dome . It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna . This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12 , 2009 . U.S. Mint released collector 's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc . Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) . Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper . Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which `` shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country '' . Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent . On April 16 , 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts ( CFA ) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation . Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s . The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll ; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield . In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag . As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12 , the design for the 2010 cent was announced . The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC . According to the Mint , the 13 stripes on the shield `` represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government , represented by the horizontal bar above . '' The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi , an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency . The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner 's design . The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959 . The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor - engraver Joseph Menna . In January 2010 , the coins were released early in Puerto Rico ; this was caused by a shortage of 2009 - dated pennies on the island . The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield , Illinois on February 11 , 2010 . `` Capped cents '' ( edit ) To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle , local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend `` The Morro Castle Fire '' These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent . According to `` Mrs. Astor 's Horse '' by Stanley Walker : Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business . A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire , September , 1934 , Asbury Park '' on the other . Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster . As soon as they came off the press , heart - rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about . Later , to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann , Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse , where the trial was held , and surrounded by the legend `` HAUPTMANN TRIAL , Flemington , NJ . '' Another part of the text in `` Mrs. Astor 's Horse '' states : A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business . He set up for business on the porch of the hotel . He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse , surrounded by the legend , Hauptmann Trial , Flemington , N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper . By running the copper strips through the press , together with the pennies , he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend . The pieces sold for five cents each , three for a dime . Also , from 1935 to 1938 , during the Christmas season , Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus . By donating 10 cents , shoppers in Manhattan would receive these . Additionally , if they donated an extra 5 cents , their cent would come in a greeting card holder . Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd 's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis . There was also a design featuring the Lord 's prayer . Composition ( edit ) Bronze , 1909 -- 1942 . Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864 , 95 % copper and 2.5 % tin and 2.5 % zinc . Wartime zinc - plated steel , 1943 . The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943 . Further information : 1943 steel cent Production of the war - time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18 , 1942 , which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31 , 1946 . Low - grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins , to which a zinc coating 0.0005 - inch ( 0.013 mm ) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive . This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made , leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust . The same size was maintained , but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains ( 3.1 g ) to 42 grains ( 2.7 g ) , by using a lighter alloy . Production commenced on February 27 , 1943 , and by December 31 of that year , the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one - cent coins . The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers , two destroyers , 1,243 Flying Fortresses , 120 field guns and 120 howitzers , or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns . Wartime brass , 1944 -- 1946 . Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents , especially that they could be mistaken for dimes , led to a change in composition of the wartime cent . On January 1 , 1944 , the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy , the supply being derived from expended shell casings which , when melted , furnished a composition similar to the original , but with a much smaller trace of tin . The original weight of 48 grains ( 3.1 g ) was also restored . Bronze , 1947 -- 1962 . Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper - tin - zinc `` bronze '' composition was again used . Brass , 1962 -- 1982 . The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962 . Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin , whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95 % copper and 5 % zinc would be of much benefit . Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5 , 1962 . Experimental aluminum cents , 1974 . During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternate metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and in 1973 , a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck ( dated 1974 ) and ready for public release . A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress , but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons . About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors , although they are now considered illegal to own . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer , known as the Toven Specimen , and was certified as authentic in 2005 . Copper - plated zinc , 1982 -- present . In mid-1982 , the coin 's composition was changed again , this time to copper - plated zinc . The last mostly - copper cents ( 95 % copper metal composition ) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22 , 1982 . The copper - plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today . They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2 % zinc and 0.8 % copper with an outer plating of pure copper , for an overall composition of 97.5 % zinc and 2.5 % copper , and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer ( Jarden Zinc Products ) . Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each , these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness , and nearly in appearance , to the mostly copper ( 95 % ) cents issued before mid-1982 , which weighed 3.11 grams each . A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare . Matte proof lincolns 1909 to 1916 ( edit ) When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909 , it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment . To produce Proof coinage for collectors , the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof , which was thought to highlight the design , while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended . This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use . When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room , the result was a semi-rough surface , a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims . These coins were produced in very small numbers , and the dies quickly developed small marks , known as diagnostics . These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin . Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production , they were not popular with collectors . When new , the coins were wrapped in a tarnish - proof tissue , which over time proved to be anything but . Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold , vivid colors and toning developed . It is not unusual to see vivid blues , greens , lavender , coppery orange , deep reds and purple hues on these coins . Eagerly collected by numismatists today , they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents . Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide , square outer rims , quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes . Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents ( edit ) Through mint errors , a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced . Some random errors , such as an off - center strike , slightly increase the value of the coin , and are sought after by niche collectors . However some errors were systemic , and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year . These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors . 1909 VDB `` US Lincoln Penny '' -- on the planet Mars -- part of a calibration target on the Curiosity Rover ( September 10 , 2012 ) ( 3 - D version ) ( also , image on October 2 , 2013 -- after 411 days on Mars ) The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB . Not identified until the 1970s , it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled . This coin is extremely rare in high grades . In 1922 , no one - cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint . However , three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties , making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia . These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no `` D '' cents . Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks . There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze , as opposed to the steel / zinc composition used that year . There are 10 to 12 known to exist . Likewise , a few 1944 cents were produced in steel / zinc . In 1955 , a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices , producing a prominent doubling of the date , and to a less noticeable degree , the rest of the obverse . This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent . A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint . While the 1955 doubled die cent is well - known and widely collected , the 1969 - S doubled die is far rarer , with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction . The same mechanism produced 1972 , 1983 , 1984 , and 1995 Doubled die cents . Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series , but most are minor , and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here . In 1990 , 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the `` S '' mint mark , making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint . However , as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year , they are easily distinguishable as errors , and highly valuable . The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller - than - normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA . These coins , known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition . The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger - than - normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA . These coins , known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10 , $500 , and $5 , respectively , in gem uncirculated condition . These reverse die errors are technically `` mule '' errors , as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date . Toxicity ( edit ) Zinc , a major component of mid-1982 - and - later U.S. cents , is toxic in large quantities . Swallowing such a coin , which is 97.5 % zinc , can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach . Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic . Zinc toxicity , mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982 , is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia . It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal . Numismatics and regulations ( edit ) Main article : Penny debate in the United States It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them , but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies , or cash them in at coin counting kiosks . Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies , further diminishing their utility , and the production cost ( figured in U.S. Dollars ) now exceeds the face value of the coin , caused by increasing inflation . In 2001 and 2006 , for example , United States Representative Jim Kolbe ( R ) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies ( in 2001 , the Legal Tender Modernization Act , and in 2006 , the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation ( COIN ) Act ) . In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit , the U.S. Mint , which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury , implemented new regulations on December 14 , 2006 , which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins . Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and / or imprisoned for a maximum of five years . Metal content and manufacturing costs ( edit ) The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one - cent coins was 1.79 cents , which is more than the face value of the coin . After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices , recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013 . In the 2014 fiscal year , the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents . When copper reached a record high in February 2011 , the melt value of a 95 % copper penny was more than three times its face value . As of January 21 , 2014 , a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents ' worth of copper and zinc , making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit . In comparison , post-1982 copper - plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents . The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one - cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations . See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled - die cent 1974 aluminum cent Large cent ( United States coin ) Legal Tender Modernization Act Mill ( currency ) Take a penny , leave a penny Penny ( Canadian coin ) United States Mint coin production 2018 cent Other denominations ( edit ) United States coinage Nickel Dime Quarter Half dollar Dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coin Specifications '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Mint . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Denomination : Cent ; Nickel ; Dime ; Quarter Dollar ... ( categories across the top of the specifications chart ) Jump up ^ `` Denominations '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 03 . The proper term is `` one cent piece , '' but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent . Jump up ^ Nicks , Denver ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Get Rid of the Penny ? Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew Says Yes Money '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` US Mint Cost To Make Penny '' . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Statement of Rodney J. Bosco Navigant Consulting , Inc. on `` The Future of Money : Coin Production '' '' Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy & Technology United States House of Representatives -- April 17 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Congress . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Mint Cost To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013 '' . January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coin Specifications '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog '' . Catalog.usmint.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mathur , R ( 2009 ) . `` The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 36 ( 2 ) : 430 -- 433 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2008.09. 029 . Jump up ^ John P. Dorst MD , Thomas E. Reichelderfer MD , and Roger C. Sanders MA , BM , BCh , MRCP , FRCRP . Radiodensity of the Proposed New Penny , Pediatrics Vol. 69 No . February 2 , 1982 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents '' . Coins.thefuntimesguide.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ UNITED STATES MINT -- 2013 ANNUAL REPORT p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Is my Penny a Copper , or a Zinc Cent ? '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . USMint.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( 2007 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Penny Foolish '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kocher , Greg ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Lincoln 's birthplace is launch site for new penny '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . ^ Jump up to : O'Keefe , Ed ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Heads Abe , Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial '' . The Washington Post . p . A11 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 109 -- 145 , 119 Stat. 2674 , enacted December 22 , 2005 -- Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , Title VI , § 303 . `` The design on the reverse of the 1 - cent coins issued after December 31 , 2009 , shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of United States of America as a single and united country . '' Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 09 ) . `` 2010 Lincoln Cent Design Proposals '' . 2010 Lincoln Cents . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . There were initially 18 design proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2560 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mint withdraws 2010 ' Wheat ' cent design '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2562 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mint withdraws 2010 ' Wheat ' cent design '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2562 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Commission votes for U.S. flag on 2010 1 ¢ '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2565 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gilkes , Paul ( 2009 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Cent to bear Union Shield design in 2010 '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2590 ) : 1 , 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial One - Cent Coin '' ( Press release ) . United States Mint. 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gilkes , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait '' . Coin World . 51 ( 2601 ) : 1 , 24 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln One - Cent Coin '' ( Press release ) . United States Mint. 2010 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint Sculptor - Engraver Joseph Menna . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) . `` First Circulation Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico '' . Coin World . 51 ( 2600 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ Ruston , Bruce ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Collectors seek to turn profit on pennies '' . State Journal - Register . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . The newest -- and for now permanent -- version of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Full text of `` Mrs Astor S Horse '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Katherine , A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals , Whitman Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0794820602 Jump up ^ `` The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis , Indiana on December 7 , 1980 路 Page 107 '' . Newspapers.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Lincoln Cent '' . U.S. Department of the Treasury . 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Alan ( September 2007 ) . Deisher , Beth , ed. `` 1943 Cent in Steel -- One Year Type Looked to Help With the War Effort '' . COINS Magazine : 14 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , William T. ( September 26 , 1994 ) . Beth Deisher , ed. `` 1974 bronze - clad steel cents subject to federal confiscation '' ( PDF ) . Coin World : 1 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( October 17 , 2005 ) . Beth Deisher , ed . `` Aluminum 1 ¢ ' changes ' grade '' ( PDF ) . Coin World : 2 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 1983 Copper Cent '' . www.pcgs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 Copper Cent '' . Coinfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - S 1C Doubled Die MS64 Red PCGS Lincoln Cents '' . Coins.ha.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dawn N. Bothwell , M.D. , and Eric A. Mair , M.D. , FAAP . Chronic Ingestion of a Zinc - Based Penny , Pediatrics Vol. 111 , No . March 3 , 2003 , pp. 689 -- 691 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mark L. Waltzman , M.D . ( 1 ) Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol. 45 , No. 1 Jan. -- Feb. , 2006 , pp. 71 -- 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stowe CM , Nelson R , Werdin R , et al. : Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs . JAVMA 173 : 270 , 1978 Jump up ^ See , for example , this list of common parrot illnesses and their causes Jump up ^ Hagenbaugh , Barbara ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Coins cost more to make than face value '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Zappone , Christian ( 2006 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins '' . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : United States Mint ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) . `` U.S. Mint 2010 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About U.S. Mint '' ( PDF ) . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` METALS - Copper falls on euro zone disappointment , China worry '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Current Melt Value Of Coins -- How Much Is Your Coin Worth ? '' . Coinflation.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States cents . `` Penny Foolish '' , by David Margolick , The New York Times , February 11 , 2007 -- a brief popular history of the penny . Man tries to get rid of million pennies , USA Today , 7 / 1 / 2004 Examination of claim that `` A U.S. penny costs more than a cent to manufacture '' on Snopes . Top 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Penny -- slideshow by Time Magazine U.S. Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars -- Curiosity Rover ( September 10 , 2012 ) . PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots effort by retailers and merchants to stop using the penny . ( June 2007 ) . <Th_colspan="2"> United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token <Th_colspan="2"> Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 96 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 14 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 39 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 58 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 05 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 73 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 83 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 38 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 45 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 30 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 47 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 63 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 60 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 73 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 89 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 85 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 35 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 78 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 81 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 16 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 89 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 29 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 16 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 39 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 38 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 73 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 73 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 89 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 78 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penny_(United_States_coin)&oldid=841418509 '' Categories : Abraham Lincoln One - cent coins of the United States Pennies 1793 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 18 : 39 . 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Tokyo Ghoul - wikipedia Tokyo Ghoul Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Japanese manga . For the live - action film , see Tokyo Ghoul ( film ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of Tokyo Ghoul volume 1 published by Shueisha featuring Ken Kaneki <Th_colspan="2"> 東京 喰 種 ( トーキョー グール ) ( Tōkyō Gūru ) Genre Dark fantasy , horror , thriller <Td_colspan="2"> Manga Written by Sui Ishida Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Seinen Magazine Weekly Young Jump Original run September 8 , 2011 -- September 18 , 2014 Volumes 14 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Light novel Written by Shin Towada Illustrated by Sui Ishida Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Male Magazine JUMP j - BOOKS Original run July 19 , 2013 -- present Volumes 3 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Manga <Th_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul ( Jack ) Written by Sui Ishida Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Magazine Jump Live Original run August 2013 -- October 2013 Volumes 1 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series Directed by Shuhei Morita Written by Chūji Mikasano Music by Yutaka Yamada Studio Pierrot Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Anime Limited Original network Tokyo MX , TVA , TVQ , TVO , AT - X , Dlife English network Viceland Adult Swim ( Toonami ) Original run July 4 , 2014 -- September 19 , 2014 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Manga <Th_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul : re Written by Sui Ishida Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Seinen Magazine Weekly Young Jump Original run October 16 , 2014 -- present Volumes 13 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series <Th_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul √ A Directed by Shuhei Morita Written by Chūji Mikasano Music by Yutaka Yamada Studio Pierrot Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Anime Limited Original network Tokyo MX , TVA , TVQ , TVO , AT - X , Dlife , MRO English network Viceland Adult Swim ( Toonami ) Original run January 9 , 2015 -- March 27 , 2015 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Original video animation <Th_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul ( Jack ) Directed by Sōichi Shimada Written by Chūji Mikasano Music by Yutaka Yamada Studio Pierrot Licensed by Madman Entertainment Anime Limited Released September 30 , 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> Original video animation <Th_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO Directed by Tadahito Matsubayashi Written by Sōichi Shimada Music by Yutaka Yamada Studio Pierrot Licensed by Madman Entertainment Anime Limited Released December 25 , 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series <Th_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul : re Directed by Odahiro Watanabe Written by Chūji Mikasano Studio Pierrot Original run 2018 -- scheduled <Td_colspan="2"> Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul : carnaval ∫ color Tokyo Ghoul : Jail Tokyo Ghoul : re Invoke Tokyo Ghoul : Dark War <Td_colspan="2"> Live - action film <Td_colspan="2"> Tokyo Ghoul ( film ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal Tokyo Ghoul ( Japanese : 東京 喰 種 ( トーキョー グール ) , Hepburn : Tōkyō Gūru ) is a Japanese dark fantasy manga series by Sui Ishida . It was serialized in Shueisha 's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Jump between September 2011 and September 2014 and has been collected in fourteen tankōbon volumes as of August 2014 . A sequel titled Tokyo Ghoul : re began serialization in the same magazine in October 2014 and a prequel titled Tokyo Ghoul Jack ran online on Jump Live . A 12 - episode anime television series adaptation by studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 . A 12 - episode second season , Tokyo Ghoul √ A ( pronounced Tokyo Ghoul Root A ) , which follows an original story , began airing on January 8 , 2015 , and concluded on March 26 , 2015 . In North America , Viz Media is publishing the manga while Funimation has licensed the anime series for streaming and home video distribution . The anime was obtained by Madman Entertainment for digital distribution in Australia . An anime adaptation based on the sequel manga Tokyo Ghoul : re has been announced and will premiere in 2018 . A live - action film based on the manga was released in Japan on July 29 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Media 2.1 Manga 2.2 Light novels 2.3 Anime 2.4 Video games 2.5 Live action film 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Tokyo Ghoul is set in an alternate reality where ghouls , individuals who can only survive by eating human flesh , live among the normal humans in secret , hiding their true nature to evade pursuit from the authorities . Including enhanced speed , senses , and regenerative ability , a regular ghoul is several times stronger than a normal human , has a skin resistant to ordinary piercing weapons and has at least one special predatory organ called a `` Kagune '' , which it can manifest and use as a weapon during combat . Another distinctive trait of ghouls is that when they are excited or hungry , the color of their sclera in both eyes turns black and their irises red . This mutation is known as a `` kakugan . '' In the case of a half - ghoul , only one of the eyes undergoes the transformation . A half - ghoul can either be born naturally as a ghoul and a human 's offspring , or artificially created by transplanting some ghoul organs into a human . In both cases , a half - ghoul is usually much stronger than a pure - blood ghoul . There is also the case of half - humans , hybrids of ghouls and humans that can feed like normal humans and lack a Kagune while possessing enhanced abilities , but shortened lifespans . To hunt down the ghouls , several government - sponsored organizations around the world were created . Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Tokyo Ghoul characters The story follows Ken Kaneki , a college student who barely survives a deadly encounter with Rize Kamishiro , his date who reveals herself as a ghoul . He is taken to the hospital in critical condition . After recovering , Kaneki discovers that he underwent a surgery that transformed him into a half - ghoul . This was accomplished because some of Rize 's organs were transferred into his body , and now , like normal ghouls , he must consume human flesh to survive . The ghouls who manage the coffee shop `` Anteiku '' take him in and teach him to deal with his new life as a half - ghoul . Some of his daily struggles include fitting into the ghoul society , as well as keeping his identity hidden from his human companions . The prequel series Tokyo Ghoul ( Jack ) follows the youths of Kishō Arima and Taishi Fura , two characters from the main series who become acquainted when they join forces to investigate the death of Taishi 's friend by the hands of a ghoul , leading to Taishi eventually following Arima 's path and joining the CCG ( Commission of Counter Ghoul ) , the federal agency tasked into dealing with crimes related to ghouls as well . The sequel series Tokyo Ghoul : re follows an amnesiac Kaneki under the new identity of Haise Sasaki ( the result of horrific brain damage sustained from Kishō Arima ) . He is the leader of a special team of CCG investigators called `` Quinx Squad '' that underwent a similar procedure as his , allowing them to obtain the special abilities of Ghouls in order to fight them , but still being able to live as normal humans . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) See also : List of Tokyo Ghoul chapters Tokyo Ghoul started as a manga series , written and drawn by Sui Ishida . It began serialization in 2011 's 41st issue of Weekly Young Jump , published by Shueisha on September 8 , 2011 , and the final chapter appeared in 2014 's 42nd issue , released on September 18 , 2014 . The series has been collected in fourteen tankōbon volumes , released under Shueisha 's Young Jump Comics imprint between February 17 , 2012 , and October 17 , 2014 . The series has been licensed for an English release by Viz Media and the first volume was released on June 16 , 2015 . In August 2013 , a prequel spin off manga titled Tokyo Ghoul ( Jack ) was released on Jump Live digital manga . The story spans 7 chapters and focuses on Arima Kishō and Taishi Fura 10 years before the events of Tokyo Ghoul . The manga features several characters from the main series including the above stated Kishō Arima , Taishi Fura , and future key characters Itsuki Marude and Yakumo `` Yamori '' Ōmori . On October 17 , 2014 , a full color illustration book known as Tokyo Ghoul Zakki was released along with the 14th and final volume of the manga . Zakki includes all promotional images , Volume covers and unreleased concept art with commentary by the creator Sui Ishida . A sequel titled Tokyo Ghoul : re began serialization in 2014 's 46th issue of Weekly Young Jump , published on October 16 , 2014 . The series is set 2 years after the end of the original series and introduces a new set of characters . Light novels ( edit ) Three light novels have been released thus far and all are written by Shin Towada , with illustrations done by series creator Sui Ishida . On June 19 , 2013 , Tokyo Ghoul : Days ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( 日々 ) , Tōkyō Gūru ( Hibi ) ) was released , Illustrations were done by the series creator Sui Ishida and written by Shin Towada and serves as sidestory / spin off that focuses on the daily lives of characters from the Tokyo Ghoul series . Tokyo Ghoul : Void ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( 空白 ) , Tōkyō Gūru ( Kūhaku ) ) was released on June 19 , 2014 , and fills in the 6 month time gap between volumes 8 and 9 of the first series . The third novel Tokyo Ghoul : Past ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( 昔日 ) , Tōkyō Gūru ( Sekijitsu ) ) was released on December 19 , 2014 . Sekijitsu takes place before the events of the main series and focuses on further backstory of certain Tokyo Ghoul characters , including Touka Kirishima , Ayato Kirishima , and series protagonist Ken Kaneki . Anime ( edit ) See also : List of Tokyo Ghoul episodes A 12 - episode anime television series adaptation by Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July 4 and September 19 , 2014 . It also aired on TVA , TVQ , TVO , AT - X , and Dlife . The opening theme song is `` unravel '' by `` TK from Ling Tosite Sigure '' , and the ending theme is `` Saints '' ( 聖者 たち , Seijatachi ) performed by People In The Box . Funimation has licensed the anime series for streaming and home video distribution in North America . A second season , titled Tokyo Ghoul √ A ( root A ) aired in Japan between January 9 , 2015 , and March 27 , 2015 . The opening theme song is `` Incompetence '' ( 無能 , Munō ) by österreich , while the ending theme is `` The Seasons Die Out , One After Another '' ( 季節 は 次々 死ん で いく , Kisetsu wa Tsugitsugi Shindeiku ) by Amazarashi . On March 10 , 2017 , it was announced that the anime will premiere on Adult Swim 's Saturday late - night action programming block , Toonami starting on March 25 . Anime Limited announced during MCM London Comic - Con that the series will be broadcast on VICELAND UK . A third season , titled Tokyo Ghoul : re was announced on October 5 , 2017 and is set to air in 2018 . Odahiro Watanabe will replace Shuhei Morita as the director , while Chūji Mikasano will return to write scripts . Pierrot will animate the series , while Pierrot+ is credited for animation assistance . Atsuko Nakajima will replace Kazuhiro Miwa as the character designer . Video Games ( edit ) A video game titled Tokyo Ghoul : Carnaval by Bandai Namco Games was released in Japan for Android smartphones on February 6 , 2015 , and on February 9 for iOS . The player can build his or her team from a number of ghoul and investigator characters and explore a 3D map . Another video game titled Tokyo Ghoul : Jail for the PlayStation Vita console was released on October 1 , 2015 . It is set to introduce a new protagonist by the name of Rio Tay Ryn , who will interact with characters from the anime / manga . The game was developed by Bandai Namco Games as well and is categorized as an adventure RPG where players will be able to explore Tokyo 's 23 wards . Live action film ( edit ) Main article : Tokyo Ghoul ( film ) A live - action film based on the manga was released in Japan on July 29 , 2017 . Kentarō Hagiwara directed the film . The cast included Masataka Kubota for the role of protagonist Ken Kaneki and Fumika Shimizu for the role of Touka Kirishima . Yū Aoi was cast as Rize Kamishiro , Nobuyuki Suzuki played Kotaro Amon and Yo Oizumi played Kureo Mado . Reception ( edit ) Tokyo Ghoul was the 27th best - selling manga series in Japan in 2013 , with 1,666,348 estimated sales . As of January 2014 , the manga had sold around 2.6 million copies . Tokyo Ghoul was the 4th best - selling manga series in Japan in 2014 , with 6,946,203 copies sold . The whole original series sold over 12 million copies , while the sequel series , Tokyo Ghoul : re sold over 3.7 million copies in Japan during its debut year in 2015 . As of June 2017 , both series combined reached over 24 million copies in circulation . As of July 2017 , both series had 30 million copies in print . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Nominee Morita Helms Tokyo Ghoul Anime at Pierrot '' . Anime News Network . February 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for Tokyo Ghoul '' . Viz Media . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Clarknova1 : @ Zonic505 Both seasons '' . twitter.com . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul : re Manga Gets Anime in 2018 '' . Anime News Network . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 人 を 捕食 する 怪人 描く 新 連載 「 東京 喰 種 」 が ヤンジャン で ( in Japanese ) . Natalie.mu . September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul Manga to End This Month '' . Anime News Network . September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 石田 スイ 「 東京 喰 種 」 完結 、 最終 巻 は 10 月 に ( in Japanese ) . Natalie.mu . September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 東京 喰 種 1 ― トーキョー グール ( ヤング ジャンプ コミックス ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール 14 ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul , Vol. 1 '' . Amazon.com . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ 石田 スイ 新 連載 は 喰 種 の 新 章 、 アニメ 2 期 も ( in Japanese ) . Natalie.mu . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul : re Manga Changes Main Character '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Natsuki Hanae , Sora Amamiya , Kana Hanazawa Lead Tokyo Ghoul Anime 's Cast '' . Anime News Network . March 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Acquires Tokyo Ghoul , Street Fighter : Assassin Fist '' . Anime News Network . June 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul TV Anime 's 2nd Season to Premiere in January '' . Anime News Network . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール √ A '' . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami 's bummed to see One Piece go , but excited to announce our newest show , Tokyo Ghoul ! Premiering Saturday , 3 / 25 ! '' . Facebook . March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul : re Anime 's Main Staff Revealed '' . Anime News Network . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 carnaval '' ( in Japanese ) . Google Play . 2014 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` iOS version of the Tokyo Ghoul carnaval released today in Japan '' . senpaigamer.com. 2015 - 02 - 09 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul carnaval Smartphone Game Teased in Video '' . Anime News Network . December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Tokyo Ghoul '' video game to come on PS Vita ; April Fool 's Prank by manga creator affects launching confirmation ? `` . VENTURE CAPITAL POST . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Tokyo Ghoul Film Casts Masataka Kubota , Fumika Shimizu '' . Anime News Network . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action `` Tokyo Ghoul '' Adds Cast `` . Crunchyroll . August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sui Ishida 's Suspense Horror Manga Tokyo Ghoul Gets Anime '' . Anime News Network . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2014 '' . Anime News Network . November 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul Horror Manga Gets Stage Play '' . Anime News Network . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2015 '' . Anime News Network . November 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Ghoul , Tokyo Ghoul : re Have 24 Million Copies in Print '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sui Ishida 's `` Tokyo Ghoul '' Manga Series Has Printed 30 Million Copies Worldwide `` . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Tokyo Ghoul at Weekly Young Jump ( in Japanese ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) Official Adult Swim website Tokyo Ghoul ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia <Th_colspan="2"> Works of Pierrot Television series The Wonderful Adventures of Nils ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Miss Machiko ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Urusei Yatsura ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Mysterious Cities of Gold ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Mrs. Pepper Pot ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Creamy Mami , the Magic Angel ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Chikkun Takkun ( 1984 ) Persia , the Magic Fairy ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Star Musketeer Bismarck / Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs ( 1984 -- 1985 / 1987 -- 1988 ) Magical Emi , the Magic Star ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ninja Senshi Tobikage ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Pastel Yumi , the Magic Idol ( 1986 ) Anmitsu Hime : From Amakara Castle ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Ganbare , Kickers ! 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1. Tokyo Ghoul - Japanese dark fantasy manga series
2. Ghouls - individuals who survive by eating human flesh
3. Ken Kaneki - protagonist who becomes a half-ghoul
4. Anime adaptation - aired in Japan from 2014-2015
5. Live-action film - released in Japan in 2017
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highest female to male ratio city in the us
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List of countries by sex ratio - Wikipedia List of countries by sex ratio Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) Sex ratio by country for total population . Red represents more females , blue more males than the world average of 1.01 males / females . Sex ratio by country for population aged below 15 . Red represents more girls , blue more boys than the world average of 1.06 males / females . Sex ratio by country for population aged above 65 . Red represents more women , blue more men than the world average of 0.79 males / females . The human sex ratio is the number of males for each female in a population . This is a list of sex ratios by country or region . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Countries 3 See also 4 References Methodology ( edit ) The table 's data is derived from The World Factbook , except when otherwise indicated . It shows the male to female sex ratio as estimated by the United States ' Central Intelligence Agency . However , there are differences between the estimates by The World Factbook and numbers reported by the census offices of respective countries . The world average for the ratio of males / females is 1.00 , which means there are 1.01 males for every female ( more males than females ) . For example , The World Factbook in 2001 reported Switzerland 's sex ratio at birth as 1.05 , while Switzerland 's Federal Office of Statistics in 2011 reported Switzerland 's sex ratio at birth as 1.07 per its birth records census data . Similar differences between estimates by `` The World Factbook '' and census numbers from birth records are known for Sweden , Norway , Ireland , India and Japan . A ratio above 1 , e.g. 1.1 , means there are 1.1 males for every 1 female ( more males than females ) . A ratio below 1 , e.g. 0.8 , means there are 0.8 males for every 1 female ( more females than males ) . A ratio of 1 means there are equal numbers of females and males . Countries ( edit ) Number of males in relation to each female : Country / region at birth ( CIA estimate , 2016 ) 0 - 14 years 15 - 24 years 25 - 54 years 55 - 64 years over 65 total at birth ( WDB estimate , 2012 ) - World 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.02 0.95 0.805 1.015 1.07 Afghanistan 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.97 0.86 1.03 1.07 Albania 1.10 1.12 1.07 0.91 0.98 0.89 0.98 1.07 Algeria 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.02 1.03 0.86 1.03 1.05 American Samoa 1.06 0.96 0.96 1.06 0.96 0.85 1.00 Andorra 1.07 1.05 1.08 1.05 1.15 1.02 1.06 Angola 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.94 1.5 1.02 1.03 Anguilla 1.04 1.04 1.00 0.82 0.90 0.98 0.91 Antigua and Barbuda 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.84 0.82 0.76 0.90 Argentina 1.05 1.06 1.05 0.94 0.71 0.98 1.04 Armenia 1.13 1.14 1.06 0.93 0.84 0.67 0.94 1.15 Aruba 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.93 0.87 0.64 0.90 1.05 Australia 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.98 0.86 1.01 1.06 Austria 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.76 0.96 1.06 Azerbaijan 1.11 1.15 1.09 0.96 0.86 0.62 0.98 1.16 Bahamas , The 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.00 0.81 0.62 0.96 1.06 Bahrain 1.03 1.03 1.30 1.88 1.81 0.95 - 1.05 Bangladesh 1.04 1.04 1.00 0.93 0.98 0.97 0.97 1.05 Barbados 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.88 0.66 0.94 1.04 Belarus 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.97 0.79 0.46 0.87 1.06 Belgium 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.98 0.76 0.97 1.05 Belize 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.97 0.89 1.03 1.03 Benin 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.76 0.66 1.01 1.04 Bermuda 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.89 0.73 0.94 Bhutan 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.14 1.16 1.10 1.09 1.04 Bolivia 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.95 0.86 0.79 0.98 1.05 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.01 0.92 0.64 0.95 1.07 Botswana 1.03 1.04 0.99 1.15 0.82 0.66 1.04 1.03 Brazil 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.98 0.89 0.74 0.97 1.05 British Virgin Islands 1.05 0.97 0.92 0.89 0.95 0.95 0.92 Brunei 1.05 1.06 0.99 0.92 1.04 0.95 0.98 1.06 Bulgaria 1.06 1.06 1.09 1.06 0.88 0.69 0.95 1.06 Burkina Faso 1.03 1.00 1.01 1.03 0.77 0.60 0.99 1.05 Burma 1.06 1.04 1.03 0.99 0.89 0.77 0.99 Burundi 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.74 0.99 1.03 Cambodia 1.05 1.02 0.98 0.96 0.65 0.60 0.94 1.05 Cameroon 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.95 0.87 1.01 1.03 Canada 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.03 0.98 0.80 0.98 1.05 Cape Verde 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.94 0.75 0.61 0.94 1.03 Cayman Islands 1.02 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.95 Central African Republic 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.84 0.64 0.98 1.03 Chad 1.04 1.03 0.95 0.83 0.79 0.71 0.93 1.03 Chile 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.00 0.89 0.72 0.97 1.04 China 1.15 1.17 1.14 1.04 1.02 0.92 1.06 1.19 Colombia 1.06 1.05 1.04 0.98 0.88 0.72 0.98 1.05 Comoros 1.03 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.80 0.88 0.94 1.05 Congo , Democratic Republic of the 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.89 0.73 1.00 1.03 Congo , Republic of the 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.99 0.78 1.01 1.03 Cook Islands 1.04 1.12 1.14 1.00 1.17 0.97 1.07 Costa Rica 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.95 0.86 1.01 1.05 Cote d'Ivoire 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.05 1.01 0.93 1.02 1.02 Croatia 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.00 0.96 0.69 0.93 1.06 Cuba 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.01 0.94 0.81 0.99 1.06 Curacao 1.05 1.04 1.09 0.96 0.76 0.70 0.92 Cyprus 1.05 1.06 1.19 1.11 0.92 0.77 1.04 1.07 Czech Republic 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.94 0.70 0.97 1.06 Denmark 1.06 1.05 1.04 0.99 0.99 0.81 0.97 1.06 Djibouti 1.03 1.01 0.89 0.71 0.85 0.82 0.84 1.04 Dominica 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.03 1.15 0.79 1.02 Dominican Republic 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.01 0.86 1.03 1.05 Ecuador 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.99 1.05 Egypt 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.03 0.98 0.82 1.05 1.05 El Salvador 1.05 1.05 1.01 0.86 0.80 0.80 0.93 1.05 Equatorial Guinea 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.00 0.76 0.72 0.99 1.03 Eritrea 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.74 0.75 0.97 1.03 Estonia 1.05 1.05 1.08 1.01 0.81 0.51 0.88 1.06 Ethiopia 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.95 0.82 0.99 1.03 European Union 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.95 0.75 0.96 1.06 Faroe Islands 1.07 1.07 1.05 1.18 1.06 0.94 1.08 Fiji 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.03 0.85 1.03 1.06 Finland 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 0.97 0.76 0.97 1.05 France 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.01 0.93 0.75 0.96 1.05 French Polynesia 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.06 0.94 1.05 1.05 Gabon 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.75 0.99 1.03 Gambia , The 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.88 0.98 1.03 Gaza Strip / Palestine 1.06 1.05 1.01 0.96 1.10 0.71 1.02 1.05 Georgia 1.08 1.11 1.11 0.95 0.81 0.64 0.92 1.11 Germany 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.98 0.78 0.97 1.06 Ghana 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.94 0.95 0.86 0.97 1.06 Gibraltar 1.07 1.05 1.10 1.03 0.81 0.97 1.01 Greece 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.99 0.96 0.78 0.95 1.07 Greenland 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.10 1.26 1.15 1.10 Grenada 1.10 1.08 0.99 1.05 1.05 0.85 1.03 1.05 Guam 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.03 1.02 0.85 1.03 1.06 Guatemala 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.91 0.91 0.87 0.97 1.05 Guernsey 1.05 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.83 0.99 Guinea 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 0.92 0.79 1.00 1.06 Guinea - Bissau 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.99 0.62 0.60 0.96 1.03 Guyana 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.09 0.82 0.71 1.02 1.05 Haiti 1.01 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.91 0.81 0.98 1.05 Honduras 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.88 0.77 1.01 1.05 Hong Kong 1.12 1.12 1.08 0.74 0.94 0.89 0.87 1.07 Hungary 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.01 0.85 0.60 0.91 1.06 Iceland 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.01 0.88 1.01 1.05 India 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.90 1.08 1.08 Indonesia 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.84 0.77 1.00 1.05 Iran 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.97 0.86 1.03 1.05 Iraq 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.02 0.91 0.80 1.02 1.07 Ireland 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.86 1.00 1.07 Isle of Man 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.02 0.87 1.00 Israel 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.96 0.81 1.01 1.05 Italy 1.06 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.94 0.75 0.93 1.06 Jamaica 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.93 0.81 0.98 1.05 Japan 1.06 1.06 1.11 0.98 1.00 0.77 0.94 1.06 Jersey 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.74 0.97 Jordan 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.89 1.02 1.05 Kazakhstan 0.94 0.98 1.04 0.95 0.78 0.53 0.92 1.07 Kenya 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.02 0.84 0.77 1.00 1.03 Kiribati 1.05 1.04 0.99 0.93 0.82 0.65 0.95 1.05 Korea , North 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.01 0.90 0.53 0.94 1.05 Korea , South 1.07 1.07 1.12 1.06 0.98 0.71 1.00 1.10 Kosovo 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.01 0.72 1.06 Kuwait 1.05 1.08 1.22 1.72 1.31 0.89 1.41 1.03 Kyrgyzstan 1.07 1.05 1.03 0.96 0.77 0.62 0.96 1.06 Laos 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.83 0.99 1.05 Latvia 1.05 1.05 1.07 0.98 0.79 0.48 0.86 1.05 Lebanon 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.88 0.79 1.00 1.05 Lesotho 1.03 1.01 0.91 0.96 1.14 1.03 0.98 1.03 Liberia 1.03 1.02 0.97 0.99 0.93 0.97 0.99 1.06 Libya 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.10 1.04 1.01 1.07 1.06 Liechtenstein 1.26 1.17 0.99 1.00 0.95 0.84 0.99 Lithuania 1.06 1.05 1.07 0.97 0.79 0.51 0.86 1.05 Luxembourg 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.79 1.01 1.06 Macau 1.05 1.09 1.11 0.80 1.01 0.88 0.91 1.05 Republic of Macedonia 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.03 0.96 0.75 0.99 1.08 Madagascar 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.95 0.83 1.00 1.03 Malawi 1.02 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.79 0.98 1.03 Malaysia 1.07 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.03 0.90 1.03 1.06 Maldives 1.05 1.04 1.37 1.34 1.00 0.89 1.23 1.06 Mali 1.03 1.01 0.91 0.87 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.05 Malta 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.05 0.98 0.81 0.99 1.06 Marshall Islands 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.97 1.04 Mauritania 1.03 1.01 0.96 0.86 0.82 0.74 0.93 1.05 Mauritius 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.90 0.68 0.97 1.04 Mexico 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.93 0.85 0.82 0.96 1.05 Micronesia , Federated States of 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.94 0.97 0.81 0.98 1.07 Moldova 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.01 0.85 0.62 0.95 1.06 Monaco 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.00 0.99 0.81 0.95 Mongolia 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.94 0.85 0.69 0.96 1.03 Montenegro 1.06 0.97 0.83 1.17 1.00 0.66 0.99 1.08 Montserrat 1.03 1.07 1.08 0.92 0.83 1.60 1.00 Morocco 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.94 0.99 0.82 0.97 1.06 Mozambique 1.02 1.01 0.97 0.88 0.92 0.85 0.96 1.03 Namibia 1.03 1.02 0.99 0.91 0.82 0.75 0.96 1.03 Nauru 0.83 0.77 1.02 1.01 0.64 0.63 0.89 Nepal 1.04 1.07 1.00 0.82 0.95 0.86 0.95 1.05 Netherlands 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.99 0.82 0.98 1.06 New Caledonia 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.01 0.94 0.80 1.00 1.05 New Zealand 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.00 0.95 0.86 0.99 1.06 Nicaragua 1.05 1.04 1.01 0.90 0.86 0.81 0.95 1.05 Niger 1.03 1.02 0.98 1.00 1.08 1.04 1.01 1.05 Nigeria 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.05 0.95 0.91 1.04 1.06 Northern Mariana Islands 1.06 1.06 1.28 0.73 1.14 0.92 0.93 Norway 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.02 0.84 1.02 1.06 Oman 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.38 1.14 0.99 1.19 1.05 Pakistan 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.01 0.88 1.06 1.05 Palau 1.06 1.07 1.00 1.57 0.54 0.37 1.09 Panama 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.98 0.85 1.01 1.05 Papua New Guinea 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.06 1.03 1.06 1.04 1.08 Paraguay 1.05 1.04 1.01 1.00 1.04 0.88 1.01 1.05 Peru 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.92 0.94 0.90 0.97 1.05 Philippines 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.84 0.72 1.01 1.06 Poland 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.02 0.90 0.64 0.94 1.06 Portugal 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.03 0.88 0.69 0.96 1.06 Puerto Rico 1.02 1.04 1.05 0.92 0.83 0.76 0.91 1.05 Qatar 1.02 1.03 2.64 4.91 3.38 1.71 3.41 1.04 Romania 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.02 0.88 0.68 0.95 1.06 Russia 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.96 0.75 0.45 0.86 1.06 Rwanda 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.70 1.00 1.01 Saint Barthelemy 1.06 1.06 1.10 1.19 1.19 1.00 1.13 Saint Helena 1.05 1.04 1.05 0.98 1.09 1.04 1.02 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.02 1.01 0.94 1.05 1.00 0.83 1.00 Saint Lucia 1.06 1.06 1.03 0.93 0.86 0.83 0.95 1.03 Saint Martin 1.04 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.87 0.81 0.93 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1.05 1.06 1.08 0.97 1.10 0.72 0.95 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.08 1.06 0.87 1.03 1.03 Samoa 1.05 1.07 1.05 1.07 1.04 0.77 1.04 1.08 San Marino 1.10 1.14 1.06 0.89 0.99 0.81 0.94 Sao Tome and Principe 1.03 1.03 1.03 0.96 0.84 0.81 1.00 1.03 Saudi Arabia 1.05 1.05 1.15 1.31 1.21 1.05 1.19 1.03 Senegal 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.85 0.76 0.82 0.94 1.03 Serbia 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.02 0.93 0.70 0.95 1.08 Seychelles 1.03 1.05 1.10 1.12 1.06 0.64 1.06 Sierra Leone 1.03 1.00 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.73 0.95 1.02 Singapore 1.07 1.05 0.97 0.95 1.00 0.83 0.96 1.07 Sint Maarten 1.05 1.09 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.92 0.98 Slovakia 1.07 1.05 1.06 1.02 0.90 0.62 0.94 1.05 Slovenia 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.02 0.97 0.68 0.95 1.05 Solomon Islands 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.02 0.92 1.04 1.09 Somalia 1.03 1.00 1.02 1.07 0.96 0.64 1.01 1.03 South Africa 1.02 1.01 0.98 1.02 0.87 0.73 0.98 1.03 South Sudan 1.05 1.03 1.06 0.94 1.10 1.19 1.02 Spain 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.04 0.95 0.74 0.98 1.06 Sri Lanka 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.96 0.86 0.74 0.96 1.04 Sudan 1.05 1.03 1.06 0.94 1.10 1.19 1.02 1.05 Suriname 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.96 0.76 1.01 1.08 Swaziland 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.08 0.66 0.64 1.00 1.03 Sweden 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.85 1.00 1.06 Switzerland 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.78 0.97 1.06 Syria 1.06 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.98 0.82 1.01 1.05 Taiwan 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.00 0.96 0.86 0.99 Tajikistan 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.98 0.85 0.72 0.99 1.05 Tanzania 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.78 0.75 0.99 1.03 Thailand 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.98 0.89 0.78 0.97 1.06 Timor - Leste 1.07 1.06 1.03 0.93 1.04 0.91 1.01 1.05 Togo 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.89 0.76 0.98 1.02 Tonga 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.00 0.98 0.84 1.01 1.05 Trinidad and Tobago 1.03 1.04 1.09 1.09 0.99 0.77 1.03 1.04 Tunisia 1.07 1.06 1.01 0.94 1.03 0.97 0.99 1.05 Turkey 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.03 0.99 0.80 1.01 1.05 Turkmenistan 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.89 0.77 0.98 1.05 Turks and Caicos Islands 1.05 1.04 0.97 1.02 1.18 0.80 1.02 Tuvalu 1.05 1.05 1.10 0.99 0.69 0.69 0.98 Uganda 1.03 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.93 0.79 0.99 1.03 Ukraine 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.96 0.75 0.50 0.86 1.06 United Arab Emirates 1.05 1.05 1.47 3.20 2.93 1.69 2.18 1.05 United Kingdom 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 0.98 0.81 0.99 1.05 United States 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.00 0.93 0.79 0.97 1.05 United States Virgin Islands 1.06 1.02 0.82 0.82 0.93 0.83 0.87 1.06 Uruguay 1.04 1.04 1.03 0.98 0.89 0.66 0.94 1.05 Uzbekistan 1.06 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.90 0.74 0.99 1.05 Vanuatu 1.05 1.04 0.99 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.00 1.07 Venezuela 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.79 0.99 1.05 Vietnam 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.01 0.85 0.63 1.00 1.05 Wallis and Futuna 1.05 1.09 1.11 1.01 0.97 0.92 1.03 West Bank / Palestine 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.06 0.73 1.04 1.05 Western Sahara 1.04 1.02 1.01 0.97 0.87 0.78 0.99 Yemen 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.05 0.85 0.87 1.02 1.05 Zambia 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.02 0.88 0.76 1.00 1.03 Zimbabwe 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.10 0.58 0.64 1.01 1.02 See also ( edit ) List of Chinese administrative divisions by gender ratio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html Jump up ^ `` Europe - Switzerland - People - Sex Ratio - at birth '' . 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Data on Switzerland 2011 , see page 6 for sex ratio at birth '' . Switzerland Federal Statistics Office . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook 2010 ( CIA 's 2009 Editthan ion ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Gender Statistics Highlights from 2012 World Development Report '' . World DataBank , a compilation of databases by the World Bank . February 2012 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) Continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate <Td_colspan="2"> List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio&oldid=839943339 '' Categories : Gender Lists of countries Demographic lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Lietuvių தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 18 : 46 . 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diana ross she works hard for the money
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She Works Hard for the Money - wikipedia She Works Hard for the Money Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the parent album , see She Works Hard for the Money ( album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` She Works Hard for the Money '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Donna Summer <Th_colspan="2"> from the album She Works Hard for the Money B - side `` I Do Believe I Fell in Love '' Released Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Genre New wave post-disco Length 5 : 19 ( album version ) 4 : 09 ( single edit ) Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Donna Summer Michael Omartian Producer ( s ) Michael Omartian <Th_colspan="2"> Donna Summer singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Love to Love You Baby ( re-issue ) '' ( 1983 ) `` She Works Hard for the Money '' ( 1983 ) `` Unconditional Love '' ( 1983 ) `` She Works Hard for the Money '' is a song by American singer Donna Summer from her 1983 eleventh studio album of the same name . Written by Michael Omartian and Summer , the song was released as the lead single from the She Works Hard for the Money album on May 1983 , by Mercury Records . It became a hit for Summer and is one of her signature songs , reaching number one for a three - week stay atop the Billboard R&B singles chart ( her first since 1979 ) , number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number three on the Dance Club Play chart . The single ended up as Billboard 's fifteenth - best performing song of 1983 . Summer performed the song live as the opening of the 1984 Grammy Awards . Summer 's Grammy performance was released on the 1994 video cassette Grammy 's Greatest Moments Volume I . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Music video 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Co-written by Summer , told a story of a woman who `` works hard for ( her ) money '' . It was based on an actual encounter that Summer had with an exhausted rest room attendant named Onetta Johnson ( at the iconic Los Angeles restaurant Chasen 's ) , who was later mentioned in the song and featured on the album 's back cover . According to MusicNotes.com , the song is performed in the key of G ♯ minor in common time with a tempo of 136 beats per minute . Summer 's vocals span from G ♯ to D ♯ . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song , directed by Brian Grant , debuted on MTV and became the first video by an African American female artist to be placed in `` heavy rotation '' ( a term used by MTV at the time to indicate a frequently - aired video ) . The video shows a woman , working as a waitress in a diner , who is burdened with many situations in her life such as work and raising two unruly children . It is also seen that she has abandoned her hopes of being a ballerina . Summer appears as an observer through a kitchen window , a woman who assists the fallen - down protagonist of the video , and , at the end , a leader of a troupe of women , in various work uniforms , who have taken to the streets to signify their independence and gain recognition for their `` hard work '' . The protagonist is also seen dancing in the street with them . In a parody of the image created by this song , and its cover art picture , Summer herself appears in the Frank Sinatra video for `` L.A. Is My Lady '' , released in 1984 , as a waitress who serves a patron and then wipes her brow . There are two versions of the music video . One is the single edit , the other remains faithful to the original length of the album version of the song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Italy ( FIMI ) 27 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 11 Spain ( AFYVE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Black Singles US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Cash Box Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 129 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 50 Canada ( RPM Top Singles ) 29 France ( IFOP ) 39 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Cash Box 22 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Rock and Roll Hall Nominations Announced : Who Has the Best Chances ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . With a career spanning funk ( `` Love to Love You Baby '' ) , disco ( `` Last Dance '' ) and New Wave ( `` She Works Hard for the Money '' ) , Summer is probably the most accomplished female artist up for induction this year . Jump up ^ Masley , Ed ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Confessions of an ' Idol ' virgin : Disco week '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Donna Summer 's big post-disco hit `` She Works Hard For the Money '' ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Hits for 1983 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy 's Greatest Moments , Volume 1 : Various Artists '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marikar , Sheila ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer : Six Things You May Not Have Known '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` She Works Hard for the Money By Donna Summer -- Digital Sheet Music '' . MusicNotes.com . Universal Music Publishing Group . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4325 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` Donna Summer '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- She Works Hard '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : S '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Donna Summer - She Works Hard For The Money '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Summer -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending AUGUST 13 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 ... Cash Box Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Donna Summer -- She Works Hard For The Money '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1983 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1983 '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2012 ... Cash Box . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Juicy Fruit '' by Mtume US Billboard Hot Black Singles number - one single July 30 , 1983 -- August 13 , 1983 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Get It Right '' by Aretha Franklin <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Donna Summer <Td_colspan="2"> Album discography Singles discography Awards Cover versions Studio albums Lady of the Night Love to Love You Baby A Love Trilogy Four Seasons of Love I Remember Yesterday Once Upon A Time Bad Girls The Wanderer I 'm a Rainbow Donna Summer She Works Hard for the Money Cats Without Claws All Systems Go Another Place and Time Mistaken Identity Christmas Spirit Crayons Live albums Live and More Live & More Encore Compilations On the Radio : Greatest Hits Volumes I & II The Summer Collection : Greatest Hits The Dance Collection : A Compilation of Twelve Inch Singles The Donna Summer Anthology Endless Summer The Ultimate Collection ( 2003 ) The Journey : The Very Best of Donna Summer Gold The Ultimate Collection ( 2016 ) Singles `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` I Feel Love '' `` Last Dance '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Hot Stuff '' `` Bad Girls '' `` Dim All the Lights '' `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` On the Radio '' `` The Wanderer '' `` Love Is in Control ( Finger on the Trigger ) '' `` She Works Hard for the Money '' `` This Time I Know It 's for Real '' Concert tours Once Upon a Time Tour Bad Girls Tour The Wanderer Tour Hard for the Money Tour Silver Girl Tour All Systems Go Tour Live & More Encore Tour Greatest Hits Tour Crayons Tour Related topics Brooklyn Dreams Pete Bellotte Joe `` Bean '' Esposito Giorgio Moroder Bruce Sudano Neil Bogart Paul Jabara Sunshine `` Down Deep Inside '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_Works_Hard_for_the_Money&oldid=826270854 '' Categories : 1983 singles 1983 songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Donna Summer songs Mercury Records singles American new wave songs Post-disco songs Song recordings produced by Michael Omartian Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Donna Summer Songs written by Michael Omartian Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 05 : 23 . About Wikipedia
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1. She Works Hard for the Money - song by Donna Summer
2. Donna Summer - American singer
3. Michael Omartian - songwriter and producer
4. Music video - directed by Brian Grant
5. Billboard charts - reached number one on R&B singles chart
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2,288,127,711,767,599,900 |
who is appointed as nagaland chief minister recently
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List of chief ministers of Nagaland - Wikipedia List of chief ministers of Nagaland Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Chief Minister of Nagaland govt . <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Neiphiu Rio since 8 March 2018 Appointer Governor of Nagaland Inaugural holder P. Shilu Ao Formation 1 December 1963 The Chief Minister of Nagaland is the chief executive of the northeast Indian state of Nagaland . As per the Constitution of India , the governor is a state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the Nagaland Legislative Assembly , the state 's governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . Since 1963 , ten people belonging to seven parties have served as Chief Minister of Nagaland . The first three belonged to the Naga Nationalist Organisation , including the inaugural officeholder P. Shilu Ao . The current incumbent is Neiphiu Rio of the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party , in office since 8 March 2018 . List ( edit ) No Name <Th_colspan="2"> Term of office <Th_colspan="2"> Party Days in office P. Shilu Ao MLA for Impur 1 December 1963 14 August 1966 Naga Nationalist Organisation 987 days T.N. Angami MLA for Western Angami 14 August 1966 22 February 1969 924 days Hokishe Sema MLA for Akuluto 22 February 1969 26 February 1974 1831 days Vizol Angami MLA for Southern Angami - II 26 February 1974 10 March 1975 United Democratic Front 378 days John Bosco Jasokie MLA for Kohima Town 10 March 1975 20 March 1975 Naga National Democratic Party 11 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 20 March 1975 25 November 1977 N / A ( 4 ) Vizol Angami MLA for Southern Angami - II 25 November 1977 18 April 1980 United Democratic Front 876 days ( Total 1254 days ) 6 S.C. Jamir MLA for Aonglenden 18 April 1980 5 June 1980 United Democratic Front -- Progressive 49 days ( 5 ) John Bosco Jasokie MLA for Kohima Town 5 June 1980 18 November 1982 Naga National Democratic Party 897 days ( Total 908 days ) ( 6 ) S.C. Jamir MLA for Aonglenden 18 November 1982 28 October 1986 United Democratic Front -- Progressive 1440 days ( 3 ) Hokishe Sema 29 October 1986 7 August 1988 Indian National Congress 648 days ( Total 2479 days ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 7 August 1988 25 January 1989 N / A ( 6 ) S.C. Jamir MLA for Mokokchung Town 25 January 1989 10 May 1990 Indian National Congress 471 days 7 K.L. Chishi MLA for Atoizu 16 May 1990 19 June 1990 Indian National Congress 36 days 8 Vamuzo Phesao 19 June 1990 2 April 1992 Nagaland People 's Council 653 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 2 April 1992 22 February 1993 N / A ( 6 ) S.C. Jamir MLA for Aonglenden 22 February 1993 6 March 2003 Indian National Congress 3665 days ( Total 5625 days ) 9 Neiphiu Rio MLA for Northern Angami - II 6 March 2003 3 January 2008 Nagaland People 's Front 1767 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 3 January 2008 12 March 2008 N / A ( 9 ) Neiphiu Rio MLA for Northern Angami - II 12 March 2008 24 May 2014 Nagaland People 's Front 2264 10 T.R. Zeliang MLA for Peren 24 May 2014 22 February 2017 1005 11 Shurhozelie Liezietsu 22 February 2017 19 July 2017 147 ( 10 ) T.R. Zeliang MLA for Peren 19 July 2017 8 March 2018 232 ( Total 1237 days ) ( 9 ) Neiphiu Rio MLA for Northern Angami - II 8 March 2018 Incumbent Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party 47 Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office . Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : President 's rule may be imposed when the `` government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution '' , which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly . When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant , and the administration is taken over by the governor , who functions on behalf of the central government . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . References Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Nagaland as well . Jump up ^ `` General Information , Nagaland '' . Information & Public Relations department , Nagaland government . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . External links ( edit ) States of India since 1947 <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) <Td_colspan="2"> Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee <Td_colspan="2"> Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) <Th_colspan="2"> State of Nagaland <Td_colspan="2"> Capital : Kohima Governance Governors Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly Political parties High Court Police Topics Music People Highest point Districts Dimapur Kiphire Kohima Longleng Mokokchung Mon Noklak Peren Phek Tuensang Wokha Zunheboto Main cities and towns Dimapur Kohima Tuensang Mokokchung Wokha Mon Chumukedima Kiphire Kuda Kohima Village Phek Pfutsero <Th_colspan="2"> Chief Ministers of Nagaland <Td_colspan="2"> P. Shilu Ao T.N. Angami Hokishe Sema Vizol Angami John Bosco Jasokie S.C. Jamir K.L. Chishi Vamuzo Phesao Neiphiu Rio T.R. Zeliang Shurhozelie Liezietsu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Nagaland&oldid=833760339 '' Categories : Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Nagaland Nagaland - related lists Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 08 : 55 . About Wikipedia
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1. Chief Minister of Nagaland
2. Neiphiu Rio
3. Nagaland Legislative Assembly
4. Naga Nationalist Organisation
5. Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
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-4,765,063,874,705,464,000 |
what is the salary of pm and president of india
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Salary of Government officials in India - wikipedia Salary of Government officials in India Salaries of Government Ministers , Government Officers , Constitutional Functionaries , Armed Forces Officers , Judges , Members of Parliament in India hide Position in Indian Order of Precedence Post Salary per month Remarks President ₹ 500,000 ( US $7,500 ) ( per month ) + Other allowances fixed to President of India . Vice-President ₹ 400,000 ( US $6,000 ) ( per month ) + Other allowances fixed to Vice President of India Prime Minister ₹ 160,000 ( US $2,400 ) monthly ( includes salary received as a Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha ) + Other allowances for the Prime Minister of India . Governors of States ₹ 350,000 ( US $5,200 ) + Other allowances fixed for Governors of States . 6 Chief Justice ₹ 280,000 ( US $4,200 ) + Other allowances fixed for Chief Justice of India . 9 Judges of Supreme Court of India ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,700 ) + Other allowances fixed for SC Judges . 9A Chief Election Commissioner of India ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,700 ) monthly + Other allowances . 9A Comptroller and Auditor General of India ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,700 ) monthly + Other allowances . 9A Chairman of Union Public Service Commission ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,700 ) monthly + Other allowances . 11 Cabinet Secretary of India ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,700 ) monthly + Other allowances . Senior-most civil servant in Government of India . 11 Lieutenants Governor of Union Territories ₹ 110,000 ( US $1,600 ) + Other allowances fixed by the Union Government . 12 Chiefs of Staff ( Army , Air , Naval ) in the rank of General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,700 ) monthly + Other allowances . Senior-most Armed Forces personnel in Government of India . 14 Chief Justice of High Courts ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,700 ) + Other allowances fixed for Judges . 16 Judges of High Courts ₹ 225,000 ( US $3,400 ) + Other allowances fixed for Judges . 21 Member of Parliament of India ₹ 50,000 ( US $750 ) + Constituency allowances ₹ 45,000 ( US $670 ) + Parliament office allowance ₹ 45,000 ( US $670 ) + Parliament session allowance ( ₹ 2,000 ( US $30 ) per day ) . 23 Secretaries to Government of India , Special Secretaries to Government of India , Vice Chief of Army Staff / Commanders in the rank of Lieutenant General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces ₹ 225,000 ( US $3,400 ) + Other allowances . 23 Chief Secretaries of State Governments , Additional Chief / Special Chief Secretaries to State Governments ₹ 225,000 ( US $3,400 ) + Other allowances . Senior-most civil servant in State Governments . 25 Additional Secretaries to Government of India ₹ 182,200 ( US $2,700 ) ( Minimum Pay ) to ₹ 224,100 ( US $3,300 ) ( Maximum Pay ) + Other allowances . 25 Principal Secretaries to State Governments ₹ 182,200 ( US $2,700 ) ( Minimum Pay ) to ₹ 224,100 ( US $3,300 ) ( Maximum Pay ) + Other allowances . 26 Joint Secretaries to Government of India , Major General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces ₹ 144,200 ( US $2,100 ) ( Minimum Pay ) to ₹ 218,200 ( US $3,300 ) ( Maximum Pay ) + Other allowances . 26 Secretaries to State Governments ₹ 144,200 ( US $2,100 ) ( Minimum Pay ) to ₹ 218,200 ( US $3,300 ) ( Maximum Pay ) + Other allowances . The Basic salary of Chief Ministers of Indian states , varies as per state governments income 's . 225000 for lieutenant governers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The President 's ( Emoluments and ) Pension Act , 1951 ( Act 30 of 1951 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . May 13 , 1951 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President okays her own salary hike by 300 per cent '' . The Indian Express . 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-for-vice-president-to-be-held-tomorrow-here-are-the-top-10-things-to-know/articleshow/59913931.cms ^ Jump up to : `` 1982 Act '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' . Vakil No. 1 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . Jump up ^ `` THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR - GENERAL 'S ( DUTIES , POWERS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE ) ACT , 1971 '' . CAG India . Archived from the original on 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Kritika ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` 7th Pay Commission : UPSC chief 's salary zooms to Rs 2.5 lakh from Rs 90,000 per month '' . India Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly three-fold hike in UPSC chief 's salary '' . The Economic Times . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India '' ( PDF ) . Seventh Central Pay Commission , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Biswas , Shreya , ed . ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` 7th Pay Commission cleared : What is the Pay Commission ? How does it affect salaries ? '' . India Today . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Salary , Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament act , 1954 and the rules made thereunder '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salary_of_Government_Officials_in_India&oldid=846040166 '' Categories : Lists of office - holders in India Government finances in India Indian civil servants Salaries of office - holders Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 21 : 54 . About Wikipedia
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1. Salary of Government officials in India
2. Salaries of Government Ministers, Government Officers, Constitutional Functionaries, Armed Forces Officers, Judges, Members of Parliament in India
3. Position in Indian Order of Precedence
4. President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Governors of States, Chief Justice, Judges of Supreme Court of India, Chief Election Commissioner of India, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Chairman of Union Public Service Commission, Cabinet Secretary of India, Lieutenants Governor of Union Territories, Chiefs of Staff in Indian Armed Forces, Chief Justice of High Courts, Judges of High Courts, Member of Parliament of India, Secretaries to Government of India, Chief Secretaries of State Governments, Additional Secretaries to Government of India, Principal Secretaries to State Governments, Joint Secretaries to Government of India, Secretaries to State Governments
5. Basic salary of Chief Ministers of Indian states
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6,490,620,355,850,502,000 |
types of patterns in mathematics in modern world
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Patterns in nature - wikipedia Patterns in nature Natural patterns form as wind blows sand in the dunes of the Namib Desert . The crescent shaped dunes and the ripples on their surfaces repeat wherever there are suitable conditions . Patterns of the veiled chameleon , Chamaeleo calyptratus , provide camouflage and signal mood as well as breeding condition . Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world . These patterns recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically . Natural patterns include symmetries , trees , spirals , meanders , waves , foams , tessellations , cracks and stripes . Early Greek philosophers studied pattern , with Plato , Pythagoras and Empedocles attempting to explain order in nature . The modern understanding of visible patterns developed gradually over time . In the 19th century , Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau examined soap films , leading him to formulate the concept of a minimal surface . German biologist and artist Ernst Haeckel painted hundreds of marine organisms to emphasise their symmetry . Scottish biologist D'Arcy Thompson pioneered the study of growth patterns in both plants and animals , showing that simple equations could explain spiral growth . In the 20th century , British mathematician Alan Turing predicted mechanisms of morphogenesis which give rise to patterns of spots and stripes . Hungarian biologist Aristid Lindenmayer and French American mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot showed how the mathematics of fractals could create plant growth patterns . Mathematics , physics and chemistry can explain patterns in nature at different levels . Patterns in living things are explained by the biological processes of natural selection and sexual selection . Studies of pattern formation make use of computer models to simulate a wide range of patterns . Contents 1 History 2 Causes 3 Types of pattern 3.1 Symmetry 3.2 Trees , fractals 3.3 Spirals 3.4 Chaos , flow , meanders 3.5 Waves , dunes 3.6 Bubbles , foam 3.7 Tessellations 3.8 Cracks 3.9 Spots , stripes 3.10 Pattern formation 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Pioneering authors 6.2 General books 6.3 Patterns from nature ( as art ) 7 External links History ( edit ) Fibonacci patterns occur widely in plant structures , including this cone of queen sago , Cycas circinalis Early Greek philosophers attempted to explain order in nature , anticipating modern concepts . Plato ( c. 427 -- c. 347 BC ) -- looking only at his work on natural patterns -- argued for the existence of universals . He considered these to consist of ideal forms ( εἶδος eidos : `` form '' ) of which physical objects are never more than imperfect copies . Thus , a flower may be roughly circular , but it is never a perfect mathematical circle . Pythagoras explained patterns in nature like the harmonies of music as arising from number , which he took to be the basic constituent of existence . Empedocles to an extent anticipated Darwin 's evolutionary explanation for the structures of organisms . In 1202 , Leonardo Fibonacci ( c. 1170 -- c. 1250 ) introduced the Fibonacci number sequence to the western world with his book Liber Abaci . Fibonacci gave an ( unrealistic ) biological example , on the growth in numbers of a theoretical rabbit population . In 1658 , the English physician and philosopher Sir Thomas Browne discussed `` how Nature Geometrizeth '' in The Garden of Cyrus , citing Pythagorean numerology involving the number 5 , and the Platonic form of the quincunx pattern . The discourse 's central chapter features examples and observations of the quincunx in botany . In 1917 , D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson ( 1860 -- 1948 ) published his book On Growth and Form . His description of phyllotaxis and the Fibonacci sequence , the mathematical relationships in the spiral growth patterns of plants , is classic . He showed that simple equations could describe all the apparently complex spiral growth patterns of animal horns and mollusc shells . The Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau ( 1801 -- 1883 ) formulated the mathematical problem of the existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary , which is now named after him . He studied soap films intensively , formulating Plateau 's laws which describe the structures formed by films in foams . The German psychologist Adolf Zeising ( 1810 -- 1876 ) claimed that the golden ratio was expressed in the arrangement of plant parts , in the skeletons of animals and the branching patterns of their veins and nerves , as well as in the geometry of crystals . Ernst Haeckel ( 1834 -- 1919 ) painted beautiful illustrations of marine organisms , in particular Radiolaria , emphasising their symmetry to support his faux - Darwinian theories of evolution . The American photographer Wilson Bentley ( 1865 -- 1931 ) took the first micrograph of a snowflake in 1885 . D'Arcy Thompson pioneered the study of growth and form in his 1917 book In 1952 , Alan Turing ( 1912 -- 1954 ) , better known for his work on computing and codebreaking , wrote The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis , an analysis of the mechanisms that would be needed to create patterns in living organisms , in the process called morphogenesis . He predicted oscillating chemical reactions , in particular the Belousov -- Zhabotinsky reaction . These activator - inhibitor mechanisms can , Turing suggested , generate patterns of stripes and spots in animals , and contribute to the spiral patterns seen in plant phyllotaxis . In 1968 , the Hungarian theoretical biologist Aristid Lindenmayer ( 1925 -- 1989 ) developed the L - system , a formal grammar which can be used to model plant growth patterns in the style of fractals . L - systems have an alphabet of symbols that can be combined using production rules to build larger strings of symbols , and a mechanism for translating the generated strings into geometric structures . In 1975 , after centuries of slow development of the mathematics of patterns by Gottfried Leibniz , Georg Cantor , Helge von Koch , Wacław Sierpiński and others , Benoît Mandelbrot wrote a famous paper , How Long Is the Coast of Britain ? Statistical Self - Similarity and Fractional Dimension , crystallising mathematical thought into the concept of the fractal . Causes ( edit ) Composite patterns : aphids and newly born young in arraylike clusters on sycamore leaf , divided into polygons by veins , which are avoided by the young aphids Living things like orchids , hummingbirds , and the peacock 's tail have abstract designs with a beauty of form , pattern and colour that artists struggle to match . The beauty that people perceive in nature has causes at different levels , notably in the mathematics that governs what patterns can physically form , and among living things in the effects of natural selection , that govern how patterns evolve . ) Mathematics seeks to discover and explain abstract patterns or regularities of all kinds . Visual patterns in nature find explanations in chaos theory , fractals , logarithmic spirals , topology and other mathematical patterns . For example , L - systems form convincing models of different patterns of tree growth . The growth patterns of certain trees resemble these Lindenmayer system fractals . The laws of physics apply the abstractions of mathematics to the real world , often as if it were perfect . For example , a crystal is perfect when it has no structural defects such as dislocations and is fully symmetric . Exact mathematical perfection can only approximate real objects . Visible patterns in nature are governed by physical laws ; for example , meanders can be explained using fluid dynamics . In biology , natural selection can cause the development of patterns in living things for several reasons , including camouflage , sexual selection , and different kinds of signalling , including mimicry and cleaning symbiosis . In plants , the shapes , colours , and patterns of insect - pollinated flowers like the lily have evolved to attract insects such as bees . Radial patterns of colours and stripes , some visible only in ultraviolet light serve as nectar guides that can be seen at a distance . Types of pattern ( edit ) Symmetry ( edit ) Further information : Symmetry in biology , Floral symmetry , and Crystal symmetry Symmetry is pervasive in living things . Animals mainly have bilateral or mirror symmetry , as do the leaves of plants and some flowers such as orchids . Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry , as do many flowers and some groups of animals such as sea anemones . Fivefold symmetry is found in the echinoderms , the group that includes starfish , sea urchins , and sea lilies . Among non-living things , snowflakes have striking sixfold symmetry ; each flake 's structure forms a record of the varying conditions during its crystallization , with nearly the same pattern of growth on each of its six arms . Crystals in general have a variety of symmetries and crystal habits ; they can be cubic or octahedral , but true crystals can not have fivefold symmetry ( unlike quasicrystals ) . Rotational symmetry is found at different scales among non-living things , including the crown - shaped splash pattern formed when a drop falls into a pond , and both the spheroidal shape and rings of a planet like Saturn . Symmetry has a variety of causes . Radial symmetry suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do not move : food and threats may arrive from any direction . But animals that move in one direction necessarily have upper and lower sides , head and tail ends , and therefore a left and a right . The head becomes specialised with a mouth and sense organs ( cephalisation ) , and the body becomes bilaterally symmetric ( though internal organs need not be ) . More puzzling is the reason for the fivefold ( pentaradiate ) symmetry of the echinoderms . Early echinoderms were bilaterally symmetrical , as their larvae still are . Sumrall and Wray argue that the loss of the old symmetry had both developmental and ecological causes . Animals often show mirror or bilateral symmetry , like this tiger . Echinoderms like this starfish have fivefold symmetry . Fivefold symmetry can be seen in many flowers and some fruits like this medlar . Snowflakes have sixfold symmetry . Fluorite showing cubic crystal habit . Water splash approximates radial symmetry . Garnet showing rhombic dodecahedral crystal habit . Volvox has spherical symmetry . Sea anemones have rotational symmetry . Trees , fractals ( edit ) Fractals are infinitely self - similar , iterated mathematical constructs having fractal dimension . Infinite iteration is not possible in nature so all ' fractal ' patterns are only approximate . For example , the leaves of ferns and umbellifers ( Apiaceae ) are only self - similar ( pinnate ) to 2 , 3 or 4 levels . Fern - like growth patterns occur in plants and in animals including bryozoa , corals , hydrozoa like the air fern , Sertularia argentea , and in non-living things , notably electrical discharges . Lindenmayer system fractals can model different patterns of tree growth by varying a small number of parameters including branching angle , distance between nodes or branch points ( internode length ) , and number of branches per branch point . Fractal - like patterns occur widely in nature , in phenomena as diverse as clouds , river networks , geologic fault lines , mountains , coastlines , animal coloration , snow flakes , crystals , blood vessel branching , and ocean waves . Leaf of cow parsley , Anthriscus sylvestris , is 2 - or 3 - pinnate , not infinite Fractal spirals : Romanesco broccoli showing self - similar form Angelica flowerhead , a sphere made of spheres ( self - similar ) Trees : Lichtenberg figure : high voltage dielectric breakdown in an acrylic polymer block Trees : dendritic copper crystals ( in microscope ) Spirals ( edit ) Further information : phyllotaxis Spirals are common in plants and in some animals , notably molluscs . For example , in the nautilus , a cephalopod mollusc , each chamber of its shell is an approximate copy of the next one , scaled by a constant factor and arranged in a logarithmic spiral . Given a modern understanding of fractals , a growth spiral can be seen as a special case of self - similarity . Plant spirals can be seen in phyllotaxis , the arrangement of leaves on a stem , and in the arrangement ( parastichy ) of other parts as in composite flower heads and seed heads like the sunflower or fruit structures like the pineapple and snake fruit , as well as in the pattern of scales in pine cones , where multiple spirals run both clockwise and anticlockwise . These arrangements have explanations at different levels -- mathematics , physics , chemistry , biology -- each individually correct , but all necessary together . Phyllotaxis spirals can be generated mathematically from Fibonacci ratios : the Fibonacci sequence runs 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 13 ... ( each subsequent number being the sum of the two preceding ones ) . For example , when leaves alternate up a stem , one rotation of the spiral touches two leaves , so the pattern or ratio is 1 / 2 . In hazel the ratio is 1 / 3 ; in apricot it is 2 / 5 ; in pear it is 3 / 8 ; in almond it is 5 / 13 . In disc phyllotaxis as in the sunflower and daisy , the florets are arranged in Fermat 's spiral with Fibonacci numbering , at least when the flowerhead is mature so all the elements are the same size . Fibonacci ratios approximate the golden angle , 137.508 ° , which governs the curvature of Fermat 's spiral . From the point of view of physics , spirals are lowest - energy configurations which emerge spontaneously through self - organizing processes in dynamic systems . From the point of view of chemistry , a spiral can be generated by a reaction - diffusion process , involving both activation and inhibition . Phyllotaxis is controlled by proteins that manipulate the concentration of the plant hormone auxin , which activates meristem growth , alongside other mechanisms to control the relative angle of buds around the stem . From a biological perspective , arranging leaves as far apart as possible in any given space is favoured by natural selection as it maximises access to resources , especially sunlight for photosynthesis . Fibonacci spiral Bighorn sheep , Ovis canadensis Spirals : phyllotaxis of spiral aloe , Aloe polyphylla Nautilus shell 's logarithmic growth spiral Fermat 's spiral : seed head of sunflower , Helianthus annuus Multiple Fibonacci spirals : red cabbage in cross section Spiralling shell of Trochoidea liebetruti Water droplets fly off a wet , spinning ball in equiangular spirals Chaos , flow , meanders ( edit ) In mathematics , a dynamical system is chaotic if it is ( highly ) sensitive to initial conditions ( the so - called `` butterfly effect '' ) , which requires the mathematical properties of topological mixing and dense periodic orbits . Alongside fractals , chaos theory ranks as an essentially universal influence on patterns in nature . There is a relationship between chaos and fractals -- the strange attractors in chaotic systems have a fractal dimension . Some cellular automata , simple sets of mathematical rules that generate patterns , have chaotic behaviour , notably Stephen Wolfram 's Rule 30 . Vortex streets are zigzagging patterns of whirling vortices created by the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid , most often air or water , over obstructing objects . Smooth ( laminar ) flow starts to break up when the size of the obstruction or the velocity of the flow become large enough compared to the viscosity of the fluid . Meanders are sinuous bends in rivers or other channels , which form as a fluid , most often water , flows around bends . As soon as the path is slightly curved , the size and curvature of each loop increases as helical flow drags material like sand and gravel across the river to the inside of the bend . The outside of the loop is left clean and unprotected , so erosion accelerates , further increasing the meandering in a powerful positive feedback loop . Chaos : shell of gastropod mollusc the cloth of gold cone , Conus textile , resembles Rule 30 cellular automaton Chaos : vortex street of clouds Meanders : dramatic meander scars and oxbow lakes in the broad flood plain of the Rio Negro , seen from space Meanders : sinuous path of Rio Cauto , Cuba Meanders : sinuous snake crawling Meanders : symmetrical brain coral , Diploria strigosa Waves , dunes ( edit ) Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move . Mechanical waves propagate through a medium -- air or water , making it oscillate as they pass by . Wind waves are sea surface waves that create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body of water , though their statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave models . As waves in water or wind pass over sand , they create patterns of ripples . When winds blow over large bodies of sand , they create dunes , sometimes in extensive dune fields as in the Taklamakan desert . Dunes may form a range of patterns including crescents , very long straight lines , stars , domes , parabolas , and longitudinal or seif ( ' sword ' ) shapes . Barchans or crescent dunes are produced by wind acting on desert sand ; the two horns of the crescent and the slip face point downwind . Sand blows over the upwind face , which stands at about 15 degrees from the horizontal , and falls onto the slip face , where it accumulates up to the angle of repose of the sand , which is about 35 degrees . When the slip face exceeds the angle of repose , the sand avalanches , which is a nonlinear behaviour : the addition of many small amounts of sand causes nothing much to happen , but then the addition of a further small amount suddenly causes a large amount to avalanche . Apart from this nonlinearity , barchans behave rather like solitary waves . Waves : breaking wave in a ship 's wake Dunes : sand dunes in Taklamakan desert , from space Dunes : barchan crescent sand dune Wind ripples with dislocations in Sistan , Afghanistan Bubbles , foam ( edit ) A soap bubble forms a sphere , a surface with minimal area -- the smallest possible surface area for the volume enclosed . Two bubbles together form a more complex shape : the outer surfaces of both bubbles are spherical ; these surfaces are joined by a third spherical surface as the smaller bubble bulges slightly into the larger one . A foam is a mass of bubbles ; foams of different materials occur in nature . Foams composed of soap films obey Plateau 's laws , which require three soap films to meet at each edge at 120 ° and four soap edges to meet at each vertex at the tetrahedral angle of about 109.5 ° . Plateau 's laws further require films to be smooth and continuous , and to have a constant average curvature at every point . For example , a film may remain nearly flat on average by being curved up in one direction ( say , left to right ) while being curved downwards in another direction ( say , front to back ) . Structures with minimal surfaces can be used as tents . Lord Kelvin identified the problem of the most efficient way to pack cells of equal volume as a foam in 1887 ; his solution uses just one solid , the bitruncated cubic honeycomb with very slightly curved faces to meet Plateau 's laws . No better solution was found until 1993 when Denis Weaire and Robert Phelan proposed the Weaire -- Phelan structure ; the Beijing National Aquatics Center adapted the structure for their outer wall in the 2008 Summer Olympics . At the scale of living cells , foam patterns are common ; radiolarians , sponge spicules , silicoflagellate exoskeletons and the calcite skeleton of a sea urchin , Cidaris rugosa , all resemble mineral casts of Plateau foam boundaries . The skeleton of the Radiolarian , Aulonia hexagona , a beautiful marine form drawn by Ernst Haeckel , looks as if it is a sphere composed wholly of hexagons , but this is mathematically impossible . The Euler characteristic states that for any convex polyhedron , the number of faces plus the number of vertices ( corners ) equals the number of edges plus two . A result of this formula is that any closed polyhedron of hexagons has to include exactly 12 pentagons , like a soccer ball , Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome , or fullerene molecule . This can be visualised by noting that a mesh of hexagons is flat like a sheet of chicken wire , but each pentagon that is added forces the mesh to bend ( there are fewer corners , so the mesh is pulled in ) . Foam of soap bubbles : four edges meet at each vertex , at angles close to 109.5 ° , as in two C-H bonds in methane . Radiolaria drawn by Haeckel in his Kunstformen der Natur ( 1904 ) . Haeckel 's Spumellaria ; the skeletons of these Radiolaria have foam - like forms . Buckminsterfullerene C : Richard Smalley and colleagues synthesised the fullerene molecule in 1985 . Brochosomes ( secretory microparticles produced by leafhoppers ) often approximate fullerene geometry . Circus tent approximates a minimal surface . Beijing 's National Aquatics Center for the 2008 Olympic games has a Weaire -- Phelan structure . Equal spheres ( gas bubbles ) in a surface foam Tessellations ( edit ) Main article : tessellation Tessellations are patterns formed by repeating tiles all over a flat surface . There are 17 wallpaper groups of tilings . While common in art and design , exactly repeating tilings are less easy to find in living things . The cells in the paper nests of social wasps , and the wax cells in honeycomb built by honey bees are well - known examples . Among animals , bony fish , reptiles or the pangolin , or fruits like the salak are protected by overlapping scales or osteoderms , these form more - or-less exactly repeating units , though often the scales in fact vary continuously in size . Among flowers , the snake 's head fritillary , Fritillaria meleagris , have a tessellated chequerboard pattern on their petals . The structures of minerals provide good examples of regularly repeating three - dimensional arrays . Despite the hundreds of thousands of known minerals , there are rather few possible types of arrangement of atoms in a crystal , defined by crystal structure , crystal system , and point group ; for example , there are exactly 14 Bravais lattices for the 7 lattice systems in three - dimensional space . Crystals : cube - shaped crystals of halite ( rock salt ) ; cubic crystal system , isometric hexoctahedral crystal symmetry Arrays : honeycomb is a natural tessellation Bismuth hopper crystal illustrating the stairstep crystal habit . Tilings : tessellated flower of snake 's head fritillary , Fritillaria meleagris Tilings : overlapping scales of common roach , Rutilus rutilus Tilings : overlapping scales of snakefruit or salak , Salacca zalacca Tessellated pavement : a rare rock formation on the Tasman Peninsula Cracks ( edit ) Cracks are linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress . When an elastic material stretches or shrinks uniformly , it eventually reaches its breaking strength and then fails suddenly in all directions , creating cracks with 120 degree joints , so three cracks meet at a node . Conversely , when an inelastic material fails , straight cracks form to relieve the stress . Further stress in the same direction would then simply open the existing cracks ; stress at right angles can create new cracks , at 90 degrees to the old ones . Thus the pattern of cracks indicates whether the material is elastic or not . In a tough fibrous material like oak tree bark , cracks form to relieve stress as usual , but they do not grow long as their growth is interrupted by bundles of strong elastic fibres . Since each species of tree has its own structure at the levels of cell and of molecules , each has its own pattern of splitting in its bark . Old pottery surface , white glaze with mainly 90 ° cracks Drying inelastic mud in the Rann of Kutch with mainly 90 ° cracks Veined gabbro with 90 ° cracks , near Sgurr na Stri , Skye Drying elastic mud in Sicily with mainly 120 ° cracks Cooled basalt at Giant 's Causeway . Vertical mainly 120 ° cracks giving hexagonal columns Palm trunk with branching vertical cracks ( and horizontal leaf scars ) Spots , stripes ( edit ) Leopards and ladybirds are spotted ; angelfish and zebras are striped . These patterns have an evolutionary explanation : they have functions which increase the chances that the offspring of the patterned animal will survive to reproduce . One function of animal patterns is camouflage ; for instance , a leopard that is harder to see catches more prey . Another function is signalling -- for instance , a ladybird is less likely to be attacked by predatory birds that hunt by sight , if it has bold warning colours , and is also distastefully bitter or poisonous , or mimics other distasteful insects . A young bird may see a warning patterned insect like a ladybird and try to eat it , but it will only do this once ; very soon it will spit out the bitter insect ; the other ladybirds in the area will remain undisturbed . The young leopards and ladybirds , inheriting genes that somehow create spottedness , survive . But while these evolutionary and functional arguments explain why these animals need their patterns , they do not explain how the patterns are formed . Dirce beauty butterfly , Colobura dirce Grevy 's zebra , Equus grevyi Royal angelfish , Pygoplites diacanthus Leopard , Panthera pardus pardus Array of ladybirds by G.G. Jacobson Breeding pattern of cuttlefish , Sepia officinalis Pattern formation ( edit ) Main article : Pattern formation Alan Turing , and later the mathematical biologist James Murray , described a mechanism that spontaneously creates spotted or striped patterns : a reaction - diffusion system . The cells of a young organism have genes that can be switched on by a chemical signal , a morphogen , resulting in the growth of a certain type of structure , say a darkly pigmented patch of skin . If the morphogen is present everywhere , the result is an even pigmentation , as in a black leopard . But if it is unevenly distributed , spots or stripes can result . Turing suggested that there could be feedback control of the production of the morphogen itself . This could cause continuous fluctuations in the amount of morphogen as it diffused around the body . A second mechanism is needed to create standing wave patterns ( to result in spots or stripes ) : an inhibitor chemical that switches off production of the morphogen , and that itself diffuses through the body more quickly than the morphogen , resulting in an activator - inhibitor scheme . The Belousov -- Zhabotinsky reaction is a non-biological example of this kind of scheme , a chemical oscillator . Later research has managed to create convincing models of patterns as diverse as zebra stripes , giraffe blotches , jaguar spots ( medium - dark patches surrounded by dark broken rings ) and ladybird shell patterns ( different geometrical layouts of spots and stripes , see illustrations ) . Richard Prum 's activation - inhibition models , developed from Turing 's work , use six variables to account for the observed range of nine basic within - feather pigmentation patterns , from the simplest , a central pigment patch , via concentric patches , bars , chevrons , eye spot , pair of central spots , rows of paired spots and an array of dots . More elaborate models simulate complex feather patterns in the guineafowl Numida meleagris in which the individual feathers feature transitions from bars at the base to an array of dots at the far ( distal ) end . These require an oscillation created by two inhibiting signals , with interactions in both space and time . Patterns can form for other reasons in the vegetated landscape of tiger bush and fir waves . Tiger bush stripes occur on arid slopes where plant growth is limited by rainfall . Each roughly horizontal stripe of vegetation effectively collects the rainwater from the bare zone immediately above it . Fir waves occur in forests on mountain slopes after wind disturbance , during regeneration . When trees fall , the trees that they had sheltered become exposed and are in turn more likely to be damaged , so gaps tend to expand downwind . Meanwhile , on the windward side , young trees grow , protected by the wind shadow of the remaining tall trees . Natural patterns are sometimes formed by animals , as in the Mima mounds of the Northwestern United States and some other areas , which appear to be created over many years by the burrowing activities of pocket gophers , while the so - called fairy circles of Namibia appear to be created by the interaction of competing groups of sand termites , along with competition for water among the desert plants . In permafrost soils with an active upper layer subject to annual freeze and thaw , patterned ground can form , creating circles , nets , ice wedge polygons , steps , and stripes . Thermal contraction causes shrinkage cracks to form ; in a thaw , water fills the cracks , expanding to form ice when next frozen , and widening the cracks into wedges . These cracks may join up to form polygons and other shapes . The fissured pattern that develops on vertebrate brains are caused by a physical process of constrained expansion dependent on two geometric parameters : relative tangential cortical expansion and relative thickness of the cortex . Similar patterns of gyri ( peaks ) and sulci ( troughs ) have been demonstrated in models of the brain starting from smooth , layered gels , with the patterns caused by compressive mechanical forces resulting from the expansion of the outer layer ( representing the cortex ) after the addition of a solvent . Numerical models in computer simulations support natural and experimental observations that the surface folding patterns increase in larger brains . Giant pufferfish , Tetraodon mbu Detail of giant pufferfish skin pattern Snapshot of simulation of Belousov - Zhabotinsky reaction Helmeted guineafowl , Numida meleagris , feathers transition from barred to spotted , both in - feather and across the bird Aerial view of a tiger bush plateau in Niger Fir waves in White Mountains , New Hampshire Patterned ground : a melting pingo with surrounding ice wedge polygons near Tuktoyaktuk , Canada Fairy circles in the Marienflusstal area in Namibia Human brain ( superior view ) exhibiting patterns of gyri and sulci See also ( edit ) Emergence Evolutionary history of plants Mathematics and art Widmanstätten pattern References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevens 1974 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Balaguer , Mark ( 7 April 2009 ) ( 2004 ) . `` Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy '' . Platonism in Metaphysics . Stanford University . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . 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Bibliography ( edit ) Pioneering authors ( edit ) Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article : Liber abbaci Fibonacci , Leonardo . Liber Abaci , 1202 . -- -- - translated by Sigler , Laurence E. Fibonacci 's Liber Abaci . Springer , 2002 . Haeckel , Ernst . Kunstformen der Natur ( Art Forms in Nature ) , 1899 -- 1904 . Thompson , D'Arcy Wentworth . On Growth and Form . Cambridge , 1917 . General Books ( edit ) Adam , John A. Mathematics in Nature : Modeling Patterns in the Natural World . Princeton University Press , 2006 . Ball , Philip ( 2009 ) . Nature 's Patterns : a tapestry in three parts . 1 : Shapes . Oxford University Press . Ball , Philip ( 2009 ) . Nature 's Patterns : a tapestry in three parts . 2 : Flow . Oxford University Press . Ball , Philip ( 2009 ) . Nature 's Patterns : a tapestry in three parts . 3 . Branches . Oxford University Press . Ball , Philip . Patterns in Nature . Chicago , 2016 . Murphy , Pat and Neill , William . By Nature 's Design . Chronicle Books , 1993 . Rothenberg , David ( 2011 ) . Survival of the Beautiful : Art , Science and Evolution . Bloomsbury Press . Stevens , Peter S. ( 1974 ) . Patterns in Nature . Little , Brown & Co . Stewart , Ian ( 2001 ) . What Shape is a Snowflake ? Magical Numbers in Nature . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Patterns from nature ( as Art ) ( edit ) Edmaier , Bernard . Patterns of the Earth . Phaidon Press , 2007 . Macnab , Maggie . Design by Nature : Using Universal Forms and Principles in Design . New Riders , 2012 . Nakamura , Shigeki . Pattern Sourcebook : 250 Patterns Inspired by Nature ... Books 1 and 2 . Rockport , 2009 . O'Neill , Polly . Surfaces and Textures : A Visual Sourcebook . Black , 2008 . Porter , Eliot , and Gleick , James . Nature 's Chaos . Viking Penguin , 1990 . External links ( edit ) Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Section Phyllotaxis : an Interactive Site for the Mathematical Study of Plant Pattern Formation <Th_colspan="3"> Patterns in nature Patterns Crack Dune Foam Meander Phyllotaxis Soap bubble Symmetry in crystals Quasicrystals in flowers in biology Tessellation Vortex street Wave Widmanstätten pattern Causes Pattern formation Biology Natural selection Camouflage Mimicry Sexual selection Mathematics Chaos theory Fractal Logarithmic spiral Physics Crystal Fluid dynamics Plateau 's laws Self - organization People Plato Pythagoras Empedocles Fibonacci Liber Abaci Adolf Zeising Ernst Haeckel Joseph Plateau Wilson Bentley D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson On Growth and Form Alan Turing The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis Aristid Lindenmayer Benoît Mandelbrot How Long Is the Coast of Britain ? Statistical Self - Similarity and Fractional Dimension Related Pattern recognition Emergence Mathematics and art Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patterns_in_nature&oldid=853519213 '' Categories : Patterns Nature Applied mathematics Recreational mathematics Pattern formation Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español Français Հայերեն עברית Norsk nynorsk Русский ไทย Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 09 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the last time women's hockey won gold
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United States women 's national ice hockey team - wikipedia United States women 's national ice hockey team Jump to : navigation , search United States Nickname ( s ) Team USA Association USA Hockey General Manager Reagan Carey Head coach Robb Stauber Assistants Brett Strot Paul Mara Captain Meghan Duggan Most games Angela Ruggiero ( 257 ) Top scorer Natalie Darwitz ( 114 ) Most points Natalie Darwitz ( 237 ) Team colors IIHF code USA <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Ranking Current IIHF Highest IIHF 1 ( first in 2009 ) Lowest IIHF 3 ( 2007 ) <Th_colspan="2"> First international <Td_colspan="2"> Canada 2 -- 1 United States ( North York or Mississauga , Ontario , Canada ; April 21 , 1987 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Biggest win <Td_colspan="2"> United States 20 -- 0 Netherlands ( North York or Mississauga , Ontario , Canada ; April 23 , 1987 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Biggest defeat <Td_colspan="2"> Canada 8 -- 0 United States ( Tampere , Finland ; April 26 , 1992 ) <Th_colspan="2"> IIHF World Championships Appearances 18 ( first in 1990 ) Best result Gold : ( 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Olympics Appearances 6 ( first in 1998 ) Medals Gold : ( 1998 , 2018 ) Silver : ( 2002 , 2010 , 2014 ) Bronze : ( 2006 ) <Th_colspan="3"> Medal record <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games 1998 Nagano Team 2018 Pyeongchang Team 2002 Salt Lake City Team 2010 Vancouver Team 2014 Sochi Team 2006 Turin Team <Th_colspan="3"> World Championship 2005 Sweden 2008 China 2009 Finland 2011 Switzerland 2013 Canada 2015 Sweden 2016 Canada 2017 United States 1990 Canada 1992 Finland 1994 United States 1997 Canada 1999 Finland 2000 Canada 2001 United States 2004 Canada 2007 Canada 2012 United States The United States women 's national ice hockey team is controlled by USA Hockey . The U.S. has been one of the most successful women 's ice hockey teams in international play , having won gold or silver in every major tournament with the exception of the 2006 Winter Olympics , where they captured bronze . As of 2018 , the U.S. has 75,832 female players . In 1998 , the women 's Olympic hockey team was named the USOC Team of the Year . In April 2015 , the women 's national ice hockey team was named the USOC Team of the Month . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament record 1.1 Olympic Games 1.2 World Championship 1.3 4 Nations Cup 2 Team 2.1 Current roster 3 Facilities 4 Threatened 2017 World Championship boycott 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Tournament record ( edit ) Olympic Games ( edit ) Games GP GF GA Coach Captain Round Position 1998 Nagano 6 6 0 0 36 8 Smith , Ben Ben Smith Granato , Cammi Cammi Granato Gold medal game 01 ! Gold 2002 Salt Lake City 5 0 33 Smith , Ben Ben Smith Granato , Cammi Cammi Granato Gold medal game 02 ! Silver 2006 Turin 5 0 24 6 Smith , Ben Ben Smith Wendell - Pohl , Krissy Krissy Wendell - Pohl Bronze medal game 03 ! Bronze 2010 Vancouver 5 -- 40 Johnson , Mark Mark Johnson Darwitz , Natalie Natalie Darwitz Gold medal game 02 ! Silver 2014 Sochi 5 -- 22 8 Stone , Katey Katey Stone Duggan , Meghan Meghan Duggan Gold medal game 02 ! Silver 2018 Pyeongchang 5 -- 17 5 Stauber , Robb Robb Stauber Duggan , Meghan Meghan Duggan Gold medal game 01 ! Gold World Championship ( edit ) 1990 -- 02 ! Silver 1992 -- 02 ! Silver 1994 -- 02 ! Silver 1997 -- 02 ! Silver 1999 -- 02 ! Silver 2000 -- 02 ! Silver 2001 -- 02 ! Silver 2004 -- 02 ! Silver 2005 -- 01 ! Gold 2007 -- 02 ! Silver 2008 -- 01 ! Gold 2009 -- 01 ! Gold 2011 -- 01 ! Gold 2012 -- 02 ! Silver 2013 -- 01 ! Gold 2015 -- 01 ! Gold 2016 -- 01 ! Gold 2017 -- 01 ! Gold 4 Nations Cup ( edit ) 1996 -- 02 ! Silver 1997 -- 01 ! Gold 1998 -- 02 ! Silver 1999 -- 02 ! Silver 2000 -- 02 ! Silver 2002 -- 02 ! Silver 2003 -- 01 ! Gold 2004 -- 02 ! Silver 2005 -- 02 ! Silver 2006 -- 02 ! Silver 2007 -- 02 ! Silver 2008 -- 01 ! Gold 2009 -- 02 ! Silver 2010 -- 02 ! Silver 2011 -- 01 ! Gold 2012 -- 01 ! Gold 2013 -- 03 ! Bronze 2014 -- 02 ! Silver 2015 -- 01 ! Gold 2016 -- 01 ! Gold 2017 -- 01 ! Gold Team ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) The following is the United States roster for the women 's ice hockey tournament at the 2018 Winter Olympics . view Head coach : Robb Stauber Associate coaches : Brett Strot , Paul Mara No . Pos . Name Height Weight Birthdate 2017 -- 18 team Lee Stecklein 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001994 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1994 Univ. of Minnesota Cayla Barnes 5 ft 1 in ( 1.55 m ) 7001662244860200000 ♠ 146 lb ( 66 kg ) 000000001999 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1999 Boston College 5 Megan Keller 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 7001730283715700000 ♠ 161 lb ( 73 kg ) 000000001996 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1996 Boston College 6 Kali Flanagan 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) 7001639565241700000 ♠ 141 lb ( 64 kg ) 000000001995 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1995 Boston College 7 Monique Lamoureux - Morando 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 7001671316707600000 ♠ 148 lb ( 67 kg ) 000000001989 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1989 Minnesota Whitecaps 8 Emily Pfalzer 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) 7001571526386200000 ♠ 126 lb ( 57 kg ) 000000001993 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1993 Buffalo Beauts 10 Meghan Duggan -- C 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) 7001739355563100000 ♠ 163 lb ( 74 kg ) 000000001987 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 1987 Boston Pride 11 Haley Skarupa 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 7001639565241700000 ♠ 141 lb ( 64 kg ) 000000001994 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1994 Boston Pride 12 Kelly Pannek 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 7001748427410500000 ♠ 165 lb ( 75 kg ) 000000001995 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1995 Univ. of Minnesota 14 Brianna Decker -- A 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) 7001680388555000000 ♠ 150 lb ( 68 kg ) 000000001991 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1991 Boston Pride 17 Jocelyne Lamoureux - Davidson 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 7001680388555000000 ♠ 150 lb ( 68 kg ) 000000001989 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1989 Minnesota Whitecaps 19 Gigi Marvin 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 7001721211868300000 ♠ 159 lb ( 72 kg ) 000000001987 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 1987 Boston Pride 20 Hannah Brandt 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) 7001680388555000000 ♠ 150 lb ( 68 kg ) 000000001993 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1993 Minnesota Whitecaps 21 Hilary Knight 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 7001789250723800000 ♠ 174 lb ( 79 kg ) 000000001989 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1989 Boston Pride 22 Kacey Bellamy -- A 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 7001662244860200000 ♠ 146 lb ( 66 kg ) 000000001987 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1987 Boston Pride 23 Sidney Morin 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 7001580598233600000 ♠ 128 lb ( 58 kg ) 000000001995 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1995 Modo Hockey 24 Dani Cameranesi 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 7001671316707600000 ♠ 148 lb ( 67 kg ) 000000001995 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1995 Univ. of Minnesota 26 Kendall Coyne 5 ft 2 in ( 1.57 m ) 7001557918615100000 ♠ 123 lb ( 56 kg ) 000000001992 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1992 Minnesota Whitecaps 28 Amanda Kessel 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 7001621421546900000 ♠ 137 lb ( 62 kg ) 000000001991 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 1991 Metropolitan Riveters 29 Nicole Hensley 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 7001698532249800000 ♠ 154 lb ( 70 kg ) 000000001994 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1994 Lindenwood Univ . 33 Alex Rigsby 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) 7001680388555000000 ♠ 150 lb ( 68 kg ) 000000001992 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1992 Minnesota Whitecaps 35 Maddie Rooney 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) 7001662244860200000 ♠ 146 lb ( 66 kg ) 000000001997 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1997 Univ. of Minnesota Duluth 37 Amanda Pelkey 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) 7001607813775800000 ♠ 134 lb ( 61 kg ) 000000001993 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1993 Boston Pride Facilities ( edit ) For the 2010 Olympics , the team 's training and development program was located in Blaine , Minnesota , at the Schwan Super Rink , the largest ice facility in the world . For the 2014 Olympics , the team 's training was located in the Greater Boston region at the Edge Sports Center in Bedford , Massachusetts , while off - ice fitness facility was located at the Mike Boyle Strength & Conditioning Center in Woburn , Massachusetts . Threatened 2017 World Championship boycott ( edit ) On 15 March 2017 , players for the U.S. women 's ice hockey team announced that they would boycott the 2017 World Championship over inequitable support and conditions for women 's ice hockey unless concessions were made by USA Hockey . Members of the team including captain Meghan Duggan made public statements regarding poor pay and conditions for female hockey players . The players were publicly supported by the players ' associations for the NBA , WNBA , MLB and the NHLPA . On 28 March 2017 , the players agreed to play in the World Championship after an agreement was struck with USA Hockey to increase player pay and support for women 's development . See also ( edit ) List of United States national women 's ice hockey team rosters 2009 -- 10 United States women 's national ice hockey team 2010 -- 11 United States women 's national ice hockey team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States '' . iihf.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Olympic Committee Announces Best Of April Honors For Team USA Awards , Presented By Dow '' . teamusa.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/2389107-women-s-olympic-teams Jump up ^ https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/2429450-women-s-world-championship Jump up ^ https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/2370742-four-nations-cup Jump up ^ `` 2018 U.S. Olympic Women 's Hockey Team '' . USA Hockey . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Team Roster United States Jump up ^ `` US women 's hockey team 's training emphasized lower body strength '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` US women 's hockey team strike ' historic ' pay deal and agree to end boycott '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardian Sport ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` USA Hockey rebuffed as replacements stand in support of women 's boycott '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Theberge , Nancy ( 2000 ) . Higher goals : women 's ice hockey and the politics of gender . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 0791446417 . OCLC 42771390 . Ruggiero , Angela ( 2006 ) . Breaking the ice : my journey to Olympic hockey , the Ivy League , and beyond ( 1st ed ed . ) . East Bridgewater , MA : Drummond Publishing Company . ISBN 1597630098 . OCLC 62261070 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Scott , Richard ( 2017 ) . Who 's Who in Women 's Hockey Guide 2018 . Blurb , Incorporated . ISBN 1364113309 . OCLC 990850828 . Smith , Lissa ( 1998 ) . Nike is a goddess : the history of women in sports . New York : Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0871137267 . OCLC 39313490 . Milner , Adrienne N ( 2017 ) . Women in Sports : Breaking Barriers , Facing Obstacles . Braddock , Jomills H. Santa Barbara , California . ISBN 9781440851254 . OCLC 968151835 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States women 's national ice hockey team . Official website IIHF profile <Th_colspan="2"> Ice hockey in the United States National teams : Men 's national team under - 20 under - 18 under - 16 Women 's national team under - 18 Men 's sledge hockey team Women 's sledge hockey team Leagues ( Men ) : Major pro : National Hockey League Minor pro : American Hockey League ECHL Federal Hockey League Southern Professional Hockey League College : NCAA Division I Division III Leagues ( Women ) : National Women 's Hockey League NCAA Division I Division III Leagues ( Junior ) : USA Hockey Tier I : United States Hockey League Tier II : North American Hockey League Tier III : Eastern Hockey League North American 3 Hockey League United Hockey Union Tier II : Western States Hockey League Independent : United States Premier Hockey League Other articles : Hall of Fame Structure Hockey Weekend Across America Miracle on Ice Film : Miracle on Ice ( 1981 ) Miracle ( 2004 ) List of Olympic men 's players List of Olympic women 's players List of men 's national team rosters List of women 's national team rosters <Th_colspan="2"> National sports teams of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> A1 Grand Prix American football M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 Australian rules football Badminton Ball hockey Bandy Baseball M U23 M U18 M U17 Basketball M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U19 W U18 W U17 W U16 W 3x3 M Para W Para Cricket Equestrian Field hockey Floorball Goalball W U19 Gymnastics M U18 M U16 W U18 Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U22 W U18 M Para W Para Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse M U19 W U19 Indoor Netball Quidditch Roller derby Para rugby Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union M U20 M7 W7 Skiing Soccer M U23 M U21 M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U20 W U18 W U17 W U16 Futsal Beach soccer Para Softball M U19 M Slow W U19 W Slow Speedway Squash Tennis Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Track and field Volleyball M U23 M U21 M U19 W U23 W U20 W U18 Beach Water polo <Td_colspan="2"> Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics World University Games <Th_colspan="2"> Women 's national ice hockey teams Africa South Africa Americas Argentina Canada Mexico United States Asia and Oceania Australia China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Japan Kazakhstan Macau Malaysia New Zealand North Korea Philippines Singapore South Korea Thailand United Arab Emirates Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Great Britain Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Other Korea Former teams Czechoslovakia England Scotland Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team&oldid=842855296 '' Categories : United States national ice hockey team United States women 's national ice hockey team Women 's ice hockey teams in the United States Women 's national ice hockey teams Women 's national sports teams of the United States 1987 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with hCards CS1 maint : Extra text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 03 : 42 . 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1. United States women's national ice hockey team
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how many floors in world trade center twin towers
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World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) - wikipedia World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the World Trade Center building complex prior to the September 11 attacks . For the current buildings , see World Trade Center ( 2001 -- present ) . <Th_colspan="2"> World Trade Center <Td_colspan="2"> The original World Trade Center in March 2001 . The tower on the left , with antenna spire , was 1 WTC . The tower on the right was 2 WTC . All seven buildings of the WTC complex are partially visible ; refer to map below . The red granite - clad building left of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center . In the background is the East River . <Td_colspan="2"> Location within Lower Manhattan World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( Manhattan ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( New York City ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( New York ) World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( the US ) Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all <Th_colspan="2"> Record height <Td_colspan="2"> Tallest in the world from 1971 to 1973 Preceded by Empire State Building Surpassed by Willis Tower <Th_colspan="2"> General information Status Destroyed Location Lower Manhattan , New York City Coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 Groundbreaking August 5 , 1966 ; 51 years ago ( August 5 , 1966 ) Construction started 1 WTC : August 1968 2 WTC : January 1969 3 WTC : December 1979 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : 1970 7 WTC : 1983 Completed 1 WTC : December 23 , 1970 2 WTC : July 19 , 1971 3 WTC : July 1981 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : 1975 7 WTC : May 1987 Opening April 4 , 1973 ; 45 years ago ( April 4 , 1973 ) Destroyed September 11 , 2001 ; 16 years ago ( September 11 , 2001 ) Owner Port Authority of New York and New Jersey <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other information <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Height Antenna spire 1 WTC : 1,728 feet ( 526.7 m ) Roof 1 WTC : 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) 2 WTC : 1,362 feet ( 415.1 m ) 3 WTC : 250 feet ( 76.2 m ) 4 and 5 WTC : 120 feet ( 36.6 m ) 6 WTC : 110 feet ( 33.5 m ) 7 WTC : 610 feet ( 185.9 m ) Top floor 1 WTC : 1,355 feet ( 413 m ) 2 WTC : 1,348 ft ( 411 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details Floor count 1 and 2 WTC : 110 floors 3 WTC : 22 floors 4 and 5 WTC : 9 floors 6 WTC : 8 floors 7 WTC : 47 floors Floor area 1 and 2 WTC : 4,300,000 sq ft ( 400,000 m ) each 4 , 5 , and 6 WTC : 500,000 sq ft ( 50,000 m ) each 7 WTC : 1,868,000 sq ft ( 170,000 m ) Lifts / elevators 1 and 2 WTC : 99 each <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction Architect Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Developer Engineer Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson , Leslie E. Robertson Associates Main contractor Tishman Realty & Construction Company <Th_colspan="2"> References <Td_colspan="2"> I. ^ World Trade Center at Emporis The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan , New York City , United States . It featured the landmark Twin Towers , which opened on April 4 , 1973 , and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks . At the time of their completion , the Twin Towers -- the original 1 World Trade Center , at 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) ; and 2 World Trade Center , at 1,362 feet ( 415.1 m ) -- were the tallest buildings in the world . Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center ( 3 WTC ) , 4 WTC , 5 WTC , 6 WTC , and 7 WTC . The complex was located in New York City 's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet ( 1,240,000 m ) of office space . The core of the complex was built between 1975 and 1985 , with a cost of $400 million ( equivalent to $1.86 billion in 2016 ) . The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13 , 1975 , a bombing on February 26 , 1993 , and a bank robbery on January 14 , 1998 . In 1998 , the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center , leasing the buildings to a private company to manage , and awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001 . On the morning of September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda - affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the North and South Towers within minutes of each other ; two hours later , both had collapsed . The attacks killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers , as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft . Falling debris from the towers , combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings , led to the partial or complete collapse of all the buildings in the complex and caused catastrophic damage to ten other large structures in the surrounding area . The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months , during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished . The World Trade Center complex was rebuilt over more than a decade . The site is being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers , while a memorial to those killed in the attacks and a new rapid transit hub have both opened . One World Trade Center , the tallest building in the United States , is the lead building for the new complex , reaching more than 100 stories upon completion in November 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the World Trade Center 2 Design and construction 2.1 Design 2.2 Construction 2.3 Criticism 3 Complex 3.1 North and South Towers 3.2 Top of the World observation deck 3.3 Windows on the World restaurant 3.4 Other buildings 4 Operating history 4.1 February 13 , 1975 , fire 4.2 February 26 , 1993 , bombing 4.3 January 14 , 1998 , robbery 4.4 Other events 4.5 Proposed lease 5 Destruction 6 New World Trade Center 7 Impact 7.1 On surrounding community 7.2 As icon of popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Before the World Trade Center The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River , with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street . It was on this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block 's ship , the Tyger , burned to the waterline in November 1613 , stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island . They built the first European settlement in Manhattan . The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797 , and were discovered during excavation work in 1916 . The remains of a second ship from the eighteenth century were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site . The ship , believed to be a Hudson River sloop , was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand , about 20 feet below the surface . Later , the area became Radio Row . New York City 's Radio Row , which existed from 1921 to 1966 , was a warehouse district on the Lower West Side in the Financial District . Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921 , and eventually the area held several blocks of electronics stores , with Cortlandt Street as its central axis . The used radios , war surplus electronics ( e.g. , ARC - 5 radios ) , junk , and parts often piled so high they would spill out onto the street , attracting collectors and scroungers . According to a business writer , it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business . The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943 . The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project but the plans were put on hold in 1949 . During the late 1940s and 1950s , economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan . To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan , David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan . Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey , Church , Liberty , and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world 's first world trade center . They had two choices : the east side of Lower Manhattan , near the South Street Seaport ; and the west side , near the H&M station , Hudson Terminal . Initial plans , made public in 1961 , identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center . As a bi-state agency , the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey . New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project . Toward the end of 1961 , negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate . The Radio Row in 1936 , with the Cortlandt Street station in the background , as seen in a photograph by Berenice Abbott At the time , ridership on New Jersey 's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( H&M ) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River . In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes , the Port Authority offered to take over the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad . The Port Authority also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan , a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH . With the new location and Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad , New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project . As part of the deal , the Port Authority renamed the H&M `` Port Authority Trans - Hudson '' , or PATH for short . In compensation for Radio Row business owners ' displacement , the PANYNJ gave each business $3,000 each , without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous the business was . After the area had been purchased for the World Trade Center in March 1964 , Radio Row was demolished starting in March 1965 . It was completely demolished by 1966 . Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council . Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues . On August 3 , 1966 , an agreement was reached that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants . In subsequent years , the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased . Design and construction Main article : Construction of the World Trade Center Design A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers . Play media ( video ) The World Trade Center in the 1970s , including scenes of its construction . On September 20 , 1962 , the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects . Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers ; Yamasaki 's original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall , but to meet the Port Authority 's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet ( 930,000 m ) of office space , the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall . Yamasaki 's design for the World Trade Center , unveiled to the public on January 18 , 1964 , called for a square plan approximately 208 feet ( 63 m ) in dimension on each side . The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches ( 46 cm ) wide , which reflected Yamasaki 's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure . Yamasaki 's design included building facades sheathed in aluminum - alloy . The World Trade Center was one of the most - striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier , and it was the seminal expression of Yamasaki 's gothic modernist tendencies . A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators ; the taller the building , the more elevators are needed to service the building , requiring more space - consuming elevator banks . Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two `` sky lobbies '' -- floors where people could switch from a large - capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section . This system , inspired by the local - express train operation that New York City 's subway system used , allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft . Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower , the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently , increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts . Altogether , the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators . The structural engineering firm Worthington , Skilling , Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki 's design , developing the tube - frame structural system used in the twin towers . The Port Authority 's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers , Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers , and Jaros , Baum & Bolles ( JB&B ) as mechanical engineers . Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project . Guy F. Tozzoli , director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority , and Rino M. Monti , the Port Authority 's Chief Engineer , oversaw the project . As an interstate agency , the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York , including building codes . Nonetheless , the structural engineers of the World Trade Center ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes . The tube - frame design , earlier introduced by Fazlur Khan , was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads . The World Trade Center towers used high - strength , load - bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses that were spaced closely together to form a strong , rigid wall structure , supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads , and sharing the gravity load with the core columns . The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces , each consisting of three columns , three stories tall , connected by spandrel plates . The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off - site at the fabrication shop . Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels . The spandrel plates were located at each floor , transmitting shear stress between columns , allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads . The joints between modules were staggered vertically , so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor . The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts , restrooms , three stairwells , and other support spaces . The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet ( 27 by 41 m ) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower . The large , column - free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses . The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads , providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls . The floors consisted of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck . A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors . The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch ( 2.03 m ) centers . The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side . The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants . Hat trusses ( or `` outrigger truss '' ) located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building . Only 1 WTC ( north tower ) actually had an antenna fitted ; it was added in 1978 . The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis . This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower . The tube frame design , using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed - on fire resistant material , created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures , such as the Empire State Building that have thick , heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements . During the design process , wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces . Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate ; however , many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects . One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sway . These viscoelastic dampers , used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications , reduced the building sway to an acceptable level . Construction World Trade Center under construction in May 1971 In March 1965 , the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site . Demolition work began on March 21 , 1966 , to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for construction of the World Trade Center . Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5 , 1966 . The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill with the bedrock located 65 feet ( 20 m ) below . To construct the World Trade Center , it was necessary to build a `` bathtub '' with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site , to keep water from the Hudson River out . The slurry method selected by Port Authority 's chief engineer , John M. Kyle , Jr. , involved digging a trench , and as excavation proceeded , filling the space with a `` slurry '' mixture composed of bentonite and water , which plugged holes and kept groundwater out . When the trench was dug out , a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in , forcing the `` slurry '' out . It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed . It was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin . The 1,200,000 cubic yards ( 920,000 m ) of material excavated were used ( along with other fill and dredge material ) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City . In January 1967 , the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers . Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 , and construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969 . The original Hudson Tubes , which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal , remained in service during the construction process until 1971 , when a new station opened . The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC ( North Tower ) took place on December 23 , 1970 , while 2 WTC 's ceremony ( South Tower ) occurred later on July 19 , 1971 . The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15 , 1970 , while the South Tower started accepting tenants in January 1972 . When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed , the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million . The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4 , 1973 . In addition to the twin towers , the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low - rise buildings , which were built in the early 1970s . The 47 - story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s , to the north of the main complex . Altogether , the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16 - acre ( 65,000 m ) superblock . Criticism The WTC site building arrangement Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial . The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row , home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants , property owners , small businesses , and approximately 100 residents , many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation . A group of affected small businesses sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority 's power of eminent domain . The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court ; the Court refused to accept the case . Private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York , led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien , expressed concerns about this much `` subsidized '' office space going on the open market , competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies . The World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979 and then only due to the fact that the complex 's subsidy by the Port Authority made rents charged for its office space relatively cheaper than that of comparable office space in other buildings . Others questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a `` mistaken social priority '' . The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the American Institute of Architects and other groups . Lewis Mumford , author of The City in History and other works on urban planning , criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as `` just glass - and - metal filing cabinets '' . The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to `` the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in '' . The twin towers ' narrow office windows , only 18 inches ( 46 cm ) wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow slots , were disliked by many . Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs also criticized plans for the WTC 's construction , arguing that the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers to enjoy . The trade center 's `` superblock '' , replacing a more traditional , dense neighborhood , was regarded by some critics as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan . For example , in his book The Pentagon of Power , Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an `` example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city '' . In 1982 , the immense plaza between the twin towers was renamed after the Port Authority 's late chairman , Austin J. Tobin . During the summer , the Port Authority installed a portable stage within Tobin Plaza for performers . For many years , the Austin J. Tobin Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers . In fact , some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes . In 1999 , the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations , which involved replacing marble pavers with gray and pink granite stones , adding new benches , planters , new restaurants , food kiosks and outdoor dining areas . Complex On a typical weekday 50,000 people worked in the towers with another 200,000 passing through as visitors . The complex was so large that it had its own zip code : 10048 . The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower . The Twin Towers became known worldwide , appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise , and became seen as a New York icon , in the same league as the Empire State Building , Chrysler Building and the Statue of Liberty . The World Trade Center was compared to Rockefeller Center , which David Rockefeller 's brother Nelson had developed in midtown Manhattan . North and South towers Lobby of Tower 1 , looking south along the east side of the building , August 19 , 2000 . One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center , commonly the Twin Towers , the idea of which was brought up by Minoru Yamasaki , were designed as framed tube structures , which provided tenants with open floor plans , uninterrupted by columns or walls . They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center . The North Tower ( One World Trade Center ) , the tallest building in the world at 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) by the time of its completion , began construction in 1966 with the South Tower ( 2 World Trade Center ) ; extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process , and the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 , while it was still under construction . When completed in 1973 , the South Tower , Two World Trade Center ( the South Tower ) became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet ( 415 m ) ; the South Tower 's rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft ( 415 m ) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft ( 400 m ) high . Each tower stood over 1,350 feet ( 410 m ) high , and occupied about 1 acre ( 4,000 m ) of the total 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) of the site 's land . During a press conference in 1973 , Yamasaki was asked , `` Why two 110 - story buildings ? Why not one 220 - story building ? '' His tongue - in - cheek response was : `` I did n't want to lose the human scale . '' South Tower lobby interior , overlooking the elevator core and red carpet from the balcony , October 1988 . When completed in 1972 , 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years , surpassing the Empire State Building after a 40 - year reign . The North Tower stood 1,368 feet ( 417 m ) tall and featured a telecommunications antenna or mast that was added at the top of the roof in 1978 and stood 362 feet ( 110 m ) tall . With the 362 - foot ( 110 m ) - tall antenna / mast , the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet ( 530 m ) . Chicago 's Sears Tower , finished in May 1973 , reached 1,450 feet ( 440 m ) at the rooftop . Throughout their existence , the WTC towers had more floors ( at 110 ) than any other building . This number was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa , which opened in 2010 . Each tower had a total mass of around 500,000 tons . Top of the World observation deck Visitors on the viewing platform on the South Tower 's roof , looking north toward Midtown Manhattan Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off - limits to the public , the South Tower featured two public viewing areas called Top of the World Trade Center Observatories : an indoor one on the 107th floor and an outdoor one on the roof . Visitors would pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing , then were sent to the 107th - floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet ( 400 m ) . The exterior columns on each side of the floor were narrowed to allow 28 inches of window width between them . The Port Authority renovated the observatory in 1995 , then leased it to Ogden Entertainment to operate . Attractions added to the observation deck included a simulated helicopter ride around the city . The 107th - floor food court was designed with a subway car theme and featured Sbarro and Nathan 's Famous Hot Dogs . Weather permitting , visitors could ride two short escalators up from the 107th - floor viewing area to an outdoor platform at a height of 1,377 ft ( 420 m ) . On a clear day , visitors could see up to 50 miles ( 80 km ) . An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself , with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it , requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed , unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building . Windows on the World restaurant Main article : Windows on the World Windows on the World restaurant interior , November 4 , 1999 The North Tower had a restaurant on its 106th and 107th floors called Windows on the World , which opened in April 1976 . The restaurant was developed by Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17 million . Aside from the main restaurant , two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower : `` Hors d'Oeuvrerie '' ( offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening ) and `` Cellar in the Sky '' ( a small wine bar ) . Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly , who published a book on the course . Windows on the World was closed following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . Upon reopening in 1996 , Hors d'Oeuvrerie and Cellar in the Sky were replaced with the `` Greatest Bar on Earth '' and `` Wild Blue '' . In 2000 , its last full year of operation , Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million , making it the highest - grossing restaurant in the United States . The Sky Dive Restaurant , on the 44th floor of the North Tower , was also operated by Windows on the World . In its last iteration , Windows on the World received mixed reviews . Ruth Reichl , a New York Times food critic , said in December 1996 that `` nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat , but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York 's favorite tourist destinations . '' She gave the restaurant two out of four stars , signifying a `` very good '' quality rather than `` excellent '' ( three stars ) or `` extraordinary '' ( four stars ) . In his 2009 book Appetite , William Grimes wrote that `` At Windows , New York was the main course . '' In 2014 , Ryan Sutton of Eater.com compared the now - destroyed restaurant 's cuisine to that of its replacement , One World Observatory . He stated , `` Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself , rather than a lazy byproduct of the vital institution it resided in . '' Other buildings The World Financial Center and Battery Park City , next to the World Trade Center , were built on reclaimed land . Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 acres ( 65,000 m ) block . One was the 22 - floor hotel , which opened in 1981 as the Vista Hotel , and in 1995 became the Marriott World Trade Center ( 3 WTC ) at the southwest corner of the site . Three low - rise buildings ( 4 WTC , 5 WTC , and 6 WTC ) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. 6 World Trade Center , at the northwest corner , housed the United States Customs Service and the U.S. Commodities Exchange . 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station and 4 World Trade Center was at the southeast corner . In 1987 , construction was completed on a 47 - floor office building , 7 World Trade Center , located to the north of the superblock . Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall , which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities , including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority 's PATH trains . One of the world 's largest gold depositories was stored underneath the World Trade Center , owned by a group of commercial banks . The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault . Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks , $230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC , which included 3,800 100 - Troy - ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000 - ounce silver bars . Operating History Other notable events at the World Trade Center prior to 9 / 11 include : February 13 , 1975 , fire On February 13 , 1975 , a three - alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower . Fire spread through the tower to the 9th and 14th floors by igniting the insulation of telephone cables in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors . Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately and the original fire was put out in a few hours . Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor , fueled by cabinets filled with paper , alcohol - based fluid for office machines , and other office equipment . Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower . In addition to damage caused by the fire on the 9th -- 14th floors , water from the extinguishing of the fires damaged a few floors below . At that time , the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems . February 26 , 1993 , bombing Main article : 1993 World Trade Center bombing Underground bombing aftermath The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26 , 1993 , at 12 : 17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds ( 680 kg ) of explosives , planted by Ramzi Yousef , detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower . The blast opened a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3 . Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured during escape attempts complicated by smoke infiltration from the base of the building up to the 93rd floor of both towers . Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that contained no emergency lighting , some taking two hours or more to reach safety . Yousef fled to Pakistan after the bombing but was arrested in Islamabad in February 1995 , and was extradited back to the United States to face trial . Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman was convicted in 1996 for involvement in the bombing and other plots . Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted in November 1997 for their carrying out the bombing . Four others had been convicted in May 1994 for their involvement in the 1993 bombing . According to a presiding judge , the conspirators ' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower , toppling both landmarks . Following the bombing , floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns . The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side . The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5 , which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex , was heavily damaged . After the bombing , the Port Authority installed photoluminescent markings in the stairwells . The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed . As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower , a reflecting pool was installed with the names of those who had been killed in the blast . However , the memorial was destroyed following the September 11 attacks . Names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum . January 14 , 1998 , robbery Main article : 1998 Bank of America robbery In January 1998 , Mafia member Ralph Guarino , who had gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center , arranged a three - man crew for a heist that netted over $2 million from a Brinks delivery to the eleventh floor of the World Trade Center . Other events In 1981 , an Aerolineas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers following radar signals that indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower ( 1 WTC ) . The aircraft was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations recommended , while scheduled to land at nearby Kennedy International Airport . In 1983 , on Memorial Day , high - rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower ( 1 WTC ) . His stunt was meant to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers . The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower . Proposed lease In 1998 , the Port Authority approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center . In 2001 , the Port Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a private entity . Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust , a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties , and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group . By privatizing the World Trade Center , it would be added to the city 's tax rolls and provide funds for other Port Authority projects . On February 15 , 2001 , the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the lease for the World Trade Center , paying $3.25 billion for the 99 - year lease . Vornado outbid Silverstein by $600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion . However , Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal , including a shorter 39 - year lease , which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable . Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein 's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26 , 2001 , and closed on July 24 , 2001 . Destruction Main article : Collapse of the World Trade Center The scene just after United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower ; a fireball rises high . On September 11 , 2001 , Islamist terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the northern façade of the North Tower at 8 : 46 : 40 a.m. , the aircraft striking between the 93rd and 99th floors . Seventeen minutes later , at 9 : 03 : 11 a.m. , a second group crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower , striking it between the 77th and 85th floors . The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone , trapping 1,344 people . Flight 175 had a much more off - centered impact compared to Flight 11 , and a single stairwell was left intact ; however , only a few people managed to pass through it successfully before the tower collapsed . Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower , thus affecting more floors , a smaller number , fewer than 700 , were killed instantly or trapped . At 9 : 59 a.m. , the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes . The fire caused steel structural elements , already weakened from the plane impact , to fail . The North Tower collapsed at 10 : 28 a.m. , after burning for approximately 102 minutes . At 5 : 20 p.m. on September 11 , 2001 , 7 World Trade Center started to collapse with the crumble of the east penthouse , and it collapsed completely at 5 : 21 p.m. owing to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure . World Trade Center site after 9 / 11 attacks , seen from above with original building locations The Marriott World Trade Center , a hotel , was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers . The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later were demolished . The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months . The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned owing to the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside ; it was deconstructed , with work completed in early 2011 . The Borough of Manhattan Community College 's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned owing to extensive damage , and it was demolished and completely rebuilt . In the immediate aftermath of the attacks , media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks , as over 50,000 people could be inside the World Trade Center , although the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) estimated that approximately 17,400 occupants were in the towers at the time of the attacks . Ultimately , 2,753 death certificates ( excluding those for hijackers ) were filed relating to the 9 / 11 attacks in New York City , including one filed for Felicia Dunn - Jones , who was added to the official death toll in May 2007 ; Dunn - Jones died five months later from a lung condition linked to exposure to dust during the collapse of the World Trade Center . Three other victims were then added to the official death toll by the city medical examiner 's office : Dr. Sneha Anne Philip , who was last seen the day before the attacks ; Leon Heyward , a man who developed lymphoma and subsequently died in 2008 as a result of dust ingestion during the events following the attacks to the Twin Towers ; and Jerry Borg , who died in December 2010 of pulmonary sarcoidosis determined in June 2011 to be the result of dust from the attacks . 2,192 civilians died in and around the World Trade Center , including 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. ( an investment bank on the 101st -- 105th floors of One World Trade Center ) , 295 employees of Marsh & McLennan Companies ( which was located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 -- 101 , the location of Flight 11 's impact ) , and 175 employees of Aon Corporation . In addition to the civilian deaths , 343 New York City Fire Department ( FDNY ) firefighters were killed in the attacks , as well as 71 law enforcement officers , including 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department ( PAPD ) and 23 members of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) . Ten years after the attacks , remains of only 1,629 victims had been identified . Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed , only 20 were pulled out alive . New World Trade Center Main article : World Trade Center ( 2001 -- present ) Rebuilding of the World Trade Center One WTC Construction In popular culture 2 -- 7 WTC 5 7 Other elements Liberty Park National September 11 Memorial & Museum Performing Arts Center Transportation Hub Vehicular Security Center Westfield World Trade Center St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Over the following years , plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center . The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation ( LMDC ) , established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process , organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design . Memory Foundations , designed by Daniel Libeskind , was selected as the master plan ; however , substantial changes were made to the design . The National September 11 Memorial . The reflecting pools are on the site of the Twin Towers . The first new building at the site was 7 WTC , which opened in May 2006 . The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11 , 2011 and the museum opened in May 2014 . 1 WTC opened on November 3 , 2014 ; 4 WTC opened on November 13 , 2013 ; and 3 WTC is expected to open in spring 2018 , As of November 2013 , according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc. , the new 2 WTC will not be built to its full height until sufficient leasing is established to make the building financially viable . In Summer 2015 , Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned Tower 2 with News Corp as the core tenant ; the Bjarke Ingels - designed structure was expected to be finished by 2020 . 5 WTC will be developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , but above - ground construction was suspended in November 2013 due to a lack of tenants as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . Impact On surrounding community The original World Trade Center created a superblock that cut through the area 's street grid , isolating the complex from the rest of the community . The Port Authority had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center . The project involved combining the twelve - block area bounded by Vesey , Church , Liberty , and West Streets on the north , east , south , and west , respectively . 7 World Trade Center , built on the superblock 's north side in the late 1980s , was built over another block of Greenwich Street . The building acted as a physical barrier separating Tribeca to the north and the Financial District to the south . The underground mall at the World Trade Center also drew shoppers away from surrounding streets . The World Trade Center , as seen from a nearby street in 2000 The project was seen as being monolithic and overambitious , while not involving public input . By contrast , the rebuilding plans had significant public input , and the public supported rebuilding a street grid through the World Trade Center site . One of the rebuilding proposals included building an enclosed shopping street along the path of Cortlandt Street , one of the streets demolished to make room for the original World Trade Center . However , it was ultimately decided to build Cortlandt , Fulton , and Greenwich Streets , which had been destroyed during the original World Trade Center 's construction . As icon of popular culture Main article : World Trade Center in popular culture Prior to 2001 , the World Trade Center was an icon of New York City , and the Twin Towers were the centerpiece that represented the entire complex . The Twin Towers were used as `` establishing shots '' , standing for New York City as a whole . In 1999 , one writer noted : `` Nearly every guidebook in New York City lists the Twin Towers among the city 's top ten attractions . '' Consequently , several high - profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center . The most notable one occurred in 1974 , French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the towers on a tightrope , as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire ( 2008 ) and depicted in the feature film The Walk ( 2015 ) . Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable . In 1977 , Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower ( 2 WTC ) . He later said , `` It looked unscalable ; I thought I 'd like to try it . '' The complex was featured in numerous works of popular culture ; one estimate in 2006 noted that the World Trade Center has appeared in some form in 472 films . Several iconic meanings were attributed to the World Trade Center . The film critic David Sterritt , who lived near the complex , stated that the World Trade Center 's appearance in the 1978 film Superman `` summarized a certain kind of American grandeur ( ... ) the grandeur , I would say , of sheer American powerfulness . '' Remarking on the towers ' destruction in the 1996 film Independence Day , Sterritt said , `` The Twin Towers have been destroyed in various disaster movies that were made before 9 / 11 . That became something that you could n't do even retroactively after 9 / 11 . '' Other motifs included romance , depicted in the 1988 film Working Girl , and corporate avarice , depicted in Wall Street ( 1987 ) and The Bonfire of the Vanities ( 1987 ) . Comic books , animated cartoons , television shows , video games , and music videos also used the complex as a setting . After the September 11 attacks , some movies and TV shows deleted scenes or episodes set within the World Trade Center . For example , the Simpsons episode `` The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson '' , which first aired in 1997 , was removed from syndication after the attacks because a scene showed the World Trade Center . Songs that mentioned the World Trade Center were no longer allowed to be aired on the radio , and the release dates of some films , such as Sidewalks of New York , were delayed so producers could remove scenes that included the World Trade Center . Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly , or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts . The production of some family - oriented films was also sped up due to a large demand for that genre following the attacks , while demand for horror and action films decreased . Within a short time , however , demand for horror and action films returned to normal . By the first anniversary of the attacks , over sixty `` memorial films '' had been created . Filmmakers were criticized for removing scenes related to the World Trade Center . Rita Kempley of the Washington Post stated that `` if we erase the towers from our art , we erase it ( sic ) from our memories . '' Author Donald Langmead compared the phenomenon to the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty - Four , where historic mentions of events are retroactively `` rectified '' . Oliver Stone 's film World Trade Center -- the first movie that specifically examined the effects of the attacks on the World Trade Center , as opposed to the effects elsewhere -- was released in 2006 . See also List of tallest buildings in New York City Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks World Trade Center in popular culture References ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Twin Towers '' . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . June 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision '' . Seattle Times . February 27 , 1993 . Jump up ^ World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) at Emporis Jump up ^ Holusha , John ( January 6 , 2002 ) . `` Commercial Property ; In Office Market , a Time of Uncertainty '' . 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( December 1966 ) . `` Computers and the Design of the World Trade Center '' . ASCE , Structural Division . 92 ( ST -- 6 ) : 75 -- 91 . Jump up ^ `` The World Trade Center : Statistics and History '' . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. , Richard W. Bukowski , Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. xxxvi . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Mcdowell , Edwin ( April 11 , 1997 ) . `` At Trade Center Deck , Views Are Lofty , as Are the Prices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 : World Trade Center Is Dynamic Duo of Height '' . Engineering News - Record . August 16 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Willis Tower Building Information '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced '' . Gulfnews . November 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest building opens in Dubai '' . BBC News . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagar , Thomas W. ; Musso , Christopher ( 2001 ) . `` Why did the world trade center collapse ? Science , engineering , and speculation '' . JOM . Springer Nature . 53 ( 12 ) : 8 -- 11 . doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 001 - 0003 - 1 . ISSN 1047 - 4838 . Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu ( February 24 , 1997 ) . `` Metal Detectors , Common at Other City Landmarks , Are Not Used '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McDowell , Edwin ( April 11 , 1997 ) . `` At Trade Center Deck , Views Are Lofty , as Are the Prices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Darton ( 1999 ) , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Adams , Arthur ( 1996 ) . The Hudson River Guidebook . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 1680 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Zraly , Kevin ( 2006 ) . Windows on the world complete wine course . New York : Sterling Epicure . p. 260 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 2106 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Grimes , William ( September 19 , 2001 ) . `` Windows That Rose So Close To the Sun '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Zraly , Kevin ( 2011 ) . Kevin Zraly 's Complete Wine Course . Sterling Publishing Company , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 8793 - 5 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Steven ( June 4 , 2002 ) . `` Windows on the World Workers Say Their Boss Did n't Do Enough '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Reichl , Ruth ( 1997 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Restaurants ; Food That 's Nearly Worthy of the View '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( 2009 - 10 - 13 ) . Appetite City : A Culinary History of New York . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42999 - 027 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Ryan ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Dining at One World Trade '' . Eater NY . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gillespie ( 1999 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Gillespie ( 1999 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Trade Center '' . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glanz & Lipton ( 2003 ) , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Gillespie ( 1999 ) , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Gold , Recovery of The Towers ' buried treasure , NY Mag , August 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Rediff.com . Reuters , November 17 , 2001 : Buried WTC gold returns to futures trade . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lew , H.S. , Richard W. Bukowski , Nicholas J. Carino ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . pp. xlv . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mathews , Tom ( March 8 , 1993 ) . `` A Shaken City 's Towering Inferno '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( February 27 , 1993 ) . `` Tougher Code May Not Have Helped '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( February 9 , 1995 ) . `` Fugitive in Trade Center Blast Is Caught and Returned to U.S. '' The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fried , Joseph P. ( January 18 , 1996 ) . `` Sheik Sentenced to Life in Prison in Bombing Plot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jury convicts 2 in Trade Center blast '' . CNN . November 12 , 1997 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hays , Tom & Larry Neumeister ( May 25 , 1994 ) . `` In Sentencing Bombers , Judge Takes Hard Line '' . Seattle Times / AP . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prosecutor : Yousef aimed to topple Trade Center towers '' . CnN . August 5 , 1997 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Port Authority Risk Management Staff . `` The World Trade Center Complex '' ( PDF ) . United States Fire Administration . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ramabhushanam , Ennala & Marjorie Lynch ( 1994 ) . `` Structural Assessment of Bomb Damage for World Trade Center '' . Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities . 8 ( 4 ) : 229 -- 242 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 0887 - 3828 ( 1994 ) 8 : 4 ( 229 ) . Jump up ^ Amy , Jr. , James D. ( December 2006 ) . `` Escape from New York -- The Use of Photoluminescent Pathway - marking Systems in High - Rise '' . Emerging trends . Society of Fire Protection Engineer . Issue 8 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Evans , David D. , Richard D. Peacock , Erica D. Kuligowski , W. Stuart Dols , William L. Grosshandler ( September 2005 ) . Active Fire Protection Systems ( NCSTAR 1 -- 4 ) ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. 44 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dwyer , Jim ( February 26 , 2002 ) . `` Their Monument Now Destroyed , 1993 Victims Are Remembered '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the victims of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing '' . NY Daily News . 2018 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jet Crew to be Asked about Near Miss '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Skyscrapers '' . National Geographic : 169 . February 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Skyscraper Defense '' . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Robert ( September 19 , 1995 ) . `` Kasparov Gets Pressure , but No Victory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herman , Eric ( February 6 , 2001 ) . `` PA to ease WTC tax load , rent would be cut to offset hike by city '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( January 31 , 2001 ) . `` Bidding for Twin Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herman , Eric ( January 31 , 2001 ) . `` Port Authority Gets Final Bids on WTC '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Brookfield Loses Lease Bid '' . Toronto Star . February 23 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( March 20 , 2001 ) . `` As Trade Center Talks Stumble , No. 2 Bidder Gets Another Chance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( April 27 , 2001 ) . `` Deal Is Signed To Take Over Trade Center '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smothers , Ronald ( July 25 , 2001 ) . `` Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects , Pataki Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 9 / 11 Commission Report '' ( PDF ) . National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . July 27 , 2004 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Jim ; Lipton , Eric ; et al. ( May 26 , 2002 ) . `` 102 Minutes : Last Words at the Trade Center ; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( July 22 , 2004 ) . `` Study Maps the Location of Deaths in the Twin Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NIST NCSTAR 1 - 1 ( 2005 ) , pp. 34 , 45 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` FEMA 403 - World Trade Center Building Performance Study , Chapter . 5 , section 5.5. 4 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 -- Draft for Public Comment '' ( PDF ) . NIST . August 2008 . pp. xxxii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study '' . FEMA . May 2002 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Steel Column '' . The New York Times . May 30 , 2002 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study -- Bankers Trust Building '' ( PDF ) . FEMA . May 2002 . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street '' . Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Julie ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Students Return to Rebuilt Fiterman Hall 11 Years After 9 / 11 '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Averill , Jason D. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Occupant Behavior , Egress , and Emergency Communications '' . Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . Jump up ^ DePalma , Anthony ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` For the First Time , New York Links a Death to 9 / 11 Dust '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Official 9 / 11 Death Toll Climbs By One '' . CBS News . Associated Press . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa W. ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` 9 / 11 's Litany of Loss , Joined by Another Name '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cantor rebuilds after 9 / 11 losses '' . BBC News . London . September 4 , 2006 . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Aaron ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` Industry honors fallen on 9 / 11 anniversary '' . InvestmentNews . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grady , Denise ; Revkin , Andrew C. ( September 10 , 2002 ) . `` Lung Ailments May Force 500 Firefighters Off Job '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Post-9 / 11 report recommends police , fire response changes '' . USA Today . Washington DC . Associated Press . August 19 , 2002 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Police back on day - to - day beat after 9 / 11 nightmare '' . CNN . July 21 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lemre , Jonathan ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Remains of WTC worker Ernest James , 40 , ID 'd ten years after 9 / 11 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denerstein , Robert ( August 4 , 2006 ) . `` Terror in close - up '' . Rocky Mountain News . Denver , CO . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pérez - Peña , Richard ( November 3 , 2001 ) . `` A NATION CHALLENGED : DOWNTOWN ; State Plans Rebuilding Agency , Perhaps Led by Giuliani '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGuigan , Cathleen ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` Up From The Ashes '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Refined Master Site Plan for the World Trade Center Site '' . Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David W. Dunlap ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` 1 World Trade Center Is a Growing Presence , and a Changed One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare '' . Lower Manhattan Development Corporation ( LMDC ) . May 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NY1 News ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Public Gets First Glimpse Of 9 / 11 Memorial '' . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National September 11 Memorial Museum opens '' . Fox NY . May 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Trade Center Reopens for Business '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Trade Center `` . Wtc.com . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warerkar , Tanay ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) . `` 3 World Trade Center nears the finish line in the Financial District '' . Curbed NY . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ David M. Levitt ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` NYC 's World Trade Tower Opens 40 % Empty in Revival '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2 World Trade Center Office Space -- World Trade Center '' . Jump up ^ Minchom , Clive ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) . `` New World Trade Center Coming To Life Already Impacts New York Skyline '' . Jewish Business News . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The looming World Trade Center ' stalemate ' '' . DOWNTOWN EXPRESS. 2014 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` At World Trade Center Site , Rebuilding Recreates Intersection of Long Ago '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Glanz & Lipton ( 2003 ) , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Glanz & Lipton ( 2003 ) , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Sagalyn , L.B. ( 2016 ) . Power at Ground Zero : Politics , Money , and the Remaking of Lower Manhattan . Oxford University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 060704 - 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( 2005 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Does Putting Up a Glass Galleria Count as Bringing Back a Street ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Klerks , Jan ( 2011 ) . `` Planning the World Trade Center 40 Years Apart '' . CTBUH Journal . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( 3 ) : 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` WTC will be test for urbanism '' . CNU. 2002 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ground Zero - The Stakeholders - Sacred Ground - FRONTLINE '' . PBS . 2004 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , E. ( 2013 ) . Battle for Ground Zero : Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center . St. Martin 's Press . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 34138 - 8 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead ( 2009 ) , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Gillespie ( 1999 ) , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Glanz & Lipton ( 2003 ) , p. 219 . Jump up ^ `` Wire - walk film omits 9 / 11 tragedy '' . BBC NEWS. 2008 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt 's ' The Walk ' Running Early at Imax Locations '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` He Had New York At His Feet '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillespie ( 1999 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Glanz & Lipton ( 2003 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Poulou , Penelope ( 2011 - 08 - 29 ) . `` New York 's Twin Towers Appear in Many Hollywood Films '' . VOA . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead ( 2009 ) , p. 354 . ^ Jump up to : `` Television 's uneasy relationship with the World Trade Center '' . EW.com. 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Twin towers erased from some films after 9 / 11 '' . TODAY.com. 2011 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon ( 2004 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' Simpsons ' exec producer Al Jean : ' I completely understand ' if reruns with nuclear jokes are pulled '' . EW.com. 2011 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dixon ( 2004 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Washingtonpost.com : Live Online '' . Washington Post . 2002 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead ( 2009 ) , p. 355 . Bibliography Cudahy , Brian J. ( 2002 ) , Rails Under the Mighty Hudson ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : Fordham University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 82890 - 257 - 1 Darton , Eric ( 1999 ) . Divided we stand : a biography of New York 's World Trade Center . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01727 - 0 . Dixon , W.W. ( 2004 ) . Film and Television After 9 / 11 . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2556 - 6 . Fanella , David A. ; Derecho , Arnaldo T. ; Ghosh , S.K. ( September 2005 ) . Design and Construction of Structural Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1A ) ( PDF ) . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2742 - 0 . Glanz , James & Lipton , Eric ( 2003 ) . City in the Sky . Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7691 - 2 . Langmead , Donald ( 2009 ) . Icons of American Architecture : From the Alamo to the World Trade Center . Greenwood icons . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34207 - 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Lew , H.S. ; Bukowski , Richard W. ; Carino , Nicholas J. ( September 2005 ) . Design , Construction , and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems ( NCSTAR 1 - 1 ) ( PDF ) . Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ( NCSTAR 1 -- 6 ) ( PDF ) . Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study '' . Federal Emergency Management Agency . May 2002 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . World Trade Center -- Silverstein Properties World Trade Center -- Port Authority of New York & New Jersey World Trade Center at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Building the Twin Towers : A Tribute -- slideshow by Life magazine New York : A Documentary film features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center in the seventh and final episode of the series directed by Ric Burns . Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970 Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . NY - 6369 , `` World Trade Center Site '' , 103 photos , 21 data pages , 8 photo caption pages <Th_colspan="3"> Records Preceded by Empire State Building Tallest building in the world 1970 -- 1974 ( North Tower ) Succeeded by Willis Tower Tallest building in the United States 1970 -- 1974 ( North Tower ) Tallest building with the most floors 1970 -- 2001 Tallest building with the most floors ever 1970 -- 2008 Succeeded by Burj Khalifa Preceded by City National Plaza Tallest twin towers in the world 1970 -- 1998 Succeeded by Petronas Towers <Th_colspan="2"> New York City 's World Trade Center First WTC ( 1973 -- 2001 ) Construction Towers One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Windows on the World Mall The Bathtub Tenants One Two Four Five Six Seven Art Bent Propeller The Sphere The World Trade Center Tapestry World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture Ideogram Sky Gate , New York Major events February 13 , 1975 fire February 26 , 1993 bombing January 14 , 1998 robbery September 11 , 2001 attacks Collapse Timeline Victims Aftermath Deutsche Bank Building St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Second WTC ( 2001 -- present ) Site , towers , and structures One Construction Two Three Four Five Seven Performing Arts Center Vehicular Security Center Liberty Park St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Westfield Mall Artwork ( ONE : Union of the Senses ) Rapid transit PATH stations Transportation Hub New York City Subway stations Chambers Street -- WTC / Park Place ( 2 , 3 , A , C , and E trains ) Cortlandt Street ( N , R , and W trains ) Cortlandt Street ( 1 and 2 trains ) Fulton Street ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , A , C , J , and Z trains ) Fulton Center Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway 9 / 11 memorials 9 / 11 Tribute Museum National September 11 Memorial & Museum Competition Memory Foundations Tribute in Light America 's Response Monument Empty Sky Relics from original WTC The Sphere Cross Survivors ' Staircase People Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Larry Silverstein Austin J. 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in New York City <Td_colspan="2"> Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church ( c. 1643 ) Trinity Church ( 85 m ) ( 1846 ) New York World Building ( 94 m ) ( 1890 ) Manhattan Life Insurance Building ( 100 m ) ( 1894 ) Park Row Building ( 119 m ) ( 1899 ) Singer Building ( 187 m ) ( 1908 ) Metropolitan Life Tower ( 213 m ) ( 1909 ) Woolworth Building ( 241 m ) ( 1913 ) 40 Wall Street ( 283 m ) ( 1930 ) Chrysler Building ( 320 m ) ( 1930 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 1931 ) World Trade Center ( 526 m ) ( 1973 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 2001 ) One World Trade Center ( 541 m ) ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Supertall skyscrapers <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Current <Td_colspan="2"> North America 432 Park Avenue 875 North Michigan Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower One World Trade Center One57 Salesforce Tower The New York Times Building Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia 23 Marina 85 Sky Tower Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait The Address Downtown Dubai ADNOC Headquarters Al Hamra Tower Almas Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Bank of China Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower The Center Central Plaza Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower Etihad Towers Eton Place Dalian Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower The Index International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW 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<Th_colspan="3"> Architecture by Minoru Yamasaki Skyscrapers One Woodward Avenue ( 1963 ) IBM Building ( 1963 ) The Century Plaza Hotel ( 1966 ) M&T Bank Center , Buffalo ( 1967 ) World Trade Center Tower 1 , Tower 2 , Buildings 4 , 5 and 6 ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Montgomery Ward Corporate Headquarters Tower ( 1972 ) Century Plaza Towers ( 1975 ) Bank of Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Rainier Bank Tower ( 1977 ) Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond ( 1978 ) 100 Washington Square ( 1981 ) Torre Picasso ( 1988 ) Columbia Center ( 1989 -- 2000 ) Airports St. Louis Lambert International Airport main terminal ( 1956 ) Dhahran International Airport terminal ( 1961 ) Eastern Airlines terminal at Logan Airport ( 1969 ) King Fahd International Airport master plan ( 1977 ) Houses of worship North Shore Congregation Israel ( 1964 ) Temple Beth El ( 1974 ) Shinji Shumeikai Founder 's Hall ( 1982 ) Other buildings Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building annex ( 1951 ) Pruitt -- Igoe housing project ( 1954 ) Grosse Pointe University School ( 1954 ) Military Personnel Records Center ( 1955 ) McGregor Memorial Conference Center ( 1957 ) Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex ( 1959 ) Pacific Science Center ( 1962 ) Irwin Library at Butler University ( 1963 ) Oberlin Conservatory of Music ( 1963 ) Northwestern National Life Building ( 1965 ) Robertson Hall at Princeton University ( 1965 ) Quo Vadis Entertainment Center ( 1966 ) Dr. John Archer Library ( 1967 ) Japan Center ( 1968 ) Tulsa Performing Arts Center ( 1976 ) Istanbul Cevahir ( 1987 ) Landscape architecture Wascana Centre and University of Regina - Regina Campus ( 1961 -- 1967 ) <Td_colspan="3"> List of works by Minoru Yamasaki Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Center_(1973 -- 2001 ) &oldid = 838661723 '' Categories : World Trade Center Buildings and structures destroyed in the September 11 attacks Destroyed landmarks in New York City Financial District , Manhattan Former skyscrapers Former world 's tallest buildings Historic American Buildings Survey in New York ( state ) History of New York City Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Twin towers World Trade Centers Landmarks in Manhattan Minoru Yamasaki buildings Modernist architecture in New York City Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with Curlie links Pages using New York City Subway service templates Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 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1. World Trade Center complex
2. Twin Towers
3. September 11 attacks
4. Construction and design
5. Rebuilding and new World Trade Center
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-523,458,226,279,248,260 |
top 10 goal scorers of all time in premier league
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List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals - wikipedia List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals Alan Shearer was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals , and only player to score 100 goals for two clubs . Wayne Rooney is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more , behind only Shearer and the only active player as of 2017 to do so . Frank Lampard is the Premier League 's highest scoring midfielder of all time . Thierry Henry scored 175 Premier League goals , the most by a foreign player . Ryan Giggs is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons . Didier Drogba is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals . Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 26 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition . During the 1995 -- 96 season , Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals , and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100 , doing so in 124 appearances . He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League . After Shearer , Sergio Agüero is the second - fastest to 100 goals , doing so in 147 games . Players ( edit ) As of 30 September 2017 List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Rank Player Position Premier League club ( s ) Goals Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United 260 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Everton , Manchester United 200 Cole , Andy Andy Cole Newcastle United , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Manchester City , Portsmouth 187 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard MF West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 177 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal 175 6 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool , Leeds United , Manchester City 163 7 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe West Ham United , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Bournemouth 159 8 Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool , Newcastle United , Manchester United , Stoke City 150 9 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United , Leicester City , Bolton Wanderers 149 10 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest , Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Portsmouth , West Ham United 146 11 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal , Manchester United 144 12 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City 128 13 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic 127 14 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa 126 15 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion 125 16 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland 123 17 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard MF Liverpool 120 18 Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal , West Ham United 113 19 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Manchester United , Coventry City , Aston Villa 111 20 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 110 21 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs MF Manchester United 109 22 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes MF Manchester United 107 23 Bent , Darren Darren Bent Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Aston Villa , Fulham 106 24 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch Aston Villa , Southampton , Liverpool , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City 105 25 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Chelsea 104 26 Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier MF Southampton 100 <Td_colspan="5"> ( Italics show players still playing professional football ; Bold show players still playing in the Premier League ) See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers List of top Premier League goal scorers by season List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bent poised to join 100 club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bent delighted to join 100 goals club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Sergio Aguero second - fastest to 100 PL goals , but was he offside ? '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Players Index '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . <Th_colspan="2"> Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_players_with_100_or_more_goals&oldid=804829302 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Italiano Shqip Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 11 : 58 . About Wikipedia
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1. Premier League players with 100 or more goals
2. Alan Shearer's record-breaking goals in the Premier League
3. Wayne Rooney's achievement of scoring 200 Premier League goals
4. Frank Lampard as the highest scoring midfielder in the Premier League
5. Notable players with 100 or more goals in the Premier League
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what side of the road do you drive in russia
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Left - and right - hand traffic - wikipedia Left - and right - hand traffic Countries by handedness of traffic , c. 2018 Left - hand traffic Right - hand traffic Change of traffic directions at the Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge The terms right - hand traffic ( RHT ) and left - hand traffic ( LHT ) refer to the practice , in bidirectional traffic , to keep to the right side or to the left side of the road , respectively . This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road . RHT is used in 163 countries and territories , with the remaining 78 countries and territories using LHT . Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world 's area and a quarter of its roads . In 1919 , 104 of the world 's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT . From 1919 to 1986 , 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT . Many of the countries with LHT were formerly part of the British Empire . In addition , Japan , Indonesia , Thailand , Suriname and other countries have retained the LHT tradition . Conversely , many of the countries with RHT were formerly part of the French colonial empire or , in Europe , were subject to French rule during the Napoleonic conquests . For rail traffic , LHT predominates in Western Europe ( except Spain and the Netherlands ) , Latin America , and in countries formerly in the British and French Empires , whereas North American and central and eastern European train services operate RHT . According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea , water traffic is RHT . For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations suggest RHT principles , both in the air and on water . In healthy populations , traffic safety is thought to be the same regardless of handedness , although some researchers have speculated that LHT may be safer for ageing populations since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant . Contents 1 History 2 Changing sides 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia and the Pacific 2.3 Africa 3 Safety 4 Changing sides at borders 5 Road vehicle configurations 5.1 Driver seating position 5.2 Headlamps and other lighting equipment 5.2. 1 Rear fog lamps 5.3 Crash testing differences 6 Worldwide distribution by country 7 Traffic rules 8 Rail traffic 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Left - hand traffic in Vienna , Austria circa 1930 . Ancient Greek , Egyptian , and Roman troops kept to the left when marching . In 1998 , archaeologists found a well - preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon , in southern England . The grooves in the road on the left side ( viewed facing down the track away from the quarry ) were much deeper than those on the right side , suggesting LHT , at least at this location , since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded , and enter it empty . The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756 , with regard to London Bridge . Hong Kong drives on the left . Mainland China drives on the right . Some historians , such as C. Northcote Parkinson , believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left , since most people were right - handed . If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight , each would edge toward the left . In the year 1300 , Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left . In the late 1700s , traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters ' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses . The wagons had no driver 's seat , so the ( typically right - handed ) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse . Seated on the left , the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons . In France , traditionally foot traffic had kept right , while carriage traffic kept left . Following the French Revolution , all traffic kept right . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe . During the colonial period , RHT was introduced by the French in New France , French West Africa , the Maghreb , French Indochina , the West Indies , French Guiana and the Réunion , among others . Meanwhile , LHT was introduced by the British in parts of Canada ( Atlantic Canada and British Columbia ) , Australia , New Zealand , the East Africa Protectorate ( now Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda ) , British India , Rhodesia and the Cape Colony ( now Zambia , Zimbabwe and South Africa ) , British Malaya ( now Malaysia , Brunei and Singapore ) , British Guiana , and British Hong Kong . LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau , Colonial Brazil , Portuguese Timor , Portuguese Mozambique , and Portuguese Angola . The first keep - right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike . New York formalized RHT in 1804 , New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821 . In the early 1900s some countries including Canada , Spain , and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country . During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions , and changed from LHT to RHT , mostly to conform with regional custom . Currently nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory . Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and / or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country . China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau . The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands . The United Kingdom is LHT , but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT . Changing sides ( edit ) Traffic moves from left to right in Stockholm , Sweden , on 3 September 1967 Europe ( edit ) Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention , which advised driving on the right - hand side of the road , in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders . This was despite the fact that left - hand traffic was still widespread : in 1915 for example , LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro - Hungarian Empire ; however , three years later the Empire was split up into several countries , and they all changed eventually to RHT , notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938 -- 39 . Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967 , despite having land borders with RHT countries , and approximately 90 percent of cars being left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles . A referendum was held in 1955 , with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT . Nevertheless , some years later the government ordered a conversion , which took place at 5 am on Sunday , 3 September 1967 . The accident rate dropped sharply after the change , but soon rose back to near its original level . The day was known as Dagen H ( `` H - Day '' ) , the ' H ' being for Högertrafik ( `` right traffic '' ) . When Iceland switched the following year , it was known as H - dagurinn , again meaning `` H - Day '' . In the late 1960s , the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT , but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built - up nation . Road building standards , for motorways in particular , allow asymmetrically designed road junctions , where merge and diverge lanes differ in length . Today , four countries in Europe continue to use left - hand traffic , all island nations : the UK , Cyprus , Ireland , and Malta . Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) Nationalist China adopted RHT in 1946 . This convention was preserved when the CCP took the mainland and the KMT retreated to Taiwan . Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT . Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japanese colonial power which was defeated by the Allies , and surrendered . Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970 . Samoa , a former German colony , had been RHT for more than a century . It switched to LHT in 2009 , being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch . The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right - hand drive ( RHD ) vehicles -- which are better suited for left - hand traffic -- imported from Australia , New Zealand or Japan , and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations . A political party , The People 's Party , was formed to try to protest against the change , a protest group which launched a legal challenge , and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it . The motor industry was also opposed , as 14,000 of Samoa 's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion . After months of preparation , the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration . There were no reported incidents . At 05 : 50 local time , Monday 7 September , a radio announcement halted traffic , and an announcement at 6 : 00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT . The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat - belt laws . That day and the following day were declared public holidays , to reduce traffic . The change included a three - day ban on alcohol sales , while police mounted dozens of checkpoints , warning drivers to drive slowly . The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish and American colonial periods , as well as during the Commonwealth era . During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT , also because LHT had been required by the Japanese ; but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement . RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945 . Africa ( edit ) A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries . Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971 , Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974 . Before this period The Gambia , a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal , had officially switched to RHT in 1965 . Rwanda , a former Belgian colony in central Africa , is RHT but is considering switching to LHT , to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community ( EAC ) . A survey , carried out in 2009 , indicated that 54 % of Rwandans were in favour of the switch . Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model , easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries . The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents . In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT . In 2015 , the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted ; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe . Safety ( edit ) In one study , researchers concluded that left - hand traffic may be safer for elderly drivers , since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant . Comparing accident statistics between countries operating either LHT or RHT , Leeming concluded that LHT is superior . However , Watson has criticised the small sample size and dismisses the notion . Changing sides at borders ( edit ) A road sign in the British county of Kent placed on the right - hand side of the road . Border between Sweden and Norway in 1934 Although many LHT jurisdictions are on islands , there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area . Such borders are mostly located in Africa and southern Asia . The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic regulates the use of foreign registered vehicles in the 74 countries that have ratified it . LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbors : Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar . Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch , but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic . There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China . In 2006 , the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100 . The next largest is Man Kam To , where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one - way streets with a main road . The Takutu River Bridge ( which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil ) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides . Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel , the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high ; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year , by rail , between the UK and France . Road vehicle configurations ( edit ) Driver seating position ( edit ) Bolivia is RHT , with the exception of Yungas Road which is LHT to help drivers see their outer wheel . In RHT jurisdictions , vehicles are configured with LHD , with the driver sitting on the left side . In LHT jurisdictions , the reverse is true . The driver 's side , the side closest to the centre of the road , is sometimes called the offside , while the passenger side , the side closest to the side of the road , is sometimes called the nearside . Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic . Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD . In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America , arguing that with RHD and RHT , the passenger was obliged to `` get out on the street side and walk around the car '' and that with steering from the left , the driver `` is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger . '' By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford 's lead , due to the popularity of the Model T . In specialised cases , the driver will sit on the nearside , or curbside . Examples include : Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside , e.g. street sweepers , or vehicles driven along unstable road edges . Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside , e.g. delivery vehicles . The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America . Some Unimogs are designed to switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck . Generally , the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left , and kickstands are usually on the left which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside as is the case in LHT . Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle 's offside . Headlamps and other lighting equipment ( edit ) Main article : Headlamp Bird 's - eye view of low beam light pattern for RH traffic , with long seeing range on the right and short cutoff on the left so oncoming drivers are not dazzled . Most low - beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical light suitable for use on only one side of the road . Low beam headlamps in LHT jurisdictions throw most of their light forward - leftward ; those for RHT throw most of their light forward - rightward , thus illuminating obstacles and road signs while minimising glare for oncoming traffic . In Europe , headlamps approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road , . This may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded . Some varieties of the projector - type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LHT or RHT beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly . Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car 's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LHT to RHT and vice versa . Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before its changeover from left - to right - hand traffic . An opaque decal blocks the lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right , and bears the warning `` Not to be removed before 3 September 1967 '' . Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps , most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic - handedness . Without sidecars attached , motorcycles , motor scooters , mopeds , and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre . However , motorcycles are often equipped with automotive - type asymmetrical - beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic - handedness . Rear fog lamps ( edit ) In the European Union , vehicles must be equipped with one or two red rear fog lamps . A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle 's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver 's side of the vehicle . Crash testing differences ( edit ) An Australian news source reports that some RHD cars imported to that country did n't perform as well on crash tests as the LHD versions , although the cause is unknown , and may be due to differences in testing methodology . Worldwide distribution by country ( edit ) Of the 194 countries currently recognised by the United Nations ( and the unrecognised Palestine ) , 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT . A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once . Country Road traffic Road switched sides Multi-track rail traffic generally Notes Afghanistan RHT RHT / LHT Was LHT until the 1950s , in line with neighbouring British India and later Pakistan . Albania RHT RHT Algeria RHT RHT Andorra RHT Angola RHT 1928 Antigua and Barbuda LHT Former British colony . Argentina RHT 1945 10 June LHT The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial ( road safety day ) . The Premetro and Metrotranvía Mendoza use RHT . Armenia RHT RHT Australia LHT LHT / RHT Commonwealth . Includes Christmas Island , Cocos Islands , Norfolk Island Austria RHT 1921 -- 1938 RHT Originally LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Switched sides in 1921 in Vorarlberg , 1930 in North Tyrol , 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol , and in 1938 in the rest of the country . Azerbaijan RHT RHT Bahamas LHT In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from the United States . Bahrain RHT 1967 Former British protectorate . Switched to same side as neighbours . Bangladesh LHT LHT Barbados LHT Belgium RHT 1899 LHT The Brussels Metro is nominally RHT , with LHT on the circle line west of Halle Gate . This was done to enable unidirectional vehicles to use island platforms . Belarus RHT RHT Belize RHT 1961 Former British colony . Switched to same side as neighbours . Benin RHT Bhutan LHT Under British protection before 1949 . Bolivia RHT Bosnia and Herzegovina RHT 1918 RHT Switched sides after the collapse of Austria - Hungary . Botswana LHT Brazil RHT 1928 RHT A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century as LHT and retained it at least partially following independence , switched some states still on LHT to RHT in 1928 , the same year as Portugal . While some areas in present - day Brazil formerly belonged to Bolivia were already in RHT . Brunei LHT Bulgaria RHT RHT Burkina Faso RHT Burundi RHT Former Belgian colony . Considering switching to LHT in line with neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Cambodia RHT LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . RHD cars , many of which were smuggled from Thailand , were banned from 2001 , even though they accounted for 80 % of vehicles in the country . Cameroon RHT 1961 Canada RHT 1920s RHT Territories now in Canada have always been RHT , except British Columbia , which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923 , and New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922 , 1923 , and 1924 respectively . Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire , two years before joining Canada . Cape Verde RHT 1928 Central African Republic RHT Chad RHT Chile RHT 1920s LHT The Santiago Metro uses RHT . China RHT 1946 RHT / LHT At one time , northern provinces were RHT due to American influence , while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence . LHT was uniform in the 1930s . Hong Kong and Macau are all on LHT due to their colonial heritage . Most metro systems use RHT , except for the Hong Kong MTR and the Macau LRT . Colombia RHT RHT Comoros RHT Congo RHT Democratic Republic of Congo RHT Costa Rica RHT Côte d'Ivoire RHT Croatia RHT RHT Istria and Dalmatia were RHT , while Croatia - Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria - Hungary . The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Cuba RHT RHT Cyprus LHT Former British colony . Czech Republic RHT 1939 RHT Was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary , switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Denmark RHT RHT Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland Djibouti RHT Dominica LHT Former British colony . Dominican Republic RHT East Timor LHT 1976 Originally LHT , like its colonial power Portugal . Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928 . Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor , changed back to LHT in 1976 . Ecuador RHT LHT The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT . Egypt RHT LHT Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence , but railway system was built by British companies . El Salvador RHT Equatorial Guinea RHT Eritrea RHT 1964 Estonia RHT RHT Ethiopia RHT 1964 LHT The Addis Ababa Light Rail uses RHT . Fiji LHT LHT Finland RHT 1858 RHT / LHT Formerly ruled as part of LHT Sweden , switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree . Most of the Helsinki commuter rail lines use LHT , but the Helsinki Metro uses RHT . France RHT 1792 LHT / RHT Includes French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Guiana , Réunion , Saint Barthélemy , Collectivity of Saint Martin , Guadeloupe , Mayotte . Railroads in Alsace and Moselle use RHT as a former part of German Empire . CDGVAL uses RHT . Most metro systems use RHT , except for the Lyon Metro . Gabon RHT Gambia RHT 1965 Georgia RHT RHT About 40 % vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to the low cost of used cars imported from Japan . The Batumi Ropeway uses LHT . Germany RHT RHT Ghana RHT Former British colony . Ghana changed to driving on the right on 4 August 1974 , the last former British colony in the region to do so , the military National Redemption Council having passed the Right Hand Traffic Act by decree in 1973 . When changing to RHT , a Twi language slogan was `` Nifa , Nifa Enan '' or `` Right , Right , Fourth ''. Ghana has also banned RHD vehicles . Ghana prohibited new registrations of RHD vehicles after 1 August 1974 , three days before the traffic change on 4 August 1974 . RHD vehicles may be imported only temporarily into Sierra Leone , for example for humanitarian programmes , but must be exported at the end of the operation . Greece RHT RHT Grenada LHT Guatemala RHT Guinea RHT Guinea - Bissau RHT 1928 Guyana LHT Haiti RHT Honduras RHT Hong Kong LHT LHT Former British Colony . Hungary RHT 1941 RHT Originally LHT , like most of Austria - Hungary . Iceland RHT 1968 The day of the switch was known as H - dagurinn . Most passenger cars were already LHD . Iran RHT RHT Iraq RHT LHT India LHT LHT Former British colony . Indonesia LHT RHT Roads were built by British , but railways are RHT due to Dutch influence . The Jakarta MRT will also use RHT . Ireland LHT LHT Part of the United Kingdom until 1922 . Israel RHT LHT Under British rule till 1948 ; The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT . Italy RHT 1920s LHT Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT . Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926 . Alfa Romeo and Lancia did produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively only to special order , as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls . The metro systems in Brescia , Genoa , Milan , and Turin use RHT , as well as all tram systems . Jamaica LHT Japan LHT LHT Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT . It was returned to Japan in 1972 but did not convert back to LHT until 1978 . The conversion operation was known as 730 ( Nana - San - Maru , which refers to the date of the changeover , 30 July ) . Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century . The Hakone Ropeway uses RHT . Jordan RHT RHT , despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946 . Kazakhstan RHT RHT Kenya LHT British colony until 1963 . Kiribati LHT North Korea RHT 1946 LHT / RHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s . Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945 . The metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT . South Korea RHT 1946 LHT / RHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s . Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945 . Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT ( exceptions include lines 1 and 4 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway , the Bundang Line , and the Shinbundang Line ) . Kosovo RHT RHT Kuwait RHT Kyrgyzstan RHT RHT Former part of RHT Soviet Union . In 2012 , over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan . Laos RHT LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . Latvia RHT RHT Lebanon RHT Former French mandate . Lesotho LHT Liberia RHT Libya RHT Liechtenstein RHT RHT Lithuania RHT RHT Luxembourg RHT RHT Macedonia RHT RHT Madagascar RHT Malawi LHT Former British colony . Malaysia LHT LHT Former British colony . Maldives LHT Former British colony . Mali RHT Malta LHT British colony until 1964 . Marshall Islands RHT Was being under American rule . Mauritania RHT Mining roads between Fderîck and Zouérat are LHT . Mauritius LHT Former British colony . Island nation . Mexico RHT RHT Micronesia RHT Was being under American rule . Nearly 80 % vehicles are RHD due to the import of used cars from Japan . Moldova RHT RHT Monaco RHT LHT Mongolia RHT RHT Montenegro RHT RHT Morocco RHT RHT Mozambique LHT LHT Myanmar RHT 1970 LHT Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT , most cars are used RHD vehicles , imported from Japan . Netherlands RHT 1906 RHT Rotterdam was LHT until 1917 . Includes Curaçao , Sint Maarten , and Aruba Namibia LHT 1918 RHT as a German colony . After South Africa occupied German South - West Africa during World War I , switched to LHT . South - West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations , and the new rule of the road was established in law . Nauru LHT 1918 Nepal LHT Former British mandate . New Zealand LHT LHT Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands Nicaragua RHT Niger RHT Nigeria RHT 1972 LHT Former British colony . Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies . Federal Road Safety Commission ( FRSC ) warned operators of RHD vehicles that they would face prosecution under Section 71 of the National Road Traffic Regulation ( 2004 ) , which states that no RHD vehicle shall be registered or driven on public roads . Norway RHT RHT Oman RHT Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign - registered RHD vehicles . Pakistan LHT LHT Was part of undivided India Palau RHT Most cars are used RHD vehicles , imported from Japan because it 's a second Japanese - speaking country . Palestine RHT Panama RHT 1943 RHT Papua New Guinea LHT After Australia occupied German New Guinea during World War I , switched to LHT . Paraguay RHT 1945 Peru RHT LHT Philippines RHT 1946 RHT Was LHT during the Spanish and American colonial periods . Switched to RHT during Battle of Manila in 1945 . Poland RHT RHT Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT . Partitions that were part of Austria - Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s . Portugal RHT 1928 LHT Colonies Goa , Macau and Mozambique , which had land borders with LHT countries , did not switch and continue to drive on the left . The Porto Metro uses RHT . Qatar RHT Romania RHT RHT Transylvania , the Banat and Bukovina were until 1919 LHT like most of former Austria - Hungary , while Wallachia and Moldavia were already RHT . Russia RHT RHT In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan . Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT . Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT . Rwanda RHT Former Belgian mandate . Considering switching to LHT like its neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis LHT Former British colony . Saint Lucia LHT Former British colony . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines LHT Former British colony . Samoa LHT 2009 Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia , New Zealand and Japan . San Marino RHT São Tomé and Príncipe RHT 1928 Saudi Arabia RHT LHT The Makkah Metro and the Riyadh Metro use RHT . Senegal RHT Serbia RHT RHT Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria - Hungary . Seychelles LHT Former British colony . Island nation . Sierra Leone RHT 1971 Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013 . Singapore LHT LHT Former British colony . Slovakia RHT 1939 -- 41 RHT Was LHT like most of former Austria - Hungary . Switched to RHT when it became a client state of Nazi Germany . Slovenia RHT LHT Was LHT like most of Austria - Hungary . Switched to RHT to unite with Croatia - Slavonia , Dalmatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia and Montenegro to form with Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes . Solomon Islands LHT Somalia RHT 1968 South Africa LHT LHT Former British colony . South Sudan RHT 1973 Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule . Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence . Spain RHT 1924 RHT Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT , and Madrid was LHT until 1924 . The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT . Sri Lanka LHT LHT Former British colony . Sudan RHT 1973 Former British colony . Suriname LHT 1920s Swaziland LHT Sweden RHT 1967 3 September LHT The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD . The tram systems in Gothenburg ( except for a short part ) , Norrköping and Stockholm are RHT . The railroads in Malmö use RHT due to the connection to Denmark . Switzerland RHT LHT The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT . Syria RHT Taiwan RHT 1946 LHT Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule . The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China . Most metro systems use RHT . Tajikistan RHT RHT Tanzania LHT Thailand LHT LHT One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony . Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia . Togo RHT Tonga LHT Trinidad and Tobago LHT Former British colony . Tunisia RHT LHT French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881 . Turkey RHT RHT Turkmenistan RHT RHT Tuvalu LHT Former British colony . Uganda LHT Ukraine RHT 1922 RHT West Ukraine was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary . The rest of Ukraine , having been part of the Russian Empire , already drove on the right . Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side , which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms . United Arab Emirates RHT RHT United Kingdom LHT ( Mainland UK ) RHT ( Gibraltar , British Indian Ocean Territory ) 1929 ( in Gibraltar ) LHT Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man , Guernsey , Jersey , Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands ( unregistered ) , Turks and Caicos Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension , Tristan da Cunha are all LHT . Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain . The British Indian Ocean Territory is the only other overseas territory driving on the right . The Channel Islands ( Jersey and Guernsey ) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945 . The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982. However , virtually all passenger vehicles in British Virgin Islands are LHD due to grey imports of used cars from USA and South Korea . United States RHT LHT ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) RHT / LHT Includes American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico . U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT , like much of the Caribbean , as the only American jurisdiction that still has LHT , because the islands drove on the left when the United States purchased the former Danish West Indies from Denmark in 1917 . However , virtually all passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports of US vehicles . Uruguay RHT 1945 LHT Became LHT in 1918 , but as in some other countries in South America , changed to RHT on 2 September 1945 . A speed limit of 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) was observed until 30 September for safety . Uzbekistan RHT RHT Vanuatu RHT Venezuela RHT LHT The Caracas Metro uses RHT . Vietnam RHT LHT Became RHT as French Indochina . Yemen RHT 1977 South Yemen , formerly the British colony of Aden , changed to RHT in 1977 . A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued . North Yemen was already RHT . Zambia LHT Zimbabwe LHT LHT Former British colony . In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles . Traffic rules ( edit ) LHT RHT Manoeuvre LHT RHT Unless overtaking , stay on the left right In roundabouts , traffic rotates clockwise anti-clockwise Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the right left Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning right left Most traffic signs are on the left right Pedestrians crossing a two - way road look first for traffic from their right left Dual carriageway ramps are on the left right After stopping at a red light , it may be legal to turn left right On most vehicles , the driver sits on the right left Rail traffic ( edit ) Trains use right - hand track Trains use left - hand track UK , Ireland , Sweden , France , Belgium , Italy , Switzerland , Portugal and Slovenia have LHT for trains . Iceland , Andorra , Cyprus and Malta do not have railroads . Several states in Europe have RHT for roads but LHT for trains . France has mainly LHT for trains , except in Alsace - Lorraine , an eastern French territory which belonged to Germany for much of its history . Gallery ( edit ) Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge . Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland See also ( edit ) Bidirectional traffic Hook turn Traffic - light signalling and operation World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kincaid , Peter ( December 1986 ) . The Rule of the Road : An International Guide to History and Practice . Greenwood Press . pp. 50 , 86 -- 88 , 99 -- 100 , 121 -- 122 , 198 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25249 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Barta , Patrick . `` Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Watson , Ian . `` The rule of the road , 1919 - 1986 : A case study of standards change '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ FAR Sec . 91.115 ( c ) : `` When aircraft , or an aircraft and a vessel , are approaching head - on , or nearly so , each shall alter its course to the right to keep well clear . '' Jump up ^ Foerch , C ; Steinmetz , H ( 2009 ) . `` Left - sided traffic directionality may be the safer `` rule of the road '' for ageing populations `` . Med Hypotheses. 73 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2009.01. 044 . PMID 19327893 . Jump up ^ `` Your Dominant Eye and Why it Matters '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Charles ( 2003 ) . Puzzles and Essays from the Exchange Essays . Haworth Information Press . pp. 2 -- 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Walters , Bryn . `` Huge Roman Quarry found in North Wiltshire '' ( PDF ) . ARA The Bulletin of The Association for Roman Archaeology . Autumn 1998 ( Six ) : 8 -- 9 . ISSN 1363 - 7967 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hamer , Mike . `` Left is right on the road '' . New Scientist ( 20 December 1986 / 1 January 1987 ) : 16 -- 18 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Why We Drive on the Right of the Road , ' ' Popular Science Monthly ' ' , Vol. 126 , No. 1 , ( January 1935 ) , p. 37 . Books.google.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weingroff , Richard . `` On The Right Side of the Road '' . United States Department of Transportation . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Act Establishing the Law of the Road '' . Massachusetts General Court . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Tips US Virgin Islands '' . Usvitourism.vi . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Vasold , Manfred ( 2010 ) . `` Obacht ! Linksverkehr '' ( PDF ) . Kultur & Technik . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seventy - five years of driving on the right '' . Radio Prague. 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Högertrafik '' ( in Swedish ) . vardo.aland.fi . Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Réalités , Issues 200 - 205 , Société d'études et publications économiques , 1967 , page 95 Jump up ^ TIME ( 15 September 1967 ) . `` Sweden : Switch to the Right '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mieszkowski , Katharine ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` Salon News : Whose side of the road are you on ? '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ 45 ár frá hægri umferð , Morgunblaðið , 26 May 2013 English translation Jump up ^ Tom Geoghegan ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Could the UK drive on the right ? '' . BBC News Magazine . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Layout of Grade Separated Junctions '' ( PDF ) . The Highways Agency . 2006 : 4.9 ff . Jump up ^ `` The Unique World of Burmese Driving '' . a minor diversion . 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Nick ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Samoan cars ready to switch sides '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Askin , Pauline ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Outcry as Samoa motorists prepare to drive on left '' . Reuters . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` Right - to - life plea fails to sway Samoan court in road appeal '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Dobie , Michael ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Samoa drivers brace for left turn '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samoan drivers change from right - hand side of the road to the left '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Cherelle ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Samoa announces driving switch date '' . Nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Plaza Mayor de Manila , by José Honorato Lozano ( 1815 / 21 ( ? ) - 1885 ) , in the album Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes , published 1847 . Collection of the Biblioteca Nacional de España . Jump up ^ `` ESCOLTA MANILA PHILIPPINES - YEAR 1903 '' . YouTube . March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manila - Castillian Memoirs 1930s '' . YouTube . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manila , Queen of the Pacific 1938 '' . YouTube . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goupal , Lou ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Manila Nostalgia : Dewey Boulevard during the Japanese occupation '' . YouTube . Manila Nostalgia . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Original video clips from a Japanese propaganda film shot in early 1942 . Jump up ^ Tadeo , Patrick Everett ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` How the Philippines became a left - hand - drive country '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Order No. 34 , s . 1945 '' . www.officialgazzete.gov.ph . ^ Jump up to : Tourist and Business Directory - The Gambia , 1969 , page 19 Jump up ^ `` Rwanda wants to drive on the left '' . Independent.co.ug. 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` East Africa : Rwanda Looks to the Left '' . allAfrica.com. 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bari , Dr Mahabubul ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` The study of the possibility of switching driving side in Rwanda '' . European Transport Research Review . 6 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 453 . doi : 10.1007 / s12544 - 014 - 0144 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Right - hand - drive vehicles return on Rwandan roads , The East African , March 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ Tumwebaze , Peterson ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Govt okays importation of RHD trucks , to decide on other vehicle categories in October '' . The New Times . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Foerch , C ; Steinmetz , H ( 2009 ) . `` Left - sided traffic directionality may be the safer `` rule of the road '' for ageing populations `` . Med Hypotheses. 73 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2009.01. 044 . PMID 19327893 . Jump up ^ `` Your Dominant Eye and Why it Matters '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Leeming , J.J. 1969 . Road accidents : prevent or punish ? London : Cassell Jump up ^ Jennings , Ken . `` What Happens When Left - Hand Roads Meet Right - Hand Roads '' . Conde Nast Traveler . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong 2006 -- Transport -- Cross-Boundary Traffic '' . Yearbook.gov.hk. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Takutu bridge opens to traffic '' . Stabroeknews.com. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nearside ( dictionary definition ) '' . Dictionary.reverso.net . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Wayne ( 2015 ) . Car Crazy : The Battle for Supremacy between Ford and Olds and the Dawn of the Automobile Age . PublicAffairs . p. 279 . ISBN 9781610395526 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ LHD Specialist : Location of the Steering Wheel Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hinchliffe , Mark . `` How to mount your motorbike '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING A MOTORCYCLE '' . Motorcycle Test Tips . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S.I. No. 5 / 2003 - Road Traffic ( Construction and Use of Vehicles ) Regulations 2003 '' . Irish Statute Book . 42 . ( 1 ) . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . where a side -- car is attached to a mechanically propelled bicycle , the side -- car shall be ... fitted on the left side of the vehicle ; `` Motorcycle Sidecar & Trailer legislation '' . MAG Ireland . Irish Motorcyclists Association . 9 Feb 2014 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) Regulations 1986 - Section 93 '' . UK Government . 25 June 1986 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN Regulation 112 , `` Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps '' '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` UN Regulation 48 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Popular family SUV Hyundai Tucson slammed for ' four - star ' Australian crash test result '' . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ L.R. Reddy ( 2002 ) . Inside Afghanistan : End of the Taliban Era ? . APH . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 de Junio : Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Right - Hand Traffic versus Left - Hand Traffic '' . The Basement Geographer . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ New Scientist , Volume 112 , IPC Magazines , 1986 , page 18 Jump up ^ IIWINC . `` Driving in the Bahamas - Caribya ! '' . caribya.com . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Safety and security - Bahamas travel advice '' . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahrain Government Annual Reports , Times of India Press , 1968 , page 158 Jump up ^ Uwe Hilgemann ( 15 November 2015 ) . `` Zillertal Railway Narrow Gauge in Bosnian Gauge '' . Retrieved 26 June 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` História '' . Touring Club do Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . `` '' Já na década de 1920 ( ... ) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão - inglesa '' ( Translation : In the 1920s ( ... ) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left - hand traffic . ) Jump up ^ `` Decreto 18.323 / 1928 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . `` Art . 31 . São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos : a ) conservar sua direita , trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada , e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario . '' ( Translation : article 31 : The common obligations to vehicle drivers are ; a ) Keep to the right , driving the closest as possible to the roadside , letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic . ) , the first nationwide traffic legislation , cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country . ^ Jump up to : Nkwame , Marc ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` Burundi , Rwanda to start driving on the left '' . DailyNews Online . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodia bans right - hand drive cars '' . BBC News . 1 January 2001 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 '' ( PDF ) . The British Columbia Road Runner . March 1966 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Kevin ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Week In History : Switching from the left was the right thing to do '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ivan . `` Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides '' . History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia , 1899 - 1949 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` A triumph for left over right '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1900 ) . `` Austria , including Hungary , Transylvania , Dalmatia and Bosnia '' . p. xiii - xiv . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . In Styria , Upper and Lower Austria , Salzburg , Carniola , Croatia , and Hungary we keep to the left , and pass to the right in overtaking ; in Carinthia , Tyrol , and the Austrian Littoral ( Adriatic coast : Trieste , Gorizia and Gradisca , Istria and Dalmatia ) we keep to the right and overtake to the left . Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road , so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them , keep to the left . Jump up ^ `` ; Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side ? ( Why do some countries drive on the right side ? ) '' . videnskab.dk . Retrieved 31 Aug 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland '' . aland.net . Jump up ^ ' Left is right on the road ' , Mick Hamer New Scientist , 25 December 1986 -- 1 January 1987 No 1540 / 1541 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Sputnik . `` '' Выживут '' ли праворульные машины в Грузии `` . sputnik-georgia.ru . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hillger , Don ; Toth , Garry . `` Right - Hand / Left - Hand Driving Customs '' . Colorado State University . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Daily Graphic , Issue 7526 , December 21 1974 , page 9 Jump up ^ `` Right - Hand Traffic Act '' . Ghanalegal.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Phil Bartle . `` Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community , Society , History , Culture ; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle , PhD '' . Cec.vcn.bc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ hadi anto ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` indonesia train compilation '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Sight for sure eyes , Honest John 's Agony Column '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Nick Georgano , ed. ( 2000 ) . `` Lancia '' . The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile ( Vol. 2 : G-O ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 867 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 293 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Why Does Japan Drive On The Left '' . 2pass.co.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Andrew H. Malcolm ( 5 July 1978 ) . `` U-Turn for Okinawa : From Right - Hand Driving to Left ; Extra Policemen Assigned '' . The New York Times . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Customs Services Department -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . KRA . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 '' . The Gazette of Central Asia . Satrapia. 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Photo of All Change . Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! '' . Panoramio . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mozambique : memoirs of a revolution , John Paul , Penguin , 1975 , page 41 Jump up ^ Myanmar 's car market set to take new direction , Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa , Financial Times , 2 January 2017 Jump up ^ Peter van Ammelrooy . `` De Claim links rijden '' ( in Dutch ) . Volkskrant.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` De geschiedenis van het linksrijden '' . Engelfriet.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Laws of South West Africa , Volume 2 , J. Meibert , 1961 Jump up ^ `` 2.1 `` Keeping Left '' -- Land Transport ( Road User ) Rule 2004 -- New Zealand Legislation `` . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Africa , Issues 6 - 10 , Africa Journal , Limited , 1972 , page 32 Jump up ^ Famutimi , Temitayo ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` FRSC warns owners of right - hand drive vehicles '' . Punch . Jump up ^ Ibileke , Jethro ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` FRSC To Prosecute Operators Of Right - Hand Vehicles '' . PM News . Jump up ^ `` Travel advice by country , Oman '' . Foreign & Commonwealth Office ( fco.gov.uk ) . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars , Chicago Tribune , April 25 , 1943 Jump up ^ De izquierda a derecha , ABC Color , 2 March 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska -- autobusy , tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe -- History of the Cracow tram network '' . Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl. 28 November 1982 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars '' . Russia behind the headlines . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter . `` Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards '' . Rwanda Transport . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ The Rising Sun : A History of the All People 's Congress Party of Sierra Leone , A.P.C. Secretariat , 1982 , page 396 Jump up ^ Sierra Leone Bans Right - Hand Vehicles as Hazards , Voice of America , Nina de Vries , 17 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Somalia -- Visa service and travel information '' . Travcour . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Road Rules '' . SACarRental.com . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in South Africa Information '' . drivesouthafrica.co.za . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Moya , Aurora . `` Metro de Madrid , 1919 -- 1989 . Setenta años de historia '' , Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Taplin , Michael ( 1995 ) . Light Rail in Europe . Capital Transport . pp. 126 , 128 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 180 - 5 . Jump up ^ Passed by the Legislative Yuan ( 1946 ) . `` 違 警 罰 法 ( Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide , Kathleen O'Donnell , Stassi Pefkaros , Hunter Publishing , Inc , 2000 , page 53 Jump up ^ Vril ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Криворожский скоростной трамвай '' . Retrieved 26 June 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Colonial Reports , Annual , Volumes 1480 - 1499 , 1930 , page 76 Jump up ^ The Channel Islands War : 1940 - 1945 , Peter King , Hale , 1991 , page 31 Jump up ^ Tobar , Hector ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` ' 82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy , Hope '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Which side of the road do they drive on ? '' . brianlucas.ca . ^ Jump up to : El día en que el Río de la Plata dejó de manejar por la izquierda , Autoblog , 25 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` RHD / LHD Country Guide '' . toyota-gib.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Yemen -- Postage stamps -- 1977 '' . stampworld.com . Jump up ^ Left - hand vehicles to stay , NewsDay , 30 January 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left - and right - hand traffic . 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1. Left-hand traffic vs. right-hand traffic
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who does the voice of jigsaw in saw
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Jigsaw ( Saw franchise ) - wikipedia Jigsaw ( Saw franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Jigsaw Killer '' redirects here . For the 2009 `` Jigsaw Killer '' murder , see Murder of Jeffrey Howe . Not to be confused with Billy the Puppet or Jigsaw ( 2017 film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> John Kramer <Td_colspan="2"> Saw character <Td_colspan="2"> Tobin Bell as Jigsaw in his signature black and red robes First appearance Saw Created by James Wan Leigh Whannell Portrayed by Tobin Bell <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Jigsaw Aliases The Jigsaw Killer Occupation Engineer Spouse ( s ) Jill Tuck ( deceased ) Children Gideon Kramer ( deceased ) Apprentices Dr. Lawrence Gordon Dr. Logan Nelson Amanda Young ( deceased ) Mark Hoffman ( deceased ) Pighead ( deceased ) Pighead II M.O. Symbolic death traps Psychological and indirect physical torture John Kramer -- known as The Jigsaw Killer or simply Jigsaw -- is a fictional character who appears in the Saw franchise as the main antagonist . Jigsaw made his debut in the first film of the series , Saw , and he later appeared in Saw II , Saw III , Saw IV , Saw V , Saw VI , Saw 3D and , eventually , Jigsaw . He is portrayed by American actor Tobin Bell . In the series ' narrative , John is a former civil engineer dying from an inoperable frontal lobe tumor that had developed from colon cancer . After a failed suicide attempt , John found a new appreciation for his life , and decided to dedicate the rest of his life to inspiring the same appreciation in others by testing their will to live . His methods include forcing his subjects through deadly scenarios , which he referred to as `` games '' or `` tests '' , in which they were forced to inflict pain upon themselves or others in order to escape . These tests were typically symbolic of what Jigsaw perceived as a flaw in each person 's moral character or life . The Jigsaw name was given to him by the media for his practice of cutting a puzzle piece shape of flesh from those who fail . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 2 In other media 2.1 Saw : Rebirth 2.2 Saw : The Video Game 2.3 Saw II : Flesh & Blood 3 Characterization 4 Symbolic representations 4.1 Traps 4.2 Microcassettes 4.3 Pig mask 4.4 Jigsaw puzzle pieces 4.5 Apprentices 4.6 Theatrical robe 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Fictional character biography ( edit ) Jigsaw was introduced in the 2004 film Saw through the character Lawrence Gordon 's recounting of his first killings . Jigsaw is described as a mysterious person who kidnaps people he believes take their lives for granted and subjects them to `` tests '' , usually mechanical devices rigged to maim or kill the subjects if they fail to complete it within a certain time period . Unlike most killers , Jigsaw never intends to kill his subjects ; the purpose of his traps is to see if the subject has the will to live , as he hopes their experience will teach them the value of life , although he sometimes places his victims in situations where they themselves must kill others in order to follow the terms that he sets . In John 's mind the deaths of those that fail are justified , because those who fail to do what 's necessary to survive do n't deserve life . As his victims increase , the media dubs him The Jigsaw Killer , or simply Jigsaw , because of the jigsaw puzzle - shaped piece of flesh that he removes from unsuccessful subjects , which he explains in Saw II is meant to symbolize that the subject `` was missing a vital piece of the human puzzle : the survival instinct . '' Throughout the first film , his identity remains uncertain ; the unstable ex-cop David Tapp suspects that he may be Dr. Gordon and near the end of the film , Lawrence and Adam Stanheight are led to believe it is the hospital orderly Zep Hindle . Only at the end of the film is it revealed that the Jigsaw Killer was in fact a terminal cancer patient of Lawrence 's , named John Kramer , who spent the entire time posing as a corpse on the floor of the bathroom Adam and Lawrence were trapped in . Much of John 's back story was revealed in Saw II . He had gone in for a routine medical examination , when he learned from Dr. Lawrence Gordon that he was dying of colon cancer , with an inoperable brain tumor . Depressed by this news , John drove himself off a cliff . He survived the suicide attempt , and subsequently began his life 's `` work '' of testing others ' will to live . Though he never encouraged the name , John eventually earned the nickname The Jigsaw Killer . In spite of the intentions he had while conducting his work , he did not consider himself to be a `` killer '' or `` murderer '' because rather than killing his victims outright , he trapped them in situations from which they could escape by inflicting severe physical torture upon themselves or by killing other victims . Also , despite the immense brutality of his games , John took no pleasure in the suffering of his victims , but thought that it was necessary to remind them to be grateful for the gift of life . In Saw II , Jigsaw leaves a clue to his location at the scene of a game . When the police apprehend him , John places Detective Eric Matthews in a test of his own , revealing Matthews ' son Daniel is trapped in a house filled with a deadly nerve gas , along with several people who , although far from innocent , had previously been framed by Matthews for crimes they did not commit . Jigsaw offers to let his son survive if the detective simply talks to him for 2 hours until the game is complete . Matthews eventually loses patience , and after assaulting Kramer , Eric forces him to lead him to the house at gunpoint . It is later revealed that the events in the house took place before they found John , and his son was locked in a safe the whole time . Upon their arrival , Jigsaw is rescued by Amanda Young ( previously introduced in Saw ) , who , having survived her trap , sees John not only as a savior , but as a mentor and father figure . By Saw III , Jigsaw is on his death bed and extremely concerned over whether or not Amanda has what it takes to continue his legacy , as the traps she designs are inescapable . In his desperation , Jigsaw administers a final test to Young , in order to see if she was truly capable of carrying on his legacy . Meanwhile , Dr. Lynn Denlon , is forced to keep John alive , while her vengeful husband , Jeff , undergoes tests of forgiveness . Jigsaw attempts to keep Young from failing her test , however , after breaking down , she admits that she no longer believes in Jigsaw 's philosophy , and Young shoots Dr. Denlon . Witnessing this , Jeff kills Young by shooting her in the neck . After explaining that this is Jeff 's final test of forgiveness , Jeff slices John 's throat with a power saw . As he dies , Jigsaw pulls out a tape player , explaining that he has abducted Corbett , Jeff 's daughter , and if he wants to get her back he 'll have to participate in another game . Saw IV opens with Jigsaw 's autopsy , during which a wax - coated tape is found in his stomach . The tape revealed to Lieutenant Mark Hoffman that he would not go untested . The end of the film reveals that Hoffman is in fact another one of Jigsaw 's accomplices . Saw IV also explored Jigsaw 's history , more so than previously done in Saw II . From the story given in Saw IV , John was a successful civil engineer who got into property development , and was a devoted husband to his wife Jill Tuck ; who ran a recovery clinic for drug users , with the motto `` Cherish Your Life '' . After the reckless actions of a patient named Cecil Adams resulted in the loss of John unborn child , John became detached and angry , which eventually led to their divorce . After being diagnosed with cancer and attempting suicide , as seen in Saw II , John began his work , and abducted Cecil as his first test subject , while wearing the first version of his iconic pig - mask . Jigsaw reappears in flashbacks in Saw V which detail his first encounter with Hoffman , and explores their relationship ; Hoffman initially killed his sister 's murderer with an inescapable trap mimicking Jigsaw 's . Furious , Jigsaw blackmailed Hoffman into becoming his apprentice as a way to ' redeem ' himself , although Hoffman eventually became a willing apprentice . Jigsaw also appears in a video will in which he declares his love for Jill , and leaves her a mysterious box . Jigsaw also appears through flashbacks in Saw VI . One flashback set prior to the events of the first film shows that it was Amanda Young who convinced Cecil to steal drugs from Jill 's clinic , inadvertently causing her miscarriage , and John 's transformation into The Jigsaw Killer . More flashbacks set prior to the events of the first film reveal that Jigsaw targeted health insurance executive William Easton for one of his games , because he had denied two - thirds of all applicants health coverage , due to a flawed policy , including John himself . In the present time of Saw VI , John shows himself on video twice to Easton instead of the Billy Puppet ( the method John usually used to speak to his subjects ) , so Easton could look in the eyes of someone he let die , as he underwent tests in which he was forced to decide which of his co-workers would live or die . In another flashback , this time set between the events of the first and second film , Jigsaw presents Amanda to Jill as proof that his `` rehabilitation '' works , and Jill subsequently aided him as well . A flashback set just before the events of the third and fourth films explores the group dynamic between Jigsaw , Amanda Young and Hoffman . Jigsaw criticizes Hoffman for his brutal approach , and lack of compassion for the subjects . It was also shown that Jigsaw seemed to have had a closer emotional attachment to Amanda Young than Hoffman . Shortly afterward , Jigsaw gave his ex-wife a key , which she later used to open the box he gave her in Saw V. In the present , it is revealed that the box contained six envelopes containing future test subjects , a thicker envelope , and an updated version of the `` Reverse Bear Trap '' . She gave Mark Hoffman envelopes 1 through 5 , but hid everything else and later delivered the thick envelope to an unknown person at the hospital . Envelope 6 was intended for Tuck to carry out alone , and as per John 's instructions she placed Hoffman in the `` Reverse Bear Trap '' ; fulfilling the promise made , via the audio tape discovered in John 's stomach during his autopsy in Saw IV that Hoffman would not go untested . Bell reprises his role as John Kramer / Jigsaw in Saw 3D , though his role was extremely minimal compared to previous films . He is seen in a flashback meeting Bobby Dagen , a man who acquired quick fame and fortune after falsifying a story about surviving a Jigsaw trap . Hoffman later places Dagen through a series of tests in which he comes face - to - face with those who knew he lied ( except his wife ) , but refused to expose his secret ; all are killed in separate traps despite his efforts to save them . Jigsaw appears at the end of the film , where it was revealed that after Lawrence escaped the bathroom , Jigsaw found him unconscious , and nursed him back to health . John subsequently recruited Lawrence , considering him to be his greatest asset . He assisted John in many of his traps since then . The contents of the package Jill left at the hospital in Saw VI was shown to be a video tape intended for Lawrence , in which Jigsaw instructs him to watch over Jill , and to `` act on ( Jigsaw 's ) behalf '' , if anything was to happen to her . It is implied that John knew Hoffman would go rogue and stray from his ideals and wanted him to be punished . After Jill is killed by Hoffman , Lawrence fulfills his request by assaulting Hoffman and sealing him in the bathroom from the first film . In Jigsaw , recordings of the character 's voice are heard as descriptions of the tests that five victims must face in an abandoned barn . He appears in person during the final test , confronting its two participants with the truth of their past misdeeds . After loading a double - barreled shotgun with one shell that he describes as `` your key to freedom , '' he leaves the room . It is later revealed that this test took place ten years in the past , and that Jigsaw chose one of the five victims to become his first apprentice . In other media ( edit ) Saw : Rebirth ( edit ) The character of John Kramer is also featured in the non-canon comic book , Saw : Rebirth , which is set prior to the events of the first movie . It filled in some of his history , showing him as a toy designer at Standard Engineering Ltd. who was too lazy to do much with his life , ultimately ending his relationship with Jill . Saw : Rebirth also reveals John 's discovery that he had terminal cancer and outlined how his subsequent failed suicide attempt impacted his train of thought . His relationships with Dr. Lawrence Gordon , Zep Hindle , Paul Leahy , Amanda Young , and Mark Wilson were explored , along with his transformation into Jigsaw . Rebirth 's continuity was ultimately contradicted by the backstory presented in Saw IV . Saw : the video game ( edit ) Tobin Bell reprises his role as the voice of Jigsaw in the Saw video game . He is shown on television screens dressed in his signature robes setting up traps for people and preaching his lesson of life appreciation to them . He frequently advises and taunts Detective Tapp as he traverses through an abandoned insane asylum , usually by way of the Billy puppet . Saw II : flesh & Blood ( edit ) Tobin Bell reprised his role as the voice of the Jigsaw Killer in the Saw : The Video Game sequel Saw II : Flesh & Blood . Tobin Bell also sold his likeness for the Jigsaw Killer , who actually appears in the game . Jigsaw tests Detective Tapp 's estranged son Michael , who is wanting to get to the bottom of his father 's death . Jigsaw personally taunts Michael throughout the game , always being out of reach . Via case files , we also learn that he built nearly half of the city ( explaining his numerous hideouts in the series ) . He appears to seek the destruction of the drug cartel run by corrupt cops . In the ending , he faces either Michael ( tempting him onto becoming another apprentice ) or Campbell ( offering him freedom but forced to lure him into a lethal trap when he tries to attack him ) . Characterization ( edit ) Actor Tobin Bell in 2007 The producers of the Saw films have fought to differentiate the Jigsaw Killer from other horror film killers . Darren Lynn Bousman , the director of Saw II , Saw III , and Saw IV , has stated on the character 's role `` He 's not Jason or Freddy . He 's not even Hannibal Lecter . He 's a person with extreme beliefs and he really thinks he 's making a difference . He 's a vigilante if anything . He thinks he 's making a difference . '' Tobin Bell , the actor who plays Jigsaw , describes his character 's role as being more of a scientist or engineer and `` he thinks very specifically and very pragmatically '' . About Jigsaw 's games being detail - oriented , Bell said : `` My sense is that Jigsaw is so detail oriented that I think he thinks in terms of worst case scenario . I think he 's a very good judge of character , so his sense that , for example , that Detective Matthews was going to play right into his trap , which he did , was right on . Now , it seems to me that he 's always got a second plan in place . And there 's probably been a number of second plans . I mean , we 've only seen three movies . Maybe there are six more somewhere where he failed , where something did n't play out '' . Speaking about playing the character , Bell stated that `` ( y ) ou have to think of someone like Jigsaw from a very specific point of view . He does n't view himself as some kind of diabolical psychotic . You know there 's a little bit of evil in everyone . It just gets carried further . Most of us have some sort of moral fiber that restricts that . Some framework . And then others because of their lives and what happens to them , the thing develops in some other way . '' Bousman mentioned that Saw III was intended to contain a scene in which Jigsaw showed remorse for his actions after seeing the results of his legacy : `` For the first time , we actually see him break down and cry . Imagine your entire life 's work . You 're on your deathbed . You know there 's nothing else you can do and here 's how you 'll be remembered : as a killer , as a murderer . Not as someone who helped people . Not as someone who changed lives . Someone who took away lives . The one thing he did n't want to be and , as he 's on his deathbed , he 's realizing this . '' As a result of his cancer and a failed suicide attempt , John decided to dedicate the rest of his life to teaching people to appreciate their own lives . The producers of Saw III and director Darren Lynn Bousman see Jigsaw , not as a serial killer , but a `` scientist '' who is determined to initiate the survival instinct in his `` subjects '' , believing that humanity no longer uses its instinct of survival . While the character 's discovery that he has cancer is acknowledged to be the `` final straw '' that drove him to his actions , Bell has stated in an interview that `` His terminal cancer is one of the elements of his life but he 's as angry over the fact the world is going to hell in handbasket because it 's no longer the survival of the fittest ; it 's the survival of the mediocre . That drives him as much as anything else . He does n't just talk about his frustrations , he does something about them , and he puts himself on the line . His cancer was about one element in about 130 elements that caused him to create the world that he 's created . '' Jigsaw is depicted in the Saw films as being extremely cunning and intelligent . In Saw : Rebirth , he is depicted doing extensive study in multiple fields to gain knowledge for designing his tests , and recurring director Bousman himself has described Jigsaw as being `` extremely educated '' in an interview . Symbolic representations ( edit ) Traps ( edit ) In the series , Jigsaw usually builds deadly traps for his subjects , which are often a symbolic representation of what Jigsaw perceives as a flaw in the person 's life . Jigsaw calls these tests `` games '' , and tells the person the `` rules '' of the game usually by microcasette or video tape . The rules are tasks that the person must perform in order to pass the test and survive ; however , the tasks often involve extreme self - mutilation ( although there have been occasions where it is possible for the subject not to harm him or herself if he or she is bright enough , such as the Hand Trap ) . Most of the traps are made of scavenged materials , rusty bolts , decaying iron , or anything else he thinks will help him create a new `` game '' . On occasion , Jigsaw has used psychological torture for the subject 's test . However , not all of the traps require self - mutilation , as one trap actually required a man ( Jeff ) to burn his deceased son 's toys to get the key to save the second victim ( which was psychological torture and therefore forced him to burn the memory of his son to save the victim ) . Many of the games involve clocks , counting down timers or other measured time constraints provided to the victims . Jigsaw elaborated in Saw II his appreciation of `` time '' , outlining the importance of savoring every moment . He also stated his belief that telling someone the time in which they may die would awaken an alertness for every moment of existence . Jake Huntley wrote of the complexity of Jigsaw 's character in the Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies . Huntley described the intention behind Jigsaw 's actions , and evaluated the extent to which they can be analyzed to fit into the philosophies associated with Deleuze , Darwin and Nietzsche : `` The subject of one of Jigsaw 's games is therefore always presented with an opportunity , the aim of which is to reinvigorate the potential of the subject , jump - start the survival instinct and instill a celebration or `` savoring '' of life . In Deleuzian terms , it is the potential of life that is at stake ... It is this that gives Jigsaw 's games their Deleuzian tone , the urgent revitalisation of life occasioning new experiences to be learnt and assimilated : such as the perverse , singular and aberrant situation of waking to find a man - trap secured around your neck . There is then the instruction to live or die , to make your choice , to survive the encounter with affect , or the affection - image ... There is no thrill , sadistic or otherwise , in setting these games ; they are throws of the die by the subjects , aleatoric opportunities ... As Jigsaw makes clear to Detective Matthews during their conversation in Saw II , where Jigsaw 's motivation and philosophy are most comprehensively explored , `` I 've never murdered anyone in my life . The decisions are up to them . '' Whilst it probably would n't stand up in court , he is at least correct in his usual , carefully literal sense . The decisions , the choices , the selection of a potential , are in the hands of the subjects of his games and he only intervenes in order to keep the game within its rules so a decision can be reached . The subjects are faced with a shocking choice that forces them to acknowledge what Deleuze identifies as the virtual -- that is , the unacknowledged aspects of our experience with reality . This , in effect , is the particular game that Jigsaw himself plays ; one where the organism might be failing but the flow of desire succeeds and endures . Jigsaw might resort to discussing Darwin 's `` little trip to the Galapagos Islands '' to provide a theoretical underpinning for his project and echo Nietzsche in talking of the will to survive , but this merely misdirects investigators and witnesses in the same way that the gruesome traps and freely flowing gore earn him his unsettling serial killer soubriquet . Jigsaw 's games are designed to crack open the world of their respective players : the challenges are nearly always relevant to the subject 's lifestyle in a symbolic or literal way , bringing them to painful self awareness , prompting a reappraisal of their squandered potential . '' Jigsaw intends through these traps to force his victims to prove to him that they are `` worthy '' and `` deserving '' to continue living , and also for them to learn to abandon what he perceives to be their vices . Jigsaw often expressed a desire for his victims to succeed , but stressed that their fate was always in their own hands . The video and audio tape instructions for his games often echo this idea : `` Live or die . Make your choice . '' Billy , a puppet , is an icon of the Jigsaw character . Jigsaw often used it for the purpose of delivering messages to his victims via a television screen , but at times it has also been physically present with the victims during their tests . He provided the ( disguised ) voice for Billy when it delivered its messages . It is shown in Saw IV that the original puppet was created by Kramer as an intended toy for his unborn child Gideon . He died while Cecil Adams was robbing the clinic , Jill , John 's wife , and accidentally pushed the door into Jill which caused Gideon to be crushed and later , die . Jigsaw is shown constructing the more menacing Billy puppet in Saw III for the purpose of its inclusion in his ' games ' . Microcassettes ( edit ) Another of Jigsaw 's trademarks is his use of microcassettes to deliver instructions to his victims , disguising his voice as on the Billy videotapes . A flashback in Saw IV reveals that he accomplished this by speaking into a reel - to - reel tape recorder , then slowing down the playback . Often , a victim would find a microcassette recorder left for him or her with a tape already loaded in , while at other times the tape would be found separately in an envelope marked with the victim 's name or the tape on its own reading `` Play Me '' . One tape was found in Jigsaw 's stomach during his autopsy at the beginning of Saw IV , coated in wax to protect it against his digestive acids . Both of his apprentices , Amanda Young and Mark Hoffman , eventually began making their own microcassettes , but not always altering their voices as he did . In Saw 3D , Hoffman recorded one set of instructions on a standard - sized cassette , and another on an 8 - track tape for use in a car stereo . Huntley remarked that Jigsaw 's voice recordings operated for a specific purpose as part of Jigsaw 's M.O. Huntley stated that it allowed Jigsaw to be present there not as `` a participant or even a spectator but instead as a referee , observing the rules pertinent to that particular subject rather than salaciously enjoying the ' victim 's agony ' . '' Pig mask ( edit ) The pig mask is a thematic prop worn by Jigsaw and his accomplices throughout the Saw film series to conceal their identities while abducting their `` test subjects '' . As the series continues , the purpose of the pig mask is explored in detail ; it is explained to be a tribute to the `` Year of the Pig '' , the year in which Jigsaw started his work . The origin of the pig mask was shown in Saw IV , revealing the first known pig masks to have been latex strap - on masks used at a Year of the Pig Chinese New Year festival . Jigsaw had snatched them and donned one , while using the other one to hold his chloroform - soaked rag . The second mask was then used to knock out his first test subject , Cecil , by placing the mask over his head with the chloroform rag still inside . When working on the original Saw film , writer Leigh Whannell and director James Wan wanted their antagonist to have some sort of mask . After some discussion , the idea of Jigsaw wearing a rotting pig 's head was chosen to symbolize his pessimistic view of the world and the disease that he was `` rotting '' from . Amanda wearing the Pig Mask . Nevertheless , the mask given to them from production ( a rubber Halloween mask ) was considered by them to be less than satisfactory . A number of things were added to make it look more gruesome , including long black hair and pus running from its eyes and nostrils . Whannell has still admitted to being disappointed with its final appearance compared to his intended one , but has admitted that the mask has since become one of the `` staples '' of the Saw franchise . Along with Billy and perhaps Jigsaw himself , the mask has since become one of the more iconic symbols of the franchise . It has appeared on both the posters for the first film and the fourth . The mask has also been featured on many forms of merchandise . Officially licensed pig mask accessories have been sold for Halloween . In addition , the mask has been featured on numerous Jigsaw action figures . NECA has released two Jigsaw figurines with the pig mask ; the original was Jigsaw wearing the mask in his black cloak , and a Saw III variant of Jigsaw wearing it in his red cloak . In addition , the Be@rBrick line has released a `` bear '' version of Jigsaw wearing the pig mask . Medicom has also released a figurine of Jigsaw wearing his infamous pig mask in the `` Real Action Hero '' line . On the commentary track of Saw IV , several discussions occur about Jigsaw 's decision to use references to pigs . In the series , the producers explained that Jigsaw was a spiritual person ; however , it has never been revealed what religion he follows . In Saw IV , Jigsaw 's ex-wife Jill explains Jigsaw 's organized and planned lifestyle , stating that she had conceived their miscarried son Gideon , with Jigsaw planning for him to be born in the Year of the Pig . On the commentary track , the producers explain that in the Chinese zodiac , the Pig stands for fertility and rebirth . Jigsaw is seen several times throughout the series with figurines of clay soldiers and buddhas , further symbolizing his reverence to various Asian cultures . Jigsaw puzzle pieces ( edit ) Cut - outs were made , in the shape of jigsaw puzzle pieces , from the flesh of Jigsaw 's deceased victims who failed to pass their test . John Kramer received the nickname `` Jigsaw '' from the police and the press stemming from his tendency to perform such a ritual ; however , he never encouraged that name and did n't actually like to be called `` Jigsaw '' . Huntley argued that the jigsaw pieces that John cut out of the flesh of his failed test subjects was not intended as a mere stylized signature , but rather that it had a much deeper philosophical reflection . He stated that : `` Far from being a stamp of final approval , a post - ( mortem ) - script to the game , the jigsaw piece represents the admission of the subject 's missing survival instinct , the corporeal body 's non-relational or ' snagged ' desire . Those marked with jigsaw pieces are the ones that got away , left inert , reduced to the zero intensity of death . It would seem strange that Jigsaw -- surely the last figure ever to be deemed sentimental -- should choose to extract this symbolic jigsaw piece from these subjects , except that Jigsaw is linguistically consistent in explaining how he ' takes ' or ' cuts ' the piece of skin . The jigsaw shape marking those who ' fail ' is the adding of a subtraction -- in effect , the removal of their inability , their unfulfilled potential or their lack -- the excision that leaves the whole of the body that is not the closed , inert corporeal body but is , instead , the ' body - without - organs ' , that is , the nexus point where energy pools amid the flow and fold of forces and durations , existence beyond the living organism . '' A hand - drawn jigsaw puzzle piece was also present on the back of a photograph in Saw as part of a clue for one of his games . Apprentices ( edit ) Throughout the Saw series , Jigsaw developed a tendency to recruit `` apprentices '' to carry on his perceived mission . Amanda Young , Lieutenant Mark Hoffman , and two masked men named Pighead ( Saw : The Video Game ) and Pighead II ( Saw II : Flesh & Blood ) are the only known Jigsaw apprentices . Dr. Lawrence Gordon and Jill Tuck are also assistants in certain games . Huntley analyzed Jigsaw 's intentions in taking in protégés as stemming from the terminally ill character 's desire to overcome death itself , and argues that this is further evidence of his thought process being characterized by Deleuzian philosophy . Huntley argued : `` Jigsaw decides that the answer is to achieve immortality through a legacy , having a successor to continue with his work . The impulse is Deleuzian . Jigsaw remains calm , neutral and impassive throughout the Saw films ( not least because of his terminal condition ) yet his only expressed wish , concern or desire , is that his legacy is maintained -- the work of testing the fabric of humanity should go on . `` Jigsaw '' -- as the intensive site of being , a locus of desire , the body - without - organs -- can survive the death of the organism John Kramer ... What seems to be consistent thematically through the Saw films is that `` Jigsaw '' is a part for various players , an identity composed of pieces ... '' John was also assisted by Obi Tate in the kidnapping of the victims of the nerve gas house , shortly before the events of Saw II , and Zep Hindle throughout the first film . Brad and Ryan worked for Gordon and acted as his muscle , recruited after their trap . They helped Gordon to abduct Hoffman and they chained him in the bathroom . Kevin Greutert , the editor of Saw 's I-V and the director of Saw VI and Saw 3D , stated that Amanda , in particular , is `` such a peculiar aspect of the Jigsaw character '' , citing that Kramer had developed genuine `` tender feelings '' for her . The term `` apprentice '' was used in the official plot synopses for Saw III and Saw IV . His apprentices and helpers include : Det . Mark Hoffman : A police officer and a detective , he was unwittingly recruited by John after he found out that Hoffman killed a man in a trap to make it look like a Jigsaw murder , because the man killed Hoffman 's sister . Jigsaw abducted him , scolded him for killing him ( since Hoffman created the trap to be unbeatable ) since he himself despises murder , and made him his accomplice by blackmailing him , but he eventually grew with the character and became loyal to John . He is considered to be his main accomplice and even an equal partner of sorts , and was Amanda Young 's rival ; both fought for John 's approval , which is why Hoffman blackmailed her into failing her test to lose John 's approval or risk his anger . He became John 's successor after Amanda and John 's death , but he was tested as well by John , when Jill Tuck ( John 's wife ) subdued him , placed a Reverse Bear Trap on his head and then left , leaving him to die ( fulfilling John 's promise that Hoffman will not walk away untested ) . He survived it and he had his revenge while setting up new games , but he was eventually abducted by Dr. Lawrence Gordon , another of John 's accomplices , and locked away in a bathroom to die . He was John 's first apprentice . Hoffman is considered to be his most powerful associate , utilizing his police contacts and power as a detective to stray away the police from Jigsaw 's location , while keeping his identity secret ( until he was exposed to Internal Affairs by Jill Tuck ) . However , Hoffman never personally chose any of his victims in his own traps , save for Seth Baxter , and was posthumously left notes on future victims . Like John , Hoffman is a skilled engineer and programmer , designing the Pendulum Trap and operating it by himself , and also designing and setting several traps for Amanda ( as she is too slender to properly carry and place victims in some traps , and lacks mechanical aptitude like John or Hoffman ) . However , his sadistic streak worried John , who was eventually convinced that Hoffman , after his death , would continue his work not out of true beliefs but rather in a sadistic power play of his own , and as such , planned for him to be tested , but not really known if he wanted him to die ( as Jill set up the Reverse Bear Trap on him to be inescapable ) . Amanda Young : A drug addict , she was abducted and placed in a Reverse Bear Trap by John . She managed to free herself from her trap . John recruited her after and was ' put in the House trap ' in Saw II to make sure the victims played by the rules . However , she had become disillusioned with John 's philosophy of giving the victims a chance ; she created traps that could n't be solved and deliberately made her victims die . John knew this and made a secret test for her to ensure that Dr. Lynn Denlon , a nurse from the hospital kidnapped to keep John alive , will be protected during the time and to free her after her task . However , she was unable to do so and she shot her . However , this was also a scheme by Hoffman ; he blackmailed her into killing Lynn otherwise he would tell him that she was responsible for Jill 's miscarriage ; she was the one who sent Cecil to steal the drugs . She was shot by Jeff , Lynn 's husband , and she bled to death . She was John 's second apprentice . Amanda , unlike Hoffman , has a much deeper bond with John and considers him to be a second father and a mentor to him . She was almost slavishly devoted to him , abandoning her former life to fully focus on him and keeping him alive ( at some point it was very loosely implied that she was also sexually attracted to him ) . Also unlike Hoffman , who uses the traps as his own form of sadistic , perverse justice that is justified in his mind , Amanda truly believes in John 's work . However , by Saw III , she was disillusioned with his MO , and started to design traps to be inescapable , believing that her victims do not deserve the second chance in life . She also envied John 's relationship with Hoffman , whom he considered to be a better - suited apprentice and successor , as Amanda was emotionally unstable and not mechanically adept to design traps as Hoffman . She is also deeply ashamed by the fact that she was the reason why John lost his child , as she sent Cecil to steal drugs , and tried to hide it from him . However , Hoffman , who was aware of it , blackmailed her into killing Lynn Denlon , John 's latest victim , in order for Hoffman to prove to John that she was incapable of carrying John 's legacy as Jigsaw . Dr. Lawrence Gordon : His secret helper , though not an official `` apprentice '' . He was nursed back to health by John after surviving his trap and given a prosthetic foot , and became his new , secret accomplice . After he sawed off his own foot to escape , his fate was left unknown , although he was referred to in passing and seen in flashbacks throughout the following five movies . He did not appear in - person again until Saw 3D , using his prosthesis and a cane to walk . Following John 's death , Jill delivered a videotape to Lawrence , in which John asked him to watch over Jill and take action if any harm came to her . After Hoffman killed Jill , Lawrence and two accomplices abducted him and chained him to the pipes in the bathroom . Lawrence then threw away the hacksaw he had used to free himself and left Hoffman to die . Lawrence , who was initially very wary of Jigsaw and his methods before he was abducted , came to sympathize with John after his abduction and after John saved his life . He developed a rather different , colder personality , causing his wife to divorce him . He remained a doctor , but secretly assisted John in his games . His identity and his existence was kept secret to Hoffman and Amanda in order to protect him from possible retributions from them , but Jill was kept aware of him in order to deliver John 's will to him after his death . While he was mostly a silent protector for Jill and kept an eye on Hoffman and Amanda , he also directly participated in setting up traps that required medical expertise , such as implanting a key behind Michael 's eye ( Saw II ) and sewing Trevor 's eyes and Art 's mouth shut for the Mausoleum Trap ( Saw IV ) . He also wrote the `` I Know who you Are '' note that Hoffman found on his desk after being promoted in Saw V . Jill Tuck : The wife of Jigsaw , Jill was not an official `` apprentice '' either , but was tasked with carrying out a trap on Hoffman for Jigsaw and attempted to take over the Jigsaw legacy . After his death , John left Jill six envelopes , the first five of which contained a game for William Easton , while the sixth was for Mark Hoffman , whom John intended for Jill to test . Another envelope in the box was addressed to Lawrence , who Jill personally delivered it to . Jill finally tests Hoffman and places the reverse bear trap on his head . Jill leaves him inside with no key , intending for it to kill him . However , Hoffman manages to escape and gets his revenge on Jill by placing her in the original Reverse Bear trap and having it go off , claiming Jill as its first victim . Theatrical robe ( edit ) Jigsaw is usually seen wearing a black theatrical robe with a large hood and red lining when running traps or abducting victims . On the commentary track for the first Saw film , it was explained that the producers originally wanted Jigsaw to have the red robe with black interior . Thinking that the red robe was too vibrant for the film , they reversed the robe to make it black with red interior . Amanda wore a similar robe in Saw III in an attempt to symbolically emulate her mentor . Although Hoffman , while wearing the pig mask , always wore the dark blue rain parka he 'd worn since the murder of Seth Baxter , further illustrating the gap between him and Jigsaw . Also , both Pighead and Pighead II wear similar robes to Jigsaw , the only difference being that the Pighead robe is red . Reception ( edit ) A review of Saw II in the San Francisco Chronicle praised Tobin Bell and Jigsaw as being `` more terrifying than the movie villains in Hollywood 's last five horror films put together ; even though he 's in a wheelchair and hooked up to multiple IVs . '' Don Summer , a writer for Best-Horror-Movies.com , stated that `` the villain , in Jigsaw , is brilliant and formidable '' and that actor Tobin Bell has done a `` fantastic job '' for his role . Neil Smith , a film reviewer for the BBC , described Bell 's Jigsaw as `` creepy '' , describing the character as adding `` a palpably sinister charge '' to the scenes he appeared in . Sorcha Ní Fhlainn , a reviewer for the Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies , remarked that Tobin Bell 's Jigsaw had become such an entrenched staple of the Saw franchise , that the character 's reduced appearance in Saw V was drastically felt . Ní Fhlainn also commented that Jigsaw 's unique character was not successfully compensated for by his apparent successor in Saw V , Mark Hoffman . Ní Fhlainn went to the extent to remark that the character of Jigsaw is so central to the Saw franchise , that it should have ended as a trilogy considering Jigsaw 's death at the end of Saw III . Similarly , several critics who reviewed Saw 3D lamented Bell 's minimal screentime in the film , with Eric Goldman of IGN writing that he found it `` impossible not to be bothered by how little time was spent '' with the character . Tobin Bell was nominated for a Spike TV Scream Award three times in the category of `` Most Vile Villain '' for his portrayal of Jigsaw in 2006 for Saw II , in 2007 ( alongside Shawnee Smith 's portrayal of Amanda ) for Saw III , and in 2008 for Saw IV . Jigsaw ranks No. 30 in Empire magazine 's `` 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' list . See also ( edit ) Jigsaw ( disambiguation ) List of horror film antagonists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Squires , John . `` ( Exclusive ) We 've Got the First ' Saw : Legacy ' Plot Details ; Tobin Bell Returning ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Darren Lynn Bousman '' . IGN . October 24 , 2006 . p. 2 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saw II Q&A '' . IGN.com . October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( October 23 , 2006 ) . `` Arrow in the Head News : INT : Tobin Bell '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( October 24 , 2005 ) . `` Saw II Q&A '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Saw III : Audio Commentary Jump up ^ Saw II : Jigsaw Lecture scene Jump up ^ `` A Dinner Date with Saw IV - UGO.com '' . UGO.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saw IV : Tobin Bell Talks Jigsaw , New Characters & Crazy Finale ! ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . June 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Huntley , Jake ( 2007 ) , `` ' I Want To Play A Game ' : How To See Saw '' ( PDF ) , Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies , 3 , ISSN 2009 - 0374 Jump up ^ `` SAW Poster '' . Movieposter.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saw 4 Posters at AllPosters.com '' . www.AllPosters.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloody-Disgusting.com '' . Bloody-Disgusting.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ crawford . `` Cult Classics 5 Hannibal Lector and Jigsaw Killer ( Saw ) action figure - Another Toy Review by Michael Crawford , Captain Toy '' . www.MWCToys.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Be@rbrick Series 14 '' . HypeBeast.com . May 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Action Hero line '' . Action-Figure.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Interview : Saw VI Filmmakers Kevin Greutert , Mark Burg , Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton ' . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Publicity : Saw III Fact Sheet With Synopsis '' . LionsGatePublicity.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Publicity : Saw IV Fact Sheet With Synopsis '' . LionsGatePublicity.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saw : Audio Commentary Jump up ^ Hartlaub , Peter ( October 28 , 2005 ) . `` FILM CLIPS / Opening today '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` The genius of Jigsaw continues '' . Best-Horror-Movies.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Movies - review - Saw II '' . www.BBC.co.uk . October 27 , 2005 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Website Disabled '' . IrishGothicHorrorJournal.Homestead.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ' GET YER SCREAM ON ! CATEGORIES AND NOMINEES ANNOUNCED FOR SPIKE TV 'S SCREAM AWARDS 2006 ' . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' Scream 2007 Awards Coming to Spike TV on October 23 ' . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' 2008 Scream Award Nominees for Horror ' . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Empire , Team . `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Jigsaw on IMDb Jigsaw character description in the Saw video game <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Saw Films Saw Saw II Saw III Saw IV Saw V Saw VI Saw 3D Jigsaw Music Saw soundtrack Saw II score Saw III soundtrack Saw IV soundtrack score Saw V soundtrack score Saw VI soundtrack score Saw 3D score `` Hello Zepp '' Characters Billy Jigsaw Mark Hoffman Amanda Young Eric Matthews David Tapp Video games Saw Saw II : Flesh & Blood Miscellaneous Original short film Saw -- The Ride Cast Media Scream Queens <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigsaw_(Saw_franchise)&oldid=809313190 '' Categories : Saw characters Fictional characters with cancer Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional inventors Fictional serial killers Fictional kidnappers Fictional toymakers and toy inventors Fictional vigilantes Fictional engineers Fictional torturers Horror film characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 10 : 46 . 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PC System Design Guide - wikipedia PC System Design Guide Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The PC System Design Guide ( also known as the PC 97 , PC 98 , PC 99 , or PC 2001 specification ) is a series of hardware design requirements and recommendations for IBM PC compatible personal computers , compiled by Microsoft and Intel Corporation during 1997 -- 2001 . They were aimed at helping manufacturers provide hardware that made the best use of the capabilities of the Microsoft Windows operating system , and to simplify setup and use of such computers . Every part of a standard computer and the most common kinds of peripheral devices are defined with specific requirements . Systems and devices that meet the specification should be automatically recognized and configured by the operating system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 1.1 PC 97 1.2 PC 98 1.3 PC 99 1.4 PC 2001 2 Color - coding scheme for connectors and ports 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Versions ( edit ) Four versions of the PC System Design Guide were released . Within each version , a distinction was made between the requirements of a Consumer PC , an Office PC and an Entertainment PC . Version Date PC 97 February 9 , 1998 PC 98 December 31 , 1998 PC 99 July 14 , 1999 PC 2001 November 2 , 2000 PC 97 ( edit ) Initial version . Introduced color code for PS / 2 keyboard ( purple ) and mouse ( green ) connectors PC 98 ( edit ) Aimed at systems to be used with Windows 98 or Windows 2000 . Required : 200 MHz Pentium processor with MMX technology ( or equivalent performance ) 256 KB L2 cache 32 MB RAM ( recommended : 64 MB of 66 MHz DRAM ) ACPI 1.0 ( including power button behavior ) Fast BIOS power - up ( limited RAM test , no floppy test , minimal startup display , etc . ) BIOS Y2K compliance PXE preboot environment It was published as ISBN 1 - 57231 - 716 - 7 . PC 99 ( edit ) Required : 300 MHz CPU 64 MB RAM USB Comprehensive color - coding scheme for ports and connectors ( see below ) Strongly discouraged : Non plug - and - play hardware ISA slots It was published as ISBN 0 - 7356 - 0518 - 1 . PC 2001 ( edit ) Final version . First to require IO - APICs to be enabled on all desktop systems . Places a greatly increased emphasis on legacy - reduced and legacy - free systems . Some `` legacy '' items such as ISA expansion slots and device dependence on MS - DOS are forbidden entirely , while others are merely strongly discouraged . Color - coding scheme for connectors and ports ( edit ) Perhaps the most end - user visible and lasting impact of PC 99 was that it introduced a color code for the various standard types of plugs and connectors used on PCs . As many of the connectors look very similar , particularly to a novice PC user , this made it far easier for people to connect peripherals to the correct ports on a PC . This color code was gradually adopted by almost all PC and motherboard manufacturers . Some of the color codes have also been widely adopted by peripheral manufacturers . <Th_colspan="2"> Color Function Connector on PC <Th_colspan="5"> Mouse and keyboard Green PS / 2 mouse / pointing device 6 - pin mini-DIN female Purple PS / 2 keyboard 6 - pin mini-DIN female Gold Game port / MIDI 15 - pin D female <Th_colspan="5"> General input / output White USB 1 low speed and full speed USB Type A receptacle Black USB 2.0 high speed USB Type A receptacle Sky blue USB 3.0 SuperSpeed USB Type A SuperSpeed receptacle Yellow USB 3.0 SuperSpeed Always On even if the PC is turned off USB Type A SuperSpeed receptacle Red High - power USB ( more than 500 mA current available ) USB Type A receptacle Grey IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) 6 - pin FireWire 400 or 9 - pin FireWire 800 Burgundy Parallel port 25 - pin D female Teal or turquoise Serial port 9 - pin D male <Th_colspan="5"> Video Blue Analog monitor 15 - pin VGA female White Digital monitor DVI female Yellow S - Video 4 - pin mini-DIN Yellow Composite video RCA jack Black Digital audio / video HDMI or DisplayPort female <Th_colspan="5"> Audio Pink Analog microphone audio input ( mono or stereo ) 3.5 mm TRS Light blue Analog line level audio input 3.5 mm TRS Lime green Analog line level audio output , front stereo ( speakers or headphones ) 3.5 mm TRS Black Analog line level audio output , rear stereo ( surround speakers ) 3.5 mm TRS Orange Analog line level audio output , center and subwoofer ( surround speakers ) 3.5 mm TRS Silver Analog line level audio output , side stereo ( surround speakers ) 3.5 mm TRS Orange Digital audio output ( coaxial S / PDIF ) RCA connector Black Digital audio output ( optical S / PDIF ) TOSLINK See also ( edit ) Legacy - free PC Multimedia PC Sound card References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Bruce Thompson , Barbara Fritchman Thompson . `` PC Hardware in a Nutshell '' ( 3rd ed . ) . O'Reilly & Associates , Inc. p . 1.1 PCs Defined . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00513 - X . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ PC 99 System Design Guide , Intel Corporation and Microsoft Corporation , 14 July 1999 . Chapter 3 : PC 99 basic requirements ( PC 99 System Design Guide ( Self - extracting . exe archive ) . Requirement 3.18. 3 : Systems use a color - coding scheme for connectors and ports . Accessed 2009 - 02 - 05 External links ( edit ) Legacy PC Design Guides -- Microsoft Download Center PDF versions : PC 97 System Design Guide PC 98 System Design Guide PC 99 System Design Guide PC 2001 System Design Guide <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Audio and video interfaces and connectors Audio only Analog Interface : PC System Design Guide Connectors : TRS 3.5 mm Interface : Balanced audio Connectors : TRS 6.53 mm XLR Digital Interface : S / PDIF Connectors : RCA jack ( coaxial ) TOSLINK ( optical ) BNC Interface : AES3 ( AES / EBU ) Connectors : RCA jack XLR TOSLINK ( optical ) BNC Video only Analog Interface : VGA Connectors : DB - 15 DVI - A Interface : Composite Connectors : RCA jack yellow Interface : S - Video Connectors : Mini-DIN 4 Pin Interface : Component Connectors : RCA jacks × 3 Interface : Composite S - Video , and Component Connectors : VIVO using Mini-DIN 9 Pin Digital and analog Interface : DVI Connectors : DVI - I / DVI - D Video and audio Digital Interface : HDMI Connectors : HDMI connector Interface : DisplayPort Connectors : DisplayPort connector Interface : HDBaseT Connectors : 8P8C connector Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PC_System_Design_Guide&oldid=810613418 '' Categories : Color codes Standards IBM PC compatibles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles that may contain original research from February 2016 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 10 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. PC System Design Guide
2. Hardware design requirements
3. Microsoft and Intel Corporation
4. Color-coding scheme for connectors and ports
5. Versions of the PC System Design Guide
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1,668,268,799,193,057,000 |
what are the general orders of the army
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General orders for sentries - wikipedia General orders for sentries Jump to : navigation , search Orders to Sentry is the official title of a set of rules governing sentry ( guard or watch ) duty in the United States Armed Forces . While any guard posting has rules that may go without saying ( `` Stay awake , '' for instance ) , these orders are carefully detailed and particularly stressed in the U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Coast Guard . Also known as the 11 General Orders , the list is meant to cover any possible scenario a sentry might encounter on duty . All recruits learn these orders verbatim while at recruit training and are expected to retain the knowledge to use for the remainder of their military careers . It is very common for a drill instructor or ( after boot camp ) an inspecting officer to ask a question such as , `` What is your sixth general order ? '' and expect an immediate ( and correct ) reply . Contents ( hide ) 1 U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Coast Guard 2 U.S. Army 2.1 Meaning of the General Orders 3 U.S. Air Force Security Forces 4 References 5 External links U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Coast guard ( edit ) The General Orders for Sentries are quite similar between the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps , the main differences being the titles of positions referenced in the orders . The Navy Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( NJROTC ) , Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps ( NROTC ) also use the following General Orders to the Sentry . The U.S. Department of the Navy gives the General Orders for the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps as follows : 1 . To take charge of this post and all government property in view . When you are a sentry , you are `` in charge . '' This means that no one -- no matter what their rank or position -- may overrule your authority in carrying out your orders . The only way that you may be exempted from carrying out your orders is if your orders are changed by your superior . For example , if your orders are to allow no one to enter a fenced - in compound , you must prevent everyone from entering , even if an admiral tells you it is all right for him or her to enter . The petty officer of the watch ( or whoever is your immediate superior ) may modify your orders to allow the admiral to enter , but without that authorization you must keep the admiral out . Situations such as this will not often , if ever , occur , but it is important that you understand the principles involved . It is also your responsibility to know the limits of your post . This information will be conveyed to you among your special orders . You must also treat all government property that you can see as though it were your own , even if it is not technically part of your assigned post . 2 . To walk my post in a military manner , keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing . `` Keep your eyes peeled '' , as the expression goes . Be vigilant by looking around at all times . Do not be tempted to hide from the rain or cold in poor weather . If you see or hear anything unusual , investigate it . 3 . To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce . If , for example , someone is climbing a fence near your post , you must report it , even if the offender stops climbing and runs away after your challenge . In this case , even though it appears that the threat to security is over , there is no way for you to know whether this violator is the only one involved . And even though the climber may have just been seeking a shortcut back to her or his ship , you can not be certain that there is not something more sinister involved . Let your superiors make the judgment calls ; your job is to report what happens on or near your post . 4 . To repeat all calls from any post more distant from the guardhouse or quarterdeck than my own . `` In these days of modern communications , sentries will probably have telephones or radios at their disposal with which to make their reports . But if they do not , or if there is a power failure or some other reason that the modern equipment fails , the age - old practice of relaying the word is very important . The term `` guardhouse '' in this general order refers to the command post or point of control for the watches . It might be the quarterdeck on board ship or a tent in the field . 5 . To quit my post only when properly relieved . It should be fairly obvious that you should not leave your post until someone has come to take your place or until the petty officer of the guard has told you that the watch is no longer necessary . If the person relieving you is late , report it to the petty officer of the watch but do not quit your post . If you become ill and can no longer stand your watch , notify the petty officer of the watch and he or she will provide you a proper relief . 6 . To receive , obey , and pass on to the sentry who relieves me , all orders from the Commanding Officer , Command Duty Officer , Officer of the Deck , and Officers and Petty Officers of the watch only ... It is essential that you receive and obey all of the special orders that apply to your watch . It is also essential that you pass these orders on to your relief . ( For the Marine Corps it reads : ' commanding officer , officer of the day , and officers , and noncommissioned ( petty ) officers of the guard only . ' ) 7 . To talk to no one except in the line of duty . `` Having conversations about matters not pertaining to your duty is distracting and must be avoided . If someone tries to engage you in casual conversation while you are standing your watch , it is your responsibility to inform them courteously that you are on duty and can not talk with them . 8 . To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder . `` While this is rather straightforward and obvious , keep in mind that a fire or disorder of some kind might be a deliberate distraction to keep you from observing some other disorderly or subversive activity . If you are certain that a fire is not meant to be a distraction , you should fight the fire if you have the means to do so . Remember , however , that your first responsibility is to report whatever is amiss . 9 . To call the Officer of the Deck in any case not covered by instructions . The rule here is `` When in doubt , ask . '' If you are not sure what you are supposed to do in a particular situation , it is better to ask for clarification than to make an assumption or to guess . ( For the Marine Corps it reads : ' To call the corporal of the guard in any case not covered by instructions . ' ) 10 . To salute all officers and all colors and standards not cased . Even though you are in charge of your post and everyone , including officers , must obey your instructions insofar as they pertain to your duties , you must still extend the appropriate military courtesies . Both terms , `` colors '' and `` standards '' , refer to the national ensign . The national ensign may be referred to as `` the colors '' when it is fixed to a staff , mast , or pike ( e.g. , when flown from a flagstaff or carried in a parade ) . When it is fixed to a vehicle it is often called `` the national standard . '' A flag is considered `` cased '' when it is furled and placed in a protective covering . If your duties allow , you should take part in morning or evening colors ceremonies , but do not sacrifice your vigilance by doing so . For example , if your assignment requires that you watch a certain area and the national ensign is being hoisted in a different direction , you should stand at attention and salute but do not face the colors ; keep looking in the direction you are supposed to be watching . 11 . To be especially watchful at night and during the time for challenging , to challenge all persons on or near my post , and allow no one to pass without proper authority . Challenging persons while you are on sentry duty is accomplished by a mix of custom and common sense . When a person or party approaches your post , you should challenge them at a distance that is sufficient for you to react if they turn out to have hostile intentions . You should say in a firm voice , loud enough to be easily heard , `` Halt ! Who goes there ? '' ( or `` Who is there ? '' ) . Once the person answers , you should then say `` Advance to be recognized . '' If you are challenging a group of people , you should say , `` Advance one to be recognized . '' If you have identified the person or persons approaching , permit them to pass . If you are not satisfied with that person 's identification , you must detain the person and call the petty officer of the watch . When two or more individuals approach from different directions at the same time , challenge each in turn and require each to halt until told to proceed . General Orders for the Navy and Coast Guard are essentially the same , except for the wording of two orders : 6 . To receive , obey and pass on to the sentry who relieves me , all orders from the Commanding Officer , Command Duty Officer , Officer of the Deck , and Officers and Petty Officers of the Watch only . 9 . To call the Officer of the Deck in any case not covered by instructions . General Orders of the Coast Guard : 6 is similar , however there is a difference in the officers. : To receive , obey and pass on the sentry who relieves me , all orders from the Commanding Officer , Field Officer of the day , Officer of the day , and Officers and Petty Officers of the Watch . 9 . To call the Petty Officer of the watch in any case not covered by instructions . U.S. Army ( edit ) The U.S. Army now uses a condensed form of orders , with three basic instructions . Previously it used the same eleven general orders as the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marines . I will guard everything within the limits of my post and quit my post only when properly relieved . I will obey my special orders and perform all my duties in a military manner . I will report violations of my special orders , emergencies , and anything not covered in my instructions to the commander of the relief . Meaning of the General orders ( edit ) Number 1 . I will guard everything within the limits of my post and quit my post only when properly relieved . ( 1 ) The guard is responsible for everything that occurs within the limits of his post while he is on duty . He is also responsible for all equipment and property located within the limits of his post . The exact limits of his post are defined by special orders . The special orders should also include every place a guard must go to perform his duties . ( 2 ) A guard investigates immediately every unusual or suspicious occurrence on or near his post provided he does not have to leave his post to do so . If necessary , the guard will contact the commander of the relief for instructions . ( 3 ) A guard apprehends all suspicious persons and all persons involved in a disorder occurring on or near his post provided he does not have to leave his post to do so . In apprehending persons , the guard will use only necessary force to overcome any resistance . Apprehension of persons should be included in special orders or guard instructions . All persons apprehended are turned over to the commander of the relief . ( 4 ) All persons , regardless of rank , are required to respect members of the guard in the performance of their duties . ( 5 ) A guard will remain on post and continue to perform all duties required on that post until he is relieved by proper authority . ( 6 ) If a guard requires relief because of sickness or for any other reason , he will notify the commander of the relief and wait until he is replaced by another guard or has permission from the proper authorities to leave his post . ( 7 ) If a guard is not relieved at the expiration of his tour of duty , he does not abandon his post . He will contact the commander of the relief for instructions . ( 8 ) Guards leave their posts for meals as specifically directed by the commanding officer . Normally , this is accomplished by arranging for early and late meals for guards going on and coming off post . ( 9 ) When ordered by proper authority , or prescribed in the special orders , a guard on the last relief of a post may be directed to leave the post at the proper time and return to the guardhouse where he reports to the commander of the relief on duty . Number 2 . I will obey my special orders and perform all my duties in a military manner . ( 1 ) A guard will familiarize himself with the special orders for his post prior to being posted . The guard will obey , execute , and enforce all special orders pertaining to his post . Note . The commander of the guard is responsible for insuring that all guards understand their special instructions prior to being posted . ( 2 ) In addition to his special orders , a guard is responsible to obey and carry out any orders or instructions from the commanding officer , field officer of the day , and officers and noncommissioned officers of the guard . No other persons are authorized to give a guard orders or instructions . Any special instructions for a guard should be issued through the guard 's chain of command . ( 3 ) Guards on post will pass instructions to their relief when appropriate . The information is also given to the commander of the relief . Example : A guard on duty at an ammunition dump discovers a hole in the fence during his tour of duty . Upon finding the hole , the commander of the relief is notified . The guard will pass this information to his relief so that special attention can be paid to that portion of the fence until the hole is repaired . ( 4 ) The guard will perform his duties in a military manner and serve as an example to others . ( 5 ) The guard is courteous to all persons . He will talk to no one except in the line of duty . When persons make proper inquiries of a guard , he answers them in a courteous manner . ( 6 ) A guard on an interior guard post maintains an erect and soldierly bearing . The weapon is carried in a manner prescribed by the commanding officer or commander of the guard . ( A guard armed with a rifle , carbine , or shotgun may be allowed to shift his weapon to left shoulder arms to reduce fatigue . ) ( 7 ) Guards on post salute individuals as prescribed in AR 600 - 25 . ( a ) A sentry , on a post which does not require challenging , carrying a weapon at sling arms , will render the hand salute upon recognition of an officer . ( b ) A sentry , on a post which does not require challenging , carrying a weapon at right ( left ) shoulder arms , will , upon recognition of an officer , halt and present arms as prescribed in the manual of arms FM 22 - 5 . When the officer returns the salute the guard will return to right ( left ) shoulder arms and resume his duties . ( c ) A sentry armed with a pistol , on a post which does not require challenging , will , upon recognition of an officer , render the hand salute . ( d ) No salute is given by a guard who is engaged in a specific duty , the performance of which prevents saluting . ( 8 ) A guard talking with an officer does not interrupt the conversation to salute another officer ; however , if the officer salutes a senior , the guard also salutes . ( 9 ) The special orders will specify the time for challenging . ( a ) When challenging , a guard , armed with a rifle , carbine , or shotgun will challenge from the position of port arms as described in the manual of arms in FM 22 - 5 . If armed with a pistol the guard will challenge from the position of raise pistol . ( b ) After challenging , a guard will remain in the challenge position until the individual challenged is allowed to pass , depart , or is turned over the commander of the relief . ( c ) Sentinels on posts requiring challenging will not render salutes . Note . The sentinel 's primary mission is to guard his post . Requiring salutes places the individual in a vulnerable position . The sentinel will , however , display all other military courtesy and respect while in conversation with an officer . ( d ) Challenging one person or a group : 1 . If a guard sees any person on or near his post during the time for challenging , he positions himself so that he can control the situation . If possible , he should be out of sight when challenging . When the person is approximately 30 steps , or at sufficient distance to allow the guard time to react , the guard will assume the correct challenge position and command `` HALT ! '' When the person has halted , the guard asks , `` WHO IS THERE ? '' The guard may advance toward the person while challenging to put himself in a better position . When the guard is in the best position to pass or apprehend the person , he requires the person to advance towards him , remain in position , or advance to a particular place , face toward the light , or to take any position necessary to determine whether the person should be passed , denied , or turned over to the commander of the relief . 2 . The guard permits only one member of a group to approach him for identification . 3 . If persons are in a vehicle , the guard proceeds as if they were on foot . If necessary to carry out his duties , he may have one or all of the passengers dismount . 4 . After halting a group and receiving an answer indicating that it is authorized to pass , the guard says , `` Advance one to be recognized . '' After he has recognized the one advanced , the guard says , `` Advance , Sergeant Smith , '' naming the person ( or group ) allowed to advance . If the answer is `` Friends , '' the guard says , `` Advance one to be recognized . '' After recognition he says , `` Advance , friends . '' 5 . The guard satisfies himself beyond a reasonable doubt that those challenged are what they represent themselves to be and that they have a right to pass . If he is not satisfied , he detains the person and calls the commander of the relief . Normally , the guard will accept a reasonable answer for identification if the post is not a vital area and the persons are not suspicious looking . Note . A visual check of an individual 's ID card is considered the best means of identification when doubt exists . ( e ) Challenging two or more persons or groups 1 . If two or more persons or groups approach the guard 's post from different directions at the same time , they are halted in turn and remain halted until advanced by the guard . 2 . When two or more groups are halted at the same time , the senior is advanced first . 3 . A guard advances different persons or groups with the following priority : commanding officer , field officer of the day , officer of the day , officers of the guard , officers , patrols , reliefs , noncommissioned officers of the guard in order of rank , and friends . 4 . If a person or group has been advanced and is talking with the guard , the guard halts any other person or group that may approach , but advances no one until the person or group with whom he is talking leaves . He then advances the senior of the remaining group . 5 . A guard must always be alert and never be surprised . He never permits two persons or groups to advance to his post at the same time . 6 . Confusing or misleading answers to a guard 's challenge are not acceptable . However , the answer `` Friend '' is not considered misleading and is the usual answer of an inspecting officer or patrol when they do not wish to reveal their official capacity . ( 10 ) During his tour of duty a guard is required to execute orders of no one but the commanding officer , field officer of the day , officer of the day , and officers of the guard ; however , any officer may investigate apparent violations of regulations by members of the guard . In the event of an inspecting officer , or any other person in the military service , finding an irresponsible guard on post ( Art . 113 , Uniform Code of Military Justice ) , it is his duty to notify the commander of the guard or a noncommissioned officer of the guard and stay on the post until a qualified guard is posted . ( 11 ) A guard surrenders his weapon to , and only on order of , a person from whom he lawfully receives orders while on post . These persons should not order a guard to surrender his weapon for inspection or any other purpose unless an emergency exists . Number 3 . I will report violations of my special orders , emergencies , and anything not covered in my instructions , to the commander of the relief . ( 1 ) A guard reports all violations of his special orders to the commander of the relief . He apprehends the offender , if necessary . ( 2 ) A guard reports all emergencies that occur on or near his post . The guard will take whatever action is prescribed by his special orders or guard instructions . Anytime the guard is in doubt as to what action to take , or it is not covered in his special orders , he will call the commander of the relief for instructions or assistance . ( 3 ) In case of fire , occurring on or near his post , the guard calls , `` Fire , Post Number ( Two ) . '' He alerts the occupants , if it is an occupied building . He gives the alarm or ensures one has been given . If possible , he extinguishes the fire . He helps direct the fire fighting apparatus to the fire . He notifies the guardhouse of his actions as soon as possible . ( 4 ) A guard reports any disorder occurring on or near his post . He takes police action as prescribed in his special orders or guard instructions . If assistance is required , he calls , `` The Guard , Post Number ( Four ) . '' ( 5 ) If the danger is great , he fires his weapon into the air three times in rapid succession before calling . When instructed to do so , guards give warnings of air , CBR , and other attacks . Guards should receive special training if they are to act as chemical , biological , and radiological ( CBR ) sentinels while on post . U.S. air force security Forces ( edit ) The U.S. Air Force Security Forces also uses a condensed form , with three basics I will take charge of my post and protect personnel and property for which I am responsible , until properly relieved . I will report all violations of orders that I am entrusted to enforce and contact my superior in any case not covered by my instructions . I will sound the alarm in any case of disorder or emergency . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marine Corps Order 5530.15 : U.S. Marine Corps Interior Guard Manual , Chapter 3 : Orders and Countersigns , 2 . General Orders and Regulations http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCO%205530.15.pdf . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas J. Cutler ( 1902 -- 2002 ) . The Bluejacket 's Manual . US Naval Institute Press . p. 153 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 208 - 0 . , The Bluejacket 's Manual , Thomas J. Cutler Jump up ^ Ibid . f . Number 6 ; idem , Marine Corps Order 5530.15 : U.S. Marine Corps Interior Guard Manual . http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCO%205530.15.pdf Jump up ^ Ibid . i . Number 9 . http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCO%205530.15.pdf Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon ( 2010 ) . `` Daily Life '' . US Combat Engineer 1941 - 45 . Osprey Publishing . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 579 - 1 . All soldiers were required to memorize and be able to accurately repeat the 11 General Orders for sentries . Jump up ^ FM 22 - 6 , Guard Duty External links ( edit ) Army General Orders FM 22 - 6 Guard Duty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Orders_for_Sentries&oldid=821273850 '' Categories : Military terminology United States military law General orders Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. General orders for sentries
2. Rules governing guard duty
3. Responsibilities of a sentry
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5. Proper conduct and protocol for sentries
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who does background checks on supreme court justices
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Clarence Thomas - wikipedia Clarence Thomas For other people named Clarence Thomas , see Clarence Thomas ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Clarence Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent <Td_colspan="2"> Assumed office October 23 , 1991 Nominated by George H.W. Bush Preceded by Thurgood Marshall <Th_colspan="2"> Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit <Td_colspan="2"> In office March 12 , 1990 -- October 23 , 1991 Nominated by George H.W. Bush Preceded by Robert Bork Succeeded by Judith Rogers <Th_colspan="2"> Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission <Td_colspan="2"> In office May 6 , 1982 -- March 12 , 1990 President Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Preceded by Eleanor Holmes Norton Succeeded by Evan Kemp <Th_colspan="2"> Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights <Td_colspan="2"> In office 1981 -- 1982 President Ronald Reagan Preceded by Cynthia Brown Succeeded by Harry Singleton <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal details ( 1948 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1948 ( age 70 ) Pin Point , Georgia , U.S. Spouse ( s ) Kathy Ambush ( m . 1971 ; div. 1984 ) Virginia Lamp ( m . 1987 ) Children Education Conception Seminary College College of the Holy Cross ( BA ) Yale University ( JD ) Signature Clarence Thomas ( born June 23 , 1948 ) is an American judge , lawyer , and government official who currently serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . He is currently the most senior associate justice on the Court following the retirement of Anthony Kennedy . Thomas succeeded Thurgood Marshall and is the second African American to serve on the Court . Among the current members of the Court he is the longest - serving justice , with a tenure of 7003986800000000000 ♠ 9,868 days ( 7003986800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 6 days ) as of October 29 , 2018 . Thomas grew up in Savannah , Georgia , and was educated at the College of the Holy Cross and at Yale Law School . He was appointed an Assistant Attorney General in Missouri in 1974 , and subsequently practiced law there in the private sector . In 1979 , he became a legislative assistant to Senator John Danforth ( R - MO ) and in 1981 was appointed Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education . In 1982 , President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) . In 1990 , President George H.W. Bush nominated Thomas for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . He served in that role for 16 months , and on July 1 , 1991 , was nominated by Bush to fill Marshall 's seat on the United States Supreme Court . Thomas 's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought , centering on an accusation that he had sexually harassed attorney Anita Hill , a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC . Hill claimed that Thomas had repeatedly made sexual and romantic overtures to her , despite her repeatedly rebuffing him and telling him to stop ; Thomas and his supporters claimed that Hill , witnesses who came forward on her behalf , and her supporters had fabricated the allegations to prevent a black conservative from getting a seat on the Supreme Court . The U.S. Senate ultimately confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52 -- 48 . Since joining the court , Thomas has taken a textualist approach , seeking to uphold the original meaning of the United States Constitution and statutes . He is also , along with fellow justice Neil Gorsuch , an advocate of natural law jurisprudence . Thomas is generally viewed as the most conservative member of the court . Thomas is also known for almost never speaking during oral arguments . Contents 1 Early life 2 Influences 3 Career 3.1 Early career 3.2 Federal judge 3.3 Supreme Court nomination and confirmation 3.3. 1 Anita Hill allegations 4 Public perception 5 Judicial philosophy 5.1 Conservatism and originalism 5.2 Voting alignment 5.3 Number of dissenting opinions 5.4 Stare decisis 5.5 Commerce Clause 5.6 Executive power , federalism , and federal statutes 5.6. 1 Executive power 5.6. 2 Federalism 5.6. 3 Federal statutes 5.7 Bill of Rights 5.7. 1 First Amendment 5.7. 2 Second Amendment 5.7. 3 Fourth Amendment 5.7. 4 Sixth Amendment 5.7. 5 Eighth Amendment 5.8 Equal protection and affirmative action 5.9 Abortion 5.10 Gay rights 6 Approach to oral arguments 7 Personal life 8 Writings 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life Clarence Thomas was born in 1948 in Pin Point , Georgia , a small , predominantly black community near Savannah founded by freedmen after the American Civil War . He was the second of three children born to M.C. Thomas , a farm worker , and Leola Williams , a domestic worker . They were descendants of American slaves , and the family spoke Gullah as a first language . Thomas 's earliest known ancestors were slaves named Sandy and Peggy , who were born around the end of the 18th century and owned by wealthy planter Josiah Wilson of Liberty County , Georgia . M.C. left his family when Thomas was two years old . Thomas 's mother worked hard but was sometimes paid only pennies per day . She had difficulty putting food on the table , and was forced to rely on charity . After a house fire left them homeless , Thomas and his younger brother Myers were taken to live with his maternal grandparents in Savannah , Georgia . Thomas was seven when the family moved in with his maternal grandfather , Myers Anderson , and Anderson 's wife , Christine ( née Hargrove ) , in Savannah . Living with his grandparents , Thomas enjoyed amenities such as indoor plumbing and regular meals for the first time in his life . His grandfather , Myers Anderson , had little formal education , but had built a thriving fuel oil business that also sold ice . Thomas calls his grandfather `` the greatest man I have ever known . '' When Thomas was 10 , Anderson started taking the family to help at a farm every day from sunrise to sunset . His grandfather believed in hard work and self - reliance ; he would counsel Thomas to `` never let the sun catch you in bed . '' Thomas ' grandfather also impressed upon his grandsons the importance of getting a good education . Raised Catholic , he attended the majority - black St. Pius X high school for two years before transferring to St. John Vianney 's Minor Seminary on the Isle of Hope , where he was an honor student and among very few black students . He also briefly attended Conception Seminary College , a Roman Catholic seminary in Missouri . No - one in Thomas 's family had attended college . In a number of interviews , Thomas stated that he left the seminary in the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . He had overheard another student say after the shooting , `` Good , I hope the son of a bitch died . '' He did not think the church did enough to combat racism . At a nun 's suggestion , Thomas attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . While there , Thomas helped found the Black Student Union . Once , he walked out after an incident in which black students were punished while white students went undisciplined for committing the same violation ; some of the priests negotiated with the protesting black students to re-enter the school . Having spoken the Gullah language as a child , Thomas realized in college that he still sounded unpolished despite having been drilled in grammar at school , and he chose to major in English literature `` to conquer the language . '' At Holy Cross , he was also a member of Alpha Sigma Nu and the Purple Key Society . Thomas graduated from Holy Cross in 1971 with an A.B. cum laude in English literature . Thomas had a series of deferments from the military draft while in college at Holy Cross . Upon graduation , he was classified as 1 - A and received a low lottery number , indicating he might be drafted to serve in Vietnam . Thomas failed his medical exam , due to curvature of the spine , and was not drafted . Thomas entered Yale Law School , from which he received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree in 1974 , graduating towards the middle of his class . Thomas has recollected that his Yale Juris Doctor degree was not taken seriously by law firms to which he applied after graduating . He said that potential employers assumed he obtained it because of affirmative action policies . ( In 1969 Dean Louis Pollak wrote that the law school was expanding its program of quotas for black applicants , with up to 24 entering that year admitted under a system that deemphasized grades and LSAT scores . ) According to Thomas , he was `` asked pointed questions , unsubtly suggesting that they doubted I was as smart as my grades indicated . '' I peeled a fifteen - cent sticker off a package of cigars and stuck it on the frame of my law degree to remind myself of the mistake I 'd made by going to Yale . I never did change my mind about its value . Influences In 1975 , when Thomas read Race and Economics by economist Thomas Sowell , he found an intellectual foundation for his philosophy . The book criticized social reforms by government and instead argued for individual action to overcome circumstances and adversity . He was also influenced by Ayn Rand , particularly The Fountainhead , and would later require his staffers to watch the 1949 film version of the novel . Thomas later said that novelist Richard Wright had been the most influential writer in his life ; Wright 's books Native Son and Black Boy `` capture ( d ) a lot of the feelings that I had inside that you learn how to repress . '' Thomas acknowledges having `` some very strong libertarian leanings . '' Career Early career Official Equal Employment Opportunity Commission portrait of Thomas Thomas with President Ronald Reagan in 1986 Thomas was admitted to the Missouri bar on September 13 , 1974 . From 1974 to 1977 , Thomas was an Assistant Attorney General of Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth , who met Thomas at Yale Law School . Thomas was the only African - American member of Danforth 's staff . As Assistant Attorney General , Thomas first worked at the criminal appeals division of Danforth 's office and moved on to the revenue and taxation division . Retrospectively , Thomas considers Assistant Attorney General the best job he has ever had . When Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976 , Thomas left to become an attorney with the Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis , Missouri . He moved to Washington , D.C. and returned to work for Danforth from 1979 to 1981 as a Legislative Assistant handling energy issues for the Senate Commerce Committee . The two men shared a common bond in that they had studied to be ordained ( although in different denominations ) . Danforth was to be instrumental in championing Thomas for the Supreme Court . In 1981 , he joined the Reagan administration . From 1981 to 1982 , he served as Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights in the U.S. Department of Education . From 1982 to 1990 , he was Chairman of the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( `` EEOC '' ) . Journalist Evan Thomas characterized Thomas as `` openly ambitious for higher office '' during his tenure at the EEOC . As Chairman , he promoted a doctrine of self - reliance , and halted the usual EEOC approach of filing class - action discrimination lawsuits , instead pursuing acts of individual discrimination . He also asserted in 1984 that black leaders were `` watching the destruction of our race '' as they `` bitch , bitch , bitch '' about President Reagan instead of working with the Reagan administration to alleviate teenage pregnancy , unemployment and illiteracy . Federal Judge On October 30 , 1989 , Thomas was nominated by President George H.W. Bush to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Robert Bork , despite Thomas 's initial protestations that he would not like to be a judge . Thomas gained the support of other African Americans such as former Transportation Secretary William Coleman , but said that when meeting white Democratic staffers in the United States Senate , he was `` struck by how easy it had become for sanctimonious whites to accuse a black man of not caring about civil rights . '' Thomas 's confirmation hearing was uneventful . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 6 , 1990 , and received his commission the same day . He developed warm relationships during his 19 months on the federal court , including with fellow federal judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg . Supreme Court Nomination and confirmation Main article : Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination After Justice William Brennan stepped down from the Supreme Court in July 1990 , Thomas was one of five candidates on President Bush 's shortlist for the position and Bush 's favorite of the five . Ultimately , after consulting with his advisors , Bush decided to hold off on nominating Thomas , and nominated Judge David Souter of the First Circuit instead . Justice Thurgood Marshall announced his retirement , and on July 1 , 1991 , President Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to replace him . Marshall had been the only African - American justice on the court . In announcing his selection , Bush called Thomas the `` best qualified ( nominee ) at this time . '' U.S. presidents of that era submitted lists of potential federal court nominees to the American Bar Association ( ABA ) for a confidential rating of their judicial temperament , competence and integrity on a three - level scale of well qualified , qualified or unqualified . However , as noted by Adam Liptak of The New York Times , the ABA has historically taken generally liberal positions on divisive issues , and studies suggest that candidates nominated by Democratic presidents fare better in the group 's ratings than those nominated by Republicans . Anticipating that the ABA would rate Thomas more poorly than they thought he deserved , the White House and Republican Senators pressured the ABA for at least the mid-level qualified rating , and simultaneously attempted to discredit the ABA as partisan . The ABA did rate Thomas as qualified , although with one of the lowest levels of support for a Supreme Court nominee . Ultimately , the ABA rating ended up having little impact on Thomas ' nomination . Some of the public statements of Thomas 's opponents foreshadowed the confirmation fight that would occur . Both liberal interest groups and Republicans in the White House and Senate approached the nomination as a political campaign . Attorney General Richard Thornburgh had previously warned Bush that replacing Thurgood Marshall , who was widely revered as a civil rights icon , with any candidate who was not perceived to share Marshall 's views would make the confirmation process difficult . Civil rights and feminist organizations opposed the appointment based partially on Thomas 's criticism of affirmative action and suspicions that Thomas might not be a supporter of Roe v. Wade . Thomas 's formal confirmation hearings began on September 10 , 1991 . Thomas was reticent when answering Senators ' questions during the appointment process , recalling what had happened to Robert Bork when Bork expounded on his judicial philosophy during his confirmation hearings four years prior . Thomas 's earlier writings had frequently referenced the legal theory of natural law ; during his confirmation hearings Thomas limited himself to the statement that he regards natural law as a `` philosophical background '' to the Constitution . Anita Hill allegations After the conclusion of the confirmation hearings , an FBI interview with Anita Hill was leaked and the confirmation hearings were reopened . Hill , a black attorney , had worked for Thomas at the Department of Education and had subsequently followed Thomas to the EEOC . After the leak , Hill was called to testify at Thomas 's confirmation hearings . She testified that Thomas had subjected her to comments of a sexual nature , which she felt constituted sexual harassment or at least `` behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court . '' Hill 's testimony included lurid details , and some Senators aggressively questioned her . Thomas denied the allegations , saying : This is not an opportunity to talk about difficult matters privately or in a closed environment . This is a circus . It 's a national disgrace . And from my standpoint , as a black American , as far as I 'm concerned it is a high - tech lynching for uppity blacks who in any way deign to think for themselves , to do for themselves , to have different ideas , and it is a message that unless you kowtow to an old order , this is what will happen to you . You will be lynched , destroyed , caricatured by a committee of the U.S. Senate rather than hung from a tree . Hill was the only person to testify at the Senate hearings that there had been unsolicited sexual advances . Angela Wright , who worked under Thomas at the EEOC before he fired her , decided not to testify , but submitted a written statement alleging that Thomas had pressured her for a date and had made comments about the anatomy of women . However , she said she did not feel his behavior was intimidating nor did she feel sexually harassed , though she allowed that `` ( s ) ome other women might have '' . Also , Sukari Hardnett , a former Thomas assistant , wrote to the Senate committee that although Thomas had not harassed her , `` If you were young , black , female and reasonably attractive , you knew full well you were being inspected and auditioned as a female . '' Clarence Thomas being sworn in by Byron White , as wife Virginia Lamp Thomas looks on Other former colleagues testified on Thomas 's behalf . Nancy Altman , who shared an office with Thomas at the Department of Education , testified that she heard virtually everything Thomas said over the course of two years , and never heard any sexist or offensive comment . Altman did not find it credible that Thomas could have engaged in the conduct alleged by Hill without any of the dozens of women he worked with noticing it . Senator Alan K. Simpson questioned why Hill met , dined , and spoke by phone with Thomas on various occasions after they no longer worked together . According to the Oyez Project , there was a lack of convincing proof produced at the Senate hearings . After extensive debate , the Judiciary Committee split 7 -- 7 on September 27 , sending the nomination to the full Senate without a recommendation . Thomas was confirmed by a 52 -- 48 vote on October 15 , 1991 , the narrowest margin for approval in more than a century . The final floor vote was : 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats voted to confirm while 46 Democrats and two Republicans voted to reject the nomination . Thomas received his commission and took the two required oaths several days after the Senate vote ; this process was delayed by the death of Chief Justice Rehnquist 's wife , but the delay was reduced at the request of Thomas . He indicated that he was eager to get to work , and an additional reason for reducing the delay was to end further media inquiry into Thomas 's private life . Reporters largely stopped such inquiries after Thomas joined the court . Throughout this episode , Thomas defended his right to privacy , refused to describe discussions that he may have had outside the workplace regarding his personal life , and promised that he would not allow anyone to probe his private life . Clarence Thomas wrote an autobiography addressing Anita Hill 's allegations , and she also wrote an autobiography addressing her experience in the hearings . Public perception Thomas is associated with the more conservative side of the Court . Thomas has rarely given media interviews during his time on the court . He said in 2007 : `` One of the reasons I do n't do media interviews is , in the past , the media often has its own script . '' In 2007 , Thomas received a $1.5 million advance for writing his memoir , My Grandfather 's Son ; it became a bestseller . Thomas biographer Scott Douglas Gerber has opined that attacks against Thomas from critics such as Jeffrey Toobin have been unusually vitriolic . Gerber stated that one reason may be Thomas ' race . There are a number of explanations for this phenomenon . The first is grounded in race and ethnicity . We should not forget that Thurgood Marshall , Justice Thomas 's predecessor on the Supreme Court , and the first African - American appointed , was also sharply criticized during his appointment process and in his early days on the Court . The fact that Justice Thomas is black has undoubtedly played a similar role in how he has been assessed , no matter how much we may hate to admit it . -- Scott Douglas Gerber , First principles : the jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas Other critics have outlined separate reasons . They raise liberals ' disappointment that Thomas has departed so much from the jurisprudence of his predecessor , Thurgood Marshall . Additional causes for the harsh criticism of Thomas may be the inherently explosive nature of sexual misconduct accusations , the suspicion among some people that Thomas was not forthcoming during his confirmation hearings , and the belief that Thomas has benefited from affirmative action programs like ones he has criticized as a judge . Thomas has said he has a preference for non-Ivy League clerks , although he has hired them . Schools from which Thomas has hired include Notre Dame Law School , Creighton , Rutgers , George Mason , and the University of Utah . In 2006 , Thomas had a 48 % favorable , 36 % unfavorable rating , according to Rasmussen Reports . Judicial philosophy Conservatism and originalism Thomas is often described as an originalist , or textualist , and a member of the conservative wing of the Supreme Court . He is also often described as the most conservative member of the Supreme Court , although others gave Justice Scalia that designation . Scalia and Thomas had similar but not identical judicial philosophies , and pundits speculate about the degree to which Scalia thought some of Thomas 's views to be implausible . Thomas 's jurisprudence has also been described as similar to that of Justice Hugo Black , who `` resisted the tendency to create social policy out of ' whole cloth . ' '' According to the same commentator , Thomas generally declines to engage in judicial lawmaking , and instead views the constitutional role of the court as being the interpretation of law , rather than the making of law . Voting alignment Thomas voted most frequently with Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Scalia in his early tenure on the Supreme Court . On average , from 1994 to 2004 , Scalia and Thomas had an 87 % voting alignment , the highest on the court , followed by Ginsburg and Souter ( 86 % ) . Scalia and Thomas 's agreement rate peaked in 1996 , at 98 % . By 2004 , however , other pairs of justices were observed to be more closely aligned than Scalia and Thomas . The conventional wisdom that Thomas 's votes follow Antonin Scalia 's is reflected by Linda Greenhouse 's observation that Thomas voted with Scalia 91 percent of the time during October Term 2006 , and with Justice John Paul Stevens the least , 36 % of the time . Jan Crawford asserts that to some extent , this is true in the other direction as well , that Scalia often joins Thomas instead of Thomas joining Scalia . Statistics compiled annually by Tom Goldstein of SCOTUSblog demonstrate that Greenhouse 's count is methodology - specific , counting non-unanimous cases where Scalia and Thomas voted for the same litigant , regardless of whether they got there by the same reasoning . Goldstein 's statistics show that the two agreed in full only 74 % of the time , and that the frequency of agreement between Scalia and Thomas is not as outstanding as is often implied by pieces aimed at lay audiences . For example , in that same term , Souter and Ginsburg voted together 81 % of the time by the method of counting that yields a 74 % agreement between Thomas and Scalia . By the metric that produces the 91 % Scalia / Thomas figure , Ginsburg and Breyer agreed 90 % of the time . Roberts and Alito agreed 94 % of the time . Crawford wrote in her book on the Supreme Court that Thomas 's forceful views moved `` moderates like Sandra Day O'Connor further to the left '' but frequently attracted votes from Rehnquist and Scalia . Mark Tushnet and Jeffrey Toobin observed that Rehnquist rarely assigned important majority opinions to Thomas because the latter 's views made it difficult for him to persuade a majority of justices to join him . Number of dissenting opinions From 1994 to 2004 , on average , Thomas was the third most frequent dissenter on the court , behind Stevens and Scalia . Four other justices dissented as frequently in 2007 . Three other justices dissented as frequently in 2006 . One other justice dissented as frequently in 2005 . Stare decisis See also : Stare decisis in the U.S. legal system Thomas spoke favorably about the concept of stare decisis , or standing by precedent , during his confirmation hearings , stating that `` stare decisis provides continuity to our system , it provides predictability , and in our process of case - by - case decision making , I think it is a very important and critical concept . '' However , according to Antonin Scalia , Thomas `` does n't believe in stare decisis , period . '' This assessment is consistent with Thomas 's record on the bench : factoring in length of tenure , Thomas urged overruling and joined in overruling precedents more frequently than any other justice during the Rehnquist Court . Also according to Scalia , Thomas is more willing to overrule constitutional cases than he was : `` If a constitutional line of authority is wrong , he would say let 's get it right . I would n't do that . '' Law professor Michael Gerhardt , however , says that Scalia 's characterization of Thomas may be incorrect , given that Thomas has supported leaving a broad spectrum of constitutional decisions intact . Thomas 's belief in originalism is strong ; he has said , `` When faced with a clash of constitutional principle and a line of unreasoned cases wholly divorced from the text , history , and structure of our founding document , we should not hesitate to resolve the tension in favor of the Constitution 's original meaning . '' Thomas believes that an erroneous decision can and should be overturned , no matter how old it is . Court of Appeals Judge Amy Coney Barrett maintains that Thomas supports statutory stare decisis . Her cited examples include Thomas 's concurring opinion in Fogerty v. Fantasy , 510 U.S. 517 ( 1994 ) . Commerce Clause Thomas has consistently supported narrowing the court 's interpretation of the constitution 's Interstate Commerce Clause ( which often is simply called the `` Commerce Clause '' ) to limit federal power . At the same time , Thomas has broadly interpreted states ' sovereign immunity from lawsuits under the Commerce Clause . In United States v. Lopez and United States v. Morrison , the court held that Congress lacked power under the Commerce Clause to regulate non-commercial activities . In these cases , Thomas wrote a separate concurring opinion arguing for the original meaning of the Commerce Clause . Subsequently , in Gonzales v. Raich , the court interpreted the Interstate Commerce Clause combined with the Necessary and Proper Clause to empower the federal government to arrest , prosecute , and imprison patients who used marijuana grown at home for medicinal purposes , even where the activity is legal in that particular state . Thomas dissented in Raich , again arguing for the original meaning of the Commerce Clause . Thomas and Scalia had rejected the notion of a Dormant Commerce Clause , also known as the `` Negative Commerce Clause '' . That doctrine bars state commercial regulation even if Congress has not yet acted on the matter . In Lopez , Thomas expressed his view that federal regulation of either manufacturing or agriculture is unconstitutional ; he sees both as outside the scope of the Commerce Clause . He believes federal legislators have overextended the Commerce Clause , while some of his critics argue that Thomas 's position on congressional authority would invalidate much of the contemporary work of the federal government . According to Thomas , it is not the court 's job to update the constitution . Proponents of broad national power such as Professor Michael Dorf deny that they are trying to update the constitution . Instead , they argue that they are merely addressing a set of economic facts that did not exist when the constitution was framed . Executive power , federalism , and federal statutes Executive power Thomas has argued that the executive branch has broad authority under the constitution and federal statutes . In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld , he was the only justice who agreed with the Fourth Circuit that Congress had power to authorize the president 's detention of U.S. citizens who are enemy combatants . Thomas granted the federal government the `` strongest presumptions '' and said `` due process requires nothing more than a good - faith executive determination '' to justify the imprisonment of Hamdi , a U.S. citizen . Thomas also was one of three justices who dissented in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld , which held that the military commissions set up by the Bush administration to try detainees at Guantanamo Bay required explicit congressional authorization , and held that the commissions conflicted with both the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) and `` at least '' Common Article Three of the Geneva Convention . Thomas argued that Hamdan was an illegal combatant and therefore not protected by the Geneva Convention , and he agreed with Justice Scalia that the court was `` patently erroneous '' in its declaration of jurisdiction in this case . Federalism Federalism was a central part of the Rehnquist Court 's constitutional agenda . Thomas consistently voted for outcomes that promoted state - governmental authority , in cases involving federalism - based limits on Congress 's enumerated powers . According to law professor Ann Althouse , the court has yet to move toward `` the broader , more principled version of federalism propounded by Justice Thomas . '' In Foucha v. Louisiana , Thomas dissented from the majority opinion that required the removal from a mental institution of a prisoner who had become sane . The court held that a Louisiana statute violated the Due Process Clause `` because it allows an insanity acquittee to be committed to a mental institution until he is able to demonstrate that he is not dangerous to himself and others , even though he does not suffer from any mental illness . '' Dissenting , Thomas cast the issue as a matter of federalism . `` Removing sane insanity acquittees from mental institutions may make eminent sense as a policy matter , '' he concluded , `` but the Due Process Clause does not require the States to conform to the policy preferences of federal judges . '' In United States v. Comstock , Thomas ' dissent argued for the release of a former federal prisoner from civil commitment , again on the basis of federalism . In U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , he authored the dissent defending term limits on federal house and senate candidates as a valid exercise of state legislative power . Federal statutes As of 2007 , Thomas was the justice most willing to exercise judicial review of federal statutes , but among the least likely to overturn state statutes . According to a The New York Times editorial , `` from 1994 to 2005 ... Justice Thomas voted to overturn federal laws in 34 cases and Justice Scalia in 31 , compared with just 15 for Justice Stephen Breyer . '' In the 2009 Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder case , Thomas was the sole dissenter , voting in favor of throwing out Section Five of the 1965 Voting Rights Act . Section Five requires states with a history of racial voter discrimination -- mostly states from the old South -- to get Justice Department clearance when revising election procedures . Although Congress had reauthorized Section Five in 2006 for another 25 years , Thomas said the law was no longer necessary , pointing out that the rate of black voting in seven Section Five states was higher than the national average . Thomas said `` the violence , intimidation and subterfuge that led Congress to pass Section 5 and this court to uphold it no longer remains . '' He again took this position in Shelby County v. Holder , voting with the majority and concurring with the reasoning which struck down Section Five . Bill of rights First Amendment Among the nine justices , Thomas was the second most likely to uphold free speech claims ( tied with David Souter ) , as of 2002 . He has voted in favor of First Amendment claims in cases involving a wide variety of issues , including pornography , campaign contributions , political leafleting , religious speech , and commercial speech . Thomas has made public his belief , that all limits on federal campaign contributions are unconstitutional , and should be struck down . Thomas voted with the majority in Citizens United v. FEC . On occasion , however , Thomas has disagreed with free speech claimants . For example , he dissented in Virginia v. Black , a case that struck down part of a Virginia statute that banned cross burning . Concurring in Morse v. Frederick , he argued that the free speech rights of students in public schools are limited . In Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans , he joined the majority opinion that Texas 's decision to deny a request for a Confederate Battle Flag specialty license plate is constitutional . Thomas authored the decision in Ashcroft v. ACLU , which held that the Child Online Protection Act might ( or might not ) be constitutional . The government was enjoined from enforcing it , pending further proceedings in the lower courts . Thomas wrote concurrences in McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission , 514 U.S. 334 ( 1995 ) and United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) . In Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , Thomas wrote : `` It may well be the case that anything that would violate the incorporated Establishment Clause would actually violate the Free Exercise Clause , further calling into doubt the utility of incorporating the Establishment Clause . '' and in Cutter v. Wilkinson , Thomas wrote : `` I note , however , that a state law that would violate the incorporated Establishment Clause might also violate the Free Exercise Clause . '' Thomas says `` it makes little sense to incorporate the Establishment Clause '' vis - à - vis the states by the Fourteenth Amendment . Second Amendment Thomas agreed with the judgment in McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) that the right to keep and bear arms is applicable to state and local governments , but Thomas wrote a separate concurrence finding that an individual 's right to bear arms is fundamental as a privilege of American citizenship under the Privileges or Immunities Clause rather than as a fundamental right under the due process clause . The four justices in the plurality opinion specifically rejected incorporation under the privileges or immunities clause , `` declin ( ing ) to disturb '' the holding in the Slaughter - House Cases , which , according to the plurality , had held that the clause applied only to federal matters . Since 2010 , Thomas has dissented from denial of certiorari in several Second Amendment cases . He would have voted to grant certiorari in Friedman v. City of Highland Park ( 2015 ) , which upheld bans on certain semi-automatic rifles , Jackson v. San Francisco ( 2014 ) , which upheld trigger lock ordnances similar to those struck down in Heller , Peruta v. San Diego County ( 2016 ) , which upheld restrictive concealed carry licensing in California , and Silvester v. Becerra ( 2017 ) , which upheld waiting periods for firearm purchasers who have already passed background checks and already own firearms . He was joined by Justice Scalia in the former two , and by Justice Gorsuch in Peruta . Fourth Amendment In cases regarding the Fourth Amendment , which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures , Thomas often favors police over defendants . For example , his opinion for the court in Board of Education v. Earls upheld drug testing for students involved in extracurricular activities , and he wrote again for the court in Samson v. California , permitting random searches on parolees . He dissented in the case Georgia v. Randolph , which prohibited warrantless searches that one resident approves and the other opposes , arguing that the case was controlled by the court 's decision in Coolidge v. New Hampshire . In Indianapolis v. Edmond , Thomas described the court 's extant case law as having held that `` suspicionless roadblock seizures are constitutionally permissible if conducted according to a plan that limits the discretion of the officers conducting the stops . '' Although he expressed doubt that those cases were decided correctly , he concluded that since the litigants in the case at bar had not briefed or argued that the earlier cases be overruled , he believed that the court should assume their validity and rule accordingly . However , he was in the majority in Kyllo v. United States , which held that the use of thermal imaging technology to probe a suspect 's home , without a warrant , violated the Fourth Amendment . In cases involving schools , Thomas has advocated greater respect for the doctrine of in loco parentis , which he defines as `` parents delegat ( ing ) to teachers their authority to discipline and maintain order . '' His dissent in Safford Unified School District v. Redding illustrates his application of this postulate in the Fourth Amendment context . School officials in the Safford case had a reasonable suspicion that 13 - year - old Savana Redding was illegally distributing prescription - only drugs . All the justices concurred that it was therefore reasonable for the school officials to search Redding , and the main issue before the court was only whether the search went too far by becoming a strip search or the like . All of the justices , except Thomas , concluded that this search violated the Fourth Amendment . The majority required a finding of danger or reason to believe drugs were hidden in a student 's underwear in order to justify a strip search . In contrast , Thomas said , `` It is a mistake for judges to assume the responsibility for deciding which school rules are important enough to allow for invasive searches and which rules are not '' and that `` reasonable suspicion that Redding was in possession of drugs in violation of these policies , therefore , justified a search extending to any area where small pills could be concealed . '' Thomas said , `` ( t ) here can be no doubt that a parent would have had the authority to conduct the search . '' Sixth Amendment In Doggett v. United States , the defendant had technically been a fugitive from the time he was indicted in 1980 until his arrest in 1988 . The court held that the delay between indictment and arrest violated Doggett 's Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial , finding that the government had been negligent in pursuing him and that he was unaware of the indictment . Thomas dissented , arguing that the purpose of the Speedy Trial Clause was to prevent `` ' undue and oppressive incarceration ' and the ' anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation ' '' and that the case implicated neither . He cast the case instead as , `` present ( ing ) the question ( of ) whether , independent of these core concerns , the Speedy Trial Clause protects an accused from two additional harms : ( 1 ) prejudice to his ability to defend himself caused by the passage of time ; and ( 2 ) disruption of his life years after the alleged commission of his crime . '' Thomas dissented from the court 's decision to , as he saw it , answer the former in the affirmative . Thomas wrote that dismissing the conviction `` invites the Nation 's judges to indulge in ad hoc and result - driven second guessing of the government 's investigatory efforts . Our Constitution neither contemplates nor tolerates such a role . '' Eighth Amendment Regarding capital punishment , Thomas was among the dissenters in Atkins v. Virginia and Roper v. Simmons , which held that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the application of the death penalty to certain classes of persons . In Kansas v. Marsh , his opinion for the court indicated a belief that the constitution affords states broad procedural latitude in imposing the death penalty , provided they remain within the limits of Furman v. Georgia and Gregg v. Georgia , the 1976 case in which the court had reversed its 1972 ban on death sentences if states followed procedural guidelines . In Hudson v. McMillian , a prisoner had been beaten , garnering a cracked lip , broken dental plate , loosened teeth , cuts , and bruises . Although these were not `` serious injuries '' , the court believed , it held that `` the use of excessive physical force against a prisoner may constitute cruel and unusual punishment even though the inmate does not suffer serious injury . '' Dissenting , Thomas wrote that , in his view , `` a use of force that causes only insignificant harm to a prisoner may be immoral , it may be tortious , it may be criminal , and it may even be remediable under other provisions of the Federal Constitution , but it is not ' cruel and unusual punishment ' . In concluding to the contrary , the Court today goes far beyond our precedents . '' Thomas 's vote -- in one of his first cases after joining the court -- was an early example of his willingness to be the sole dissenter ( Scalia later joined the opinion ) . Thomas 's opinion was criticized by the seven - member majority of the court , which wrote that , by comparing physical assault to other prison conditions such as poor prison food , Thomas 's opinion ignored `` the concepts of dignity , civilized standards , humanity , and decency that animate the Eighth Amendment '' . According to historian David Garrow , Thomas 's dissent in Hudson was a `` classic call for federal judicial restraint , reminiscent of views that were held by Felix Frankfurter and John M. Harlan II a generation earlier , but editorial criticism rained down on him '' . Thomas would later respond to the accusation `` that I supported the beating of prisoners in that case . Well , one must either be illiterate or fraught with malice to reach that conclusion ... no honest reading can reach such a conclusion . '' In United States v. Bajakajian , Thomas joined with the court 's more liberal bloc to write the majority opinion declaring a fine unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment . The fine was for failing to declare more than $300,000 in a suitcase on an international flight . Under a federal statute , 18 U.S.C. § 982 ( a ) ( 1 ) , the passenger would have had to forfeit the entire amount . Thomas noted that the case required a distinction to be made between civil forfeiture and a fine exacted with the intention of punishing the respondent . He found that the forfeiture in this case was clearly intended as a punishment at least in part , was `` grossly disproportional '' , and was a violation of the Excessive Fines Clause . Equal Protection and affirmative action Thomas believes that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment forbids consideration of race , such as race - based affirmative action or preferential treatment . In Adarand Constructors v. Peña , for example , he wrote `` there is a ' moral ( and ) constitutional equivalence ' between laws designed to subjugate a race and those that distribute benefits on the basis of race in order to foster some current notion of equality . Government can not make us equal ; it can only recognize , respect , and protect us as equal before the law . That ( affirmative action ) programs may have been motivated , in part , by good intentions can not provide refuge from the principle that under our Constitution , the government may not make distinctions on the basis of race . '' In Gratz v. Bollinger , Thomas said that , in his view , `` a State 's use of racial discrimination in higher education admissions is categorically prohibited by the Equal Protection Clause . '' In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , Thomas joined the opinion of Chief Justice Roberts , who concluded that `` ( t ) he way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race . '' Concurring , Thomas wrote that `` if our history has taught us anything , it has taught us to beware of elites bearing racial theories , '' and charged that the dissent carried `` similarities '' to the arguments of the segregationist litigants in Brown v. Board of Education . In Grutter v. Bollinger , he approvingly quoted Justice Harlan 's Plessy v. Ferguson dissent : `` Our Constitution is color - blind , and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens . '' In a concurrence in Missouri v. Jenkins ( 1995 ) , he wrote that the Missouri District Court `` has read our cases to support the theory that black students suffer an unspecified psychological harm from segregation that retards their mental and educational development . This approach not only relies upon questionable social science research rather than constitutional principle , but it also rests on an assumption of black inferiority . '' Abortion Thomas has contended that the Constitution does not address the issue of abortion . In Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) , the court reaffirmed Roe v. Wade . Thomas along with Justice Byron White joined the dissenting opinions of Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justice Antonin Scalia . Rehnquist wrote that `` ( w ) e believe Roe was wrongly decided , and that it can and should be overruled consistently with our traditional approach to stare decisis in constitutional cases . '' Scalia 's opinion concluded that the right to obtain an abortion is not `` a liberty protected by the Constitution of the United States . '' `` ( T ) he Constitution says absolutely nothing about it , '' Scalia wrote , `` and ( ) the longstanding traditions of American society have permitted it to be legally proscribed . '' In Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) , the court struck down a state ban on partial - birth abortion , concluding that it failed the `` undue burden '' test established in Casey . Thomas dissented , writing : `` Although a State may permit abortion , nothing in the Constitution dictates that a State must do so . '' He went on to criticize the reasoning of the Casey and Stenberg majorities : `` The majority 's insistence on a health exception is a fig leaf barely covering its hostility to any abortion regulation by the States -- a hostility that Casey purported to reject . '' In Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) , the court rejected a facial challenge to a federal ban on partial - birth abortion . Concurring , Thomas asserted that the court 's abortion jurisprudence had no basis in the constitution , but that the court had accurately applied that jurisprudence in rejecting the challenge . Thomas added that the court was not deciding the question of whether Congress had the power to outlaw partial birth abortions : `` ( W ) hether the Act constitutes a permissible exercise of Congress ' power under the Commerce Clause is not before the Court ( in this case ) ... the parties did not raise or brief that issue ; it is outside the question presented ; and the lower courts did not address it . '' Gay rights In Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) , Thomas joined Scalia 's dissenting opinion arguing that Amendment Two to the Colorado State Constitution did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . The Colorado amendment forbade any judicial , legislative , or executive action designed to protect persons from discrimination based on `` homosexual , lesbian , or bisexual orientation , conduct , practices or relationships . '' In Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) , Thomas issued a one - page dissent in which he called the Texas statute prohibiting sodomy `` uncommonly silly '' , a phrase originally used by Justice Stewart . He then said that if he were a member of the Texas legislature he would vote to repeal the law , as it was not a worthwhile use of `` law enforcement resources '' to police private sexual behavior . However , Thomas opined that the Constitution did not contain a right to privacy ; therefore , he did not vote to strike the statute down . Accordingly , Thomas saw the issue as a matter for the states to decide for themselves . Approach to oral arguments Thomas is well known for his reticence during oral argument . Beginning when he asked a question during a death penalty case on February 22 , 2006 , Thomas did not ask another question from the bench for more than ten years , finally asking a question on February 29 , 2016 , about a response to a question regarding whether persons convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence should be barred permanently from firearm possession . He also had a nearly seven - year streak of not speaking at all in any context , finally breaking that silence on January 14 , 2013 , when he , a Yale Law graduate , was understood to have joked that a law degree from Harvard may be proof of incompetence . Thomas has given many reasons for his silence , including self - consciousness about how he speaks , a preference for listening to those arguing the case , and difficulty getting in a word . Thomas ' speaking and listening habits also may have been influenced by his Gullah upbringing , during which time his English was relatively unpolished . In 2000 , he told a group of high school students that `` if you wait long enough , someone will ask your question . '' Although he rarely speaks from the bench , Thomas has acknowledged that sometimes , during oral arguments , he will pass notes to his friend and colleague Justice Stephen Breyer , who then asks questions on behalf of Thomas . In November 2007 , Thomas told an audience at Hillsdale College : `` My colleagues should shut up ! '' He later explained , `` I do n't think that for judging , and for what we are doing , all those questions are necessary . '' According to Amber Porter of ABC News , one of the most notable examples of a rare instance in which Thomas asked a question was in 2002 during oral arguments for Virginia v. Black , when he expressed concern to Michael Dreeben , who had been speaking on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice , that he was `` actually understating the symbolism ... and the effect of ... the burning cross '' and its use as a symbol of the `` reign of terror '' of `` 100 years of lynching and activity in the South by the Knights of Camellia ... and the Ku Klux Klan '' . Thomas is not the first quiet justice . In the 1970s and 1980s , William J. Brennan , Thurgood Marshall , and Harry Blackmun generally were quiet ; however , the silence of Thomas stood out in the 1990s as the other eight justices engaged in active questioning . The New York Times ' Supreme Court correspondent Adam Liptak has called it a `` pity '' that Thomas does not ask questions , saying that he has a `` distinctive legal philosophy and a background entirely different from that of any other justice '' and that those he asked in the 2001 and 2002 terms were `` mostly good questions , brisk and pointed . '' Conversely , Jeffrey Toobin , writing in The New Yorker , calls the silence of Thomas `` disgraceful '' behaviour that has `` gone from curious to bizarre to downright embarrassing , for himself and for the institution he represents '' . Personal life In 1971 , Thomas married his college sweetheart , Kathy Grace Ambush . They had one child , Jamal Adeen . They separated in 1981 and divorced in 1984 . In 1987 , Thomas married Virginia Lamp , a lobbyist and aide to Republican Congressman Dick Armey . In 1997 , they took in Thomas 's then six - year - old great nephew , Mark Martin Jr. , who had lived with his mother in Savannah public housing . Thomas 's second wife remained active in conservative politics , serving as a consultant to the Heritage Foundation , and as founder and president of Liberty Central . In 2011 , she stepped down from Liberty Central to open a conservative lobbying firm , touting her `` experience and connections '' , meeting with newly elected Republican congressmen and describing herself as an `` ambassador to the tea party '' . Also in 2011 , 74 Democratic members of the House of Representatives wrote that Thomas should recuse himself on cases regarding the Affordable Care Act , due to `` appearance of a conflict of interest '' based on the work of his wife . Thomas was reconciled to the Catholic Church in the mid-1990s . In his 2007 autobiography , he criticized the church for its failure to grapple with racism in the 1960s during the civil rights movement , saying it was not so `` adamant about ending racism then as it is about ending abortion now '' . Thomas is one of thirteen Catholic justices -- out of 112 justices total -- in the history of the Supreme Court , and one of four currently on the court . In January 2011 , the liberal advocacy group Common Cause reported that between 2003 and 2007 Thomas failed to disclose $686,589 in income earned by his wife from the Heritage Foundation , instead reporting `` none '' where `` spousal noninvestment income '' would be reported on his Supreme Court financial disclosure forms . The following week , Thomas stated that the disclosure of his wife 's income had been `` inadvertently omitted due to a misunderstanding of the filing instructions '' . Thomas amended reports going back to 1989 . In 2016 , a lawyer named Moira Smith claimed that Thomas groped her at a dinner party in 1999 , when she was a Truman Foundation scholar . Thomas denied the allegations . Writings Thomas , Clarence ( 2007 ) . My Grandfather 's Son : A Memoir. Harper . ISBN 0 - 06 - 056555 - 1 . Thomas , Clarence . `` Why Federalism Matters , '' Drake Law Review , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , page 231 ( 2000 ) . Thomas , Clarence . `` Punishment and Personhood , '' City Journal , Autumn 1994 . See also Law portal conservatism portal Gullah portal List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court Footnotes Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` An Older , More Conservative Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Totenberg , Nina ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Influence On The Supreme Court '' . NPR . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Partners '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Laura ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas Asks 1st Question From Supreme Court Bench In 10 Years '' . National Public Radio . ^ Jump up to : Oyez , The Oyez Project Supreme Court media , Clarence Thomas biography at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 13 , 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Diane ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Holy Cross Fraternity '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` In His Own Words : Justice Clarence Thomas '' , The New York Times , December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , pp. 22 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Merida , Kevin ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( August 4 , 2002 ) . `` Supreme Discomfort '' . Washington Post Magazine . pp. W08 . ^ Jump up to : Dolin , Monica ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Anger Still Fresh in Clarence Thomas 's Memoir '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Diane ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Speaks '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( July 3 , 1991 ) . `` Judge Portrayed as a Product Of Ideals Clashing With Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kantor , Jody ; Gonzalez , David ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` For Sotomayor and Thomas , Paths Diverge at Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clarence Thomas '' . FindLaw . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon , Martin ( September 15 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Mystery '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kroft , Steve , ( Sept. 30 , 2007 ) Clarence Thomas : The Justice Nobody Knows -- Supreme Court Justice Gives First Television Interview To 60 Minutes . Jump up ^ `` Talk Radio Online : : Radio Show '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Macklin ; Pollak , Louis ( Spring 1970 ) . Bell , Daniel ; Kristol , Irving , eds . `` The black quota at Yale Law School '' . The Public Interest ( 19 ) : 44 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Lithwick , Dahlia . `` From Clarence Thomas to Palin '' ( Opinion Column ) , Newsweek ( September 27 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas 2007 , pp. 143 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Tumulty , Karen ( July 7 , 1991 ) . `` Court Path Started in the Ashes : A fire launched Clarence Thomas on a path toward fierce personal drive -- but not before the Supreme Court nominee journeyed through anger , self - hatred , confusion and doubt '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , pp. 142 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bidinotto , Robert James , Celebrity `` Rand Fans '' -- Clarence Thomas , , Archived December 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . The Atlas Society . ^ Jump up to : Greenburg , Jan Crawford ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Clarence Thomas : A Silent Justice Speaks Out : Part VII : ' Traitorous ' Adversaries : Anita Hill and the Senate Democrats '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kauffman , Bill ( November 1987 ) , `` Clarence Thomas '' , Reason , p. 3 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , pp. 139 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , pp. 147 , 149 . Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( July 15 , 1991 ) . `` Where Does He Stand ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Williams , Juan ( October 25 , 1984 ) . `` EEOC Chairman Blasts Black Leaders '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Thomas '' . The New York Times . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Greenburg , Jan Crawford ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Clarence Thomas : A Silent Justice Speaks Out '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Presidential Nominations , Look up of Nomination : PN838 - 101 . February 6 , 1990 -- Committee on Judiciary , hearings held . February 22 , 1990 -- Committee on Judiciary , ordered to be reported favorably , placed on Senate Executive Calendar . March 6 , 1990 -- floor action , confirmed by the Senate by voice vote . Jump up ^ Profile at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a Public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen . `` The Supreme Court ; Conservative Black Judge , Clarence Thomas , Is Named to Marshall 's Court Seat '' , The New York Times ( July 2 , 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit and McGuire , Kevin . The Judicial Branch , p. 155 ( Oxford University Press 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak , Legal Group 's Neutrality Is Challenged , N.Y. Times , March 30 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Viera , Norman ; Gross , Leonard ( 1998 ) . Supreme Court appointments : Judge Bork and the politicization of Senate Confirmations . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Foskett , Ken . Judging Thomas , p. 224 ( William Morrow 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Abraham , Henry . Justices , Presidents , and Senators : A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments From Washington to Bush II , pp. 27 -- 30 , 299 ( Rowman and Littlefield 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Yalof , David . Pursuit of Justices : Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees , page 214 ( University of Chicago Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey and Spaeth , Harold . The Supreme Court and the attitudinal model revisited , page 187 ( Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit and McGuire , Kevin . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch , page 155 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , pp. 172 , 398 . Jump up ^ Tushnet , Mark . A Court Divided , p. 335 ( Norton & Company 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Jane ; Abramson , Jill ( 1994 ) . Strange Justice : The Selling of Clarence Thomas . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 63318 - 2 . Jump up ^ Merida , Kevin ; Michael Fletcher ( 2008 ) . Supreme Discomfort : The Divided Soul of Clarence Thomas . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1636 - 3 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert and Seltzer , Richard . Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide , p. 68 ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , pp. 25 , 31 . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Kenneth ( September 23 , 1991 ) . `` Natural Law , An Elusive Tradition '' . Newsweek . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Aaron ( August 30 , 1991 ) . `` The Natural Law According To Clarence Thomas '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Second Hearing Day 1 , Part 1 '' . CSPAN . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Linda and Drew , Christopher . `` Truth proves elusive in nomination drama '' , Chicago Tribune ( October 15 , 1991 ) : `` She said she followed Thomas to EEOC in 1982 as an assistant ... '' Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Nomination ; Excerpts From Senate 's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination '' , The New York Times ( 1991 - 10 - 12 ) : `` Q : Professor Hill , there 's a big difference between your articulating your version of events , contrasted with your statement that Judge Thomas sexually harassed you . And in the transcript of your October 7 interview , you responded to a question saying that it was sexual harassment . `` A : In my opinion , based on my reading of the law , yes , it was . But later on , immediately following that response , I noted to the press that I did not raise a claim of sexual harassment in this complaint . It seems to me that the behavior has to be evaluated on its own with regard to the fitness of this individual to act as an Associate Justice . It seems to me that even if it does not rise to the level of sexual harassment , it is behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court . '' Jump up ^ Braver , Rita . `` Inappropriate Conduct '' , CBS News ( 1999 ) : `` Hill herself did not accuse Thomas of outright harassment , but did say that he had made unwelcome advances toward her and used language that embarrassed her . '' Jump up ^ Pollitt , Katha . Subject to Debate : Sense and Dissents on Women , Politics , and Culture , page 161 ( 2001 ) : `` The question Hill 's testimony placed before us was not whether Thomas was guilty of a legally actionable offense ( she herself was unsure if his behavior added up to sexual harassment ) but whether he belonged on the Supreme Court . '' Jump up ^ Travis , Carol . `` Casting Simple Louts as Lawbreakers '' , St. Petersburg Times ( June 11 , 1997 ) : `` Although Thomas was never accused of illegal behavior -- merely of behavior thought unseemly in a Supreme Court nominee -- in the public mind the case conflated obnoxious actions with illegal harassment . '' Jump up ^ In particular , the questioning by Senator Specter was intense . See Morrison , Toni . `` Race - ing Justice , En - gendering Power '' , p. 55 ( Pantheon Books 1992 ) . After the questioning , Specter said that , `` the testimony of Professor Hill in the morning was flat out perjury '' , and that `` she specifically changed it in the afternoon when confronted with the possibility of being contradicted . '' See transcript Archived February 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Hudson , David . The Rehnquist Court : Understanding Its Impact and Legacy , p. 50 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court Archived September 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library , October 11 , 1991 . Jump up ^ THE THOMAS NOMINATION ; Excerpts From an Interview With Another Thomas Accuser , The New York Times ( October 15 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Nomination ; On the Hearing Schedule : Eight Further Witnesses '' , The New York Times ( October 13 , 1991 ) Jump up ^ See hearing record from October 13 , 1991 . Senator Biden wrote to Wright : `` I wish to make clear , however , that if you want to testify at the hearing in person , I will honor that request . '' Wright responded to Biden : `` I agree the admission of the transcript of my interview and that of Miss Jourdain 's in the record without rebuttal at the hearing represents my position and is completely satisfactory to me . '' Jump up ^ Vieira , Norman and Gross , Leonard ( 1998 ) . Supreme Court appointments : Judge Bork and the politicization of Senate Confirmations , p. 219 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate , Transcript of Proceedings '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 10 , 1991 . pp. 442 -- 511 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Nomination ; Excerpts From Judiciary Committee 's Interview of Angela Wright '' . The New York Times . October 4 , 1991 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Ruth ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` One Angry Man , Clarence Thomas Is No Victim '' The Washington Post ( opinion column ) Jump up ^ `` FAIR 's Reply to Limbaugh 's Non-Response '' . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting . October 17 , 1994 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination of Judge Clarence Thomas to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , '' Senate Hearing 102 -- 1084 , pt. 4 , p. 590 . ( See table of contents for hearing , here. ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Nomination ; Questions to Those Who Corroborated Hill Account '' , The New York Times ( October 21 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit ( ed ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , p. 871 , Oxford Press , 1992 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505835 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Swearing - In ; A Festive Mood at Thomas Swearing - In '' , The New York Times ( October 19 , 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : Greenhouse , Linda . Thomas Sworn in as 106th Justice `` , The New York Times ( October 24 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Yorke , Jeffrey . `` The Call - in People 's Court '' , The Washington Post ( October 29 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Fiske , John . Media matters : race and gender in U.S. politics , p. 113 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Hill , Anita ( 1997 ) . Speaking truth to power . ^ Jump up to : Vanzo , John ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` Clarence Thomas '' . Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ; Fletcher , Michael A. ; Mérida , Kevin ( September 29 , 2007 ) . `` Justice Thomas Lashes Out in Memoir '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garner , Dwight . `` TBR ; TBR : Inside the List '' , The New York Times ( October 21 , 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gerber , Scott Douglas . First principles : the jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas , pp. 30 -- 3 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 6 , 2010 ) . `` A Well - Traveled Path From Ivy League to Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Notre Dame Law School news url = https://law.nd.edu/news-events/news/laura-wolk-16-j-d-to-clerk-for-u-s-supreme-court-justice-clarence-thomas/ Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Partners '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major Political Figures '' , Rasmussen Reports . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Opinion Survey of 1,000 Likely Voters '' , Rasmussen Reports . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court Watch , Profile : Justice Clarence Thomas Public Broadcasting Service . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam , Editorial Observer ( June 3 , 2007 ) The New York Times . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward . `` Book Review -- It seems Justice Thomas is still seeking confirmation -- My Grandfather 's Son A Memoir Clarence Thomas '' , Los Angeles Times ( October 1 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Marshall , Thomas . Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court , page 79 ( SUNY Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Von Drehle , David . `` Executive Branch Reined In '' , The Washington Post ( June 29 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ West , Paul . A president under siege throws down the gauntlet `` , Hartford Courant ( November 1 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Jeffrey Toobin Profiles ' The Nine ' Inside the Robes '' , NPR ( September 19 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Mencimer , Stephanie . `` Does Scalia Think Clarence Thomas is a Nutter ? '' Mother Jones ( September 28 , 2007 ) . ( Archived March 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . ^ Jump up to : Marzulla , Nancie . `` The Textualism of Clarence Thomas : Anchoring the Supreme Court 's Property Rights Jurisprudence to the Constitution '' , Journal of Gender , Social Policy & The Law ( 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Nine Justices , Ten Years : A Statistical Retrospective '' , Harvard Law Review , volume 118 , page 513 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Baude , Will . Brothers in Law , The New Republic Online , ( June 30 , 2004 ) : `` Justices Souter and Ginsburg were in complete agreement in 85 percent of the Court 's decisions . Chief Justice Rehnquist agreed with Justice O'Connor in 79 percent and Justice Kennedy in 77 percent . Justices Stevens and Souter agreed 77 percent of the time ; so did Justices Ginsburg and Breyer . Thomas and Scalia agreed in only 73 percent of the cases . Thomas regularly breaks with Scalia , disagreeing on points of doctrine , finding a more measured and judicial tone , and calling for the elimination of bad law . Unless he is simply a very bad yes - man , Clarence Thomas is a more independent voice than most people give him credit for . '' Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court , Moved Right '' , The New York Times , July 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greenburg 2007 , pp. 115 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` EAST - # 7825019 - v1 - OT06_Non - Unan_Agreement. XLS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EAST - # 7824858 - v1 - OT06_Agreement_2. XLS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenburg 2007 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Greenburg 2007 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Mark Tushnet , A Court Divided 85 -- 6 ( 2006 ) ; Jeffrey Toobin , The Nine 119 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Statistics '' Archived February 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Harvard Law Review , volume 121 , page 439 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Statistics '' Archived February 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Harvard Law Review , volume 120 , page 372 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Statistics '' Archived February 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Harvard Law Review , volume 119 , page 415 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Big Question About Clarence Thomas '' , The Washington Post , October 14 , 2004 . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Lincoln ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` Clarence Thomas 's Brand of Judicial Logic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gerhardt , Michael . The Power of Precedent , pages 249 ( ranked eleventh for overturning precedent ) and 12 ( most frequently urged overturning ) ( Oxford University Press 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Ringel , Jonathan . `` The Bombshell in the Clarence Thomas Biography '' , Daily Report via Law.com ( August 5 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Gerhardt , Michael . `` The Power of Precedent '' , page 188 ( Oxford University Press 2008 ) : `` I am not sure Justice Scalia is even right about Justice Thomas , who does not , at least statistically , urge more than three overrulings per term , thus indicating his willingness to leave a fairly broad spectrum of constitutional decisions intact . '' ^ Jump up to : Toobin 2007 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Amy . `` Statutory Stare Decisis in the Courts of Appeals '' , George Washington Law Review ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Seminole Tribe v. Florida 517 U.S. 44 ( 1996 ) . Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . Jump up ^ United Haulers Assn . v. Oneida - Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt . Auth. 550 U.S. 330 ( 2007 ) . Full text opinion courtesy of Cornell University Jump up ^ United States v. Lopez 514 U.S. 549 ( 1995 ) . Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . ^ Jump up to : Toobin 2007 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael . `` What California 's Trans Fat Ban Teaches Us About Federalism '' , Findlaw 's Writ ( July 29 , 2008 ) : `` Proponents of broad national power like myself do not say that the Court should update the Constitution to keep it in tune with the times . Rather , we argue -- or at least some of us argue -- that the growth of a national , indeed , global , economy , means that activities that might have been carried out in relatively discrete local markets in 1789 are now undoubtedly part of interstate and international commerce . '' Jump up ^ Hamdi v. Rumsfeld , 542 U.S. 507 ( 2004 ) . Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . Jump up ^ Hamdan v. Rumsfeld , 548 U.S. 557 ( 2006 ) . Archived August 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Joondeph , Bradley `` Federalism , the Rehnquist Court , and the Modern Republican Party '' , Oregon Law Review , Volume 87 ( 2008 ) : `` Most scholars agree that federalism was central to the Rehnquist Court 's constitutional agenda . '' Jump up ^ Althouse , Ann . `` Why Talking About States ' Rights Cannot Avoid the Need for Normative Federalism Analysis : A Response to Professors Baker and Young '' , Duke Law Journal , Volume 51 , page 363 ( 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : Greenburg 2007 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Foucha v. Louisiana , 504 U.S. 71 ( 1992 ) . Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . Jump up ^ `` 08 - 1224 United States v. Comstock ( 05 / 17 / 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Supreme Court . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ringhand , Lori . `` Judicial Activism : An Empirical Examination of Voting Behavior on the Rehnquist Natural Court '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 24 , No. 1 ( Spring 2007 ) , pp. 49 ( Table 1 ) and 59 ( Table 6 ) . Jump up ^ `` Activism Is in the Eye of the Ideologist '' ( Editorial ) , The New York Times ( September 11 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Opinion of Thomas , J. NORTHWEST AUSTIN MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT NUMBER ONE v. ERIC H. HOLDER , Jr. , ATTORNEY GENERAL ( June 22 , 2009 ) Full text courtesy of Cornell University Law School . Jump up ^ Shelby County v. Holder , 570 U.S. ___ ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene . `` How the Justices Voted in Free Speech Cases , 1994 -- 2000 '' ( Updated ) , 48 UCLA L. Rev. 1191 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Sherman , Mark ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court strikes down campaign contribution limits '' . Newshour . PBS . Associated Press . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Barnes , Robert ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court strikes down limits on federal campaign donations '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ; Eggen , Dan ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court rejects limits on corporate spending on political campaigns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Savage , David G. ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court OKs unlimited corporate spending on elections '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse v. Frederick , 551 U.S. 393 ( 2007 ) . Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Says Texas Can Reject Confederate Flag License Plates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union , 535 U.S. 564 ( 2002 ) . Findlaw . Jump up ^ 514 U.S. 334 Full text of the opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2004 - 06 - 14 ) , Elk Grove Unified School Dist . v. Newdow ( Thomas , J. , concurring in judgment ) , 542 , p. 1 , retrieved 2018 - 09 - 23 Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2005 - 05 - 31 ) , Cutter v. Wilkinson ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) , 544 , p. 709 , retrieved 2018 - 09 - 23 Jump up ^ Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , 542 U.S. 1 ( 2004 ) . Thomas wrote : `` It may well be the case that anything that would violate the incorporated Establishment Clause would actually violate the Free Exercise Clause , further calling into doubt the utility of incorporating the Establishment Clause . '' Jump up ^ Ost , Harriet . `` U.S. Supreme Court : Chicago 's gun ban struck down '' , United Press International ( June 28 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` McDonald v. Chicago slip opinion from the U.S. Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Friedman v. City of Highland Park '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Jackson v. San Francisco '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Peruta v. California '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Silvester v. Becerra '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Indianapolis v. Edmond , 531 U.S. 32 ( 2000 ) . Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . ^ Jump up to : Safford Unified School District v. Redding , 557 U.S. __ ( 2009 ) . Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . Jump up ^ `` Court Says Strip Search of Ariz . Teenager Illegal '' , Associated Press via NPR ( June 25 , 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : Doggett v. United States , 505 U.S. 647 ( 1992 ) . Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com . Jump up ^ Greenburg 2007 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson v. McMillian , 503 U.S. 1 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Greenburg 2007 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Garrow , David ( October 25 , 2004 ) , `` Saving Thomas '' Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , The New Republic Jump up ^ United States v. Bajakajian , 524 U.S. 321 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Adarand Constructors , Inc. v. Peña , 515 U.S. 200 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Gratz v. Bollinger , 539 U.S. 244 ( 2003 ) . ^ Jump up to : Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , 551 U.S. 701 Archived July 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Grutter v. Bollinger , 539 U.S. 306 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Missouri v. Jenkins , 515 U.S. 70 ( 1995 ) '' . cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Yoo , John , Opinion ( October 9 , 2007 ) The Real Clarence Thomas The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Planned Parenthood v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Stenberg v. Carhart , 530 U.S. 914 ( 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales v. Carhart , 550 U.S. 124 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Romer v. Evans '' . The Oyez Project . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence v. Texas , 539 U.S. 558 , 605 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Justice Thomas asks questions in court , 1st time in 10 years '' . February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Liptak ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Been 10 Years . Would Clarence Thomas Like to Add Anything ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court 's Thomas breaks nearly 7 - year court silence '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Orlando ( June 17 , 2007 ) , `` Thomas Agonistes '' , The New York Times , p. 2 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gregory Kane ( December 17 , 2000 ) . `` Justice Thomas ' silence speaks volumes to critics -- tribunedigital - baltimoresun '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . The New York Times . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( February 17 , 2013 ) . `` The question of Clarence Thomas '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Bedard , Paul ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` This Is Not Perry Mason '' . Washington Whispers . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Porter , Amber `` Six Years of Silence for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas '' , ABC News , March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Garrow , David ( October 6 , 1996 ) . `` The Rehnquist Reins '' . The New York Times Magazine . ^ Jump up to : Toobin 2007 , pp. 106 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Toobin ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Disgraceful Silence '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merida , Kevin ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( April 22 , 2007 ) . `` Justice Thomas 's Life A Tangle of Poverty , Privilege and Race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Thomas marches to own tune '' , USA Today , Associated Press , September 3 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Foskett 2004 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Justice 's wife launches ' tea party ' group '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth ; Cogan , Marin ; Bresnahan , John ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Justice Thomas 's wife Virginia Thomas now a lobbyist '' . Politico . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Justice Thomas 's Wife Sets Up a Conservative Lobbying Shop '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sonmez , Felicia ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` House Democrats say Justice Thomas should recuse himself in health - care case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heyer , Kristin E. ; Rozell , Mark J. ; Genovese , Michael A. ( 2008 ) . Catholics and Politics : The Dynamic Tension Between Faith and Power . Georgetown University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58901 - 653 - 8 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices '' Justice Sherman Minton converted to Catholicism after his retirement . James F. Byrnes was raised as a Catholic , but converted to Episcopalianism before his confirmation as a Supreme Court Justice . Jump up ^ Geiger , Kim ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Clarence Thomas failed to report wife 's income , watchdog says '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Thomas Cites Failure to Disclose Wife 's Job '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Camia , Catalina ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Clarence Thomas fixes reports to include wife 's pay '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Young Scholar , Now Lawyer , Says Clarence Thomas Groped Her in 1999 Law.com '' . Law.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 07 . References Foskett , Ken ( 2004 ) . Judging Thomas : The Life and Times of Clarence Thomas . William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052721 - 1 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court . Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51640 - 2 . Further reading Abraham , Henry J. ( 2007 ) . Justices , Presidents , and Senators : A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II ( 5th ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5895 - 3 . Brooks , Roy L. ( 2008 ) . Structures of Judicial Decision Making from Legal Formalism to Critical Theory ( 2nd ed . ) . Durham , N.C. : Carolina Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59460 - 123 - 1 . Carp , Dylan ( September 1998 ) . `` Out of Scalia 's Shadow '' . Liberty . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2006 . Cushman , Clare , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Foskett , Ken ( 2004 ) . Judging Thomas : The Life and Times of Clarence Thomas . William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052721 - 1 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 9 . Gerber , Scott D ( 1999 ) . First Principles : The Jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 3099 - 7 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court . Penguin Group ( USA ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505835 - 2 . Holzer , Henry Mark ( 2006 ) . Supreme Court Opinions of Clarence Thomas 1991 -- 2006 : A Conservative 's Perspective . Madison Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59113 - 911 - 9 . Lazarus , Edward ( January 6 , 2005 ) . `` Will Clarence Thomas Be the Court 's Next Chief Justice ? '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Mayer , Jane ; Abramson , Jill ( 1994 ) . Strange Justice : The Selling of Clarence Thomas . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 27499 - 0 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87187 - 554 - 9 . Onwuachi - Willig , Angela ( January 2005 ) . `` Just Another Brother on the SCT ? : What Justice Clarence Thomas Teaches Us About the Influence of Racial Identity '' . Iowa Law Review . University of Iowa College of Law . 90 : 931 ... Available online at SSRN 638281 Presser , Stephen B. ( January -- February 2005 ) . `` Touting Thomas : The Truth about America 's Most Maligned Justice '' . Legal Affairs . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Thomas , Andrew Peyton ( 2001 ) . Clarence Thomas : A Biography . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893554 - 36 - 8 . Rossum , Ralph A. Understanding Clarence Thomas : The Jurisprudence of Constitutional Restoration ( University Press of Kansas ; 2013 ) 296 pages ; the evolution , application , and impact of Thomas 's `` original general meaning '' approach Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 8 . Woodward , Robert ; Armstrong , Scott ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 24110 - 0 . External links Wikisource has original works written by or about : Clarence Thomas Find more aboutClarence Thomasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Clarence Thomas at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center . Clarence Thomas at Ballotpedia Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues Appearances on C - SPAN `` The template below ( Goodreads author ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Clarence Thomas at Goodreads Clarence Thomas at the 2007 Annual National Lawyers Convention -- November 2007 . Cornell Law School Biography of Clarence Thomas . Outline of the Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas Controversy Oyez , Official Supreme Court media , Clarence Thomas biography . How to Read the Constitution Excerpt from Thomas 's Walter B. Wriston Lecture to the Manhattan Institute in October 2008 Transcripts of Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court Washington Post article about Thomas New Yorker Magazine : `` Partners : Will Clarence and Virginia Thomas succeed in killing Obama 's health - care plan ? '' by Jeffrey Toobin -- August 29 , 2011 Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Clarence Thomas in September and October 1991 United States Government Publishing Office <Th_colspan="3"> Political offices Preceded by Eleanor Holmes Norton Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1982 -- 1990 Succeeded by Evan Kemp <Th_colspan="3"> Legal offices Preceded by Robert Bork Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 1990 -- 1991 Succeeded by Judith Rogers Preceded by Thurgood Marshall Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1991 -- present Incumbent <Th_colspan="3"> Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Ministers of Foreign Powers Order of Precedence of the United States as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Succeeded by Ruth Bader Ginsburg as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Preceded by Otherwise António Guterres as Secretary - General of the United Nations <Th_colspan="2"> Judicial opinions of Clarence Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. 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1. Clarence Thomas - Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
2. Early life and education of Clarence Thomas
3. Career of Clarence Thomas - from Assistant Attorney General to Supreme Court Justice
4. Confirmation hearings and allegations of sexual harassment against Clarence Thomas
5. Judicial philosophy and conservative views of Clarence Thomas
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brute force attack against a 10 bit key
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Brute - force attack - wikipedia Brute - force attack This article is about the cryptanalytic method . For similarly named methods in other disciplines , see Brute force . The Electronic Frontier Foundation 's US $250,000 DES cracking machine contained over 1,800 custom chips and could brute - force a DES key in a matter of days . The photograph shows a DES Cracker circuit board fitted on both sides with 64 Deep Crack chips . In cryptography , a brute - force attack consists of an attacker submitting many passwords or passphrases with the hope of eventually guessing correctly . The attacker systematically checks all possible passwords and passphrases until the correct one is found . Alternatively , the attacker can attempt to guess the key which is typically created from the password using a key derivation function . This is known as an exhaustive key search . A brute - force attack is a cryptanalytic attack that can , in theory , be used to attempt to decrypt any encrypted data ( except for data encrypted in an information - theoretically secure manner ) . Such an attack might be used when it is not possible to take advantage of other weaknesses in an encryption system ( if any exist ) that would make the task easier . When password - guessing , this method is very fast when used to check all short passwords , but for longer passwords other methods such as the dictionary attack are used because a brute - force search takes too long . Longer passwords , passphrases and keys have more possible values , making them exponentially more difficult to crack than shorter ones . Brute - force attacks can be made less effective by obfuscating the data to be encoded making it more difficult for an attacker to recognize when the code has been cracked or by making the attacker do more work to test each guess . One of the measures of the strength of an encryption system is how long it would theoretically take an attacker to mount a successful brute - force attack against it . Brute - force attacks are an application of brute - force search , the general problem - solving technique of enumerating all candidates and checking each one . Contents 1 Basic concept 2 Theoretical limits 3 Credential recycling 4 Unbreakable codes 5 Countermeasures 6 Reverse brute - force attack 7 Software that performs brute - force attacks 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Basic concept ( edit ) Brute - force attacks work by calculating every possible combination that could make up a password and testing it to see if it is the correct password . As the password 's length increases , the amount of time , on average , to find the correct password increases exponentially . Theoretical limits ( edit ) The resources required for a brute - force attack grow exponentially with increasing key size , not linearly . Although U.S. export regulations historically restricted key lengths to 56 - bit symmetric keys ( e.g. Data Encryption Standard ) , these restrictions are no longer in place , so modern symmetric algorithms typically use computationally stronger 128 - to 256 - bit keys . There is a physical argument that a 128 - bit symmetric key is computationally secure against brute - force attack . The so - called Landauer limit implied by the laws of physics sets a lower limit on the energy required to perform a computation of kT ln 2 per bit erased in a computation , where T is the temperature of the computing device in kelvins , k is the Boltzmann constant , and the natural logarithm of 2 is about 0.693 . No irreversible computing device can use less energy than this , even in principle . Thus , in order to simply flip through the possible values for a 128 - bit symmetric key ( ignoring doing the actual computing to check it ) would , theoretically , require 2 − 1 bit flips on a conventional processor . If it is assumed that the calculation occurs near room temperature ( ~ 300 K ) , the Von Neumann - Landauer Limit can be applied to estimate the energy required as ~ 10 joules , which is equivalent to consuming 30 gigawatts of power for one year . This is equal to 30 × 10 W × 365 × 24 × 3600 s = 9.46 × 10 J or 262.7 TWh ( more than 1 / 100th of the world energy production ) . The full actual computation -- checking each key to see if a solution has been found -- would consume many times this amount . Furthermore , this is simply the energy requirement for cycling through the key space ; the actual time it takes to flip each bit is not considered , which is certainly greater than 0 . However , this argument assumes that the register values are changed using conventional set and clear operations which inevitably generate entropy . It has been shown that computational hardware can be designed not to encounter this theoretical obstruction ( see reversible computing ) , though no such computers are known to have been constructed . Modern GPUs are well - suited to the repetitive tasks associated with hardware - based password cracking As commercial successors of governmental ASIC solutions have become available , also known as custom hardware attacks , two emerging technologies have proven their capability in the brute - force attack of certain ciphers . One is modern graphics processing unit ( GPU ) technology , the other is the field - programmable gate array ( FPGA ) technology . GPUs benefit from their wide availability and price - performance benefit , FPGAs from their energy efficiency per cryptographic operation . Both technologies try to transport the benefits of parallel processing to brute - force attacks . In case of GPUs some hundreds , in the case of FPGA some thousand processing units making them much better suited to cracking passwords than conventional processors . Various publications in the fields of cryptographic analysis have proved the energy efficiency of today 's FPGA technology , for example , the COPACOBANA FPGA Cluster computer consumes the same energy as a single PC ( 600 W ) , but performs like 2,500 PCs for certain algorithms . A number of firms provide hardware - based FPGA cryptographic analysis solutions from a single FPGA PCI Express card up to dedicated FPGA computers . WPA and WPA2 encryption have successfully been brute - force attacked by reducing the workload by a factor of 50 in comparison to conventional CPUs and some hundred in case of FPGAs . A single COPACOBANA board boasting 6 Xilinx Spartans -- a cluster is made up of 20 of these AES permits the use of 256 - bit keys . Breaking a symmetric 256 - bit key by brute force requires 2 times more computational power than a 128 - bit key . Fifty supercomputers that could check a billion billion ( 10 ) AES keys per second ( if such a device could ever be made ) would , in theory , require about 3 × 10 years to exhaust the 256 - bit key space . An underlying assumption of a brute - force attack is that the complete keyspace was used to generate keys , something that relies on an effective random number generator , and that there are no defects in the algorithm or its implementation . For example , a number of systems that were originally thought to be impossible to crack by brute force have nevertheless been cracked because the key space to search through was found to be much smaller than originally thought , because of a lack of entropy in their pseudorandom number generators . These include Netscape 's implementation of SSL ( famously cracked by Ian Goldberg and David Wagner in 1995 ) and a Debian / Ubuntu edition of OpenSSL discovered in 2008 to be flawed . A similar lack of implemented entropy led to the breaking of Enigma 's code . Credential recycling ( edit ) Credential recycling refers to the hacking practice of re-using username and password combinations gathered in previous brute - force attacks . A special form of credential recycling is pass the hash , where unsalted hashed credentials are stolen and re-used without first being brute forced . Unbreakable codes ( edit ) Certain types of encryption , by their mathematical properties , can not be defeated by brute force . An example of this is one - time pad cryptography , where every cleartext bit has a corresponding key from a truly random sequence of key bits . A 140 character one - time - pad - encoded string subjected to a brute - force attack would eventually reveal every 140 character string possible , including the correct answer -- but of all the answers given , there would be no way of knowing which was the correct one . Defeating such a system , as was done by the Venona project , generally relies not on pure cryptography , but upon mistakes in its implementation : the key pads not being truly random , intercepted keypads , operators making mistakes -- or other errors . Countermeasures ( edit ) In case of an offline attack where the attacker has access to the encrypted material , one can try key combinations without the risk of discovery or interference . However database and directory administrators can take countermeasures against online attacks , for example by limiting the number of attempts that a password can be tried , by introducing time delays between successive attempts , increasing the answer 's complexity ( e.g. requiring a CAPTCHA answer or verification code sent via cellphone ) , and / or locking accounts out after unsuccessful logon attempts . Website administrators may prevent a particular IP address from trying more than a predetermined number of password attempts against any account on the site . Reverse brute - force attack ( edit ) In a reverse brute - force attack , a single ( usually common ) password is tested against multiple usernames or encrypted files . The process may be repeated for a select few passwords . In such a strategy , the attacker is generally not targeting a specific user . Reverse brute - force attacks can be mitigated by establishing a password policy that disallows common passwords . Software that performs brute - force attacks ( edit ) Aircrack - ng Cain and Abel Crack DaveGrohl Hashcat John the Ripper L0phtCrack Ophcrack RainbowCrack See also ( edit ) Bitcoin mining Cryptographic key length Distributed.net Key derivation function MD5CRK Metasploit Express Side - channel attack TWINKLE and TWIRL Unicity distance RSA Factoring Challenge Secure Shell Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paar 2010 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Landauer 1961 , p. 183 - 191 . Jump up ^ Graham 2011 . Jump up ^ Kingsley - Hughes 2008 . Jump up ^ Kamerling 2007 . Jump up ^ Viega 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ CERT - 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis . Jump up ^ NSA - 2009 . Jump up ^ Reynard 1997 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Burnett 2004 . Jump up ^ Ristic 2010 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` InfoSecPro.com - Computer , network , application and physical security consultants '' . www.infosecpro.com . Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . References ( edit ) Adleman , Leonard M. ; Rothemund , Paul W.K. ; Roweis , Sam ; Winfree , Erik ( June 10 -- 12 , 1996 ) . On Applying Molecular Computation To The Data Encryption Standard . Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting on DNA Based Computers . Princeton University . Cracking DES -- Secrets of Encryption Research , Wiretap Politics & Chip Design . Electronic Frontier Foundation . ISBN 1 - 56592 - 520 - 3 . Burnett , Mark ; Foster , James C. ( 2004 ) . Hacking the Code : ASP.NET Web Application Security . Syngress . ISBN 1 - 932266 - 65 - 8 . Diffie , W. ; Hellman , M.E. ( 1977 ) . `` Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard '' . Computer . 10 : 74 -- 84 . doi : 10.1109 / c-m. 1977.217750 . Graham , Robert David ( 22 June 2011 ) . `` Password cracking , mining , and GPUs '' . erratasec.com . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Ellis , Claire . `` Exploring the Enigma '' . Plus Magazine . Kamerling , Erik ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Elcomsoft Debuts Graphics Processing Unit ( GPU ) Password Recovery Advancement '' . Symantec . Kingsley - Hughes , Adrian ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) . `` ElcomSoft uses NVIDIA GPUs to Speed up WPA / WPA2 Brute - force Attack '' . ZDNet . Landauer , L ( 1961 ) . `` Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process '' . IBM Journal of Research and Development . 5 . doi : 10.1147 / rd. 53.0183 . Paar , Christof ; Pelzl , Jan ; Preneel , Bart ( 2010 ) . Understanding Cryptography : A Textbook for Students and Practitioners . Springer . ISBN 3 - 642 - 04100 - 0 . Reynard , Robert ( 1997 ) . Secret Code Breaker II : A Cryptanalyst 's Handbook . Jacksonville , FL : Smith & Daniel Marketing . ISBN 1 - 889668 - 06 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Ristic , Ivan ( 2010 ) . Modsecurity Handbook . Feisty Duck . ISBN 1 - 907117 - 02 - 4 . Viega , John ; Messier , Matt ; Chandra , Pravir ( 2002 ) . Network Security with OpenSSL . O'Reilly . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00270 - X . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Wiener , Michael J. ( 1996 ) . `` Efficient DES Key Search '' . Practical Cryptography for Data Internetworks . W. Stallings , editor , IEEE Computer Society Press . `` Technical Cyber Security Alert TA08 - 137A : Debian / Ubuntu OpenSSL Random Number Generator Vulnerability '' . United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team ( CERT ) . 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10 . `` NSA 's How Mathematicians Helped Win WWII '' . National Security Agency . 15 Jan 2009 . External links ( edit ) Basic idea on How Password Bruteforce Tool is Created RSA - sponsored DES - III cracking contest Demonstration of a brute - force device designed to guess the passcode of locked iPhones running iOS 10.3. 3 How We Cracked the Code Book Ciphers -- Essay by the winning team of the challenge in The Code Book Why not use larger cipher keys ? <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cryptography <Td_colspan="2"> History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography <Td_colspan="2"> Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal WikiProject <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Block ciphers ( security summary ) Common algorithms AES Blowfish DES ( internal mechanics , Triple DES ) Serpent Twofish Less common algorithms Camellia CAST - 128 IDEA RC2 RC5 RC6 SEED ARIA Skipjack TEA XTEA Other algorithms 3 - Way Akelarre Anubis BaseKing BassOmatic BATON BEAR and LION CAST - 256 Chiasmus CIKS - 1 CIPHERUNICORN - A CIPHERUNICORN - E CLEFIA CMEA Cobra COCONUT98 Crab Cryptomeria / C2 CRYPTON CS - Cipher DEAL DES - X DFC E2 FEAL FEA - M FROG G - DES GOST Grand Cru Hasty Pudding cipher Hierocrypt ICE IDEA NXT Intel Cascade Cipher Iraqi Kalyna KASUMI KeeLoq KHAZAD Khufu and Khafre KN - Cipher Kuznyechik Ladder - DES Libelle LOKI ( 97 , 89 / 91 ) Lucifer M6 M8 MacGuffin Madryga MAGENTA MARS Mercy MESH MISTY1 MMB MULTI2 MultiSwap New Data Seal NewDES Nimbus NOEKEON NUSH PRESENT Prince Q RC6 REDOC Red Pike S - 1 SAFER SAVILLE SC2000 SHACAL SHARK Simon SM4 Speck Spectr - H64 Square SXAL / MBAL Threefish Treyfer UES Xenon xmx XXTEA Zodiac Design Feistel network Key schedule Lai -- Massey scheme Product cipher S - box P - box SPN Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening ( Whitening transformation ) Attack ( cryptanalysis ) Brute - force ( EFF DES cracker ) MITM Biclique attack 3 - subset MITM attack Linear ( Piling - up lemma ) Differential Impossible Truncated Higher - order Differential - linear Distinguishing ( Known - key ) Integral / Square Boomerang Mod n Related - key Slide Rotational Side - channel Timing Power - monitoring Electromagnetic Acoustic Differential - fault XSL Interpolation Partitioning Rubber - hose Black - bag Davies Rebound Weak key Tau Chi - square Time / memory / data tradeoff Standardization AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE Utilization Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cryptography <Td_colspan="2"> History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography <Td_colspan="2"> Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brute-force_attack&oldid=864180609 '' Categories : Cryptographic attacks Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 16 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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what led to the end of india valley civilization
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Indus Valley Civilisation - wikipedia Indus Valley Civilisation Jump to : navigation , search Indus Valley Civilisation <Td_colspan="2"> Geographical range South Asia Period Bronze Age Dates c. 3300 -- c. 1300 BCE Preceded by Mehrgarh Followed by Vedic period Excavated ruins of Mohenjo - daro , Sindh province , Pakistan , showing the Great Bath in the foreground . Mohenjo - daro , on the right bank of the Indus River , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the first site in South Asia to be so declared . Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Anarta tradition ( c. 3950 -- 1900 BC ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1500 -- 200 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC - AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . AD 500 ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BC -- AD 224 ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BC -- AD 1206 ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BC -- AD 220 ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BC -- AD 300 ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 -- c. 50 BC ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BC ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BC -- AD 10 ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BC ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BC -- AD 400 ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( AD 21 -- c. 130 ) Western Satrap Empire ( AD 35 -- 405 ) Kushan Empire ( AD 60 -- 240 ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 ) Late medieval period ( 1206 -- 1526 ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early modern period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom ( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial states ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Periods of Sri Lanka ( show ) Prehistory ( Until 543 BC ) Early kingdoms period ( 543 BC -- 377 BC ) Anuradhapura period ( 377 BC -- AD 1017 ) Polonnaruwa period ( 1056 -- 1232 ) Transitional period ( 1232 -- 1505 ) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century ( 1505 -- 1594 ) Kandyan period ( 1594 -- 1815 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Contemporary Sri Lanka ( 1948 -- present ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Agriculture Architecture Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Education Indology Influence on Southeast Asia Language Literature Maritime Metallurgy Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Philosophy Religion Science & Technology Timeline The Indus Valley Civilisation ( IVC ) , or Harappan Civilisation , was a Bronze Age civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BCE ; mature period 2600 -- 1900 BCE ) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia , extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India . Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia , it was one of three early cradles of civilisations of the Old World , and of the three , the most widespread . Aridification of this region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial spur for the urbanisation associated with the civilisation , but eventually also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation 's demise , and to scatter its population eastward . At its peak , the Indus Civilisation may have had a population of over five million . Inhabitants of the ancient Indus River valley developed new techniques in handicraft ( carnelian products , seal carving ) and metallurgy ( copper , bronze , lead , and tin ) . The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning , baked brick houses , elaborate drainage systems , water supply systems , and clusters of large non-residential buildings . Children 's toys were found in the cities , with few weapons of war , suggesting peace and prosperity . Their trade seals , decorated with animals and mythical beings , indicate they conducted thriving trade with lands as far away as Sumer in southern Mesopotamia . The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named the Harappan civilisation after Harappa , the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s , in what was then the Punjab province of British India . The discovery of Harappa , and soon afterwards Mohenjo - daro , was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj . Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920 , with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999 . This Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from the cultures immediately preceding and following it . Of these , the earlier is often called the Early Harappan culture , while the later one may be referred to as the Late Harappan , both of which existed in the same area as the Mature Harappan Civilisation . The early Harappan cultures were preceded by local Neolithic agricultural villages , from which the river plains were populated . A total of 1,022 cities and settlements had been found by 2008 , mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar - Hakra Rivers , and their tributaries ; of which 406 sites are in Pakistan and 616 sites in India ; of these 96 have been excavated . Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa , Mohenjo - daro ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) , Dholavira , Ganeriwala and Rakhigarhi . The Harappan language is not directly attested , and its affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered . A relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo - Dravidian language family is favoured by a section of scholars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Extent 3 Discovery and history of excavation 4 Chronology 5 Pre-Harappan - Mehrgarh 6 Early Harappan 7 Mature Harappan 7.1 Cities 7.2 Authority and governance 7.3 Technology 7.4 Arts and crafts 7.5 Trade and transportation 7.6 Agriculture 7.7 Language 7.8 Possible writing system 7.9 Religion 8 Late Harappan 8.1 `` Aryan invasion '' 8.2 Climate change and drought 8.3 Continuity 9 Post-Harappan 10 Historical context 10.1 Near East 10.2 Dasyu 10.3 Munda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Name ( edit ) The Indus Valley Civilisation is named after the Indus Valley , where the first remains were found . The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named the Harappan civilisation after Harappa , the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s , in what was then the Punjab province of British India . The Indus Valley Civilisation has also been called by some the `` Sarasvati culture '' , the `` Sarasvati Civilisation '' , the `` Indus - Sarasvati Civilisation '' or the `` Sindhu - Saraswati Civilisation '' , as the Ghaggar - Hakra river is identified by some with the mythological Sarasvati river , suggesting that the Indus Valley Civilisation was the Vedic civilisation as perceived by traditional Hindu beliefs . Extent ( edit ) Locations of IVC - sites Diorama reconstruction of everyday life in Indus Valley Civilisation ( National Science Centre , Delhi , India ) The Indus Valley Civilisation ( IVC ) encompassed much of Pakistan , western India , and northeastern Afghanistan ; extending from Pakistani Balochistan in the west to Uttar Pradesh in the east , northeastern Afghanistan in the north and Maharashtra in the south . Shortugai to the north is on the Oxus River , the Afghan border with Tajikistan , and in the west Sutkagan Dor is close to the Iranian border . The Kulli culture of Balochistan , of which more than 100 settlement sites are known , can be regarded as a local variant of the IVC , or a related culture . The geography of the Indus Valley put the civilisations that arose there in a highly similar situation to those in Egypt and Peru , with rich agricultural lands being surrounded by highlands , desert , and ocean . Recently , Indus sites have been discovered in Pakistan 's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as well . Other IVC colonies can be found in Afghanistan while smaller isolated colonies can be found as far away as Turkmenistan and in Maharashtra . The largest number of colonies are in the Punjab , Sindh , Rajasthan , Haryana , and Gujarat belt Coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor in Western Baluchistan to Lothal in Gujarat . An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan , in the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan , at Manda , Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu , India , and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River , only 28 km from Delhi . Indus Valley sites have been found most often on rivers , but also on the ancient seacoast , for example , Balakot , and on islands , for example , Dholavira . It flourished along a system of monsoon - fed perennial rivers in the basins of the Ghaggar - Hakra River in northwest India , and the Indus River flowing through the length of Pakistan . There is evidence of dry river beds overlapping with the Ghaggar River in India and Hakra channel in Pakistan . 616 sites have been discovered along the dried up river beds of the Ghaggar - Hakra River and its tributaries , while 406 sites have been found along the Indus and its tributaries . According to Shereen Ratnagar the Ghaggar - Hakra desert area has more remaining sites than the alluvium of the Indus Valley , since the Ghaggar - Hakra desert area has been left untouched by settlements and agriculture since the end of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Discovery and History of excavation ( edit ) Indus Valley pottery , 2500 -- 1900 BCE The ruins of Harappa were described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan , Afghanistan , and the Punjab , where locals talked of an ancient city extending `` thirteen cosses '' ( about 25 miles or 41 km ) . Archaeological ruins at Mohenjo - daro , Sindh , Pakistan In 1856 , Alexander Cunningham , later director - general of the archaeological survey of northern India , visited Harappa where the British engineers John and William Brunton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore . John wrote , `` I was much exercised in my mind how we were to get ballast for the line of the railway '' . They were told of an ancient ruined city near the lines , called Harappa . Visiting the city , he found it full of hard well - burnt bricks , and , `` convinced that there was a grand quarry for the ballast I wanted '' , the city of Harappa was reduced to ballast . A few months later , further north , John 's brother William Brunton 's `` section of the line ran near another ruined city , bricks from which had already been used by villagers in the nearby village of Harappa at the same site . These bricks now provided ballast along 93 miles ( 150 km ) of the railroad track running from Karachi to Lahore '' . In 1872 -- 75 , Cunningham published the first Harappan seal ( with an erroneous identification as Brahmi letters ) . More Harappan seals were discovered in 1912 by John Faithfull Fleet , prompting an archaeological campaign under Sir John Hubert Marshall . Marshall , Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni and Madho Sarup Vats began excavating Harappa in 1921 , finding buildings and artefacts indicative of an ancient civilisation . These were soon complemented by discoveries at Mohenjo - daro by Rakhal Das Banerjee , Ernest J.H. Mackay , and Marshall . By 1931 , much of Mohenjo - daro had been excavated , but excavations continued , such as that led by Sir Mortimer Wheeler , director of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1944 . Among other archaeologists who worked on IVC sites before the independence in 1947 were Ahmad Hasan Dani , Brij Basi Lal , Nani Gopal Majumdar , and Sir Marc Aurel Stein . Following independence , the bulk of the archaeological finds were inherited by Pakistan where most of the IVC was based , with new discoveries India now has 50 % more sites than Pakistan . Outposts of the Indus Valley civilisation were excavated as far west as Sutkagan Dor in Pakistani Balochistan , as far north as at Shortugai on the Amu Darya ( the river 's ancient name was Oxus ) in current Afghanistan , as far east as at Alamgirpur , Uttar Pradesh , India and as far south as at Malwan , in modern - day Surat , Gujarat , India . In 2010 , heavy floods hit Haryana in India and damaged the archaeological site of Jognakhera , where ancient copper smelting furnaces were found dating back almost 5,000 years . The Indus Valley Civilisation site was hit by almost 10 feet of water as the Sutlej Yamuna link canal overflowed . Chronology ( edit ) Main article : Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation had `` social hierarchies , their writing system , their large planned cities and their long - distance trade ( which ) mark them to archaeologists as a full - fledged ' civilisation . ' '' The mature phase of the Harappan civilisation lasted from c. 2600 to 1900 BCE . With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor cultures -- Early Harappan and Late Harappan , respectively -- the entire Indus Valley Civilisation may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries BCE . It is part of the Indus Valley Tradition , which also includes the pre-Harappan occupation of Mehrgarh , the earliest farming site of the Indus Valley . Several periodisations are employed for the periodisation of the IVC . The most commonly used classifies the Indus Valley Civilisation into Early , Mature and Late Harappan Phase . An alternative approach by Shaffer divides the broader Indus Valley Tradition into four eras , the pre-Harappan `` Early Food Producing Era , '' and the Regionalisation , Integration , and Localisation eras , which correspond roughly with the Early Harappan , Mature Harappan , and Late Harappan phases . According to Rao , Hakra Ware has been found at Bhirrana , and is pre-Harappan , dating to the 8th - 7th millennium BCE . Hakra Ware culture is a material culture which is contemporaneous with the early Harappan Ravi phase culture ( 3300 - 2800 BCE ) of the Indus Valley . According to Dikshit and Rami , the estimation for the antiquity of Bhirrana as pre-Harappan is based on two calculations of charcoal samples , giving two dates of respectively 7570 - 7180 BCE , and 6689 - 6201 BCE . Dates Main Phase Mehrgarh phases Harappan phases Post-Harappan phases Era 7000 -- 5500 BCE Pre-Harappan Mehrgarh I ( aceramic Neolithic ) Early Food Producing Era 5500 -- 3300 BCE Pre-Harappan / Early Harappan Mehrgarh II - VI ( ceramic Neolithic ) Regionalisation Era c. 4000 - 2500 / 2300 BCE ( Shaffer ) c. 5000 - 3200 BCE ( Coningham & Young ) 3300 -- 2800 BCE Early Harappan c. 3300 - 2800 BCE ( Mughal ) c. 5000 - 2800 BCE ( Kenoyer ) Harappan 1 ( Ravi Phase ; Hakra Ware ) 2800 -- 2600 BCE Mehrgarh VII Harappan 2 ( Kot Diji Phase , Nausharo I ) 2600 -- 2450 BCE Mature Harappan ( Indus Valley Civilisation ) Harappan 3A ( Nausharo II ) Integration Era 2450 -- 2200 BCE Harappan 3B 2200 -- 1900 BCE Harappan 3C 1900 -- 1700 BCE Late Harappan Harappan 4 Cemetery H Ochre Coloured Pottery Localisation Era 1700 -- 1300 BCE Harappan 5 1300 -- 600 BCE Post-Harappan Iron Age India Painted Grey Ware ( 1200 - 600 BCE ) Vedic period ( c. 1500 - 500 BCE ) Regionalisation c. 1200 - 300 BCE ( Kenoyer ) c. 1500 - 600 BCE ( Coningham & Young ) 600 - 300 BCE Northern Black Polished Ware ( Iron Age ) ( 700 - 200 BCE ) Second urbanisation ( c. 500 - 200 BCE ) Integration Pre-Harappan - Mehrgarh ( edit ) Haplogroup L - M20 has a high frequency in the Indus Valley . McElreavy & Quintana - Murci ( 2005 ) note that `` both the frequency distribution and estimated expansion time ( ~ 7,000 YBP ) of this lineage suggest that its spread in the Indus Valley may be associated with the expansion of local farming groups during the Neolithic period . '' See also : Neolithic revolution and Demic diffusion Mehrgarh is a Neolithic ( 7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE ) site to the west of the Indus River valley , near the capital of the Kachi District in Pakistan , on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan , near the Bolan Pass . According to Ahmad Hasan Dani , professor emeritus at Quaid - e-Azam University , Islamabad , the discovery of Mehrgarh `` changed the entire concept of the Indus civilisation ( ... ) There we have the whole sequence , right from the beginning of settled village life . '' Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . According to Parpola , the culture migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation . Mehrgarh was influenced by the Near Eastern Neolithic , with similarities between `` domesticated wheat varieties , early phases of farming , pottery , other archaeological artefacts , some domesticated plants and herd animals . '' Gallego Romero et al. ( 2011 ) notice that `` ( t ) he earliest evidence of cattle herding in south Asia comes from the Indus River Valley site of Mehrgarh and is dated to 7,000 YBP . '' Lukacs and Hemphill suggest an initial local development of Mehrgarh , with a continuity in cultural development but a change in population . According to Lukacs and Hemphill , while there is a strong continuity between the neolithic and chalcolithic ( Copper Age ) cultures of Mehrgarh , dental evidence shows that the chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh , which `` suggests moderate levels of gene flow . '' Mascarenhas et al. ( 2015 ) note that `` new , possibly West Asian , body types are reported from the graves of Mehrgarh beginning in the Togau phase ( 3800 BCE ) . '' According to Narasimhan et al. ( 2018 ) , the IVC - population likely resulted from a mixture of Iranian agriculturalists and South Asian hunter - gatherers , and came into being between ca . 4700 - 3000 BCE . Early Harappan ( edit ) Early Harappan Period , c. 3300 -- 2600 BCE The Early Harappan Ravi Phase , named after the nearby Ravi River , lasted from c. 3300 BCE until 2800 BCE . It is related to the Hakra Phase , identified in the Ghaggar - Hakra River Valley to the west , and predates the Kot Diji Phase ( 2800 -- 2600 BCE , Harappan 2 ) , named after a site in northern Sindh , Pakistan , near Mohenjo - daro . The earliest examples of the Indus script date to the 3rd millennium BCE . The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented by Rehman Dheri and Amri in Pakistan . Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan , with the citadel representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life . Another town of this stage was found at Kalibangan in India on the Hakra River . Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials , including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead - making . By this time , villagers had domesticated numerous crops , including peas , sesame seeds , dates , and cotton , as well as animals , including the water buffalo . Early Harappan communities turned to large urban centres by 2600 BCE , from where the mature Harappan phase started . The latest research shows that Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities . The final stages of the Early Harappan period are characterised by the building of large walled settlements , the expansion of trade networks , and the increasing integration of regional communities into a `` relatively uniform '' material culture in terms of pottery styles , ornaments , and stamp seals with Indus script , leading into the transition to the Mature Harappan phase . Mature Harappan ( edit ) Mature Harappan Period , c. 2600 -- 1900 BCE Mohenjo - daro View of Granary and Great Hall on Mound F in Harappa According to Giosan et al. ( 2012 ) , the slow southward migration of the monsoons across Asia initially allowed the Indus Valley villages to develop by taming the floods of the Indus and its tributaries . Flood - supported farming led to large agricultural surpluses , which in turn supported the development of cities . The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities , relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods . Brooke further notes that the development of advanced cities coincides with a reduction in rainfall , which may have triggered a reorganisation into larger urban centers . According to J.G. Shaffer and D.A. Lichtenstein , the Mature Harappan Civilisation was `` a fusion of the Bagor , Hakra , and Kot Diji traditions or ' ethnic groups ' in the Ghaggar - Hakra valley on the borders of India and Pakistan '' . By 2600 BCE , the Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres . Such urban centres include Harappa , Ganeriwala , Mohenjo - daro in modern - day Pakistan , and Dholavira , Kalibangan , Rakhigarhi , Rupar , and Lothal in modern - day India . In total , more than 1,052 cities and settlements have been found , mainly in the general region of the Indus Rivers and their tributaries . Cities ( edit ) Computer - aided reconstruction of coastal Harappan settlement at Sokhta Koh near Pasni , Pakistan A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley Civilisation making them the first urban centre in the region . The quality of municipal town planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene , or , alternatively , accessibility to the means of religious ritual . As seen in Harappa , Mohenjo - daro and the recently partially excavated Rakhigarhi , this urban plan included the world 's first known urban sanitation systems : see hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Within the city , individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells . From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing , waste water was directed to covered drains , which lined the major streets . Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes . The house - building in some villages in the region still resembles in some respects the house - building of the Harappans . The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in many areas of Pakistan and India today . The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards , granaries , warehouses , brick platforms , and protective walls . The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts . So - called `` Priest King '' statue , Mohenjo - daro , late Mature Harappan period , National Museum , Karachi , Pakistan The purpose of the citadel remains debated . In sharp contrast to this civilisation 's contemporaries , Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt , no large monumental structures were built . There is no conclusive evidence of palaces or temples -- or of kings , armies , or priests . Some structures are thought to have been granaries . Found at one city is an enormous well - built bath ( the `` Great Bath '' ) , which may have been a public bath . Although the citadels were walled , it is far from clear that these structures were defensive . They may have been built to divert flood waters . Most city dwellers appear to have been traders or artisans , who lived with others pursuing the same occupation in well - defined neighbourhoods . Materials from distant regions were used in the cities for constructing seals , beads and other objects . Among the artefacts discovered were beautiful glazed faïence beads . Steatite seals have images of animals , people ( perhaps gods ) , and other types of inscriptions , including the yet un-deciphered writing system of the Indus Valley Civilisation . Some of the seals were used to stamp clay on trade goods and most probably had other uses as well . Although some houses were larger than others , Indus Civilisation cities were remarkable for their apparent , if relative , egalitarianism . All the houses had access to water and drainage facilities . This gives the impression of a society with relatively low wealth concentration , though clear social levelling is seen in personal adornments . Dholavira Sophisticated Water Reservoir , evidence for hydraulic sewage systems in the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation Toilets that used water were used in the Indus Valley Civilisation . The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo - daro had a flush toilet in almost every house , attached to a sophisticated sewage system . Authority and governance ( edit ) Archaeological records provide no immediate answers for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power in Harappan society . But , there are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented . For instance , the majority of the cities were constructed in a highly uniform and well - planned grid pattern , suggesting they were planned by a central authority ; extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as evident in pottery , seals , weights and bricks ; presence of public facilities and monumental architecture ; heterogeneity in the mortuary symbolism and in grave goods ( items included in burials ) . These are the major theories : There was a single state , given the similarity in artefacts , the evidence for planned settlements , the standardised ratio of brick size , and the establishment of settlements near sources of raw material . There was no single ruler but several cities like Mohenjo - daro had a separate ruler , Harappa another , and so forth . Harappan society had no rulers , and everybody enjoyed equal status and hence some type of Democracy . Technology ( edit ) Further information : Indian mathematics § Prehistory Unicorn seal of Indus Valley , Indian Museum Elephant seal of Indus Valley , Indian Museum Indus Valley seals , British Museum The people of the Indus Civilisation achieved great accuracy in measuring length , mass , and time . They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures . A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories . Their smallest division , which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal in Gujarat , was approximately 1.704 mm , the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age . Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes , including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights . These chert weights were in a ratio of 5 : 2 : 1 with weights of 0.05 , 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.5 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , and 500 units , with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams , similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia , and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871 . However , as in other cultures , actual weights were not uniform throughout the area . The weights and measures later used in Kautilya 's Arthashastra ( 4th century BCE ) are the same as those used in Lothal . Harappans evolved some new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper , bronze , lead , and tin . The engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable , especially in building docks . In 2001 , archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh , Pakistan , discovered that the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation , from the early Harappan periods , had knowledge of proto - dentistry . Later , in April 2006 , it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest ( and first early Neolithic ) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo ( i.e. , in a living person ) was found in Mehrgarh . Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults were discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Mehrgarh that dates from 7,500 -- 9,000 years ago . According to the authors , their discoveries point to a tradition of proto - dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region . A touchstone bearing gold streaks was found in Banawali , which was probably used for testing the purity of gold ( such a technique is still used in some parts of India ) . Arts and crafts ( edit ) The `` dancing girl of Mohenjo - daro '' ( replica ) Chanhudaro . Fragment of Large Deep Vessel , circa 2500 BCE . Red pottery with red and black slip - painted decoration , 4 / × 61⁄8 in . ( 12.5 × 15.5 cm ) . Brooklyn Museum Various sculptures , seals , bronze vessels pottery , gold jewellery , and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta , bronze , and steatite have been found at excavation sites . A number of gold , terracotta and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form . These terracotta figurines included cows , bears , monkeys , and dogs . The animal depicted on a majority of seals at sites of the mature period has not been clearly identified . Part bull , part zebra , with a majestic horn , it has been a source of speculation . As yet , there is insufficient evidence to substantiate claims that the image had religious or cultic significance , but the prevalence of the image raises the question of whether or not the animals in images of the IVC are religious symbols . Sir John Marshall reacted with surprise when he saw the famous Indus bronze statuette of a slender - limbed dancing girl in Mohenjo - daro : When I first saw them I found it difficult to believe that they were prehistoric ; they seemed to completely upset all established ideas about early art , and culture . Modeling such as this was unknown in the ancient world up to the Hellenistic age of Greece , and I thought , therefore , that some mistake must surely have been made ; that these figures had found their way into levels some 3000 years older than those to which they properly belonged ... Now , in these statuettes , it is just this anatomical truth which is so startling ; that makes us wonder whether , in this all - important matter , Greek artistry could possibly have been anticipated by the sculptors of a far - off age on the banks of the Indus . Many crafts including , `` shell working , ceramics , and agate and glazed steatite bead making '' were practised and the pieces were used in the making of necklaces , bangles , and other ornaments from all phases of Harappan culture . Some of these crafts are still practised in the subcontinent today . Some make - up and toiletry items ( a special kind of combs ( kakai ) , the use of collyrium and a special three - in - one toiletry gadget ) that were found in Harappan contexts still have similar counterparts in modern India . Terracotta female figurines were found ( ca . 2800 -- 2600 BCE ) which had red colour applied to the `` manga '' ( line of partition of the hair ) . Seals have been found at Mohenjo - daro depicting a figure standing on its head , and another sitting cross-legged in what some call a yoga - like pose ( see image , the so - called Pashupati , below ) . This figure , sometimes known as a Pashupati , has been variously identified . Sir John Marshall identified a resemblance to the Hindu god , Shiva . If this can be validated , it would be evidence that some aspects of Hinduism predate the earliest texts , the Veda . A harp - like instrument depicted on an Indus seal and two shell objects found at Lothal indicate the use of stringed musical instruments . The Harappans also made various toys and games , among them cubical dice ( with one to six holes on the faces ) , which were found in sites like Mohenjo - Daro . Trade and transportation ( edit ) The docks of ancient Lothal as they are today ( 2006 ) Further information : Lothal and Meluhha The Indus civilisation 's economy appears to have depended significantly on trade , which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology . The IVC may have been the first civilisation to use wheeled transport . These advances may have included bullock carts that are identical to those seen throughout South Asia today , as well as boats . Most of these boats were probably small , flat - bottomed craft , perhaps driven by sail , similar to those one can see on the Indus River today ; however , there is secondary evidence of sea - going craft . Archaeologists have discovered a massive , dredged canal and what they regard as a docking facility at the coastal city of Lothal in western India ( Gujarat state ) . An extensive canal network , used for irrigation , has however also been discovered by H. - P. Francfort . During 4300 -- 3200 BCE of the chalcolithic period ( copper age ) , the Indus Valley Civilisation area shows ceramic similarities with southern Turkmenistan and northern Iran which suggest considerable mobility and trade . During the Early Harappan period ( about 3200 -- 2600 BCE ) , similarities in pottery , seals , figurines , ornaments , etc. document intensive caravan trade with Central Asia and the Iranian plateau . Judging from the dispersal of Indus civilisation artefacts , the trade networks , economically , integrated a huge area , including portions of Afghanistan , the coastal regions of Persia , northern and western India , and Mesopotamia . Studies of tooth enamel from individuals buried at Harappa suggest that some residents had migrated to the city from beyond the Indus Valley . There is some evidence that trade contacts extended to Crete and possibly to Egypt . There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilisations as early as the middle Harappan Phase , with much commerce being handled by `` middlemen merchants from Dilmun '' ( modern Bahrain and Failaka located in the Persian Gulf ) . Such long - distance sea trade became feasible with the development of plank - built watercraft , equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth . Several coastal settlements like Sotkagen - dor ( astride Dasht River , north of Jiwani ) , Sokhta Koh ( astride Shadi River , north of Pasni ) , and Balakot ( near Sonmiani ) in Pakistan along with Lothal in western India , testify to their role as Harappan trading outposts . Shallow harbours located at the estuaries of rivers opening into the sea allowed brisk maritime trade with Mesopotamian cities . It is generally assumed that most trade between the Indus Valley ( ancient Meluhha ? ) and western neighbors proceeded up the Persian Gulf rather than overland . Although there is no incontrovertible proof that this was indeed the case , the distribution of Indus - type artifacts on the Oman peninsula , on Bahrain and in southern Mesopotamia makes it plausible that a series of maritime stages linked the Indus Valley and the Gulf region . In the 1980s , important archaeological discoveries were made at Ras al - Jinz ( Oman ) , demonstrating maritime Indus Valley connections with the Arabian Peninsula . Agriculture ( edit ) According to Gangal et al. ( 2014 ) , there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north - west India , but there is also `` good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh . '' According to Jean - Francois Jarrige , farming had an independent origin at Mehrgarh , despite the similarities which he notes between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley , which are evidence of a `` cultural continuum '' between those sites . Nevertheless , Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background , '' and is not a `` ' backwater ' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East . '' Archaeologist Jim G. Shaffer writes that the Mehrgarh site `` demonstrates that food production was an indigenous South Asian phenomenon '' and that the data support interpretation of `` the prehistoric urbanisation and complex social organisation in South Asia as based on indigenous , but not isolated , cultural developments '' . Jarrige notes that the people of Mehrgarh used domesticated wheats and barley , while Shaffer and Liechtenstein note that the major cultivated cereal crop was naked six - row barley , a crop derived from two - row barley . Gangal agrees that `` Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90 % barley , '' noting that `` there is good evidence for the local domestication of barley . '' Yet , Gangal also notes that the crop also included `` a small amount of wheat , '' which `` are suggested to be of Near - Eastern origin , as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey . '' Zebu cattle in Pune , India Indus Valley seals with a Zebu Bull , Elephant , and Rhinoceros , 2500 -- 1900 BCE The cattle that are often portrayed on Indus seals are humped Indian aurochs , which are similar to Zebu cattle . Zebu cattle is still common in India , and in Africa . It is different from the European cattle , and had been originally domesticated on the Indian subcontinent , probably in the Baluchistan region of Pakistan . J. Bates et al. ( 2016 ) research confirms that Indus populations were the earliest people to use complex multi-cropping strategies across both seasons , growing foods during summer ( rice , millets and beans ) and winter ( wheat , barley and pulses ) , which required different watering regimes . J. Bates et al. ( 2016 ) also found evidence for an entirely separate domestication process of rice in ancient South Asia , based around the wild species Oryza nivara . This led to the local development of a mix of ' wetland ' and ' dryland ' agriculture of local Oryza sativa indica rice agriculture , before the truly ' wetland ' rice Oryza sativa japonica , arrived around 2000 BC . Language ( edit ) See also : Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit , Harappan language , and Origins of Dravidian peoples It has often been suggested that the bearers of the IVC corresponded to proto - Dravidians linguistically , the break - up of proto - Dravidian corresponding to the break - up of the Late Harappan culture . Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola concludes that the uniformity of the Indus inscriptions precludes any possibility of widely different languages being used , and that an early form of Dravidian language must have been the language of the Indus people . Today , the Dravidian language family is concentrated mostly in southern India and northern and eastern Sri Lanka , but pockets of it still remain throughout the rest of India and Pakistan ( the Brahui language ) , which lends credence to the theory . According to Heggarty and Renfrew , Dravidian languages may have spread into the Indian subcontinent with the spread of farming . According to David McAlpin , the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam . In earlier publications , Renfrew also stated that proto - Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent , but more recently Heggarty and Renfrew note that `` a great deal remains to be done in elucidating the prehistory of Dravidian . '' They also note that `` McAlpin 's analysis of the language data , and thus his claims , remain far from orthodoxy . '' Heggarty and Renfrew conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data , and that `` the linguistic jury is still very much out . '' Possible writing system ( edit ) Main article : Indus script Dholavira , one of the largest cities of Indus Valley Civilisation . Between 400 and as many as 600 distinct Indus symbols have been found on seals , small tablets , ceramic pots and more than a dozen other materials , including a `` signboard '' that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of Dholavira . Ten Indus Signs , dubbed the Dholavira Signboard Typical Indus inscriptions are no more than four or five characters in length , most of which ( aside from the Dholavira `` signboard '' ) are tiny ; the longest on a single surface , which is less than 1 inch ( 2.54 cm ) square , is 17 signs long ; the longest on any object ( found on three different faces of a mass - produced object ) has a length of 26 symbols . While the Indus Valley Civilisation is generally characterised as a literate society on the evidence of these inscriptions , this description has been challenged by Farmer , Sproat , and Witzel ( 2004 ) who argue that the Indus system did not encode language , but was instead similar to a variety of non-linguistic sign systems used extensively in the Near East and other societies , to symbolise families , clans , gods , and religious concepts . Others have claimed on occasion that the symbols were exclusively used for economic transactions , but this claim leaves unexplained the appearance of Indus symbols on many ritual objects , many of which were mass - produced in moulds . No parallels to these mass - produced inscriptions are known in any other early ancient civilisations . In a 2009 study by P.N. Rao et al. published in Science , computer scientists , comparing the pattern of symbols to various linguistic scripts and non-linguistic systems , including DNA and a computer programming language , found that the Indus script 's pattern is closer to that of spoken words , supporting the hypothesis that it codes for an as - yet - unknown language . Farmer , Sproat , and Witzel have disputed this finding , pointing out that Rao et al. did not actually compare the Indus signs with `` real - world non-linguistic systems '' but rather with `` two wholly artificial systems invented by the authors , one consisting of 200,000 randomly ordered signs and another of 200,000 fully ordered signs , that they spuriously claim represent the structures of all real - world non-linguistic sign systems '' . Farmer et al. have also demonstrated that a comparison of a non-linguistic system like medieval heraldic signs with natural languages yields results similar to those that Rao et al. obtained with Indus signs . They conclude that the method used by Rao et al. can not distinguish linguistic systems from non-linguistic ones . The messages on the seals have proved to be too short to be decoded by a computer . Each seal has a distinctive combination of symbols and there are too few examples of each sequence to provide a sufficient context . The symbols that accompany the images vary from seal to seal , making it impossible to derive a meaning for the symbols from the images . There have , nonetheless , been a number of interpretations offered for the meaning of the seals . These interpretations have been marked by ambiguity and subjectivity . Photos of many of the thousands of extant inscriptions are published in the Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions ( 1987 , 1991 , 2010 ) , edited by Asko Parpola and his colleagues . The final , third , volume , republished photos taken in the 1920s and 1930s of hundreds of lost or stolen inscriptions , along with many discovered in the last few decades . Formerly , researchers had to supplement the materials in the Corpus by study of the tiny photos in the excavation reports of Marshall ( 1931 ) , MacKay ( 1938 , 1943 ) , Wheeler ( 1947 ) , or reproductions in more recent scattered sources . Edakkal caves in Wayanad district of Kerala contain drawings that range over periods from as early as 5000 BCE to 1000 BCE . The youngest group of paintings have been in the news for a possible connection to the Indus Valley Civilisation . Religion ( edit ) Female figure , possibly a fertility goddess , Harappan Phase , 2500 -- 1900 BCE The Pashupati seal , showing a seated and possibly tricephalic figure , surrounded by animals Further information : Prehistoric religion The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people have received considerable attention , especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area . However , due to the sparsity of evidence , which is open to varying interpretations , and the fact that the Indus script remains undeciphered , the conclusions are partly speculative and largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective . An early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harappan sites was that of John Marshall , who in 1931 identified the following as prominent features of the Indus religion : a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess ; deification or veneration of animals and plants ; symbolic representation of the phallus ( linga ) and vulva ( yoni ) ; and , use of baths and water in religious practice . Marshall 's interpretations have been much debated , and sometimes disputed over the following decades . Swastika seals of Indus Valley Civilisation in British Museum One Indus Valley seal shows a seated figure with a horned headdress , possibly tricephalic and possibly ithyphallic , surrounded by animals . Marshall identified the figure as an early form of the Hindu god Shiva ( or Rudra ) , who is associated with asceticism , yoga , and linga ; regarded as a lord of animals ; and often depicted as having three eyes . The seal has hence come to be known as the Pashupati Seal , after Pashupati ( lord of all animals ) , an epithet of Shiva . While Marshall 's work has earned some support , many critics and even supporters have raised several objections . Doris Srinivasan has argued that the figure does not have three faces , or yogic posture , and that in Vedic literature Rudra was not a protector of wild animals . Herbert Sullivan and Alf Hiltebeitel also rejected Marshall 's conclusions , with the former claiming that the figure was female , while the latter associated the figure with Mahisha , the Buffalo God and the surrounding animals with vahanas ( vehicles ) of deities for the four cardinal directions . Writing in 2002 , Gregory L. Possehl concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognise the figure as a deity , its association with the water buffalo , and its posture as one of ritual discipline , regarding it as a proto - Shiva would be going too far . Despite the criticisms of Marshall 's association of the seal with a proto - Shiva icon , it has been interpreted as the Tirthankara Rishabhanatha by Jains and Vilas Sangave or an early Buddha by Buddhists . Historians such as Heinrich Zimmer and Thomas McEvilley believe that there is a connection between first Jain Tirthankara Rishabhanatha and the Indus Valley civilisation . Marshall hypothesised the existence of a cult of Mother Goddess worship based upon excavation of several female figurines , and thought that this was a precursor of the Hindu sect of Shaktism . However the function of the female figurines in the life of Indus Valley people remains unclear , and Possehl does not regard the evidence for Marshall 's hypothesis to be `` terribly robust '' . Some of the baetyls interpreted by Marshall to be sacred phallic representations are now thought to have been used as pestles or game counters instead , while the ring stones that were thought to symbolise yoni were determined to be architectural features used to stand pillars , although the possibility of their religious symbolism can not be eliminated . Many Indus Valley seals show animals , with some depicting them being carried in processions , while others show chimeric creations . One seal from Mohenjo - daro shows a half - human , half - buffalo monster attacking a tiger , which may be a reference to the Sumerian myth of such a monster created by goddess Aruru to fight Gilgamesh . In contrast to contemporary Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisations , Indus Valley lacks any monumental palaces , even though excavated cities indicate that the society possessed the requisite engineering knowledge . This may suggest that religious ceremonies , if any , may have been largely confined to individual homes , small temples , or the open air . Several sites have been proposed by Marshall and later scholars as possibly devoted to religious purpose , but at present only the Great Bath at Mohenjo - daro is widely thought to have been so used , as a place for ritual purification . The funerary practices of the Harappan civilisation are marked by their diversity , with evidence of supine burial , fractional burial ( in which the body is reduced to skeletal remains by exposure to the elements before final interment ) , and even cremation . Late Harappan ( edit ) Late Harappan Period , c. 1900 -- 1300 BCE Late Harappan figures from a hoard at Daimabad , 2000 BCE Around 1900 BCE signs of a gradual decline began to emerge , and by around 1700 BCE most of the cities had been abandoned . Recent examination of human skeletons from the site of Harappa has demonstrated that the end of the Indus civilisation saw an increase in inter-personal violence and in infectious diseases like leprosy and tuberculosis . According to historian Upinder Singh , `` the general picture presented by the late Harappan phase is one of a breakdown of urban networks and an expansion of rural ones . '' During the period of approximately 1900 to 1700 BCE , multiple regional cultures emerged within the area of the Indus civilisation . The Cemetery H culture was in Punjab , Haryana , and Western Uttar Pradesh , the Jhukar culture was in Sindh , and the Rangpur culture ( characterised by Lustrous Red Ware pottery ) was in Gujarat . Other sites associated with the Late phase of the Harappan culture are Pirak in Balochistan , Pakistan , and Daimabad in Maharashtra , India . The largest Late Harappan sites are Kudwala in Cholistan , Bet Dwarka in Gujarat , and Daimabad in Maharashtra , which can be considered as urban , but they are smaller and few in number compared with the Mature Harappan cities . Bet Dwarka was fortified and continued to have contacts with the Persian Gulf region , but there was a general decrease of long - distance trade . On the other hand , the period also saw a diversification of the agricultural base , with a diversity of crops and the advent of double - cropping , as well as a shift of rural settlement towards the east and the south . The pottery of the Late Harappan period is described as `` showing some continuity with mature Harappan pottery traditions , '' but also distinctive differences . Many sites continued to be occupied for some centuries , although their urban features declined and disappeared . Formerly typical artifacts such as stone weights and female figurines became rare . There are some circular stamp seals with geometric designs , but lacking the Indus script which characterized the mature phase of the civilisation . Script is rare and confined to potsherd inscriptions . There was also a decline in long - distance trade , although the local cultures show new innovations in faience and glass making , and carving of stone beads . Urban amenities such as drains and the public bath were no longer maintained , and newer buildings were `` poorly constructed '' . Stone sculptures were deliberately vandalised , valuables were sometimes concealed in hoards , suggesting unrest , and the corpses of animals and even humans were left unburied in the streets and in abandoned buildings . During the later half of the 2nd millennium BCE , most of the post-urban Late Harappan settlements were abandoned altogether . Subsequent material culture was typically characterised by temporary occupation , `` the campsites of a population which was nomadic and mainly pastoralist '' and which used `` crude handmade pottery . '' However , there is greater continuity and overlap between Late Harappan and subsequent cultural phases at sites in Punjab , Haryana , and western Uttar Pradesh , primarily small rural settlements . `` Aryan invasion '' ( edit ) See also : Vedic period and Indo - Aryan migration In 1953 Sir Mortimer Wheeler proposed that the invasion of an Indo - European tribe from Central Asia , the `` Aryans '' , caused the decline of the Indus Civilisation . As evidence , he cited a group of 37 skeletons found in various parts of Mohenjo - daro , and passages in the Vedas referring to battles and forts . However , scholars soon started to reject Wheeler 's theory , since the skeletons belonged to a period after the city 's abandonment and none were found near the citadel . Subsequent examinations of the skeletons by Kenneth Kennedy in 1994 showed that the marks on the skulls were caused by erosion , and not by violence . Painted pottery urns from Harappa ( Cemetery H period ) In the Cemetery H culture ( the late Harappan phase in the Punjab region ) , some of the designs painted on the funerary urns have been interpreted through the lens of Vedic literature : for instance , peacocks with hollow bodies and a small human form inside , which has been interpreted as the souls of the dead , and a hound that can be seen as the hound of Yama , the god of death . This may indicate the introduction of new religious beliefs during this period , but the archaeological evidence does not support the hypothesis that the Cemetery H people were the destroyers of the Harappan cities . Climate change and drought ( edit ) See also : Bond event and 4.2 kiloyear event Suggested contributory causes for the localisation of the IVC include changes in the course of the river , and climate change that is also signalled for the neighbouring areas of the Middle East . As of 2016 many scholars believe that drought and a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia caused the collapse of the Indus Civilisation . The Ghaggar - Hakra system was rain - fed , and water - supply depended on the monsoons . The Indus Valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier from about 1800 BCE , linked to a general weakening of the monsoon at that time . The Indian monsoon declined and aridity increased , with the Ghaggar - Hakra retracting its reach towards the foothills of the Himalaya , leading to erratic and less extensive floods that made inundation agriculture less sustainable . Aridification reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation 's demise , and to scatter its population eastward . According to Giosan et al. ( 2012 ) , the IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities , relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods . As the monsoons kept shifting south , the floods grew too erratic for sustainable agricultural activities . The residents then migrated towards the Ganges basin in the east , where they established smaller villages and isolated farms . The small surplus produced in these small communities did not allow development of trade , and the cities died out . Continuity ( edit ) Archaeological excavations indicate that the decline of Harappa drove people eastward . According to Possehl , after 1900 BCE the number of sites in today 's India increased from 218 to 853 . According to Andrew Lawler , `` excavations along the Gangetic plain show that cities began to arise there starting about 1200 BCE , just a few centuries after Harappa was deserted and much earlier than once suspected . '' According to Jim Shaffer there was a continuous series of cultural developments , just as in most areas of the world . These link `` the so - called two major phases of urbanisation in South Asia '' . At sites such as Bhagwanpura ( in Haryana ) , archaeological excavations have discovered an overlap between the final phase of Late Harappan pottery and the earliest phase of Painted Grey Ware pottery , the latter being associated with the Vedic Culture and dating from around 1200 BCE . This site provides evidence of multiple social groups occupying the same village but using different pottery and living in different types of houses : `` over time the Late Harappan pottery was gradually replaced by Painted Grey ware pottery , '' and other cultural changes indicated by archaeology include the introduction of the horse , iron tools , and new religious practices . There is also a Harappan site called Rojdi in Rajkot district of Saurashtra . Its excavation started under an archaeological team from Gujarat State Department of Archaeology and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in 1982 -- 83 . In their report on archaeological excavations at Rojdi , Gregory Possehl and M.H. Raval write that although there are `` obvious signs of cultural continuity '' between the Harappan Civilisation and later South Asian cultures , many aspects of the Harappan `` sociocultural system '' and `` integrated civilization '' were `` lost forever , '' while the Second Urbanisation of India ( beginning with the Northern Black Polished Ware culture , c. 600 BCE ) `` lies well outside this sociocultural environment '' . Post-harappan ( edit ) Main article : Iron Age India Previously , scholars believed that the decline of the Harappan civilisation led to an interruption of urban life in the Indian subcontinent . However , the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly , and many elements of the Indus Civilisation appear in later cultures . The Cemetery H culture may be the manifestation of the Late Harappan over a large area in the region of Punjab , Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh , and the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture its successor . David Gordon White cites three other mainstream scholars who `` have emphatically demonstrated '' that Vedic religion derives partially from the Indus Valley Civilisations . As of 2016 , archaeological data suggests that the material culture classified as Late Harappan may have persisted until at least c. 1000 -- 900 BCE and was partially contemporaneous with the Painted Grey Ware culture . Harvard archaeologist Richard Meadow points to the late Harappan settlement of Pirak , which thrived continuously from 1800 BCE to the time of the invasion of Alexander the Great in 325 BCE . In the aftermath of the Indus Civilisation 's localisation , regional cultures emerged , to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus Civilisation . In the formerly great city of Harappa , burials have been found that correspond to a regional culture called the Cemetery H culture . At the same time , the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture expanded from Rajasthan into the Gangetic Plain . The Cemetery H culture has the earliest evidence for cremation ; a practice dominant in Hinduism today . Historical context ( edit ) Near East ( edit ) The mature ( Harappan ) phase of the IVC is contemporary to the Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Ancient Near East , in particular the Old Elamite period , Early Dynastic to Ur III Mesopotamia , Prepalatial Minoan Crete and Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period Egypt . The IVC has been compared in particular with the civilisations of Elam ( also in the context of the Elamo - Dravidian hypothesis ) and with Minoan Crete ( because of isolated cultural parallels such as the ubiquitous goddess worship and depictions of bull - leaping ) . The IVC has been tentatively identified with the toponym Meluhha known from Sumerian records ; the Sumerians called them Meluhhaites . Shahr - i - Sokhta , located in southeastern Iran shows trade route with Mesopotamia . A number of seals with Indus script have been also found in Mesopotamian sites . Dasyu ( edit ) After the discovery of the IVC in the 1920s , it was immediately associated with the indigenous Dasyu inimical to the Rigvedic tribes in numerous hymns of the Rigveda . Mortimer Wheeler interpreted the presence of many unburied corpses found in the top levels of Mohenjo - daro as the victims of a warlike conquest , and famously stated that `` Indra stands accused '' of the destruction of the IVC . The association of the IVC with the city - dwelling Dasyus remains alluring because the assumed timeframe of the first Indo - Aryan migration into India corresponds neatly with the period of decline of the IVC seen in the archaeological record . The discovery of the advanced , urban IVC however changed the 19th - century view of early Indo - Aryan migration as an `` invasion '' of an advanced culture at the expense of a `` primitive '' aboriginal population to a gradual acculturation of nomadic `` barbarians '' on an advanced urban civilisation , comparable to the Germanic migrations after the Fall of Rome , or the Kassite invasion of Babylonia . This move away from simplistic `` invasionist '' scenarios parallels similar developments in thinking about language transfer and population movement in general , such as in the case of the migration of the proto - Greek speakers into Greece , or the Indo - Europeanisation of Western Europe . Munda ( edit ) Proto - Munda ( or Para-Munda ) and a `` lost phylum '' ( perhaps related or ancestral to the Nihali language ) have been proposed as other candidates for the language of the IVC . Michael Witzel suggests an underlying , prefixing language that is similar to Austroasiatic , notably Khasi ; he argues that the Rigveda shows signs of this hypothetical Harappan influence in the earliest historic level , and Dravidian only in later levels , suggesting that speakers of Austroasiatic were the original inhabitants of Punjab and that the Indo - Aryans encountered speakers of Dravidian only in later times . See also ( edit ) Jainism History of Hinduism List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation Cradle of civilisation Bronze Age History of Afghanistan History of India History of Pakistan Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wright : `` The Indus civilisation is one of three in the ' Ancient East ' that , along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt , was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World ( Childe 1950 ) . Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer - lived , but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three , the Indus was the most expansive , extending from today 's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India . '' ^ Jump up to : Broke : `` The story in Harappan India was somewhat different ( see Figure 111.3 ) . The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some - thing of an anomaly , in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare . It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all , and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict . Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies , which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC . It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium , at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop . Thus it seems that this `` first urbanisation '' in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification . These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories , into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley ... ' 17 ( footnote ) : a ) Liviu Giosan et al. , `` Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization , '' PNAS , 102 ( 2012 ) , E1688 -- E1694 ; ( b ) Camilo Ponton , `` Holocene Aridification of India , '' GRL 39 ( 2012 ) , L03704 ; ( c ) Harunur Rashid et al. , `` Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal , '' Terrestrial , Atmospheric , and Oceanic Sciences 22 ( 2011 ) , 215 - 28 ; ( d ) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller , `` Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia : A Reconsideration , '' Quaternary Science Reviews 25 ( 2006 ) , 1283 - 301 . Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl , Gregory L. ( 2002 ) , The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective , Rowman Altamira , pp. 237 -- 245 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 0172 - 2 , and Michael Staubwasser et al. , `` Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability , '' GRL 30 ( 2003 ) , 1425 . Bar - Matthews and Avner Ayalon , `` Mid-Holocene Climate Variations . '' Jump up ^ For example Michel Danino notes that an alternative dating of the Vedas to the third millennium BCE coincides with the mature phase of the Indus Valley civilisation , and that it is `` tempting '' to equate the Indus Valley and Vedic cultures . S.P. Gupta `` argued that Vedic elements such as the horse , fire altars and animal sacrifices had existed at the socalled ' Indus - Sarasvati ' culture sites . '' These suggestions are rejected by mainstream scholarship . ^ Jump up to : Giosan : `` Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar - Hakra fluvial system , at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati ( e.g. , 4 , 5 , 7 , 19 ) , was a large glacier fed Himalayan river . Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River , the Sutlej River , or both rivers . However , the lack of large - scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large , glacier - fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar - Hakra region during the Holocene ( ... ) The present Ghaggar - Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows . Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase . We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5 ; 400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan ( SI Text ) , and recent work ( 33 ) on the upper Ghaggar - Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4 ; 300 y old . On the upper interfluve , fine - grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase , as recent as 2,900 y ago ( 33 ) ( Fig . 2B ) . This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar - Hakra system without access to a glacier - fed river . '' Jump up ^ Masson : `` A long march preceded our arrival at Haripah , through jangal of the closest description ... When I joined the camp I found it in front of the village and ruinous brick castle . Behind us was a large circular mound , or eminence , and to the west was an irregular rocky height , crowned with the remains of buildings , in fragments of walls , with niches , after the eastern manner ... Tradition affirms the existence here of a city , so considerable that it extended to Chicha Watni , thirteen cosses distant , and that it was destroyed by a particular visitation of Providence , brought down by the lust and crimes of the sovereign . '' Note that the coss , a measure of distance used from Vedic period to Mughal times , is approximately 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . Jump up ^ See also :* This map from Sahoo et al. ( 2006 ) , A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes : Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios * Sengupta et al. ( 2006 ) , Polarity and Temporality of High - Resolution Y - Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists Jump up ^ Excavations at Bhirrana , Haryana , in India between 2006 and 2009 , by archaeologist K.N. Dikshit , provided six artefacts , including `` relatively advanced pottery , '' so - called Hakra ware , which were dated at a time bracket between 7380 and 6201 BCE . These dates compete with Mehrgarh for being the oldest site for cultural remains in the area . Yet , Dikshit and Mani clarify that this time - bracket concerns only charcoal samples , which were radio - carbon dated at respectively 7570 - 7180 BCE ( sample 2481 ) and 6689 - 6201 BCE ( sample 2333 ) . Dikshit further writes that the earliest phase concerns 14 shallow dwelling - pits which `` could accommodate about 3 - 4 people . '' According to Dikshit , in the lowest level of these pits wheel - made Hakra Ware was found which was `` not well finished , '' together with other wares . Jump up ^ Gallego romero et al. ( 2011 ) refer to ( Meadow 1993 ) : Meadow RH. 1993 . Animal domestication in the Middle East : a revised view from the eastern margin . In : Possehl G , editor . Harappan civilization . New Delhi ( India ) : Oxford University Press and India Book House . p 295 -- 320 . Jump up ^ They further noted that `` the direct lineal descendents of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh , in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau , '' with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic Inamgaon , south of Mehrgarh , than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh . Jump up ^ See also Tony Joseph , How We , The Indians , Came To Be , the quint ^ Jump up to : Gangal refers to Jarrige JF ( 2008 ) , Mehrgarh Neolithic . Pragdhara 18 : 136 -- 154 ; and to Costantini L ( 2008 ) , The first farmers in Western Pakistan : the evidence of the Neolithic agropastoral settlement of Mehrgarh . Pragdhara 18 : 167 -- 178 Jump up ^ Gangal refers to Fuller DQ ( 2006 ) , Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia : a working synthesis . J World Prehistory 20 : 1 -- 86 Jump up ^ See : David McAlpin , `` Toward Proto - Elamo - Dravidian '' , Language vol. 50 no . 1 ( 1974 ) ; David McAlpin : `` Elamite and Dravidian , Further Evidence of Relationships '' , Current Anthropology vol. 16 no . 1 ( 1975 ) ; David McAlpin : `` Linguistic prehistory : the Dravidian situation '' , in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook : Aryan and Non-Aryan in India , Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor ( 1979 ) ; David McAlpin , `` Proto - Elamo - Dravidian : The Evidence and its Implications '' , Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3 , ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ See also : Mukherjee ( 2001 ) : `` More recently , about 15,000 - 10,000 years before present ( ybp ) , when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran , there was another eastward wave of human migration ( Cavalli - Sforza et al. , 1994 ; Renfrew 1987 ) , a part of which also appears to have entered India . This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India ( Renfrew 1987 ) . Subsequently , the Indo - European ( Aryan ) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp . '' Derenko : `` The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo - European languages in southern Asia . It is hypothesized that the proto - Elamo - Dravidian language , most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran , spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent . '' Derenko refers to : * Renfrew ( 1987 ) , Archaeology and Language : The Puzzle of Indo - European Origins * Renfrew ( 1996 ) , Language families and the spread of farming . In : Harris DR , editor , The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia , pp. 70 -- 92 * Cavalli - Sforza , Menozzi , Piazza ( 1994 ) , The History and Geography of Human Genes . Jump up ^ Kumar : `` The analysis of two Y chromosome variants , Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data ( Quintan - Murci et al. , 2001 ) . Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians , Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India . This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south - west Iran to the Indus valley , and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south - west Iran ( Quintan - Murci et al. , 2001 ) . '' Jump up ^ Nevertheless , Kivisild et al. ( 1999 ) note that `` a small fraction of the West Eurasian mtDNA lineages found in Indian populations can be ascribed to a relatively recent admixture . '' at ca . 9,300 ± 3,000 years before present , which coincides with `` the arrival to India of cereals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent '' and `` lends credence to the suggested linguistic connection between the Elamite and Dravidic populations . '' According to Kumar ( 2004 ) , referring to Quintan - Murci et al. ( 2001 ) , `` microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians , Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India . This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south - west Iran to the Indus valley , and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south - west Iran . '' According to Palanichamy et al. ( 2015 ) , `` The presence of mtDNA haplogroups ( HV14 and U1a ) and Y - chromosome haplogroup ( L1 ) in Dravidian populations indicates the spread of the Dravidian language into India from west Asia . '' Jump up ^ Geological research by a group led by Peter Clift investigated how the courses of rivers have changed in this region since 8000 years ago , to test whether climate or river reorganisations caused the decline of the Harappan . Using U-Pb dating of zircon sand grains they found that sediments typical of the Beas , Sutlej and Yamuna rivers ( Himalayan tributaries of the Indus ) are actually present in former Ghaggar - Hakra channels . However , sediment contributions from these glacial - fed rivers stopped at least by 10,000 years ago , well before the development of the Indus civilisation . Jump up ^ Tripathi et al. ( 2004 ) found that the isotopes of sediments carried by the Ghaggar - Hakra system over the last 20 thousand years do not come from the glaciated Higher Himalaya but have a sub-Himalayan source , and concluded that the river system was rain - fed . They also concluded that this contradicted the idea of a Harappan - time mighty `` Sarasvati '' river . Jump up ^ Most sites of the Painted Grey Ware culture in the Ghaggar - Hakra and Upper Ganges Plain were small farming villages . However , `` several dozen '' PGW sites eventually emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns , the largest of which were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades , albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborately fortified large cities which grew after 600 BCE in the more fully urban Northern Black Polished Ware culture . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century . New Delhi : Pearson Education . p. 137 . ISBN 9788131711200 . Jump up ^ Wright 2009 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Madella , Marco ; Fuller , Dorian ( 2006 ) . `` Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia : a reconsideration '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 25 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1283 -- 1301 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2005.10. 012 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Glen ( 2011 ) . `` Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline '' . Quaternary International . 229 : 140 -- 148 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2009.11. 012 . ^ Jump up to : Giosan , L. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 26 ) : E1688 -- E1694 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1112743109 . PMC 3387054 . PMID 22645375 . ^ Jump up to : Brooke , John L. ( 2014 ) , Climate Change and the Course of Global History : A Rough Journey , Cambridge University Press , p. 296 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87164 - 8 Jump up ^ McIntosh , Jane ( 2008 ) , The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , p. 387 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 907 - 2 Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , pp. 115 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Roger ( 2005 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . McDougal Littell . p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black ; Larry S. Krieger ; Phillip C. Naylor ; Dahia Ibo Shabaka ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` ' Earliest writing ' found '' . BBC News . 4 May 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer 1992 , I : 441 -- 464 , II : 425 -- 446 . ^ Jump up to : Kenoyer 1991 . Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , p. 107 : Quote : `` Five major Indus cities are discussed in this chapter . During the Urban period the early town of Harappa expanded in size and population and became a major center in the Upper Indus . Other cities emerging during the Urban period include Mohenjo - daro in the Lower Indus , Dholavira to the south on the western edge of peninsular India , in Kutch , Ganweriwala in Cholistan , and a fifth city , Rakhigarhi , on the Ghaggar - Hakra . Rakhigarhi will be discussed briefly in view of the limited published material . '' Jump up ^ Ratnagar , Shereen ( 2006 ) . Trading Encounters : From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age ( 2nd ed . ) . India : Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566603 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lockard , Craig ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume 1 : To 1500 ( 2nd ed . ) . India : Cengage Learning . p. 40 . ISBN 1 - 4390 - 8535 - 8 . Jump up ^ Charles Keith Maisels ( 16 December 2003 ) . `` The Indus / ' Harappan ' / Sarasvati Civilization '' . Early Civilizations of the Old World : The Formative Histories of Egypt , The Levant , Mesopotamia , India and China . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 83731 - 1 . Jump up ^ Denise Cush ; Catherine A. Robinson ; Michael York ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Psychology Press . p. 766 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1267 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee 2001b . ^ Jump up to : Habib 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Danino 2010 . Jump up ^ Danino 2010 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Danino 2010 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ `` The Largest Bronze Age Urban Civilization '' . harappa.com . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dales , George F. ( 1962 ) . `` Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast '' . Antiquity. 36 ( 142 ) : 86 . Jump up ^ Rao , Shikaripura Ranganatha ( 1973 ) . Lothal and the Indus civilization . London : Asia Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 210 - 22278 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer 1998 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Dani , Ahmad Hassan ( 1970 -- 1971 ) . `` Excavations in the Gomal Valley '' . Ancient Pakistan ( 5 ) : 1 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Joshi , J.P. ; Bala , M. ( 1982 ) . `` Manda : A Harappan site in Jammu and Kashmir '' . In Possehl Gregory L. ( ed . ) . Harappan Civilization : A recent perspective . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 185 -- 95 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ A. Ghosh ( eds . ) . `` Excavations at Alamgirpur '' . Indian Archaeology , A Review ( 1958 -- 1959 ) . Delhi : Archaeol . Surv . India . pp. 51 -- 52 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ray , Himanshu Prabha ( 2003 ) . The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia . Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01109 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dales , George F. ( 1979 ) . `` The Balakot Project : summary of four years excavations in Pakistan '' . In Maurizio Taddei ( ed . ) . South Asian Archaeology 1977 . Naples : Seminario di Studi Asiatici Series Minor 6 . Instituto Universitario Orientate . pp. 241 -- 274 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bisht , R.S. ( 1989 ) . `` A new model of the Harappan town planning as revealed at Dholavira in Kutch : a surface study of its plan and architecture '' . In Chatterjee Bhaskar ( ed . ) . History and Archaeology . New Delhi : Ramanand Vidya Bhawan . pp. 379 -- 408 . ISBN 81 - 85205 - 46 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wright 2010 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Maemoku , Hideaki ; Shitaoka , Yorinao ; Nagatomo , Tsuneto ; Yagi , Hiroshi ( 2013 ) , `` Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period '' , in Giosan , Liviu ; Fuller , Dorian Q. ; Nicoll , Kathleen , Climates , Landscapes , and Civilizations , American Geophysical Union Monograph Series 198 , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 70443 - 1 Jump up ^ Ratnagar , Shereen ( 2006 ) . Understanding Harappa : Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley . New Delhi : Tulika Books . ISBN 81 - 89487 - 02 - 7 . 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Jump up ^ `` Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 8000 years old , Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey , Times of India , 29 May 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` History What their lives reveal '' . Jump up ^ `` Haryana 's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site , Rakhigarhi Asia 's largest : ASI '' . The Times of India . 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dikshit 2013 , p. 132 , 131 . Jump up ^ Mani 2008 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Dikshit 2013 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Dikshit 2013 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Parpola 2015 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Gangal 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh 2016 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gallego Romero 2011 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Gallego Romero 2011 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Coningham & Young 2015 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Mascarenhas 2015 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Narasimhan et al. 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter T. Daniels . The World 's Writing Systems . Oxford University . p. 372 . Jump up ^ Parpola , Asko ( 1994 ) . Deciphering the Indus Script . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43079 - 8 . Jump up ^ Durrani , F.A. ( 1984 ) . `` Some Early Harappan sites in Gomal and Bannu Valleys '' . In Lal , B.B. ; Gupta , S.P. Frontiers of Indus Civilisation . Delhi : Books & Books . pp. 505 -- 510 . Jump up ^ Thapar , B.K. ( 1975 ) . `` Kalibangan : A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley '' . Expedition. 17 ( 2 ) : 19 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Benjamin ( 2015 ) . `` Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley ( 2600 - 1900 BC ) : A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis '' . PLOS ONE . 10 : e0123103 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0123103 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities : New study '' . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenoyer ( 2006 ) , `` Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition . In Historical Roots '' in the Making of ' the Aryan ' , R. Thapar ( ed . ) , pp. 21 -- 49 . New Delhi , National Book Trust . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Jim G. ; Lichtenstein , Diane A. ( 1989 ) . `` Ethnicity and Change in the Indus Valley Cultural Tradition '' . Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia . Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 2 . pp. 117 -- 126 . ^ Jump up to : Bisht , R.S. ( 1982 ) . `` Excavations at Banawali : 1974 -- 77 '' . In Possehl Gregory L. ( ed . ) . Harappan Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective . New Delhi : Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp. 113 -- 124 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Indus re-enters India after two centuries , feeds Little Rann , Nal Sarovar '' . India Today . 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ It has been noted that the courtyard pattern and techniques of flooring of Harappan houses has similarities to the way house - building is still done in some villages of the region . Lal 2002 , pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ Morris , A.E.J. ( 1994 ) . History of Urban Form : Before the Industrial Revolutions ( Third ed . ) . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 31 . 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( 1964 ) . `` A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization '' . History of Religions. 4 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 125 . doi : 10.1086 / 462498 . JSTOR 1061875 . Thapar , Romila ( 2004 ) . Early India : From the Origins to AD 1300 . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24225 - 8 . Underhill , Peter A ; Myres , Natalie M ; Rootsi , Siiri ; Metspalu , Mait ; Zhivotovsky , Lev A ; King , Roy J ; Lin , Alice A ; Chow , Cheryl - Emiliane T ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a '' . European Journal of Human Genetics . 18 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 84 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.194 . PMC 2987245 . PMID 19888303 . Underhill , Peter A. ( 2014 ) , `` The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a '' ( PDF ) , European Journal of Human Genetics , 23 ( 1 ) : 124 -- 131 , doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2014.50 , ISSN 1018 - 4813 , PMC 4266736 , PMID 24667786 , retrieved 15 June 2016 Underhill , Peter A. ; et al. ( 2015 ) , `` The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a '' ( PDF ) , European Journal of Human Genetics , 23 : 124 -- 131 , doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2014.50 , PMC 4266736 , PMID 24667786 Wells , R.S. ( 2001 ) , `` The Eurasian Heartland : A continental perspective on Y - chromosome diversity '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 98 ( 18 ) : 10244 -- 10249 , Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9810244W , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 171305098 , PMC 56946 , PMID 11526236 Willey ; Phillips ( 1958 ) , Method and Theory in American Archaeology Witzel , Michael ( February 2000 ) . `` The Languages of Harappa '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies . Wright , Rita P. ( 2009 ) , The Ancient Indus : Urbanism , Economy , and Society , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57219 - 4 , retrieved 29 September 2013 Further reading ( edit ) Coningham , Robin ; Young , Ruth ( 2015 ) , The Archaeology of South Asia : From the Indus to Asoka , c. 6500 BCE -- 200 CE , Cambridge University Press External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mohenjo - daro . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indus Valley Civilization . Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com An invitation to the Indus Civilization ( Tokyo Metropolitan Museum ) Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India <Th_colspan="2"> Indus Valley Civilisation History and culture Indus River Periodisation Bhirrana Culture Mehrgarh Culture Kulli Culture Amri Culture Bara Culture Cemetery H Culture Architecture Harappan architecture Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation Great Bath , Mohenjo - daro Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation Language and script Harappan language Indus script Indus Valley sites in Pakistan Harappa Mohenjo - daro Nausharo Chanhudaro Mehrgarh Lakhueen - jo - daro Larkana Pirak Kot Diji Rehman Dheri Amri Sutkagan Dor Sokhta Koh Tharro Hills Pir Shah Jurio Allahdino Balakot Ongar Ganeriwala Nindowari Judeir - jo - daro Dabarkot Indus Valley sites in India Dholavira Gola Dhoro Lothal Bhagatrav Rangpur Jognakhera Surkotada Kalibangan Manda Alamgirpur Daimabad Malwan Kunal Rakhigarhi Rupnagar Rupar Hulas Kanmer Oriyo timbo Dher Majra Lohari Ragho Dwarka Kuntasi Loteshwar Mandi Farmana Ganeshwar Sothi Siswal Sanauli Sanghol Pabumath Nagwada Babar Kot Balu Bara Bargaon Bhagwanpura Bhirrana Banawali Rojdi Kotla Nihang Khan Kerala - no - dhoro Mitathal Desalpur Indus Valley sites in Afghanistan Mundigak Shortugai Related topics Meluhha Ochre Coloured Pottery culture Northern Black Polished Ware Painted Grey Ware culture NDL : 00564117 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_Valley_Civilisation&oldid=843487702 '' Categories : Indus Valley Civilisation Bronze Age Asia Prehistoric India Prehistoric Pakistan Prehistoric Afghanistan Civilizations History of Sindh History of South Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from April 2015 EngvarB from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語 中文 81 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 27 . 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Atlanta Braves - wikipedia Atlanta Braves Jump to : navigation , search `` Braves '' redirects here . For other uses , see Brave ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Atlanta Braves <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 Atlanta Braves season <Td_colspan="2"> Established in 1871 <Td_colspan="2"> Based in Atlanta since 1966 <Td_colspan="2"> Team logo Cap insignia <Th_colspan="2"> Major league affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> National League ( 1876 -- present ) East Division ( 1994 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Retired numbers 6 10 21 29 31 35 41 44 47 42 <Th_colspan="2"> Colors <Td_colspan="2"> Navy blue , scarlet red , white <Th_colspan="2"> Name <Td_colspan="2"> Atlanta Braves ( 1966 -- present ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Boston Braves ( 1941 -- 1952 ) Boston Bees ( 1936 -- 1940 ) Boston Braves ( 1912 -- 1935 ) Boston Rustlers ( 1911 ) Boston Doves ( 1907 -- 1910 ) Boston Beaneaters ( 1883 -- 1906 ) Boston Red Caps ( 1876 -- 1882 ) Boston Red Stockings ( 1871 -- 1875 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other nicknames <Td_colspan="2"> The Bravos , The Team of the 90s , America 's Team <Th_colspan="2"> Ballpark <Td_colspan="2"> SunTrust Park ( 2017 -- present ) Turner Field ( 1997 -- 2016 ) Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( 1966 -- 1996 ) a.k.a. Atlanta Stadium ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Braves Field ( 1915 -- 1952 ) a.k.a. National League Park ( 1936 -- 1941 ) Fenway Park ( 1914 -- 1915 ) South End Grounds ( 1894 -- 1914 ) Congress Street Grounds ( 1894 ) South End Grounds ( 1871 -- 1894 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1914 1957 1995 NL Pennants ( 17 ) 1877 1878 1883 1891 1892 1893 1897 1898 1914 1948 1957 1958 1991 1992 1995 1999 East Division titles ( 12 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2013 West Division titles ( 5 ) 1969 1982 1991 1992 1993 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> Front office Owner ( s ) Liberty Media Manager Brian Snitker General Manager John Hart ( interim ) President of Baseball Operations John Hart The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball franchise based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . The franchise competes in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . The Braves played home games at Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been SunTrust Park , a new stadium 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in the Cumberland neighborhood of Cobb County . The Braves play spring training games in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . In January 2017 , the Braves announced a formal agreement to move their spring training home to North Port , Florida . The `` Braves '' name , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed `` the Bravos '' , and often referred to as `` America 's Team '' in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike - shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing the greatest pitching rotation in the history of baseball . The Braves won the NL West 1991 -- 93 and the NL East 1995 -- 2005 , and they returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 . The Braves advanced to the World Series five times in the 1990s , winning the title in 1995 . Since their debut in the National League in 1876 , the franchise has won 17 divisional titles , 17 National League pennants , and three World Series championships -- in 1914 as the Boston Braves , in 1957 as the Milwaukee Braves , and in 1995 in Atlanta . The Braves are the only Major League Baseball franchise to have won the World Series in three different home cities . The Braves and the Chicago Cubs are the National League 's two remaining charter franchises . The Braves were founded in Boston , Massachusetts , in 1871 , as the Boston Red Stockings ( not to be confused with the American League 's Boston Red Sox ) . The team states it is `` the oldest continuously operating professional sports franchise in America . '' After various name changes , the team eventually began operating as the Boston Braves , which lasted for most of the first half of the 20th century . Then , in 1953 , the team moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and became the Milwaukee Braves , followed by the final move to Atlanta in 1966 . The team 's tenure in Atlanta is noted for Hank Aaron breaking Babe Ruth 's career home run record in 1974 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Boston ( 1871 -- 1952 ) 1.1. 1 1871 -- 1913 1.1. 2 1914 : Miracle 1.1. 3 1915 -- 1953 1.2 Milwaukee ( 1953 -- 1965 ) 1.3 Atlanta ( 1966 -- present ) 1.3. 1 1966 -- 1974 1.3. 2 1976 -- 1977 : Ted Turner buys the team 1.3. 3 1978 -- 1990 1.3. 4 1991 -- 2005 : Division dominance 1.3. 4.1 1991 -- 1994 1.3. 4.2 1995 -- 2005 1.3. 4.3 Cy Young dominance 1.3. 4.4 2005 : A new generation 1.3. 5 2006 : Struggles 1.3. 6 Sale to Liberty Media 1.3. 7 2007 : More struggles 1.3. 8 2009 : The return of solid pitching 1.3. 9 2010 : Cox 's final season 1.3. 10 2011 : Fredi González takes over 1.3. 10.1 September collapse 1.3. 11 2012 : Chipper 's last season 1.3. 12 2013 : Braves win the East 1.3. 13 2014 : Losing season 1.3. 14 2015 -- 2016 : Rebuilding 1.3. 15 2017 : SunTrust Park 2 World Series championships 3 Major rivalries 3.1 New York Mets 3.2 Philadelphia Phillies 4 Uniforms 5 Logos 6 Achievements 6.1 Awards 6.2 Team records 6.3 Team captains 6.4 Retired numbers 6.5 Braves Hall of Fame 6.6 Baseball Hall of Famers 6.7 Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( broadcasters ) 6.8 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 8 Minor league affiliates 9 Home attendance at Turner Field 10 Radio and television 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Citations 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Atlanta Braves Boston ( 1871 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Boston Braves 1871 -- 1913 ( edit ) 1873 Boston Red Stockings team picture ; it finished first with a record of 43 -- 16 The Cincinnati Red Stockings , established in 1869 as the first openly all - professional baseball team , voted to dissolve after the 1870 season . Player - manager Harry Wright , with brother George and two other Cincinnati players , then went to Boston , Massachusetts at the invitation of Boston Red Stockings founder Ivers Whitney Adams to form the nucleus of the Boston Red Stockings , a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( NAPBBP ) . The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports . ( The only other team that has been organized as long , the Chicago Cubs , did not play for the two years following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 . ) Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford , Illinois , turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years : pitcher Al Spalding ( founder of Spalding sporting goods ) and second baseman Ross Barnes . Led by the Wright brothers , Barnes , and Spalding , the Red Stockings dominated the National Association , winning four of that league 's five championships . The team became one of the National League 's charter franchises in 1876 , sometimes called the `` Red Caps '' ( as a new Cincinnati Red Stockings club was another charter member ) . The Boston Red Caps played in the first game in the history of the National League , on Saturday , April 22 , 1876 , defeating the Athletics , 6 -- 5 . 1888 Boston Beaneaters Although somewhat stripped of talent in the National League 's inaugural year , Boston bounced back to win the 1877 and 1878 pennants . The Red Caps / Beaneaters were one of the league 's dominant teams during the 19th century , winning a total of eight pennants . For most of that time , their manager was Frank Selee . Boston came to be called the Beaneaters in 1883 , while retaining red as the team color . The 1898 team finished 102 -- 47 , a club record for wins that would stand for almost a century . Stars of those 1890s Beaneater teams included the `` Heavenly Twins '' , Hugh Duffy and Tommy McCarthy , as well as `` Slidin ' '' Billy Hamilton . Hugh Duffy played with the franchise from 1892 to 1900 and won the third Triple Crown in MLB history The team was decimated when the American League 's new Boston entry set up shop in 1901 . Many of the Beaneaters ' stars jumped to the new team , which offered contracts that the Beaneaters ' owners did not even bother to match . They only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913 , and lost 100 games five times . In 1907 , the Beaneaters ( temporarily ) eliminated the last bit of red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected ( as noted in The Sporting News Baseball Guide during the 1940s when each team 's entry had a history of its nickname ( s ) . The American League club 's owner , Charles Taylor , wasted little time in adopting Red Sox as his team 's first official nickname ( up to that point they had been called by the generic `` Americans '' ) . Media - driven nickname changes to the Doves in 1907 and the Rustlers in 1911 did nothing to change the National League club 's luck . The team became the Braves for the first time in 1912 . Their owner , James Gaffney , was a member of New York City 's political machine , Tammany Hall , which used an Indian chief as their symbol . 1914 : Miracle ( edit ) Main article : 1914 Boston Braves season Two years later , the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history . After a dismal 4 -- 18 start , the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish . On July 4 , 1914 , the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers . The consecutive losses put their record at 26 -- 40 and the Braves were in last place , 15 games behind the league - leading New York Giants , who had won the previous three league pennants . After a day off , the Braves started to put together a hot streak , and from July 6 through September 5 , the Braves went 41 -- 12 . On September 7 and 8 , the Braves took two of three games from the New York Giants and moved into first place . The Braves tore through September and early October , closing with 25 wins against six losses , while the Giants went 16 -- 16 . They were the only team , under the old eight - team league format , to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July . They were in last place as late as July 18 , but were close to the pack , moving into fourth on July 21 and second place on August 12 . Starting pitcher Bill James was 2 -- 0 in the 1914 World Series , and the Braves recorded the first sweep in World Series history Despite their amazing comeback , the Braves entered the World Series as a heavy underdog to Connie Mack 's Philadelphia A 's . Nevertheless , the Braves swept the Athletics -- the first unqualified sweep in the young history of the modern World Series ( the 1907 Series had one tied game ) to win the world championship . Meanwhile , Johnny Evers won the Chalmers Award . The Braves played the World Series ( as well as the last few games of the 1914 season ) at Fenway Park , since their normal home , the South End Grounds , was too small . However , the Braves ' success inspired owner Gaffney to build a modern park , Braves Field , which opened in August 1915 . It was the largest park in the majors at the time , with 40,000 seats and a very spacious outfield . The park was novel for its time ; public transportation brought fans right to the park . 1915 -- 1953 ( edit ) After contending for most of 1915 and 1916 , the Braves only twice posted winning records from 1917 to 1932 . The lone highlight of those years came when Judge Emil Fuchs bought the team in 1923 to bring his longtime friend , pitching great Christy Mathewson , back into the game . However , Mathewson died in 1925 , leaving Fuchs in control of the team . Fuchs was committed to building a winner , but the damage from the years prior to his arrival took some time to overcome . The Braves finally managed to be competitive in 1933 and 1934 under manager Bill McKechnie , but Fuchs ' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression . Looking for a way to get more fans and more money , Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth , who had started his career with the Red Sox . Fuchs made Ruth team vice president , and promised him a share of the profits . He was also granted the title of assistant manager , and was to be consulted on all of the Braves ' deals . Fuchs even suggested that Ruth , who had long had his heart set on managing , could take over as manager once McKechnie stepped down -- perhaps as early as 1936 . At first , it appeared that Ruth was the final piece the team needed in 1935 . On opening day , he had a hand in all of the Braves ' runs in a 4 -- 2 win over the Giants . However , that proved to be the only time the Braves were over . 500 all year . Events went downhill quickly . While Ruth could still hit , he could do little else . He could not run , and his fielding was so terrible that three of the Braves ' pitchers threatened to go on strike if Ruth were in the lineup . It soon became obvious that he was vice president and assistant manager in name only and Fuchs ' promise of a share of team profits was hot air . In fact , Ruth discovered that Fuchs expected him to invest some of his money in the team . Seeing a franchise in complete disarray , Ruth retired on June 1 -- only six days after he clouted what turned out to be the last three home runs of his career . He had wanted to quit as early as May 12 , but Fuchs wanted him to hang on so he could play in every National League park . The Braves finished 38 -- 115 , the worst season in franchise history . Their . 248 winning percentage is the third - worst in baseball history , and the second - worst in National League history ( behind only the 1899 Cleveland Spiders ) . Fuchs lost control of the team in August 1935 , and the new owners tried to change the team 's image by renaming it the Boston Bees . This did little to change the team 's fortunes . After five uneven years , a new owner , construction magnate Lou Perini , changed the nickname back to the Braves . He immediately set about rebuilding the team . World War II slowed things down a little , but the team rode the pitching of Warren Spahn to impressive seasons in 1946 and 1947 . Spahn ( right ) with Johnny Sain In 1948 , the team won the pennant , behind the pitching of Spahn and Johnny Sain , who won 39 games between them . The remainder of the rotation was so thin that in September , Boston Post writer Gerald Hern wrote this poem about the pair : First we 'll use Spahn then we 'll use Sain Then an off day followed by rain Back will come Spahn followed by Sain And followed we hope by two days of rain . The poem received such a wide audience that the sentiment , usually now paraphrased as `` Spahn and Sain and pray for rain '' , entered the baseball vocabulary . However , in the 1948 season , the Braves actually had the same record in games that Spahn and Sain started that the team had overall , in terms of winning percentage . The 1948 World Series , which the Braves lost in six games to the Indians , turned out to be the Braves ' last hurrah in Boston . In 1950 , Sam Jethroe became the team 's first African American player , making his major league debut on April 18 . Amid four mediocre seasons , attendance steadily dwindled until , on March 13 , 1953 , Perini , who had recently bought out his original partners , announced he was moving the team to Milwaukee , where the Braves had their top farm club , the Brewers . Milwaukee had long been a possible target for relocation . Bill Veeck had tried to return his St. Louis Browns there earlier the same year ( Milwaukee was the original home of that franchise ) , but his proposal had been voted down by the other American League owners . Milwaukee ( 1953 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Atlanta Braves § Milwaukee Milwaukee went wild over the Braves , who were welcomed as genuine heroes . The Braves finished 92 -- 62 in their first season in Milwaukee , and drew a then - NL record 1.8 million fans . The success of the team was noted by many owners . Not coincidentally , the Philadelphia Athletics , St. Louis Browns , Brooklyn Dodgers , and New York Giants would leave their original hometowns within the next five years . Milwaukee Braves cap logo As the 1950s progressed , the reinvigorated Braves became increasingly competitive . Sluggers Eddie Mathews and Hank Aaron drove the offense ( they would hit a combined 1,226 home runs as Braves , with 850 of those coming while the franchise was in Milwaukee ) , often aided by another power hitter , Joe Adcock , while Warren Spahn , Lew Burdette , and Bob Buhl anchored the rotation . The 1956 Braves finished second , only one game behind the Brooklyn Dodgers . In 1957 , the Braves celebrated their first pennant in nine years spearheaded by Aaron 's MVP season , as he led the National League in home runs and RBI . Perhaps the most memorable of his 44 round - trippers that season came on September 23 , a two - run walk - off home run that gave the Braves a 4 -- 2 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and clinched the League championship . The team then went on to its first World Series win in over 40 years , defeating the powerful New York Yankees of Berra , Mantle , and Ford in seven games . One - time Yankee Burdette , the Series MVP , threw three complete game victories against his former team , giving up only two earned runs . In 1958 , the Braves again won the National League pennant and jumped out to a three games to one lead in the World Series against the New York Yankees once more , thanks in part to the strength of Spahn 's and Burdette 's pitching . But the Yankees stormed back to take the last three games , in large part to World Series MVP Bob Turley 's pitching . The 1959 season saw the Braves finish the season in a tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers , both with 86 -- 68 records . Many residents of Chicago and Milwaukee were hoping for a Sox - Braves Series , as the cities are only about 75 miles ( 121 km ) apart , but it was not to be because Milwaukee fell in a best - of - 3 playoff with two straight losses to the Dodgers . The Dodgers would go on to defeat the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Milwaukee Braves logo ( 1953 -- 1956 ) The next six years were up - and - down for the Braves . The 1960 season featured two no - hitters by Burdette and Spahn , and Milwaukee finished seven games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates , who ultimately were to win the World Series that year , in second place , one year after the Braves were on the winning end of the 13 - inning near - perfect game of Pirates pitcher Harvey Haddix . The 1961 season saw a drop in the standings for the Braves down to fourth , despite Spahn recording his 300th victory and pitching another no - hitter that year . Aaron hit 45 home runs in 1962 , a Milwaukee career high for him , but this did not translate into wins for the Braves , as they finished fifth . The next season , Aaron again hit 44 home runs and notched 130 RBI , and Spahn was once again the ace of the staff , going 23 -- 7 . However , none of the other Braves produced at that level , and the team finished in the lower half of the league , or `` second division '' , for the first time in its short history in Milwaukee . The Braves were somewhat mediocre as the 1960s began , but fattened up on the expansion New York Mets and Houston Colt . 45s . To this day , the Milwaukee Braves are the only major league team who played more than one season and never had a losing record . Perini sold the Braves to a Chicago - based group led by William Bartholomay in 1962 . Almost immediately Bartholomay started shopping the Braves to a larger television market . Keen to attract them , the fast - growing city of Atlanta , led by Mayor Ivan Allen , Jr. constructed a new $18 million , 52,000 - seat ballpark in less than one year , Atlanta Stadium , which was officially opened in 1965 in hopes of luring an existing major league baseball and / or NFL / AFL team . After the city failed to lure the Kansas City A 's to Atlanta ( the A 's would move to Oakland in 1968 ) , the Braves announced their intention to move to Atlanta for the 1965 season . However , an injunction filed in Wisconsin kept the Braves in Milwaukee for one final year . In 1966 , the Braves completed the move to Atlanta . Eddie Mathews is the only Braves player to have played for the organization in all three cities that they have been based in . Mathews played with the Braves for their last season in Boston , the team 's entire tenure in Milwaukee , and their first season in Atlanta . Atlanta ( 1966 -- present ) ( edit ) 1966 -- 1974 ( edit ) The Braves were a . 500 team in their first few years in Atlanta ; 85 -- 77 in 1966 , 77 -- 85 in 1967 , and 81 -- 81 in 1968 . The 1967 season was the Braves ' first losing season since 1952 , their last year in Boston . In 1969 , with the onset of divisional play , the Braves won the first - ever National League West Division title , before being swept by the `` Miracle Mets '' in the National League Championship Series . They would not be a factor during the next decade , posting only two winning seasons between 1970 and 1981 -- in some cases , fielding teams as bad as the worst Boston teams . The fence over which Hank Aaron hit his 715th career home run still exists outside of Turner Field . In the meantime , fans had to be satisfied with the achievements of Hank Aaron . In the relatively hitter - friendly confines and higher - than - average altitude of Atlanta Stadium ( `` The Launching Pad '' ) , he actually increased his offensive production . Atlanta also produced batting champions in Rico Carty ( in 1970 ) and Ralph Garr ( in 1974 ) . In the shadow of Aaron 's historical home run pursuit , was the fact that three Atlanta sluggers hit 40 or more home runs in 1973 -- Darrell Evans , Davey Johnson and , of course , Aaron . By the end of the 1973 season , Aaron had hit 713 home runs , one short of Ruth 's record . Throughout the winter he received racially motivated death threats , but stood up well under the pressure . The next season , it was only a matter of time before he set a new record . On April 4 , opening day , he hit No. 714 in Cincinnati , and on April 8 , in front of his home fans and a national television audience he finally beat Ruth 's mark with a home run to left - center field off left - hander Al Downing of the Los Angeles Dodgers . Aaron spent most of his career as a Milwaukee and Atlanta Brave before asking to be traded to the Milwaukee Brewers , while Ruth finished his career as a Boston Brave . In fact , until Barry Bonds eclipsed the 714 home runs hit by Babe Ruth in 2006 , the top two home run hitters in Major League history had at one time been Braves . 1976 -- 1977 : Ted Turner buys the team ( edit ) Media magnate Ted Turner purchased the team in 1976 , and played a large role in the team 's operation . In 1976 , the team was purchased by media magnate Ted Turner , owner of superstation WTBS , as a means to keep the team ( and one of his main programming staples ) in Atlanta . The financially strapped Turner used money already paid to the team for their broadcast rights as a down - payment . It was then that Atlanta Stadium was renamed Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium . Turner quickly gained a reputation as a quirky , hands - on baseball owner . On May 11 , 1977 , Turner appointed himself manager , but because MLB passed a rule in the 1950s barring managers from holding a financial stake in their teams , Turner was ordered to relinquish that position after one game ( the Braves lost 2 -- 1 to the Pittsburgh Pirates to bring their losing streak to 17 games ) . Turner used the Braves as a major programming draw for his fledgling cable network , making the Braves the first franchise to have a nationwide audience and fan base . WTBS marketed the team as `` The Atlanta Braves : America 's Team '' , a nickname that still sticks in some areas of the country , especially the South . Among other things , in 1976 Turner suggested the nickname `` Channel '' for pitcher Andy Messersmith and jersey number 17 , in order to promote the television station that aired Braves games . Major League Baseball quickly nixed the idea . 1978 -- 1990 ( edit ) Phil Niekro played with the Braves from 1964 to 1983 and in 1987 ; he holds the MLB record for most wins by a knuckleball pitcher After three straight losing seasons , Bobby Cox was hired for his first stint as manager for the 1978 season . He promoted 22 - year - old slugger Dale Murphy into the starting lineup . Murphy hit 77 home runs over the next three seasons , but he struggled on defense , unable to adeptly play either catcher or first base . In 1980 , Murphy was moved to center field and demonstrated excellent range and throwing ability , while the Braves earned their first winning season since 1974 . Cox was fired after the 1981 season and replaced with Joe Torre , under whose leadership the Braves attained their first divisional title since 1969 . Strong performances from Bob Horner , Chris Chambliss , pitcher Phil Niekro , and short relief pitcher Gene Garber helped the Braves , but no Brave was more acclaimed than Murphy , who won both a Most Valuable Player and a Gold Glove award . Murphy also won an MVP award the following season , but the Braves began a period of decline that defined the team throughout the 1980s . Murphy , excelling in defense , hitting , and running , was consistently recognized as one of the league 's best players , but the Braves averaged only 65 wins per season between 1985 and 1990 . Their lowest point came in 1988 , when they lost 106 games . The 1986 season saw the return of Bobby Cox as general manager . Also in 1986 , the team stopped using their Indian - themed mascot , Chief Noc - A-Homa . 1991 -- 2005 : division dominance ( edit ) 1991 -- 1994 ( edit ) Greg Maddux , Tom Glavine , and John Smoltz combined for six Cy Young Awards during their time in the Braves pitching rotation Cox returned to the dugout as manager in the middle of the 1990 season , replacing Russ Nixon . The Braves finished the year with the worst record in baseball , at 65 -- 97 . They traded Dale Murphy to the Philadelphia Phillies after it was clear he was becoming a less dominant player . Pitching coach Leo Mazzone began developing young pitchers Tom Glavine , Steve Avery , and John Smoltz into future stars . That same year , the Braves used the number one overall pick in the 1990 MLB draft to select Chipper Jones , who became one of the best hitters in team history . Perhaps the Braves ' most important move was not on the field , but in the front office . Immediately after the season , John Schuerholz was hired away from the Kansas City Royals as general manager . The following season , Glavine , Avery , and Smoltz would be recognized as the best young pitchers in the league , winning 52 games among them . Meanwhile , behind position players David Justice , Ron Gant and unexpected league Most Valuable Player and batting champion Terry Pendleton , the Braves overcame a 39 -- 40 start , winning 55 of their final 83 games over the last three months of the season and edging the Los Angeles Dodgers by one game in one of baseball 's more memorable playoff races . The `` Worst to First '' Braves , who had not won a divisional title since 1982 , captivated the city of Atlanta ( and the entire southeast ) during their improbable run to the flag . They defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in a very tightly contested seven - game NLCS only to lose the World Series , also in seven games , to the Minnesota Twins . The series , considered by many to be one of the greatest ever , was the first time a team that had finished last in its division one year went to the World Series the next ; both the Twins and Braves accomplished the feat . Despite the 1991 World Series loss , the Braves ' success would continue . In 1992 , the Braves returned to the NLCS and once again defeated the Pirates in seven games , culminating in a dramatic game seven win . Francisco Cabrera 's two - out single that scored David Justice and Sid Bream capped a three - run rally in the bottom of the ninth inning that gave the Braves a 3 -- 2 victory . It was the first time in post season history that the tying and winning runs had scored on a single play in the ninth inning . The Braves lost the World Series to the Toronto Blue Jays , however . In 1993 , the Braves signed Cy Young Award winning pitcher Greg Maddux from the Chicago Cubs , leading many baseball insiders to declare the team 's pitching staff the best in baseball . The 1993 team posted a franchise - best 104 wins after a dramatic pennant race with the San Francisco Giants , who won 103 games . The Braves needed a stunning 55 -- 19 finish to edge out the Giants , who led the Braves by nine games in the standings as late as August 11 . However , the Braves fell in the NLCS to the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . In 1994 , in a realignment of the National League 's divisions following the 1993 expansion , the Braves moved to the Eastern Division . This realignment was the main cause of the team 's heated rivalry with the New York Mets during the mid-to - late 1990s . The player 's strike cut short the 1994 season , prior to the division championships , with the Braves six games behind the Montreal Expos with 48 games left to play . 1995 -- 2005 ( edit ) The Braves returned strong the following strike - shortened ( 144 games instead of the customary 162 ) year and beat the Cleveland Indians in the 1995 World Series . This squelched claims by many Braves critics that they were the `` Buffalo Bills of Baseball '' ( January 1996 issue of Beckett Baseball Card Monthly ) . With this World Series victory , the Braves became the first team in Major League Baseball to win world championships in three different cities . With their strong pitching as a constant , the Braves appeared in the 1996 and 1999 World Series ( losing both to the New York Yankees , managed by Joe Torre , a former Braves manager ) , and had a streak of division titles from 1991 to 2005 ( three in the Western Division and eleven in the Eastern ) interrupted only in 1994 when the strike ended the season early . Pitching was not the only constant in the Braves organization -- Cox was the Braves ' manager , while Schuerholz remained the team 's GM until after the 2007 season when he was promoted to team president . Terry Pendleton finished his playing career elsewhere , but returned to the Braves system as the hitting coach . In October 1996 , Time Warner acquired Ted Turner 's Turner Broadcasting System and all of its assets , including its cable channels and the Atlanta Braves . Over the next few years , Ted Turner 's presence as owner of the team would diminish . The 1995 World Series Commissioner 's Trophy on display in the Ivan Allen Jr . Braves Museum and Hall of Fame at Turner Field A 95 -- 67 record in 2000 produced a ninth consecutive division title . However , a sweep by the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Division Series prevented the Braves from reaching the NL Championship Series . In 2001 , Atlanta won the National League East division yet again , swept the Houston Astros in the NLDS , then lost to the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Championship Series four games to one . One memorable game the Braves played that year came on September 21 , when they played rival New York Mets in the first major professional sporting event held in New York City since 9 / 11 . In 2002 , 2003 and 2004 , the Braves won the Eastern division again , but lost in the NLDS in all three years in the same fashion : 3 games to 2 to the San Francisco Giants , Chicago Cubs , and Houston Astros . Cy young dominance ( edit ) Six National League Cy Young Awards in the 1990s were awarded to three Braves pitchers : In 1991 , left - handed pitcher Tom Glavine received his first award . Right - handed pitcher Greg Maddux won four in a row , three of them with the Braves from 1993 through 1995 . His first award came in 1992 with the Cubs . In 1996 , right - handed pitcher John Smoltz received his only Cy Young Award . In 1998 , Glavine won his second . 2005 : a new generation ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Atlanta Braves season In 2005 , the Braves won the Division championship for the 14th consecutive time from 1991 to 2005 . 14 consecutive division titles stands as the record for all major league baseball . The 2005 title marked the first time any MLB team made the postseason with more than 4 rookies who each had more than 100 ABs ( Wilson Betemit , Brian McCann , Pete Orr , Ryan Langerhans , Jeff Francoeur ) . Catcher Brian McCann , right fielder Jeff Francoeur , and pitcher Kyle Davies all grew up in the suburbs of Atlanta . The large number of rookies to debut in 2005 were nicknamed the `` Baby Braves '' by fans and became an Atlanta - area sensation , helping to lead the club to a record of 90 -- 72 . However , the season would end on a sour note as the Braves lost the National League Division Series to the Astros in four games . In Game 4 , with the Braves leading by 5 in the eighth inning , the Astros battled back with a Lance Berkman grand slam and a two - out , ninth inning Brad Ausmus home run off of Braves closer Kyle Farnsworth . The game did not end until the 18th inning , becoming the longest game in playoff history at 5 hours 50 minutes . Chris Burke ended the marathon with a home run off of Joey Devine . After the 2005 season , the Braves lost their long - time pitching coach Leo Mazzone , who left to go to the Baltimore Orioles . Roger McDowell took his place in the Atlanta dugout . Unable to re-sign shortstop Rafael Furcal , the Braves acquired shortstop Édgar Rentería from the Boston Red Sox . 2006 : struggles ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Atlanta Braves season Andruw Jones at bat for the Braves in 2006 In 2006 , the Braves did not perform at the level they had grown accustomed to . Due to an offensive slump , injuries to their starting rotation , and subpar bullpen performances , the Braves compiled a 6 -- 21 record during June , the worst month ever in Atlanta with a winning percentage of . 222 ; this was only better than the woeful Boston Braves in May 1935 ( 4 -- 20 ) with a . 166 winning percentage . After the break , the Braves came out with their bats swinging , setting many franchise records . They won five straight , sweeping the Padres and taking two from the Cardinals , tallying a total of 65 runs in that span . The 65 runs in five games is the best by the franchise since 1897 , when the Boston Beaneaters totaled 78 , including 25 in one game and 21 in another , from May 31 -- June 3 ; the 2006 Braves also became the first team since the 1930 New York Yankees to score ten runs or more in five straight games . The Braves had a total of 81 hits during their five - game run and 98 hits in their last six games , going back to an 8 -- 3 victory over Cincinnati on July 9 , the last game before the All - Star break . Additionally , Chipper Jones was able to maintain a 20 - game hitting streak and tie Paul Waner 's 69 - year - old Major League record with a 14 - game extra-base hit streak . However , on September 18 , the New York Mets ' win over the Florida Marlins mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL East , ending the Atlanta Braves ' 11 - year reign over the NL East . On September 24 , the Braves ' loss to the Colorado Rockies mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL Wild Card , making 2006 the first year that the Braves would not compete in the postseason since 1990 , not counting the strike - shortened 1994 season . Also , a loss to the Mets on September 28 guaranteed the Braves their first losing season since 1990 . Although the Braves won two of their last three games against the Astros , including rookie Chuck James besting Roger Clemens , Atlanta finished the season in third place , one game ahead of the Marlins , at 79 -- 83 . Sale to Liberty Media ( edit ) In December 2005 , team owner Time Warner , who inherited the Braves after purchasing TBS in 1996 , announced it was placing the team for sale . Liberty Media began negotiations to purchase the team . In February 2007 , after more than a year of negotiations , Time Warner agreed to a deal that would sell the Braves to Liberty Media Group ( a company which owned a large amount of stock in Time Warner , Inc . ) , pending approval by 75 percent of MLB owners and the Commissioner of Baseball , Bud Selig . The deal included the exchange of the Braves , valued in the deal at $450 million , a hobbyist magazine publishing company , and $980 million cash , for 68.5 million shares of Time Warner stock held by Liberty Media , then worth approximately $1.48 billion . Team President Terry McGuirk anticipated no change in the current front office structure , personnel , or day - to - day operations of the Braves . Liberty Media is not expected to take any type of `` active '' ownership in terms of day - to - day operations . On May 16 , 2007 , Major League Baseball 's owners approved the sale of the Braves from Time Warner to Liberty Media . The Braves are one of only two Major League Baseball teams under majority corporate ownership ( and the only NL team with this distinction ) ; the other team is the Toronto Blue Jays ( owned by Canadian media conglomerate Rogers Communications ) . 2007 : more struggles ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Atlanta Braves season Brian McCann bats for Atlanta in July 2007 On July 5 , Chipper Jones surpassed Dale Murphy for the Atlanta club record of 372 home runs by belting two against the Los Angeles Dodgers . After struggling during the second half of the 2007 season , Atlanta finished over . 500 and missed the post season again . On October 12 , 2007 , John Schuerholz stepped down as General Manager to take over as team president . Assistant GM Frank Wren took over as General Manager . 2009 : the return of solid pitching ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Atlanta Braves season Kenshin Kawakami pitching for the Braves in 2009 On December 4 , 2008 , the Atlanta Braves received Javier Vázquez and Boone Logan , while the Chicago White Sox received prospects catcher Tyler Flowers , shortstop Brent Lillibridge , third baseman Jon Gilmore and pitcher Santos Rodriguez . On January 13 , 2009 , the Braves signed Japanese pitcher Kenshin Kawakami to a three - year deal , and two days later signed free agent pitcher Derek Lowe to a four - year contract . During the course of the offseason , the Braves signed veteran pitcher and former Brave Tom Glavine , while losing long - time Brave John Smoltz to the Boston Red Sox . On February 25 , 2009 , just before the start of spring training , Atlanta agreed to terms on a one - year contract with free - agent outfielder Garret Anderson . The additional outfield depth allowed the Braves to trade Josh Anderson to the Detroit Tigers for minor league pitcher Rudy Darrow on March 30 , 2009 . On June 3 , 2009 , the Braves acquired Nate McLouth from the Pittsburgh Pirates for prospects Jeff Locke , Charlie Morton and Gorkys Hernández . They also released veteran pitcher Tom Glavine . On July 10 , 2009 , the Braves traded outfielder Jeff Francoeur to the New York Mets for outfielder Ryan Church . On July 31 , 2009 , hours before the trade deadline , the Braves and Boston Red Sox swapped 1st basemen : Atlanta dealt Casey Kotchman to Boston and reacquired Adam LaRoche , whom the Braves had traded away during the 2006 -- 07 off - season to Pittsburgh . The Braves made a late - season surge , coming within 2 games of the wild card leading Colorado Rockies in late September . On October 1 , 2009 with the Braves four games back , Colorado beat the Milwaukee Brewers 9 -- 2 to clinch the wild card spot and end the Braves ' 2009 postseason hopes . 2010 : Cox 's final season ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Atlanta Braves season Braves manager Bobby Cox retired in 2010 after 25 years of management The 2010 Atlanta Braves Season features the Braves ' attempt to reclaim a postseason berth for the first time since 2005 . The Braves were once again skippered by Bobby Cox , now in his 25th and final season managing the team . The Braves started the 2010 season slowly and had a nine - game losing streak in April . Then they had a nine - game winning streak from May 26 through June 3 , the Braves longest since 2000 when they won 16 in a row . On May 31 , the Atlanta Braves defeated the then - first place Philadelphia Phillies at Turner Field to take sole possession of first place in the National League East standings , a position they had maintained through the middle of August . The last time the Atlanta Braves led the NL East on August 1 was in 2005 . On July 13 , 2010 at the 2010 MLB All - Star Game in Anaheim , Braves catcher Brian McCann was awarded the All - Star Game MVP Award for his clutch two - out , three - run double in the seventh inning to give the National League its first win in the All - Star Game since 1996 . He became the first Brave to win the All - Star Game MVP Award since Fred McGriff did so in 1994 . The Braves made two deals before the trade deadline to acquire Álex González , Rick Ankiel and Kyle Farnsworth from the Toronto Blue Jays and Kansas City Royals , giving up shortstop Yunel Escobar , pitchers Jo - Jo Reyes and Jesse Chavez , outfielder Gregor Blanco and three minor leaguers . On August 18 , 2010 they traded three pitching prospects for first baseman Derrek Lee from the Chicago Cubs . On August 22 , 2010 against the Chicago Cubs , Mike Minor struck out 12 batters across 6 innings ; an Atlanta Braves single game rookie strikeout record . The Braves dropped to second in the NL East in early September , but won the NL Wild Card . They lost to the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series in four games . Every game of the series was determined by one run . After the series - clinching victory for the Giants in Game 4 , Bobby Cox was given a standing ovation by the fans , also by players and coaches of both the Braves and Giants . 2011 : Fredi González takes over ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Atlanta Braves season Braves closer Craig Kimbrel pitching in 2011 On October 13 , 2010 , the Atlanta Braves announced that Fredi González would replace long - time Braves manager Bobby Cox as manager of the team in 2011 . The announcement came just two days after the 2010 Braves were eliminated from the postseason . It was also announced that pitching coach Roger McDowell , third - base coach Brian Snitker , and bullpen coach Eddie Pérez would retain their current positions , while former hitting coach Terry Pendleton would replace Glenn Hubbard as the first - base coach and newcomer Carlos Tosca would become the new bench coach . Hubbard and former bench coach Chino Cadahia were not offered positions on the new coaching staff . Larry Parrish was hired as hitting coach on October 29 , 2010 . On November 16 , 2010 in an offseason trade , the Braves acquired Dan Uggla from the Florida Marlins in exchange for left - handed reliever Mike Dunn and infielder Omar Infante . According to Elias Sports Bureau , the Braves had an all - time franchise win - loss record over . 500 for the first time since 1923 after their win over the Houston Astros on June 11 , 2011 . The Braves franchise became the third franchise in MLB history to reach 10,000 wins with their win over the Washington Nationals on July 15 , 2011 . On July 31 , 2011 , just sixteen days after registering their 10,000 th win , the Florida Marlins defeated the Braves by a score of 3 -- 1 , handing the team the 10,000 th loss in franchise history . The Braves become only the second team in big league history with 10,000 losses after the Philadelphia Phillies reached the plateau in 2007 . Players from the Braves ' farm system , such as Freddie Freeman and Brandon Beachy , played regularly with the big league club , while Julio Teherán , Randall Delgado , and Mike Minor were called up for spot starts . With late season injuries to starters Jair Jurrjens and Tommy Hanson , these three young pitchers made their way into the starting rotation in their absence . Eight players made their major league debuts for the team in 2011 . September collapse ( edit ) The Braves led the National League Wild Card standings for much of the 2011 season , with the division - rival Philadelphia Phillies firmly in control of first place in the National League East . The Braves entered the final month of the regular season 25 games above . 500 with a record of 80 -- 55 and an 8 ⁄ - game lead in the Wild Card standings . The nearest team trailing them , the St. Louis Cardinals , who also trailed the National League Central - leading Milwaukee Brewers by 8 ⁄ games at the time , were considered a long - shot to gain a spot in the postseason . Just days prior on August 26 , the Cardinals found themselves 10 ⁄ games behind and in third place . With 27 games to play , the Braves went 9 -- 18 in September to finish the season with a record of 89 -- 73 . The Cardinals , meanwhile , went 18 -- 8 to finish at 90 -- 72 . Braves closer Craig Kimbrel , who had not surrendered a single earned run in July or August , carried a 4.76 ERA in September with three blown saves . After being dominant in his role for much of the season , Braves setup man Jonny Venters posted a 5.11 September ERA . These sharp declines in both relievers led many critics to question the handling of the bullpen by Braves manager Fredi González . Veteran starter Derek Lowe posted a win - loss record of 0 -- 5 in September with an ERA of 8.75 . Shortly into the offseason , Lowe would be traded to the Cleveland Indians . The Braves starters lasted six or more innings only three times over the last 23 games . Over the last five games , all of which were losses for the Braves , the team managed to score only seven runs . Braves catcher Brian McCann , often regarded as the best offensive catcher in the Majors , hit only . 183 with two home runs in September . The offense as a whole hit for only a . 235 batting average and a . 300 on - base percentage in September , both second - worst in the National League . The . 195 RISP average by Braves hitters was second worst in the Majors . Hitting coach Larry Parrish was fired two days following the last game of the season . 2012 : Chipper 's last season ( edit ) Chipper Jones salutes the crowd at Turner Field prior to his final regular season game on September 30 , 2012 . Jones announced he would retire after 19 seasons with the Braves In 2012 , the Braves began their 138th season after an upsetting end to the 2011 season . On March 22 , the Braves announced that third baseman Chipper Jones would retire following the 2012 season after 19 Major League seasons with the team . The Braves also lost many key players through trades or free agency , including pitcher Derek Lowe , shortstop Alex González , and outfielder Nate McLouth . To compensate for this , the team went on to receive many key players such as outfielder Michael Bourn , along with shortstops Tyler Pastornicky and Andrelton Simmons . To fill the void of a quality starting pitcher left by Lowe ( as well as a mid-season injury to Brandon Beachy ) , manager Fredi González elected relief pitcher Kris Medlen to the starting pitching rotation . The Braves went on to win every game Medlen started , setting the MLB record for most consecutive wins when a single pitcher starts ( total of 23 ) . Atlanta stayed close to the Washington Nationals in the race to win the National League East title . They also stayed on top of the National League Wild Card race . Washington ended up winning their first division title in franchise history , but the Braves remained in first place of the NL wild card race . Keeping with a new MLB rule for the 2012 season , the top two wild card teams in each league must play each other in a playoff game before entering into the Division Series . The Braves played the St. Louis Cardinals in the first ever Wild Card Game . The Braves were behind 6 -- 3 in the bottom of the eighth inning when Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball to left field that dropped in between the Cardinals shortstop and left fielder . Umpire Sam Holbrook called Simmons out , citing the infield fly rule . Had an infield fly not been called , Simmons would have been credited with a single and Atlanta would have had the bases loaded with one out . Fans at Turner Field began to litter the field with debris , prompting the game to be delayed for 19 minutes . The Braves lost the game 6 -- 3 , ending their season . 2013 : Braves win the East ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Atlanta Braves season Evan Gattis catching for the Braves in 2013 During the offseason following a gut wrenching exit against the St. Louis Cardinals in the Wild Card Game , the Braves spent the 2012 -- 2013 offseason revamping and retooling their offense . The Braves turned heads across baseball by acquiring B.J. Upton from the Tampa Bay Rays , signing him to a 5 - year $75.25 million contract and making him their starting center fielder , and uniting him with his younger brother Justin Upton from the Arizona Diamondbacks in a seven player trade that sent fan favorite utility man Martín Prado to the Diamondbacks , they also filled a need for a new Third Baseman in Chris Johnson after the retirement of Chipper Jones the previous year . The Braves began the 2013 season with a hot start in April by going 17 -- 9 for the month , which saw the emergence of rookie sensation Evan Gattis , while taking hold of first place in the National League East division , a lead they would never relinquish for the rest of the season . The Braves suffered many injuries to key players throughout the season , including injuries to Jason Heyward , Brian McCann , Freddie Freeman , Eric O'Flaherty , Jonny Venters , Ramiro Pena and others , but found a way to win despite these blows to the team . Leading up to the All Star break , First Baseman Freddie Freeman was voted in to play for the 2013 National League All - Star Team , in the 2013 All Star Game , which he did not play . The Braves also witnessed the emergence of rookie pitcher Julio Teherán after much hype during Spring training . From July 26 to August 10 , the Braves won 14 games in a row . The winning streak was the longest of its kind since April -- May 2000 . On June 28 , 2013 the Atlanta Braves retired former third baseman Chipper Jones ' jersey , number 10 , before the game against the Arizona Diamondbacks . He was honored before 51,300 fans at Turner Field in Atlanta . He served as a staple of the Braves franchise for 19 years before announcing his retirement at the beginning of the 2012 season . Chipper Jones played his last regular season game for the Braves on September 30 , 2012 . The Braves opened up a 15 - game lead on the Washington Nationals in the National League East on September 3 , 2013 , riding that lead en route to its first division title since 2005 , the last of 14 straight division titles . This was also Braves manager Fredi González 's first division title since beginning his managerial career in 1990 ; including his first since becoming the manager of the Braves after the 2010 season . The Braves clinched the 18th division title in team history on September 22 , 2013 after a Nationals loss to the Marlins in the first game of a double header ; the Braves also won their game that day , beating the Chicago Cubs 5 -- 2 at Wrigley Field . After clinching the division title , they lost to the Dodgers 3 -- 1 in the Division Series . 2014 : losing season ( edit ) Jason Heyward runs the bases in 2014 On November 11 , 2013 , the Braves announced that they would vacate Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County , in the northwest suburbs outside of Atlanta in 2017 . The move is to follow the expiration of the Braves ' 20 - year lease on Turner Field in 2016 . The new stadium is to be constructed in a public / private partnership . During the offseason the Braves signed few of their young talents to multi year contracts ; Craig Kimbrel ( 4 years / $42 M ) , Freddie Freeman ( 8 years / $135 M ) , Kris Medlen ( 1 year / $5.8 M ) , Jason Heyward ( 2 years / $13.3 M ) , Julio Teherán ( 6 years / $32.4 M ) and Andrelton Simmons ( 7 years / $58 M ) . The Braves finished the season in a distant second place with a 79 -- 83 record , which was their first losing season since 2008 and only their third since 1990 . 2015 -- 2016 : rebuilding ( edit ) Prior to the 2015 season , the Braves fired their General Manager Frank Wren , and John Hart replaced him as interim general manager , choosing to only take the title of President of Baseball Operations . The Braves promptly traded Gold Glove Award winner Jason Heyward to the St. Louis Cardinals along with pitcher Jordan Walden for pitchers Shelby Miller and Tyrell Jenkins . Hart would then trade All Star left fielder Justin Upton to the San Diego Padres for Max Fried , Jace Peterson , Dustin Peterson , and Mallex Smith . Catcher Evan Gattis and minor league prospect James Hoyt were traded to the Houston Astros for minor leaguers Mike Foltynewicz , Rio Ruiz , and Andrew Thurman . A day before the season began , the Braves made a final trade involving former All - Star Craig Kimbrel and outfielder Melvin Upton Jr ... They were traded to the San Diego Padres for outfielders Cameron Maybin and Carlos Quentin along with two minor league players . By the beginning of the season , the Braves did 11 trades in all . Prior to the start of the 2016 regular season , the Braves continued their offseason rebuilding by trading Andrelton Simmons to the Los Angeles Angels for Erick Aybar , and pitching prospects Sean Newcomb and Chris Ellis and $2.5 million . They agreed to 1 year contracts with Kelly Johnson , Chris Withrow , and Arodys Vizcaino , and agreed to terms on a minor league contract for Carlos Torres and Jeff Francoeur . The Braves would end up purchasing the Major League contract of Francoeur . On April 13 , 2016 , Hector Olivera was arrested and charged with the assault of a woman at the team hotel when the Braves were in Washington D.C. facing the Nationals . He was placed on Administrative Leave by Major League Baseball and was placed on the Braves Restricted List until further disciplinary action is given . The Braves began the season on a nine - game losing streak , which is the worst opening by the franchise since 1988 , when they dropped the first 10 games of that season . After a 9 -- 28 start in 2016 , Fredi González was fired on May 17 and replaced by third base coach Brian Snitker as interim general manager . Snitker replaced González once before in the 2006 -- 07 off - season as the Braves third base coach when González left the Braves to manage the Marlins . The Braves finished the season 68 -- 93 and in last place in NL East . During the 2016 off - season , the Braves signed pitchers R.A. Dickey and Bartolo Colón and promoted interim manager Brian Snitker to full - time manager . For a full season - by - season list , see List of Atlanta Braves seasons . 2017 : SunTrust park ( edit ) SunTrust Park prior to its first regular season game The Braves opened their new stadium , SunTrust Park , on April 14 , 2017 with a four - game sweep of the San Diego Padres . World Series championships ( edit ) Over its 138 seasons , the Braves franchise has won a total of three World Series Championships , one in each of the three cities they have played in . Season Manager Opponent Series Score Record 1914 ( Boston ) George Stallings Philadelphia Athletics 4 -- 0 94 -- 59 1957 ( Milwaukee ) Fred Haney New York Yankees 4 -- 3 95 -- 59 1995 ( Atlanta ) Bobby Cox Cleveland Indians 4 -- 2 90 -- 54 <Td_colspan="4"> Total World Series championships : 3 Major rivalries ( edit ) New York Mets ( edit ) Main article : Braves -- Mets rivalry The Braves -- Mets rivalry is a rivalry between the two teams , featuring the Braves and the New York Mets as they both play in the National League East . Although their first major confrontation occurred when the Mets swept the Braves in the 1969 NLCS , en route to their first World Series championship , the first playoff series won by an expansion team ( also the first playoff appearance by an expansion team ) , the rivalry did not become especially heated until the 1994 season when division realignment put both the Mets and the Braves in the NL East division . During this time the Braves became one of the most dominant teams in professional baseball , earning 14 straight division titles through 2005 , including five world series berths , and one world series championship during the 1995 season . The rivalry remained heated through the early 2000s . Philadelphia Phillies ( edit ) While their rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies lacks the history and hatred of the Mets , it has been the more important one in the last decade . Between 1993 and 2013 , the two teams reigned almost exclusively as NL East champions , the exceptions being in 2006 , when the Mets won their first division title since 1988 ( no division titles were awarded in 1994 due to the player 's strike ) , and in 2012 , when the Washington Nationals claimed their first division title since 1981 when playing as the Montreal Expos . The Phillies 1993 championship was also part of a four - year reign of exclusive division championships by the Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates , their in - state rivals . While rivalries are generally characterized by mutual hatred , the Braves and Phillies deeply respect each other . Each game played ( 18 games in 2011 ) is vastly important between these two NL East giants , but at the end of the day , they are very similar organizations . Overall , the Braves have one more National League East division title than the Phillies , having won 12 times each since 1969 , with the Braves holding it for eleven consecutive years from 1995 through 2005 . Uniforms ( edit ) The Braves currently have five different game baseball uniform combinations . The home uniforms consist of a standard white uniform , a red , military appreciation jersey worn with the standard white pants , and a cream alternate uniform . The road uniforms consist of a standard gray uniform , and an alternate navy blue jersey worn with the standard gray pants . The white home uniform , introduced in 1987 , is the primary home uniform . The jersey has `` Braves '' written in script across the chest with the tomahawk logo underneath . The jersey also includes piping around the collar and down the front of the jersey and around the bottom of the sleeves . Player numbers appear on the back of the jersey with a nameplate above . The Braves script , player numbers , and piping are red with a navy blue border . The tomahawk is primarily red with blue and yellow detail and a navy blue border . The white pants have identical piping to the jersey about the belt loops and down the outside seam of the pants . The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a white nameplate . The player names originally used vertically arched lettering but , since 2006 , the team has used radially arched lettering . The white uniform is paired with the standard home cap . It is a red brimmed , navy blue cap with a white embroidered `` script A '' logo . The home batting helmet is identical to the primary home cap . The gray road uniforms are the primary road uniform . The uniforms are identical to the white home uniforms with the exception of the `` Braves '' script , which is replaced by the `` Atlanta '' script . Player names are sewn to a gray nameplate . The primary uniforms are very similar to the uniforms that the Braves wore from 1946 to 1965 -- during their latter years in Boston and throughout their tenure in Milwaukee . The red , military appreciation jersey was introduced on February 5 , 2014 . The jerseys feature navy blue piping with a white border , the Braves script in blue with white stars , and the American Flag on the left sleeve . The updated red jerseys will not include the tomahawk logo . The jerseys will be worn for five home games in 2014 : April 26 vs. the Cincinnati Reds ( military family night ) , June 13 vs. the LA Angels of Anaheim ( celebrating the Army ) , July 26 vs. the San Diego Padres ( celebrating the Marines ) , Aug. 30 vs. the Miami Marlins ( celebrating the Navy ) , and September 19 vs. NY Mets ( celebrating the Air Force ) . The jerseys will be paired with camouflage caps . The military appreciation jerseys replace the red jerseys introduced in 2005 . Worn with the white pants , these jerseys included the same elements as the white jerseys , with the Braves script , player numbers , and piping in navy blue with a white border . The tomahawk was primarily blue , with red and yellow detail and a white border . The player names consisted of white lettering sewn to a red nameplate . These jerseys were paired with an alternate home cap , which was a red brimmed , navy blue cap with a red , embroidered `` script A '' logo with a tomahawk , outlined in white . The alternate cap did not have a matching batting helmet . The red alternate jerseys were worn for Sunday home games from 2005 to 2011 . The only exceptions to this were the opening game of the 2005 NLDS , which was played on a Wednesday , and on Memorial Day in 2006 . The 2006 Memorial Day game is also the only time the red jerseys were paired with the primary home cap . With the introduction of the cream uniform in 2012 , the red jerseys were worn for Friday night home games from 2012 to 2013 . However , the Braves chose to wear the traditional white jerseys for their 2012 home opener , which took place on Friday , April 13 . The cream alternate uniforms were introduced in February 2012 as a tribute to the Braves ' first season in Atlanta in 1966 . The jersey includes the `` Braves '' script across the breastplate , but the player number replaces the tomahawk underneath the `` Braves '' script on the left placket . Player numbers and the `` Braves '' script are in red with a navy blue border . The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a cream nameplate . The jersey has a thin , navy piping about the collar and down the front of the jersey . There is no piping around the sleeves . The cream pants include piping identical to the jersey down the outside seam . The left sleeve of the jersey has a `` crossed tomahawk '' logo that replaces the `` screaming Indian '' logo that appeared on the 1966 jerseys . The new logo has two , primarily red , crossed tomahawks . Underneath the tomahawks is a blue circle outlined in red , with `` 1876 '' in red above ( commemorating the year the franchise was founded ) , and `` Atlanta Braves '' in white below . The cream uniforms are paired with the standard home cap and are worn for Saturday and Sunday home games . The alternate navy blue road jerseys were introduced on opening night of the 2008 season against the Washington Nationals . Worn with the gray road pants , the jerseys feature the `` Atlanta '' script on the breastplate in navy blue with a white outline . The tomahawk is primarily navy blue with red and yellow detail and a white border . The player numbers are blue with white borders and the player names are white letters sewn to a navy blue nameplate . The navy blue jerseys have no piping either on the sleeves or around the collar . From 1987 to 2008 , the red brimmed , primary home cap was also worn on the road . However , when the navy blue jerseys were introduced in 2008 , they were paired with a navy blue cap , similar to the team 's road cap worn from 1966 to 1971 . While the red brimmed cap was still primarily worn with the gray road uniforms , the team sometimes wore the navy blue cap with the gray jerseys , and the red brimmed cap was occasionally worn with the navy blue jerseys . The red brimmed home batting helmets were also worn on the road from 1987 through 2008 . Beginning in 2009 , the navy blue cap became the official road cap and was paired with a navy blue road batting helmet . Unlike the home uniforms , which are worn based on a schedule , the road uniforms are chosen on game day by the starting pitcher . However , they are also subject to Major League Baseball rules requiring the road team to wear uniforms that contrast with the uniforms worn by the home team . Due to this rule , the gray uniforms are worn when the home team chooses to wear navy blue , and sometimes when the home team chooses to wear black . Logos ( edit ) From 1912 to 1989 the Braves logo consisted of the head of an Indian warrior . From 1912 to 1956 it was an Indian with a headdress , and thereafter a laughing Indian with a mohawk and one feather in his hair . In 1990 the logo was changed to just the word `` Braves '' in cursive with a tomahawk below it . Further information : Native American mascot controversy § Atlanta Braves Achievements ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders Team records ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Braves team records Team captains ( edit ) Johnny Evers 1914 -- 1917 Eddie Mathews 1965 -- 1966 Hank Aaron 1969 -- 1974 Dale Murphy 1987 -- 1990 Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Braves have retired eleven numbers in the history of the franchise , including most recently Chipper Jones ' number 10 in 2013 , John Smoltz 's number 29 in 2012 , Bobby Cox 's number 6 in 2011 , Tom Glavine 's number 47 in 2010 , and Greg Maddux 's number 31 in 2009 . Additionally , Hank Aaron 's 44 , Dale Murphy 's 3 , Phil Niekro 's 35 , Eddie Mathews ' 41 , Warren Spahn 's 21 and Jackie Robinson 's 42 , which is retired for all of baseball with the exception of Jackie Robinson Day , have also been retired . The color and design of the retired numbers reflect the uniform design at the time the person was on the team , excluding Robinson . Dale Murphy OF Retired June 13 , 1994 Bobby Cox Retired August 12 , 2011 Chipper Jones 3B Retired June 28 , 2013 Warren Spahn Retired December 11 , 1965 Smoltz Retired June 8 , 2012 Greg Maddux Retired July 17 , 2009 Phil Niekro Retired August 6 , 1984 Eddie Mathews 3B Retired July 26 , 1969 Hank Aaron RF Retired April 15 , 1977 Tom Glavine Retired August 6 , 2010 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Of the ten Braves whose numbers have been retired , all who are eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame have been elected with the exception of Murphy , whose eligibility has expired . Jones is not eligible until 2018 . Braves Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Ivan Allen , Jr . Braves Museum and Hall of Fame Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame <Th_colspan="1"> Atlanta Braves Hall of Famers <Td_colspan="1"> Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Boston Braves Earl Averill Dave Bancroft Dan Brouthers John Clarkson * Jimmy Collins Hugh Duffy * Johnny Evers Burleigh Grimes Billy Hamilton Billy Herman Rogers Hornsby Joe Kelley King Kelly Ernie Lombardi Rabbit Maranville Rube Marquard Tommy McCarthy Bill McKechnie Joe Medwick Kid Nichols * Jim O'Rourke Charley Radbourn Babe Ruth Frank Selee * * Al Simmons George Sisler Casey Stengel Ed Walsh Lloyd Waner Paul Waner Deacon White Vic Willis * * George Wright Harry Wright Cy Young Milwaukee Braves Eddie Mathews Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Warren Spahn Atlanta Braves Hank Aaron Orlando Cepeda Bobby Cox Tom Glavine Greg Maddux * * * Phil Niekro Gaylord Perry John Schuerholz * * John Smoltz Bruce Sutter Joe Torre Hoyt Wilhelm Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Braves cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Hall of Fame plaque depiction is without a cap . In Schuerholz ' case , this is because he was elected as an executive . * * * No cap insignia on Hall of Fame plaque . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( broadcasters ) ( edit ) Atlanta Braves Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Milo Hamilton Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Braves . Georgia Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Georgia Sports Hall of Fame <Td_colspan="5"> Braves in the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame No . Player Position Tenure Notes -- Paul Richards GM 1967 -- 1972 -- John Schuerholz GM President 1990 -- 2007 2007 -- present -- Skip Caray Broadcaster 1976 -- 2008 -- George Stallings Manager 1913 -- 1920 Born in Augusta Dale Murphy OF 1976 -- 1990 Jo - Jo White Coach 1963 -- 1966 Born in Red Oak 5 , 31 Whit Wyatt Coach 1958 -- 1967 Born in Kensington , attended Georgia Tech 6 Bobby Cox Manager 1978 -- 1981 1990 -- 2010 10 Chipper Jones 3B / LF 1993 -- 2012 13 Blue Moon Odom Elected mainly on his performance with Oakland A 's , grew up in Macon 29 John Smoltz 1988 -- 1999 2001 -- 2008 32 Ernie Johnson Broadcaster 1950 , 1952 -- 1958 1962 -- 1999 35 Phil Niekro 1964 -- 1983 , 1987 36 Bob Hendley 1961 -- 1963 Born in Macon 44 Hank Aaron RF 1954 -- 1974 Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Atlanta Braves roster <Td_colspan="4"> Active roster <Td_colspan="2"> Inactive roster <Td_colspan="1"> Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Jesse Biddle -- Aaron Blair 57 Rex Brothers 62 Mauricio Cabrera 19 R.A. Dickey 26 Mike Foltynewicz 39 Sam Freeman 61 Max Fried 64 Luiz Gohara 56 Jason Hursh 58 Luke Jackson 53 Jim Johnson 67 A.J. Minter 60 Akeel Morris 30 Jason Motte 51 Sean Newcomb 52 Jose Ramirez 50 Lucas Sims 49 Julio Teherán 38 Arodys Vizcaíno 63 Daniel Winkler 45 Matt Wisler Catchers 25 Tyler Flowers 24 Kurt Suzuki Infielders 18 Matt Adams 1 Ozzie Albies 17 Johan Camargo 5 Freddie Freeman 13 Adonis García 8 Jace Peterson 14 Rio Ruiz 7 Dansby Swanson Outfielders 16 Lane Adams 11 Ender Inciarte 27 Matt Kemp 22 Nick Markakis Manager 43 Brian Snitker Coaches 99 Alan Butts ( bullpen catcher ) 59 José Castro ( assistant hitting ) 33 Chuck Hernandez ( pitching ) -- Walt Weiss ( bench ) -- Vacant ( first base ) 32 Marty Reed ( bullpen ) 28 Kevin Seitzer ( hitting ) -- Dave Wallace ( special assistant to pitching ) 37 Ron Washington ( third base ) 98 José Yepez ( bullpen catcher ) 60 - day disabled list 68 Jacob Lindgren 23 Danny Santana 36 active , 0 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated October 27 , 2017 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliates ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Braves minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Gwinnett Braves International League Lawrenceville , Georgia AA Mississippi Braves Southern League Pearl , Mississippi Advanced A Florida Fire Frogs Florida State League Kissimmee , Florida Rome Braves South Atlantic League Rome , Georgia Rookie Danville Braves Appalachian League Danville , Virginia GCL Braves Gulf Coast League Lake Buena Vista , Florida DSL Braves Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Home attendance at Turner Field ( edit ) <Td_colspan="6"> Home Attendance at Turner Field Year Total Attendance Game Average Stadium Capacity by % Major League Rank by # Major League Rank by % 1997 3,464,488 42,771 1998 3,360,860 41,492 1999 3,284,897 40,554 2000 3,234,304 39,930 2001 2,823,530 34,858 69.6 % 12th 15th 2002 2,603,484 32,142 64.2 % 13th 14th 2003 2,401,084 30,393 60.7 % 10th 14th 2,327,565 29,399 58.7 % 16th 21st 2005 2,521,167 31,126 62.9 % 16th 19th 2006 2,550,524 31,488 63.6 % 14th 16th 2007 2,745,207 33,891 67.7 % 14th 16th 2008 2,532,834 31,270 62.4 % 14th 19th 2009 2,373,631 29,304 58.5 % 15th 17th 2,510,119 30,989 61.9 % 13th 17th 2011 2,372,940 30,037 60.4 % 15th 20th 2012 2,420,171 29,879 60.1 % 15th 21st 2013 2,548,679 31,465 63.3 % 13th 21st 2014 2,354,305 29,065 58.4 % 18th 23rd 2015 2,001,392 25,017 50.3 % 24th 28th 2016 2,020,914 24,949 50.3 % 22nd 28th Radio and television ( edit ) Main articles : List of Atlanta Braves broadcasters , Braves TBS Baseball , and Atlanta Braves Radio Network After years of stability , the Braves have faced a period of transition in their radio and television coverage . The 2007 season was the last for Braves baseball on the TBS Superstation . TBS showed 70 games throughout the country , then cleared the decks to make way for a new national broadcast package that began in earnest with the 2007 postseason , and expanded to Sunday afternoon games in 2008 . Until his dismissal in 2009 , Chip Caray , one of the Braves ' current broadcasters , called play - by - play for the national package , which includes the Division Series every season and alternating coverage of the ALCS and NLCS . Caray is joined by Joe Simpson , who has provided color commentary for the Braves since 1992 . Braves baseball had been on TBS since it was WTCG in 1972 and had been a cornerstone of the national superstation since it began in 1976 . WPCH - TV / Peachtree TV , formerly WTBS Atlanta , still carried Braves games after 2007 , but only in parts of the Southern United States . After the transfer of the channel 's operations from Time Warner to Meredith Corporation , all Peachtree TV games were simulcast on Fox Sports South outside of the Peachtree TV coverage area in 2011 and 2012 . On February 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Fox Sports South and SportSouth ( now called Fox Sports Southeast ) would carry every regionally televised Braves game exclusively , ending the team 's partnership with WPCH - TV after 40 years . After the 2004 season , longtime radio flagship station 750 WSB was replaced by WGST 640AM . Due to WGST 's weak signal at night , which fails to cover the entire Atlanta metropolitan area , all games began to be simulcast on FM radio when the rights were transferred . The games first appeared on 96.1 WKLS ( formerly `` 96 Rock '' ) in 2005 , but moved to country music station 94.9 WUBL ( `` 94.9 The Bull '' ) in 2007 after WKLS underwent a change in format from classic rock to active rock and became Project 9 -- 6 -- 1 . As of the 2009 season , the Braves returned to WKLS on the FM frequency but remained on WGST on AM . It was announced that for the 2010 season , the Braves will be flagshipped on WCNN 680 The Fan and in Atlanta on the AM dial and WNNX 100.5 FM . The Atlanta Braves radio network currently serves 134 radio stations across the Southern United States , including 20 in Alabama , 4 in Florida , 68 in Georgia , 1 in Mississippi , 13 in North Carolina , 14 in South Carolina , and 14 in Tennessee . Since 2009 , the radio announcers have been former Brewers announcer Jim Powell and Don Sutton . Sutton was released after the 2006 season and called Washington Nationals games on television from 2007 to 2008 , but he has since returned for the 2009 season . Longtime Braves voices Skip Caray and Pete Van Wieren were the primary play - by - play voices of Braves baseball until Skip 's sudden death on August 3 , 2008 , and Van Wieren 's retirement after the 2008 season . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Braves were founded in 1871 . The Cubs are a full season older ( originally formed as the Chicago White Stockings in 1870 ) , Chicago did not sponsor a White Stockings team for two seasons due to the Great Chicago Fire . The Braves have played more consecutive seasons . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Braves sale is approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Offices '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Braves/status/914908341838778369 Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Braves leaving Turner Field for Cobb County '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Braves eye new Spring Training complex in North Port '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Zack ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Atlanta Braves pick Sarasota County for spring training '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yanks celebrate ninth straight East title '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Braves have set lofty benchmark '' . MLB.com , September 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Story of the Braves '' . Atlanta Braves . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Events of Saturday , April 22 , 1876 . Retrosheet . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Noble , Marty ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` MLB carries on strong , 200,000 games later : Look what they started on a ballfield in Philadelphia in 1876 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . ( B ) aseball is about to celebrate its 200,000 th game -- ( in the division series on ) Saturday ( October 1 , 2011 ) ... Jump up ^ Thorn , John ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Why Is the National Association Not a Major League ... and Other Records Issues '' . OurGame.MLBlogs.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . The National Association , 1871 -- 1875 , shall not be considered as a ' major league ' due to its erratic schedule and procedures , but it will continue to be recognized as the first professional baseball league . Jump up ^ Kaese , Harold The Boston Braves , Northeaster University Press , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 Boston Braves Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 New York Giants Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Neft , Johnson and Deutsch , The World Series , The Dial Press , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Neyer , Rob ( 2006 ) . Rob Neyer 's Big Book of Baseball Blunders . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8491 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( September 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates OK new realignment '' . USA Today . p. 1C . The Pirates will switch from the East next season . They opposed the move last week when realignment was approved , but agreed to allow Atlanta to move to the East . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Lisa ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` Crazy scene at Shea takes luster off Mets - Braves rivalry '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 659 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 17 , 2000 ) . `` From Wild Card to World Series '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Baseball Record Book , 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Pelline , Jeff ( September 23 , 1995 ) . `` Time Warner Closes Deal for Turner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Time Warner considers Braves sale '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Burke , Monte ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Braves ' New World -- Forbes Magazine '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Braves excited by news of team sale '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` GM Schuerholz was Braves ' guiding force '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowman . Mark. `` Atlanta adds Vazquez to new - look staff , Braves complete deal for durable veteran starter , reliever Logan '' . mlb.com , December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers acquire Josh Anderson from Atlanta Braves '' MLB.com , March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry M. Bloom . `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Bowman . `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scores.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves act quickly , name Gonzalez skipper '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . October 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Elias Says : Sports Statistics -- Stats from the Elias Sports Bureau -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Game Recap -- Nationals v Braves ajc.com '' . Ajc.stats.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Florida vs. Atlanta Recap : Marlins beat Atlanta 3 -- 1 , Braves ' 10,000 th loss '' . Sports Illustrated . July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Atlanta team statistics for 2010 , 2011 . baseball-reference.com . Accessed May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves collapsed before playoffs '' . ESPN . 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Collapse ( Or Three ) '' . MLB Blog Buzz . September 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of Braves ' collapse '' . AJC. 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe dealt to Tribe for Minor League reliever '' . atlantabraves.com. 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves complete colossal collapse , lose to Phils '' . CBS Sports . 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parrish let go as Braves hitting coach '' . atlantabraves.com. 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` B.J. Upton introduced in Atlanta after signing deal '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Upton introduced , takes his place with Braves '' . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves beat Miami Marlins for 14th straight win '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Braves retire Chipper 's No. 10 before game '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves overcome injuries to capture National League East title '' . Jump up ^ `` The Braves are leaving Turner Field after the 2016 season '' . NBCSports.com . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Braves plan to build new stadium in Cobb '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Atlanta Braves Plan On Moving Into New $672 Million Ballpark In Cobb Co . -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves announce plans to move to new stadium '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ The Marietta Daily Journal -- Braves headed to Cobb in 2017 Jump up ^ `` Stunning news : Atlanta Braves moving to Cobb '' . Jump up ^ Braves leaving Turner Field , building new stadium in Cobb Co . -- Atlanta News , Weather , Traffic , and Sports FOX 5 Archived November 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Braves ship Heyward to Cards in 4 - player deal '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Braves trade Gattis to Astros for 3 prospects '' . Jump up ^ `` Padres acquire Kimbrel , M. Upton from Braves '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves ' Hector Olivera arrested for assault '' . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) . `` R.A. Dickey Is n't Done ; Signs One - Year Deal With Atlanta Braves '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL : Atlanta Braves officially sign pitcher Bartolo Colon '' . savannahnow.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates Relent on New Alignment '' . New York Times . p . B14 . Jump up ^ Collier , Gene ( September 27 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates , Phillies Have Owned the Outgoing NL East Division '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeff . `` If Braves send message to Phillies , it will be done nicely '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves to honor military with alternative jerseys '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves introduce alternate jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves ' home - red jerseys dropped from lineup '' . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees ' Mariano Rivera Is the Last No. 42 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pahigian , Josh ; Kevin O'Connell ( 2004 ) . The Ultimate Baseball Road - trip : A Fan 's Guide to Major League Stadiums . Globe Pequot . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 159 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves Attendance '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB NOTEBOOK : FSN reaches agreement with Peachtree TV to broadcast 45 Braves games in 2011 ; Ex-Braves Jones signs with Yanks '' . Albanyherald.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Braves ' TV deal changes ; games move off Peachtree TV Atlanta Journal - Constitution , February 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Press Release - `` Atlanta Braves and Clear Channel Announce Move to Project 9 -- 6 -- 1 for 2009 Games . '' March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Affiliate Radio Stations braves.com : Schedule '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Carroll ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sutton rejoins Braves ' broadcast team '' . Ajc.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportingnews.com '' . Sportingnews.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Bowman ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Atlanta.braves.mlb.com '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Wilkinson , Jack ( 2007 ) . Game of my Life : Atlanta Braves . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59670 - 099 - 4 . Green , Jr. , Ron ( 2008 ) . 101 Reasons to Love the Braves . Stewart , Tabori & Chang . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58479 - 670 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Atlanta portal Baseball portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlanta Braves . Atlanta Braves official website Team index page at Baseball Reference Milwaukee Braves informational website Sports Illustrated Atlanta Braves Page ESPN Atlanta Braves Page History of the Boston Braves on MassHistory.com <Th_colspan="3"> Achievements Preceded by Philadelphia Athletics 1913 World Series Champions Boston Braves 1914 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 1915 Preceded by New York Yankees 1956 World Series Champions Milwaukee Braves 1957 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1958 Preceded by Toronto Blue Jays 1993 World Series Champions Atlanta Braves 1995 Succeeded by New York Yankees <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Achievements Preceded by Chicago White Stockings 1876 National League Champions Boston Red Caps 1877 and 1878 Succeeded by Providence Grays 1879 Preceded by Chicago White Stockings 1882 National League Champions Boston Beaneaters 1883 Succeeded by Providence Grays 1884 Preceded by Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1890 National League Champions Boston Beaneaters 1891 -- 1893 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1894 Preceded by Baltimore Orioles 1896 National League Champions Boston Beaneaters 1897 and 1898 Succeeded by Brooklyn Superbas 1899 Preceded by New York Giants 1913 National League Champions Boston Braves 1914 Succeeded by Philadelphia Phillies 1915 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1947 National League Champions Boston Braves 1948 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1949 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 National League Champions Milwaukee Braves 1957 and 1958 Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1959 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1990 National League Champions Atlanta Braves 1991 and 1992 Succeeded by Philadelphia Phillies 1993 Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies 1993 National League Champions Atlanta Braves 1995 and 1996 Succeeded by Florida Marlins 1997 Preceded by San Diego Padres 1998 National League Champions Atlanta Braves 1999 Succeeded by New York Mets 2000 Preceded by Colorado Rockies 2009 National League Wild Card Atlanta Braves Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Atlanta Braves <Td_colspan="2"> Formerly the Boston Red Stockings , Boston Red Caps , Boston Beaneaters , Boston Doves , Boston Rustlers , Boston Bees , Boston Braves and the Milwaukee Braves Based in Atlanta , Georgia Franchise History Boston Braves Museum & Hall of Fame Award winners & league leaders Records No - hitters Seasons Owners and executives Managers Opening Day Starters Atlanta Boston and Milwaukee First - round draft picks Ballparks <Td_colspan="2"> South End Grounds Congress Street Grounds South End Grounds Fenway Park Braves Field Milwaukee County Stadium Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Turner Field SunTrust Park Spring training St. Petersburg Athletic Park Braves Field Municipal Stadium Champion Stadium New spring training stadium ( future ) Culture Continental League Ted Turner Braves Bleacher Creature Chief Noc - A-Homa Homer Rally Braves TBS Baseball The Slugger 's Wife Big Three Hank Aaron : Chasing the Dream Trouble with the Curve Lore 1897 Temple Cup Hank Aaron 's 715th home run 1959 NL tie - breaker series Francisco Cabrera game Grand Slam Single 2012 NL Wild Card Game Fort Bragg Game Rivalries New York Mets Key personnel Owner : John C. Malone ( Liberty Media ) General Manager : John Hart Club President : John Schuerholz Manager : Brian Snitker World Series Championships ( 3 ) 1914 1957 1995 National League Championships ( 17 ) 1877 1878 1883 1891 1892 1893 1897 1898 1914 1948 1957 1958 1991 1992 1995 1999 World 's Championship Series Championships ( 1 ) 1892 National Association Championships ( 4 ) 1872 1873 1874 1875 Division titles ( 17 ) National League East 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2013 National League West 1969 1982 1991 1992 1993 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2012 Minor league affiliates AAA : Gwinnett Braves AA : Mississippi Braves A Adv. : Florida Fire Frogs A : Rome Braves Rookie Adv. : Danville Braves Rookie : GCL Braves DSL Braves Broadcasting Television Fox Sports South Fox Sports Southeast Radio Sports Radio 680 The Fan AM News Radio 106.7 FM Radio Network <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 148 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Atlanta Braves retired numbers <Td_colspan="2"> 3 Dale Murphy 6 Bobby Cox 10 Chipper Jones 21 Warren Spahn 29 John Smoltz 31 Greg Maddux 35 Phil Niekro 41 Eddie Mathews 44 Hank Aaron 47 Tom Glavine <Th_colspan="2"> World Series Navigation Boxes <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Boston Braves 1914 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> Ted Cather Joe Connolly Charlie Deal Josh Devore Johnny Evers Larry Gilbert Hank Gowdy Bill James Les Mann Rabbit Maranville Herbie Moran Dick Rudolph Butch Schmidt Paul Strand Lefty Tyler Bert Whaling Possum Whitted <Td_colspan="2"> Manager George Stallings <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> Milwaukee Braves 1957 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Del Crandall 4 Red Schoendienst 5 Félix Mantilla 7 Del Rice 9 Joe Adcock 10 Bob Buhl 12 Bob Hazle 14 Frank Torre 15 Carl Sawatski 16 Dave Jolly 17 Taylor Phillips 18 John DeMerit 20 Don McMahon 21 Warren Spahn ( CYA ) 22 Gene Conley 23 Johnny Logan 25 Nippy Jones 30 Bob Trowbridge 32 Ernie Johnson 33 Lew Burdette ( World Series MVP ) 34 Juan Pizarro 41 Eddie Mathews 43 Wes Covington 44 Hank Aaron ( NL MVP ) 48 Andy Pafko <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 2 Fred Haney Coaches 3 Johnny Riddle 8 Connie Ryan 31 Charlie Root 35 Bob Keely <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season <Th_colspan="2"> Atlanta Braves 1995 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Rafael Belliard 4 Jeff Blauser 7 Dwight Smith 8 Javy López 9 Marquis Grissom 10 Chipper Jones 11 Charlie O'Brien 12 Eddie Pérez 16 Mike Mordecai 17 Luis Polonia 18 Ryan Klesko 20 Mark Lemke 23 David Justice 24 Mike Devereaux ( NLCS MVP ) 26 Alejandro Peña 27 Fred McGriff 29 John Smoltz 30 Ed Giovanola 31 Greg Maddux 33 Steve Avery 38 Greg McMichael 43 Mark Wohlers 47 Tom Glavine ( World Series MVP ) 50 Kent Mercker 51 Pedro Borbón , Jr . 52 Brad Clontz <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 6 Bobby Cox Coaches Third Base Coach 22 Jimy Williams Bench Coach 26 Jim Beauchamp Hitting Coach 28 Clarence Jones First Base Coach 39 Pat Corrales Bullpen Coach 42 Ned Yost Pitching Coach 54 Leo Mazzone Coach 59 Frank Fultz <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series <Th_colspan="2"> 19th Century Championship Navigation 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where was the outlaw josey wales filmed at
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The Outlaw Josey Wales - wikipedia The Outlaw Josey Wales Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Outlaw Josey Wales <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Robert Daley Screenplay by Philip Kaufman Sonia Chernus Based on Gone to Texas by Forrest Carter Starring Clint Eastwood Chief Dan George Sondra Locke Music by Jerry Fielding Cinematography Bruce Surtees Edited by Ferris Webster Production company The Malpaso Company Warner Bros . Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 30 , 1976 ( 1976 - 06 - 30 ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.7 million Box office $31,800,000 The Outlaw Josey Wales is a 1976 American revisionist Western DeLuxe Color and Panavision film set during and after the American Civil War . It was directed by and starred Clint Eastwood ( as the eponymous Josey Wales ) , with Chief Dan George , Sondra Locke , Sam Bottoms , and Geraldine Keams . The film tells the story of Josey Wales , a Missouri farmer whose family is murdered by Union militants during the Civil War . Driven to revenge , Wales joins a Confederate guerrilla band and fights in the Civil War . After the war , all the fighters in Wales ' group except for Wales surrender to Union officers , but they end up being massacred . Wales becomes an outlaw and is pursued by bounty hunters and Union soldiers . The film was adapted by Sonia Chernus and Philip Kaufman from author Forrest Carter 's 1972 novel The Rebel Outlaw : Josey Wales ( republished , as shown in the movie 's opening credits , as Gone to Texas ) . The film was a commercial success , earning $31.8 million against a $3.7 million budget . In 1996 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Josey Wales was portrayed by Michael Parks in the film 's 1986 sequel , The Return of Josey Wales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Awards 5 Meaning 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Josey Wales , a Missouri farmer , is driven to revenge by the murder of his wife and young son by a band of pro-Union Jayhawker militants . The murderers were from Senator James H. Lane 's Kansas Brigade , led by Captain Terrill . After grieving and burying his wife and son , Wales joins a group of pro-Confederate Missouri Bushwhackers led by William T. Anderson and fights in the Civil War . At the conclusion of the war , Captain Fletcher persuades the guerrillas to surrender , saying they have been granted amnesty . Wales refuses to surrender . As a result , he and one young man are the only survivors when Captain Terrill 's Redlegs massacre the surrendering men . Wales intervenes and guns down several Redlegs with a Gatling gun . Senator Lane forces Fletcher to work with Terrill in tracking down Wales and puts a $5,000 bounty on Wales , who is now on the run from Union militia and bounty hunters . Along the way , despite wishing to be left alone , he accumulates a diverse group of companions . They include an old Cherokee named Lone Watie , a young Navajo woman , and an elderly woman from Kansas and her granddaughter Laura Lee , whom Wales rescues from Comancheros . At Santo Rio , two men , Travis and Chato , join their group . Wales and his companions find the abandoned ranch owned by Laura 's father and inhabit it after Wales parleys and makes peace with the neighboring Comanche tribe leader , Ten Bears . Meanwhile , a bounty hunter who identified Wales at Santo Rio , guides Captain Terrill and his men to the town . The following morning , the ranch is attacked by the Redlegs . Wales ' companions take shelter in the fortified ranch house and open fire , gunning down all of Terrill 's men . A wounded Wales , despite being out of ammunition , pursues the fleeing Terrill . When he corners him , Wales dry fires his four pistols through all the empty chambers before stabbing and killing Terrill with his own cavalry sword . At the bar in Santa Rio , Wales finds Fletcher with two Texas Rangers . The locals at the bar , who refer to Wales as `` Mr. Wilson , '' tell the Rangers that Wales was killed in a shoot - out in Monterrey , Mexico . The Rangers accept this story and move on . Fletcher refuses to believe the story , but pretends to not recognize Wales and says that he will go to Mexico to look for Wales himself , and try to convince him that the war is over , because he owes him that . Wales says that they all died a little in the war , before riding off . Cast ( edit ) Clint Eastwood as Josey Wales Chief Dan George as Lone Watie Sondra Locke as Laura Lee Bill McKinney as Terrill John Vernon as Fletcher Paula Trueman as Grandma Sarah Sam Bottoms as Jamie Charles Tyner as Zukie Limmer Geraldine Keams as Little Moonlight Woodrow Parfrey as Carpetbagger Joyce Jameson as Rose Sheb Wooley as Travis Cobb Royal Dano as Ten Spot Matt Clark as Kelly Will Sampson as Ten Bears John Quade as Comanchero Leader John Russell as `` Bloody Bill '' Anderson William O'Connell as Sim Carstairs Production ( edit ) Pahreah site in Utah , filming location of the film . The Outlaw Josey Wales was inspired by a 1972 novel by Forrest Carter , and was originally titled The Rebel Outlaw : Josey Wales and later retitled Gone to Texas . The script was worked on by Sonia Chernus and producer Bob Daley at Malpaso , and Eastwood himself paid some of the money to obtain the screen rights . Michael Cimino and Philip Kaufman later oversaw the writing of the script , aiding Chernus . Kaufman wanted the film to stay as close to the novel as possible in style and retained many of the mannerisms in Wales 's character which Eastwood would display on screen , such as his distinctive lingo with words like `` reckon '' , `` hoss '' ( instead of `` horse '' ) , and `` ye '' ( instead of `` you '' ) and spitting tobacco juice on animals and victims . The characters of Wales , the Cherokee chief , Navajo woman , and the old settler woman and her daughter all appeared in the novel . Contrariwise , Kaufman was less happy with the novel 's political stance ; he felt that it had been `` written by a crude fascist '' and that `` the man 's hatred of government was insane '' . He also felt that that element of the script needed to be severely toned down , but , he later said , `` Clint did n't , and it was his film '' . Kaufman was later fired by Eastwood , who took over the film 's direction himself . Cinematographer Bruce Surtees , James Fargo , and Fritz Manes scouted for locations and eventually found sites in Utah , Arizona , Wyoming , and Oroville , California even before they saw the final script . Kaufman cast Chief Dan George , who had been nominated for an Academy Award for Supporting Actor in Little Big Man , as the old Cherokee Lone Watie . Sondra Locke , also a previous Academy Award nominee , was cast by Eastwood against Kaufman 's wishes as the granddaughter of the old settler woman , Laura Lee . This marked the beginning of a close relationship between Eastwood and Locke that would last six films and the beginning of a romance that would last into the late 1980s . The film also featured his real - life seven - year - old son Kyle Eastwood , with Ferris Webster hired as editor and Jerry Fielding as composer . Principal photography began in mid-October 1975 in Lake Powell . A rift between Eastwood and Kaufman developed during the filming . Kaufman insisted on filming with a meticulous attention to detail , which caused disagreements with Eastwood , not to mention the attraction the two shared towards Locke and apparent jealousy on Kaufman 's part in regards to their emerging relationship . One evening , Kaufman insisted on finding a beer can as a prop to be used in a scene , but while he was absent , Eastwood ordered Surtees to quickly shoot the scene as light was fading and then drove away , leaving before Kaufman had returned . Soon after , filming moved to Kanab , Utah . On October 24 , 1975 , Kaufman was fired at Eastwood 's command by producer Bob Daley . The sacking caused an outrage amongst the Directors Guild of America and other important Hollywood executives , since the director had already worked hard on the film , including completing all of the pre-production . Pressure mounted on Warner Bros. and Eastwood to back down , but their refusal to do so resulted in a fine , reported to be around $60,000 for the violation . This resulted in the Director 's Guild passing new legislation , known as ' the Eastwood Rule ' , which prohibits an actor or producer from firing the director and then becoming the director himself . From then on , the film was directed by Eastwood himself with Daley second - in - command , but with Kaufman 's planning already in place , the team were able to finish making the film efficiently . Reception ( edit ) `` Eastwood is such a taciturn and action - oriented performer that it 's easy to overlook the fact that he directs many of his movies -- and many of the best , most intelligent ones . Here , with the moody , gloomily beautiful , photography of Bruce Surtees , he creates a magnificent Western feeling '' Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times , January 1 , 1976 Upon release in August 1976 , The Outlaw Josey Wales was widely acclaimed by critics , many of whom saw Eastwood 's role as an iconic one , relating it with much of America 's ancestral past and the destiny of the nation after the American Civil War . The film was pre-screened at the Sun Valley Center for the Arts and Humanities in Idaho in a six - day conference entitled Western Movies : Myths and Images . Academics such as Bruce Jackson , critics such as Jay Cocks and Arthur Knight and directors such as King Vidor , Henry King , William Wyler and Howard Hawks were invited to the screening . The film would later appear in Time magazine 's Top 10 films of the year . Roger Ebert compared the nature and vulnerability of Eastwood 's portrayal of Josey Wales with his `` Man with No Name '' character in the Dollars Trilogy and praised the atmosphere of the film . On The Merv Griffin Show , Orson Welles lauded the film , calling Eastwood `` one of America 's finest directors . '' Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively gave the film a 95 % rating based on reviews from 38 critics . Awards ( edit ) The Outlaw Josey Wales was nominated for the Academy Award for Original Music Score . In 1996 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . It was also one of the few Western films to receive critical and commercial success in the 1970s at a time when the Western was thought to be dying as a major genre in Hollywood . Clint Eastwood says on the 1999 DVD release that the movie is `` certainly one of the high points of my career ... in the Western genre of filmmaking . '' Meaning ( edit ) Eastwood has called The Outlaw Josey Wales an anti-war film . In an interview with The Wall Street Journal , he said : As for Josey Wales , I saw the parallels to the modern day at that time . Everybody gets tired of it , but it never ends . A war is a horrible thing , but it 's also a unifier of countries ... Man becomes his most creative during war . Look at the amount of weaponry that was made in four short years of World War II -- the amount of ships and guns and tanks and inventions and planes and P - 38s and P - 51s , and just the urgency and the camaraderie , and the unifying . But that 's kind of a sad statement on mankind , if that 's what it takes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Munn , p. 156 Jump up ^ `` The Outlaw Josey Wales '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Variety film review ; June 30 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Barra , Allen. `` The Education of Little Fraud '' , Salon.com , December 20 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of Josey Wales '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 258 ^ Jump up to : McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 261 Jump up ^ McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 262 Jump up ^ McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 263 ^ Jump up to : McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 264 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1976 ) . `` The Outlaw Josey Wales '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 266 Jump up ^ McGilligan ( 1999 ) , p. 267 Jump up ^ `` The Outlaw Josey Wales '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Judge , Michael ( 2011 - 01 - 29 ) . `` A Hollywood Icon Lays Down the Law '' . Wall Street Journal . Bibliography ( edit ) McGilligan , Patrick ( 1999 ) . Clint : The Life and Legend . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 638354 - 8 . Munn , Michael ( 1992 ) . Clint Eastwood : Hollywood 's Loner . London : Robson Books . ISBN 0 - 86051 - 790 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Outlaw Josey Wales . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Outlaw Josey Wales The Outlaw Josey Wales on IMDb The Outlaw Josey Wales at the TCM Movie Database The Outlaw Josey Wales at AllMovie The Outlaw Josey Wales at the American Film Institute Catalog The Outlaw Josey Wales at Rotten Tomatoes The Outlaw Josey Wales at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Clint Eastwood <Td_colspan="2"> Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Sully ( 2016 ) The 15 : 17 to Paris ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Outlaw_Josey_Wales&oldid=798006398 '' Categories : 1976 films English - language films American films American Western ( genre ) films 1970s Western ( genre ) films American Civil War films Films based on American novels Films based on Western ( genre ) novels Films based on works by Forrest Carter Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films set in ghost towns Films set in Missouri Films set in Oklahoma Films set in Texas Films shot in Wyoming Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Utah Malpaso Productions films Films about Native Americans United States National Film Registry films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Commons category template with no category set Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 12 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Outlaw Josey Wales - a 1976 American revisionist Western film directed by Clint Eastwood
2. Plot - a Missouri farmer seeks revenge after his family is murdered by Union militants during the Civil War
3. Cast - Clint Eastwood, Chief Dan George, Sondra Locke, Sam Bottoms, and Geraldine Keams
4. Production - inspired by a 1972 novel by Forrest Carter, directed by Eastwood after firing original director Philip Kaufman
5. Reception - widely acclaimed by critics, nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score
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what's the difference between shazam and black adam
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Black Adam - Wikipedia Black Adam Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Black Adam <Td_colspan="2"> Artwork for the cover of 52 Week 45 ( Mar 14 , 2007 ) . Art by J.G. Jones . <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Fawcett Comics ( 1945 ) DC Comics ( 1973 -- present ) First appearance The Marvel Family # 1 ( December 1945 ) Created by Otto Binder C.C. Beck <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information Alter ego Teth - Adam ( original form ) Theo Adam Team affiliations Kahndaq Justice Society of America Injustice Society The Society Suicide Squad Monster Society of Evil Black Marvel Family Notable aliases Mighty Adam , Khem - Adam Abilities The Stamina of Shu : superhuman stamina and invulnerability The Speed of Haru : superhuman speed and flight The Strength of Amon : superhuman strength The Wisdom of Zehuti : genius - level intellect and elite judgement The Power of Aton : full control and emission of the magical lightning and thunder The Courage of Mehen : unlimited courage and proficient hand - to - hand combatant Immortality New 52 Magical lightning bestows : Superhuman strength , speed , stamina and courage Physical and magical near - invulnerability Flight Genius - level intellect Immortality Control over and emission of magic lightning as weapon or for casting spells Black Adam is a fictional DC Comics supervillain and occasional antihero ; an adversary of the superhero Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam . Black Adam was created by Otto Binder and C.C. Beck in 1945 as a one - shot villain for the first issue of Fawcett Comics ' The Marvel Family comic book ; however , Black Adam was revived as a recurring character after DC Comics first licensed and then acquired the Fawcett characters and began publishing Captain Marvel / Marvel Family stories under the title Shazam ! in the 1970s . As originally depicted , Black Adam was a corrupted , ancient Egyptian predecessor of Captain Marvel , who fought his way to modern times to challenge the hero and his Marvel Family associates . Since the turn of the 21st century , however , Black Adam has been re-defined by DC Comics writers Jerry Ordway , Geoff Johns and David S. Goyer as a corrupted antihero attempting to clear his name and reputation . Featured roles in such comic book series as Justice Society of America ( JSA ) , Villains United , Infinite Crisis and 52 have elevated the character to an unprecedented level of prominence in the overall universe of DC Comics characters . In 2009 , Black Adam was ranked as IGN 's 16th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time . Dwayne Johnson has been cast as Black Adam in the planned feature films , including a solo Black Adam film from New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. , which will be set in the DC Extended Universe film franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Fawcett Comics 1.2 DC Comics 1.2. 1 Pre-Crisis 1.2. 2 Shazam ! : The New Beginning 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 The Power of Shazam ! : revised origin 2.2 JSA series : Black Adam reforms 2.3 JSA : Black Reign 2.4 Infinite Crisis 2.5 52 2.5. 1 World War III 2.6 Countdown / Black Adam : The Dark Age 2.7 Final Crisis 2.8 Justice Society of America 2.9 The New 52 ( 2011 - 2016 ) 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 Billy Batson and the Magic of Shazam ! 4.2 Flashpoint 4.3 JLA / Avengers 4.4 Futures End 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 5.3. 1 Lego series 5.3. 2 Injustice series 5.4 Toys 5.5 Audiobooks 6 Additional reading 7 References 8 External links Publication History ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2013 ) Fawcett Comics ( edit ) The original version of Black Adam appeared only once during the Fawcett 's initial publication run of Captain Marvel comics . In The Marvel Family # 1 , Black Adam is an ancient Egyptian named Teth - Adam ( i.e. , `` Mighty Human '' ) , who is chosen by the wizard Shazam to be his successor due to his presumed moral purity . Black Adam 's origin , as seen in The Marvel Family # 1 ( 1945 ) . Art by C.C. Beck and Pete Costanza . When Teth - Adam says the magic word `` Shazam '' , he is transformed into a super-powered being possessing the same powers that Captain Marvel would later be granted ; however , Mighty Adam is soon corrupted by the vastness of his powers . Originally , the wizard Shazam grants Adam powers derived from ancient Greco - Roman deities ; later in the series , it was changed to ancient Egyptian deities . Deciding that he should rule the world , Mighty Adam overthrows and kills the pharaoh and assumes the Egyptian throne . Angered by this betrayal , Shazam renames his errant champion `` Black Adam '' , and -- unable to revoke the powers he gave Adam , banishes him to the most distant star in the universe . Black Adam spends the next 5,000 years flying back to Earth . By the time he makes it back , in 1945 , Shazam has appointed three new champions to take his place : Captain Marvel , Mary Marvel , and Captain Marvel Jr . Adam 's attempts to take over the world causes the Marvels to seek counsel with Shazam , who tells them about Black Adam . Adam succeeds in gagging Billy and Freddy while they are talking to Shazam . He then ties them up , planning to kill them later . But Uncle Marvel releases them while Mary battles Black Adam , enabling them to transform . Adam does battle with the trio , known as the Marvel Family , but since all are equally invulnerable , the fight goes on and on without resolution . However , the non-powered Marvel Family member Uncle Marvel gets an idea from Shazam and tricks him into saying `` Shazam '' , by repeating the word wrongly , reverting him back to Teth - Adam . 5,000 years of aging caught up with him in an instant when Captain Marvel knocks him out seconds after he transforms , and he dies , becoming a skeleton . Later , Dr. Sivana uses his resurrection machine to resurrect Adam . When last seen ( pre-Crisis version ) , Adam was fighting the heroes on the 5 remaining and partially merged Earths . Black Adam wore a costume almost identical to Captain Marvel 's -- except black , instead of scarlet , and cape-less . DC Comics ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2010 ) Pre-Crisis ( edit ) While he is defeated in the same story in which he debuted , Adam is resurrected nearly thirty years later in Philadelphia by Doctor Sivana 's reincarnation machine in DC Comics ' Shazam ! revival of the Marvel Family characters . He then destroys the machine so he can not be sent back . According to Shazam ! # 28 , Black Adam gets his powers from Shu ( stamina ) , Hershef ( strength ) , Amon ( power ) , Zehuti ( Thoth ) ( wisdom ) , Anpu ( speed ) , and Menthu ( courage ) . Black Adam accidentally time - travels to 1776 while going to the Rock of Eternity to destroy Shazam at Sivana 's suggestion , he actually felt Adam 's powers would be wiped out as well , but Cap accidentally threw him back in time . He and Cap battle and Adam realises he will have to use a trick . He makes his lightning strike Cap , turning him back to Billy , then seizes him and covers his mouth before he can finish saying his magic word . He then flies to a nearby ship and gets some rope to bind and gag Billy , after which he throws him into the sea . But Billy swims up , is saved by one of the colonist rebels , and freed . He realizes the man is Paul Revere , ironic since earlier in the story he repaired his statue . and returns to his own time when Shazam tells him Black Adam is there . He is once again tricked by Uncle Marvel into saying `` Shazam '' when he goes to him to get revenge , and gets amnesia from a punch by Captain Marvel . After that , Black Adam is also involved with Karmang in All - New Collectors ' Edition # C - 58 and tries to destroy both Superman and Captain Marvel . After several more defeats at Captain Marvel 's hands , Adam joins Mister Mind 's final pre-Crisis version of the Monster Society of Evil which stages an assault on the Rock of Eternity . The evil god of magic Oggar summons an evil army from the sands and dust of Egypt for Adam to lead after muting Billy with his magic . Despite being defeated , they escape . Shazam ! : the new beginning ( edit ) Adam 's origin is revised for the 1987 miniseries Shazam ! The New Beginning . In this timeline , Adam was not banished to the depths of the universe , but to another dimension . The need for Captain Marvel to oppose him is made an integral reason for why Billy Batson is recruited by Shazam . Soon after that call , the corrupted champion is drawn from the netherworld by an inter-dimensional transport device created by Dr. Sivana . After being drawn from the netherworld he speaks only in Egyptian ( he also has lightly tan skin ) and he uses the Wisdom of Zehuti to learn English . The character is revealed to be far more cruel and ruthless than his present incarnation . Soon after he appears , he destroys Sivana 's machine and is about to kill him . Adam then figures he needs a guide in this new world , and makes Sivana his slave instead . He admires the new world , which he describes as such : `` Interesting city , whose towers dwarf even the temples of Memphis ... wagons , which move without beasts to pull them ( cars ) ... even a vast bridge of metal , spanning water as wide as even the Nile itself at flood ! '' When battling Captain Marvel , Adam , with his super-strength , holds an airplane full of passengers , and blackmails the hero into departing . After that , he kidnaps the airplane full of passengers , hiding all of them in the sea . Fortunately , Captain Marvel is successful in banishing Black Adam to the netherworld again , and saves the people . Fictional character biography ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The power of Shazam ! : revised origin ( edit ) ( Left to right ) Blaze , Shazam , and Black Adam , on the cover of The Power of Shazam ! # 10 ( 1995 ) . Art by Jerry Ordway . Black Adam is reintroduced to the DC Universe in The Power of Shazam ! graphic novel by Jerry Ordway in 1994 . In that story and the subsequent Power of Shazam ! ongoing series , Adam is a deadly and evil adversary for Captain Marvel . In this revised origin , Teth - Adam is the son of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II , and impresses one of the high priests , the wizard Shazam , with his good deeds . The wizard gives Teth - Adam the power to become the superhero Mighty - Adam by speaking the name `` Shazam '' , an acronym for Mighty Adam 's powers : the stamina of Shu , the swiftness of Heru ( Horus ) , the strength of Amon , the wisdom of Zehuti ( Thoth ) , the power of Aton , and the courage of Mehen . He does not draw powers from Shazam due to the demoness Blaze making a deal with the Egyptian god Set . Mighty Adam serves as Egypt 's champion for many centuries , but becomes corrupted by the charms of a mysterious woman , revealed to be Shazam 's evil daughter Blaze in disguise . The bewitched Adam is convinced that he and his mistress should rule Egypt , so he kills the Pharaoh and appoints himself ruler . Shazam learns of this treachery and strips Adam of his powers , encasing them in a mystical scarab necklace . Adam 's depowered body rapidly experiences the aging process that the magic had staved off , and the former hero withers away into a dried cadaver in seconds . Shazam buries both the body and the scarab in the tomb of Ramesses II , where he plans for it to remain for all eternity . In death , the former hero is referred to as `` Khem - Adam '' ( `` Black Adam '' ) . Disillusioned by what he perceived as Adam 's betrayal , Shazam waits several millennia before appointing a second champion to fight evil in his name . Thousands of years later , during the late 20th century , an unscrupulous archaeological aide named Theo Adam finds himself assigned to the Malcolm Expedition , financed by the Sivana Foundation to excavate the tomb of Ramesses II . Adam uncovers Khem - Adam 's tomb in a secret passageway , and leads his superiors , C.C. Batson and his wife Marilyn , to the discovery . Upon first sight of Khem - Adam 's scarab , Theo Adam becomes obsessed with the artifact , and kills both Batsons in order to steal it . Escaping Egypt , Theo Adam soon made his way back to America . The Batsons ' son , Billy , has been left behind in the United States , and is drafted by Shazam to become the wizard 's second champion , Captain Marvel . When Theo Adam first encounters Captain Marvel , he notes both Marvel 's identical appearance to C.C. Batson and the lightning - bolt insignia on Marvel 's chest that had also decorated Khem - Adam 's tomb . Adam therefore has a revelation , and realizes that he is a reincarnation of Khem - Adam . Grasping his stolen scarab , Adam speaks Shazam 's name and is transformed into the super-powered Black Adam . Black Adam reveals himself to Captain Marvel as the Batsons ' killer , and the two battle . Captain Marvel emerges victorious by snatching Adam 's scarab , and therefore his power , away from him . However he saves him from being crushed by a falling building . Marvel brings Theo Adam to Shazam , who wipes Adam 's memory and takes away his voice , so that he can not access his powers . This solution proves temporary , as Blaze reenters her former lover 's life and helps restore his voice , his memory , and access to his powers . JSA series : Black Adam reforms ( edit ) Artwork for the cover of JSA # 41 ( 2003 ) featuring Shazam 's champions , Captain Marvel and Black Adam . Art by Rags Morales . Although Adam appears during the Power of Shazam ! ongoing series ' first year of publication as a villain , towards the end of the series ' run , Adam returns and announces that Black Adam and Theo Adam are separate personalities . Black Adam stands trial again for the murders of the Batsons , and is acquitted when it is revealed that his fingerprints do not match those of Theo Adam 's . The reformed Black Adam is still vulnerable to his murderous host 's influence , and he attacks the Justice Society of America under Theo Adam 's control in JSA # 6 ( 1999 ) . In subsequent issues , Adam joins supervillain Johnny Sorrow 's Injustice Society after Sorrow removes a malignant brain tumor from Adam 's brain . He is sent to battle Wildcat , and easily defeats him , showing how easily he could kill him by taking him about 25000 feet above the ground -- just high enough for them to talk while unable to go any higher without the human Wildcat freezing or suffocating -- explaining the different ways he could kill him , and asking what he will give for his life . He shows him the Rock of Eternity where Sorrow has turned Shazam to stone with his cursed face that usually kills those that see him , also making contact with the Spectre , who provides them with additional information . Adam soon betrays Sorrow , and he and the JSA defeat the Injustice Society . Black Adam briefly gives Flash the speed of Heru enabling him to defeat Johnny Sorrow by hitting him at near - lightspeed when he is paralyzed after Doctor Mid-Nite showed Sorrow a previously recorded image of his own face , sending him from Earth to another dimension . Flash meets Black Adam in the past , where he has been sent due to the great speed he travelled at , and again uses his speed , this time to return to his own time . After the Flash returns , Black Adam helps the JSA battle the Sin - Eater , a Thanagarian demon . Claiming to be free of Theo 's evil influence again , a repentant Black Adam requests membership in the Justice Society , and is granted a probationary membership in JSA # 21 ( 2002 ) . During their tenure on JSA , writers Geoff Johns and David S. Goyer redefined Adam 's personality and background , focusing on the character 's old - fashioned and militant ideals of justice , and his officious and strongly opinionated attitude . Despite this , he has stated on many occasions that he respects the Justice Society , particularly members such as Jay Garrick . Several other JSA members are shown to be skeptical of Adam 's reformation ; primary among them is Atom Smasher , who later becomes Adam 's close friend after Adam sympathises with his decision to kill the near - immortal Extant to save his mother . The writers also created added tension in the book by having Captain Marvel , who is wholly unconvinced that Adam has reformed , join the team . One JSA story arc ( issues 39 through 44 ) features Marvel , Hawkgirl , and Mr. Terrific venturing back in time to ancient Egypt , where they meet Mighty Adam before his corruption . During this visit , Mighty Adam is grateful to meet Captain Marvel , as Marvel 's presence demonstrates that his legacy will survive him even with his children gone , and , when Marvel transforms back into Billy Batson , Adam expresses admiration for the young man 's ability to handle the power of Shazam at such a young age , something he doubts he could have achieved himself . After returning to the present , Marvel notes that he has a better understanding of Adam 's motives now after learning about the loss of Adam 's family , but Adam rebuffs the offer , commenting that Marvel can not truly understand him , stating that , while they are not enemies , they will never be friends . Johns and Goyer used this story arc to slightly alter Adam 's origin . The hero now hails from the fictional North African nation of Kahndaq , not Egypt , although he serves for the Egyptian prince Khufu ( who is later reincarnated as JSA member Hawkman ) . The character of Blaze is completely removed from the origin story , and Adam 's rage is described as having resulted from the conquering of Kahndaq ( and the murder of his wife and children ) at the hands of a magically powered supervillain named Ahk - ton ( whose powers resemble future hero Metamorpho ) , who is working with the notorious DC immortal Vandal Savage . Mighty Adam kills Ahk - ton during the struggle , and returns to Kahndaq to reclaim it by any means necessary , including murder . The wizard Shazam does not agree with Adam 's actions , and robs Adam of his powers and kills him . JSA : Black Reign ( edit ) Kahndaq 's rulers : Black Adam 's vigilante group , on the cover art for JSA # 56 . Art by John Watson . In JSA # 45 ( 2003 ) , Black Adam and his teammate Atom Smasher both defect from the Justice Society . During the next few issues , Adam forms his own organization , which administers justice the way Adam wants it : `` an eye for an eye '' . His roster includes a mix of DC heroes and villains , including Atom Smasher , Brainwave ( who is possessed by Mister Mind ) , Northwind and the rest of the society of Feithera , Nemesis , and former JSA museum curator Alex Montez , the human host of the demon Eclipso . Adam 's collective executes Kobra , a villain who has been acquitted by the legal justice system ( Albeit because his followers had threatened to blow themselves up if he was n't released ) when the JSA could have spared them his escape and the hassle of a trial by simply killing him when he was first captured . Adam then turns his attentions to his old homeland of Kahndaq , now ruled by a militant dictator whose actions had long been ignored by the United Nations . Late 2003 began the publication of a JSA / Hawkman crossover story arc titled `` Black Reign '' , written by Geoff Johns alone , which features Adam and his militia 's hostile takeover of Kahndaq . A war soon breaks out , with Adam , his comrades , and the Kahndaqi people on one side , and the Justice Society on the other . The dictator is finally killed by Atom Smasher . By the end of the arc , the JSA leaves Adam in control of Kahndaq , provided that he does not leave its borders , convincing him that he can not enforce his rule on the world or he is no better than the dictator he 'd defeated . Brainwave is saved by the JSA , Mister Mind is apprehended thanks to the Atom infiltrating Brainwave 's head - as part of an undercover mission to confirm whether Adam was brainwashing his comrades - and Nemesis and Alex both die during the battle when Alex loses control of Eclipso . Only Northwind and Atom Smasher remain at Adam 's side , with Atom Smasher later leaving when a time - travelling clash with Degaton results in him meeting Al Pratt in the 1950s and re-evaluating his past motivations . As Kahndaq 's ruler , Adam is depicted as fiercely working to protect his people and his nation , although his arrogance is still a handicap ; when the Spectre attacked Khandaq after being corrupted by Eclipso , Black Adam actually told his people that the JSA were also their enemy because he did n't want to give his people the impression that he needed help to protect them , despite the fact that he was clearly outmatched by the Spectre 's power . Infinite Crisis ( edit ) Black Adam is featured heavily in DC 's 2005 Infinite Crisis crossover , primarily in the Villains United miniseries as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains ( which he only joins to protect Kahndaq from the Society ) . Concurrently , in JSA , Atom Smasher leaves Adam 's side to return to the JSA . The Society is run by Alexander Luthor , Jr. , a character from the alternate world Earth - Three , who disguises himself as the Lex Luthor of the post-Crisis Earth . The Infinite Crisis limited series centers around Alexander Luthor 's plan to restore the Multiverse . Needing a member of the Marvel Family to power the apparatus he has designed to recreate the alternate Earths of the Multiverse , Luthor has the Society betray and capture Black Adam . With the help of the mind - controlling powers of the Psycho - Pirate , Luthor is able to control Adam and have him call down the magic Shazam lightning bolt to fuel the apparatus ; the Spectre 's rampage during the Day of Vengeance storyline has reverted all magic in the DC Universe to a raw , chaotic structure , and the death of the wizard Shazam has transformed him into a tether that can be used to harness the magic , allowing Alexander to use any member of the Marvel family to power his equipment if the wizard 's name is spoken . By the end of the miniseries , Black Adam is freed by Superboy and Nightwing . Adam quickly kills Psycho - Pirate and , following a failed attempt to defeat Superboy - Prime ( which reveals that magic does not affect Superboy - Prime , as Adam 's blows allegedly only ' tickled ' ) , he is transported to Earth - 5 when he is punched too far from the Tower by Superboy - Prime . He joins the heroes , ( although he is generally regarded as being on his own side by the other combatants ) , in the Battle of Metropolis , destroying Amazo shortly after his arrival . 52 ( edit ) Main article : 52 ( comics ) Artwork for the cover of 52 Week Twelve featuring Adam and Isis . Art by J.G. Jones . Black Adam appears as a featured character in DC 's weekly 52 comic book . Depicted as the violent protector of the nation of Kahndaq , Adam kills several supervillains in public and on television to demonstrate his views . As a result , he is distrusted by the superhuman community . In 52 , DC introduces Adrianna Tomaz , the ' most beautiful slave from Egypt ' offered to Adam by Intergang as a token to curry his favor , along with $2,000,000 in African gold . Black Adam sends Intergang a message by killing Noose , by tearing his face apart , and sending the rest of the Intergang members home , leaving Adrianna behind . During Week 10 , he creates an international metahuman coalition against the perceived metahuman supremacy of the United States . He gets members of the Great Ten of China , and Russia 's Rocket Reds among others , to join the coalition . Adrianna begins to counsel him and stays as a refugee . She makes him a ruler who shows more mercy and commits charitable acts . In Week 12 of the series , Adam gains a magical amulet , hidden on the scarab in which Shazam imprisoned him . With help from Captain Marvel , who first thinks Adam is trying to attack him , he transforms Adrianna into the superheroine Isis . Four weeks later , in Week 16 , he proposes with a jewel given to Cleopatra by Caesar , and the two are married under the auspice of Captain Marvel and the rest of the Marvel Family , with Mary as bridesmaid . Renee Montoya and the Question prevent a suicide bomber , a child sent by Intergang , from ruining the wedding . For this they are awarded the country 's highest honor , the Order of the Scarab , by Black Adam , although he is furious to find Renee is missing the ceremony while sleeping with a Khandaqan woman from sorrow over killing a child . In 52 Week 23 , Black Adam and Isis , with the assistance of the Question and Renee Montoya , find Isis ' brother Amon . Due to a failed escape attempt , Amon suffers near - fatal wounds from repeated beatings , meaning that he will never walk again . In order to save his life Black Adam bestows a portion of his own power on the boy , as Captain Marvel did for Captain Marvel Jr . Isis ' brother then becomes a new addition to the Marvel Family under the name Osiris . They help the Marvels beat the demonic Sabbac using their lightning strike on Halloween when he tries to sacrifice children to the demon Neron while several stories high . He is then moved to an unknown location . The Black Marvel family also has a charity dinner from Venus Sivana , during which Osiris first meets a talking crocodile ( whom Osiris names Sobek ) . Osiris is accepted into the Teen Titans . Upon returning from a mission , he and the rest of the Black Marvel Family are attacked by the Suicide Squad . The Black Marvels defeat the Squad , but not before footage of them in battle ( including Osiris ' accidental killing of a Squad member who was attacking Isis ) is captured by Amanda Waller , who uses it to further ruin the Black Marvel Family 's reputation . Meanwhile , Khandaq is struck with a number of natural disasters , which seem to have a supernatural origin . He engages in more beneficial activities , like a charity dinner with the Sivanas . Wracked with guilt over the death of the Persuader , Osiris ventures to the Rock of Eternity and pleads with Captain Marvel to have his powers removed , as he fears Black Adam 's influence ( and those of his gods ) has tainted him with evil . Black Adam arrives and the two battle until subdued by Isis and the Marvels . Osiris relents , seemingly accepting that he has repented enough for Persuader 's death , and accompanies the Black Marvel Family back home . However , when Osiris and his friend Sobek , the talking crocodile , are alone , he admits that he was only putting up a front to appease those around him , and that he could never forgive himself for killing anyone , as Black Adam has . Sobek advises Osiris that he should say Black Adam 's name and rid himself of the powers he has come to hate . Osiris does so , only to be betrayed and brutally devoured by Sobek , while in his mortal form . Isis and Adam confront Sobek after finding Osiris ' body , who reveals that he is Famine , the Fourth Horseman of Apokolips , one of four creatures created by Intergang to attack Black Adam . Adam swiftly disposes of Sobek by hyper - elongating his jaws , and does battle with the other three Horsemen . One of them , Pestilence , infects Isis with a deadly disease before Adam kills him and his partner War . A gravely ill Isis saves Adam from Death using her powers to send Death into the sky with a geyser of lava , and tells Adam with her dying breaths that she was wrong to try to change his views on justice , and that he should avenge both her and Osiris . World War III ( edit ) Main article : World War III ( DC Comics ) Cover to 52 Week Fifty . Art by J.G. Jones . After the funeral in honor of his family , Adam attacks the neighboring Intergang - associated nation of Bialya in search of Death . Sick with grief over the death of his family , Adam proceeds to exterminate the entire 2,000,000 citizen population of Bialya in his hunt for his target . Upon confronting his family 's killer , the enraged Adam battles a greatly enhanced Death , who has been feeding on the slaughter of Bialya 's population . Despite his enhanced strength , Death was defeated by Adam with a barrage of mystic lightning . While torturing Death for an entire day , Adam learns the identity and where - abouts of the Horsemen 's masters , flying off to Oolong Island in search of the Science Squad . He easily gets past their defenses , even a weapon equivalent to the meteorite that killed the dinosaurs proving incapable of stopping him . However , Adam is subdued by the scientists , who projected a dimensional field into his mind the size of a football field , rendering him powerless . They then use an electro - crown to reroute his body 's impulses and hold him as a prisoner . Dr. Sivana tortures Adam for weeks using the electrical crown , which only serves to enrage Adam further , who vows to tear them all apart . The `` Science Squad '' makes a worldwide announcement that they plan to sell Black Adam as a living weapon to the highest bidder , resulting in the Justice Society assaulting the island to free Adam . It is revealed that Chang Tzu had built the Horsemen under orders of China , who wanted Adam and his family to be assassinated after Adam withdrew from the Freedom of Power Treaty . Adam refuses to be taken into custody for the destruction of Bialya , despite the requests of Atom - Smasher , once more flying off to seek revenge for the death of his family . Enraged to the point of madness , Black Adam launched a week - long attack against the heroes of the world , referred to afterward as `` World War III '' . Tearing across the globe , Adam destroys many historical landmarks , including the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the Egyptian pyramids in his battle with dozens of superheroes who attempt to stop him . After fighting and defeating the Marvel Family , the Global Guardians , the Doom Patrol , and the Teen Titans resulting in the deaths of Young Frankenstein and Terra , Adam 's path of destruction eventually moves through China . Adam 's sustained assault finally prompts the decimated Chinese superhero team the Great Ten to allow the Justice Society and a coalition of other American metahumans onto Chinese soil in an attempt to stop Adam . Captain Marvel pleads with the Egyptian Gods to stop Black Adam 's rampage , but the Gods laughingly inform Marvel that Black Adam has their blessing . Although he failed to remove Black Adam 's powers , Captain Marvel gathers with a group of mystics , including Zatanna and the Phantom Stranger , to work a spell which would allow him to use his powers to transform Black Adam back to his human form instead of himself . Green Lantern ( Alan Scott ) and Power Girl restrained Black Adam as they dragged him into the lightning 's path , but the resulting blast tears him from their hands . Teth - Adam , once again human , escaped with the aid of Atom Smasher , who carried him to safety after saving him from his fall . After Adam was depowered , Marvel also changed Adam 's magic word with his abilities as the new guardian of the Rock of Eternity , keeping it secret to prevent him from ever regaining his powers . Left mortal , Adam wandered the Middle East , attempting to guess the word that would restore his power . Countdown / Black Adam : the dark Age ( edit ) Black Adam 's quest to gain his powers back between the events of 52 and Countdown was depicted in a six - issue miniseries entitled Black Adam : The Dark Age , published from late 2007 to early 2008 . Sometime after his defeat in World War III , Adam gathers a small band of Kahndaqi men who still remain loyal to Adam , and sneaks into a heavily guarded and war - torn Kahndaq in disguise ( having had his minions beat him mercilessly to alter his appearance ) to retrieve the bones of Isis . The men kill the guards at the tomb , and get Isis ' remains . Most of Adam 's men perish in a battle with a band of soldiers waiting for Adam at the tomb , but Adam manages to escape with Isis ' remains . When the Justice Society later arrives at the scene following the shootout , Atom Smasher finds Isis ' left ring finger and wedding ring , which Adam accidentally dropped during his escape . One of Adam 's loyal servants , Hassan , the last surviving , offers himself as food to Adam to help him survive across the mountains . Adam takes Isis ' bones to a Lazarus Pit in the Himalayas with the intentions of using it to resurrect her , but can not complete the process without either using all of Isis ' bones ( including the missing ring finger ) or her magical amulet , which has gone missing . He makes his way to Doctor Fate 's tower looking for the amulet , and finds supervillain sorcerer Felix Faust , who was trapped in the tower by Ralph Dibny during 52 . Faust reveals to Adam that Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. broke Isis ' amulet into several pieces and scattered them across the globe . Realizing that Isis is powerful enough to free him from the tower , Faust agrees to help Adam locate the pieces of the amulet . He enacts a spell which allows Teth - Adam to transform into Black Adam by drawing from the residual magic remaining in Isis ' bones , with Adam using her name as a magic word . However , Faust warns Adam to use his powers only when absolutely necessary , lest Adam drain all of Isis ' remaining power and make her resurrection impossible . Using a homing signal etched into his hand by Faust , Adam sets out across the globe hunting down the pieces of Isis ' amulet . At the same time , the Justice Society is working with the Marvels to perfect a way of using the Shazam lightning bolt to track Black Adam and bring him to justice . In addition , a hired team of armed vigilantes covertly funded by the U.S. and several other nations is hunting Adam as well , and have developed an `` Eternity bullet '' - manufactured from shards of the Rock of Eternity - which can penetrate Adam 's skin and kill him . Despite these challenges , Adam is able to retrieve all of the pieces of Isis ' amulet ( and Atom Smasher meets with Adam in secret to give him Isis ' ring finger , though he keeps the ring to himself ) . Adam spends the entire quest reciting the names of streets , signs , locations , moods , and emotions in hopes of stumbling upon his new magic word . At the very end of his quest , Teth - Adam walks into a Fawcett City malt shop and orders a chocolate egg cream - only to find that `` chocolate egg cream '' is what Captain Marvel changed his magic word to . With his original powers restored , Adam flies to Fate 's Tower and confronts Faust . He tells Faust that if he crosses him he will come after them . Faust attempts to resurrect Isis and apparently succeeds , but the resurrection fails , and Isis ' bones crumble to the floor after swearing eternal hate on her husband . Faust blames Black Adam for using Isis ' power too much , and distraught , Black Adam flies away , ending up in Gotham City . It is , however , revealed that the bones that Faust showed to Black Adam belonged to Ralph Dibny , and Faust resurrects Isis . With her under his power , Faust creates a door , and exits the tower . In Countdown # 47 ( June 2007 ) , a depowered Mary Marvel who is being chased by criminals stumbles upon Black Adam , hiding out at the former Kahndaqi embassy in Gotham City , who kills the criminals , and she finds that he has killed several others that have had the misfortune to find their way into the building . It appears that Adam is about to harm Mary as well as he starts strangling her , but instead , he transfers all of his powers to her ( including those he recovered from Isis ) . He departs in his mortal form after she frees him from a wall that has toppled on him . Final Crisis ( edit ) Black Adam is featured in Final Crisis # 5 , assisting a small group of Earth 's heroes , many of whom he fought before , in battling against Darkseid 's forces . Black Adam battles Mary Marvel and perceives a `` leering old man '' inside of her . He attempts to kill her but is stopped by Tawky Tawny and Shazam ( Freddy Freeman ) . Adam is subdued by enemy forces . Justice Society of America ( edit ) A brooding , disparaged Black Adam appears in Justice Society of America # 16 ( 2008 ) , hiding in the tomb of Isis and Osiris and killing potential looters , along with sleeping in the coffins . He reveals through narration that the whole meaning of his power transfer to Mary Marvel was the hope that her innocence would eventually force Mary into surrendering back his power to him , but changed enough to allow Isis ' rebirth . After the attempt failed , Adam returned to his state of mourning and anger . Adam 's mourning is cut short , however , when he discovers a bloodied flower in his shrine , believing it a sign from Isis . Despite her powers and consciousness being heavily sedated by Felix Faust 's spells , Isis manages to use her powers to create a trail of flowers ( including a batch in the shape of the Shazam lightning bolt symbol ) to lead Adam to where Faust has been holding her captive . Finding Isis and freeing her from Faust 's control , Black Adam then journeys to the Rock of Eternity and battles Billy Batson ( now Marvel , the wizard of the Rock of Eternity , rather than Captain Marvel ) , using the same scarab necklace that once imprisoned him to strip Billy of his powers with help from Isis sending lightning at Marvel and use them to take control of the Rock of Eternity . Isis plans to use the power of the Rock to `` cleanse the earth '' of all of humankind , which she sees as irrevocably evil . Black Adam and Isis are even able to convince Mary Marvel to join their crusade . The Black Marvels are soon challenged by the Justice Society , who has come to the aid of the powerless Billy Batson when he was trying to summon Freddy . During the course of the fight , the combatants end up in Kahndaq , where the people praise Black Adam 's return . Isis then kills several of the followers , claiming that they are tainted by this new Earth . Black Adam attempts to protect his people , only to be attacked by Mary and Billy , who had been tainted by Mary 's power . At that point , Jay Garrick ( who had earlier been thrown by Isis into the mists surrounding the Rock of Eternity ) appears with the spirit of Billy 's father , and Shazam , whom the two had recovered from the Rock of Finality , where he had been imprisoned in a statue . Adam is convinced to return his power to Shazam , so that he could save Isis from her corruption . In turn , Shazam - who is furious at the misuse of the power he behested on his champions - takes the power from Isis , Billy , and Mary , and transforms Teth - Adam and Adrianna into statues . Sometime later a shadowy figure appears in a bolt of lightning , gloating that Shazam has given him new champions to play with . After the Blackest Night storyline , the resurrected Osiris returns to Khandaq , vowing to restore the kingdom to its former prosperity . Osiris takes the petrified bodies of Adam and Isis and flies off to an unknown destination . After failing to revive Adam and Adriana , Osiris enlists in Deathstroke 's new team of Titans in hopes of finding a way to save them . He has been told to resurrect Isis , but not Adam , which he does by killing people with his lightning by saying Isis . The new 52 ( 2011 - 2016 ) ( edit ) In The New 52 ( a reboot of the DC Comics universe ) , Black Adam was mentioned by Dr. Sivana while listening to witness reports of the wizard Shazam . Sivana mentions that Black Adam was a slave who was teleported from his prison cell to the Rock of Eternity and granted his powers by the wizard . Adam then went on to save Kahndaq from the Seven Deadly Sins before vanishing . During Dr. Sivana 's explanation , drawings of Black Adam are shown in a historical text , displaying a slightly different look from his previous incarnations . Dr. Sivana later uses his new - found magic eye inside of some ruins to read a magically hidden hieroglyph that makes the wall explode , releasing Black Adam from his tomb . Adam is then shown in a revamped version of his original costume , which includes a cape , hood , and a metallic belt instead of a sash . His lightning bolt appears as an opening into his body with magical energy visibly inside of him . In Black Adam 's subsequent pursuit of Shazam , Billy is shown the beginning of Black Adam 's origin . It centers around the story of Aman , a Kahndaqi boy who was thrust into abuse and slavery long ago . Thinking that he can surely relate and connect with another boy who has suffered like he has , Billy ( without hearing the rest of the tale ) rushes to Black Adam and tries to reason with him . To his surprise , Black Adam simply grabs him and tells him he `` knows nothing '' . Black Adam shows Billy the rest of his origin , which reveals that Aman had an uncle ( who helped Aman escape slavery ) , whose name was Adam . Adam was injured during their escape , and when Aman was chosen by the wizard to be his champion , Aman shared his power with Adam to heal him . Afterwards , although Aman wanted to use his new power to help his people and cure his former slavemasters of their evil souls , Adam only sought vengeance against those who had enslaved them . To this end , when Aman called down the lightning , Adam seemingly killed Aman so that he himself was the sole recipient of the power . However , the details of Aman 's `` death '' are not shown , leaving his fate open to speculation . Black Adam refers to Aman 's `` sacrifice '' , and tells Billy that he will go to any lengths to `` free this world from those who enslave it '' . In the finale of Shazam 's origin story , Black Adam holds Billy 's foster siblings hostage and demands he give up his power or they will die . But instead of giving Black Adam his power , he shares it with his foster siblings , empowering them as `` Shazams '' , as well . Together , they fight Black Adam and the `` host '' that the seven sins have inhabited . Eventually , the collateral damage endangers civilians , so Billy orders them to save the people while he alone battles Black Adam . He finally realizes that his knowledge of his newly acquired powers can not defeat Adam , who has much more experience using his magic , and decides to change back into his child form . As normal teenager Billy , he challenges Black Adam to also change ( into Teth - Adam ) to make it a `` fair '' fight . After some convincing , he does so , but because he has been alive for centuries due only to his `` Black Adam form '' , as a normal human he quickly ages and turns to dust . During the Forever Evil storyline , revolutionaries in Kahndaq use an ancient scroll to attempt to revive Black Adam so he will be their champion once again to save them from their oppressive ruler . A man named Amon begins to read the ancient spell , but before he can complete it , the military attacks them . Amon , injured , makes his sister Adrianna complete the spell which revives Black Adam . He proceeds to defeat the military forces and kills the Kahndaqi ruler . Acting as Kahndaq 's protector again , Black Adam sees the Crime Syndicate 's message `` The World is Ours '' and gets angered saying `` this world belongs to no one ! '' When Jimmy Olsen activates his Superman signal when confronted by Ultraman , Black Adam answers the call and ends up fighting Ultraman . Ultraman manages to defeat Black Adam by breaking his jaw and throws him unconscious into the ocean . Black Manta managed to fish Black Adam out of the ocean when he meets up with Lex Luthor . Lex Luthor works on resuscitating Black Adam . When it comes to the final battle against the Crime Syndicate , Black Adam and Sinestro move the moon where the sun ends up weakening Ultraman . In the aftermath of the battle against the Crime Syndicate , it was stated that the villains who helped to stop the Crime Syndicate would have their criminal records wiped . Black Adam and Sinestro did n't care about that and left in their separate ways , along with the other villains . Powers and abilities ( edit ) When Teth Adam / Theo Adam says the magic word `` Shazam '' , he is transformed into Black Adam and granted the following powers derived from ancient Egyptian gods : S for the stamina of Shu Using Shu 's virtually unlimited stamina , Black Adam can withstand and survive most types of extreme physical assaults . Additionally , he does not need to eat , sleep , or breathe and can survive unaided in space . His godly metabolism provides him with far greater than human potency in all physical activities . Sustained by the magical energies coursing through his body , Adam is immortal . for the swiftness of Heru By channeling Heru 's supernatural speed , Black Adam can move at sub-light speeds in orbit . In outer space , Black Adam can fly at trans - light speeds , while on Earth he has been depicted running at a maximum Mach 500 . He was able to give his speed to the Golden Age Flash , running at incredible speeds with him . for the strength of Amon Black Adam has a phenomenal level of super strength , able to easily bend steel , punch through walls , produce powerful shockwaves by clapping his hands , and lift massive objects . Adam 's strength is generally depicted of being on levels equal to those of Superman and Captain Marvel , though some writers have portrayed his strength as possibly outmatching them . On at least one occasion , he has been able to hold his own against an assemblage of the Justice League , Justice Society , Great Ten , Martian Manhunter ( who has strength depicted as close to Superman ) and the Teen Titans . Z for the wisdom of Zehuti Black Adam has instant access to a vast level of scholarly knowledge , which allows him to know multiple languages . The wisdom of Zehuti also provides him with counsel and advice in times of need . for the power of Aton Aton 's power allows Black Adam to fly , fuels the magic lightning bolt that transforms Adam , further enhances Adam 's superhuman physical abilities , and provides magical resistance against a massive amount of magic spells and attacks . Adam can use the lightning bolt as a weapon by dodging it and allowing it to strike an opponent or target . It allows him to travel to the Rock of Eternity , thus allowing interdimensional and time travel . for the courage of Mehen This aspect is primarily psychological and spiritual . Mehen 's courage endows Black Adam superhuman amounts of inner strength , willpower , discipline and resolve from which to draw upon in times of hopelessness , and possibly great fighting skills . He is constantly supported by a harmonious presence of good will and unflinching courage that he never backs down from a challenge or feels any dilapidating amount of fear or despair , even in the face of the most intimidating of opponents . His strength of mind renders him resistant to telepathy and mind control . In some depictions , the courage of Mehen also provides a degree of his physical invulnerability to harm . Additionally , Adam 's senses are acutely sharpened , as he claimed to be able to smell Felix Faust 's sweat . Black Adam has repeatedly been described as a warrior who had proven himself to be highly skilled even before he was given the power of Shazam . He has recently acquired the Power of the Goddess Isis , making him stronger than ever . When Black Adam utters the magic word he not only gains his usual powers but all of his original powers are greater in strength because of the extra power he gains from Isis . The Power of Isis should also grant him control of nature and telekinesis , although he has not shown these abilities . Saying the magic word again initially changes Black Adam back into Theo Adam , although when the Spectre strips him of his powers during the Black Vengeance affair , he reverts to Teth Adam , the ancient Khandaqi warrior who was Mighty Adam . Subsequent depictions in the 52 maxi - series also showed Teth Adam as Black Adam 's default mortal identity . However , Black Adam very rarely voluntarily changes back to his non-powered form . In DCnU continuity Adams ' powers were vastly different as opposed to his previous power set . As revealed in the journeys of his successor , The Wizard ( Mamaragan ) initially gave the gift of SHAZAM to a host worthy Mortal but the powers that blessed his champion came of a deal struck with six old gods from across mythologies . yet again his powerset has been altered when he was last resurrected through a mystic textile by `` The Sons 's of Adam '' giving him his current abilities tying him to six new gods of Egyptian history . his old powers were bestowed to him via link to the specific figures traditionally likened to the letters in the name Shazam each represent a specific superhuman ability : S for the Wisdom of Solomon As Black Adam , Teth has instant access to a vast amount of scholarly knowledge , including most known languages and sciences . He has exceptional photographic recall and mental acuity , allowing him to read and decipher hieroglyphs , recall everything he has ever learned , and solve long mathematical equations . He also has a great understanding of divine phenomena in the mortal world . for the Strength of Hercules Hercules ' power grants Teth / Black Adam immense superhuman strength , making him one of DC Comics ' strongest characters . He is able to easily bend steel , punch through walls , and lift massive objects . In the New 52 comics , his strength is comparable to that of a demigod . for the Stamina of Atlas Using Atlas ' stamina , Black Adam can withstand and survive most types of extreme physical assaults , and heal from them . In some stories , the stamina of Atlas makes Teth / Black Adam nearly invulnerable . The stamina of Atlas also prevents him from getting tired . Z for the Power of Zeus Zeus ' power , besides fueling the magic thunderbolt that transforms Black Adam , also enhances Adam 's other physical and mental abilities , and grants him resistance against all magic spells and attacks . The hero can use the lightning bolt as a weapon by dodging it and allowing it to strike an opponent or other target . The magic lightning has several uses , such as creating apparatus , restoring damage done to the hero , and providing fuel for magic spells . The current - continuity version of Teth is able to personally generate and control lightning for various uses . He also can use it readily from his fingertips . The power of Zeus also enhances the levels of Adam 's other powers as well . for the Courage of Achilles This aspect gives Teth Adam / Black Adam the courage and bravery of Achilles . It also aids the hero 's mental fortitude against most mental attacks . for the Speed of Mercury By channeling Mercury 's speed , Adam can move at superhuman speeds and fly , enabling him to fly faster than the speed of light . After his resuscitation Adams abilities harnessed from the gods later reverted to his Egyptian pantheon . Other versions ( edit ) Billy Batson and the magic of Shazam ! ( edit ) Black Adam is the primary villain of the first story arc of the Johnny DC comic book series Billy Batson and the Magic of Shazam ! by Mike Kunkel , an all - ages series which follows its own continuity derived from Jeff Smith 's 2007 miniseries Shazam ! The Monster Society of Evil . Black Adam appeared in the first four issues of Billy Batson , published between late 2008 and early 2009 . In this version , Black Adam 's alter ego , Theo Adam , is a fourteen - year - old boy , although much of the rest of his backstory remains true to the original Fawcett version of the character . Within the context of the story , the wizard Shazam imprisoned the errant Theo Adam in an alternate dimension during the days of ancient Egypt , only for Adam to become free after a battle between Captain Marvel and Mister Mind opens a hole which allows Adam to escape . However , Theo Adam has forgotten the magic word ( `` Shazam '' ) which will transform him into Black Adam , but after learning that young Billy Batson has taken over the role of Shazam 's champion as Captain Marvel , Theo calls upon the help of the Seven Deadly Enemies of Man and captures Billy , attempting to force Billy into telling him the word . When Billy 's sister Mary finds her brother captured , she transforms into Mary Marvel to save him , only to have Adam overhear her , repeat the word , and become Black Adam again . Flashpoint ( edit ) In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event , Black Adam challenged the Outsider , who used technology to summon the magic lightning to change him back to Teth Adam . He is then knocked off the train they were fighting on , suffering severe injuries afterward . Black Adam is later killed by J'onn J'onzz . Jla / avengers ( edit ) Black Adam is among the mind - controlled villains who attack the heroes as they assault Krona 's Stronghold in # 4 . He is shown being defeated by Marvel 's Captain Mar - Vell . Futures end ( edit ) In the alternate future of Futures End , Black Adam was imprisoned within the Phantom Zone by Superman ( who is actually Billy Batson / Shazam ) . When Ray Palmer , Amethyst , and Frankenstein travel through the Phantom Zone , their ship is forced to its normal size and reveals itself to the dimension 's occupants including Black Adam . He attacks the ship and rips off Frankenstein 's arm but the trio manage to escape from the Phantom Zone . When Ray becomes the new leader of Stormwatch , he frees Black Adam from the Phantom Zone , promising to take him back to Earth , to help save Hawkman , Amethyst , and Frankenstein from Brainiac . Black Adam repeatedly calls down lightning bolts to shock Brainiac , giving the others time to escape and he joins them later on , fighting off Brainiac 's robots . Black Adam makes it safely to Earth with the rest of the new Stormwatch and fights against Father Time 's forces when he arrives to take the Engineer . He soon returns to Earth afterwards . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Black Adam in 1981 's Shazam ! animated series . Adam appeared in the Shazam ! portion of The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam ! episode `` Black Adam 's Return '' voiced by Lou Scheimer . His origin is similar to the Pre-Crisis Black Adam . As in his original comic book appearance , he is tricked into saying `` Shazam ! '' , this time with a scroll , and turns to dust , presumably killing him . However , he returns in a later episode , `` A Little Something Extra '' : this time , after being thwarted in his scheme to destroy North America by causing a build - up of pressure in the earth 's crust , he is again tricked into saying `` Shazam '' and is sent back to the days of ancient Egypt . In this version , he was shown knowing magical spells , such as bringing a baboon in an exhibit called Thoth to life and hypnotizing Mary Marvel , in addition to his Marvel powers perhaps to level the field against the numerically superior Marvel Family . Additional powers include : freezing vision , mystical paralysis , animate statues , and teleportation . He also had mystical artifacts like a grenade which shape - changed Captain Marvel Jr. into a dog ( though Shazam managed to undo this ) . He has an associate , Princess Jemai , an ancient Egyptian princess with magical powers who resembles Isis . The character is briefly mentioned by his alter - ego 's name , Teth - Adam , during a flashback in the `` Ancient History '' episode of Justice League Unlimited . Thousands of years in the past , Egyptian troops under the command of Bashari ( who would be reincarnated in the present as John Stewart , a member of the Green Lantern Corps and the Justice League ) liberated Kahndaq from enemy rule . In gratitude , Teth - Adam gave 100 stallions to Egypt 's rulers , Katar and Shayera ( who would be reincarnated as Hawkman and Hawkgirl ) . Black Adam appears in the Batman : The Brave and the Bold episode `` The Power of Shazam '' voiced by John DiMaggio . Like in the comics , he is revealed to be Shazam 's former champion who abused his power and was banished to another planet . Batman teams up with Captain Marvel to battle him and Dr. Sivana , who wishes to usurp the magic of Shazam that gives Billy Batson his power . Adam is betrayed by Sivana , who absorbs his power , and turns Adam into an old man . After Sivana is defeated ( by Batman mispronouncing `` Shazam '' to trick Sivana into correcting him and reverting , as per Black Adam 's original comics defeat ) , Black Adam disappears with Shazam fearing his return . Black Adam 's name is mentioned in the Smallville episode `` Isis '' . A museum has a name plate that reads `` Dagger of Teth - Adam '' . Black Adam appears in the Young Justice episode `` Revelation '' . He is seen as a member of the Injustice League who frequently attacks Superboy . Black Adam appears in the Justice League Action episode `` Shazam Slam '' , voiced by Gary Cole . He first appears where he invades the Rock of Eternity . After the Wizard summons Billy Batson , Black Adam uses a special orb to intercept the lightning bolt that transforms Billy into Shazam . Upon imprisoning Billy , Black Adam tosses the Wizard out of the Rock of Eternity . Black Adam then unleashes the Brothers Djinn onto the Earth . With help from Batman , the Wizard was able to free Billy Batson where he became Shazam and defeated . Shazam then banishes Black Adam to the farthest reaches of the galaxy . Later on , Black Adam returns where he helps the remaining Brothers Djinn Abnegazar , Rath , and Nyorlath fight Superman , Wonder Woman , John Constantine , Green Arrow , Plastic Man , and Swamp Thing . The tide is turned when Batman arrives as Billy Batson transforms into Shazam where the Justice League defeats Black Adam , Abnegazar , Rath , and Nyorlath . The four of them were then thrown into a portal where John Constantine sent them someplace to where Batman could n't get the answer to from John Constantine . Film ( edit ) New Line Cinema began developing a Shazam ! live - action feature film in the early 2000s , with Peter Segal ( The Longest Yard , 50 First Dates ) attached as director and Michael Uslan as producer . Actor and former wrestler Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson agreed to appear in the film as Black Adam . The film was shelved and left unproduced in 2009 , but Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema resurrected the project after the success of DC 's own Man of Steel . Johnson is still cast as Black Adam , whose depiction will be as the modern anti-hero version of the character . Shazam ! , which will be released by New Line Cinema through parent company Warner Bros. , will be written by Jack the Giant Slayer writer Darren Lemke and released on April 5 , 2019 . In July 2017 , it was confirmed by Geoff Johns that Black Adam will no longer appear in the film . It was also announced in January 2017 that Johnson will be reprising his role as Black Adam in his own solo movie . Also , Earth to Echo writer Henry Gayden was announced as writer . In February 2017 , Lights Out director David F. Sandberg was reportedly in talks to direct . Black Adam appears in an animated short film entitled Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( released on the DC Showcase Original Shorts Collection DVD compilation as part of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies ) , voiced by Arnold Vosloo . He returns to Earth following his 5,000 years of exile to wreak havoc on Earth only to end up fighting Superman and Captain Marvel . After a long battle , he is defeated by Captain Marvel but spared his life . When Tawky Tawny arrives , Black Adam identifies him as Shazam 's lackey . To evade being banished farther from Earth , Black Adam quotes `` Shazam '' and turns into a withered old man who turns to dust . Video games ( edit ) Black Adam appears as a villain in a cinematic trailer for the video game DC Universe Online MMORPG , voiced by Alexander Brandon . In the cinematic , `` Who Do You Trust '' , the trailer depicts a dark future where Lex Luthor and other villains are engaged in what seems to be a final battle against what 's then left of the Justice League . Black Adam is primarily engaged in battle with Green Lantern - seemingly killing him and the Flash ( also Harley Quinn ) when he calls down his lightning bolt and triggers an explosion - , however he is ultimately killed by Superman when the latter unleashes his heat vision upon Black Adam 's head . In this depiction he has the pale flesh and elfin elongated ears along with his standard costume . Adam appears during both the heroes ' and villains ' questlines , attempting to resurrect Isis . He is tricked by Felix Faust , draining Adam of his powers , leaving him helpless , while an undead Isis attempts to battle the player and Faust flees with his newfound power . The player battles Isis , defeating her , ultimately restoring Adam 's powers . Adam however is less than grateful , and swears vengeance upon Faust for fooling him and the player for robbing him of the chance of being with Isis once more . Adam appears later as the final boss in the Kahndaq raid . Lego series ( edit ) Black Adam appears in LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes as an unlockable playable character and mini boss , voiced by Fred Tatasciore . Black Adam appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham , with Fred Tatasciore reprising his role . Injustice series ( edit ) Black Adam appears as a playable character in Injustice : Gods Among Us , voiced by Joey Naber . He is featured in the game 's opening , battling the Justice League alongside other featured supervillains until he is defeated by Shazam . In an alternate reality , Black Adam is affiliated with Superman 's Regime , agreeing with his policies , and is shown to have a shaved head . He engages Green Arrow in the Batcave . When it comes to the Regime attacking Metropolis and Gotham City to set an example to the world , the alternate Black Adam takes part in the attack on Gotham City until he is defeated and frozen by the Prime Superman . In Black Adam 's ending , he realizes that humanity is unworthy of sharing Khandaq 's form of government . Returning home , he and Isis create a magic barrier around Khandaq , turning it into a paradise , with Black Adam having destroyed all other life on Earth . Black Adam returns as a playable character in Injustice 2 with Joey Naber reprising the role . In the game 's story , he finds Supergirl 's spaceship wandering in space and takes her to Earth , where they free Wonder Woman and plan to break Superman out of prison to bring the Regime back to life . When the threat of Brainiac forces the two sides to team up , he and Aquaman use the Rock of Eternity and the Atlantian Trident to weaken the ship . In his single player ending , Brainiac 's invasion destroyed Kahndaq and killed Isis . When he brought his wife 's body to the Lazarus Pit , Ra 's Al Ghul blocked the way and only allowed him access if he assists Ra 's in rising to power . Toys ( edit ) DC Direct has released two action figures of Black Adam , the most recent based on the work of artist Alex Ross . Black Adam appeared as the main villain in a set of View - Master reels starring Captain Marvel . In 2009 Black Adam was released in the 9th wave of DC Universe Classics series . In 2011 Black Adam and Shazam ! ( Captain Marvel ) were rereleased in a two pack named Mightiest Mortals . In 2016 Black Adam was released in the 2nd wave of DC Collectible 's DC Icons series . In 2016 Wave 4 Thomas & Friends MINIS released Black Adam Edward Audiobooks ( edit ) He also appears as a character in the Graphic Audio audiobooks for Infinite Crisis ( in a small role ) and 52 ( in which he plays a major part ) . Additional reading ( edit ) Shazam ! and the Shazam Family ! Annual # 1 ( 2002 ) . Reprints Black Adam 's origin from Marvel Family # 1 ( 1945 ) , among other Marvel Family stories . Stories by Otto Binder ; art by C.C. Beck , Pete Costanza , Mac Rayboy , Marc Swayze , Bud Thompson , and Jack Binder . The Power of Shazam ! ( 1994 ) , written and painted by Jerry Ordway . An original graphic novel depicting Captain Marvel 's and Black Adam 's current DC Universe origins . ( ISBN 1 - 56389 - 153 - 0 , paperback ) JSA : Savage Times ( 2004 ) . Trade paperback reprinting stories from JSA # 38 -- 45 ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , which feature Captain Marvel meeting Black Adam during Adam 's tenure as Mighty Adam in ancient Egypt . Stories by Geoff Johns & David S. Goyer ; art by Leonard Kirk , Patrick Gleason , Keith Champagne , and Christian Alamay . ( ISBN 1 - 4012 - 0253 - 5 ) JSA : Black Reign ( 2005 ) . Trade paperback reprinting stories from JSA # 56 -- 58 , and Hawkman # 23 - 25 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , which feature Black Adam 's invasion of Kahndaq and his war with the Justice Society . Stories by Geoff Johns ; art by Rags Morales , Don Kramer , Keith Champagne , and Michael Bair . ( ISBN 1 - 4012 - 0480 - 5 ) World War III ( 128 pages , collects World War III # 1 - 4 and 52 # 50 ) Black Adam : The Dark Age ( 144 pages , collects Black Adam : The Dark Age # 1 - 6 ) Justice Society of America : Black Adam and Isis ( 160 pages , collects Justice Society of America # 23 - 28 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black Adam # The New 52 ( 2011 - 2016 ) Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/videos/2014/09/15/comics-history-101-everything-you-need-to-know-about-black-adam Jump up ^ https://moviepilot.com/posts/3807678 Jump up ^ Black Adam # 52 Jump up ^ http://screencrush.com/shazam-dwayne-johnson-black-adam/ Jump up ^ https://www.comicbookmovie.com/shazam/the-rock-clarifies-anti-hero-black-adam-comment-talks-about-facing-batman-a115127 Jump up ^ http://comicvine.gamespot.com/black-adam/4005-4916/forums/black-adam-anti-hero-or-villain-567843/ Jump up ^ Black Adam is number 16 , IGN . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson to Play Black Adam in New Line 's ' Shazam , ' Darren Lemke To Script ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberger , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Black Adam '' . In Dougall , Alastair . The DC Comics Encyclopedia . London : Dorling Kindersley . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` 52 '' Week Ten Jump up ^ `` 52 '' Week Sixteen '' Jump up ^ Countdown # 13 Jump up ^ Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 16 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 23 ( January 2009 ) Jump up ^ Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 24 ( February 2009 ) Jump up ^ Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 25 ( March 2009 ) Jump up ^ Brightest Day # 0 ( April 2010 ) Jump up ^ Titans : Villains for Hire Special Jump up ^ Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 7 ( March 2012 ) Jump up ^ Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 10 ( June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 19 Jump up ^ Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 20 ( June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 21 ( June 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Johns , Geoff , Sterling Gates ( w ) , Salazar , Edgar ( p ) , Leisten , Jay ( i ) , Eltaeb , Gabe ( col ) , Wands , Steve ( let ) . `` Freedom Fighter '' Justice League of America v3 , 7.4 ( November 2013 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Forever Evil # 3 Jump up ^ Forever Evil # 4 Jump up ^ Forever Evil # 7 Jump up ^ 52 # 50 ; World War III # 1 - 4 Jump up ^ DC Who 's Who Update ' 87 page 19 Jump up ^ Justice League - Darkseid War - Shazam # 01 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Flashpoint : The Outsider # 2 ( July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Flashpoint : The Outsider # 3 ( August 2011 ) Jump up ^ The New 52 : Future 's End # 6 - 7 ( June 2014 ) Jump up ^ The New 52 : Futures End # 22 - 24 ( September -- October 2014 ) Jump up ^ The New 52 : Futures End # 33 - 35 ( December 2014 ) Jump up ^ Dwayne McDuffie & Geoff Johns ( writers ) ; Joaquim Dos Santos ( director ) ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Ancient History '' . Justice League Unlimited . Season 3 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Peter Segal 's Shazam Gets a New Title ! '' . IESB.net . February 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lee , Patrick ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Johnson is Shazam ! 's Adam '' . Sci - Fi Wire . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dwayne ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Dwayne Jonhson : `` '' Kneel at his feet or get crushed by his boot . '' My honor to become ... # BlackAdam # TheAntiHero # DCComics `` '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Rock ' Dwayne Johnson Confirmed For Shazam Movie '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Line : ' Shazam ' will have ' a tone unto itself ' and ' a sense of fun ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson 's DC Villain Black Adam Getting His Own Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dcs-shazam-movie-eyeing-annabelle-2-director-977270 Jump up ^ `` DC Showcase Animated Shorts '' . comicscontinuum.com . July 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 25 , 2010 ) . `` SDCC 10 : DC Shorts Showcase '' . IGN . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DC Universe Online Official Site '' . Jump up ^ `` DC Universe Online Cinematic Trailer : Who Do You Trust ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Injustice : Gods Amond Us Official Site '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 13 . External links ( edit ) DCDP : Black Adam - DC Database Project Marvel Family Web entry on Black Adam Cosmic Teams entry on Black Adam Black Adam 's secret origin on dccomics.com Earth - S Marvel Family Index <Th_colspan="2"> Shazam ! Creators C.C. Beck Bill Parker Ed Herron Mac Raboy Otto Binder Marc Swayze Marvel / Shazam Family Captain Marvel / Shazam Mary Marvel Captain Marvel Jr . Lieutenant Marvels Tawky Tawny Shazam ( wizard ) Hoppy the Marvel Bunny Thunder Uncle Marvel Black Marvel Family Black Adam Isis Osiris Sobek Villains Blaze and Satanus Captain Nazi Doctor Sivana Ibac King Kull Mister Atom Mister Mind and the Monster Society of Evil Oggar Sabbac Other Villains ( A -- G ) Other Villains ( H -- M ) Other Villains ( N -- Z ) Publications and publishers Fawcett Comics Fawcett Publications Hoppy the Marvel Bunny Master Comics Whiz Comics Wow Comics DC Comics The Power of Shazam ! Superman / Shazam : First Thunder 52 Billy Batson and the Magic of Shazam ! Affiliated teams Justice League Justice Society of America Secret Society of Super Villains Squadron of Justice In other media Adventures of Captain Marvel Shazam ! The Secrets of Isis Legends of the Superheroes The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam ! Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Batman : The Brave and the Bold Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam Young Justice Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Locations Bialya Fawcett City Kahndaq Rock of Eternity Miscellanea National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publications WHIZ Marvelman <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Justice Society of America <Td_colspan="2"> Gardner Fox Sheldon Mayer Initial Members Atom ( Al Pratt ) Doctor Fate ( Kent Nelson ) Flash ( Jay Garrick ) Green Lantern ( Alan Scott ) Hawkman ( Carter Hall ) Hourman ( Rex Tyler ) Sandman ( Wesley Dodds ) Spectre Johnny Thunder / Thunderbolt Other Members Amazing Man ( Markus Clay ) Atom Smasher Batman Black Adam Black Canary Captain Marvel Citizen Steel Crimson Avenger Cyclone Damage Doctor Fate ( Hector Hall ) Doctor Mid-Nite Dyna - Mite Hawkgirl Hourman ( Matthew Tyler ) Hourman ( Rick Tyler ) Huntress ( Helena Wayne ) Jakeem Thunder Jesse Quick / Liberty Belle Judomaster ( Sonia Sato ) King Chimera Lightning Magog Manhunter ( Kate Spencer ) Miss America Mister America ( Jeffrey Graves ) Mister Terrific ( Michael Holt ) Mister Terrific ( Terry Sloane ) Obsidian Power Girl Red Tornado ( John Smith ) Red Tornado ( Ma Hunkel ) Robin Sandman ( Sandy Hawkins ) Star - Spangled Kid ( Sylvester Pemberton ) Stargirl Starman ( Jack Knight ) Starman ( Ted Knight ) Starman ( Thom Kallor ) S.T.R.I.P.E. Superman ( Kal - El of Earth - 22 ) Superman ( Kal - L ) Wildcat ( Ted Grant ) Wildcat ( Tom Bronson ) Wonder Woman ( Diana ) Wonder Woman ( Hippolyta ) Enemies Golden Age Black Dragon Society Brainwave Evil Star Gentleman Ghost Injustice Society King Kull Per Degaton Psycho - Pirate Solomon Grundy Ultra-Humanite Vandal Savage Wizard Wotan Silver and Bronze Ages Axis Amerika Baron Blitzkrieg Darkseid Demons Three Dragon King Mordru Kobra Kung Secret Society of Super Villains Spirit King Modern Age Black Adam Eclipso Extant Gog Isis Johnny Sorrow Kid Karnevil Mekanique Onimar Synn Roulette Related teams All - Star Squadron Freedom Fighters Infinity , Inc . Justice League Seven Soldiers of Victory Squadron of Justice Young All - Stars Young Allies Publications All Star Comics America vs. the Justice Society DC Comics Two Thousand Earth 2 Related Articles `` Absolute Justice '' ( Smallville episode ) Earth - Two The Golden Age Justice Guild of America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Adam&oldid=802101425 '' Categories : Characters created by C.C. Beck Characters created by Otto Binder Comics characters introduced in 1945 DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds DC Comics characters who use magic DC Comics characters with accelerated healing DC Comics characters with superhuman strength DC Comics supervillains Fawcett Comics supervillains Fictional Egyptian people Fictional mass murderers Golden Age supervillains Male characters in comics Marvel Family Supervillains with their own comic book titles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Articles with obsolete information from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be expanded from September 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 00 : 54 . 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1. Black Adam - DC Comics supervillain and occasional antihero
2. Origin and history of Black Adam
3. Powers and abilities of Black Adam
4. Black Adam's reformation and involvement with the Justice Society of America
5. Black Adam in other media - film, television, and video games
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7,144,087,132,222,604,000 |
who is liam married to on the bold and the beautiful
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Liam Spencer ( the Bold and the Beautiful ) - Wikipedia Liam Spencer ( the Bold and the Beautiful ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Liam Spencer <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The Bold and the Beautiful character Portrayed by Scott Clifton Duration 2010 -- First appearance July 19 , 2010 Introduced by Bradley Bell Book appearances `` Forbidden Affair '' ( 2013 ) Second Chances ( 2014 ) Classification Present ; regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Liam Cooper William Spencer III Adam ( 2016 ) Occupation Businessman Home Malibu , California <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Family Family Spencer Father Bill Spencer Jr . Mother Kelly Hopkins Half - brothers Wyatt Spencer Will Spencer Wife Steffy Forrester ( 2011 -- 12 , 2013 , 2017 -- ) Hope Logan ( 2012 ) Ivy Forrester ( 2015 ) Daughters Kelly Spencer Grandfathers Bill Spencer Aunts Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer First cousins Caroline Spencer Liam Spencer is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera , The Bold and the Beautiful , played by Scott Clifton . He made his first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on July 19 , 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Creation and casting On May 21 , 2010 , Dan J Kroll from Soapcentral.com reported that actor Scott Clifton had joined the cast of The Bold and the Beautiful in the newly created role of Liam Cooper . Clifton was cast two months after leaving rival soap opera One Life to Live . The actor was initially unaware of who the character was when he auditioned for the role . On his first day on set , Clifton was told that his character would be called Liam . He then met with the executive producer Bradley Bell , who told him about Liam 's backstory and that he would be Bill Spencer , Jr. 's ( Don Diamont ) long - lost son , which is why they decided to name him Liam , short for William . Clifton kept the information to himself , until it was revealed in the scripts . He filmed his first scenes on May 25 , and made his screen debut as Liam on July 19 , 2010 . Development Scott Clifton 's job on The Bold and the Beautiful included withholding the secret of his character 's paternity . Liam Cooper 's introduction to viewers began with his quest to discover the true identity of his biological father , which potentially included several lead characters . Asked by the director if he wished to know the secret , or learn the truth when Liam does , Clifton agreed to hear the truth immediately . He withheld his knowledge from cast - mates and backstage crew for several months as the storyline played out . At times , Clifton regretted that his character would not be the son of certain fathers . `` Winsor ( Harmon ) played those scenes so subtly and sweetly , that even though I knew what was going to happen , I was watching Winsor thinking ' God , I wish I were his son . ' '' Yet , Clifton has praised the storyline and defended the choice of who ultimately became Liam 's father , Bill Spencer , Jr. , portrayed by Don Diamont . The fictional father / son duo have consistently clashed , which has led to greater storytelling potential . An early plot hole was revealed to Clifton by fans of the show . Early on , Liam learns of the Forrester family after arriving in Los Angeles . But later it was revealed that he believed one of the Forresters could be his father even before he moved . Of the character 's unrevealed history , Clifton knows little . His interpretation of the character is that he is from the Midwest . He also believes that , while Liam 's mother is dead , he has a living stepfather , who has yet to be introduced . Storylines After the death of his mother , Liam relocates to Los Angeles to find his biological father . His only clue is that his father worked at the prestigious fashion house Forrester Creations . Liam finds employment as a computer technician at Spencer Publications and befriends Steffy Forrester ( Jacqueline MacInnes Wood ) . Liam later reveals that he could be Ridge Forrester 's ( Ronn Moss ) son . Hope Logan ( Kim Matula ) takes pity on Liam and they become friends . Both Bill Spencer , Jr . ( Don Diamont ) and Thorne Forrester ( Winsor Harmon ) are revealed to have dated Kelly and could be Liam 's father . While they wait for DNA results , Liam and Thorne form a bond . Liam learns Bill is his father and with Hope and Katie Logan 's ( Heather Tom ) encouragement , they start to bond . Hope and Liam begin dating . Amber Moore ( Adrienne Frantz ) convinces Liam that they had sex and she is carrying his child . It soon emerges that Amber 's mother , Tawny ( Andrea Evans ) , faked the paternity test results . Liam saves Steffy from drowning and they share a kiss . However , Liam does not reciprocate Steffy 's feelings fully and he proposes to Hope . Hope asks Liam to wait before they are married to consummate their relationship because of her clothing line . During this time Liam and Steffy become friends and Liam develops feelings for her . Hope catches them kissing and ends the engagement . Liam and Steffy marry , but their marriage is opposed by Katie and Brooke Logan ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) . While on vacation in Cabo , Liam finds that Hope is there with Thomas Forrester ( Adam Gregory ) . He realizes that Steffy knew they were there and did not tell him . Liam goes after Hope , who is riding an ATV with Thomas . After catching up to them , Liam kisses Hope . They then find Steffy unconscious , having crashed her own ATV . Liam initially decides to stand by Steffy when he learns she has a blood clot in her brain , but he reunites with Hope after learning Bill switched Steffy 's MRI results . Liam ends his marriage to Steffy , but she refuses to sign the annulment papers . While Liam , Hope and Steffy are skiing in Aspen , Hope , who is under the influence of anti-anxiety medication , collides with Steffy . She apologises and continues down the mountain even though Steffy is injured . Liam finds Steffy and goes with her to the hospital . Liam confronts Hope about the collision . He becomes concerned about Hope , but she tells Liam to go back to Steffy at the hospital . Steffy gives Liam the signed annulment papers , but Liam rips them up and they kiss . Bill urges Liam to break up with Hope . Brooke learns Liam ripped up the papers , but he asks her to keep it to herself . Liam and Hope go to Italy to marry , but Hope is late to the ceremony , causing Liam to think that she has walked out on him . Liam asks Steffy to marry him again , but Hope tells Liam her father , Deacon Sharpe ( Sean Kanan ) , made her late and they finally marry . They later learn that their marriage is not valid in the United States . When Hope discovers Liam kissed Steffy on their wedding day , she refuses to have their marriage validated and insists on a second wedding . She ends their relationship when Liam arrives to the ceremony drunk on the back of Steffy 's motorcycle . Liam and Steffy get back together , and she becomes pregnant . Steffy suffers a miscarriage after an accident while riding her motorcycle and moves to Paris . Liam resumes his romance with Hope . Liam 's half - brother , Wyatt Fuller ( Darin Brooks ) , begins working for Hope for the Future and competes with Liam for Hope . Wyatt 's mother , Quinn ( Rena Sofer ) , starts interfering and Steffy returns to win Liam back . When Hope sees Liam and Steffy together , she goes to Hawaii with Wyatt , unaware that Liam chose her . Liam tells Hope the truth , but she stays with Wyatt . Liam discovers Wyatt was behind a diamond heist at HFTF , and exposes him , but Wyatt is given another chance since the heist gave Forrester more publicity . Liam tells Hope to date both him and Wyatt , and then choose between them . When Hope learns that Quinn was partially responsible for Ridge 's disappearance , she breaks up with Wyatt and accepts Liam 's proposal . Quinn tries to harm Liam and Wyatt helps save him . Their relationship improves , and Liam and Hope give Wyatt his job back . Liam befriends the newly arrived Ivy Forrester ( Ashleigh Brewer ) . Wyatt is left the HFTF diamond by Ricardo Montemayor and he gifts it to Hope . Liam asks Hope to return the diamond , but when Wyatt sets up a press conference and publicly gifts the diamond to Hope , she accepts it . Wyatt and Rick take the diamond on a promotion tour , starting in Paris . Hope invites Liam to meet her there and marry her . Ivy and Aly ( Ashlyn Pearce ) convince Liam to meet Hope . When Ivy falls into the Seine , Liam jumps in to save her and misses his meeting with Hope . Bill tells Liam that Hope married Wyatt . Liam tells Hope the truth about being in Paris , but she does not leave Wyatt . Ivy and Liam kiss , but he still has feelings for Hope . When Liam learns Quinn followed him and Ivy to Paris , and pushed Ivy in the Seine , he tells Hope and asks her to leave Wyatt . She refuses as she is pregnant . Liam and Ivy 's relationship progresses . Hope suffers a miscarriage and leaves for Italy , after saying goodbye to Liam . Liam eventually breaks up with Ivy and pursues Steffy after Steffy comes back to LA . He realizes he still has feelings for Steffy and tries to win her back and eventually does . However , after a series of events with Ivy and Steffy where Ivy was electrocuted by a broken electric panel while arguing with Steffy and Ivy falling down stairs while arguing with Steffy , Liam gets fed up with Steffy and leaves her . Liam eventually goes to see Steffy to talk one night and finds her asleep in bed with Wyatt . In the following days , Liam is mad at Steffy and is done with her , although she does n't understand why and Liam never tells her that he saw her in bed with Wyatt . Liam resigns from Forrester Creations and as he is about to leave , he is confronted by Quinn and passes out due to concussion symptoms he sustained on the plane ride with Ivy he took when the plane hit turbulence and he hit his head , knocking him out . Quinn takes Liam to a cabin to take care of him only for Liam to wake up with no memory . Over time Liam and Quinn end up loving each other while Liam is under the impression Quinn is his wife named `` Eve '' and his name is `` Adam . '' Eventually , Liam 's memory is triggered by Wyatt , whom is now married to Steffy , after he gets suspicious of his mother 's new found happiness and goes to the cabin only to find Liam has been there the whole time missing . Liam tries to regain his relationship with Steffy after getting his memory back , but she stays married to Wyatt . Eventually her marriage to Wyatt breaks down because of Quinn marrying Eric and she rekindles her love & relationship with Liam in result . Liam proposes to Steffy and she accepts , and after her divorce from Wyatt was finalized , Steffy and Liam got married in Sydney ; Australia . Liam and Steffy 's marriage is annulled when Liam discovers that Steffy slept with Bill when he finds a paternity document test in her purse . Liam pursues and agrees to marry Hope again when he believes Steffy and Bill are having an affair and that it was not a one time mistake . The wedding , however , never happens as Wyatt reveals to Liam at the last second the affair was a ruse set up by Bill and that Steffy was only unfaithful that one time . Reception For his portrayal of Liam , Clifton won the Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series accolade at the 38th Daytime Emmy Awards in 2011 . At the 40th Daytime Emmy Awards in 2013 , Clifton won the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series , along with actor Billy Miller from The Young and the Restless . Clifton was nominated in the same category at the 41st and 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards in 2014 and 2015 respectively . In 2017 , Clifton earned a nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 44th Daytime Emmy Awards . During a feature on what storylines were working and not working for the show , a Soap World reporter quipped , `` apologies to Team Liam fans , but he 's such a wimp who wants to possess Hope despite his endlessly grating protestations of love for her . Quinn 's right , he 's a boy , not a man ! '' Helen Vnuk of TV Week included Liam in her feature on soap heroes , and she stated , `` Ok , so Liam did n't save Ivy from an inferno or psycho killer . But , he did generously agree to marry her when she said she faced being deported to Australia . Any American who helps out an Aussie in trouble is a hero to us ! '' References ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Clifton joins the cast of B&B '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Scott Clifton Interview -- The Bold and the Beautiful '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clifton , Scott ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) . Bold Chat Live ! Episode 003 ( Video podcast ) . CBS Daytime . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards 2011 : List of winners '' . CBS News . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Daytime Emmys : Complete Winners List '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards 2014 : List of Nominees '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Nominations 2015 : The Talk , The Young and the Restless , Alison Sweeney Lead Nominees -- Find Out the Rest ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soap opera report card : The Bold and the Beautiful '' . Soap World ( 260 ) : 24 . September 2014 . Jump up ^ Vnuk , Helen ( 5 -- 11 December 2015 ) . `` Soap heroes '' . TV Week ( 49 ) : 32 . External links Scott Clifton profile on the Official Bold and the Beautiful website <Th_colspan="2"> The Spencer family in The Bold and the Beautiful Main characters Bill Spencer , Sr . Caroline Spencer Karen Spencer Bill Spencer , Jr . Liam Spencer Caroline Spencer Will Spencer Wyatt Spencer Spouses Thorne Forrester Ridge Forrester Steffy Forrester Danielle Katie Logan Spencer Hope Logan Spencer Brooke Logan <Th_colspan="2"> The Bold and the Beautiful Current characters Maya Avant Nicole Avant Sheila Carter Zende Dominguez Pamela Douglas Eric Forrester Ivy Forrester Rick Forrester Ridge Forrester R.J. Forrester Steffy Forrester Thorne Forrester Quinn Fuller Taylor Hayes Brooke Logan Hope Logan Katie Logan Coco Spectra Sally Spectra Shirley Spectra Bill Spencer Liam Spencer Wyatt Spencer Recurring characters Alison Montgomery Justin Barber Bradley Baker Julius Avant Vivienne Avant Saul Feinberg Antonio Dominguez Felicia Forrester Kristen Forrester Bridget Forrester C.J. Garrison Deacon Sharpe Caroline Spencer Donna Logan Sasha Thompson Carter Walton James Warwick Charlie Webber John Forrester Jarrett Maxwell Mateo Darlita Notable previous characters Ashley Abbott Adam Alexander Macy Alexander Morgan DeWitt Deveney Dixon Dante Damiano Kimberly Fairchild Darla Einstein Lauren Fenmore Aly Forrester Jessica Forrester Marcus Forrester Maggie Forrester Phoebe Forrester Stephanie Forrester Thomas Forrester Clarke Garrison Agnes Jones Whipple Jones Oliver Jones Owen Knight Dayzee Leigh Beth Logan Stephen Logan Storm Logan Erica Lovejoy Margo Lynley Jake Maclaine Mark Maclaine Massimo Marone Jackie Marone Nick Marone Oscar Marone Amber Moore Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer Danielle Spencer Production crew Executive Producer Bradley Bell Head Writers Bradley Bell Michael Minnis Creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell Related articles Cast members Crew Characters Forrester Creations Jackie M Designs Spencer family Forrester family Logan family Marone family The Young and the Restless Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liam_Spencer_(The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful)&oldid=845841135 '' Categories : The Bold and the Beautiful characters Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional people in fashion Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles that may contain original research from February 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 14 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Liam Spencer - The Bold and the Beautiful character
2. Scott Clifton - Actor who portrays Liam Spencer
3. Liam's quest to discover his biological father
4. Love triangle between Liam, Hope Logan, and Steffy Forrester
5. Liam's relationships with Wyatt Spencer and Ivy Forrester
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5,481,432,343,623,825,000 |
a history of science and technology in the philippines reflection
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Science and technology in the Philippines - wikipedia Science and technology in the Philippines National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Building at UP Diliman . Republic of the Philippines History ( show ) Timeline Prehistory Classical states Spanish colonization American period Independence Cold War era Contemporary history Politics ( show ) Elections Parties Dynasties President Vice President Senate House of Representatives Government ( show ) Constitution Crime Corruption Administrative divisions Cabinet Supreme Court Local Government Geography ( show ) Environment Wildlife Geology Philippine Sea Sulu Sea Mayon Volcano Taal Volcano Economy ( show ) Agriculture Outsourcing Tourism Science and technology Energy Transportation Telecommunications Companies Currency Military ( show ) Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Department of National Defense Police History Ranks Foreign relations ( show ) United Nations United States ASEAN APEC Diplomatic Missions Demographics ( show ) People Ethnic Groups Languages Religion Education Health Culture ( show ) Art Architecture Literature Music Cuisine Festivals Media Symbols Sports Outline Index Book Category Portal WikiProject Science and technology in the Philippines represents the wide scientific and technological advances the Philippines has made . The main managing agency responsible for science and technology ( S&T ) is the Department of Science and Technology ( DOST ) . The science department have consulting agencies for Forestry , Agriculture and Aquaculture , Metal Industry , Nuclear Research , Food and Nutrition , Health , Meteorological and the Volcanology and Seismology . Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics , Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy , Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine Phycology , and Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Spanish Period 1.2 Spanish Colonial Period 1.3 American Period and Post-Commonwealth era 1.4 Marcos Era and Martial Law 1.5 Fifth Republic 2 Science and Technology Fields 2.1 Life Sciences 2.1. 1 Botany and Biology 2.1. 2 Biotechnology 2.2 Engineering 2.3 Agriculture and Aquaculture 2.4 Metal Industry 2.5 Food and Nutrition 2.6 Health 2.6. 1 Anti-cancer research 2.7 Social sciences 2.8 Forestry 3 Institutions 3.1 International Research Organizations 3.2 National Government Research Institutions , Bureaus and Attached Agencies 3.3 National Academic , Research and Professional Societies 4 Science Education in the Philippines 4.1 High School Education 4.2 Tertiary Education 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Pre-Spanish period ( edit ) The Banaue Rice Terraces Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands , the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology . Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs . They already had an alphabet , number system , a weighing and measuring system and a calendar . Filipinos were already engaged in farming , shipbuilding , mining and weaving . The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos . Spanish colonial period ( edit ) The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the archipelago . The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution . During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines . Parish schools were established where religion , reading , writing , arithmetic and music was taught . Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives . Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the University of Santo Tomas . The study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish era , especially in the later years . The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering in the islands by constructing government buildings , churches , roads , bridges and forts . Biology is given focus . Contributors to science in the archipelago during the 19th century were botanists , Fr . Ignacio Mercado. , Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero , chemist Anaclento del Rosario , and medicine scholars Dr. Manuel Guerrero , Dr , Jose Montes and Dr. Elrodario Mercado . The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy . Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits . Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected . The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment . American period and post-commonwealth era ( edit ) Angel Alcala is a national scientist noted for his work in marine and aquatic biology . The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the islands . On July 1 , 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior . The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal , which was established under the Spanish colonial era . The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects . On October 26 , 1905 , the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8 , 1933 , the National Research Council of the Philippines was established . The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II . Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture , food processing , forestry , medicine and pharmacy . Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade . In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science . In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950 , there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country 's industries , lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government . In 1958 , during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia , the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board . Marcos era and Martial law ( edit ) During Ferdinand Marcos ' presidency , the importance given to science grew . In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution , Article XV , Section 9 ( 1 ) , he declared that the `` advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development . '' In his two terms of presidency and during Martial Law , he enacted many laws promoting science and technology . In his Second State of the Nation Address on January 23 , 1967 , he declared that science was necessary for the development programs , and thus , directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools . The Department of Education , with the National Science Development Board ( NSDB ) , is organizing a project to provide selected high schools with science teaching equipment over a four - year period . In his Third State of the Nation Address on January 22 , 1968 , he recognized that technology was the leading factor in economic development , and channeled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science education . In his Fourth State of the Nation Address on January 27 , 1969 , he gave a big part of the war damage fund to private universities to encourage them to create courses in science and technology and to research . He stated that he planned a project to have medical interns do a tour of duty in provincial hospitals to arouse their social conscious and reduce the `` brain drain . '' On April 6 , 1968 , he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan , Taguig , Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science Community . The government also conducted seminars for public and private high school and college science teachers , training programs and scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars , and workshops on fisheries and oceanography . In his Fifth State of the Nation Address on January 26 , 1970 , he emphasized that the upgrading of science curricula and teaching equipment is crucial to the science development program . He added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry . The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute . The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy for economic development . Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists to study nuclear science and technology abroad , and providing basic training to 482 scientists , doctors , engineers , and technicians . In his Seventh State of the Nation Address on January 24 , 1972 , he spoke about his major development projects in reforming sectors of education . Such projects included research and development schools , technical institutes , science education centers , and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools . In 1972 , he created the National Grains Authority to provide for the development of the rice and corn industry to fully harness it for the economy of the country . ( Presidential Decree No. 4 , s . 1972 ) He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support the progressive development of agriculture , forestry , and fisheries for the nation . It was attached to the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources for administrative purposes . He provided further support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential Decree No. 49 , s . 1972 . This decree contains details on the protection of intellectual property for the creator or publisher of the work . He established the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) under the Department of National Defense to provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people . ( Presidential Decree No. 78 , s . 1972 ) In 1973 , he created the Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of energy sources . ( Presidential Decree No. 334 , s . 1973 ) In 1976 , he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003 - A , s . 1976 to establish the National Academy of Science and Technology , which is composed of scientists with `` innovative achievement in the basic and applied sciences , '' to serve as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for the country . In 1978 , he created a Task Force on the formulation of a national action program on science and technology to assess policies and programs of science and technology . ( Executive Order No. 512 , s . 1978 ) In his Fourteenth State of the Nation Address on July 23 , 1979 , he said that the government invested funds and time in organizations for scientific research , such as the NSDB , the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources , the Plant Breeding Institute , the International Rice Research Institute , the Bureau of Plant Industry , and the Bureau of Forest Products . While these projects have had breakthroughs , the market machinery did not adapt and invest in this technology due to the high - risk front - end costs . In 1979 , he constituted the Health Sciences Center created by R.A. No. 5163 as an autonomous member within the University of the Philippines System to improve the internal organization and unity of leadership within its units . ( Executive Order No. 519 , s . 1979 ) In 1980 , he created the National Committee on Geological Sciences to advise government and private entities on matters concerning development in geological sciences . ( Executive Order No. 625 , s . 1980 ) In 1982 , he reorganized the National Science Development Board and its agencies into a National Science and Technology Authority to provide central direction and coordination of scientific and technological research and development . ( Executive Order No. 784 , s . 1982 ) He granted salary increases to the people with teaching positions in the Philippine Science High School due to their necessity in the advancement of national science . ( Executive Order No. 810 , s . 1982 ) . He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños . ( Executive Order No. 840 , s . 1982 ) In 1986 , he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School to encourage careers in science and technology and to be more accessible to the talented students in the Mindanao and Visayas areas . ( Executive Order No. 1090 , s . 1986 ) Fifth Republic ( edit ) Filipina food technologist Maria Y . Orosa ( 1893 -- 1945 ) is credited with inventing banana ketchup . In 1986 , during Corazon Aquino 's presidency , the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology , giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet . Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987 - 1992 , science and technology 's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted . During Corazon Aquino 's State of the Nation Address in 1990 , she said that science and technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery . On August 8 , 1988 , Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP . The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000 . The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and technology . The Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that handles the least amount of bills for deliberation . Former DOST Secretary Ceferin Follosco reported that the budget allocation for science and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year 's 464 million pesos . However , due to the Asian financial crisis , budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively . Budget allocation were increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992 . During her term , President Corazon Aquino encouraged scientists and inventors to bring the Philippines to its former position as second to only Japan in the field of science and technology . One of the goals of her administration was to achieve the status as being an industrialized country by 2000 . She urged that the private research sector form a stronger bond between public research to help jump - start the progress in the area of Philippine Research and Development . Ironically , it was during President Corazon Aquino 's term and the reorganization of Philippine bureaucracy that Executive Order No. 128 abolished R.A. No. 3859 , also known as the `` Philippine Inventors Incentive Act . '' This Philippine Inventors Commission was under the Science Development board . It gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid , patent application assistance , legal assistance , and to help inventors market their products domestically and abroad . Despite the abolishment of the Philippine Inventors Commission , her administration gave rise to new avenues for the government to aid the progress of Science and Technology in the country . R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free education up to the secondary level , implemented in the education system together with this was the `` Science for the Masses Program '' which aimed at scientific and technological literacy among Filipinos . The Aquino administration recognized the importance of science and technology in the development of the Philippines into a newly industrialized country . Funding for the science and technology sector was tripled from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 1992 . The Science and Technology Master Plan was formulated which aimed at the modernization of the production sector , upgrading research activities , and development of infrastructure for science and technological purposes . A Research and Development Plan was also formulated to examine and determine which areas of research needed attention and must be given priority . The criteria for identifying the program to be pursued were , development of local materials , probability of success , potential of product in the export market , and the its strategic nature . The grants for the research and development programs was included in the Omnibus Investment Law. ( 1 ) There were noticeable improvements regarding science and technology as stated in President Fidel Ramos ' State of the Nation Address . In his third SONA , there was a significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field . At 1998 , the Philippines was estimated to have around 3,000 competent scientists and engineers . Adding to the increase of scientists would be the result of the two newly built Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao which promotes further development of young kids through advance S&T curriculum . The government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up professions related to S&T . Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of high - tech equipment for student improvement and teachers were getting training programs to benefit themselves and their students . Health care services were promoted through local programs such as `` Doctors to the Barrio Program . '' The health care programs were innovative and effective as shown by the change in life expectancy from 67.5 years in 1992 to 69.1 years in 1995 . Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel ( Republic Act No. 8439 ) was established . The award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T . In the sixth SONA , education was one of the primary story - lines wherein programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology and enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in the field of science and engineering . Fidel V. Ramos believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the Philippines could attain the status of new industrialized country ( NIC ) . During his term , he was able to establish programs that were significant to the field of S&T . In 1993 , Science and Technology Agenda for National Development ( STAND ) was established . Among its priorities were : ( 1 ) exporting winners identified by the DTI ; ( 2 ) domestic needs identified by the President 's Council for Countryside Development ; ( 3 ) support industries and ( 4 ) coconut industry development . Congress , during his term , was able to enact laws that were significant for the field . Among were : ( 1 ) Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel ( Republic Act No. 8439 ) ; ( 2 ) Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 ( Republic Act No. 7687 ) and ( 3 ) Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act ( Republic Act No. 7459 ) . The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines ( Republic Act No. 8293 ) was enacted during Ramos ' term . The law provides industrial property rights , copyrights and related rights , and technology transfer arrangements . In President Joseph Estrada 's term , two major legislations that he signed were Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 ( Republic Act No. 8749 ) which was designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources , and Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 ( Republic Act No. 8792 ) which outlaws computer hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet - driven New Economy . Aside from these , in his first State of the Nation Address , President Estrada launched a full - scale program based on cost - effective irrigation technologies . He also announced that Dole - outs are out , which meant basic health care , basic nutrition , and useful education for those who want , but can not afford it . Lastly , he said that they would speed up the program to establish one science high school in every province . It was in his second State of the Nation Address that President Estrada announced the passage of the Clean Air Act , and the decision to pursue the 15 - year modernization program of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . His last State of the Nation Address pushed for the advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age , as well as the announcement of the passage of the e-Commerce Act . In the Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo administration , the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the `` golden age '' of science and technology by then secretary Estrella Albastro . Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country 's economic level . This is to help increase the productivity from Science , Technology and Innovations ( STI ) and help benefit the poor people . Moreover , the term `` Filipinnovation '' was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia . The STI was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School ( PSHS ) , which focuses in science , technology and mathematics in their curriculum . This helps schools produce get more involve in this sector . Private sectors were also encouraged to participate in developing the schools through organizing events and sponsorships . Future Filipino scientists and innovators can be produced through this system Helping the environment was one of the focus in developing technology in the Philippines . One of the more known laws to be passed by her administration was the R.A. 9367 or the `` Biofuels '' act . This act promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country . This potentially enables a cheaper alternative to gasoline as a medium in producing energy . Also , this benefits the environment since it boasts a cleaner emission compared to regular fuel . Yet , setbacks such as lack of raw materials is holding the full implementation of the laws since importing the necessary materials are imported more . On one had , drought - free rice was also highly encouraged to by used during her term . This enables farmers to produce rice despite the environmental hazards that slows or stops the production . In an effort to improve the efficiency of both land and water , the government imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization ( AFMech ) . RA 10601 covers research , development , and extension ( RDE ) , promotion , distribution , supply , assembling , manufacturing , regulation , use , operation , maintenance and project implementation of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment ( Section 4 ) . In 2014 , President Aquino conferred four new National Scientist for their contribution in the Scientific field , Academicians Gavino C. Trono , Angel C. Alcala , Ramon C. Barba , and Edgardo D. Gomez was honored in their respective fields . Trono 's contribution helped a lot of families in the coastal populations through the extensives studies he made on seaweed species . On the other hand , Alcala served as the pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics , secology and herpetology . Barba 's contribution changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all year round availability of mangoes through his studies on the induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop species . Lastly , Gomez steered the national - scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led a national conservation . Science and technology fields ( edit ) Life sciences ( edit ) Life Sciences is a very broad field , it encompasses numerous specializations . It is commonly defined by sciences that pertain to living organisms like microorganisms , plants , animals , and most importantly human beings . Some of the well - known fields in the Life Sciences are zoology , botany , biology , microbiology , biotechnology , and biomedical technologies . In the Philippines , the various fields of the Life Sciences is under the Department of Science and Technology ( DOST ) . This government office is responsible for the coordination and funding of different researches by Filipino scientists and inventors , which can potentially help the progress of science and technology in the Philippines . There are different agencies under DOST which cater to specialized fields , these are the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) , Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) , and the Philippine Council for Agriculture , Aquatic , and Natural Resources Research Development ( PCAARRD ) . The Secretary of Science and Technology is appointed by the president of the Republic of the Philippines , and this position has no fixed term . The incumbent Secretary of Science and Technology is Mario G. Montejo , a professor of the University of the Philippines Diliman , he was appointed by President Benigno Aquino III on June 29 , 2010 . Botany and biology ( edit ) Botany and biology are two of the highly sought - after research topics in the Philippines , given its rich biodiversity in flora and fauna . Eucheuma denticulatum is a species of red alga that naturally exists in the country . Several Filipino scientist have pioneered in the field of biology . Eduardo Quisumbing , a biologist who graduated MS in Botany at the University of the Philippines Los Baños in 1921 , and Ph. D. in Plant Taxonomy , Systematics and Morphology at the University of Chicago in 1923 . He conducted research on taxonomic and morphological papers deal with orchids and authored the book Medicinal Plants of the Philippines . The species of Saccolabium quisumbingii was named after him . Dioscoro L. Umali , is an agriculturist that was dubbed as the Father of Philippine Plant Breeding due to the programs he conducted that are related to rainfed and upland agriculture , social forestry , and environmental preservation . Marine biologist helped improve the knowledge on aquatic resources like Angel Alcala , a biologist who was recognized for his research on amphibians and reptiles diversity and marine biodiversity in the country and served as consultant on marine and aquatic projects under the United Nations Environment Programme , World Bank , Asian Development Bank and others , Gavino Trono , a biologist who was dubbed as the Father of Kappaphycus farming for his contributions to the study of tropical marine phycology , focusing on seaweed biodiversity , established the largest phycological herbarium in the country -- the G.T. Velasquez Herbarium in the University of the Philippines ' Marine Science Institute , and authored a book that was considered as the most authoritative books in the country on the seaweed flora titled Field guide and atlas of the seaweed resources of the Philippines . Biotechnology ( edit ) The Philippines Biofuel Act of 2006 , RA 9376 mandates an increase of the minimum 5 % bioethanol blend ( E5 ) in gasoline to 10 % ethanol blend ( E10 ) . In 2011 , 600 million liters of gasoline was consumed by car owners in the Philippines , if the 10 % bioethanol blend would be followed , this would be equivalent to 1 million metric tons of sugar . Ethanol is an alcohol produced from fermenting carbohydrates in plants . Bioethanol can be produced mainly from three different kinds of raw materials , namely simple sugars , starch , and lignocellulosic biomass . Since the prices of the raw materials are very volatile and can easily change , lignocellulosic biomass has been extensively studied due to its cheap price and abundance in agricultural countries like the Philippines . Some of the top sources of lignocellulosic biomass are forest residues , municipal solid wastes , and agricultural wastes like sugarcane baggase , nipa sap , rice straws , etc . Numerous studies have been done by Filipino scientists on what raw material should be used to achieve an efficient and cost - effective bioethanol production . Studies on nipa sap showed that molasses is still more advantageous to use , as for the same amount of bioethanol produced , a greater amount of nipa sap was needed compared to molasses . A study by Tan et al. reports on corn as being viable for bioethanol production , and could give a yield of around 0.37 Liters per kilogram of corn used . Other studies showed that sugarcane juice produced approximately 70 Liters per ton of sugar , but using sugracane juice as the primary feedstock for bioethanol production , would be problematic , as this would mean that it would be competing with the sugar production in the country . These problems have pushed Filipino scientists today , to continue searching for alternatives to sugarcane . One of the most promising fields is the study of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes , as they are abundant and very cheap . A study by Del Rosario in 1982 identified sweet sorghum as a possible source of ethanol , it is a very adaptive crop which can withstand drought and grow in the low - lands as well as in the high lands . A study by the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) showed that the production costs for sweet sorghum is higher than sugarcane by 4.28 % , but this is balanced out by the grain yield of 1 ton per hectare . In 2007 , the University of Philippines - Los Banos , together with the Bureau of Agricultural Research ( BAR ) and ICRISAT conducted studies on sweet sorghum as feedstock for bioethanol production . In 2013 the Bureau of Agricultural Research ( BAR ) announced that the country may start producing its first sweet sorghum - based bioethanol . The Philippine National Oil Co . - Alternative Fuels Corp and the San Carlos Bioenergy Inc. are discussing on creating a 1,000 hectare sweet sorghum plantation solely for the purpose of using the produce as feedstock for bioethanol production . Engineering ( edit ) Engineering is the field of science that applies both science and math to solve problems . It concerns the use of technology in practical ways that can advance the human condition . Some of the fields of engineering include mechanical engineering , electrical engineering , civil engineering , structural engineering , and industrial engineering . In the Philippines , many organizations and research institutes for engineering were established , such as the National Engineering Center and the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers . The National Engineering Center ( NEC ) was first established on January 27 , 1978 as the research arm of the University of the Philippines College of Engineering . It absorbed the UP Industrial Research Service Center , the National Hydraulic Research Center , the Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry , the Transport Training Center , and the Building Research Service . The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers ( PICE ) was the result of the merging of two separate civil engineer organizations , the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers ( PSCE ) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers ( PACE ) , on December 11 , 1973 . It was given accreditation by the Professional Regulation Commission on August 13 , 1975 as the only official recognized organization of civil engineers in the Philippines . It was established to advance the knowledge and research and to maintain high ethical standards of civil engineering . The University of the Philippines also established the National Center for Transportation Studies ( NCTS ) to contribute to scholarly research and training in the field of transportation . They advocate sustainable transport , integrated transport system , road safety , and institutional development . They release advisories and feature studies by both undergraduate and graduate students on transportation . For example , the NCTS website links to downloads of Emer T. Quezon 's research into the effects of flyover construction on traffic flow in Nagtahan and R. Magsaysay Boulevard intersection in 1994 , as well as the research of Franklyn T. Amistad and Jose Regin F. Regidor , Dr. Eng . researched into ways to improve traffic management and congestion in Vigan without sacrificing its legacy as a World Heritage Site . Ricardo G. Sigua is a professor who contributed to engineering research in the Philippines . Sigua , a professor at the Institute of Civil Engineering in the University of the Philippines , Diliman , wrote a book called The Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering due to the scarcity of textbooks on the traffic engineering relevant to the Philippine context . His book covers topics such as traffic management and regulations , traffic flow , traffic studies , intersection design and control , geometric design of highways , road safety , traffic accident analysis , travel demand forecasting , the origin - destination table ( OD Matrix ) , and the intelligent transportation system . Agriculture and Aquaculture ( edit ) Agriculture is the field in science wherein it concerns with the different techniques of land cultivation , crop and livestock raising , or otherwise , farming . The Department of Agriculture ( Philippines ) ( DA ) is a government agency responsible for the development of the Philippine 's agriculture by generating policies , investments , and support services which are significant in the local and export - oriented trade . In the Philippine Development Plan ( PDP ) , Chapter 4 : Competitive and Sustainable Agriculture and Fisheries Sector , both agriculture and fisheries sector provides the needs and raw materials for the market and surplus labor to the industry and service sectors . The focus for improvement would be to generate more opportunities of employments and increased income for the farmers which would encourage participation from them . Development of the agricultural sector is critical in maintaining an affordable price for food especially for the poor which , then , could be translated to inclusive growth and poverty reduction . Proceso J. Alcala is a former district representative and the recently appointed DA secretary by President Benigno Aquino III in 2010 . He is considered the ' Father of Organic Agriculture ' because of his work in the Organic Agricultural Act of 2010 ( RA 10068 ) . Developments regarding the research and technology of Philippine agriculture are currently in the works . Most of the researches are inclined in solving the problem of increasing hunger in the country by creating a more efficient and cheaper process of yielding produce . The International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) is an international research consortium , including the Philippines , which serves to improve the rice production and quality through biotechnology and research . One of their ongoing research involves changing the normal C3 carbon fixation mechanism of rice into a supercharged photosynthetic mechanism , C4 carbon fixation . Converting rice from a C3 plant into a C4 plant would be beneficial because the latter can efficiently produce more yield than the former in a given and limited amount of resources ( land , water , and fertilizer ) which bodes well to the Philippines ' situation . IRRI have made calculations which shows that converting rice into a C4 plant would increase the yield at around 30 - 50 % , demonstrating a double water - use efficiency , and providing more at less fertilizer usage . Other rice varieties have been developed to increase efficiency without sacrificing the quality too much . PSB Rc26H ( Magat ) , PSB Rc72H ( Mestizo ) , and PSB Rc76H ( Panay ) are some of the rice hybrids developed but only Mestizo is currently available for planting . The texture and taste quality of Mestizo is comparable to the normal grain , IR64 . Overall records and statistics about Philippine agricultural growth is provided by the CountrySTAT Philippines . In 2014 , gross domestic product ( GDP ) increased by 6.13 % . The gross value added ( GVA ) in agriculture and fishing went up by 1.60 % and this accounted for 10 % of the GDP increase . There was an increase in the production of livestock rated at 1.01 % . Gross outputs of the following livestock showed an increase at different rates : hog , cattle , carabao , goat , chicken , duck , and other products such as chicken eggs and dairy . There was an increase in the prices of different produce such as crops , fruits , and livestock and a decrease in the prices of vegetables . Food and other non-alcoholic beverage had an increase of 6.68 % . Earnings from exports increased by 5.78 % and top earners were from coconut oil and banana . Expenditures for imports increased by 19.86 % and the highest spending were from wheat and milk products . The labor force totaled to 40.05 million and 11.21 million were employed in the agriculture sector which was around 30 % of the national employment . Metal industry ( edit ) This industry deals with the creation and innovation of metallic and steel products . The metal / steel industry have shown remarkable technological dynamism over the centuries and with the growing product innovation , there have been a great significance on the steels ' economic and political influence . The Philippines have become part of the growing revolution of the industry . The Metal Industry Research and Development Center ( MIRDC ) is a government agency under the Department of Science and Technology that supports the local metals and engineering industry through support services enhancing the industry 's competitive advantage . The agency 's mission would consist of providing both public and private sectors with professional management and technical expertise , quality control , research and development , technology transfer , and business advisory services . MIRDC have been cooperating with different organizations to create technology for various improvements and purposes . The Automated Guideway Transit ( AGT ) System and the Road Train were unveiled to the public during the annual Lantern Parade in the University of the Philippines Diliman . It was a collaboration between UP Diliman and MIRDC for the purpose of faster travel time for students in UP and the public . It had two stations , one located along C.P. Garcia and the other one is along the University Avenue . The Hand Tractor was from the works of both MIRDC and Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization ( PhilMech ) . The concept of the equipment is a transplanter - attached hand tractor and harvester - attached hand tractor wherein rice transplanting and harvesting implements are readily available from the tractor . Farmers would benefit from this because of the reduced cost and more utilization of hand tractor . Statistics of recent steel and steel - related industry developments were published by the Census of Philippine Business and Industry ( CPBI ) of the National Statistics Office ( NSO ) with 2001 as the reference year . The industry totaled to 1,895 establishment which is 29.6 % of the manufacturing firms . Of all the establishments , 403 or 21.3 % of the steel industries were from intermediate steel sector and 1,246 were from manufacturing industries . The steel industry was able to contribute 369,985 worker to the manufacturing sector . Total compensation paid by the steel industry reached to P47. 9 billion which was about 41.2 % of the total salaries and employers ' contributions SSS / GSIS . The total expenses made by the industry was valued at P692. 6 billion which accounted for 48.8 % of the costs made by the manufacturing establishments . The total output of the industry was estimated at P832 billion which accounted for 46.3 % of the manufacturing output valued at P1 , 795.8 billion . Food and nutrition ( edit ) Food science or nutritional science is the field of science studying the nature of foods and the natural changes in them resulting from handling and processing . It is the science concerned with food and nourishment and the role of nutrients in health . In the Philippines , food and nutrition research investigates the ideal diet for Filipinos to solve the problem of malnutrition and the current state of nutrition . The Food and Nutrition Research Institute ( FNRI ) is the principal research arm of the Philippine government in food and nutrition . It was first created in 1947 as the Institute of Nutrition to serve as a clearing - house of data and information regarding nutrition . In 1949 , it was authorized to conduct research in the applied science of food , as well . The FNRI was reorganized in Executive Order No. 128 , s . 1987 to redefine its mandate to research food and nutrition in order to research and identify solutions to malnutrition problems , develop programs , projects , and policies to address malnutrition , and disseminate these findings . In accordance with these functions , the Food Composition Laboratory was established . Now known as the Food Analytical Service Laboratory ( FASL ) , it is the pioneering laboratory researching into the food and nutrient composition of Philippine foods . Their services include chemical testing , microbiological testing , physico - chemical testing , and research and consultancy services . FNRI also develops simple recipes for small scale and household use , especially for the consumption by infants and children . They provide the nutritional information , properties and even market potential . Aside from the FNRI , Philippine scientists have been researching into food science . Patricia T. Arroyo , Ph. D. , an assistant professor and chairman of the Department of Fisheries Technology of the University of the Philippines , Diliman wrote The Science of Philippine Foods as a reference for students of food chemistry and food technology to be used instead of foreign books . This book is a compilation of scattered literature about Philippine foods and contains information about the structure , composition , methods in preparation , standards of quality , preservation , and experiments about various food such as eggs , rice , red meat , poultry , fish , fruits , vegetables , fats , oils , milk , milk products , wheat , flour , and sugar . Maria Ligaya T. Braganza , Ed. D , the Dean of the School of Food Science and Technology at the Philippine Women 's University conducts applied researches on food and product development . One of her studies investigates the use of banana flour as a wheat flour extender in pan de sal and doughnuts . Ame P. Garong , a museum researcher at the National Museum of the Philippines , published Ancient Filipino Diet : Reconstructing Diet from Human Remains Excavated in the Philippines based on her doctoral dissertation . Using isotope analysis , she reconstructed the diet from the archaeological human remains from different burial sites in the Philippines . Based on the bone , hair , muscle samples and plant and animal tissues , Garong traced the diet of ancient Filipinos . Filipinos in the pre-colonial and early colonial past ate mostly aquatic resources ( such as marine fish , freshwater shellfish , and coral reef resources ) . Some samples showed that the ancient Filipinos practiced prolonged breast feeding . Health ( edit ) One aspect of healthcare is the diagnosis , treatment and prevention of diseases ; the other pertains to provisions for medical care for people in the community . In the Philippines , healthcare is under the Department of Health ( DOH ) . This government office is responsible for organizing public healthcare and making sure that all Filipino citizens have access to quality health services . This office is also responsible for supervising and funding researches pertaining to new medicines and medical devices . The DOH has different bureaus , all of which have different areas of specialization , these are the Bureau of Health Devices and Technology , Bureau of Health Facilities and Services , Bureau of International Health Cooperation , Bureau of Local Health Development , Bureau of Quarantine and International Health Surveillance , and Food and Drug Administration . The DOH has a budget of Php 87.6 billion for the year 2015 . The Secretary of Health is nominated by the President of the Republic of the Philippines , the incumbent Secretary of Health is Janette Garin ; she was appointed last February 17 , 2015 . The DOH has recently implemented the Philippines eHealth Strategic Framework and Plan ( 2013 - 2017 ) . This focuses on the application of Information and Communications Technologies for healthcare . It draws up a long - term strategic plan for the development and implementation of eHealth services in the Philippines . It looks into realizing a national electronic public - health information systems , if this is reached , it can greatly improve the surveillance and response to health emergencies , it can also impact researches of epidemiological nature , greatly speeding up the process as sampling would be very convenient already . Another program recently started by the DOH is the Universal Health Care high Impact Five ( UHC - Hi - 5 ) , which focuses on the regional operations and its convergence in high priority poverty program areas . Its goal is for tangible outputs within a 15 - month period of its implementation . Anti-cancer research ( edit ) Soybean is a very sought - after crop , as its by products are used to generate bioethanol , and most importantly it is linked with cancer research . During the past decade , soybean has been extensively studied due to its 43 - amino acid polypeptide called Lunasin . The anti-cancer properties of Lunasin was first discovered by Dr Alfredo Galvez and Dr. Benito de Lumen , both Filipino doctors , when they were enhancing the nutritional properties of soy protein . Dr. Galvez observed mitotic disruptive properties of Lunasin in mammalian cancer cells , he saw that it prevented normal cells from turning into cancerous cells . This eventually lead to more research about its anti-cancer properties . In 2005 , Dr. de Lumen conducted an experiment on Lunasin using skin cancer mouse models , he discovered that Lunasin internalizes in mammals within minutes of exogenous application , it eventually ends up in the nucleus wherein it inhibits the acetylation of core histones . Dr de Lumen observed that in spite of Lunasin 's anti-cancer properties , it does not inhibit the growth of normal mammalian cell lines . A very recent study on Lunasin showed that at certain doses , it reduced non-small cell lung cancer tumor volume by 63 % , it also showed a capability of inhibiting non-small cell lung cancer cells by suppressing the cell - cycle dependent phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein . More studies of Lunasin also showed that it possesses antioxidative , anti-inflammatory , and a cholesterol regulating role ; all of which makes it a very good potential source of dietary supplements . All of these researches would have not been at the level of where it is now , if not for the Filipino doctors who first discovered Lunasin . Social sciences ( edit ) Encarnacion Alzona , the first Filipina to get a Doctor of Philosophy . Notable Filipino scientist have been contributors in the field of social science in the country . Raul V. Fabella was an academic , economist and scientist that graduated in Seminario Mayor - Recoletos ( Bachelor of Philosophy ; 1970 ) ; the University of the Philippines School of Economics ( Master of Arts ; 1975 ) ; and Yale University ( Doctor of Philosophy ; 1982 ) . He had written articles in both theoretical and applied fields : political economy and rent - seeking ; the theory of teams ; regulation ; international economics ; and mathematical economics and was associated with the concepts of `` Olson ratio '' in rent - seeking , egalitarian Nash bargaining solutions , and debt - adjusted real effective exchange rate . Teodoro Agoncillo , a 20th - century Filipino historian , and received the national scientist award for his contributions in the field of history . He graduated from the University of the Philippines ( Bachelor of Philosophy ; 1934 ) and finished his Master of Arts degree in the same university in 1935 . He also wrote books regarding the Philippine History like History of the Filipino People . Encarnacion Alzona , a pioneering Filipino historian , educator and suffragist became the first filipina to obtain a Doctor of Philosophy . She got her degree in history and a master 's degree from the University of the Philippines and later obtained another master 's degree in history from Radcliffe College in 1920 , and a Ph. D. from Columbia University in 1923 . She was an advocate of women suffrage in the Philippines and authored the book The Filipino Woman : Her Social , Economic and Political Status ( 1565 - 1933 ) . that stated a stable account for women despite their lack in political and social rights . Forestry ( edit ) Forestry is the field of science that practice planting , managing and taking care of trees . The governing body for the Philippine forestry is the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) . This department started way back in 1863 , when the Spanish Royal Decree established the Inspeccion General de Montes . This was transformed into the Department of Interior in 1901 . Then when the government reorganized , it became the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources . During 1987 , the Department of Environment and Natural Resources was formally established . Under this department , the Forest Management Bureau was the sector that focuses on preserving the forest and the harvesting of its resources . The Philippines have an actual forest cover at 6.5 million hectares ( ha ) or 24 % of the total land area . A lot of Filipinos rely on these resources for their survival . The country 's goal is to have a sustainable forest - based industry that can contribute to the socio - economic development and support the disadvantaged sectors of society . Several projects have been started by the Forest Products Research and Development and Institute ( FPRDI ) to accomplish this goal . It starts with the identification of the nation 's tree species . and subsequently developing the products - based industry of wood and lumber . The Institute also covers the sustainable creation of furnishings using wood , bamboo , rattan and vines . Institutions ( edit ) An IRRI researcher studying rice DNA under ultraviolet light . International Research Organizations ( edit ) International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) Irrigated Rice Research Consortium ( IRRC ) Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center ( SEAFDEC ) National Government Research Institutions , Bureaus and Attached Agencies ( edit ) Department of Science and Technology ( DOST ) Advanced Science and Technology Institute ( ASTI ) Food and Nutrition Research Institute ( FNRI ) Forest Products Research Development Institute ( FPRDI ) Industrial Technology Development Institute ( ITDI ) Metal Industry Research and Development Center ( MIRDC ) Philippine Nuclear Research Institute ( PNRI ) Philippine Textile Research Institute ( PTRI ) Department of Agriculture ( DA ) Bureau of Agricultural Research National Fisheries Research and Development Institute Philippine Carabao Center Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization Philippine Rice Research Institute Department of Energy ( DOE ) Energy Research and Testing Laboratory Department of Environmental and Natural Resources ( DENR ) Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau Environmental Research and Laboratory Services Division , Environmental Management Bureau National academic , research and professional societies ( edit ) Basic Science Crop Science Society of the Philippines Transportation Science Society of the Philippines Philippine Physics Society Samahang Pisika ng Pilipinas Integrated Chemists of the Philippines Kapisanang Kimika ng Pilipinas Philippine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Philippine Society for Cell Biology Mathematical Society of the Philippines Computing Society of the Philippines Geological Society of the Philippines Ecological Society of the Philippines Philippine Association of Entomologists Philippine Horticultural Society Philippine Association of Marine Science Philippine Astronomical Society Philippine Meteorological Society Philippine Corrosion Society Philippine Society for Developmental Biology Philippine Society for Microbiology Applied Sciences Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Geodetic Engineers of the Philippines Society of Metallurgical Engineers of the Philippines Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines , Inc . Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines , Inc . Society of Aerospace Engineers of the Philippines Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers Philippine Society of Mining Engineers Science education in the Philippines ( edit ) High School education ( edit ) Philippine Science High School System The Philippine Science High School ( PSHS ) System is a specialized high school program in the Philippines under the Department of Science and Technology . It offers scholarships to students that are gifted in science and mathematics . High school students are bound by law to major in pure and applied science , mathematics or engineering . PSHS have 12 regional campuses in addition to the main campus . PSHS follows the K - 12 basic education program of the government . Regional Science High School System The Regional Science High School ( RSHS ) System is a specialized high school program in the Philippines under the Department of Education . RSHS have regional campuses and follows the K - 12 basic education program of the government . Tertiary education ( edit ) Various universities offers science courses that encompasses the different fields of science . The Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act of 2017 provides for free tuition and exemption from other fees in public universities and colleges for Filipino students , as well as subsidies for those enrolled in private higher education institutions . See also ( edit ) Science portal Philippines portal Space program of the Philippines References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Briefer on the Order of National Scientists '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reyes , Francisco ( 1972 ) . `` Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines '' . Science & Technology in Philippine Society . Manila : UST Publication . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Socorro M. ( 1996 ) . `` The Early Years of Philippine Science and Technology '' . Philippine science and technology : economic , political and social events shaping their development . Quezon City : Giraffe Books . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 9718967281 . ^ Jump up to : Cariño , Virginia S. ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Technology in the Philippines - Past to Present '' . Philippine science and technology : time for bold moves . Diliman , Quezon City : UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies in cooperation with the University of the Philippines Press . ISBN 9718797084 . Jump up ^ The 1973 Constitution : as Amended in October 16 -- 17 , 1976 , on January 30 , 1980 , and April 7 , 1981 . http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/ Jump up ^ Ferdinand E. Marcos , Second State of the Nation Address , January 23 , 1967 , `` The Epic of Nation - Building . '' http://www.gov.ph/1967/01/23/ferdinand-e-marcos-second-state-of-the-nation-address-january-23-1967/ Jump up ^ Ferdinand E. Marcos , Third State of the Nation Address , January 22 , 1968 , `` A Nation of Achievers . '' http://www.gov.ph/1968/01/22/ferdinand-e-marcos-third-state-of-the-nation-address-january-22-1968/ Jump up ^ Ferdinand E. Marcos , Fourth State of the Nation Address , January 27 , 1969 , `` New Filipinism : The Turning Point . '' http://www.gov.ph/1969/01/27/ferdinand-e-marcos-fourth-state-of-the-nation-address-january-27-1969/ Jump up ^ Ferdinand E. Marcos , Fifth State of the Nation Address , January 26 , 1970 , `` National Discipline : The Key to our Future . '' http://www.gov.ph/1970/01/26/ferdinand-e-marcos-fifth-state-of-the-nation-address-january-26-1970/ Jump up ^ Ferdinand E. Marcos , Seventh State of the Nation Address , January 24 , 1972 , `` Strength through Crisis , Growth in Freedom . '' http://www.gov.ph/1972/01/24/ferdinand-e-marcos-seventh-state-of-the-nation-address-january-24-1972/ Jump up ^ Presidential Decree No. 4 of September 26 , 1972 , Providing for the Development of the Rice and Corn Industry and Creating for this Purpose the National Grains Authority . http://www.gov.ph/1972/09/26/presidential-decree-no-4-s-1972/ Jump up ^ Presidential Decree No. 48 of November 10 , 1972 , Establishing the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research . http://www.gov.ph/1972/11/10/presidential-decree-no-48-s-1972/ Jump up ^ Presidential Decree No. 49 of November 14 , 1972 , Decree on the Protection of Intellectual Property . http://www.gov.ph/1972/11/14/presidential-decree-no-49-s-1972/ Jump up ^ Presidential Decree No. 78 of December 8 , 1972 , Establishing the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . http://www.gov.ph/1972/12/08/presidential-decree-no-78-s-1972/ Jump up ^ Presidential Decree No. 334 of November 9 , 1973 , Creating the Philippine National Oil Company , Defining Its Powers and Functions , Providing Funds Therefor , and for Other Purposes . http://www.gov.ph/1973/11/09/presidential-decree-no-334-s-1973/ Jump up ^ Presidential Decree No. 1003 - A of December 16 , 1976 , Creating the National Academy of Science and Technology . http://www.gov.ph/1976/12/16/presidential-decree-no-1003-a-s-1976-2/ Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 512 of October 26 , 1978 , Creating a Task Force on the Formulation of a National Action Program on Science and Technology . http://www.gov.ph/1978/10/26/executive-order-no-512-s-1978/ Jump up ^ Ferdinand E. Marcos , Fourteenth State of the Nation Address , July 23 , 1979 , `` The State of the Nation . '' http://www.gov.ph/1979/07/23/ferdinand-e-marcos-fourteenth-state-of-the-nation-address-july-23-1979/ Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 519 , s . 1979 , Creating a Health Sciences Center as an Autonomous Member of the University of the Philippines System . http://www.gov.ph/1979/01/24/executive-order-no-519-s-1979/ Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 625 of October 8 , 1980 , Creating a National Committee on Geological Sciences . http://www.gov.ph/1980/10/08/executive-order-no-625-s-1980/ Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 784 of March 17 , 1982 , Reorganizing the National Science Development Board and Its Agencies into a National Science and Technology Authority and for Related Purposes . http://www.gov.ph/1982/03/17/executive-order-no-784-s-1982/ Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 810 of June 12 , 1982 , Granting Salary Increases to Teaching Positions of the Philippine Science High School ( PSHS ) as an Accelerated Implementation of the 1979 Salary Survey . http://www.gov.ph/1982/06/12/executive-order-no-810-s-1982/ Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 840 of October 16 , 1982 , Completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños . http://www.gov.ph/1982/10/16/executive-order-no-840-s-1982/ Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 1090 of February 5 , 1986 , Establishing the Mindanao and Visayas Campuses of the Philippine Science High School . http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/05/executive-order-no-1090-s-1986/ Jump up ^ National Historical Institute of the Philippines : MARIA Y . OROSA ( 1893 -- 1945 ) . Pioneering Food Technologist and Inventor Archived 2010 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Leonor Goguingco : `` Maria Y . Orosa : In peace and war '' . Manila Bulletin , 2005 . Online at the Internet Archive Jump up ^ `` Speech of President Corazon Aquino on Science and Technology . July 13 , 1988 GOVPH '' Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Philippine Laws , Statues , and Codes - Chan Robles Virtual Law Library '' www. chanrobles. com. Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Fidel V. Ramos , Third State of the Nation Address , July 25 , 1994 GOVPH '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Fidel V. Ramos , Fifth State of the Nation Address , July 22 , 1996 GOVPH '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Fidel V. Ramos , Sixth State of the Nation Address , July 28 , 1997 GOVPH '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Turpin , Tim ; Krishna , V.V. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . Science , Technology Policy and the Diffusion of Knowledge : Understanding the Dynamics of Innovation Systems in the Asia Pacific . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 9781781008515 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 '' . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Ejercito Estrada , First State of the Nation Address , July 27 , 1998 GOVPH '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Ejercito Estrada , Second State of the Nation Address , July 26 , 1999 GOVPH '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Ejercito Estrada , Third State of the Nation Address , July 24 , 2000 GOVPH '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Act 10601 : Improving the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization '' . ap.fftc.agnet.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` President Aquino Honors Four New National Scientists '' . www.nast.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eduardo Quisumbing 1895 - 1986 '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quisumbing , Eduardo A. ( 1978 ) . Medicinal Plants of the Philippines . Katha Publishing Company . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dioscoro L. Umali '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gomez , Edgardo D . '' National Academy of Science and Technology , Philippines . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gavino , Trono ( 1997 ) . Field guide and atlas of the seaweed resources of the Philippines . Bookmark . ISBN 9715692524 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Balat , Mustafa ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway : A review '' . Energy Conversion and Management 52 ( 2 ) : 858 -- 875. doi : 10.1016 / j. enconman. 2010.08. 013 Jump up ^ Lirag , R. , Jr and R. Umali ( 1980 ) . Pre-feasibility Studies on the Use of Nypa Fruticans as Alcohol Source to Fuel Fishing Boats . A Joint Project of the Natural Resources Management Center and Center for Development Studies , Unpublished Report . Jump up ^ Tan , R.R. , A.B. Culaba , J. Tanchuco , A. Fillone and M.P. Ang ( 2005 ) . Techno - Economic Assessment of Ethanol as an Alternaitve Transportation Fuel . Final Report to the Sustainable 75 Energy Development Program . Center for Engineering & Sustainable Development Research , De La Salle University - Manila , Unpublished Report Jump up ^ Del Rosario , E.J. ( 1982 ) . Biotechnological Research Applied to the Utilization of Some Coconut By - Products . Coconut By - Product Utilization and Socio - Economic Research . PCARRD . Jump up ^ `` PHL may produce sweet sorghum bioethanol by 2013 '' . GMA News Online. https://plus.google.com/116241361588652310259 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` What is Engineering ? Types of Engineering '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Presidential Decree No. 1295 of January 27 , 1978 , Creating the National Engineering Center . http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1978/pd_1295_1978.html Jump up ^ `` History Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers '' . www.pice.org.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Objectives Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers '' . www.pice.org.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . ncts.upd.edu.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Downloads - Graduate Research - A Study on the Effects of Flyover Construction on Traffic Flow : The Case of Metro Manila '' . ncts.upd.edu.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Amistad , Franklyn T. ; Regidor , Jose Regin F. ( 2005 ) . `` Traffic Management in a City with U.N. World Heritage Site '' . Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies . 6 : 2291 -- 2306 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sigua , Ricardo G. ( 2008 ) . The Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering . Quezon City : University of the Philippines Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 552 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` the definition of agriculture '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mission / Vision '' . www.da.gov.ph . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ National Economic and Development Authority . 2011 . `` Competitive and Sustainable Agriculture and Fisheries Sector '' Philippine Development 2011 - 2016 . Philippines : National Economic and Development Authority . ^ Jump up to : `` Science of C4 Rice '' . c4rice.irri.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . www.da.gov.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` steel industry Facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about steel industry '' . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website of Metals Industry Research and Development Center '' . The Official Website of Metals Industry Research and Development Center . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` MIRDC Treats the Public a Free Ride on the AGT '' . The Official Website of Metals Industry Research and Development Center . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hand Tractor ( Harvester and Transplanter ) '' . The Official Website of Metals Industry Research and Development Center . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marissa M. and Vicente , Sandy . Competitiveness in the Philippine Steel Industry . Accessed October 3 , 2015 . http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/ Jump up ^ `` the definition of food - science '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 94 of October 4 , 1947 , Reorganizing the Different Executive Departments , Bureaus , Offices , and Agencies of the Philippines , Making Certain Readjustments of Personnel and Reallotments of Funds in Connection Therewith , and For Other Purposes . http://www.gov.ph/1947/10/04/executive-order-no-94-s-1947/ Jump up ^ Administrative Order No. 81 of January 25 , 1949 , Authorizing the Institute of Nutrition to Conduct Researches and Investigations in the Applied Science of Food and Nutrition and in Other Activities Towards Effective Improvement of Nutrition in the Philippines . http://www.gov.ph/1949/01/25/administrative-order-no-81-s-1949/ Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 128 of January 30 , 1987 , Reorganizing the National Science and Technology Authority . http://www.gov.ph/1987/01/30/executive-order-no-128-s-1987/ Jump up ^ `` Food Laboratory '' . FNRI Website . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` FNRI Food Technologies '' . FNRI Website . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Arroyo , Patricia T. ( 1974 ) . The Science of Philippine Foods . Quezon City : Abaniko Enterprises . Jump up ^ `` School of Food Science and Technology Philippine Women 's University '' . www.pwu.edu.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Braganza , Maria Ligaya T. ; Tolentino , Edilborga H. ( November 2013 ) . `` Banana ( Musa Sapientum Var . Cavendish ) Flour As Wheat Flour Extender in Selected Bakery Products '' ( PDF ) . European International Journal of Science and Technology . 2 ( 9 ) : 27 -- 28 . ISSN 2304 - 9693 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Garong , Ame P. ( 2013 ) . Ancient Filipino Diet : Reconstructing Diet from Human Remains Excavated in the Philippines . Cebu City : University of San Carlos Press . pp. 29 , 183 -- 184 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 539 - 037 - 8 . Jump up ^ lumen , Ben O ( 2005 ) . `` Lunasin : a cancer - preventive soy peptide '' . Nutrition Reviews . 63 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 21 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 4887.2005. tb00106. x . PMID 15730231 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Elizabeth J. ; Devapatla , Bharat ; Yaddanapudi , Kavitha ; Davis , Keith R. ( 2015 ) . `` The soybean - derived peptide lunasin inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by suppressing phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein '' . Oncotarget. 6 ( 7 ) : 4649 -- 4662 . doi : 10.18632 / oncotarget. 3080 . Jump up ^ Lule , Vaibhao Kisanrao ; Garg , Sheenam ; Pophaly , Sarang Dilip ; Hitesh ; Tomar , Sudhir Kumar ( 2015 ) . `` Potential health benefits of lunasin : a multifaceted soy - derived bioactive peptide '' . Journal of Food Science . 80 ( 3 ) : R485 -- 494 . doi : 10.1111 / 1750 - 3841.12786 . PMID 25627564 . Jump up ^ Santos , Tina G. ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Academician and economist Raul Fabella is National Scientist '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raul V. Fabella '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo , Teodoro ( 1975 ) . History of the Filipino People . Garotech Publishing . ISBN 9718711066 . Jump up ^ Alzona , Encarnacion ( 1932 ) . The Filipino Woman : Her Social , Economic and Political Status ( 1565 - 1933 ) . University of the Philippines Press . OCLC 3164551 . Jump up ^ Alzona , Encarnacion ; Camagay , Maria Luisa T. ( 1996 ) . Encarnacion Alzona : An Anthology . Office of Research Coordination , University of the Philippines . ISBN 9718729070 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . www.denr.gov.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Science High School System - The 6 - Year PSHS Curriculum '' . www.pshs.edu.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cariño , Virginia S. ( 1993 ) . Philippine science and technology : time for bold moves . UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies in cooperation with the University of the Philippines Press . Librero , Aida R. ( 1990 ) . Technology assessment for agriculture in the Philippines . Philippine Council for Agriculture , Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development , Dept. of Science and Technology . Ogena , Ester B. ; Brawner , Filma G. ( 2005 ) . Science Education in the Philippines : Challenges for Development . Science Education Institute , National Academy of Science and Technology , Center for Integrative Development Studies , University of the Philippines . ISBN 9718600205 . Science , technology , and everyday culture in the Philippines . Institute of Philippine Culture , Ateneo de Manila University . 2003 . 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The Dance of Dragons - wikipedia The Dance of Dragons Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the episode of the TV series . For the novel upon which it is partially based , see A Dance with Dragons . <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Dance of Dragons '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episode <Td_colspan="2"> Daenerys ' dragon Drogon lighting Sons of the Harpy on fire . Episode no . Season 5 Episode 9 Directed by David Nutter Written by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Featured music Ramin Djawadi Cinematography by Robert McLachlan Editing by Katie Weiland Original air date June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) Running time 53 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Owen Teale as Ser Alliser Thorne Tara Fitzgerald as Selyse Baratheon Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah Joel Fry as Hizdahr zo Loraq Ian Beattie as Ser Meryn Trant Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Ben Crompton as Edd Tollett Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Nell Tiger Free as Myrcella Baratheon Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Kerry Ingram as Shireen Baratheon Brenock O'Connor as Olly Ian Whyte as Wun Wun Nicholas Boulton as Pit Announcer Oengus MacNamara as Thin Man Sarine Sofair as Lhara Karla Lyons as Johnna 's sister Ali Lyons as Johnna Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Michael Condron as Bowen Marsh <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Hardhome '' Next → `` Mother 's Mercy '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) List of Game of Thrones episodes `` The Dance of Dragons '' is the ninth episode of the fifth season of HBO 's fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and the 49th overall . This episode was written by the series ' creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , and was directed by David Nutter . At the Wall , Jon Snow ( Kit Harington ) retreats from Hardhome defeated , accompanied by the surviving wildlings , much to the chagrin of some of the Night 's Watch . In the North , Stannis Baratheon ( Stephen Dillane ) reluctantly allows Melisandre ( Carice van Houten ) to sacrifice his daughter Shireen ( Kerry Ingram ) after Ramsay Bolton ( Iwan Rheon ) sabotages his resources , resulting to his army 's damaged morale . In Braavos , Arya Stark ( Maisie Williams ) , detours from her mission given by Jaqen H'ghar ( Tom Wlaschiha ) to reconnoiter Meryn Trant ( Ian Beattie ) instead . In Dorne , Jaime Lannister ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) secures Myrcella Baratheon 's ( Nell Tiger Free ) release from Doran Martell 's ( Alexander Siddig ) court against an indignant Ellaria Sand ( Indira Varma ) . In Meereen , the Sons of the Harpy attack the stadium of Daznak 's Pit in an attempt to assassinate Daenerys Targaryen ( Emilia Clarke ) , who is rescued by Jorah Mormont ( Iain Glen ) and her firstborn dragon , Drogon . Leaving Tyrion Lannister ( Peter Dinklage ) and her retainers behind with awe , Daenerys rides the dragon for the first time and flees the city . `` The Dance of Dragons '' was lauded by critics who cited the conclusion in Daznak 's Pit as the highlight of the episode . However , the sacrifice of Shireen attracted some criticism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 In Braavos 1.2 At the Wall 1.3 In Dorne 1.4 In the North 1.5 In Meereen 2 Production 2.1 Writing 2.2 Filming 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In Braavos ( edit ) Arya , still in the disguise of an oyster vendor , continues the mission given to her by Jaqen to poison and kill the Thin Man . However , as she is on the way to her target , she sees Mace Tyrell and Meryn Trant arrive in the harbor to negotiate payment terms with the Iron Bank . Arya , recognising Trant , ignores her mission and follows Mace and Trant into the city . She eventually tracks Trant to a brothel , where she learns that he is sexually attracted to pubescent girls . Upon returning to Jaqen , Arya lies to him by telling him the Thin Man was not hungry and did not buy her oysters , and asks to try again the next day . Jaqen allows this , though it is unclear whether he believes Arya or not . At the Wall ( edit ) Jon and Tormund return to Castle Black , accompanied by the surviving Night 's Watch and wildlings from Hardhome . Alliser , despite his disagreements with Jon , orders the gate to be opened to let them pass . Jon believes that his mission was a failure , though Samwell points out that he still saved thousands of wildlings that would have been killed by the White Walkers . Jon is also aware that many of his Night 's Watch brothers are unhappy with wildlings being let past the Wall , and Alliser warns him that his compassion will get them all killed . In Dorne ( edit ) Jaime is brought before Doran Martell to explain his actions . Jaime reveals that he was sent to rescue Myrcella due to a threatening message sent to them from Dorne . Doran quickly realizes that Ellaria was behind the threat , and apologizes . In order to avoid an escalation of hostilities , Doran negotiates a deal with Jaime . In return for Jaime 's freedom and Myrcella 's return to King 's Landing , the Lannisters must allow Trystane to accompany them as Oberyn 's replacement on the Small Council . Trystane also allows Bronn to go free under the condition that he allow Areo Hotah to strike him in the face in revenge for being struck by Bronn earlier . After the meeting , Doran privately confronts Ellaria and presents her with an ultimatum : pledge loyalty to him or be executed . Ellaria tearfully pledges her loyalty in front of the Sand Snakes , and Doran warns her that this is the last chance he will ever give her . Ellaria then meets with Jaime and makes amends with him , conceding that it is not his or Myrcella 's fault that Oberyn was killed . In the North ( edit ) Ramsay and his group of 20 men infiltrate Stannis ' camp and sabotage the supplies by burning them . With his supplies gone , Stannis realizes that his army will not survive the winter . Davos recommends they retreat back to Castle Black , but Stannis refuses to retreat , and points out that they lack the supplies to make it back regardless . He orders Davos to return to Castle Black to request more supplies and reinforcements in return for Stannis fully manning the Wall with troops when he takes the Iron Throne . When Davos leaves , Stannis reluctantly allows Melisandre to burn Shireen at the stake as a sacrifice , believing that the `` king 's blood '' in her veins will please the Lord of Light , who will then change their fortunes . As Shireen screams for her parents , Selyse , initially supportive of Stannis 's decision , has a change of heart and attempts to stop the ceremony , but is restrained while her child is burned alive in front of Stannis 's horrified troops . In Meereen ( edit ) Daenerys , accompanied by Tyrion , Missandei , Daario and Hizdahr , oversees the beginning of the fighting season in Daznak 's Pit . During the beginning of the second battle , one of the fighters reveals himself to be Jorah . After successfully defeating the other combatants , Jorah suddenly picks up a spear and throws it towards the royal stage , killing an assassin sneaking up on Daenerys . Immediately , the Sons of the Harpy emerge from the crowd and begin killing many guards and spectators , including Hizdahr . Daenerys and her retinue attempt to escape , but the Sons of the Harpy seal the exits , leaving the survivors surrounded and trapped in the center of the fighting ring . Daenerys seemingly accepts her fate , when she hears Drogon roaring nearby . Drogon suddenly appears , setting ablaze and killing many Sons of the Harpy , causing some to flee . While a group of the Sons attack Drogon by throwing spears at it , Daenerys climbs on to Drogon 's back , ordering it to fly . The Unsullied drive the Sons of the Harpy away , while Drogon takes to the sky with Daenerys , with her allies left awe - struck as they watch her fly away . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . This episode was written for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the series ' creators . It contains content from George Martin 's novel A Dance with Dragons , chapter `` The Sacrifice , '' `` The Watcher , '' and `` Daenerys IX . '' It also contains material from the preview chapter `` Mercy '' from the forthcoming The Winds of Winter . Like other episodes this season , `` The Dance of Dragons '' contains original content not found in Martin 's novels , but it is in this case notable for containing content that had not yet appeared in the novels : Executive Producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss confirmed that George R.R. Martin told them that Shireen would be burned to death as a sacrifice in an unpublished future novel . Benioff said : `` When George first told us about this , it was one of those moments where I remember looking at Dan , it was just , like , god it 's so , so horrible , and it 's so good in a story sense , because it all comes together . '' Weiss says he believes the decision to kill Shireen in this way is , `` entirely ( narratively ) justified , '' questioning why `` we 're all highly selective about which characters deserve our empathy . Stannis has been burning people alive for seemingly trivial reasons since season 2 . '' Filming ( edit ) `` The Dance of Dragons '' was directed by David Nutter , he also directed the subsequent episode , `` Mother 's Mercy '' . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Dance of Dragons '' was watched by an estimated 7.14 million American viewers during its first airing . With Live + 7 DVR viewing factored in , the episode had an overall rating of 9.92 million viewers , and a 5.2 in the 18 - 49 demographic . In the United Kingdom , the episode was viewed by 2.473 million viewers , making it the highest - rated broadcast that week . It also received 0.141 million timeshift viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) `` The Dance of Dragons '' received highly positive reviews , with many critics praising the episode 's conclusion in Daznak 's Pit . The showrunners ' decision to have Stannis sacrifice Shireen , however , polarized critics , with some praising it as strong character development and others feeling it betrayed Stannis 's character . The episode received a rating of 88 % on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes from 33 reviews with an average rating of 8.9 out of 10 and the critics consensus reading `` Underscored by an especially heartwrenching moment and a spectacular display of power , The Dance of Dragons successfully delivers the shock and awe audiences have come to expect from the series ' penultimate episodes . '' Matt Fowler of IGN heavily praised the episode , awarding it 9.3 / 10 , an `` amazing '' score . He especially praised the episode 's final act , stating `` And just the spectacle of Dany climbing on top of Drogon , with care , and then soaring up and off into the sky was remarkable . It 's funny that a huge moment for her as a Targaryen and the possible future leader of Westeros came right during one of her most bloody and spectacular failures as a Queen . '' He summarized his review by saying `` GoT delivered another exciting ( and unsettling ) episode as Stannis made a big decision & Daenerys attended a tournament '' and labelled Stannis ' decision a strong point of the episode . Charlotte Runcie of The Daily Telegraph also reviewed the episode favorably : `` Hurling Hollywood - level budgets behind a multi-season TV show paid rich rewards this week , from the enormous Gladiator - style sweep of the crowded coliseum arena to thrillingly choreographed fights to the death before a huge , baying audience . '' Runcie was also impressed with the Shireen sacrifice scene , calling it `` one of the most upsetting scenes '' in season 5 . Writing for The A.V. Club , both writers responded positively to the episode . Writing for people who have not read the novels , Brandon Nowalk awarded the episode an A - , praising Stannis ' sacrifice of Shireen . He said `` Stannis burning his daughter Shireen at the stake is the hardest Game of Thrones has hit since the Red Wedding , only this violence is completely drained of excitement . It 's not a shock moment , and there 's no gross - out gore as in Oberyn 's death . Instead it 's a long , cold death march . What 's most impressive is the pacing , which is not the season 's strongest suit . '' He also praised the episode 's conclusion in Meereen by saying `` The close - up of Dany taking Missandei 's hand is so vivid I 'm practically getting misty now '' , and further stated `` The CGI could use some polish , but nothing short of Shireen can turn my smile upside down . '' Writing for people who have read the novels , Myles McNutt awarded the episode a B+ , praising the Meereen story by saying `` It 's a powerful image , rendered as effectively as it could be given the budgetary limitations of the series . Watching Dany soar about the stadium on Drogon is an iconic image , but it 's not one that any other characters could really experience , which is meaningful in and of itself . '' Erik Kain of Forbes was more critical of the sacrifice scene . While he praised the episode overall as `` thrilling and tragic and intense , '' he called the sacrifice scene `` a horrible , no - good , very bad , infuriating way to ruin Stannis as a character '' and `` a monstrosity of a writing decision . '' He also said the scene was `` one of the most disturbing , baffling , and unnecessary departures from the books '' that the show has so far presented , though he noted that the sacrifice scene had actually been George R.R. Martin 's idea and that ( with two installments of The Song of Ice and Fire still unpublished ) it was unclear exactly how much Shireen 's death in the show would deviate from her story arc in the books . Finding a middle ground , Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post agreed that the sacrifice scene was disturbing , but she found that David Nutter `` did a beautiful job '' directing it and believed that the scene wondrously developed Stannis as a character who is so fixated on `` his own chosenness '' that he will do anything to fulfill his claim to the throne . She also noted that the scene departed from the books so far , but would possibly be reconciled in one of the future installments . Accolades ( edit ) Due to her nomination , Emilia Clarke submitted this episode for consideration for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards . At the 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , the episode won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Rob McLachlan Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton , Sheena Wichary , Nina Ayres , Alex Fordham Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama series Katie Weiland Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Jabbar Raisani , Eric Carney , Stuart Brisdon , Derek Spears , James Kinnings , Matthew Rouleau Won Hollywood Professional Alliance Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Derek Spears , Eric Carney , Jabbar Raisani Won 2016 American Cinema Editors Awards 2016 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Katie Weiland Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2015 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Eric Carney , Derek Spears , Stuart Brisdon for `` The Dance of Dragons '' Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project James Kinnings , Michael Holzl , Joseph Hoback , Matt Derksen for `` Dance of Dragons '' - Drogon Arena Rescue Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Rajeev B R. , Loganathan Perumal , Ramesh Shankers , Anders Ericson for `` Drogon Arena '' Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Dan Breckwoldt , Martin Furman , Sophie Marfleet , Eric Andrusyszyn for `` Drogon Arena '' Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers TV Series Cinematography Robert McLachlan Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio ; Antonsson , Linda ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` EP509 : THE DANCE OF DRAGONS '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 5 : Inside the Episode '' . Game of Thrones . Season 5 . Episode 9 . June 7 , 2015 . HBO . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones showrunner analyzes that very disturbing death scene '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 5 directors chosen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Halt & Fire ' & ' Salem ' Top Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Cable Ratings for Week Ending June 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Ratings ( 8 - 14 June 2015 ) '' . BARB . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did ' Game of Thrones ' Go Too Far With Latest Death ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` The Dance of Dragons '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Runcie , Charlotte ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The Dance of Dragons , season 5 episode 9 , review : ' new depths of brutality ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nowalk , Brandon ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ( newbies ) : `` The Dance Of Dragons '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ( experts ) : `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 9 Review : The Dance of Dragons '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 9 Review : `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` . Washington Post . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emmys exclusive : Which episodes are submitted by Lena Headey and Emilia Clarke ( ' Game of Thrones ' ) ? '' . GoldDerby.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Post Alliance ® Announces 2015 Award Winners '' . Hollywood Post Alliance . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Ant - Man , ' ' Better Call Saul ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` VES Awards Winners : ' Star Wars ' Takes Top Prize '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2016 '' . Canadian Society of Cinematographers . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dance of Dragons `` The Dance of Dragons '' at HBO.com `` The Dance of Dragons '' on IMDb `` The Dance of Dragons '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dance_of_Dragons&oldid=804225978 '' Categories : 2015 American television episodes Game of Thrones episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Game of Thrones episode "The Dance of Dragons"
2. Daenerys Targaryen and her dragon Drogon
3. Sacrifice of Shireen Baratheon
4. Battle in Daznak's Pit
5. Stannis Baratheon's army sabotaged by Ramsay Bolton
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2,920,374,454,819,220,500 |
the united states' war on terror began in the wake of which of the following events
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War on Terror - wikipedia War on Terror This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the international military campaign . For other uses , see War on Terror ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> War on Terror <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top left : Aftermath of the September 11 attacks ; American infantry in Afghanistan ; an American soldier and Afghan interpreter in Zabul Province , Afghanistan ; explosion of an Iraqi car bomb in Baghdad . <Td_colspan="2"> Date 11 September 2001 -- present ( 16 years , 4 months , 1 week and 4 days ) Location Global ( esp. in the Greater Middle East ) Status NATO - led international involvement in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan Destruction of al - Qaeda camps Taliban insurgency War in North - West Pakistan Killing of Osama bin Laden War in Afghanistan ( 2015 -- present ) Initiation of Operation Resolute Support by NATO Transfer of combat roles to Afghan Armed Forces U.S. -- Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement Insurgency in Yemen ( 1992 -- 2015 ) : Drone strikes being conducted by U.S. and Pakistani forces . Al - Qaeda Emirate in Yemen is declared on 31 March 2011 Insurgency escalates into a full - scale civil war in 2015 Iraq War ( 2003 -- 2011 ) : Overthrow of the Ba'ath Party government in Iraq Execution of Saddam Hussein Free elections Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Ongoing civil war ( 2014 -- present ) Death of Abu Musab al - Zarqawi in June 2006 War in North - West Pakistan ( 2004 -- present ) : Ongoing insurgency Large part of FATA under Taliban control Shifting public support for the Pakistani government Killing of Osama bin Laden Drone strikes being conducted by the CIA International campaign against ISIL ( 2014 -- present ) : Ongoing insurgency Operation Inherent Resolve : U.S. - led Coalition airstrikes on ISIL positions in Iraq , Syria , Egyptian airstrikes in Libya , and West African airstrikes in Nigeria Multinational humanitarian effort Arming and support for local ground forces ISIL beheadings Other : OEF Horn of Africa OEF Philippines OEF Trans Sahara OEF Caribbean and Central America <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Main participants : United States United Kingdom France Russia China NATO participants : ( show ) Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Other countries : Afghanistan Cameroon Egypt Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Lebanon Libya Mali Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Somalia Syria SDF Yemen Other participants ( show ) Algeria Andorra Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Benin Bosnia and Herzegovina Brunei Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Chad Colombia Congo Cyprus Djibouti Dominican Republic El Salvador Ethiopia Finland Georgia Ghana Honduras India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Liechtenstein Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Morocco Moldova Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Panama Qatar Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore South Africa Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam International missions * : ( show ) NATO -- ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom Allies Northern Alliance Multi-National Force -- Iraq Combined Joint Task Force -- Horn of Africa Combined Joint Task Force -- Operation Inherent Resolve ( * note : most contributing nations are included in the international operations ) Main targets : al - Qaeda ( show ) Lashkar al - Zil AQAP Ansar al - Sharia ( Yemen ) AQIM AQIS al - Shabaab Tahrir al - Sham Khorasan Nusrat al - Islam AQKB Abdullah Azzam Brigades Tawhid al - Jihad ( Gaza Strip ) Abu Hafs al - Masri Brigades Lone wolves Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( show ) Sinai Province Libya Province Jund al - Khilafah Khorasan Province Yemen Province Boko Haram Caucasus Province ISS Abu Sayyaf Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade IMU Taliban East Turkestan Islamic Movement Others ( show ) Islamic Emirate of Waziristan Tehrik - i Taliban Pakistan Osbat al - Ansar Haqqani network TNSM Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Hamas Hezbollah Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine Lashkar al - Zil Lashkar - e-Taiba Lashkar - e-Omar Lashkar - e-Jhangvi Hizbul Mujahideen Ansaru Mullah Dadullah Front Fidai Mahaz Ansar al - Sharia ( Derna , Libya ) Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries Ansar al - Sharia ( Tunisia ) Islamic Jihad Union Masked Brigade Jaish - e-Mohammed Ahrar ash - Sham Fatah al - Islam Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid Jaish al - Islam Indian Mujahideen Harkat - ul - Mujahideen Great Eastern Islamic Raiders ' Front Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group Soldiers of Egypt Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Rajah Sulaiman movement Salafia Jihadia Ansar al - Sharia ( Mali ) Ansar al - Sharia ( Mauritania ) Ansar al - Sharia ( Morocco ) Ansar al - Sharia ( Libya ) Ansar al - Sharia ( Egypt ) Ansar al - Sharia ( Yarmouk Area ) Turaifie group Abu Sayyaf Jemaah Islamiyah Former ( show ) JTJ ( until 2004 ) al - Qaeda in Iraq ( until 2006 ) Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat ( until 2007 ) Tunisian Combatant Group ( until 2011 ) Islamic State of Iraq ( until 2013 ) MOJWA ( until 2013 ) Ansar al - Islam ( until 2014 ) Jundallah Tehreek - e-Khilafat ( until November 2014 ) Hizbul Islam ( until 2014 ) Jamaat - ul - Ahrar ( until March 2015 ) Iraqi Baath Party loyalists Islamic Courts Union ( dis ) Jamaat - ul - Ahrar ( until 2015 ) Ansar al - Sharia ( Syria ) ( until 2016 ) Hezb - e-Islami Gulbuddin ( until 2016 ) Caucasus Emirate ( until 2016 ) Al - Nusra Front ( until 2017 ) Harakat Sham al - Islam ( until 2017 ) Jund al - Aqsa ( until 2017 ) Ansar Dine ( until March 2017 ) Al - Mourabitoun ( until March 2017 ) Ansar al - Sharia ( Libya ) ( until May 2017 ) Maute Group ( until 2017 ) Rajah Sulaiman Movement ( until ? ) Islamic Jihad of Yemen ( until ? ) Black Banner Organization ( until ? ) <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders George W. Bush ( President 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( President 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( President 2017 -- present ) Tony Blair ( Prime Minister 1997 -- 2007 ) Gordon Brown ( Prime Minister 2007 -- 2010 ) David Cameron ( Prime Minister 2010 -- 2016 ) Theresa May ( Prime Minister 2016 -- present ) Jacques Chirac ( President 1995 -- 2007 ) Nicolas Sarkozy ( President 2007 -- 2012 ) François Hollande ( President 2012 -- 2017 ) Emmanuel Macron ( President 2017 -- present ) Vladimir Putin ( President 2000 -- 2008 , 2012 -- present ) Dmitry Medvedev ( President 2008 -- 2012 ) Jiang Zemin ( President 2001 -- 2003 ) Hu Jintao ( President 2003 -- 2013 ) Xi Jinping ( President 2013 -- present ) Other leaders ( show ) Olusegun Obasanjo ( President 1999 -- 2007 ) Umaru Yar'Adua ( President 2007 -- 2010 ) Goodluck Johnathan ( President 2010 -- 2015 ) Muhammadu Buhari ( President 2015 -- present ) Mahamadou Issoufou ( President 2011 -- present ) Idriss Deby ( President 1990 -- present ) Paul Biya ( President 1982 -- present ) Gerhard Schröder ( Chancellor 1998 -- 2005 ) Angela Merkel ( Chancellor 2005 -- present ) Silvio Berlusconi ( Prime Minister 2001 -- 2006 and 2008 -- 2011 ) Romano Prodi ( Prime Minister 2006 -- 2008 ) Mario Monti ( Prime Minister 2011 -- 2013 ) Enrico Letta ( Prime Minister 2013 -- 2014 ) Matteo Renzi ( Prime Minister 2014 -- 2016 ) Paolo Gentiloni ( Prime Minister 2016 -- present ) King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( King 1981 -- 2004 ) ( King of Saudi Arabia ) King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( King 2004 -- 2011 ) ( King of Saudi Arabia ) King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( King 2015 -- present ) ( King of Saudi Arabia ) Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( Crown Prince 2011 -- 2012 ) ( Former Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia ) Crown Prince Mohammed bin Nayef Al Saud ( Crown Prince 2015 -- present ) ( Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia ) Pervez Musharraf ( President 1999 -- 2008 ) Asif Ali Zardari ( President 2008 -- 2013 ) Nawaz Sharif ( Prime Minister 2013 -- 2017 ) Shahid Khaqan Abbasi ( Prime Minister 2017 -- Present ) John Howard ( Prime Minister 1996 -- 2007 ) Kevin Rudd ( Prime Minister 2007 -- 2010 , 2013 ) Julia Gillard ( Prime Minister 2010 - 2013 ) Tony Abbott ( Prime Minister 2013 -- 2015 ) Malcolm Turnbull ( Prime Minister 2015 -- present ) Aleksander Kwaśniewski ( President 1995 -- 2005 ) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ( Prime Minister 2003 -- 2014 , President 2014 -- present ) Ehud Barak ( Prime Minister 1999 -- 2001 ) ( Prime minister of Israel ) Ariel Sharon ( Prime Minister 2001 -- 2006 ) ( Prime Minister of Israel ) Ehud Olmert ( Prime Minister 2006 -- 2009 ) ( Prime Minister of Israel ) Benjamin Netanyahu ( Prime Minister 2009 -- current ) ( Prime Minister of Israel ) Jean Kahwaji ( Commander - in - Chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces ) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ( President 2001 -- 2010 ) Benigno Aquino III ( President 2010 -- 2016 ) Rodrigo Duterte ( President 2016 -- present ) al - Qaeda ( show ) Osama bin Laden † ( Founder and first Emir of al - Qaeda ) Ayman al - Zawahiri ( Current Emir of al - Qaeda ) Saif al - Adel ( al - Qaeda Military Chief ) Abu Musab al - Zarqawi † ( Emir of al - Qaeda in Iraq ) Ilyas Kashmiri † ( Commander of Lashkar al - Zil ) Qasim al - Raymi ( Emir of AQAP ) Abdelmalek Droukdel ( Emir of AQIM ) Mokhtar Belmokhtar † ( Emir of AQWA ) Asim Umar ( Emir of AQIS ) Ahmad Umar ( Emir of al - Shabaab ) Abu Mohammad al - Julani ( Emir of al - Nusra Front ) Muhsin al - Fadhli † ( Leader of Khorasan Group ) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( show ) Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi ( Caliph of ISIL ) Abu Ala al - Afri † ( Deputy Emir of ISIL ) Abu Muslim al - Turkmani † ( Deputy Leader , Iraq ) Abu Suleiman al - Naser † ( Head of War Council ) Abu Mohammad al - Adnani † ( Spokesperson for ISIL ) Abu Omar al - Shishani † ( Senior ISIL commander ) Abu Nabil al - Anbari † ( ISIL Emir of North Africa ) Abu Abdullah al - Filipini † ( ISIL Emir of Southeast Asia ) Mohammed Abdullah ( ISIL Emir of Derna ) Ali Al Qarqaa ( ISIL Emir of Nofaliya ) Hafiz Saeed Khan † ( ISIL Emir of Wilayat Khorasan ) Usman Ghazi Abubakar Shekau ( Emir of Boko Haram ) Taliban ( show ) Mohammed Omar ( 1st Supreme Commander of the Taliban ) ( 2001 - 2013 ) Akhtar Mansour ( 2nd Supreme Commander of the Taliban ) † Hibatullah Akhundzada ( Current & 3rd Supreme Commander of the Taliban ) Quetta Shura ( Senior Taliban council ) Abdul Ghani Baradar Obaidullah Akhund † Mohammad Fazl Dadullah Akhund † Tehrik - i - Taliban ( show ) Maulana Fazlullah ( Emir of Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan ) Haqqani Network ( show ) Jalaluddin Haqqani † ( leader of the Haqqani network ) Sirajuddin Haqqani East Turkestan Islamic Movement ( show ) Abdul Haq ( Emir of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement ) Abdullah Mansour ( Emir of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement ) The War on Terror ( WoT ) , also known as the Global War on Terrorism ( GWOT ) , is an international military campaign that was launched by the U.S. government after the September 11 attacks in the U.S. in 2001 . The naming of the campaign uses a metaphor of war to refer to a variety of actions that do not constitute a specific war as traditionally defined . U.S. president George W. Bush first used the term `` war on terrorism '' on 16 September 2001 , and then `` war on terror '' a few days later in a formal speech to Congress . In the latter speech , George Bush stated , `` Our enemy is a radical network of terrorists and every government that supports them . '' The term was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with al - Qaeda . The term was immediately criticised by such people as Richard B. Myers , chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and more nuanced ones subsequently came to be used by the Bush administration to publicly define the international campaign led by the U.S. ; it was never used as a formal designation of U.S. operations in internal government documentation . U.S. president Barack Obama and his administration ( 2009 -- 2017 ) on a number of occasions expressly rejected the term `` War on Terror '' , as well as the qualifier global , as being inaccurate and misleading . President Barack Obama announced on 23 May 2013 that the Global War on Terror is over , saying the military and intelligence agencies will not wage war against a tactic but will instead focus on a specific group of networks determined to destroy the U.S. On 28 December 2014 , the Obama administration announced the end of the combat role of the US - led mission in Afghanistan . However , with the unexpected rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant terror group earlier that year , new operation against terror in Middle East and South Asia was announced -- the Operation Inherent Resolve . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 History of use of the phrase and its rejection by the U.S. government 1.2 The rhetorical war on terror 2 Background 2.1 Precursor to the September 11 attacks 2.2 September 11 , 2001 , attacks 3 U.S. objectives 4 Afghanistan 4.1 Operation Enduring Freedom 4.2 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan 4.3 International Security Assistance Force 5 Iraq and Syria 5.1 Iraqi no - fly zones 5.2 Operation Iraqi Freedom 5.3 Operation New Dawn 5.4 Operation Inherent Resolve ( Syria and Iraq ) 6 Pakistan 6.1 Baluchistan 7 Trans - Sahara ( Northern Africa ) 7.1 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Trans Sahara 8 Horn of Africa and the Red Sea 8.1 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa 9 Philippines 9.1 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines 10 Yemen 11 U.S. Allies in the Middle East 11.1 Israel 11.2 Saudi Arabia 12 Libya 13 Other military operations 13.1 Operation Active Endeavour 13.2 Fighting in Kashmir 13.3 American military intervention in Cameroon 14 International military support 15 Terrorist attacks and failed plots since 9 / 11 15.1 Al - Qaeda 15.2 The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) 16 Post 9 / 11 events inside the United States 17 Casualties 17.1 Total terrorist casualties 18 Costs 19 Criticism 20 Other Wars on Terror 21 See also 22 Notes 23 References 23.1 Bibliography 24 Further reading 25 External links Etymology ( edit ) Letter from Barack Obama indicating appropriation of Congressional funds for `` Overseas Contingency Operations / Global War on Terrorism '' The phrase `` War on Terror '' has been used to specifically refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U.S. , UK and their allies against organizations and regimes identified by them as terrorist , and usually excludes other independent counter-terrorist operations and campaigns such as those by Russia and India . The conflict has also been referred to by names other than the War on Terror . It has also been known as : World War III World War IV ( assuming the Cold War was World War III ) Bush 's War on Terror The Long War The Forever War The Global War on Terror The War Against al - Qaeda History of use of the phrase and its rejection by the U.S. government ( edit ) In 1984 , the Reagan administration , which had significantly expanded the CIA - run program of funding the Jihadi militants in Afghanistan , employed the term `` war against terrorism '' to pass legislation aimed at countering terrorist groups in the wake of the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing that killed 241 U.S. and 58 French peacekeepers . US Vice President Mike Pence called the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing `` the opening salvo in a war that we have waged ever since -- the global war on terror , '' . The concept of the U.S. at war with terrorism may have begun on 11 September 2001 when Tom Brokaw , having just witnessed the collapse of one of the towers of the World Trade Center , declared `` Terrorists have declared war on ( America ) . '' On 16 September 2001 , at Camp David , U.S. president George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an ostensibly unscripted comment when answering a journalist ′ s question about the impact of enhanced law enforcement authority given to the U.S. surveillance agencies on Americans ′ civil liberties : `` This is a new kind of -- a new kind of evil . And we understand . And the American people are beginning to understand . This crusade , this war on terrorism is going to take a while . And the American people must be patient . I 'm going to be patient . '' Shortly after , the White House said the president regretted use of the term crusade , as it might have been misunderstood as reference to the historical Crusades ; the word crusade was not used again . On 20 September 2001 , during a televised address to a joint session of Congress , George Bush said , `` Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda , but it does not end there . It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found , stopped and defeated . '' In April 2007 , the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase `` War on Terror '' as they found it to be less than helpful . This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham - Buller . In her 2011 Reith lecture , the former head of MI5 said that the 9 / 11 attacks were `` a crime , not an act of war . So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror . '' U.S. president Barack Obama rarely used the term , but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009 , he stated : `` Our nation is at war , against a far - reaching network of violence and hatred . '' In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from `` Global War on Terror '' to `` Overseas Contingency Operation '' ( OCO ) . In March 2009 , the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid the use of the term and instead to use `` Overseas Contingency Operation '' . Basic objectives of the Bush administration `` war on terror '' , such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances , remain in place . In May 2010 , the Obama administration published a report outlining its National Security Strategy . The document dropped the Bush era phrase `` global war on terror '' and reference to `` Islamic extremism , '' and stated , `` This is not a global war against a tactic -- terrorism , or a religion -- Islam . We are at war with a specific network , al - Qaeda , and its terrorist affiliates who support efforts to attack the United States , our allies , and partners . '' In December 2012 , Jeh Johnson , the General Counsel of the Department of Defense , stated that the military fight would be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University , predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective , and has been `` effectively destroyed '' , and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under international law . In May 2013 , two years after the assassination of Osama bin Laden , Barack Obama delivered a speech that employed the term global war on terror put in quotation marks ( as officially transcribed by the White House ) : '' Now , make no mistake , our nation is still threatened by terrorists . But we have to recognize that the threat has shifted and evolved from the one that came to our shores on 9 / 11 . From our use of drones to the detention of terrorist suspects , the decisions that we are making now will define the type of nation -- and world -- that we leave to our children . So America is at a crossroads . We must define the nature and scope of this struggle , or else it will define us . We have to be mindful of James Madison 's warning that `` No nation could preserve its freedom in the midst of continual warfare . '' In Afghanistan , we will complete our transition to Afghan responsibility for that country 's security . Beyond Afghanistan , we must define our effort not as a boundless `` global war on terror , '' but rather as a series of persistent , targeted efforts to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America . In many cases , this will involve partnerships with other countries . '' Nevertheless , in the same speech , in a bid to emphasise the legality of military actions undertaken by the U.S. , noting that Congress had authorised the use of force , he went on to say , '' Under domestic law , and international law , the United States is at war with al Qaeda , the Taliban , and their associated forces . We are at war with an organization that right now would kill as many Americans as they could if we did not stop them first . So this is a just war -- a war waged proportionally , in last resort , and in self - defense . '' The rhetorical War on Terror ( edit ) Because the actions involved in the `` war on terrorism '' are diffuse , and the criteria for inclusion are unclear , political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that `` the ' war on terrorism , ' therefore , is simultaneously a set of actual practices -- wars , covert operations , agencies , and institutions -- and an accompanying series of assumptions , beliefs , justifications , and narratives -- it is an entire language or discourse . '' Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that `` the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage '' . Administration officials also described `` terrorists '' as hateful , treacherous , barbarous , mad , twisted , perverted , without faith , parasitical , inhuman , and , most commonly , evil . Americans , in contrast , were described as brave , loving , generous , strong , resourceful , heroic , and respectful of human rights . Both the term and the policies it denotes have been a source of ongoing controversy , as critics argue it has been used to justify unilateral preventive war , human rights abuses and other violations of international law . Background ( edit ) Precursor to the September 11 attacks ( edit ) See also : Terrorism and List of terrorist incidents The origins of al - Qaeda can be traced back to the Soviet war in Afghanistan ( December 1979 -- February 1989 ) . The United States , the United Kingdom , Saudi Arabia , Pakistan , and the People 's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan . A small number of `` Afghan Arab '' volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets , including Osama bin Laden , but there is no evidence they received any external assistance . In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders ( WIFJAJC ) , sponsored by bin Laden ( and later re-formed as al - Qaeda ) , started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan , where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year . In February 1998 , Osama bin Laden signed a fatwā , as head of al - Qaeda , declaring war on the West and Israel , later in May of that same year al - Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West . On 7 August 1998 , al - Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania , killing 224 people , including 12 Americans . In retaliation , U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach , a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC , although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare facility . The plant produced much of the region 's antimalarial drugs and around 50 % of Sudan 's pharmaceutical needs . The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban . Next came the 2000 millennium attack plots , which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport . On 12 October 2000 , the USS Cole bombing occurred near the port of Yemen , and 17 U.S. Navy sailors were killed . September 11 , 2001 , attacks ( edit ) Main article : September 11 attacks On the morning of September 11 , 2001 , nineteen men hijacked four airliners all bound for California . Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners , they told the passengers that they had a bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met -- no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history , and many previous hijacking attempts had been resolved with the passengers and crew escaping unharmed after obeying the hijackers . The hijackers -- members of al - Qaeda 's Hamburg cell -- intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City . Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes , destroying nearby buildings and damaging others . The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia , just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane , which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C. , to target the White House or the U.S. Capitol . None of the flights had any survivors . A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks . Fifteen of the nineteen were citizens of Saudi Arabia , and the others were from the United Arab Emirates ( 2 ) , Egypt , and Lebanon . On 13 September , for the first time ever , NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty . On 18 September 2001 , President Bush signed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists passed by Congress a few days prior . U.S. objectives ( edit ) NATO Trans - Sahara initiative Major military operations ( Afghanistan Pakistan Iraq Somalia Yemen ) Other allies involved in major operations Major terrorist attacks by al - Qaeda and affiliated groups : 1 . 1998 United States embassy bombings 2 . 11 September 2001 attacks 3 . Bali bombings 2002 4 . Madrid bombings 2004 5 . London bombings 2005 6 . Mumbai attacks 2008 The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or `` AUMF '' was made law on 14 September 2001 , to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001 . It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations , organizations , or persons he determines planned , authorized , committed , or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001 , or harbored such organizations or persons , to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations , organizations or individuals . Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5 ( b ) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 . The George W. Bush administration defined the following objectives in the War on Terror : Defeat terrorists such as Osama bin Laden , Abu Musab al - Zarqawi and demolish their organizations Identify , locate and demolish terrorists along with their organizations Deny sponsorship , support and sanctuary to terrorists End the state sponsorship of terrorism Establish and maintain an international standard of accountability concerning combating terrorism Strengthen and sustain the international effort to combat terrorism Work with willing and able states Enable weak states Persuade reluctant states Compel unwilling states Interdict and disorder material support for terrorists Abolish terrorist sanctuaries and havens Diminish the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit Partner with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent ( re ) emergence of terrorism Win the war of ideals Defend U.S. citizens and interests at home and abroad Integrate the National Strategy for Homeland Security Attain domain awareness Enhance measures to ensure the integrity , reliability , and availability of critical , physical , and information - based infrastructures at home and abroad Implement measures to protect U.S. citizens abroad Ensure an integrated incident management capability Afghanistan ( edit ) U.S. Army soldier of the 10th Mountain Division in Nuristan Province , June 2007 Operation Enduring Freedom ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom Campaign streamer awarded to units who have participated in Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Enduring Freedom is the official name used by the Bush administration for the War in Afghanistan , together with three smaller military actions , under the umbrella of the Global War on Terror . These global operations are intended to seek out and destroy any al - Qaeda fighters or affiliates . Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) See also : War in Afghanistan ( 2015 -- present ) and List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) On 20 September 2001 , in the wake of the 11 September attacks , George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban government of Afghanistan , the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan , to turn over Osama bin Laden and al - Qaeda leaders operating in the country or face attack . The Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden 's link to the 11 September attacks and , if such evidence warranted a trial , they offered to handle such a trial in an Islamic Court . The U.S. refused to provide any evidence . Subsequently , in October 2001 , U.S. forces ( with UK and coalition allies ) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime . On 7 October 2001 , the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets . Kabul , the capital city of Afghanistan , fell by mid-November . The remaining al - Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan , mainly Tora Bora . In December , Coalition forces ( the U.S. and its allies ) fought within that region . It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle . In March 2002 , the U.S. and other NATO and non-NATO forces launched Operation Anaconda with the goal of destroying any remaining al - Qaeda and Taliban forces in the Shah - i - Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of Afghanistan . The Taliban suffered heavy casualties and evacuated the region . The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent - style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002 . Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan , firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces . Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase of troops in Afghanistan . In February 2010 , Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all . Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces . In September 2014 , Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement , which permits the United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024 . The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw ; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO , and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory . In December 2014 , ISAF encasing its colors , and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan . Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name `` Operation Freedom 's Sentinel '' . International Security assistance Force ( edit ) Main article : International Security Assistance Force Map of countries contributing troops to ISAF as of 5 March 2010 . Major contributors ( over 1000 troops ) in dark green , other contributors in light green , and former contributors in magenta . December 2001 saw the creation of the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) to assist the Afghan Transitional Administration and the first post-Taliban elected government . With a renewed Taliban insurgency , it was announced in 2006 that ISAF would replace the U.S. troops in the province as part of Operation Enduring Freedom . The British 16th Air Assault Brigade ( later reinforced by Royal Marines ) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan , along with troops and helicopters from Australia , Canada and the Netherlands . The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British , 2,000 Canadian , 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia , along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations . The monthly supply of cargo containers through Pakistani route to ISAF in Afghanistan is over 4,000 costing around 12 billion in Pakistani Rupees . Iraq and Syria ( edit ) Further information : Iraq War and the War on Terror A British C - 130J Hercules aircraft launches flare countermeasures before being the first coalition aircraft to land on the newly reopened military runway at Baghdad International Airport Iraq had been listed as a State sponsor of terrorism by the U.S. since 1990 , when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait . Iraq had also been on the list from 1979 to 1982 ; it was removed so that the U.S. could provide material support to Iraq in its war with Iran . Hussein 's regime had proven to be a problem for the UN and Iraq 's neighbors due to its use of chemical weapons against Iranians and Kurds in the 1980s . Iraqi no - fly zones ( edit ) Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities ( but not officially ended ) in the 1991 Gulf War , the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no - fly zones , to protect Iraq 's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population -- both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War -- in Iraq 's northern and southern regions , respectively . U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands for `` unconditional cooperation '' in weapons inspections . In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox , during December 1998 , Iraq announced that it would no longer respect the no - fly zones and resumed its attempts to shoot down U.S. aircraft . Operation Iraqi Freedom ( edit ) Main article : Iraq War The Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air campaign , which was immediately followed by a U.S. - led ground invasion . The Bush administration stated the invasion was the `` serious consequences '' spoken of in the UNSC Resolution 1441 , partially by Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction . The Bush administration also stated the Iraq war was part of the War on Terror ; something later questioned or contested . The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British , American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr . Baghdad , Iraq 's capital city , fell to American troops in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein 's government quickly dissolved . On 1 May 2003 , Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended . However , an insurgency arose against the U.S. - led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government . The rebellion , which included al - Qaeda - affiliated groups , led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion . Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein 's Ba'ath regime , which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists . Many insurgency leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past . Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003 . He was executed in 2006 . In 2004 , the insurgent forces grew stronger . The U.S. conducted attacks on insurgent strongholds in cities like Najaf and Fallujah . In January 2007 , President Bush presented a new strategy for Operation Iraqi Freedom based upon counter-insurgency theories and tactics developed by General David Petraeus . The Iraq War troop surge of 2007 was part of this `` new way forward '' and , along with U.S. backing of Sunni groups it had previously sought to defeat , has been credited with a widely recognized dramatic decrease in violence by up to 80 % . Operation New Dawn ( edit ) The war entered a new phase on 1 September 2010 , with the official end of U.S. combat operations . The last U.S. troops exited Iraq on 18 December 2011 . Operation Inherent Resolve ( Syria and Iraq ) ( edit ) Main articles : Military intervention against ISIL , Timeline of the Iraq War ( 2014 ) , Spillover of the Syrian Civil War , American - led intervention in Syria , American - led intervention in Iraq ( 2014 -- present ) , and List of wars and battles involving ISIL Tomahawk missiles being fired from USS Philippine Sea and USS Arleigh Burke at IS targets in Syria In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda 's organization , the Iraqi franchise , known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War , gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq 's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIS / ISIL ) , taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg - like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict . Due to their extreme brutality and a complete change in their overall ideology , Al Qaeda 's core organization in Central Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their affiliates to cut off all ties with this organization . Many analysts believe that because of this schism , Al Qaeda and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of the world 's most powerful terrorist organization . The Obama administration began to re-engage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS starting on 10 August 2014 . On 9 September 2014 , President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , citing the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Terrorists , and thus did not require additional approval from Congress . The following day on 10 September 2014 President Barack Obama made a televised speech about ISIL , which he stated : `` Our objective is clear : We will degrade , and ultimately destroy , ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy '' . Obama has authorized the deployment of additional U.S. Forces into Iraq , as well as authorizing direct military operations against ISIL within Syria . On the night of 21 / 22 September the United States , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the UAE , Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria . In October 2014 , it was reported that the U.S. Department of Defense considers military operations against ISIL as being under Operation Enduring Freedom in regards to campaign medal awarding . On 15 October , the military intervention became known as `` Operation Inherent Resolve '' . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Pakistan 's role in the War on Terror See also : Pakistan -- United States relations , Pakistan and state - sponsored terrorism , War in North - West Pakistan , Drone strikes in Pakistan , and Death of Osama bin Laden Following the 11 September 2001 attacks , former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush . Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom . United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other U.S. administration officials met with Musharraf . On 19 September 2001 , Musharraf addressed the people of Pakistan and stated that , while he opposed military tactics against the Taliban , Pakistan risked being endangered by an alliance of India and the U.S. if it did not cooperate . In 2006 , Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the U.S. , and revealed in his memoirs that he had `` war - gamed '' the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan . On 12 January 2002 , Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism . He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself . He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organizations would not be allowed to resurface under any new name . He said , `` the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations . It was not taken under any foreign influence '' . In 2002 , the Musharraf - led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism , and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar , head of the Jaish - e-Mohammed , and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed , chief of the Lashkar - e-Taiba , and took dozens of activists into custody . An official ban was imposed on the groups on 12 January . Later that year , the Saudi born Zayn al - Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint U.S. - Pakistan raids . Zubaydah is said to have been a high - ranking al - Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al - Qaeda training camps . Other prominent al - Qaeda members were arrested in the following two years , namely Ramzi bin al - Shibh , who is known to have been a financial backer of al - Qaeda operations , and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , who at the time of his capture was the third highest - ranking official in al - Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the 11 September attacks . In 2004 , the Pakistan Army launched a campaign in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan 's Waziristan region , sending in 80,000 troops . The goal of the conflict was to remove the al - Qaeda and Taliban forces in the area . After the fall of the Taliban regime , many members of the Taliban resistance fled to the Northern border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army had previously little control . With the logistics and air support of the United States , the Pakistani Army captured or killed numerous al - Qaeda operatives such as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , wanted for his involvement in the USS Cole bombing , the Bojinka plot , and the killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl . The United States has carried out a campaign of Drone attacks on targets all over the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . However , the Pakistani Taliban still operates there . To this day it is estimated that 15 U.S. soldiers were killed while fighting al - Qaeda and Taliban remnants in Pakistan since the War on Terror began . Osama bin Laden , who was of many founders of al - Qaeda , his wife , and son , were all killed on 2 May 2011 , during a raid conducted by the United States special operations forces in Abbottabad , Pakistan . The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war . The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion . The United States was criticized by a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term ' Global War on Terror ' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war . In the three years before the attacks of 11 September , Pakistan received approximately US $9 million in American military aid . In the three years after , the number increased to US $4.2 billion , making it the country with the maximum funding post 9 / 11 . Baluchistan ( edit ) An uprising in Baluchistan began after Pakistan invaded and occupied the territory in 1948 . Various NGOs have reported human rights violations in committed by Pakistani armed forces . Approximately 18,000 Baluch residents are reportedly missing and about 2000 have been killed . Brahamdagh Bugti , leader of the Baloch Republican Party , stated in a 2008 interview that he would accept aid from India , Afghanistan , and Iran in defending Baluchistan against Pakistani aggression . Pakistan has repeatedly accused India of supporting Baloch rebels , and David Wright - Neville writes that outside Pakistan , some Western observers also believe that India secretly funds the Balochistan Liberation Army ( BLA ) . Trans - Sahara ( northern Africa ) ( edit ) Operation Enduring Freedom -- Trans Sahara ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Trans Sahara Operation Enduring Freedom -- Trans Sahara ( OEF - TS ) is the name of the military operation conducted by the U.S. and partner nations in the Sahara / Sahel region of Africa , consisting of counter-terrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa . The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists ( affiliated to al - Qaeda ) advancing into northern Mali . The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country . The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants . In January 2013 , France intervened on behalf of the Malian government 's request and deployed troops into the region . They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013 , with the hopes of dislodging the al - Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali . Horn of Africa and the red Sea ( edit ) Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa See also : War in Somalia ( 2006 -- 2009 ) , War in Somalia ( 2009 -- present ) , and Piracy off the coast of Somalia This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom was titled OEF - HOA . Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom , OEF - HOA does not have a specific organization as a target . OEF - HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect militant activities in the region and to work with willing governments to prevent the reemergence of militant cells and activities . In October 2002 , the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa ( CJTF - HOA ) was established in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier . It contains approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and special operations forces ( SOF ) and coalition force members , Combined Task Force 150 ( CTF - 150 ) . Task Force 150 consists of ships from a shifting group of nations , including Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Netherlands , Pakistan , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor , inspect , board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and affecting the United States ' Operation Iraqi Freedom . Included in the operation is the training of selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti , Kenya and Ethiopia in counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency tactics . Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF - HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics and providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained . The program expands as part of the Trans - Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the armed forces of Chad , Niger , Mauritania and Mali . However , the War on Terror does not include Sudan , where over 400,000 have died in an ongoing civil war . On 1 July 2006 , a Web - posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western governments that the al - Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there . Somalia has been considered a `` failed state '' because its official central government was weak , dominated by warlords and unable to exert effective control over the country . Beginning in mid-2006 , the Islamic Courts Union ( ICU ) , an Islamist faction campaigning on a restoration of `` law and order '' through Sharia law , had rapidly taken control of much of southern Somalia . On 14 December 2006 , the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer claimed al - Qaeda cell operatives were controlling the Islamic Courts Union , a claim denied by the ICU . By late 2006 , the UN-backed Transitional Federal Government ( TFG ) of Somalia had seen its power effectively limited to Baidoa , while the Islamic Courts Union controlled the majority of southern Somalia , including the capital of Mogadishu . On 20 December 2006 , the Islamic Courts Union launched an offensive on the government stronghold of Baidoa and saw early gains before Ethiopia intervened for the government . By 26 December , the Islamic Courts Union retreated towards Mogadishu , before again retreating as TFG / Ethiopian troops neared , leaving them to take Mogadishu with no resistance . The ICU then fled to Kismayo , where they fought Ethiopian / TFG forces in the Battle of Jilib . The Prime Minister of Somalia claimed that three `` terror suspects '' from the 1998 United States embassy bombings are being sheltered in Kismayo . On 30 December 2006 , al - Qaeda deputy leader Ayman al - Zawahiri called upon Muslims worldwide to fight against Ethiopia and the TFG in Somalia . On 8 January 2007 , the U.S. launched the Battle of Ras Kamboni by bombing Ras Kamboni using AC - 130 gunships . On 14 September 2009 , U.S. Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe . Witnesses claim that helicopters used for the operation launched from French - flagged warships , but that could not be confirmed . A Somali - based al - Qaida affiliated group , the Al - Shabaab , has verified the death of `` sheik commander '' Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan along with an unspecified number of militants . Nabhan , a Kenyan , was wanted in connection with the 2002 Mombasa attacks . Philippines ( edit ) Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines U.S. Special Forces soldier and infantrymen of the Philippine Army In January 2002 , the United States Special Operations Command , Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups . The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah ( JI ) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan . The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called `` Operation Smiles '' . The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a `` Hearts and Minds '' program . Joint Special Operations Task Force -- Philippines disbanded in June 2014 , ending a successful 12 - year mission . After JSOTF - P had disbanded , as late as November 2014 , American forces continued to operate in the Philippines under the name `` PACOM Augmentation Team '' , until February 24 , 2015 . Yemen ( edit ) Main article : Al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen The United States has also conducted a series of military strikes on al - Qaeda militants in Yemen since the War on Terror began . Yemen has a weak central government and a powerful tribal system that leaves large lawless areas open for militant training and operations . Al - Qaeda has a strong presence in the country . On 31 March 2011 , AQAP declared the Al - Qaeda Emirate in Yemen after its captured most of Abyan Governorate . The U.S. , in an effort to support Yemeni counter-terrorism efforts , has increased their military aid package to Yemen from less than $11 million in 2006 to more than $70 million in 2009 , as well as providing up to $121 million for development over the next three years . U.S. allies in the Middle East ( edit ) Israel ( edit ) Further information : Category : Counter-terrorism in Israel Israel has been fighting terrorist groups such Hezbollah , Hamas , and Islamic Jihad , who are all Iran 's proxies aimed at Iran 's objective to destroy Israel . According to the Clarion Project : `` Since 1979 , Iran has been responsible for countless terrorist plots , directly through regime agents or indirectly through proxies like Hamas and Hezbollah . In 2006 , U.S. President ( George W Bush ) said that Israel 's war on terrorist group Hezbollah was part of war on terror . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Further information : List of terrorist incidents in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia witnessed multiple terror attacks from different groups such as Al - Qaeda , whose leader , Osama Bin Laden , declared war on the Saudi government . On June 16 , 1996 , the Khobar Towers bombing killed 19 U.S. soldiers . The 9 / 11 Commission concluded that Hezbollah , likely with the support of the Iranian regime , was the perpetrator of that bombing in Saudi Arabia . It said there are `` signs '' that Al - Qaeda also played a role . Libya ( edit ) Main articles : 2011 military intervention in Libya , Factional violence in Libya ( 2011 -- 14 ) , and Libyan Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) On 19 March 2011 , a multi-state coalition began a military action in Libya , ostensibly to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 . The United Nations Intent and Voting was to have `` an immediate ceasefire in Libya , including an end to the current attacks against civilians , which it said might constitute crimes against humanity '' ... `` imposing a ban on all flights in the country 's airspace -- a no - fly zone -- and tightened sanctions on the Qadhafi regime and its supporters . '' The resolution was taken in response to events during the Libyan Civil War , and military operations began , with American and British naval forces firing over 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles , the French Air Force , British Royal Air Force , and Royal Canadian Air Force undertaking sorties across Libya and a naval blockade by Coalition forces . French jets launched air strikes against Libyan Army tanks and vehicles . The Libyan government response to the campaign was totally ineffectual , with Gaddafi 's forces not managing to shoot down a single NATO plane despite the country possessing 30 heavy SAM batteries , 17 medium SAM batteries , 55 light SAM batteries ( a total of 400 -- 450 launchers , including 130 -- 150 SA - 6 launchers and some SA - 8 launchers ) , and 440 -- 600 short - range air - defense guns . The official names for the interventions by the coalition members are Opération Harmattan by France ; Operation Ellamy by the United Kingdom ; Operation Mobile for the Canadian participation and Operation Odyssey Dawn for the United States . From the beginning of the intervention , the initial coalition of Belgium , Canada , Denmark , France , Italy , Norway , Qatar , Spain , UK and US expanded to nineteen states , with newer states mostly enforcing the no - fly zone and naval blockade or providing military logistical assistance . The effort was initially largely led by France and the United Kingdom , with command shared with the United States . NATO took control of the arms embargo on 23 March , named Operation Unified Protector . An attempt to unify the military leadership of the air campaign ( while keeping political and strategic control with a small group ) , first failed over objections by the French , German , and Turkish governments . On 24 March , NATO agreed to take control of the no - fly zone , while command of targeting ground units remains with coalition forces . The handover occurred on 31 March 2011 at 06 : 00 UTC ( 08 : 00 local time ) . NATO flew 26,500 sorties since it took charge of the Libya mission on 31 March 2011 . Fighting in Libya ended in late October following the death of Muammar Gaddafi , and NATO stated it would end operations over Libya on 31 October 2011 . Libya 's new government requested its mission to be extended to the end of the year , but on 27 October , the Security Council voted to end NATO 's mandate for military action on 31 October . An AV - 8B Harrier takes off from the flight deck of USS Wasp during Operation Odyssey Lightning , August 8 , 2016 . NBC News reported that in mid-2014 , ISIS had about 1,000 fighters in Libya . Taking advantage of a power vacuum in the center of the country , far from the major cities of Tripoli and Benghazi , ISIS expanded rapidly over the next 18 months . Local militants were joined by jihadists from the rest of North Africa , the Middle East , Europe and the Caucasus . The force absorbed or defeated other Islamist groups inside Libya and the central ISIS leadership in Raqqa , Syria , began urging foreign recruits to head for Libya instead of Syria . ISIS seized control of the coastal city of Sirte in early 2015 and then began to expand to the east and south . By the beginning of 2016 , it had effective control of 120 to 150 miles of coastline and portions of the interior and had reached Eastern Libya 's major population center , Benghazi . In spring 2016 , AFRICOM estimated that ISIS had about 5,000 fighters in its stronghold of Sirte . However , the indigenous rebel groups who had staked their claims to Libya and turned their weapons on ISIS -- with the help of airstrikes by Western forces , including U.S. drones , the Libyan population resented the outsiders who wanted to establish a fundamentalist regime on their soil . Militias loyal to the new Libyan unity government , plus a separate and rival force loyal to a former officer in the Qaddafi regime , launched an assault on ISIS outposts in Sirte and the surrounding areas that lasted for months . According to U.S. military estimates , ISIS ranks shrank to somewhere between a few hundred and 2,000 fighters . In August 2016 , the U.S. military began airstrikes that , along with continued pressure on the ground from the Libyan militias , pushed the remaining ISIS fighters back into Sirte , In all , U.S. drones and planes hit ISIS nearly 590 times , the Libyan militias reclaimed the city in mid-December . On January 18 , 2017 , ABC News reported that two USAF B - 2 bombers struck two ISIS camps 28 miles ( 45 km ) south of Sirte , the airstrikes targeted between 80 and 100 ISIS fighters in multiple camps , an unmanned aircraft also participated in the airstrikes . NBC News reported that as many as 90 ISIS fighters were killed in the strike , a U.S. defense official said that `` This was the largest remaining ISIS presence in Libya , '' and that `` They have been largely marginalized , but I am hesitant to say they have been eliminated in Libya . '' Other military operations ( edit ) Operation Active Endeavour ( edit ) Main article : Operation Active Endeavour Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of NATO started in October 2001 in response to the 11 September attacks . It operates in the Mediterranean and is designed to prevent the movement of militants or weapons of mass destruction and to enhance the security of shipping in general . Fighting in Kashmir ( edit ) Main article : Kashmir conflict Political Map : the Kashmir region districts In a ' Letter to American People ' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002 , he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue . While on a trip to Delhi in 2002 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al - Qaeda was active in Kashmir , though he did not have any hard evidence . In 2002 , The Christian Science Monitor published an article claiming that Al - Qaeda and its affiliates were `` thriving '' in Pakistan - administered Kashmir with the tacit approval of Pakistan 's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence . A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian - administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat - ul - Mujahideen . U.S. officials believed that Al - Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan . Fazlur Rehman Khalil , the leader of the Harkat - ul - Mujahideen , signed al - Qaeda 's 1998 declaration of holy war , which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies . Indian sources claimed that In 2006 , Al - Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir ; this worried the Indian government . India also argued that Al - Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar - e-Taiba and Jaish - e-Mohammed in Pakistan . While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010 , U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates stated that Al - Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan . In September 2009 , a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri , who was the chief of Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami , a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al - Qaeda . Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a ' prominent ' Al - Qaeda member , while others described him as the head of military operations for Al - Qaeda . Waziristan had now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants , who were now fighting NATO in support of Al - Qaeda . On 8 July 2012 , Al - Badar Mujahideen , a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen , on the conclusion of their two - day Shuhada Conference called for a mobilization of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir . American military intervention in Cameroon ( edit ) In October 2015 , the US began deploying 300 soldiers to Cameroon , with the invitation of the Cameroonian government , to support African forces in a non-combat role in their fight against ISIS insurgency in that country . The troops ' primary missions will revolve around providing intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights . International military support ( edit ) Main articles : Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom and Multi-National Force -- Iraq See also : Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2008 and Afghan War order of battle 2012 The United Kingdom is the second largest contributor of troops in Afghanistan The invasion of Afghanistan is seen to have been the first action of this war , and initially involved forces from the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Afghan Northern Alliance . Since the initial invasion period , these forces were augmented by troops and aircraft from Australia , Canada , Denmark , France , Italy , Netherlands , New Zealand and Norway amongst others . In 2006 , there were about 33,000 troops in Afghanistan . On 12 September 2001 , less than 24 hours after the 11 September attacks in New York City and Washington , D.C. , NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty and declared the attacks to be an attack against all 19 NATO member countries . Australian Prime Minister John Howard also stated that Australia would invoke the ANZUS Treaty along similar lines . In the following months , NATO took a broad range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism . On 22 November 2002 , the member states of the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC ) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism , which explicitly states , `` ( The ) EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights , as well as the rule of law , in combating terrorism . '' NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour . Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002 . Even so , many of the `` coalition of the willing '' countries that unconditionally supported the U.S. - led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan , particular neighboring Pakistan , which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict . Pakistan was also engaged in the War in North - West Pakistan ( Waziristan War ) . Supported by U.S. intelligence , Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al - Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas . Terrorist attacks and failed plots since 9 / 11 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Al - Qaeda ( edit ) Main article : al - Qaeda Since 9 / 11 , Al - Qaeda and other affiliated radical Islamist groups have executed attacks in several parts of the world where conflicts are not taking place . Whereas countries like Pakistan have suffered hundreds of attacks killing tens of thousands and displacing much more . The 2002 Bali bombings in Indonesia were committed by various members of Jemaah Islamiyah , an organization linked to Al - Qaeda . The 2003 Casablanca bombings were carried out by Salafia Jihadia , an Al - Qaeda affiliate . After the 2003 Istanbul bombings , Turkey charged 74 people with involvement , including Syrian Al - Qaeda member Loai al - Saqa . The 2004 Madrid train bombings in Spain were `` inspired by '' Al - Qaeda , though no direct involvement has been established . The 7 July 2005 London bombings in the United Kingdom were perpetrated by four homegrown terrorists , one of whom appeared in an edited video with a known Al - Qaeda operative , though the British government denies Al - Qaeda involvement . Al Qaeda claimed responsibility for the 11 April 2007 Algiers bombings in Algeria . The 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack in the United Kingdom was carried out by a pair of bombers whose laptops and suicide notes included videos and speeches referencing Al - Qaeda , though no direct involvement was established . The 2009 Fort Hood shooting in the United States was committed by Nidal Malik Hasan , who had been in communication with Anwar al - Awlaki , though the Department of Defense classifies the shooting as an incidence of workplace violence . Morocco blames Al - Qaeda for the 2011 Marrakech bombing , though Al - Qaeda denies involvement . The 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings in France were committed by Mohammed Merah , who reportedly had familial ties to Al - Qaeda , along with a history of petty crime and psychological issues . Merah claimed ties to Al - Qaeda , though French authorities deny any connection . To date , no one has been convicted for the 2012 U.S. Consulate attack in Benghazi in Libya , and no one has claimed responsibility . Branches of Al - Qaeda , Al - Qaeda affiliates , and individuals `` sympathetic to Al - Qaeda '' are blamed . The gunmen in the 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris identified themselves as belonging to Al - Qaeda 's branch in Yemen . There may also have been several additional planned attacks that were not successful . 2004 financial buildings plot ( The United States and the United Kingdom ) 21 July 2005 London bombings ( United Kingdom ) 2006 Toronto terrorism plot ( Canada ) 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot involving liquid explosives carried onto commercial airplanes 2006 Hudson River bomb plot ( United States ) 2007 Fort Dix attack plot ( United States ) 2007 London car bombs ( United Kingdom ) 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot ( United States ) 2009 Bronx terrorism plot ( United States ) 2009 New York City Subway and United Kingdom plot ( The United States and the United Kingdom ) 2009 Northwest Airlines Flight 253 bombing plot ( United States ) 2010 Stockholm bombings ( Sweden ) 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt ( United States ) 2010 cargo plane bomb plot ( United States ) 2010 Portland car bomb plot ( United States ) 2011 Manhattan terrorism plot ( United States ) 2013 VIA Rail Canada terrorism plot ( Canada ) The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) ( edit ) Main article : Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2013 Reyhanlı bombings in Turkey that led to 52 deaths and the injury of 140 people . 2014 Canadian parliament shootings , an ISIL - inspired attack on Canada 's Parliament , resulting in the death of a Canadian soldier , as well as that of the perpetrator . 2015 Porte de Vincennes siege perpetrated by Amedy Coulibaly in Paris , which led to four deaths and the injury of nine others . 2015 Corinthia Hotel attack on 27 January in Libya that resulted in 10 deaths . 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings on 20 March that led to the death of 142 and injury of 351 people . 2015 Curtis Culwell Center attack on 3 May 2015 that resulted in the injury of one security officer . November 2015 Paris attacks on the 13th that left at least 137 dead and injured at least 352 civilians caused France to be put under a state of emergency , close its borders and deploy three French contingency plans . Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks , with French President François Hollande later stated the attacks were carried out `` by the Islamic state with internal help '' . 2015 San Bernardino attack on 2 December 2015 , two gunmen attacked a county building in San Bernardino , California killing 16 people and injuring 24 others . 2016 Brussels bombing on 22 March 2016 two bombing attacks , first at Brussels Airport and the second at the Maalbeek / Maelbeek metro station , killed 35 people and injured more than 300 . 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting on 12 June 2016 a gunman opened fire at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando , Florida killing 50 people and wounding 53 others . It was the worst mass shooting in U.S. history . As well as a thwarted 2014 mass - beheading plot in Australia . Post 9 / 11 events inside the United States ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act Further information : Detentions following the September 11 attacks and Aftermath of the September 11 attacks A U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement helicopter patrols the airspace over New York City In addition to military efforts abroad , in the aftermath of 9 / 11 , the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized . A new cabinet - level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense . The Justice Department launched the National Security Entry - Exit Registration System for certain male non-citizens in the U.S. , requiring them to register in person at offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service . The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies ' ability to search telephone , e-mail communications , medical , financial , and other records ; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States ; expands the Secretary of the Treasury 's authority to regulate financial transactions , particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities ; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism - related acts . The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism , thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act 's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied . A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists ' financial resources ( discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times ) . Global telecommunication usage , including those with no links to terrorism , is being collected and monitored through the NSA electronic surveillance program . The Patriot Act is still in effect . Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority , and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties , possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment . On 30 July 2003 , the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act , claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen 's First Amendment rights , Fourth Amendment rights , and right to due process , by granting the government the right to search a person 's business , bookstore , and library records in a terrorist investigation , without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched . Also , governing bodies in many communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act . John Walker Lindh was captured as an enemy combatant during the United States ' 2001 invasion of Afghanistan In a speech on 9 June 2005 , Bush said that the USA PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges against more than 400 suspects , more than half of whom had been convicted . Meanwhile , the ACLU quoted Justice Department figures showing that 7,000 people have complained of abuse of the Act . The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) began an initiative in early 2002 with the creation of the Total Information Awareness program , designed to promote information technologies that could be used in counter-terrorism . This program , facing criticism , has since been defunded by Congress . By 2003 , 12 major conventions and protocols were designed to combat terrorism . These were adopted and ratified by many states . These conventions require states to co-operate on principal issues regarding unlawful seizure of aircraft , the physical protection of nuclear materials , and the freezing of assets of militant networks . In 2005 , the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws . Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations , the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports . In the same year , the United States Department of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a planning document , by the name `` National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism '' , which stated that it constituted the `` comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the Armed Forces of the United States ... including the findings and recommendations of the 9 / 11 Commission and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense '' . On 9 January 2007 , the House of Representatives passed a bill , by a vote of 299 -- 128 , enacting many of the recommendations of the 9 / 11 Commission The bill passed in the U.S. Senate , by a vote of 60 -- 38 , on 13 March 2007 and it was signed into law on 3 August 2007 by President Bush . It became Public Law 110 - 53 . In July 2012 , U.S. Senate passed a resolution urging that the Haqqani Network be designated a foreign terrorist organization . The Office of Strategic Influence was secretly created after 9 / 11 for the purpose of coordinating propaganda efforts but was closed soon after being discovered . The Bush administration implemented the Continuity of Operations Plan ( or Continuity of Government ) to ensure that U.S. government would be able to continue in catastrophic circumstances . Since 9 / 11 , extremists made various attempts to attack the United States , with varying levels of organization and skill . For example , vigilant passengers aboard a transatlantic flight prevented Richard Reid , in 2001 , and Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab , in 2009 , from detonating an explosive device . Other terrorist plots have been stopped by federal agencies using new legal powers and investigative tools , sometimes in cooperation with foreign governments . Such thwarted attacks include : The 2001 shoe bomb plot A plan to crash airplanes into the U.S. Bank Tower ( aka Library Tower ) in Los Angeles The 2003 plot by Iyman Faris to blow up the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City The 2004 Financial buildings plot , which targeted the International Monetary Fund and World Bank buildings in Washington , D.C. , the New York Stock Exchange and other financial institutions The 2004 Columbus Shopping Mall Bombing Plot The 2006 Sears Tower plot The 2007 Fort Dix attack plot The 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot The New York Subway Bombing Plot and 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt The Obama administration has promised the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp , increased the number of troops in Afghanistan , and promised the withdrawal of its forces from Iraq . Casualties ( edit ) According to Joshua Goldstein , an international relations professor at the American University , The Global War on Terror has seen fewer war deaths than any other decade in the past century . There is no widely agreed on figure for the number of people that have been killed so far in the War on Terror as it has been defined by the Bush Administration to include the war in Afghanistan , the war in Iraq , and operations elsewhere . The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War and the Physicians for Social Responsibility and Physicians for Global Survival give total estimates ranging from 1.3 million to 2 million casualties . Some estimates for regional conflicts include the following : Child killed by a car bomb in Kirkuk , July 2011 Play media Footage of leaked Apache gunship strike in Baghdad , July 2007 Iraq : 62,570 to 1,124,000 Main article : Casualties of the Iraq War Iraq Body Count project documented 110,937 -- 121,227 civilian deaths from violence from March 2003 to December 2012 . 110,600 deaths in total according to the Associated Press from March 2003 to April 2009 . 151,000 deaths in total according to the Iraq Family Health Survey . Opinion Research Business ( ORB ) poll conducted 12 -- 19 August 2007 estimated 1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq War . The range given was 946,000 to 1,120,000 deaths . A nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household ( living under their roof ) were killed due to the Iraq War . 22 % of the respondents had lost one or more household members . ORB reported that `` 48 % died from a gunshot wound , 20 % from the impact of a car bomb , 9 % from aerial bombardment , 6 % as a result of an accident and 6 % from another blast / ordnance . '' Between 392,979 and 942,636 estimated Iraqi ( 655,000 with a confidence interval of 95 % ) , civilian and combatant , according to the second Lancet survey of mortality . A minimum of 62,570 civilian deaths reported in the mass media up to 28 April 2007 according to Iraq Body Count project . 4,409 U.S. military dead ( 929 non-hostile deaths ) , and 31,926 wounded in action during Operation Iraqi Freedom . 66 U.S. Military Dead ( 28 non-hostile deaths ) , and 295 wounded in action during Operation New Dawn . Afghanistan : between 10,960 and 249,000 Main article : Civilian casualties of the War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) 16,725 -- 19,013 civilians killed according to Cost of War project from 2001 to 2013 According to Marc W. Herold 's extensive database , between 3,100 and 3,600 civilians were directly killed by U.S. Operation Enduring Freedom bombing and Special Forces attacks between 7 October 2001 and 3 June 2003 . This estimate counts only `` impact deaths '' -- deaths that occurred in the immediate aftermath of an explosion or shooting -- and does not count deaths that occurred later as a result of injuries sustained , or deaths that occurred as an indirect consequence of the U.S. airstrikes and invasion . In an opinion article published in August 2002 in the magazine The Weekly Standard , Joshua Muravchik of the American Enterprise Institute , questioned Professor Herold 's study entirely by one single incident that involved 25 -- 93 deaths . He did not provide any estimate his own . In a pair of January 2002 studies , Carl Conetta of the Project on Defense Alternatives estimates that `` at least '' 4,200 -- 4,500 civilians were killed by mid-January 2002 as a result of the war and Coalition airstrikes , both directly as casualties of the aerial bombing campaign , and indirectly in the resulting humanitarian crisis . His first study , `` Operation Enduring Freedom : Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties ? '' , released 18 January 2002 , estimates that , at the low end , `` at least '' 1,000 -- 1,300 civilians were directly killed in the aerial bombing campaign in just the three months between 7 October 2001 to 1 January 2002 . The author found it impossible to provide an upper - end estimate to direct civilian casualties from the Operation Enduring Freedom bombing campaign that he noted as having an increased use of cluster bombs . In this lower - end estimate , only Western press sources were used for hard numbers , while heavy `` reduction factors '' were applied to Afghan government reports so that their estimates were reduced by as much as 75 % . In his companion study , `` Strange Victory : A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war '' , released 30 January 2002 , Conetta estimates that `` at least '' 3,200 more Afghans died by mid-January 2002 , of `` starvation , exposure , associated illnesses , or injury sustained while in flight from war zones '' , as a result of the war and Coalition airstrikes . In similar numbers , a Los Angeles Times review of U.S. , British , and Pakistani newspapers and international wire services found that between 1,067 and 1,201 direct civilian deaths were reported by those news organizations during the five months from 7 October 2001 to 28 February 2002 . This review excluded all civilian deaths in Afghanistan that did not get reported by U.S. , British , or Pakistani news , excluded 497 deaths that did get reported in U.S. , British , and Pakistani news but that were not specifically identified as civilian or military , and excluded 754 civilian deaths that were reported by the Taliban but not independently confirmed . According to Jonathan Steele of The Guardian between 20,000 and 49,600 people may have died of the consequences of the invasion by the spring of 2002 . 2,046 U.S. military dead ( 339 non-hostile deaths ) , and 18,201 wounded in action . A report titled Body Count put together by Physicians for Social Responsibility , Physicians for Global Survival , and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War ( IPPNW ) concluded that between 185,000 -- 249,000 people had been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan . Pakistan : Between 1467 and 2334 people were killed in U.S. drone attacks as of 6 May 2011 . Tens of thousands have been killed by terrorist attacks , millions displaced . Main articles : Drone attacks in Pakistan and Terrorism in Pakistan Somalia : 7,000 + In December 2007 , The Elman Peace and Human Rights Organization said it had verified 6,500 civilian deaths , 8,516 people wounded , and 1.5 million displaced from homes in Mogadishu alone during the year 2007 . USA 1 June 2009 , Pvt . William Andrew Long was shot and killed by Abdulhakim Muhammad , while outside a recruiting facility in Little Rock AR . On 5 November 2009 , Nidal Malik Hasan shot and killed 13 people and wounded more than 30 others at Fort Hood , Texas . Total American casualties from the War on Terror ( this includes fighting throughout the world ) : This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) U.S. Military killed 7,008 U.S. Military wounded 50,422 U.S. DoD Civilians killed 16 U.S. Civilians killed ( includes 9 / 11 and after ) 3,000 + U.S. Civilians wounded / injured 6,000 + Total Americans killed ( military and civilian ) 10,008 + Total Americans wounded / injured 56,422 + The United States Department of Veterans Affairs has diagnosed more than 200,000 American veterans with PTSD since 2001 . Yemen Main article : Terrorism in Yemen Total terrorist Casualties ( edit ) On December 7 , 2015 , the Washington Post reported that since 2001 , in five theaters of the war ( Afghanistan , Iraq , Yemen , Syria and Somalia ) that the total number of terrorists killed ranges from 65,800 to 88,600 , with Obama administration being responsible for between 30,000 and 33,000 . Costs ( edit ) A March 2011 Congressional report estimated spending related to the war through the fiscal year 2011 at $1.2 trillion , and that spending through 2021 assuming a reduction to 45,000 troops would be $1.8 trillion . A June 2011 academic report covering additional areas of spending related to the war estimated it through 2011 at $2.7 trillion , and long - term spending at $5.4 trillion including interest . According to the Soufan Group in July 2015 , the United States government spends $9.4 million per day in operations against ISIS in Syria and Iraq . Expense CRS / CBO ( Billions US $ ) : Watson ( Billions constant US $ ) : <Td_colspan="3"> FY2001 - FY2011 War appropriations to DoD 1208.1 1311.5 War appropriations to DoS / USAID 66.7 74.2 VA Medical 8.4 13.7 VA disability 18.9 Interest paid on DoD war appropriations 185.4 Additions to DoD base spending 362.2 -- 652.4 Additions to Homeland Security base spending 401.2 Social costs to veterans and military families to date 295 - 400 Subtotal : 1283.2 2662.1 -- 3057.3 <Td_colspan="3"> FY2012 - future FY2012 DoD request <Td_colspan="2"> 118.4 FY2012 DoS / USAID request <Td_colspan="2"> 12.1 Projected 2013 -- 2015 war spending <Td_colspan="2"> 168.6 Projected 2016 -- 2020 war spending <Td_colspan="2"> 155 Projected obligations for veterans ' care to 2051 589 -- 934 Additional interest payments to 2020 1000 Subtotal : 454.1 2043.1 -- 2388.1 Total : 1737.3 4705.2 -- 5445.4 Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of the War on Terror Participants in a rally , dressed as hooded detainees Criticism of the War on Terror addressed the issues , morality , efficiency , economics , and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself , calling it a misnomer . The notion of a `` war '' against `` terrorism '' has proven highly contentious , with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long - standing policy / military objectives , reduce civil liberties , and infringe upon human rights . It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context ( as in War on Drugs ) since there is no identifiable enemy and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means . Other critics , such as Francis Fukuyama , note that `` terrorism '' is not an enemy , but a tactic ; calling it a `` war on terror '' , obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen . With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage , Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West . There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy , media - induced hysteria , and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America 's reputation internationally . Other wars on Terror ( edit ) In the 2010s , China has also been engaged in its own War on Terror , predominantly a domestic campaign in response to violent actions by Uighur separatist movements in the Xinjiang conflict . This campaign was widely criticized in international media due to the perception that it unfairly targets and persecutes Chinese Muslims , potentially resulting in a negative backlash from China 's predominantly Muslim Uighur population . Russia has also been engaged on its own , also largely internally focused , counter-terrorism campaign often termed a war on terror , during the Second Chechen War , the Insurgency in the North Caucasus , and the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War . Like China 's war on terror , Russia 's has also been focused on separatist and Islamist movements that use political violence to achieve their ends . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Terrorism portal War portal Government of the United States portal 2000s portal 2010s portal AfPak Appeal to fear Attacks on U.S. consulate in Karachi Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Cold War Culture of fear Foreign policy of the United States Iran and state - sponsored terrorism Islamic terrorism in Europe ( 2014 -- present ) List of military operations in the War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Nuclear terrorism Pakistan -- United States relations Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Timeline of the War on Terror Timeline of United States military operations United States and state terrorism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Origins date back to the 1980s . Jump up ^ Origins date back to the 1980s . Jump up ^ Former army chief . Jump up ^ Among costs not covered by these figures are off - DoD spending beyond 2012 , economic opportunity costs , state and local expenses not reimbursed by the federal government , nor reimbursements made to foreign coalition allies for their expenses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duterte Invites China to Fight Abu Sayyaf Pirates -- MaritimeExecutive.com Jump up ^ China confiscates passports of Xinjiang people -- BBC.com Jump up ^ Sebastian Payne ( 25 September 2014 ) . `` What the 60 - plus members of the anti-Islamic State coalition are doing '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh '' . Coalition Contires . United States Central Command . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Vasudevan Sridharan . `` Cyprus offers its airbase to France to bomb Isis targets '' . International Business Times UK . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allies Express Support for U.S. War on Terror '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( 31 July 2006 ) . `` Bush Ties Battle With Hezbollah to War on Terror '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Williams , Dan ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Israel provides intelligence on Islamic State : Western diplomat '' . Reuters / Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Israel urges global spies to pool resources on IS '' . AFP / Yahoo ! News . 2014 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Backing Kuwait 's Stand against Terrorism '' . washingtoninstitute.org . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record , V. 153 , PT. 12 , June 18 , 2007 to June 26 , 2007 '' . US Congress . Government Printing Office : 16154 . 2010 . Jump up ^ Elisa Vásquez . `` Panama Joins Coalition against ISIS Despite Having No Army '' . PanAm Post . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia 's Shifting War on Terror '' . Washington Institute . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Levine ; James Gordon Meek ; Pierre Thomas ; Lee Ferran ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` What Is the Khorasan Group , Targeted By US in Syria ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wilayat al - Yemen : The Islamic State 's New Front '' . Jamestown Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schanzer , Jonathan ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) . `` The Hamas - al Qaeda Alliance '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( 2010 ) . Decision Points . Crown Publishers . pp. 399 -- 400 . Palestinian extremists , many affiliated with the terrorist group Hamas , launched a wave of terrorist attacks against innocent civilians in Israel ... My views ( on Israel and Hamas ) came into sharper focus after 9 / 11 . Jump up ^ Halevi , Jonathan D. ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) . `` The Hamas Threat to the West Is No Different from ISIS '' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Thiessen , Marc A. ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` Iran responsible for 1998 U.S. embassy bombings '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court Rules Iran Behind 9 / 11 Attacks '' . PRNewswire. 2011 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( 2010 ) . Decision Points . Crown Publishers . pp. 413 -- 414 . Israel 's war against Hezbollah in Lebanon was another defining moment in the ideological struggle . Jump up ^ Levitt , Matthew ( 2013 ) . Hezbollah : The Global Footprint of Lebanon 's Party of God . Georgetown University Press . p. 297 . Hezbollah created Unit 3800 , a unit dedicated to supporting Iraq Shi'a terrorist groups targeting multinational forces in Iraq . Jump up ^ Penney , Joe ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` The ' War on Terror ' rages in the Philippines '' . Al Jazeera . Qatar . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . 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Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islamic extremist groups to merge in Mali , pledge allegiance to al - Quaida '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN recognizes ties between Ansar al Sharia in Libya , al Qaeda -- FDD 's Long War Journal '' . Jump up ^ Irshaid , Faisal ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Profile : Libya 's Ansar al - Sharia '' -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Hashem , Mostafa ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Libyan Islamist group Ansar al - Sharia says it is dissolving '' -- via uk.reuters.com . Jump up ^ `` Obama vs ISIS : This time it 's personal '' . The Daily Beast. 22 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Shear , Michael D. ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` U.S. weighs direct military action against ISIS in Syria '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French hostage beheading : France to boost Syria rebels '' . BBC News . 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic State Allies In Egypt Say They Killed American Oil Worker William Henderson '' . The Huffington Post . 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic State Kassig murder : Western jihadists probed '' . BBC.com. 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kayla Mueller , American ISIL hostage , is dead '' , Al Jazeera America , 10 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Egypt ' bombs IS in Libya ' after beheadings video '' . BBC News . 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Key al - Qaeda figure Muhsin al - Fadhli killed in U.S. airstrike in Syria -- Pentagon '' . BNO News . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Has ISIS Lost Its Head ? Power Struggle Erupts with Al - Baghdadi Seriously Wounded '' . The Daily Beast. 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : A former physics teacher is now leading ISIS -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ISIS ' Abu Alaa al - Afri killed alongside dozens of followers in air strike -- Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . London . 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Bradley and Ghassan Adnan in Baghdad , and Felicia Schwartz in Washington ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Coalition Airstrikes Targeted Islamic State Leaders Near Mosul '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ Alessandria Masi ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi Is Killed , Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Militant commander Hafiz Saeed killed in Khyber blast '' . ARY NEWS. 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video '' . khaama.com . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMU announces death of emir , names new leader '' . The Long War Journal . 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State '' . BBC News . BBC . 7 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Schmitt ; Thom Shanker ( 26 July 2005 ) . `` U.S. Officials Retool Slogan for Terror War '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenneth R. Bazinet , `` A Fight Vs. Evil , Bush And Cabinet Tell U.S. '' `` . Daily News . New York . 17 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Remarks by the President Upon Arrival The White House , 16 September 2001 ^ Jump up to : Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People The White House , 20 September 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of President Bush 's address '' . CNN . 20 September 2001 . Jump up ^ Text : President Bush Addresses the Nation Jump up ^ Marc Ambinder ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` The New Term for the War on Terror '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ White House : ' War on terrorism ' is over August 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barack Obama declares the ' War on Terror ' is over : President Barack Obama has rejected George W. Bush 's doctrine that placed the `` war on terror '' at the centre of American foreign policy The Telegraph , 27 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Remarks by the President at the National Defense University The White House , 23 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul D. Shinkman ( 23 May 2013 ) . `` Obama : ' Global War on Terror ' Is Over '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Obama : ' Global War on Terror ' Is Over Jump up ^ U.S. - led mission in Afghanistan ends combat role ; thousands of foreign troops remain Jump up ^ `` Bush likens ' war on terror ' to WWIII '' . ABC News Online -- Abc.net.au. 6 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Thomas L. Friedman ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` Foreign Affairs ; World War III '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . `` World War II Strikes Spain '' . Daily News . New York . 12 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles Feldman & Stan Wilson ( 3 April 2003 ) . `` Ex-CIA director : U.S. faces ' World War IV ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 July 2008 . Coman , Julian ( 13 April 2003 ) . `` ' We want them to be nervous ' ( That means you Ali , Bashar and Kim ) '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Elio A. Cohen ( 20 November 2001 ) . `` World War IV '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 6 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark ( 26 December 2008 ) . `` The $1 Trillion Bill for Bush 's War on Terror '' . TIME . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Priest , Dana ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` Bush 's ' War ' On Terror Comes to a Sudden End '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . `` Bush 's War On Terror Shifting Targets '' . 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Greenspun.com Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( 17 April 2007 ) . `` Declining use of ' war on terror ' '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Norton - Taylor , Richard ( 2 September 2011 ) . `` MI5 former chief decries ' war on terror ' '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` FULL TRANSCRIPT : President Barack Obama 's Inaugural Address '' . ABC News . 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Wilson & Al Kamen ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` ' Global War On Terror ' Is Given New Name '' . The Washington Post . p . A04 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Jai Singh and Ajay Singh , `` The War on Terror -- Over ? '' , Small Wars Journal , 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ David Kravets , `` Former CIA Chief : Obama 's War on Terror Same as Bush 's , But With More Killing '' , Wired , 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon lawyer : War on terror not endless '' . Las Vegas Sun . Greenspun Media Group . The Associated Press . 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Julian E. Barnes ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` Pentagon Lawyer Looks Post-Terror '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Writing the War on Terrorism ( 2005 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Writing the War on Terrorism ( 2005 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Writing the War on Terrorism ( 2005 ) , pp. 62 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Writing the War on Terrorism ( 2005 ) , pp. 77 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Borhan Uddin Khan and Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman , `` Combating Terrorism under Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Regime '' , Mediterranean Journal of Human Rights , '' Vol. 12 ( Double Issue ) , 2008 , pp. 379 -- 397 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights and the `` War on Terror '' `` . amnestyusa.org . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Osama Bin Laden I Know : An Oral History of Al - Qaeda 's Leader . Free Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ The group was also responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . Megan K. 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Jump up ^ `` Chapter of the 9 / 11 Commission Report detailing the history of the Hamburg Cell '' . 9 / 11 Commission . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Morgan ( 4 August 2009 ) . The Impact of 9 / 11 on Politics and War : The Day that Changed Everything ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 2306 - 07632 . Jump up ^ CIA Document `` DCI Testimony Before the Joint Inquiry into Terrorist Attacks Against the United States '' , Date June 18 , 2002 , Website https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/2002/dci_testimony_06182002.html Jump up ^ AFTER THE ATTACKS : THE ALLIANCE ; For First Time , NATO Invokes Joint Defense Pact With U.S. Jump up ^ `` President Bush Releases National Strategy for Combating Terrorism '' . 14 February 2003 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban rejects president Bush 's demands '' . PBS . 21 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Brunnstrom , David & Taylor , Paul ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` NATO reaches agreement on Libya command ( Google cached page ) '' . National Post . Jump up ^ `` NATO to police Libya no - fly zone '' . Al Jazeera. 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Burns , Robert ; Werner , Erica ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` NATO Agrees To Take Over Command of Libya No - Fly Zone , U.S. Likely To Remain in Charge of Brunt of Combat '' . Huffington Post . Washington D.C. Associated Press . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Libya 's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer '' . BBC . 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UN Security Council votes to end Libya operations '' . BBC News . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Obama Defeat ISIS in Libya ? '' . NBC news . 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Active Endeavour '' . NATO . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Ilyas Kashmiri alive , lays out future terror strategy , Daily Times ( Pakistan ) , 15 October 2009 Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ilyas Kashmiri had planned to attack COAS , The News International , 18 September 2009 Jump up ^ `` ' Militants recruit in Rawalpindi for anti-India activities ' '' . 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram World news '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight '' . Al Jazeera English . 2015 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` PM speaks on Ansett collapse , Anzus treaty '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 14 September 2001 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . NATO . 22 November 2002 . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New frontline in the war on terror '' . Jump up ^ `` Paris attacks : Suspect on the run as terror raids end in failure -- latest news '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` L'organisation État islamique revendique les attentats de Paris '' ( in French ) . France 24 . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paris attacks : Hollande blames Islamic State for ' act of war ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Callimachi , Rukmini ( 5 December 2015 ) . `` Islamic State Says ' Soldiers of Caliphate ' Attacked in San Bernardino '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` ISIS claims responsibility for Orlando mass shooting '' . Jump up ^ `` The double danger of the NSA 's ' collect it all ' policy on surveillance Rachel Levinson - Waldman Comment is free '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` American Libraries -- First Patriot Act Challenge Filed by ACLU '' . ALA. 4 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Guardian.co.uk '' The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Mogadishu violence kills 6,500 in past year : rights group '' . 21 March 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Gambrell , Jon ( 8 June 2009 ) . `` Funeral held for soldier killed in Ark. attack '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Recruitment Shooting Suspect Does n't Think Killing Was Murder '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill would give Purple Heart to Fort Hood shooting victims '' . Austin Statesman. 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Thirteen people were killed and more than 30 wounded in the rampage . Jump up ^ `` Operation Iraqi Freedom Iraq '' . iCasualties. 28 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forces : U.S. & Coalition / POW / MIA '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Military Casualty Information '' . Siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OEF Afghanistan Fatalities By Year '' . iCasualties. 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Iraqi Freedom Iraq Fatalities By Nationality '' . iCasualties. 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Aikins , Matthieu ; Koehler , Chris ( 2013 ) . `` Mental Combat '' . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation . 282 ( 3 ) : 40 -- 45 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How many terrorists has President Obama actually ' taken out ' ? Probably over 30,000 '' . The Washington Post . 7 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Trotta ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` Cost of war at least $3.7 trillion and counting '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TSG IntelBrief : Terrorism in the Horn of Africa '' . The Soufan Group . New York , NY . 2015 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Amy Belasco ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` The Cost of Iraq , Afghanistan , and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 2011 '' . Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original on 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ K. Alan Kronstadt ( 6 February 2009 ) . `` Pakistan - U.S. Relations '' . Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original on 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` Long - Term Implications of the 2011 Future Years Defense Program '' . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower Study Group ( 2011 ) . `` Cost of Iraq , Afghanistan , and Anti-Terrorism Operations '' . Watson Institute for International Studies , Brown University . Archived from the original on 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ George Monbiot , `` A Wilful Blindness '' ( `` Those who support the coming war with Iraq refuse to see that it has anything to do with US global domination '' ) , monbiot.com ( author 's website archives ) , reposted from The Guardian , 11 March 2003 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Singel , Ryan ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` FBI Tried to Cover Patriot Act Abuses With Flawed , Retroactive Subpoenas , Audit Finds '' . Wired . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Richissin , Todd ( 2 September 2004 ) . `` '' War on terror '' difficult to define `` . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Williams , Shirley . `` The seeds of Iraq 's future terror `` . The Guardian , 28 October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` American Hegemony : How to Use It , How to Lose It by Gen. William Odom '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Obama 's Muslim Speech , The New York Times , by Madeleine Albright , retrieved on April 25 , 2016 `` According to Muslim speakers at such events , one fact stands out : When the cold war ended , America needed an enemy to replace Communism and chose Islam ... Mr. Obama 's dilemma is that no speech , however eloquent , can disentangle U.S. - Muslim relations from the treacherous terrain of current events in places such as Iraq , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Iran and the Middle East ... Muslims desire respect and respect demands frankness . We can not pretend that American soldiers and aircraft are not attacking Muslims . '' Jump up ^ Lustick , Ian S. ( 2006 ) ( 1 September 2006 ) . Trapped in the War on Terror . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3983 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Image in the World : Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project '' . Pew Research Center . 14 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China 's ' War on Terror ' : September 11 and Uighur Separatism '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Denyer ( 19 September 2014 ) . `` China 's war on terror becomes all - out attack on Islam in Xinjiang '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News , Analysis , Politics , Blogs , News Photos , Video , Tech Reviews - TIME.com '' . Time . 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ariel . `` Russia , Islam , and the War on Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Jackson , Richard . Writing the War on Terrorism : Language , Politics and Counter-Terrorism . Manchester & New York : Manchester University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0719071216 . Further reading ( edit ) Sergei Boeke , Transitioning from Military Interventions to a Long - Term Counter-Terrorism Policy ( International Centre for Counter-Terrorism -- The Hague , 2014 ) Coughlin , Stephen ( 2015 ) . Catastrophic Failure : Blindfolding America in the Face of Jihad . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1511617505 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : War on Terror White House FAQ about the WoT CIA and the WoT U.S. National Military Strategic Plan for the WoT Early presidential perspectives on terror and terrorism Fifty Terror Plots Foiled Since 9 / 11 : The Homegrown Threat and the Long War on Terrorism More Than 1,000 Civilians Reportedly Killed by U.S. - Led Airstrikes as Trump Expands War on Terror . Democracy Now ! March 27 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Articles relating to the War on Terror <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> War on Terror <Td_colspan="2"> War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Symbolism of terrorism Participants Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets al - Qaeda Osama bin Laden al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Anwar al - Awlaki Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jaish - e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar - e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF -- Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF -- Horn of Africa OEF -- Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 -- present ) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia War in North - West Pakistan War in Somalia ( 2006 -- 09 ) 2007 Lebanon conflict al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Korean conflict See also Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Black sites Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the War on Terror Death of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan 's role Patriot Act President 's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan CAGE <Td_colspan="2"> Terrorism portal War portal <Th_colspan="2"> al - Qaeda Leadership Ayman al - Zawahiri Saif al - Adel Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah Hamza bin Laden Abdelmalek Droukdel Mokhtar Belmokhtar Qasim al - Raymi Abu Mohammad al - Julani Ahmad Umar Asim Umar Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil Former leadership Osama bin Laden ( killed ) Abu Yahya al - Libi ( killed ) Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( captured ) Mamdouh Mahmud Salim ( captured ) Anwar al - Awlaki ( killed ) Samir Khan ( killed ) Younis al - Mauritani ( captured ) Mohammed Atef ( killed ) Fazul Abdullah Mohammed ( killed ) Abu Faraj al - Libbi ( captured ) Atiyah Abd al - Rahman ( killed ) Abu Laith al - Libi ( killed ) Fahd al - Quso ( killed ) Ilyas Kashmiri ( killed ) Abu Hamza Rabia ( killed ) Haitham al - Yemeni ( killed ) Abdullah Said al Libi ( killed ) Abu Sulayman Al - Jazairi ( killed ) Saleh al - Somali ( killed ) Abu Ubaidah al - Masri ( died ) Saad bin Laden ( killed ) Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam ( killed ) Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan ( killed ) Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali ( killed ) Mohammad Hasan Khalil al - Hakim ( killed ) Mushin Musa Matwalli Atwah ( killed ) Midhat Mursi ( killed ) Saeed al - Masri ( killed ) Hassan Ghul ( killed ) Abu Ubaidah al - Banshiri ( died ) Walid bin Attash ( captured ) Abd al - Rahim al - Nashiri ( captured ) Mustafa Setmariam Nasar ( captured ) Qaed Salim Sinan al - Harethi ( killed ) Khalid Habib ( killed ) Abdul Hadi al Iraqi ( captured ) Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil ( killed ) Mohamed Abul - Khair ( killed ) Mahfouz Ould al - Walid ( left ) Sulaiman Abu Ghaith ( captured ) Abu Anas al - Libi ( captured and died ) Abu Musab al - Zarqawi ( killed ) Abu Ayyub al - Masri ( killed ) Abu Omar al - Baghdadi ( killed ) Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi ( expelled ) Abu - Zaid al Kuwaiti ( killed ) Omar al - Faruq ( killed ) Ahmed Abdi Godane ( killed ) Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah ( killed ) Adam Yahiye Gadahn ( killed ) Harith bin Ghazi al - Nadhari ( killed ) Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad Arbaysh ( killed ) Nasser bin Ali al - Ansi ( killed ) Nasir al - Wuhayshi ( killed ) Muhsin al - Fadhli ( killed ) Abu Khalil al - Madani ( killed ) Abu Khayr al - Masri ( killed ) Timeline of attacks 1998 United States embassy bombings 2000 USS Cole bombing 2001 September 11 attacks 2002 Bali bombings 2007 Algiers bombings 2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing 2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 2012 Benghazi attack 2013 In Amenas hostage crisis 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting 2015 Garissa University College attack 2015 Bamako hotel attack 2016 Ouagadougou attacks 2016 Grand - Bassam shootings 2016 Bamako attack Wars Soviet -- Afghan War Afghan Civil War ( 1989 -- 92 ) Afghan Civil War ( 1992 -- 96 ) Bosnian War Bosnian Al - Qaeda First Chechen War Afghan Civil War ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Second Chechen War War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Iraq War Somali Civil War War in North - West Pakistan ( Drone strikes ) Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 -- present ) War in Afghanistan ( 2015 -- present ) Syrian Civil War Yemeni Civil War al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Houthi insurgency in Yemen Affiliates al - Shabaab ( Somalia ) al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ( Yemen ) al - Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb ( North Africa ) Egyptian Islamic Jihad ( Egypt ) al - Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent ( Indian Subcontinent ) Tahrir al - Sham ( Syria ) Charity organizations Benevolence International Foundation al - Haramain Foundation Media Al Qaeda Handbook Al Neda As - Sahab Fatawā of Osama bin Laden Inspire Al - Khansaa Kuala Lumpur al - Qaeda Summit Management of Savagery Voice of Jihad Qaedat al - Jihad Global Islamic Media Front Video and audio Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al - Zawahiri USS Cole bombing <Th_colspan="2"> Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant <Td_colspan="2"> Names of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Leadership Current Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi Abu Ahmad al - Alwani Abu Fatima al - Jaheishi Abu Muhammad al - Shimali † Former Haji Bakr Abu Abdulrahman al - Bilawi Abu Mohannad al - Sweidawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al - Harzi Abu Umar al - Tunisi Abu Khattab al - Tunisi Abu Muslim al - Turkmani Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al - Anbari Abu Ali al - Anbari Abu Waheeb Abu Omar al - Shishani Abu Mohammad al - Adnani Abu Jandal al - Kuwaiti Ahmad Abousamra Turki al - Binali History Jama'at al - Tawhid wal - Jihad ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Tanzim Qaidat al - Jihad fi Bilad al - Rafidayn ( 2004 -- 06 ) Mujahideen Shura Council ( 2006 ) Islamic State of Iraq ( 2006 -- 13 ) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( 2013 -- 14 ) Islamic State ( June 2014 -- present ) Timeline of events 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 International branches Khorasan Province ( Afghanistan and Pakistan ) Libyan Provinces ( Libya ) Caucasus Province ( North Caucasus ) Sinai Province ( Sinai ) Algeria Province ( Algeria ) Yemen Province ( Yemen ) Abnaa ul - Calipha ( Somalia ) Abu Sayyaf ( Philippines ) Boko Haram ( West Africa ) Wars War on Terror Iraq War Iraqi insurgency ( 2003 -- 11 ) Sectarian violence ( 2006 -- 07 ) Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 14 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Syrian Civil War Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Inter-rebel conflict Sinai insurgency Libyan Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) War in North - West Pakistan War in Afghanistan ( 2015 -- present ) Moro conflict ( Philippines ) al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against ISIL American - led intervention in Iraq American - led intervention in the Syrian Civil War Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War Turkish military intervention in Syria Battles 2013 Akashat ambush Hawija clashes Raqqa campaign ( 2012 -- 13 ) Operation al - Shabah Battle of Ras al - Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Latakia offensive Siege of Menagh Air Base Battle of Sadad Battle of Qalamoun Aleppo offensive ( October -- December 2013 ) Anbar campaign ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2014 Fall of Fallujah Northern Aleppo offensive ( February -- July 2014 ) Battle of Markada Northern Iraq offensive ( June 2014 ) Fall of Mosul Salahuddin campaign First Battle of Tikrit Northern Iraq offensive ( August 2014 ) Siege of Kobanî Sinjar massacre Derna campaign ( 2014 -- 16 ) Battle of Baiji Battle of Ramadi ( 2014 -- 15 ) Deir ez - Zor offensive ( December 2014 ) Battle of Baiji ( 2014 -- 15 ) Sinjar offensive ( December 2014 ) Battle of Zumar Siege of Amirli 2015 Fall of Nofaliya West African offensive February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Bosso and Diffa raid Eastern al - Hasakah offensive Second Battle of Tikrit Battle of Sirte Hama and Homs offensive ( March -- April 2015 ) Battle of Sarrin ( March -- April 2015 ) Battle of Yarmouk Camp Anbar offensive ( 2015 ) Qalamoun offensive ( May -- June 2015 ) Palmyra offensive ( May 2015 ) Western al - Hasakah offensive Al - Hasakah city offensive ( May -- June 2015 ) Tell Abyad offensive ( May -- July 2015 ) Battle of Sarrin ( June -- July 2015 ) Battle of al - Hasakah Kobanî massacre Palmyra offensive ( July -- August 2015 ) Battle of Ramadi ( 2015 -- 16 ) Battle of Al - Qaryatayn ( August 2015 ) Al - Hawl offensive Homs offensive ( November -- December 2015 ) Sinjar offensive ( November 2015 ) East Aleppo offensive ( 2015 -- 16 ) Nineveh Plains offensive Tishrin Dam offensive 2016 Deir ez - Zor offensive ( January 2016 ) Siege of Fallujah ( 2016 ) Nangarhar Offensive Battle of Ben Guerdane Ithriyah - Raqqa offensive ( February -- March 2016 ) Al - Shaddadi offensive 2016 Khanasir offensive Battle of al - Qaryatayn ( March -- April 2016 ) Palmyra offensive ( March 2016 ) Northern Aleppo offensive ( March -- June 2016 ) Hīt offensive Battle of Basilan Battle of Sirte Ar - Rutbah offensive Northern Raqqa offensive ( May 2016 ) Battle of Fallujah Manbij offensive Ithriyah - Raqqa offensive ( June 2016 ) Abu Kamal offensive Battle of al - Rai ( August 2016 ) Northern al - Bab offensive ( September 2016 ) Western al - Bab offensive ( September 2016 ) 2016 Dabiq offensive Western al - Bab offensive ( October -- November 2016 ) Battle of al - Bab Aleppo offensive ( November -- December 2016 ) Palmyra offensive ( December 2016 ) 2017 Battle of Mosul ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Raqqa campaign ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Palmyra offensive ( 2017 ) Deir ez - Zor offensive ( January -- February 2017 ) East Aleppo offensive ( January -- April 2017 ) Eastern Homs offensive ( 2017 ) Hama offensive ( 2017 ) Western Nineveh offensive ( 2017 ) Battle of Tabqa ( 2017 ) Syrian Desert campaign ( December 2016 -- April 2017 ) Syrian Desert campaign ( May -- July 2017 ) Maskanah Plains offensive Battle of Marawi Battle of Raqqa ( 2017 ) Southern Raqqa offensive ( June 2017 ) Central Syria campaign ( 2017 ) Battle of Tal Afar ( 2017 ) Hawija offensive ( 2017 ) Eastern Syria campaign ( September -- December 2017 ) 2017 Abu Kamal offensive 2017 Western Iraq campaign Attacks 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting Saint - 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describe the events that occurred on april 23 1980
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1992 Los Angeles riots - wikipedia 1992 Los Angeles riots <Th_colspan="2"> 1992 Los Angeles riots <Td_colspan="2"> 2,000 California Army National Guardsmen patrolled the city to restore order . Date April 29 -- May 4 , 1992 ; 26 years ago Location Los Angeles County , California , U.S. Caused by Reaction to acquittal of four policemen on trial in beating of Rodney King ; death of Latasha Harlins Methods Widespread rioting , looting , assault , arson , protests , property damage , firefights , murder <Th_colspan="2"> Parties to the civil conflict <Td_colspan="2"> Rioters and looters primarily from the African American and Latino / Hispanic communities United States government 7th Infantry Division 1st Marine Division Federal Bureau of Investigation United States Marshal Service Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms United States Border Patrol Federal Bureau of Prisons Drug Enforcement Administration Government of California California Army National Guard California Highway Patrol County law enforcement ( show ) City of Los Angeles Los Angeles Police Department County of Los Angeles Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department City of Long Beach Long Beach Police Department City of Compton Compton Police Department City of Pasadena Pasadena Police Department City of Inglewood Inglewood Police Department Civilians mainly from Korean American , Asian Americans and some other communities , acting as vigilantes in combating rioters and looters <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties Death ( s ) 63 Injuries 2,383 Arrested 12,111 The 1992 Los Angeles riots , also known as the Rodney King riots , the South Central riots , the 1992 Los Angeles civil disturbance , the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest , the 1992 Los Angeles Uprising , and the Battle of Los Angeles , were a series of riots , lootings , arsons , and civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles County , California in April and May 1992 . The unrest began in South Central Los Angeles on April 29 , after a trial jury acquitted four officers of the Los Angeles Police Department for usage of excessive force in the arrest and beating of Rodney King , which had been videotaped and widely viewed in TV broadcasts . The rioting spread throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area , as thousands of people rioted over a six - day period following the announcement of the verdict . Widespread looting , assault , arson , and murder occurred during the riots , and estimates of property damage were over $1 billion . With local police overwhelmed in controlling the situation , Governor Pete Wilson sent in the California Army National Guard , and President George H.W. Bush deployed the 7th Infantry Division and the 1st Marine Division . After that , order and peace were restored throughout L.A. County , but 63 people were killed , 2,383 people were injured , and more than 12,000 were arrested . LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates , who had already announced his resignation by the time of the riots , was attributed with much of the blame . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Charges and trial 2 Riots 2.1 First day ( Wednesday , April 29 , 1992 ) 2.1. 1 Before the verdicts 2.1. 2 Verdicts announced 2.1. 3 Mayor Bradley speaks 2.1. 4 71st and Normandie 2.1. 5 Unrest moves to Florence and Normandie 2.1. 6 Attack on Reginald Denny 2.1. 7 Fidel Lopez attack 2.1. 8 Parker Center 2.1. 9 Lake View Terrace 2.2 Second day ( Thursday , April 30 ) 2.3 Third day ( Friday , May 1 ) 2.4 Fourth day ( Saturday , May 2 ) 2.5 Fifth day ( Sunday , May 3 ) 2.6 Sixth day ( Monday , May 4 ) and aftermath 3 Korean Americans during the riots 3.1 Preparations 3.2 Post-riots 4 Hispanics in the riots 5 Media coverage 5.1 Korean - American newspapers 5.2 American newspapers 5.3 Racism 5.4 Multiethnic struggle 6 Aftermath 6.1 Post-riot commentary 6.1. 1 Scholars and writers 6.1. 2 Politicians 6.2 Rodney King 6.3 Deaths and arrests 6.4 Rebuilding Los Angeles 6.5 Residential life 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 General 9.2 Photography 9.3 Video and audio Background ( edit ) See also : Rodney King and Death of Latasha Harlins South Central Los Angeles , where much of the rioting took place On the evening of March 3 , 1991 , Rodney King and two passengers were driving west on the Foothill Freeway ( I - 210 ) through the Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles . The California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) attempted to initiate a traffic stop . A high - speed pursuit ensued with speeds estimated at up to 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , along freeways and then through residential neighborhoods . When King stopped , CHP Officer Timothy Singer and CHP Officer Melanie Singer ( his wife ) , arrested him and two occupants of the car . After the two passengers were placed in the patrol car , five white Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officers -- Stacey Koon , Laurence Powell , Timothy Wind , Theodore Briseno , and Rolando Solano -- surrounded King , who came out of the car last . They tasered him , struck him dozens of times with side - handled batons , and tackled him to the ground before handcuffing him . Sgt . Koon later testified at trial that King resisted arrest , and that he believed King was under the influence of PCP at the time of the arrest , which caused him to be very aggressive and violent toward the officers . Video footage of the arrest showed that King attempted to get up each time he was struck , and that the police made no attempt to cuff him until he lay still . A subsequent test of King for the presence of PCP in his body at the time of the arrest was negative . Unknown to the police and King , the incident was captured on a camcorder by local civilian George Holliday from his nearby apartment . The tape was roughly 12 minutes long . While the tape was presented during trial , some clips of the incident were not released to the public . In a later interview , King , who was on parole for a robbery conviction and had past convictions for assault , battery and robbery , said that he had not surrendered earlier because he was driving while intoxicated under the influence of alcohol , which he knew violated the terms of his parole . The footage of King being beaten by police became an instant focus of media attention and a rallying point for activists in Los Angeles and around the United States . Coverage was extensive during the first two weeks after the incident : the Los Angeles Times published forty - three articles about it , The New York Times published seventeen articles , and the Chicago Tribune published eleven articles . Eight stories appeared on ABC News , including a sixty - minute special on Primetime Live . Upon watching the tape of the beating , LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates said : I stared at the screen in disbelief . I played the one - minute - 50 - second tape again . Then again and again , until I had viewed it 25 times . And still I could not believe what I was looking at . To see my officers engage in what appeared to be excessive use of force , possibly criminally excessive , to see them beat a man with their batons 56 times , to see a sergeant on the scene who did nothing to seize control , was something I never dreamed I would witness . Before the release of the Rodney King tape , minority community leaders in Los Angeles had repeatedly complained about harassment and excessive use of force by LAPD officers . An independent commission ( the Christopher Commission ) formed after the release of the tape concluded that a `` significant number '' of LAPD officers `` repetitively use excessive force against the public and persistently ignore the written guidelines of the department regarding force , '' and that bias related to race , gender , and sexual orientation were regularly contributing factors in use of excessive force . The commission 's report called for the replacement of both Chief Daryl Gates and the civilian Police Commission . Charges and trial ( edit ) The Los Angeles County District Attorney subsequently charged four police officers , including one sergeant , with assault and use of excessive force . Due to the extensive media coverage of the arrest , the trial received a change of venue from Los Angeles County to Simi Valley in neighboring Ventura County . The jury was composed of nine whites , one bi-racial male , one Latino , and one Asian American . The prosecutor , Terry White , was black . On April 29 , 1992 , the seventh day of jury deliberations , the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of the four of using excessive force . The jury could not agree on a verdict for the fourth officer charged with using excessive force . The verdicts were based in part on the first three seconds of a blurry , 13 - second segment of the videotape that , according to journalist Lou Cannon , had not been aired by television news stations in their broadcasts . The first two seconds of videotape , contrary to the claims made by the accused officers , show King attempting to flee past Laurence Powell . During the next one minute and 19 seconds , King is beaten continuously by the officers . The officers testified that they tried to physically restrain King prior to the starting point of the videotape , but King was able to physically throw them off . Afterward , the prosecution suggested that the jurors may have acquitted the officers because of becoming desensitized to the violence of the beating , as the defense played the videotape repeatedly in slow motion , breaking it down until its emotional impact was lost . Outside the Simi Valley courthouse where the acquittals were delivered , county sheriff 's deputies protected Stacey Koon from angry protesters on the way to his car . Movie director John Singleton , who was in the crowd at the courthouse , predicted , `` By having this verdict , what these people done , they lit the fuse to a bomb . '' Riots ( edit ) The riots began the day the verdicts were announced , and peaked in intensity over the next two days . A dusk - to - dawn curfew and deployment by the California Army National Guard and federal troops from the 7th Infantry Division and 1st Marine Division eventually controlled the situation . A total of 63 people died during the riots , including nine who were killed by law enforcement personnel and 1 who was killed by Guardsmen . As many as 2,383 people were reported injured . Estimates of the material losses vary between about $800 million and $1 billion . Approximately 3,600 fires were set , destroying 1,100 buildings , with fire calls coming once every minute at some points . Widespread looting also occurred . Rioters targeted stores owned by Koreans and other ethnic Asians , reflecting tensions between them and the African - American communities . Many of the disturbances were concentrated in South Central Los Angeles , where the population was majority African - American and Hispanic . Fewer than half of all the riot arrests and a third of those killed during the violence were Hispanic . First day ( wednesday , April 29 , 1992 ) ( edit ) Before the verdicts ( edit ) In the week before the Rodney King verdicts were reached , Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates set aside $1 million for possible police overtime . Even so , on the last day of the trial , two - thirds of the LAPD 's patrol captains were out of town in Ventura , California , on the first day of a three - day training seminar . At 1 : 00 pm on April 29 , Judge Stanley Weisberg announced that the jury had reached its verdict , which would be read in two hours ' time . This was done to allow reporters , but also police and other emergency responders , time to prepare for the outcome , as unrest was feared if the officers were acquitted . The LAPD had activated its Emergency Operations Center , which the Webster Commission described as `` the doors were opened , the lights turned on and the coffee pot plugged in '' , but taken no other preparatory action . Specifically , the people intended to staff that Center were not gathered until 4 : 45 pm . In addition , no action was taken to retain extra personnel at the LAPD 's shift change at 3 : 00 pm , as the risk of trouble was deemed low . Verdicts announced ( edit ) The acquittals of the four accused Los Angeles Police Department officers came at 3 : 15 pm local time . By 3 : 45 , a crowd of more than 300 people had appeared at the Los Angeles County Courthouse protesting the verdicts . Meanwhile , at approximately 4 : 15 -- 4 : 20 pm , a group of people approached the Pay-Less Liquor and Deli on Florence Avenue just west of Normandie in South Central . A gang member in an interview said that the group `` just decided they were n't going to pay for what they were getting . '' The store owner 's son was hit with a bottle of beer , and two other youths smashed the glass front door of the store . Two officers from the 77th Street Division of the LAPD responded to this incident and , finding that the instigators had already left , completed a report . Mayor Bradley Speaks ( edit ) At 4 : 58 pm , Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley held a news conference to discuss the verdicts . He both expressed anger about the verdicts and appealed for calm . Today , the jury told the world that what we all saw with our own eyes was not a crime . My friends , I am here to tell the jury ... what we saw was a crime . No , we will not tolerate the savage beating of our citizens by a few renegade cops . ... We must not endanger the reforms we have achieved by resorting to mindless acts . We must not push back progress by striking back blindly . -- Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley , post-verdict press conference Assistant Los Angeles police chief Bob Vernon later said he believed Bradley 's remarks invited a riot , and were perhaps taken as a signal by some citizens . Vernon said that the number of police incidents rose in the hour after the mayor 's press conference . 71st and Normandie ( edit ) At Florence and Halldale , two officers issued a plea for assistance in apprehending a young suspect who had thrown an object at their car and whom they were pursuing on foot . Approximately two dozen officers , commanded by 77th Street Division LAPD officer Lieutenant Michael Moulin , arrived and arrested the youth , 16 - year old Seandel Daniels , forcing him into the back of a car . The rough handling of the young man , a minor who was well known in the community , further agitated an uneasy and growing crowd , who began taunting and berating the police . Among the crowd were Bart Bartholemew , a freelance photographer for The New York Times , and Timothy Goldman , who began to record events with a camcorder . The police formed a perimeter around the arresting officers as the crowd grew more hostile , leading to further altercations and arrests ( including that of Damian Williams ' older brother , Mark Jackson ) . One member of the crowd stole the flashlight of an LAPD officer . Fearing police would resort to deadly force to repel the growing crowd , Lieutenant Moulin ordered officers out of the area altogether . Moulin later said that officers on the scene were outnumbered and unprepared to handle the situation because their riot equipment was stored at the police academy . Hey , forget the flashlight , it 's not worth it . It ai n't worth it . It 's not worth it . Forget the flashlight . Not worth it . Let 's go . -- Lieutenant Michael Moulin , bullhorn broadcast as recorded by the Goldman footage at 71st and Normandie Moulin made the call for reporting officers to retreat from the 71st and Normandie area entirely at approximately 5 : 50 pm . They were sent to an RTD bus depot at 54th and Arlington and told to await further instructions . The command post formed at this location was set up at approximately 6 : 00 pm , but had no cell phones or computers other than those in squad cars . It had insufficient numbers of telephone lines and handheld police radios to assess and respond to the situation . Finally , the site had no televisions , which meant that as live broadcasts of unrest began , command post officers could not see any of the coverage . Unrest moves to Florence and Normandie ( edit ) Emboldened by the retreat of officers at 71st and Normandie , many proceeded one block south to the intersection of Florence and Normandie . Just after 6 pm , a group of young men broke the padlock and windows to Tom 's Liquor , allowing a group of more than 100 people to raid the store and loot it . Concurrently , the growing crowd in the street began attacking motorists of Caucasian and Asian appearance by throwing debris at their cars or pulling them from their vehicles when they stopped . As Goldman continued to film the scene on his camcorder , the Los Angeles News Service team of Marika Gerrard and Robert Tur arrived in a news helicopter , broadcasting from the air . The LANS feed appeared live on numerous Los Angeles television venues . At approximately 6 : 15 pm , as reports of vandalism , looting , and physical attacks continued to come in , Moulin elected to `` take the information '' , but not to respond with personnel to restore order or rescue people in the area . Moulin was relieved by a captain , ordered only to assess the Florence and Normandie area , and , again , not to attempt to deploy officers there . Meanwhile , Tur continued to cover the events in progress live at the intersection . From overhead , Tur described the police presence at the scene around 6 : 30 pm as `` none '' . At 6 : 43 pm , truck driver Larry Tarvin , driving down Florence , stopped at a red light at Normandie in a large white delivery truck . He was pulled from the truck by a group of men including Henry Watson , who proceeded to kick and beat him , before striking him unconscious with a fire extinguisher taken from his own vehicle . He lay unconscious for more than a minute as his truck was looted , before getting up and staggering back to his vehicle . With the help of an unknown African - American named Rodney , Tarvin drove his truck out of further harm 's way . Just before he did so , another truck , driven by Reginald Denny , entered the intersection . Attack on Reginald Denny ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Reginald Denny Looking northeast from the southwestern corner of Florence and Normandie , in March 2010 At 6 : 46 pm , Denny , a white truck driver who stopped at a traffic light at the intersection of Florence and Normandie , was dragged from his semi-trailer truck and severely beaten by a mob of local black residents . The LANS news helicopter piloted by reporter Tur broadcast live footage of the attack . Damian Williams threw a brick at Denny that struck him in the skull , fracturing it in 91 places . Tur 's live reports resulted in Denny being rescued by Bobby Green Jr. , a local black resident of South Central Los Angeles . After seeing the assault , Green rushed to the scene . He found Denny had climbed back into the cab of his truck and was trying to drive away , but was drifting in and out of consciousness . Green moved Denny out of the driver 's seat and drove him to Daniel Freeman Hospital in Inglewood . Upon arriving at the hospital , Denny went into a seizure . Fidel Lopez attack ( edit ) Around 7 : 40 pm , almost an hour after Denny was rescued , another beating was filmed on videotape in that location . Fidel Lopez , a self - employed construction worker and Guatemalan immigrant , was pulled from his GMC pickup truck and robbed of nearly $2,000 . Rioters including Damian Williams smashed his forehead open with a car stereo and one tried to slice his ear off . After Lopez lost consciousness , the crowd spray - painted his chest , torso , and genitals black . He was eventually rescued by Rev. Bennie Newton , who told the rioters : `` Kill him , and you have to kill me too . '' Lopez survived the attack , but it took him years to fully recover and re-establish his business . Newton and Lopez became close friends . Sunset on the first evening of the riots was at 7 : 36 pm . The first call reporting a fire came in soon after , at approximately 7 : 45 pm . Police did not return in force to the Florence and Normandie area until 8 : 30 pm , by which time the intersection was in ruins and most rioters had left . Numerous factors were later blamed for the severity of rioting in the 77th Street Division on the evening of April 29 . These included : No effort made to close the busy intersection of Florence and Normandie to traffic . Failure to secure gun stores in the Division ( one in particular lost 1,150 guns to looting on April 29 ) . The failure to issue a citywide Tactical Alert until 6 : 43 pm , which delayed the arrival of other divisions to assist the 77th . The lack of any response -- and in particular , a riot response -- to the intersection , which emboldened rioters . Since attacks , looting , and arson were broadcast live , viewers could see that none of these actions were being stopped by police . Parker Center ( edit ) As noted , after the verdicts were announced , a crowd of protesters formed at the Los Angeles police headquarters at Parker Center in Downtown Los Angeles . The crowd grew as the afternoon passed , and became violent . The police formed a skirmish line to protect the building , sometimes moving as protesters advanced . In the midst of this , before 6 : 30 pm , police chief Daryl Gates left Parker Center , on his way to the neighborhood of Brentwood . There , as the situation in Los Angeles deteriorated , Gates attended a political fundraiser against Los Angeles City Charter Amendment F , intended to `` give City Hall more power over the police chief and provide more civilian review of officer misconduct '' . The amendment would limit the power and term length of his office . The Parker Center crowd grew riotous at approximately 9 : 00 pm , eventually making their way through the Civic Center , attacking law enforcement , turning over vehicles , setting objects ablaze , and blocking traffic on U.S. Route 101 . Nearby firefighters were shot at while trying to put out a blaze set by looters . The mayor had requested the California Army National Guard from Governor Pete Wilson ; the first of these units , the 670th Military Police Company , had traveled almost 300 miles ( 480 kilometers ) from its main armory and arrived in the afternoon to assist local police . They were first deployed to a police command center , where they began handing out bulletproof vests to the firefighters after encountering the unit whose member had been shot . Later , after receiving ammunition from the L.A. Police Academy and a local gun store , the MPs deployed to hold the Martin Luther King Shopping Mall in Watts . Lake View Terrace ( edit ) In the Lake View Terrace district of Los Angeles , 200 - 400 protesters gathered about 9 : 15 pm at the site where Rodney King was beaten in 1991 , near the Hansen Dam Recreation Area . The group marched south on Osborne Street to the LAPD Foothill Division headquarters . There they began rock throwing , shooting into the air , and setting fires . The Foothill division police used riot - breaking techniques to disperse the crowd and arrest those responsible for rock throwing and the fires . Second day ( Thursday , April 30 ) ( edit ) Mayor Bradley signed an order for a dusk - to - dawn curfew at 12 : 15 am for the core area affected by the riots . At 10 : 15 am , he expanded the area under curfew . By mid-morning , violence appeared widespread and unchecked as extensive looting and arson were witnessed across Los Angeles County . Rioting moved from South Central Los Angeles , going north through the neighborhoods of Central Los Angeles before reaching Hollywood . The looting and fires engulfed Hollywood Boulevard , before rioting erupted in the neighboring cities of Inglewood , Hawthorne , Compton and Long Beach . Korean Americans noted that law enforcement abandoned Koreatown , contrasting that with official defense lines for such wealthy white neighborhoods as Beverly Hills and West Hollywood . Subsequently , they organized their own armed security teams composed of store owners , who defended their businesses from assault . Open gun battles were televised , including an incident in which Korean shopkeepers armed with M1 carbines , Ruger Mini-14s , pump - action shotguns , and handguns exchanged gunfire with a group of armed looters , and forced their retreat . After Los Angeles Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda criticized rioters for burning down their own neighborhoods , he received death threats and was taken to the LAPD academy for protection . The 670th MP Company had been redeployed to reinforce police patrols and to guard the Korean Cultural Center and Embassy after events in Koreatown . The LAPD and the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department ( LASD ) organized response began to come together by mid-day . The Los Angeles Fire Department ( LAFD ) and Los Angeles County Fire Department ( LACFD ) began to respond backed by police escort ; California Highway Patrol reinforcements were airlifted to the city . U.S. President George H.W. Bush spoke out against the rioting , stating that `` anarchy '' would not be tolerated . The California Army National Guard , which had been advised not to expect civil disturbance and had , as a result , loaned its riot equipment out to other law enforcement agencies , responded quickly by calling up about 2,000 soldiers , but could not get them to the city until nearly 24 hours had passed . They lacked equipment and had to pick it up from the JFTB ( Joint Forces Training Base ) , Los Alamitos , California , which at the time was predominately a mothballed former airbase . Air traffic control procedures at Los Angeles International Airport were modified , with all departures and arrivals routed to and from the west , over the Pacific Ocean , avoiding overflights of neighborhoods affected by the rioting . Popular comedian and actor Bill Cosby spoke on the local television station KNBC and asked people to stop the rioting and watch the final episode of his The Cosby Show . The U.S. Justice Department announced it would resume federal investigation of the Rodney King beating as a violation of federal civil rights law . Third day ( Friday , May 1 ) ( edit ) Rodney King gave an impromptu news conference in front of his lawyer 's office , tearfully saying , `` People , I just want to say , you know , can we all get along ? '' That morning , at 1 : 00 am , Governor Wilson had requested federal assistance . Upon request , Bush invoked the Insurrection Act with Executive Order 12804 , federalizing the California Army National Guard and authorizing federal troops to help restore law and order . With Bush 's authority , the Pentagon activated Operation Garden Plot , placing the California Army National Guard and federal troops under the newly formed Joint Task Force Los Angeles ( JTF - LA ) . The deployment of federal troops was not ready until Saturday , by which time the rioting and looting were under control . Meanwhile , the 40th Infantry Division ( doubled to 4,000 troops ) of the California Army National Guard continued to move into the city in Humvees ; eventually 10,000 Army National Guard troops were activated . In addition , the White House sent some 1,700 riot control - trained federal law enforcement officers from different agencies across California to L.A. to protect federal facilities and assist local police . Later that evening , Bush addressed the country , denouncing `` random terror and lawlessness '' . He summarized his discussions with Mayor Bradley and Governor Wilson , and outlined the federal assistance he was making available to local authorities . Citing the `` urgent need to restore order '' , he warned that the `` brutality of a mob '' would not be tolerated , and he would `` use whatever force is necessary '' . He referred to the Rodney King case , describing talking to his own grandchildren and noting the actions of `` good and decent policemen '' as well as civil rights leaders . He said he had directed the Justice Department to investigate the King case , and that `` grand jury action is underway today '' , and justice would prevail . By this point , many entertainment and sports events were postponed or canceled . The Los Angeles Lakers hosted the Portland Trail Blazers in an NBA playoff basketball game on the night the rioting started , but the following game was postponed until Sunday and moved to Las Vegas . The Los Angeles Clippers moved a playoff game against the Utah Jazz to nearby Anaheim . In baseball , the Los Angeles Dodgers postponed games for four straight days from Thursday to Sunday , including a whole 3 - game series against the Montreal Expos ; all were made up as part of doubleheaders in July . In San Francisco , a city curfew due to unrest forced the postponement of a May 1 , San Francisco Giants home game against the Philadelphia Phillies . The horse racing venues Hollywood Park Racetrack and Los Alamitos Race Course were also shut down . L.A. Fiesta Broadway , a major event in the Latino community , was canceled . In music , Van Halen canceled two concert shows in Inglewood on Saturday and Sunday . Metallica and Guns N ' Roses moved their concert to the Rose Bowl as the Coliseum and its surrounding neighborhood were still damaged . Michael Bolton canceled his scheduled performance at the Hollywood Bowl Sunday . The World Wrestling Federation canceled events on Friday and Saturday in the cities of Long Beach and Fresno . Fourth day ( Saturday , May 2 ) ( edit ) Marines disembark in Compton from their Humvees and trucks on May 2 , 1992 On the fourth day , 2,000 soldiers of the 7th Infantry Division from Fort Ord and 1,500 Marines of the 1st Marine Division from Camp Pendleton arrived to reinforce the National Guardsmen already in the city . The Marine Corps contingent included the 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion , commanded by John F. Kelly . It was the first significant military occupation of Los Angeles by federal troops since the 1894 Pullman Strike , and also the first time such forces were sent to an American city to quell a civil disorder since the 1968 King assassination riots . These federal military forces took 24 hours to deploy to Huntington Park , about the same time it took for the National Guardsmen . This brought total troop strength to 13,500 . Federal troops and National Guardsmen directly supported local police in restoring order ; they contributed significantly to containing and stopping the violence . With most of the violence under control , 30,000 people attended an 11 : 00 am peace rally in Koreatown to support local merchants and racial healing . Fifth day ( Sunday , May 3 ) ( edit ) Mayor Bradley assured the public that the crisis was , more or less , under control as areas became quiet . Later that night , Army National Guardsmen shot and killed a motorist who tried to run them over at a barrier . In another incident , the LAPD and Marines intervened in a domestic dispute in Compton , in which the suspect held his wife and children hostage . As the officers approached , the suspect fired two shotgun rounds through the door , injuring some of the officers . One of the officers yelled to the Marines , `` Cover me , '' as per law enforcement training to be prepared to fire upon if necessary . However , per their military training , the Marines mistook the wording as providing cover while utilizing firepower , resulting in a total of 200 rounds being sprayed into the house . Remarkably , neither the suspect nor the woman and children inside the house were harmed . Sixth day ( monday , May 4 ) and aftermath ( edit ) Although Mayor Bradley lifted the curfew , signaling the official end of the riots , sporadic violence and crime continued for a few days afterward . Schools , banks , and businesses reopened . Federal troops did not stand down until May 9 . The Army National Guard remained until May 14 . Some National Guardsmen remained as late as May 27 . Korean Americans during the riots ( edit ) See also : History of the Korean Americans in Los Angeles Many Korean Americans in Los Angeles refer to the event as Sa - I - Gu , meaning `` four - two - nine '' in Korean , in reference to April 29 , 1992 , which was the day the riots started . The week of riots following the acquittal of the LAPD officers in the beating of Rodney King has been considered a major turning point for the development of a distinct Korean American identity and community . Over 2,300 mom - and - pop shops run by Korean business owners were damaged through ransacking and looting during the riots , sustaining close to $400 million in damages . Media coverage has framed the looting and destruction as a result of growing social and economic tensions between the Korean American and African American communities , with some attributing the tensions to the Middleman minority theory where friction arises when a minority group has a role as a `` middleman '' such as a retailer or business owner between a more dominant majority and another minority group . Korean Americans responded in various ways , including forming activist organizations such as the Association of Korean - American Victims and increasing efforts to build collaborative links with other ethnic groups through groups like the Korean American Coalition . During the riots , many Korean immigrants from the area rushed to Koreatown , after Korean - language radio stations called for volunteers to guard against rioters . Many were armed , with a variety of improvised weapons , shotguns , and semi-automatic rifles . According to Edward Park the 1992 violence stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean - Americans , but it also split them into two camps . The liberals sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating . The conservatives emphasized law and order and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party . The conservatives tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities , specifically African Americans . An article from the Los Angeles Times on June 18 , 1991 highlights the growing violence prior to the riots . `` Other recent incidents include the May 25 shooting of two employees in a liquor store near 35th Street and Central Avenue . The victims , both recent emigrants from Korea , were killed after complying with robbery demands made by an assailant described by police as an African - American . Last Thursday , an African - American man suspected of committing a robbery in an auto parts store on Manchester Avenue was fatally wounded by his accomplice , who accidentally fired a shotgun round during a struggle with the shop 's Korean - American owner . `` This violence is disturbing too , '' store owner Park said . `` But who cries for these victims ? '' '' On March 16 , 1991 , a year prior to the Los Angeles riots , storekeeper Soon Ja Du physically confronted black ninth - grader Latasha Harlins , grabbing her sweater and backpack when she suspected she had been trying to steal a bottle of orange juice from Empire Liquor , the store Du 's family owned in Compton . After Latasha hit Du , Du shot her in the back of the head , killing her . ( Security tape showed the girl , already dead , was clutching $2 in her hand when investigators arrived . ) Du was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and forced to pay a fine of $500 , but not sentenced to any prison time . Relations between the African - American and Korean communities significantly worsened after this , and the former became increasingly mistrustful of the criminal justice system . Racial tensions had been simmering for years between these groups . Many African Americans were angry toward a growing Korean migrant community in South Central Los Angeles earning a living in their communities , and felt disrespected and humiliated by many Korean merchants . Cultural differences and a language barrier further fueled tensions . The probation Du received for killing Latasha Harlins , combined with the acquittal of the four LAPD officers in Rodney King 's trial , resulted in the ensuing Los Angeles riots , with much anger directed at Koreans . Television coverage of two Korean merchants firing pistols repeatedly at roving looters was widely seen and controversial . The New York Times said `` that the image seemed to speak of race war , and of vigilantes taking the law into their own hands . '' The merchants were reacting to the shooting of Mr. Park 's wife and her sister by looters who had converged on the shopping center where the shops were located . Due to their low social status and the language barrier with immigrants , Korean Americans received very little if any aid or protection from police authorities . David Joo , a manager of the gun store , said , `` I want to make it clear that we did n't open fire first . At that time , four police cars were there . Somebody started to shoot at us . The LAPD ran away in half a second . I never saw such a fast escape . I was pretty disappointed . '' Carl Rhyu , also a participant in the Koreans ' armed response , said , `` If it was your own business and your own property , would you be willing to trust it to someone else ? We are glad the National Guard is here . They 're good backup . But when our shops were burning we called the police every five minutes ; no response . '' At a shopping center several miles north of Koreatown , Jay Rhee , who said he and others fired five hundred shots into the ground and air , said , `` We have lost our faith in the police . Where were you when we needed you ? '' Koreatown was isolated from South Central Los Angeles , yet despite this , it was the most severely damaged in the riots . Preparations ( edit ) One of the largest armed camps in Los Angeles 's Koreatown was at the California Market . On the first night after the officers ' verdicts were returned , Richard Rhee , the market owner , set up in the parking lot with about 20 armed employees . One year after the riots , fewer than one in four damaged or destroyed businesses had reopened , according to the survey conducted by the Korean - American Inter-Agency Council . According to a Los Angeles Times survey conducted eleven months after the riots , almost 40 % of Korean Americans said they were thinking of leaving Los Angeles . Before a verdict was issued in the new 1993 Rodney King federal civil rights trial against the four officers , Korean shop owners prepared for the worst . Gun sales went up , many to persons of Korean descent , some merchants at flea markets removed merchandise from shelves , and they fortified storefronts with extra Plexiglas and bars . Throughout the region , merchants readied to defend themselves . College student Elizabeth Hwang spoke of the attacks on her parents ' convenience store in 1992 . She said at the time of the 1993 trial , they had been armed with a Glock 17 pistol , a Beretta , and a shotgun , and they planned to barricade themselves in their store to fight off looters . Some Koreans formed armed militia groups following the 1992 riots . Speaking just prior to the 1993 verdict , Yong Kim , leader of the Korea Young Adult Team of Los Angeles , which purchased five AK - 47s , said `` We made a mistake last year . This time we wo n't . I do n't know why Koreans are always a special target for African - Americans , but if they are going to attack our community , then we are going to pay them back . '' Post-riots ( edit ) Korean Americans not only faced physical damage to their stores and community surroundings , but they also suffered emotional , psychological , and economic despair . About 2,300 Korean - owned stores in Southern California were looted or burned , making up 45 percent of all damages caused by the riot . According to the Asian and Pacific American Counseling and Prevention Center , 730 Koreans were treated for post-traumatic stress disorder , which included symptoms such as insomnia , sense of helplessness , and muscle pain . In reaction , many Korean Americans worked to create political and social empowerment . The L.A. riots resulted in the development of new ethnic agendas and organization . A week after the riots , in the largest Asian - American protest ever held in a city , about 30,000 mostly Korean and Korean - American marchers walked the streets of L.A. Koreatown , calling for peace and denouncing police violence . This cultural movement was devoted to the protection of Koreans ' political rights , ethnic heritage , and political representation . New leaders arose within the community , and second - generation children spoke on behalf of the community . Korean Americans began to have different occupation goals , from storeowners to political leaders . Korean Americans worked to gain governmental aid to rebuild their damaged neighborhoods . Countless community and advocacy groups have been established to further fuel Korean political representation and understanding . After suffering from isolation , they worked to gain new understanding and connections . The representative voice that was created remains present in South Central Los Angeles , as such events as the riots contributed to the shaping of identities , perceptions and political and social representation . Edward Taehan Chang , a professor of ethnic studies and founding director of the Young Oak Kim Center for Korean American Studies at the University of California , Riverside , has identified the LA riots as a turning point for the development of a Korean American identity separate from that of Korean immigrants and that was more engaged with other minority groups . `` What was an immigrant Korean identity began to shift . The Korean - American identity was born ... They learned a valuable lesson that we have to become much more engaged and politically involved , and that political empowerment is very much part of the Korean - American future . '' Hispanics in the riots ( edit ) According to a report prepared in 1993 by the Latinos Futures Research Group for the Latino Coalition for a New Los Angeles , one third of those who were killed and one half of those who were arrested in the riots were Latino ; moreover , between 20 % and 40 % of the businesses that were looted were owned by Latino owners . Hispanics were considered a minority despite their increasing numbers , and thus lacked political support and were poorly represented . Their lack of knowledge , both socially and politically , within the area additionally silenced their acknowledgment of participation . Many of the individuals of the area were new immigrants ; they often did not speak English and were seen as unimportant and `` different '' from blacks . Gloria Alvarez claims the riots did not create social distance between Hispanics and black people , but rather united them . Although the riots were perceived in different aspects , Alvarez argues it brought a greater sense of understanding between Hispanics and blacks . Even though Hispanics now heavily populate the area that was once predominantly black , such transition has improved over time . The building of a stronger and more understanding community could help to prevent social chaos arising between the two groups . Hate crimes and widespread violence between the two groups continue to be a problem in the L.A. area , however . Media coverage ( edit ) Almost as soon as the disturbances broke out in South Central , local television news cameras were on the scene to record the events as they happened . Television coverage of the riots was near continuous , starting with the beating of motorists at the intersection of Florence and Normandie broadcast live by television news pilot / reporter Bob Tur and his camera operator Marika Gerrard . By virtue of their extensive coverage , mainstream television stations provided a vivid , comprehensive and valuable record of the violence occurring on the streets of Los Angeles . In part because of extensive media coverage of the Los Angeles riots , smaller but similar riots and other anti-police actions took place in other cities throughout the United States . The Emergency Broadcast System was also utilized during the rioting . Coverage came from the American media , which gave an extensive portrayal of the riots , Korean - American media , and Korea itself . One of the most prominent sources for news about the coverage came from the Korea Times , a Korean - American newspaper run entirely independently from American newspapers , such as The New York Times . Korean - American newspapers ( edit ) Articles presented from the Korean - American side stated that `` Korean American merchants were apparently targeted by looters during the LA . Riots , according to the FBI official who directed federal law enforcement efforts during the disturbance . '' The Korean American newspaper focused on the 1992 riots with Korean Americans being the center of the violence . Initial articles from late April and early May were about the stories depicting victims lives and the damage done to the LA Korean Community . Interviews with Koreatown merchants , such as Chung Lee , drew sympathy from its readers . Chung Lee , the model example of good merchant watched , helplessly , as his store was burned down . `` I worked hard for that store . Now I have nothing , '' said Lee . American newspapers ( edit ) While several articles included the minorities involved when citing damages or naming victims , few actually incorporated them as a significant part of the struggle . American news coverage was mainly directed at the oppression of African American citizens especially at white hands . One story framed the race riots as `` time when the wrath of blacks was focused on whites . '' They acknowledged that racism and stereotyped views contributed to the riots , the articles from American newspapers made the LA riots about black and whites struggling to coexist , rather than include all minorities involved . Racism ( edit ) While some news articles compared the LA riots to the Watts riots of the 1960s , many of them focused on the tension between black and white residents of America , drawing the history as far back as slavery and deep set racial divides . Multiethnic struggle ( edit ) The Korean - Americans and their stores throughout LA 's Korea town were hit the hardest by the riots , with an estimated $400 million done in damages . Despite claims that Koreatown had not been intentionally targeted during the riots , by Sunday , over 1,600 Korean - American owned stores had been completely destroyed . Hispanic owned stores and African - American owned stores were also destroyed during the riots . Because many ethnic groups were affected , the 1992 LA riots later were called `` America 's First Multiethnic ' Riots . ' '' A major criticism of the mainstream media coverage was the pitting of Koreans and blacks against one another and the framing of the LA riots has having been caused by a black - Korean conflict . As filmmaker Dai Sil Kim - Gibson , who created the 1993 documentary `` Sa - I - Gu '' , described , `` Black - Korean conflict was one symptom , but it was certainly not the cause of that riot . The cause of that riot was black - white conflict that existed in this country from the establishment of this country . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Burned buildings in Los Angeles The rioting ended after numerous forces of the California Army National Guard , the 7th Infantry Division and the 1st Marine Division were brought in to reinforce the local police . In total , 55 people were killed during the riots and more than 2,000 people were injured . After the riots subsided , an inquiry was commissioned by the city Police Commission , led by William H. Webster ( special advisor ) , and Hubert Williams ( deputy special advisor , president of the Police Foundation ) . The findings of the inquiry , The City in Crisis : A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles , also colloquially known as the Webster Report or Webster Commission , was released on October 21 , 1992 . LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates , who had seen his successor Willie L. Williams named by the Police Commission days before the riots , was forced to resign on June 28 , 1992 . Some areas of the city saw temporary truces between the rival gangs the Crips and the Bloods , which fueled speculation among LAPD officers that the truce was going to be used to unite them against the department . Post-riot Commentary ( edit ) Scholars and writers ( edit ) In addition to the catalyst of the verdicts in the excessive force trial , various other factors have been cited as causes of the unrest . In the years preceding the riots , several other highly controversial incidents involving alleged police brutality or other perceived injustices against minorities had been criticized by activists and investigated by media . Thirteen days after the beating of King was widely broadcast , African Americans were outraged when Latasha Harlins , a 15 - year - old black girl , was killed by a Korean - American shopkeeper in the course of an ostensible shoplifting incident . Soon Ja Du was sentenced to 5 years probation and 400 hours of community service but no jail time . Rioters targeted Korean - American shops in their areas , as there had been considerable tension between the two communities . Such sources as Newsweek and Time suggested that blacks thought Korean - American merchants were `` taking money out of their community '' , that they were racist as they refused to hire blacks , and often treated them without respect . There were cultural and language differences , as some shopowners were immigrants . There were other factors for social tensions : high rates of poverty and unemployment among the residents of South Central Los Angeles , which had been deeply affected by the nationwide recession . Articles in the Los Angeles Times and The New York Times linked the economic deterioration of South Central to the declining living conditions of the residents , and reported that local resentments about these conditions helped to fuel the riots . Other scholars compare these riots to those in Detroit in the 1920s , when whites rioted against blacks . But instead of African - Americans as victims , the race riots `` represent backlash violence in response to recent Latino and Asian immigration into African - American neighborhoods . '' Social commentator Mike Davis pointed to the growing economic disparity in Los Angeles , caused by corporate restructuring and government deregulation , with inner city residents bearing the brunt of such changes . Such conditions engendered a widespread feeling of frustration and powerlessness in the urban populace . They reacted to the King verdicts with a violent expression of collective public protest . To Davis and other writers , the tensions between African - Americans and Korean - Americans had as much to do with the economic competition between the two groups caused by wider market forces as with either cultural misunderstandings , or blacks angered about the killing of Latasha Harlins . A Special Committee of the California Legislature also studied the riots , producing a report entitled To Rebuild is Not Enough . The Committee concluded that the inner city conditions of poverty , racial segregation , lack of educational and employment opportunities , police abuse and unequal consumer services created the underlying causes of the riots . It also noted that the decline of industrial jobs in the American economy and the growing ethnic diversity of Los Angeles had contributed to urban problems . Another official report , The City in Crisis , was initiated by the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners ; it made many of the same observations are as the Assembly Special Committee about the growth of popular urban dissatisfaction . In their study Farrell and Johnson found similar factors , which included the diversification of the L.A. population , tension between the successful Korean businesses and other minorities , use of excessive force on minorities by LAPD , and the effect of laissez - faire business on urban employment opportunities . Rioters were believed to have been motivated by racial tensions but these are considered one of numerous factors . Urban sociologist Joel Kotkin said , `` This was n't a race riot , it was a class riot . '' Many ethnic groups participated in rioting , not only African Americans . Newsweek reported that `` Hispanics and even some whites ; men , women and children mingled with African - Americans . '' `` When residents who lived near Florence and Normandie were asked why they believed riots had occurred in their neighborhoods , they responded of the perceived racist attitudes they had felt throughout their lifetime and empathized with the bitterness the rioters felt . Residents who had respectable jobs , homes , and material items still felt like second class citizens . A poll by Newsweek asked whether black people charged with crimes were treated more harshly or more leniently than other ethnicities ; 75 % of blacks responded `` more harshly '' , versus 46 % of whites . In his public statements during the riots , Jesse Jackson , civil rights leader , sympathized with the anger of African - Americans about the verdicts in the King trial , and noted root causes of the disturbances . He repeatedly emphasized the continuing patterns of racism , police brutality , and economic despair suffered by inner city residents . Several prominent writers expressed a similar `` culture of poverty '' argument . Writers in Newsweek , for example , drew a distinction between the actions of the rioters in 1992 with those of the urban upheavals in the 1960s , arguing that `` ( w ) here the looting at Watts had been desperate , angry , mean , the mood this time was closer to a manic fiesta , a TV game show with every looter a winner . '' Meanwhile , in an article published in Commentary entitled `` How the Rioters Won '' , conservative columnist Midge Decter referred to African - American city youths and asked `` ( h ) ow is it possible to go on declaring that what will save the young men of South Central L.A. , and the young girls they impregnate , and the illegitimate babies they sire , is jobs ? How is it possible to look at these boys of the underclass ... and imagine that they either want or could hold on to jobs ? '' Politicians ( edit ) Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton said that the violence resulted from the breakdown of economic opportunities and social institutions in the inner city . He also berated both major political parties for failing to address urban issues , especially the Republican Administration for its presiding over `` more than a decade of urban decay '' generated by their spending cuts . He maintained that the King verdicts could not be avenged by the `` savage behavior '' of `` lawless vandals '' . He also stated that people `` are looting because ... ( t ) hey do not share our values , and their children are growing up in a culture alien from ours , without family , without neighborhood , without church , without support . '' While Los Angeles was mostly unaffected by the urban decay the other metropolitan areas of the nation faced since the 1960s , racial tensions had been present since the late 1970s , becoming increasingly violent as the 1980s progressed . Democrat Maxine Waters , the African - American Congressional representative of South Central Los Angeles , said that the events in L.A. constituted a `` rebellion '' or `` insurrection '' , caused by the underlying reality of poverty and despair existing in the inner city . This state of affairs , she asserted , were brought about by a government that had all but abandoned the poor and failed to help compensate for the loss of local jobs , and by the institutional discrimination encountered by racial minorities , especially at the hands of the police and financial institutions . Conversely , President Bush argued that the unrest was `` purely criminal '' . Though he acknowledged that the King verdicts were plainly unjust , he said that `` we simply can not condone violence as a way of changing the system ... Mob brutality , the total loss of respect for human life was sickeningly sad ... What we saw last night and the night before in Los Angeles is not about civil rights . It 's not about the great cause of equality that all Americans must uphold . It 's not a message of protest . It 's been the brutality of a mob , pure and simple . '' Vice President Dan Quayle blamed the violence on a `` Poverty of Values '' -- `` I believe the lawless social anarchy which we saw is directly related to the breakdown of family structure , personal responsibility and social order in too many areas of our society '' Similarly , the White House Press Secretary , Marlin Fitzwater , alleged that `` many of the root problems that have resulted in inner city difficulties were started in the ' 60s and ' 70s and ... they have failed ... ( N ) ow we are paying the price . '' Writers for former Congressman Ron Paul framed the riots in similar terms in the June 1992 edition of the Ron Paul Political Newsletter , billed as a special issue focusing on `` racial terrorism . '' `` Order was only restored in LA '' , the newsletter read , `` when it came time for the blacks to pick up their welfare checks three days after rioting began ... What if the checks had never arrived ? No doubt the blacks would have fully privatized the welfare state through continued looting . But they were paid off and the violence subsided . '' Rodney King ( edit ) In the aftermath of the riots , public pressure mounted for a retrial of the officers . Federal charges of civil rights violations were brought against them . As the first anniversary of the acquittal neared , the city tensely awaited the decision of the federal jury . The decision was read in a court session on Saturday , April 17 , 1993 at 7 : 00 am . Officer Laurence Powell and Sergeant Stacey Koon were found guilty , while officers Theodore Briseno and Timothy Wind were acquitted . Mindful of criticism of sensationalist reporting after the first trial and during the riots , media outlets opted for more sober coverage . Police were fully mobilized with officers on 12 hour shifts , convoy patrols , scout helicopters , street barricades , tactical command centers , and support from the Army National Guard , the active duty Army and the Marines . All four of these officers have since quit or have been fired from the LAPD . Briseno left the LAPD after being acquitted on both state and federal charges . Wind , who was also twice acquitted , was fired after the appointment of Willie L. Williams as Chief of Police and both Briseno and Wind have since left California earlier in this century . Chief Williams ' tenure was short lived to just one term . The Los Angeles Police Commission declined to renew his contract , citing Williams ' failure to fulfill his mandate to create meaningful change in the department . Susan Clemmer , an officer who gave crucial testimony for the defense at first trial of officers , committed suicide in July 2009 in the lobby of a Los Angeles Sheriff 's Station . She had ridden in the ambulance with King and testified that he was laughing and spat blood on her uniform . She had remained in law enforcement and was a Sheriff 's Detective at the time of her death . Rodney King was awarded $3.8 million in damages from the City of Los Angeles . He invested most of this money in founding a hip - hop record label , `` Straight Alta - Pazz Records '' . The venture was unable to garner success and soon folded . King was later arrested at least eleven times on a variety of charges , including domestic abuse and hit and run . King and his family moved from Los Angeles to San Bernadino 's Rialto suburb in an attempt to escape the fame and notoriety and to begin a new life . King and his family later returned to Los Angeles , where they ran a family owned construction company . Until his death on June 17 , 2012 , King rarely discussed the night of his beating by police or its aftermath , preferring to remain out of the spotlight . King died of an accidental drowning ; authorities said that he had alcohol and drugs in his body . Renee Campbell , his most recent attorney , described King as `` ... simply a very nice man caught in a very unfortunate situation . '' Deaths and arrests ( edit ) On May 3 , 1992 , in view of the very large number of persons arrested during the riots , the California Supreme Court extended the deadline to charge defendants from 48 hours to 96 hours . That day , 6,345 people were arrested and 44 dead bodies were still being identified by the coroner using fingerprints , driver 's license , or dental records . By the end of the riot 63 people had died , including 35 from gunfire ( including eight shot by law enforcement officers and two by National Guardsmen ) , six due to arson , two from attackers armed with sticks or boards , two from stabbings , six in car accidents ( including two hit - and - runs ) , and one from strangling . Nearly one third of the rioters arrested were released because police officers were unable to identify individuals in the sheer volume of the crowd . In one case , officers arrested around 40 people stealing from one store ; while they were identifying them , a group of another 12 looters were brought in . With the groups mingled , charges could not be brought against individuals for stealing from specific stores , and the police had to release them all . In the weeks after the rioting , more than 11,000 people were arrested . Many of the looters in black communities were turned in by their neighbors , who were angry about the destruction of businesses who employed locals and providing basic needs such as groceries . Many of the looters , fearful of prosecution by law enforcement and condemnation from their neighbors , ended up placing looted items curbside in other areas to get rid of them . Rebuilding Los Angeles ( edit ) After three days of arson and looting , 3,767 buildings were burned and property damage was estimated at more than $1 billion . Donations were given to help with food and medicine . The office of State Senator Diane E. Watson provided shovels and brooms to volunteers from all over the community who helped clean . 13,000 police and military personnel were on patrol , protecting intact gas stations and food stores ; they reopened along with other businesses areas such as the Universal Studios tour , dance halls , and bars . Many organizations stepped forward to rebuild Los Angeles ; South Central 's Operation Hope and Koreatown 's Saigu and KCCD ( Korean Churches for Community Development ) , all raised millions to repair destruction and improve economic development . President George H.W. Bush signed a declaration of disaster ; it activated Federal relief efforts for the victims of looting and arson , which included grants and low - cost loans to cover their property losses . The Rebuild LA program promised $6 billion in private investment to create 74,000 jobs . The majority of the local stores were never rebuilt. Store owners had difficulty getting loans ; myths about the city or at least certain neighborhoods of it arose discouraging investment and preventing growth of employment . Few of the rebuilding plans were implemented , and business investors and some community members rejected South L.A. Residential life ( edit ) Many Los Angeles residents bought weapons for self - defense against further violence . The 10 - day waiting period in California law stymied those who wanted to purchase firearms while the riot was going on . In a survey of local residents in 2010 , 77 % felt that the economic situation in Los Angeles had significantly worsened since 1992 . From 1992 -- 2007 , the black population dropped by 123,000 , while the Latino population grew more than 450,000 . According to the Los Angeles police statistics , violent crime fell by 76 % between 1992 and 2010 , which has been a period of declining crime across the country . It was accompanied by lessening tensions between racial groups . 60 % of residents reported racial tension has improved in the past 20 years , and gang activity has decreased . See also ( edit ) African American portal Los Angeles portal 1990s portal 1992 Los Angeles riots in popular culture The Riot Within : My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption 2015 Baltimore protests List of riots List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Simultaneous 1992 riots : West Las Vegas riots Previous Los Angeles riots : Watts riots ( 1965 ) Zoot Suit Riots ( 1943 ) Ethnic groups : History of the African - Americans in Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles riots : Remember the 63 people who died '' . April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ( 1999 ) . Black Rage Confronts the Law . NYU Press . p. 186 . ISBN 9780814735923 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Richard ( 1998 ) . The Granta Book of Reportage . Granta Books . p. 424 . ISBN 9781862071933 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . 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George Bush Presidential Library . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball ; 4 Doubleheaders For The Dodgers '' . The New York Times . May 19 , 1992 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cawthon , Graham . `` 1992 WWF results '' . The History of WWE . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Past Deployment of Military Troops Los Angeles County Jump up ^ Del Vecchio , Rick ; Suzanne Espinosa & Carle Nolte ( May 4 , 1992 ) . `` Bradley Ready to Lift Curfew He Says L.A. is ' under control ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Karen Ball ( May 4 , 1992 ) . `` Motorist Shooting shakes L.A. calm '' . McCook Daily Gazette . Associated Press . p. 1 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Flawed Emergency Response to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots ( C ) '' ( PDF ) . Kennedy School of Government Case Program . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Howitt , Arnold M. ; Leonard , Herman B. ( February 11 , 2009 ) . Managing Crises : Responses to Large - Scale Emergencies . CQ Press . p. 191 . ISBN 9781483351322 . Jump up ^ `` 25 years after LA riots , Koreatown finds strength in ' Saigu ' legacy '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Document '' . March 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Ashley ( May 2 , 1992 ) . `` King Case Aftermath : A City In Crisis : Looters , Merchants Put Koreatown Under The Gun : Violence : Lacking Confidence In The Police , Employees And Others Armed Themselves To Protect Mini-Mall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Pacific American Studies '' . Loyola Marymount University . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Edward J.W. Park , Ph. D . '' Loyola Marymount University . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edward J.W. Park , `` Competing visions : Political formation of Korean Americans in Los Angeles , 1992 -- 1997 '' , Amerasia Journal , 1998 , Vol. 24 Issue 1 , pp. 41 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nancy Abelmann and John Lie , Blue Dreams : Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1991-06-18/local/me-837_1_african-american-man Jump up ^ `` www.southcentralhistory.com/la-riots.php '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Koreatown Rose From The Ashes Of L.A. Riots '' . NPR. April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When LA Erupted In Anger : A Look Back At The Rodney King Riots '' . National Public Radio . April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mydans , Seth ( May 3 , 1992 ) . `` Riot In Los Angeles : Pocket of Tension ; A Target of Rioters , Koreatown Is Bitter , Armed and Determined '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Rose M. ( 2012 ) . `` 3 . `` Violence and Trauma as Constitutive Elements in Korean American Racial Identity Formation : The 1992 L.A. Riots / Insurrection / Saigu . '' `` . Ethnic & Racial Studies . 35 ( 11 ) : 1999 -- 2018 . doi : 10.1080 / 01419870.2011. 602090 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pittman , Robert ( July 28 , 1991 ) . `` Cover Story -- The Man Behind the Monster '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mydans , Seth ( April 10 , 1993 ) . `` Korean Shop Owners Fearful Of Outcome of Beating Trial '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K. Connie Kang ( March 19 , 1993 ) . `` 40 % of Koreans in Poll Ponder Leaving : Riots : Survey of business owners finds deep concern . Blacks also voice fears but fewer want to relocate '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista , David E. ; Schink , Werner O. ; Hayes - Bautista , Maria ( November 1 , 1993 ) . `` Latinos and the 1992 Los Angeles riots : a behavioral sciences perspective '' . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences . 15 ( 4 ) : 427 -- 448 . Jump up ^ Newman , Maria ( May 11 , 1992 ) . `` ' After the Riots : Riots Put Focus on Hispanic Growth and Problems in South Central Area '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Gloria. `` 20 Year Ago : For Many Latinos , the L.A. Riots Were Not About Outrage '' . Eastern Group Publications . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Quinones , Sam ; Winton , Richard ; Mozingo , Joe ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Attack on family in Compton latest incident in wave of anti-black violence '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , R : Race , Media , and the Crisis of Civil Society : From the Watts Riots to Rodney King , pages 81 -- 120 . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Erna Smith , Transmitting Race : the Los Angeles Riot in Television News , Research Paper , President of the Fellows of Harvard College , 1994 . Jump up ^ Staten , Clark ( April 29 , 1992 ) . `` Three days of @ # ! * % in Los Angeles '' . Emergencynet News Service ( ENN ) . Archived from the original on July 20 , 1997 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 : The LA riots '' . libcom.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is a test ' but is anyone listening ? '' . The Hour . August 13 , 1992 . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : http://search.proquest.com/docview/367711460 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/226263559 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/140745442 Jump up ^ Chang , Edward T. `` America 's First Multiethnic ' Riots ' '' , The State of Asian America : Activism and Resistance in the 1990s , edited by Juan Karin Aguilar - San . Boston , MA : South End , 1994 . 101 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen . `` ' Look what happens when we do n't talk to each other ' : Korean American filmmakers ' L.A. riots stories '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The L.A. 53 '' . By Jim Crogan . LA Weekly . April 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Riot anniversary tour surveys progress and economic challenges in Los Angeles '' . By Stan Wilson . CNN . April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Panel Said to Fault Los Angeles Riot Response '' . The New York Times . October 18 , 1992 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCJRS Abstract -- National Criminal Justice Reference Service '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CONNELL , RICH ; BRAUN , STEPHEN ( April 16 , 1992 ) . `` Philadelphia Chief to Head LAPD : Police : Willie L. Williams will be first black to head department and first outsider since 1949 . ' He 's the best , ' Police Commission President Stanley Sheinbaum says '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Keith ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` Daryl F. Gates , L.A.P.D. Chief in Rodney King Era , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Terry , Don ( May 12 , 1992 ) . `` AFTER THE RIOTS ; Hope and Fear in Los Angeles As Deadly Gangs Call Truce '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PressReader.com -- Connecting People Through News '' . www.pressreader.com . ^ Jump up to : Tom Mathews et al. , `` The Siege of L.A. '' , Newsweek , May 1992 . Jump up ^ David Ellis , `` L.A. Lawless '' , Time , May 1992 . Jump up ^ `` The Los Angeles Riot and the Economics of Urban Unrest '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schoch , Deborah ; Lin II , Rong - Gong ( April 29 , 2007 ) . `` 15 years after L.A. riots , tension still high '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Jones , `` Forgotten Americans '' , The New York Times , May 5 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Don Terry , `` Decades of Rage Created Crucible of Violence '' , Time , May 3 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Tale of Two Cities : Rich and Poor , Separate and Unequal '' , Los Angeles Times , May 6 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Globilization of Los Angeles : The First Multiethnic Riots '' , Los Angeles Times , May 1992 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , Understanding the Riots : Los Angeles Before and After the Rodney King Case , Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times , 1992 . Jump up ^ Bergesen , Albert , and Max Herman . `` Immigration , Race , and Riot : The 1992 Los Angeles Uprising , '' in American Sociological Review 63.1 ( 1998 ) : 39 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Mike Davis , `` In L.A. , Burning All Illusions '' , The Nation , June 1 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Mike Davis , `` The L.A. Inferno '' , Socialist Review , January -- March 1992 . Jump up ^ Assembly Special Committee To Rebuild is Not Enough : Final Report and Recommendations of the Assembly Special Committee on the Los Angeles Crisis , Sacramento : Assembly Publications Office , 1992 . Jump up ^ Webster Commission , The City in Crisis ' A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles , Los Angeles : Institute for Government and Public Affairs , UCLA , 1992 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Jr . Walter C. and James H. Johnson , James . 2001 . `` Structural Violence as an Inducement to African American and Hispanic Participation in the Los Angeles Civil Disturbance of 1992 . '' Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 4 ( 4 ) : 337 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ Hunt , Darnell. 2012 . `` American Toxicity : Twenty Years After the 1992 Los Angeles ' Riots . ' '' , Amerasia Journal . 38 : 1 : ix -- xviii . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Ashley and Shawn Hubler. 1992 . `` Unlikely Flash Point for Riots '' , Los Angeles Times , July 5 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jesse Jackson , `` A ' Terrible Rainbow of Protest ' '' , Los Angeles Times , May 4 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Miles Colvin , `` Man with a Mission '' , Los Angeles Times , May 6 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Midge Decter , `` How the Rioters Won '' , Commentary , Vol. 94 , July 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Brownstein , `` Clinton : Parties Fail to Attack Race Divisions '' , Los Angeles Times , Sunday Final Edition , May 3 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Douglas P. Shuit , `` Waters Focuses Her Rage at System '' , The New York Times , Sunday , May 10 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Maxine Waters , `` Testimony Before the Senate Banking Committee '' , in Don Hazen ( ed . ) , Inside the L.A. Riots : What really happened -- and why it will happen again , Institute for Alternative Journalism , 1992 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts from Bush 's speech on the Los Angeles Riots : ' Need to Restore Order ' , The New York Times , May 2 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` The Vice President Speaks '' . Commonwealthclub.org . May 19 , 1992 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2003 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Wines , `` White House Links Riots to Welfare '' , The New York Times , May 5 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Paul 's racist link '' . Los Angeles Times . December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Extreme Claims in Ron Paul 's Controversial Newsletters '' . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` Los Angeles TV Shows Restraint '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Mydans , Seth ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` Verdict in Los Angeles ; Fear Subsides With Verdict , But Residents Remain Wary '' . The New York Times . p. 11 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tisdall , Simon ; Christopher Reed ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` All Quiet on the Western Front After King Verdicts '' . The Guardian . UK . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Ayres Jr. , B. Drummond ( March 11 , 1997 ) . `` Los Angeles Police Chief Will Be Let Go '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official : L.A. Detective from King Trial Kills Self '' . Associated Press . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitz , Robert ( March 13 , 1996 ) . `` Willful Injustice : A Post-O.J. Look at Rodney King , American Justice , and Trial by Race '' . Regnery Pub . -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ LeDuff , Charlie ( September 19 , 2004 ) . `` 12 Years After the Riots , Rodney King Gets Along '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SpotTelevision . `` Uprising : Hip Hop & The LA Riots -- SXSW 2012 Film '' . SpotTelevision.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crogan , Jim . `` The L.A. 53 '' . LA Weekly . Jump up ^ Seth Mydans ( June 3 , 1992 ) . `` Police Ca n't Identify Them , So Looting Suspects Go Free '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Oh , Hansook . `` Destruction in 1992 L.A. Upheaval : How law enforcement let the largest urban riot / rebellion rage on '' . Daily Sundial . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reinhold Jump up ^ `` Three black journalists talk about the L.A. riots , 24 years later '' . www.medium.com . Los Angeles Times . April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomaszewski , Joseph A. `` Ethnic media discuss mainstream media 's coverage of LA riots '' . Daily Sundial . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alonso , Alex A. ( 1998 ) . Rebuilding Los Angeles : A Lesson of Community Reconstruction ( PDF ) . Los Angeles : University of Southern California . ^ Jump up to : Ramirez , Tanya . `` The LA Riots 20 years later '' . Daily Sundial . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Tom . `` The Myth of the Super-Predator '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Patrick Range and Ted Soqui . `` Then & Now : Images from the same spot as the L.A. riots , 20 years later '' . LA weekly . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larson , Tom and Miles Finney . `` Rebuilding South Central Los Angeles : Myths , Realities , and Opportunities . School of Business and Economics '' ( PDF ) . California State University , Los Angeles . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald Jump up ^ Jennings , Angel ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Street corner torched in L.A. riots may get new life , at long last '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Ron Soble ( August 17 , 1992 ) . `` Going Great Guns : Security : The L.A. riots trigger a firearms - buying spree in the county . First - time owners drive the boom in sales '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ HeraldNet. `` 20 Years After L.A. riots , some tensions ease '' . The Herald Business Journal . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramirez Further Reading ( edit ) Afary , Kamran , Performance and Activism : Grassroots Discourse After the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992 , Lexington Books , 2009 . Assembly Special Committee To Rebuild is Not Enough : Final Report and Recommendations of the Assembly Special Committee on the Los Angeles Crisis , Sacramento : Assembly Publications Office , 1992 . Baldassare , Mark ( ed . ) , The Los Angeles Riots : Lessons for the Urban Future , Boulder and Oxford : Westview Press , 1994 . Cannon , Lou , Official Negligence : How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD , Basic Books , 1999 . Gibbs , Jewelle Taylor , Race and Justice : Rodney King and O.J. Simpson in a House Divided , San Francisco : Jossey - Bass , 1996 . Gooding - Williams , Robert ( ed . ) , Reading Rodney King , Reading Urban Uprising , New York and London : Routledge , 1993 . Hazen , Don ( ed . ) , Inside the L.A. Riots : What Really Happened -- and Why It Will Happen Again , Institute for Alternative Journalism , 1992 . Jacobs , Ronald F. , Race , Media , and the Crisis of Civil Society : From the Watts Riots to Rodney King , Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Los Angeles Times , Understanding the Riots : Los Angeles Before and After the Rodney King Case , Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times , 1992 . Song Hyoung , Min , Strange Future : Pessimism and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , Durham : Duke University Press , 2005 . Wall , Brenda , The Rodney King Rebellion : A Psychopolitical Analysis of Racial Despair and Hope , Chicago : African American Images , 1992 . Webster Commission , The City in Crisis ' A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of Police Commissioners on the Civil Disorder in Los Angeles , Los Angeles : Institute for Government and Public Affairs , UCLA , 1992 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) General ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1992 Los Angeles riots . Of the 63 people killed during ' 92 riots , 23 deaths remain unsolved -- artist Jeff Beall is mapping where they fell -- 25 Years After , an Artist 's Response -- LA Times , April 28 , 2017 . The L.A. Riots : 15 Years after Rodney King from Time.com . Flawed Emergency Response during the L.A. riots -- article by Taubman Center for State and Local Government . The L.A. 53 -- full listing of 53 known deaths during the riots , from the L.A. Weekly . L.A. 's darkest days -- Christian Science Monitor retrospective and interviews with victims and participants . `` Charting the Hours of Chaos '' . Los Angeles Times . April 29 , 2002 . 1992 : The LA riots -- an anarchist perspective characterizing the riots as political uprising . Of Illicit Appearance : The L.A. Riots / Rebellion as a Portent of Things to Come , Lewis Gordon , Truthout , May 12 , 2012 20 Years After the L.A. Riots , Revisiting the Rationality of Revolt , Nigel Gibson , Truthout , May 12 , 2012 The Untold Story of the LA Riot , David Whitman , U.S. News & World Report , May 23 , 1993 , with special emphasis on the riot 's first day Photography ( edit ) Urban Voyeur -- black and white photographs taken during the riots . Video and audio ( edit ) CBS News Special Report : Beyond the Rage ( aired May 1 , 1992 ) Los Angeles -- A City Under Fire Part 1 ( news clips montage ) Los Angeles -- A City Under Fire part 3 ( raw news clips ) ABC News story including amateur video of beating incident with commentary on YouTube `` The Radio Show '' with Tom Snyder April 30 and May 1 , 1992 . ABC Nightline special Moment of Crisis : Anatomy of a Riot <Th_colspan="3"> Los Angeles Police Department Facilities Highland Park Police Station LAPD Hooper Heliport Los Angeles Police Department Memorial for Fallen Officers Parker Center Divisions Air Support Division Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums Gangster Squad Metropolitan Division Rampart Division Units Los Angeles Police Department Mental Evaluation Unit Los Angeles Police Department Threat Management Unit Medals Los Angeles Police Medal of Valor Events The Onion Field 1992 Los Angeles riots North Hollywood shootout 2007 MacArthur Park rallies Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt Shooting of Ezell Ford Corruption / misconduct Operation Hammer Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department Rampart scandal Organizations Coalition Against Police Abuse Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners Los Angeles Police Protective League Los Angeles Police Department resources Related Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department List of Los Angeles Police Department officers killed in the line of duty LAPD radio alphabet Sig Alert Special Order 40 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_Los_Angeles_riots&oldid=856834653 '' Categories : 1992 Los Angeles riots 1992 riots African - American -- Asian - American relations Anti-Korean sentiment Mass murder in 1992 African - American riots in the United States United States Marine Corps in the 20th century Law enforcement operations in the United States Post -- Civil Rights Era African - American history Crimes in Los Angeles Riots and civil disorder in California Arson in California Presidency of George H.W. Bush April 1992 events May 1992 events 1992 in Los Angeles United States military killing of American civilians Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia external links cleanup from December 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 20 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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1. 1992 Los Angeles riots
2. Rodney King beating
3. South Central Los Angeles
4. Looting and arson
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which city name of pakistan has 15 dots
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List of cities in Pakistan - wikipedia List of cities in Pakistan This is a list of cities in Pakistan . Contents 1 Provinces 1.1 Balochistan 1.2 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1.3 Punjab 1.4 Sindh 2 Semi autonomous province / Territories 2.1 Azad Jammu and Kashmir 2.2 Islamabad Capital Territory 2.3 Gilgit Baltistan 2.4 Federally Administered Tribal Areas 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Provinces ( edit ) Balochistan ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Balochistan <Th_colspan="6"> Balochistan largest municipalities by population Image : Name : Quetta ( 01 ) Khuzdar ( 02 ) Chaman ( 03 ) Turbat ( 04 ) Sibi ( 05 ) Urban population Population : ( est. 2012 ) 1,000,000 148 089 113 115 83 475 80 767 Image : Name : Lasbela ( 06 ) Zhob ( 07 ) Gwadar ( 08 ) Nasirabad ( 09 ) Jaffarabad ( 10 ) City Proper Population : ( est. 2012 ) 64 836 - Hub 56 772 44 592 38 405 - Dera Murad Jamali 37 894 - Dera Allah Yar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( edit ) Main article : List of populated places in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa <Th_colspan="6"> Khyber Pakhtunkhwa largest municipalities by population Image : Name : Peshawar ( 01 ) Mardan ( 02 ) Buner ( 03 ) Kohat ( 04 ) Abbottabad ( 05 ) City Proper Population : ( est. 2012 ) 1,814,557 952,135 897,319 412,032 401,014 Image : Name : Bannu ( 06 ) Swabi ( 07 ) Dera Ismail Khan ( 08 ) Charsadda ( 09 ) Nowshera ( 10 ) City Proper Population : ( est. 2012 ) 315 018 311 871 305 414 203 432 132 025 Punjab ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Punjab ( Pakistan ) <Th_colspan="7"> Punjab largest municipalities by population Image : Name : Lahore ( 01 ) Faisalabad ( 02 ) Rawalpindi ( 03 ) Gujranwala ( 05 ) Multan ( 04 ) Sargodha ( 06 ) City Proper Population : ( pre. 2017 ) 11,126,285 3,203,846 2,098,231 2,027,001 1,871,843 1,405,110 Image : Name : Bahawalpur ( 07 ) Sialkot ( 08 ) Sheikhupura ( 09 ) Gujrat ( 10 ) Jhang ( 11 ) Sahiwal ( 12 ) City Proper Population : ( est. 2012 ) 1,215,018 1,011,871 805,414 793,432 780,653 743,981 Sindh ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Sindh <Th_colspan="6"> Sindh largest municipalities by population Image : Name : Karachi ( 01 ) Hyderabad ( 02 ) Sukkur ( 03 ) Larkana ( 04 ) Nawabshah ( 05 ) Urban proper Population : ( est. 2012 ) 14,910,352 1,732,693 893,438 456,544 272,598 Image : Name : Mirpur Khas ( 06 ) Jacobabad ( 07 ) Shikarpur ( 08 ) Khairpur ( 09 ) Dadu ( 10 ) Population : ( est. 2012 ) 242,887 200,815 177,682 146,179 145,719 Semi autonomous province / Territories ( edit ) Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Azad Jammu and Kashmir towns or districts by population Image : Name : Kotli ( 01 ) Muzaffarabad ( 02 ) Rawalakot ( 03 ) New Mirpur City ( 04 ) Bhimber ( 05 ) City Proper Population : ( est. 2017 ) 774,194 650,370 500,571 456,200 420,624 Image : Name : Bagh ( 06 ) Pallandri ( 07 ) Jhelum Valley ( 08 ) Neelum Valley ( 09 ) Haveli ( 10 ) City Proper Population : ( est. 2017 ) 371,919 297,584 230,529 191,251 152,124 Islamabad Capital Territory ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Capital of Pakistan Image : Name : Islamabad , Pakistan Population : ( est. 2017 ) 1,014,825 Gilgit Baltistan ( edit ) Gilgit Skardu Ghanche Shigar Makhan Pura Asqurdas Sumo Nagar Valley Gupi Gultari Hunza Valley Kalasha Valley Kaghan Valley Naran Valley Naltar Valley Nomal Valley Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( edit ) Parachinar Kurram Bara Darra Adam Khel Ghulam Khana Mehrabpur Jamrud Khar Bajaur Landi Kotal Laskathan Makeen Mir Ali Miranshah Alizai Razmak Sadda Wana Gallery ( edit ) The 18 most populous cities of Pakistan according to the 2017 census 1 . Karachi , Sindh 2 . Lahore , Punjab 3 . Faisalabad , Punjab 4 . Rawalpindi , Punjab 5 . Gujranwala , Punjab 6 . Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 7 . Multan , Punjab 8 . Hyderabad , Sindh 9 . Islamabad , Capital Territory 10 . Quetta , Balochistan 11 . Bahawalpur , Punjab 12 . Sargodha , Punjab 13 . Sialkot , Punjab 14 . Sukkur , Sindh 15 . Jhang , Punjab 16 . Larkana , Sindh 17 . Gujrat , Punjab 18 . Mardan , Punjab See also ( edit ) List of cities of Punjab , Pakistan by area List of most populous metropolitan areas in Pakistan List of most populous cities in Pakistan References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) `` List of Tehsils / Talukas with respect to their Districts '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Division , Government of Pakistan . - Updated July 2014 `` List of Province and all Districts of Pakistan '' . <Th_colspan="2"> Major cities in Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory Islamabad * Punjab Attock Bahawalpur Burewala Chakwal Chiniot Faisalabad Gujar Khan Gujranwala Gujrat Jhang Jhelum Kallar Syedan Kasur Kharian Lahore * * Mianwali Multan Murree Rahim Yar Khan Rawalpindi Sadiqabad Sahiwal Sargodha Sheikhupura Sialkot Taxila Toba Tek Singh Sindh Badin Hyderabad Jacobabad Karachi * * Khairpur Larkana Mirpur Khas Nawabshah Sukkur Thatta Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Abbottabad Bannu Battagram Chitral Charsadda D.I. Khan Haripur Kohat Mansehra Mardan Nowshera Peshawar * * Swat Swabi Timergara Tank Balochistan Chaman Gwadar Khuzdar Quetta * * Ziarat Azad Kashmir Bagh Bhimber Kotli Mirpur Muzaffarabad * * Rawalakot Gilgit - Baltistan Gilgit Skardu <Td_colspan="2"> Federal capital Provincial / Territorial capitals <Th_colspan="2"> List of countries in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of cities in the Middle East <Td_colspan="2"> Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Gaza Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen <Td_colspan="2"> The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not officially recognized by the United Nations , recognized only by Turkey ; see Cyprus dispute . The Hamas government in Gaza is not officially recognized by the United Nations , though is recognized as legitimate Palestinian entity by several states . <Th_colspan="2"> Geography of Pakistan related topics Landforms Beaches Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Hill stations Passes Deserts Mountains Geology Tectonics Mountain ranges Minerals Gemstones Desert regions Subdivisions Administrative units Regions Districts Cities and towns Environment Environmental issues Ecoregions Fauna Flora Climate Protected Areas Biosphere Reserves National Parks Wildlife Sanctuaries Game reserves Protected wetlands World Heritage Sites By province Gilgit -- Baltistan Islamabad Punjab ( Lahore ) Sindh ( Karachi ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Pakistan&oldid=852630605 '' Categories : Lists of cities by country Lists of cities in Pakistan Pakistan geography - related lists Populated places in Pakistan Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Boarisch Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 09 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. List of cities in Pakistan
2. Provinces in Pakistan
3. Balochistan cities
4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cities
5. Punjab cities
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what did south korea have to develop to help with visitors
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Tourism in South Korea - wikipedia Tourism in South Korea Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Deoksugung palace in Seoul , a popular visitor attraction Tourism in South Korea refers to the tourist industry in the Republic of Korea . In 2012 , 11.1 million foreign tourists visited South Korea , making it the 20th most visited country in the world , and the 6th most visited in Asia . Most non-Korean tourists come from Japan , China , Taiwan and Hong Kong . The recent popularity of Korean popular culture , often known as the `` Korean Wave '' , in these countries has increased tourist arrivals . Seoul is the principal tourist destination for visitors ; popular tourist destinations outside of Seoul include Seorak - san national park , the historic city of Gyeongju and subtropical Jeju Island . Traveling to North Korea is not normally possible without a special permission , but in recent years organized group tours have allowed groups of South Korean citizens to visit Mount Kumgang . Contents ( hide ) 1 Korean tourism industry 2 Travel destinations of Korean tourists 3 History 4 Statistics 4.1 Arrival 4.1. 1 China 4.1. 2 Japan 4.2 Domestic tourist 4.3 Destination in Korea 4.4 Departure 5 Tourist attractions 5.1 Major tourist destinations 5.1. 1 Seoul 5.1. 2 Busan 5.1. 3 Daegu 5.1. 4 Incheon 5.1. 5 Gwangju 5.1. 6 Daejeon 5.1. 7 Gyeonggi Province 5.1. 8 Gangwon Province 5.1. 9 North Chungcheong Province 5.1. 10 South Chungcheong Province 5.1. 11 North Jeolla Province 5.1. 12 South Jeolla Province 5.1. 13 North Gyeongsang Province 5.1. 14 South Gyeongsang Province 5.1. 15 Jeju Special Self - governing Province 6 Events 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Korean Tourism industry ( edit ) The majority of the South Korean tourist industry is supported by domestic tourism . Thanks to the country 's extensive network of trains and buses , most of the country lies within a day 's round trip of any major city . International tourists come primarily from nearby countries in Asia . Japan , China , Hong Kong and Taiwan together account for roughly 75 % of the total number of international tourists . In addition , the Korean Wave has brought increasing numbers of tourists from Southeast Asia and India . The Korea Tourism Organization ( KTO ) is targeting 100,000 arrivals from India in 2013 . Travel destinations of Korean tourists ( edit ) The number of Korean domestic tourists has increased since 2010 . The number of people who participated in domestic travel ( which includes one - day trips ) was about 238.3 million ( in 2015 ) . It increased by 4.9 % compared to 2014 ( 227.1 million ) . In 2014 , Korean 's domestic tourism expenditure was ₩ 14.4 trillion . Also , Korean oversea tourists are keep increasing since 2010 . From 2012 to 2014 , the number of people travelling overseas has risen by about 8.2 % on average . In 2014 , number of Korean oversea tourists was about 16.1 million . And Korean oversea tourism expenditure was $19,469.9 million . History ( edit ) In the past , South Koreans were not likely to travel overseas , due to the Korean War and subsequent economic difficulties , as well as government restrictions on overseas travel , with passports issued only for a narrow range of reasons , such as traveling abroad on government businesses , for technical training , and so on . Since the 1960s , overseas travel restrictions and regulations have been continuously reviewed to prevent foreign currency waste from traveling abroad . However , during the 1980s , the liberalization of international travel has begun to take place in catering to the globalization of the South Korea society . Since then , South Koreans have been able to travel freely abroad . The busy lifestyle of modern South Koreans , leading to difficulties in mediating vacations with family or friends , and the increase in one - person households , have contributed to the growing number of South Koreans traveling alone . Therefore , the popularity of destinations close to South Korea , where South Koreans can go for short vacations alone , are increasing . According to the results of a plane ticket analysis in 2016 , the top foreign destination for South Koreans is Osaka , followed by Bangkok and Tokyo . Moreover , Osaka , Tokyo , and Shanghai have high re-visit rates for South Koreans . However European destinations such as London , Paris , and Rome have fallen in re-visit rating , due to geographical distances , expensive air fares and high costs . International tourists typically enter the country through Incheon International Airport , near Seoul , which was found to be the world 's best airport in 2006 . Also international airports in Busan and Jeju are frequently used . Statistics ( edit ) In 2013 , travel and tourism ( domestic and international ) directly contributed KRW26. 7 trillion to South Korean GDP and directly supported 617,500 jobs in the country . Arrival ( edit ) Visitors arriving to South Korea for tourism by nationality : The top 11 nationalities of international visitors for tourism purpose ( tour ) are : Rank Country 2017 2016 2015 China 3,116,505 6,948,372 4,712,133 Japan 2,223,214 2,213,099 1,742,531 Taiwan 907,065 816,953 504,233 United States 654,986 659,657 573,194 5 Hong Kong 643,973 638,838 511,703 6 Thailand 426,801 399,812 305,953 7 Malaysia 279,558 280,039 199,705 8 Philippines 220,771 173,115 138,257 9 Vietnam 220,675 167,413 91,455 10 Singapore 194,711 199,106 142,879 11 Russia 187,277 154,765 121,380 Total foreign tourists 10,415,594 13,932,925 10,135,489 Year Number of international visitor arriving in S. Korea % change from previous year 2003 4,752,762 - 11.1 5,818,138 + 22.4 2005 6,022,752 + 3.5 2006 6,155,046 + 2.2 2007 6,448,240 + 4.8 2008 6,890,841 + 6.9 2009 7,817,533 + 13.4 8,797,658 + 12.5 2011 9,794,796 + 11.3 2012 11,140,028 + 13.7 2013 12,175,550 + 9.3 2014 14,201,516 + 16.6 2015 13,231,651 - 6.8 2016 17,241,823 + 30.3 2017 13,335,758 - 22.7 China ( edit ) Chinese tourists to South Korea and year - on - year rate . From March 2017 , tourists plummeted in retaliation for the installation of THAAD . China has been South Korea 's largest tourism source for years . In 2016 , visitors from China made up 46.8 % of tourists in South Korea . However China imposed the group tour ban after the US military started to deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense ( THAAD ) system in South Korea . From April 2017 , Chinese tourists plummeted by more than 60 % compared to the previous year . Japan ( edit ) Japan -- South Korea tourist comparison 2005 - 2015 Since Lee Myung - bak 's visit to the Liancourt Rocks and his demand for an apology from the Emperor of Japan over Japanese colonialism in Korea in 2012 , the Japanese public 's image of South Korea deteriorated significantly . Japanese tourists to South Korea declined by half from 3.5 million in 2012 to 1.8 million in 2015 , while South Korean tourists to Japan doubled from 2 million in 2012 to 4 million in 2015 . Domestic tourist ( edit ) Year Number of domestic tourist per year 2015 38,307,303 2014 38,027,454 2013 37,800,004 2012 36,914,067 2011 35,013,090 30,916,690 2009 31,201,294 Destination in Korea ( edit ) Number of Tourist by Travel Destination 2015 Administrative divisions Number of tourist Seoul 12,451,891 Busan 7,158,553 Daegu 3,163,161 Incheon 4,407,063 Gwangju 2,135,332 Daejeon 2,984,929 Ulsan 1,632,410 Sejong 333,329 Gyeonggi Province 15,451,755 Gangwon Province 11,559,005 North Chungcheong Province 5,141,110 South Chungcheong Province 9,944,616 North Jeolla Province 6,760,830 South Jeolla Province 8,063,538 North Gyeongsang Province 8,822,201 South Gyeongsang Province 8,479,567 Jeju Special Self - governing Province 4,732,494 Departure ( edit ) Year Number of overseas trip tourist 2015 19,310,430 2014 16,080,684 2013 14,846,485 2012 13,736,976 2011 12,693,733 12,488,364 2009 9,494,111 Number of Korean exit passenger by destination 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> Destination Number of Korean exit passenger Asia Japan 4,002,052 China 4,444,400 Taiwan 658,757 Hong Kong 1,243,293 Thailand 1,372,994 Vietnam 1,152,349 Macao 554,177 Singapore 577,082 Philippines 1,339,678 Malaysia 421,161 Indonesia 375,586 Turkey 222,580 Africa South Africa 13,561 Europe Germany 296,900 United Kingdom 237,166 Austria 277,032 America United States 1,764,871 Canada 188,585 Oceania Australia 230,100 Tourist attractions ( edit ) South Korea 's historical tourist attractions include the ancient capitals of Seoul , Gyeongju and Buyeo . Some natural landmarks include the peaks of the Baekdudaegan , particularly Seorak - san and Jiri - san , the caves of Danyang and Hwanseongul , and beaches such as Haeundae and Mallipo . Apart from Jeju island , there are many smaller islands . Excursion ferries are quite common along the south and west coasts and also to Ulleung - do Island , off the east coast . Limited tourism mainly by South Koreans to the Liancourt Rocks ( Dokdo ) has grown in recent years as a result of the political status of the rocks . Many local districts hold annual festivals , such as the Boryeong Mud Festival and the Cheongdo Bullfighting Festival . Major tourist destinations ( edit ) Seoul ( edit ) Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul Bukchon Hanok Village in Seoul The population of Seoul is 9,981,673 and it 's the largest city in South Korea . As many people gather , there are many cultural spaces such as festivals , performances , shopping places , and tourist attractions in Seoul . To foreigners , Seoul is an attractive place because traditional Korean culture and modern culture co-exists . In addition , people in South Korea come to Seoul to enjoy various cultural activities . Due to the metropolitan area centralization of the cultural infrastructure , there is a cultural gap between Seoul and other regions . According to the Ministry of Culture , Sports and Tourism , 36.4 percent of the total cultural infrastructure such as public library , museum , and art galleries are concentrated in Seoul . Therefore , many people in South Korea travel to Seoul . Gyeongbokgung Palace Changdeokgung Palace Deoksugung Palace Gwanghwamun Square Fortress Wall of Seoul 63 Building N Seoul Tower Bukchon Hanok Village War Memorial of Korea Jogyesa Temple National Museum of Korea Cheonggyecheon Busan ( edit ) Haeundae Beach in Busan Busan is the second largest city in South Korea . It is located in the southeastern coast in Korea , so Busan has abundant tourist attractions such as beach and hot spring . People in South Korea visit beaches in Busan in hot summer . Also , there are various festivals in Busan. 11 festivals are held annually , including local festivals and art events . Busan sea festival is held every August and Busan International Film Festival is held every October . Jagalchi Cultural Festival is developed into a representative cultural tourism festival in Korea . Because of these various festivals and places , many people travel to Busan . Also , the influence of Social Network Service made Busan a popular tourist attraction . The official Facebook of the Busan Culture and Tourism Ministry and official blog sites promote the tourist attractions in Busan . Haeundae Beach Beomeosa Temple Haedong Yonggungsa Temple Geumjeongsanseong Fortress Dongnaeeupseong Fortress Dongnae - hyangyo Confucian Academy Chungnyeolsa Shrine Gukjae Market Daegu ( edit ) Palgongsan Mountain Donghwasa Temple Gyesan Catholic Church Dalseong Park Gyeongsang - gamyeong Park Old House of Lee Sang - hwa Daegu - hyanggyo Confucian Academy Incheon ( edit ) Songdo Central Park Jeondeungsa Temple Chamseongdan Altar Chinatown Wolmido Island Gwangseongbo Fortress Gwangju ( edit ) May 18th National Cemetery Mudeungsan National Park Gwangju Folk Museum Gwangju National Museum Jeungsimsa Temple Daejeon ( edit ) Hanbat Arboretum Yuseong Hot Springs Expo Park Daejeon Museum of Art Gyeonggi Province ( edit ) Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon Suwon -- Suwon Hwaseong Fortress Gwangju ( Gyeonggi ) -- Namhansanseong Fortress Kuri -- Donggureung Tomb Cluster Paju -- DMZ , Panmunjeom Yongin -- Everland , Korean Folk Village , Daejanggeum Park Gapyeong -- The Garden of Morning Calm Gangwon Province ( edit ) Seoraksan in Gangwon Province North Chungcheong Province ( edit ) Beopjusa Temple in Boeun Boeun -- Beopjusa Temple , Songnisan National Park , Samnyeonsanseong Fortress , Seon Byeong - guk House , Songnisan National Park Danyang -- Guinsa Temple , Gosu Cave , Danyang Ondal Cave , Dodamsambong Peaks Cheongju -- Cheongju National Museum , Cheongnamdae , Sangdangsanseong Fortress Jincheon -- Bell Museum , Botapsa Temple South Chungcheong Province ( edit ) Gongju -- Tomb of King Muryeong , Gongsanseong , Magoksa Temple , Donghaksa Temple , Gapsa Temple , Seonhwadang , Gongju National Museum Buyeo -- Buyeo National Museum ( Gilt - bronze Incense Burner of Baekje ) , Five storied stone pagoda of Jeongnimsa Temple site , Gungnamji , Nakhwa - am , Muryangsa Temple , Baekje Royal Tombs ( Neungsan - ri Ancient Tombs ) Cheonan -- The independence hall of Korea , Gakwonsa Temple Seosan -- Rock - carved triad buddha , Haemieupseong Fortress Nonsan -- Mireuk - bosal at Gwanchoksa Temple North Jeolla Province ( edit ) Hanok Village in Jeonju Mireuksa Temple Site in Iksan Jeonju -- Jeonju Hanok Village , Jeondong Catholic Church , Gyeonggijeon Shrine , Hanji Museum , Royal Portrait Museum , Jeonju Gaeksa , Jeonjuhyanggyo Confucian School Namwon -- Gwanghallu Pavilion , Chunhyang Theme Park , Manin Cemetery of Righteous Fighters , Silsangsa Temple , Gyoryong Sanseong Fortress Gochang -- Gochangeupseong Fortress , Seonunsa Temple , Pansori Museum Iksan -- Mireuksaji Pagoda , Gimje -- Geumsansa Temple Gunsan -- Hirotsu House , Dongguksa Temple Buan -- Tapsa Temple , Byeonsanbando National Park Nagan Eupseong Folk Village in Suncheon South Jeolla Province ( edit ) Yeosu -- Yeosu Jinnamgwan , Hyangiram , Yi Sun Shin Square Suncheon -- Songgwangsa Temple , Seonamsa Temple , Nagan Eupseong Folk Village Mokpo -- Mokpo Modern History Museum , Gatbawi Rock , Yudal Mountain Haenam -- Ttangggut ( End of the Land ) Village , Mihwangsa Temple Gurye -- Hwaeomsa Temple Damyang -- Damyang Juknokwon , Metasequoia - lined Road , Soswaewon Garden Boseong -- Boseong Green Tea Field Daehan Dawon North Gyeongsang Province ( edit ) Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju Seokguram in Gyeongju Hwangnyongsa Temple Site ( under restoration ) in Gyeongju Gyeongju -- Bulguksa Temple , Seokguram , Anapji Pond , Gyeongju National Museum , Cheonmachong Tomb , Cheomseongdae Observatory , Yangdong Folk Village , Bunhwangsaji ( Bunhwangsa Temple Site ) Andong -- Hahoe Folk Village , Hahoe Mask Museum , Dosanseowon Confucian School , Byeongsanseowon Confucian School , Wollyeongo Bridge Yeongju -- Buseoksa Temple Mungyeong -- Mungyeong Saejae Provincial Park Ulleung -- Dokdo Island South Gyeongsang Province ( edit ) Yangsan -- Tongdosa Temple Hapcheon -- Haeinsa Temple Tongyeong -- Dongpirang Wall Painting Village Jinju -- Jinjuseong , National Jinju Museum Geoje -- Historic Park of Geoje POW Camp , Sinseondae Namhae -- Gacheon Daerangi Village , German Village Gimhae -- Tomb of King Suro , Tomb of Queen Heo Hwang - ok Changnyeong -- Upo Wetland Miryang -- Yeongnamnu , Pyochungsa , Eoreumgol Valley Jeju Special Self - governing Province ( edit ) Mount Halla in Jeju Island Cheonjiyeon Waterfall in Jeju Island Mount Halla Cheonjeyeon and Cheonjiyeon waterfalls Hallim Park Yakcheonsa Temple Manjanggul Jeju Stone Statue Park Events ( edit ) South Korea has hosted many international events , including the 1988 Summer Olympics , the 1993 Taejon Expo , the 2002 FIFA World Cup ( jointly hosted with Japan ) , the 2005 APEC conference , the 2010 G - 20 Seoul summit , the 2014 Asian Games , and the 2018 Winter Olympics . See also ( edit ) Visa policy of South Korea KTO ( Korea Tourism Organization ) Tourism in North Korea Tourism in Gyeongju List of South Korean tourist attractions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ UNTWO ( June 2008 ) . `` UNTWO World Tourism Barometer , Vol. 5 No. 2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kolesnikov - Jessop , Sonia ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . `` South Korea Sets Its Sights on Foreign Tourists '' . nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , NATIONAL TOURISM POLICY REVIEW REPUBLIC OF KOREA , July 2002 , Page 2 , Table 2 Jump up ^ `` South Korea in hot pursuit of Indians '' . TTGmice . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 국민 여행 총량 '' ( Gross national travel amount ) ( in Korean ) . 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ 이 ( Lee ) , 태훈 ( Taehun ) ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` 국내 관광 5 % 늘면 1 조 2000 억 효과 '' ( If domestic tourism increases by 5 % , its effect makes 1.2 trillion won ) . hankyung.com ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 년 12 월 외래객 입국 국민 해외 여행객 및 관광 수입 지출 동향 '' ( foreign entrance nation outbound traveler and tourism income expense trend December 2015 ) . 한국 관광 통계 ( in Korean ) . 한국 관광 공사 ( Korea Tourism Organization ) . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 년 1 월 7 일 경향 신문 , 네이버 뉴스 라이브러리 '' ( in Korean ) . 1989 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 한국인 이 가장 많이 떠나는 즉흥 여행 1 위 ' 오사카 ' ... 2 위 ' 도쿄 ' '' ( Korean 's most favorite spontaneous travel destinations ) . 국제 신문 ( Kookje News ) ( in Korean ) . 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Don ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` Travelers call Incheon best airport '' . International Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Report South Korea '' ( PDF ) . World Travel & Tourism Council . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visitor Arrivals '' . Korea Tourism Organization . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea tourism hit by China ban '' . BBC . 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home > Tourism Statistics > key facts on tourism > Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism '' . Korea Tourism Organization . Jump up ^ `` Aide 's memoir tells why S. Korean president demanded apology from emperor '' . The Asahi Shimbun . January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign visitors to Japan '' ( PDF ) . Japan National Tourism Organization . Jump up ^ `` Press release '' ( PDF ) . Japan National Tourism Organization . Jump up ^ `` 2012 국민 여행 실태 조사 최종 보고서 '' ( Korean National Tourism Survey 2012 ) . kto.visitkorea.or.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 국민 여행 실태 조사 보고서 '' ( Korea National Tourism Survey 2015 ) . kto.visitkorea.or.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 년 국민 여행 실태 조사 '' ( Korea National Tourism Survey 2009 ) . kto.visitkorea.or.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 국민 해외 관광객 주요 행선지 통계 ( 2016 . 10 월 작성 ) '' ( Nation overseas tourist 's major destination survey ( Oct. 2016 ) ) ( in Korean ) . 한국 관광 공사 ( Korea Tourism Organization ) . 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ 조 ( Jo ) , 용철 ( Yongcheol ) ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) . `` 지역간 문화 격차 ' 참담 ' '' ( Cultural gap between regions are big problem ) ( in Korean ) . 파이낸셜 뉴스 ( Financial News ) . Jump up ^ 김 ( Kim ) , 동민 ( Dongmin ) ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) . `` 이종배 `` 문화 향유 기회 확대 및 문화 격차 해소 해야 '' '' ( `` Expand the scope of cultures and eliminate cultural gaps '' Lee Jongbae ) ( in Korean ) . 충북 일보 ( Chungbugilbo ) . Further reading ( edit ) Korean Overseas Information Service ( 2004 ) . Handbook of Korea 4th ed . Seoul : Hollym . ISBN 1 - 56591 - 212 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South Korea . South Korea travel and tourism at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ( 1 ) , the Korea Tourism Organization 's London office website for info on travelling from the UK to Korea ( in English ) Tour2Korea , the Korea Tourism Organization 's website ( in English ) Ministry of Culture and Tourism ( in English ) ( 2 ) , Park Air Travel Ltd Specialists in Travel to Korea - London office website ( in English ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Tourism in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_South_Korea&oldid=830598493 '' Categories : Tourism in South Korea Tourism in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar 日本 語 Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 20 : 29 . 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1. Tourism industry in South Korea
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other voices too (a trip back to bountiful)
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Other Voices , Too ( a Trip Back to Bountiful ) - Wikipedia Other Voices , Too ( a Trip Back to Bountiful ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for music . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Other Voices , Too '' A Trip Back to Bountiful -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Nanci Griffith Released July 21 , 1998 Genre Country folk Length 72 : 33 Label Elektra Producer Jim Rooney , Nanci Griffith , Don Gehman <Th_colspan="2"> Nanci Griffith chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Blue Roses from the Moons ( 1997 ) Blue Roses from the Moons 1997 Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) ( 1998 ) The Dust Bowl Symphony ( 1999 ) The Dust Bowl Symphony 1999 <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Tribune ( positive ) Rolling Stone Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) is a 1998 album by Nanci Griffith . Following on from the Grammy Award winning album Other Voices , Other Rooms , Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) is a second album of cover songs written by a wide variety of singer / songwriters . The album includes many guest performances from musicians , including Guy Clark , The Crickets , Odetta , Lucinda Williams , Rodney Crowell , Steve Earle , Lyle Lovett , John Prine , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Jimmie Dale Gilmore and Richard Thompson . Track listing ( edit ) `` Wall of Death '' ( Richard Thompson ) 3 : 09 `` Who Knows Where The Time Goes '' ( Sandy Denny ) 5 : 34 `` You Were On My Mind '' ( Sylvia Fricker ) 2 : 46 `` Walk Right Back '' ( Sonny Curtis ) 2 : 33 `` Canadian Whiskey '' ( Tom Russell ) 2 : 59 `` Desperados Waiting for a Train '' ( Guy Clark ) 4 : 16 `` Wings of a Dove '' ( Bob Ferguson ) 2 : 51 `` Dress Of Laces '' ( John Grimaudo , Saylor White ) 4 : 55 `` Summer Wages '' ( Ian Tyson ) 4 : 02 `` He Was A Friend Of Mine '' ( traditional ) 3 : 11 `` Hard Times Come Again No More '' ( Stephen Collins Foster ) 5 : 43 `` Was n't That a Mighty Storm '' ( traditional ) 5 : 01 `` Deportee ( Plane Wreck at Los Gatos ) '' ( Woody Guthrie , Martin Hoffman ) 5 : 21 `` Yarrington Town '' ( Mickie Merkens ) 4 : 23 `` I Still Miss Someone '' ( Johnny Cash , Roy Cash Jr ) 3 : 38 `` Try The Love '' ( Pat McLaughlin ) 3 : 45 `` The Streets of Baltimore '' ( Harlan Howard , Tompall Glaser ) 2 : 35 `` Darcy Farrow '' ( Tom Campbell , Steve Gillette ) 2 : 33 `` If I Had A Hammer ( The Hammer Song ) '' ( Pete Seeger , Lee Hays ) 2 : 48 Personnel ( edit ) Meghann Ahern - gut string guitar J.I. Allison - drums Shawn Camp - vocals Nollaig Casey - fiddle John Catchings - cello Frank Christian - vocals , acoustic guitar , gut string guitar , 12 string guitar Guy Clark - vocals , acoustic guitar Susan Cowsill - vocals , gut string guitar Rodney Crowell - vocals duet , acoustic guitar Sonny Curtis - acoustic guitar , gut string guitar Mary Custy - fiddle Ron de la Vega - vocals , bass , cello , gut string guitar , tic tac Philip Donnelly - vocals , acoustic guitar Steve Earle - vocals , gut string guitar Béla Fleck - banjo Nina Gerber - acoustic guitar Jimmie Dale Gilmore - vocals Julie Gold - gut string guitar Clive Gregson - electric guitar , gut string guitar Nanci Griffith - vocals , acoustic guitar , gut string guitar Andrew Hardin - vocals , acoustic guitar , tiple Emmylou Harris - vocals , gut string guitar Jamie Hartford - vocals Bill Hearne - gut string guitar , acoustic guitar Bonnie Hearne - gut string guitar Carolyn Hester - gut string guitar Tish Hinojosa - vocals , gut string guitar Peter Holsapple - mandolin James Hooker - vocals , gut string guitar , organ , piano , synthesizer Jay Joyce - vocals , gut string guitar Lucy Kaplansky - vocals , gut string guitar Fats Kaplin - button accordion , fiddle , pedal steel Dolores Keane - gut string guitar Mary Ann Kennedy - vocals Maura Kennedy - vocals , gut string guitar Pete Kennedy - vocals , gut string guitar , 12 string guitar Ray Kennedy - vocals Doug Lancio - vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , gut string guitar , resonator guitar Tom Littlefield - vocals Lyle Lovett - gut string guitar Ian Matthews - vocals , acoustic guitar Joe Mauldin - bass Pat McInerney - drums , percussion , vocals , gut string guitar Pat McLaughlin - vocals , acoustic guitar , mandolin John Mock - penny whistle Odetta - vocals , gut string guitar David Olney - vocals John Prine - duet vocals Jean Ritchie - vocals , gut string guitar Jim Rooney - vocals , gut string guitar Darius Rucker - gut string guitar Tom Rush - vocals , slide guitar Tom Russell - vocals , gut string guitar Matthew Ryan - vocals , gut string guitar Lee Satterfield - vocals , mandolin Sharon Shannon - button accordion Jim Sonefeld - gut string guitar Rosalie Sorrels - vocals , gut string guitar John Stewart - vocals , gut string guitar Eric Taylor - vocals , gut string guitar Christian Teal - violin Richard Thompson - Vocals , electric guitar , gut string guitar Ian Tyson - vocals Dave Van Ronk - acoustic guitar Eric Von Schmidt - gut string guitar Jerry Jeff Walker - acoustic guitar , vocals Eric Weissberg - banjo , gut string guitar Gillian Welch - gut string guitar Kristin Wilkinson - viola Lucinda Williams - acoustic guitar , vocals Jim Williamson - trumpet Brian Willoughby - acoustic guitar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny . `` Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) - Nanci Griffith Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gary Dretzka. ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Nanci Griffith Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to ... - tribunedigital - chicagotribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Nanci Griffith : Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone '' . Web.archive.org. 1998 - 07 - 09 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Nanci Griffith <Td_colspan="2"> Pat McInerney Maura Kennedy Pete Kennedy Clive Gregson Studio albums There 's a Light Beyond These Woods ( 1978 ) Poet in My Window ( 1982 ) Once in a Very Blue Moon ( 1984 ) The Last of the True Believers ( 1986 ) Lone Star State of Mind ( 1987 ) Little Love Affairs ( 1988 ) Storms ( 1989 ) Late Night Grande Hotel ( 1991 ) Other Voices , Other Rooms ( 1993 ) Flyer ( 1994 ) Blue Roses from the Moons ( 1997 ) Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) ( 1998 ) The Dust Bowl Symphony ( 1999 ) Clock Without Hands ( 2001 ) Winter Marquee ( 2002 ) Hearts in Mind ( 2004 ) Ruby 's Torch ( 2006 ) The Loving Kind ( 2009 ) Intersection ( 2012 ) Compilation albums The MCA Years : A Retrospective ( 1993 ) The Best of Nanci Griffith ( 1993 ) Country Gold ( 1997 ) From a Distance : The Very Best of Nanci Griffith ( 2002 ) The Complete MCA Studio Recordings ( 2003 ) Live albums One Fair Summer Evening ( 1988 ) This 1990s folk album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Other_Voices,_Too_(A_Trip_Back_to_Bountiful)&oldid=794784974 '' Categories : 1998 albums Covers albums Nanci Griffith albums Albums produced by Don Gehman Elektra Records albums 1990s folk album stubs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 01 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Other Voices, Too (A Trip Back to Bountiful) - Nanci Griffith album
2. Cover songs by various singer/songwriters
3. Guest performances by Guy Clark, The Crickets, Odetta, Lucinda Williams, and more
4. Track listing and personnel involved in the album
5. Notability and reviews of the album
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what is the longest running tv show in the philippines
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List of longest - running Philippine television series - wikipedia List of longest - running Philippine television series This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the longest - running Philippine television series , ordered by number of years the show has been aired . This list includes only programs aired ten years and above . Some shows listed below include the years that the show did not air . Contents 1 Legend 2 40 -- 49 years 3 30 -- 39 years 4 20 - 29 years 5 10 -- 19 years 6 See also 7 References Legend ( edit ) Series shaded in light blue are currently in production . 40 -- 49 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 42 years N / A Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko GMA December 1 , 1975 present N / A 1st Longest - running public service show . 42 years N / A NewsWatch RPN June 1970 October 29 , 2012 N / A 2nd Longest - running English - language newscast until 2012 . 30 -- 39 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 39 years N / A Eat Bulaga ! RPN July 30 , 1979 February 17 , 1989 11,436 Longest - running noontime variety show . ABS - CBN February 18 , 1989 January 27 , 1995 GMA January 28 , 1995 present 38 years N / A Family Kuarta o Kahon ABS - CBN 1962 1972 N / A Longest - running game show . BBC - 2 / City - 2 1973 1984 RPN 1984 December 17 , 2000 38 years N / A Jesus Miracle Crusade IBC February 14 , 1975 1988 N / A GMA 1988 2002 NBN / PTV 1986 ; 2007 1995 ; present 37 years N / A The World Tonight ABS - CBN November 21 , 1966 September 22 , 1972 N / A Longest - running English - language newscast Note : The newscast did not air from 1972 to 1986 . September 15 , 1986 August 13 , 1999 ANC May 1 , 1996 present 35 years N / A Ang Iglesia ni Cristo MBS / PTV RPN February 13 , 1983 1990 N / A 2nd Longest - running religious show BBC - 2 / City - 2 1986 ABS - CBN 1990 2000 Net 25 2000 present GEM TV July 21 , 2005 October 30 , 2012 INC TV October 31 , 2012 present 35 years N / A Ang Dating Daan IBC 1983 * 1992 N / A Longest - running religious show in the Philippines and in the world . * While its television debut was in 1983 , Ang Dating Daan 's first incarnation was as a radio religious show , which premiered in October 1980 . RPN 1992 1998 SBN 1998 UNTV present 32 years N / A Ating Alamin MBS / PTV / NBN October 5 , 1980 ; 2009 1991 ; July 10 , 2016 N / A * While its television debut was in October 5 , 1980 , Ating Alamin 's first incarnation was as a agricultural education show , which premiered in 1974 . IBC 13 1994 ; 2007 2005 ; 2009 ABC 5 2005 2007 UNTV 37 2013 32 years N / A Damayan Ngayon ABS - CBN October 20 , 1969 September 21 , 1972 N / A Longest - running public service show ; previously known as Damayan Note : The host did not air from 1972 to 1975 , also host was a hiatus from 2010 - 2017 . GTV / MBS / PTV / NBN December 1 , 1975 November 20 , 2010 October 6 , 2017 present 32 years N / A Jesus the Healer ABS - CBN 1986 1988 N / A GMA 1989 present ZOE / Light Network 1998 present RPN 2003 2005 PTV 2014 2014 31 years N / A Pangunahing Balita ABC 5 March 19 , 1962 September 22 , 1972 N / A Longest - running Filipino - language newscast . PTV November 2 , 1987 October 30 , 1998 DZRH News Television September 2008 * present 31 years N / A TV Patrol ABS - CBN March 2 , 1987 present N / A Longest - running Filipino - language evening newscast . 31 years N / A Family Rosary Crusade ABS - CBN March 7 , 1987 2003 N / A RPN October 8 , 1989 December 30 , 2007 PTV 1989 2014 ABC February 1992 August 3 , 2008 RJTV 1993 2007 Studio 23 2003 January 12 , 2014 ABS - CBN Sports and Action January 19 , 2014 present 30 years N / A Uncle Bob 's Lucky 7 Club RBS / GMA November 4 , 1961 July 11 , 1992 N / A Longest - running children 's show . 20 - 29 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 29 years N / A TV Patrol Central Visayas ABS - CBN TV - 3 Cebu August 29 , 1988 June 29 , 2001 N / A Longest - running TV Patrol regional television franchise ; previously known as TV Patrol Cebu July 2 , 2001 present 29 years N / A TV Patrol Negros ABS - CBN TV - 4 Bacolod December 12 , 1988 May 29 , 1992 N / A 2nd Longest - running TV Patrol regional television franchise ; previously known as TV Patrol 4 , TV Patrol Western Visayas and TV Patrol Bacolod June 1 , 1992 June 12 , 1998 June 15 , 1998 April 4 , 2007 April 9 , 2007 present 29 years N / A TV Patrol Southern Mindanao ABS - CBN TV - 4 Davao April 17 , 1989 present N / A 3rd Longest - running TV Patrol regional television franchise . 28 years N / A Sharing in the City RPN 1979 December 29 , 2007 N / A 27 years 25 Maalaala Mo Kaya ABS - CBN May 15 , 1991 present 1000 + Longest - running drama anthology in Philippine television and in the world . 26 years N / A Legal Fourm RPN 1992 2006 N / A ZOE / Light Network March 15 , 2018 26 years N / A El Shaddai IBC January 8 , 1992 present N / A 26 years N / A TV Patrol Panay ABS - CBN TV - 10 Iloilo June 1 , 1992 June 12 , 1998 N / A previously known as tandem with TV Patrol Bacolod as TV Patrol Western Visayas , also the previously retitle known as TV Patrol Iloilo June 15 , 1998 August 19 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 present 25 years N / A Mag - Agri Tayo PTV / NBN 1993 present N / A 25 years N / A Aawitan Kita RPN 1977 1997 N / A ABC 5 2002 GMA 1997 2001 24 years N / A Maayong Buntag Mindanao ABS - CBN TV - 4 Davao September 6 , 1993 present N / A Longest - running regional morning show . 23 years N / A TV Patrol Chavacano ABS - CBN TV - 3 Zamboanga January 16 , 1995 present N / A Previously aired as TV Patrol Zamboanga . 23 years N / A ASAP ABS - CBN February 5 , 1995 present 1,116 Longest - running musical variety show . 23 years N / A Probe ABS - CBN March 6 , 1987 ; August 18 , 2005 December 1987 ; June 30 , 2010 N / A GMA May 20 , 1988 November 25 , 2003 ABC June 2004 April 2005 23 years N / A TV Patrol North Mindanao ABS - CBN TV - 2 Cagayan de Oro and ABS - CBN TV - 9 Pagadian May 1 , 1995 2006 N / A Previously known as TV Patrol Cagayan de Oro , TV Patrol Iligan and TV Patrol Northern Mindanao . 2006 June 29 , 2018 July 2 , 2018 present 22 years N / A Saksi GMA October 2 , 1995 present 8,051 22 years 21 Bubble Gang GMA October 20 , 1995 present 1,040 ( as of August 19 , 2016 ) Longest - running sketch comedy program on Philippine television . 22 years N / A TV Patrol South Central Mindanao ABS - CBN TV - 3 General Santos February 12 , 1996 June 29 , 2018 N / A previously known as TV Patrol Socsksargen July 2 , 2018 present 22 years N / A TV Patrol Bicol ABS - CBN TV - 11 Naga July 1 , 1996 present N / A 22 years N / A Dateline Philippines ANC July 10 , 1996 present N / A Longest - running noontime newscast . 21 years N / A PCSO Lottery Draw PTV March 8 , 1995 2003 N / A 2nd longest - running game show . Produced by the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office ( PCSO ) . 2005 present 21 years N / A TV Patrol North Luzon ABS - CBN TV - 3 Baguio January 27 , 1997 present N / A Previously known as TV Patrol Baguio and TV Patrol Northern Luzon . 21 years N / A TV Patrol Tacloban ABS - CBN TV - 2 Tacloban April 7 , 1997 November 8 , 2013 N / A Note : Newscasts were suspended during Typhoon Haiyan in November 8 , 2013 , but were resumed six weeks following the disaster . December 23 , 2013 present 21 years N / A Sports Unlimited ABS - CBN June 14 , 1997 February 7 , 2015 N / A Longest - running sports program ; now aired as Sports U since 2015 . February 12 , 2015 present 21 years N / A TV Patrol Cagayan Valley ABS - CBN TV - 2 Isabela January 27 , 1997 December 31 , 2004 N / A previously known as TV Patrol Tuguegarao . January 3 , 2005 June 29 , 2018 20 years N / A PJM Forum ZOE / Light Network 1998 present N / A Q 2005 2011 GMA News TV 2011 present 20 years N / A Superstar : Beyond Time RPN 1995 N / A previously known as Superstar , The Nora Aunor Show and Superstar : The Legend IBC 1989 1990 20 years N / A TV Patrol Ilocos ABS - CBN TV - 7 Laoag September 1 , 1997 October 24 , 2008 N / A previously known as TV Patrol Laoag . October 27 , 2008 June 29 , 2018 10 -- 19 years ( edit ) Length Number of seasons Series Network First broadcast Last broadcast Number of episodes Notes 20 years N / A Kasangga Mo Ang Langit RPN July 10 , 1998 March 10 , 2007 N / A Produced by Heavenly Images Productions for Television , Inc . IBC January 5 , 2008 September 13 , 2013 PTV September 22 , 2013 present 20 years N / A Diyos at Bayan GMA / Light Network August 21 , 1998 present N / A NBN 2001 2002 RPN 2002 2005 19 years N / A Tukaan IBC October 31 , 1998 September 2 , 2017 N / A 2nd Longest - running sports program . The 5 Network October 1 , 2017 present 19 years N / A Maynila GMA November 23 , 1998 present N / A Longest - running daytime drama anthology program . 19 years N / A i - Witness GMA January 18 , 1999 present 932 19 years N / A Oras ng Katotohanan IBC 1993 ; 2001 1995 ; 2018 N / A SBN December 30 , 2007 PTV August 12 , 2013 2018 19 years N / A Friends Again IBC 1999 2007 N / A RPN 2003 December 26 , 2007 SBN 2003 December 26 , 2007 NBN December 27 , 2007 April 2008 Studio 23 April 2008 January 11 , 2014 Light Network January 12 , 2014 January 18 , 2014 ABS - CBN Sports and Action January 25 , 2014 present 19 years N / A Student Canteen ABS - CBN July 1958 1965 N / A 2nd Longest - running noontime variety program . GMA January 1975 March 1986 RPN February 20 , 1989 1990 19 years 21 Startalk GMA October 8 , 1995 September 12 , 2015 1,024 Longest - running weekly entertainment news and talk show . 19 years N / A Walang Tulugan with the Master Showman GMA February 1 , 1997 February 13 , 2016 977 Longest - running late night variety show . 19 years N / A TV Patrol North Central Luzon ABS - CBN TV - 32 Dagupan January 18 , 1999 October 13 , 2006 N / A previously known as TV Patrol Dagupan October 16 , 2006 June 29 , 2018 19 years N / A TV Patrol Central Mindanao ABS - CBN TV - 5 Cotabato April 12 , 1999 June 29 , 2018 N / A Previously known as TV Patrol Cotabato 19 years N / A GMA Supershow GMA May 7 , 1978 January 26 , 1997 978 2nd Longest - running musical variety show ; Formerly titled as Germside and then as Germspesyal . 18 years N / A One Mindanao GMA TV - 5 Davao October 4 , 1999 November 7 , 2014 N / A Previously known as Testigo , 24 Oras Southern Mindanao and 24 Oras Davao November 10 , 2014 September 30 , 2016 October 3 , 2016 August 25 , 2017 August 28 , 2017 present 18 years N / A Balitang Bisdak GMA TV - 7 Cebu October 4 , 1999 November 7 , 2014 N / A Previously known as 24 Oras Central Visayas November 10 , 2014 January 29 , 2016 February 1 , 2016 present 18 years N / A ANC Headlines ANC October 11 , 1999 present N / A 2nd Longest - running hourly news program ; followed by ANC Live and ANC Breaking News 18 years N / A Unang Hirit GMA December 6 , 1999 present N / A Longest - running morning show in the Philippines 18 years N / A ABS - CBN News Advisory ABS - CBN September 15 , 1986 September 4 , 2005 N / A 3rd Longest - running hourly news program . 18 years N / A Wow Mali ABC May 25 , 1996 August 2 , 2008 N / A Longest - running reality based gag show TV5 February 22 , 2009 June 28 , 2015 18 years N / A TV Patrol Caraga ABS - CBN TV - 11 Butuan July 5 , 1999 June 29 , 2018 N / A Previously known as TV Patrol Butuan 18 years N / A Business Nightly ANC 2000 present N / A 18 years N / A Lakbayin Ang Magandang Pilipinas PTV / NBN 2000 present N / A 18 years N / A Biyaheng Langit RPN April 8 , 2000 March 10 , 2007 N / A Produced by Heavenly Images Productions for Television , Inc . IBC January 5 , 2008 September 13 , 2013 PTV September 22 , 2013 present 18 years N / A Convergence Net 25 July 2000 present N / A 18 years N / A Imbestigador GMA August 2 , 2000 present 731 Formerly Longest - running investigation show , Now Longest - running investigation documentary drama since July 19 , 2014 17 years N / A Talkback ANC October 31 , 2000 present N / A Longest - running current affairs and talk show 17 years N / A IBC Headliners IBC April 4 , 1994 August 5 , 2011 N / A 17 years N / A Magandang Gabi , Bayan ABS - CBN August 21 , 1988 December 31 , 2005 898 17 years 10 Batibot RPN 1984 1998 N / A MBS / PTV 1984 1998 ABS - CBN 1991 1994 GMA N / A 1998 TV5 November 27 , 2010 2013 17 years N / A PBA on Vintage Sports City - 2 Television March 7 , 1982 N / A MBS / PTV 1984 1995 IBC 1995 December 12 , 1999 17 years N / A John en Marsha RPN May 1973 July 30 , 1990 405 Longest - running sitcom television series . 17 years N / A Oras ng Himala SBN 2001 December 30 , 2007 N / A UNTV 2003 RPN 2006 2007 NBN / PTV 2007 present 17 years N / A Ang Tamang Daan Net 25 June 11 , 2001 present N / A INC TV October 31 , 2012 present 17 years N / A Auto Review NBN / PTV July 21 , 2001 present N / A 16 years N / A Big News ABC March 19 , 1962 September 22 , 1972 N / A The newscast did not air from 1972 to 1992 . February 21 , 1992 August 8 , 2008 16 years 16 Lovingly Yours , Helen GMA September 7 , 1980 1984 N / A 2nd longest - running drama anthology . April 1986 September 1 , 1996 BBC 1984 March 16 , 1996 16 years N / A RPN NewsBreak RPN 1982 October 8 , 1989 N / A October 3 , 1994 March 21 , 2003 16 years N / A Ratsada 24 Oras GMA TV - 6 Iloilo October 4 , 1999 November 7 , 2014 N / A previously known as Ratsada and 24 Oras Western Visayas November 10 , 2014 July 17 , 2015 July 20 , 2015 November 13 , 2015 16 years N / A TV Patrol Palawan ABS - CBN TV - 7 Palawan November 24 , 1997 February 24 , 2006 N / A previously known as Palawan TV Patrol . June 27 , 2011 present 16 years N / A Wansapanataym ABS - CBN June 22 , 1997 February 27 , 2005 716 ( as of December 4 , 2016 ) September 11 , 2010 present 16 years N / A Top Story ANC 2002 present 16 years N / A Wish Ko Lang GMA June 29 , 2002 present 2,820 15 years N / A Bitag ABC September 14 , 2002 2003 N / A IBC 2003 2011 UNTV 2013 TV5 2011 2012 PTV ( Syndicated ) 2012 present AksyonTV 2013 2017 15 years N / A GMA News Live GMA January 5 , 1987 March 17 , 2002 N / A 15 years N / A The Police Hour RPN 1992 December 28 , 2007 N / A 15 years N / A The Buzz ABS - CBN June 13 , 1999 April 5 , 2015 N / A 2nd Longest - running weekly entertainment news and talk show . 15 years N / A PTV Newsbreak PTV March 13 , 1989 October 30 , 1998 N / A Longest - running hourly news program . July 2 , 2012 present 15 years N / A Give Us This Day SMNI TV - 43 Davao May 28 , 2003 present N / A 15 years N / A Kingdom Upclose SMNI 2003 present N / A 15 years N / A Tomorrow Today Net 25 2003 present N / A 14 years N / A Tell The People ... Now RPN 1997 N / A previously known as Tell The People 14 years N / A Coney Reyes on Camera RPN May 19 , 1984 February 11 , 1989 N / A ABS - CBN February 25 , 1989 November 26 , 1998 14 years N / A Emergency GMA October 4 , 1995 March 6 , 2009 635 14 years N / A GMA Flash Report GMA March 18 , 2002 March 27 , 2016 N / A 14 years N / A Penpen de Sarapen RPN 2001 N / A 14 years N / A TV Patrol Northwestern Mindanao ABS - CBN TV - 9 Pagadian 1995 2008 N / A previously known as TV Patrol Pagadian 2008 2009 14 years N / A Ipaglaban Mo ! IBC July 11 , 1988 August 14 , 1992 N / A ABS - CBN August 16 , 1992 March 7 , 1999 June 7 , 2014 present 14 years N / A 24 Oras GMA March 15 , 2004 present 4,000 + 14 years N / A CNN Philippines Sports Desk Solar Sports 2007 N / A Solar News Channel / 9TV December 3 , 2012 March 13 , 2015 CNN Philippines March 16 , 2015 present 14 years N / A KNC Show UNTV present N / A 14 years N / A Kerygma TV SBN 2007 N / A ABC / TV5 2007 IBC August 7 , 2011 present 14 years N / A Make My Day with Larry Henares UNTV present N / A 14 years N / A Salamat Dok ABS - CBN April 24 , 2004 present 1,244 14 years N / A Rated K ABS - CBN May 16 , 2004 present 632 13 years N / A Reporter 's Notebook GMA September 14 , 2004 present 637 13 years N / A D'X - Man UNTV 37 October 11 , 2004 July 2 , 2017 N / A August 22 , 2017 present 13 years N / A Kapuso Mo , Jessica Soho GMA November 7 , 2004 present N / A 13 years N / A Buhay Pinoy GMA 1962 1972 N / A 1973 13 years N / A Iskul Bukol IBC 1977 1990 N / A 13 years N / A IBC Express Balita IBC July 13 , 1998 August 5 , 2011 N / A 13 years N / A SOP GMA February 2 , 1997 February 28 , 2010 672 3rd Longest - running musical variety show . 13 years N / A UAAP on Studio 23 Studio 23 July 15 , 2000 January 2014 N / A 13 years N / A Adyenda ZOE 11 2005 September 1 , 2005 N / A GMA Network 2005 March 17 , 2018 Q November 11 , 2005 February 18 , 2011 ZOE 33 / Light Network March 13 , 2008 March 15 , 2018 GMA News TV March 4 , 2011 March 19 , 2018 13 years N / A Goin ' Bulilit ABS - CBN February 6 , 2005 present 538 13 years N / A Maayong Buntag Kapamilya ABS - CBN TV - 3 Cebu March 7 , 2005 present N / A 13 years N / A Executive Class ANC 2005 present N / A 13 years N / A Asenso Pinoy ABC 5 2005 2008 N / A Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation 2006 2011 NBN 4 / PTV 4 2008 2014 Studio 23 2013 2014 ABS - CBN Sports and Action 2014 present 12 years N / A News Patrol ABS - CBN September 5 , 2005 present N / A 12 years N / A Balitanghali Q November 11 , 2005 February 20 , 2011 N / A 2nd Longest - running noontime newscast . GMA News TV February 28 , 2011 present 12 years N / A Day Off Q November 12 , 2005 February 20 , 2011 584 GMA News TV March 5 , 2011 present 12 years N / A Ang Pinaka Q November 13 , 2005 February 20 , 2011 N / A GMA News TV March 6 , 2011 present 12 years N / A S.O.C.O. ( Scene of the Crime Operatives ) ABS - CBN November 23 , 2005 present 621 2nd Longest - running investigation documentary drama . 12 years 12 Asian Air Safari ANC 2006 present N / A 12 years N / A Cristy FerMinute ABS - CBN February 6 , 1995 January 6 , 2000 N / A previously known as Cristy Per Minute and the simulcast television radio by 92.3 NewsFM . AksyonTV February 22 , 2011 * present 12 years N / A Sikat Ka ! Iloilo ABS - CBN TV - 10 Iloilo January 16 , 2006 present N / A 12 years N / A Drive It ! Net 25 2006 present N / A 12 years N / A Square Off ANC 2006 present N / A 12 years N / A Newsline Philippines SMNI 2006 present N / A 12 years N / A BBC / City 2 Balita BBC - 2 / City - 2 November 5 , 1973 March 20 , 1986 N / A 12 years N / A Mid-day Report IBC February 3 , 1975 February 27 , 1987 N / A 12 years N / A This Week Tonight RPN 1977 1989 N / A 12 years N / A GMA Balita GMA May 19 , 1986 April 8 , 1998 N / A 12 years N / A Oh No ! It 's Johnny ! ABS - CBN October 7 , 1987 1999 N / A 12 years N / A Balitang Balita ABC 5 February 21 , 1992 April 7 , 2004 N / A 12 years N / A Live on 5 ABC 5 February 21 , 1992 April 7 , 2004 N / A 12 years N / A Magandang Umaga , Pilipinas ABS - CBN January 30 , 1995 June 22 , 2007 N / A Previously aired as Alas Singko Y Medya and Magandang Umaga , Bayan 12 years N / A Ang Pangarap Kong Jackpot RPN 1995 2007 N / A 12 years N / A News Central Studio 23 September 21 , 1998 October 1 , 2010 12 years N / A The Correspondents ABS - CBN November 16 , 1998 October 22 , 2010 622 Longest - running investigative documentary in the Philippines 12 years N / A Ito Ang Balita UNTV - 37 July 2004 2005 N / A September 3 , 2007 present 12 years N / A Magandang Umaga South Central Mindanao ABS - CBN TV - 3 General Santos and ABS - CBN TV - 5 Cotabato June 19 , 2006 July 30 , 2010 N / A previously known as Magandang Umaga Socsksargen August 2 , 2010 present 12 years N / A Bandila ABS - CBN July 3 , 2006 present N / A 11 years N / A Swak na Swak ABS - CBN August 22 , 2006 present N / A 11 years N / A News Patrol Kapampangan ABS - CBN TV - 46 Pampanga October 23 , 2006 June 29 , 2018 N / A previously known as TV Patrol Pampanga July 2 , 2018 present 11 years N / A News Bites Studio 23 1999 N / A 11 years N / A Dial M PTV / NBN 1995 1999 N / A 2003 IBC 11 years N / A Palibhasa Lalake ABS - CBN March 2 , 1987 September 28 , 1998 N / A 2nd Longest - running sitcom television series . 11 years N / A Balita Ala - Una PTV 1998 N / A 11 years N / A Newsday IBC February 3 , 1975 July 11 , 1986 N / A 11 years N / A Hataw Balita UNTV 2005 2013 N / A 2016 present 11 years N / A Magpakailanman GMA December 2 , 2002 January 31 , 2008 N / A 3rd longest - running drama anthology television series . November 17 , 2012 present 11 years N / A Momments Net 25 2007 present N / A 11 years N / A Umagang Kay Ganda ABS - CBN June 25 , 2007 present N / A 11 years N / A Good Morning Kuya UNTV July 23 , 2007 present N / A 10 years N / A Born to Be Wild GMA November 28 , 2007 present N / A 10 years N / A PTV Sports ( TV program ) NBN / PTV 4 March 5 , 2006 December 30 , 2016 N / A October 16 , 2017 present 10 years N / A Marhay na Aga Kapamilya ABS - CBN TV - 11 Naga January 21 , 2008 present N / A 10 years N / A Matanglawin ABS - CBN March 24 , 2008 present 500 + 10 years N / A Mag TV Na ABS - CBN ( All Regionals ) April 1 , 2008 June 24 , 2018 N / A 10 years N / A Kapamilya , Mas Winner Ka ! ABS - CBN TV - 3 Cebu , ABS - CBN TV - 4 Bacolod and ABS - CBN TV - 4 Davao October 27 , 2007 June 30 , 2018 N / A previously as Kapamilya Winner Ka ! . 10 years N / A Mornings @ ANC ANC July 3 , 2006 February 24 , 2017 N / A 10 years 13 Pinoy Big Brother ABS - CBN August 21 , 2005 March 5 , 2017 N / A 10 years N / A Serbisyo Publiko UNTV 2014 N / A 10 years N / A Teledyaryo NBN / PTV July 16 , 2001 June 29 , 2012 N / A 10 years N / A Sharon ABS - CBN September 6 , 1998 May 9 , 2004 N / A February 26 , 2006 October 3 , 2010 10 years N / A Sineskwela ABS - CBN June 1994 N / A 10 years N / A Home Along Da Riles ABS - CBN December 7 , 1992 August 10 , 2003 531 3rd Longest - running sitcom television series . 10 years N / A 5 and Up ABC 5 May 14 , 1992 1994 N / A GMA 1994 July 14 , 2002 10 years N / A GMA Network News GMA January 6 , 1992 June 30 , 2002 N / A 10 years N / A Business Class RPN 1991 2001 N / A 10 years N / A Martin After Dark GMA July 30 , 1988 1993 N / A ABS - CBN 1993 November 28 , 1998 10 years N / A The Sharon Cuneta Show RPN September 14 , 1986 February 28 , 1988 N / A ABS - CBN March 6 , 1988 June 15 , 1997 10 years N / A Okay Ka , Fairy Ko ! RPN February 1 , 1987 February 16 , 1989 N / A ABS - CBN February 23 , 1989 January 26 , 1995 GMA February 2 , 1995 April 3 , 1997 10 years N / A That 's Entertainment GMA January 6 , 1986 May 3 , 1996 3,200 10 years N / A Viewpoint GMA August 21 , 1984 November 1994 N / A 10 years N / A GMA News Digest GMA November 1 , 1976 January 4 , 1987 N / A 10 years N / A Suerte sa Siete GMA 1976 1986 N / A 10 years N / A Kahapon Lamang GMA 1976 1986 N / A 10 years N / A Spin - A-Win RPN 1985 N / A 10 years N / A The News with Uncle Bob RBS October 30 , 1961 September 22 , 1972 N / A See also ( edit ) Lists of longest - running U.S. shows by broadcast type : List of longest - running United States television series List of longest - running U.S. cable television series List of longest - running U.S. broadcast network television series List of longest - running U.S. primetime television series List of longest - running U.S. first - run syndicated television series Lists of longest - running shows internationally : List of longest - running television shows by category - international list List of longest - running Indian television series List of longest - running UK television series List of longest - running Australian television series List of longest - running Spanish television series List of longest - running Indian television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Godinez , Bong ( 24 October 2007 ) . `` Longest running television shows '' . PEP.ph . Philippine Entertainment Portal , Inc . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Policarpio , Allan ; San Diego Jr. , Bayani ; Cruz , Marinel ( 2 February 2013 ) . `` Noontime TV landscape : The battle heats up '' . Inquirer.net . Philippine Daily Inquirer , Inc . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kuarta o Kahon ' host Pepe Pimentel dies '' . January 24 , 2013 . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ `` The World Tonight@50 : From Channel 2 to ANC '' . ABS - CBN News . December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Piolo stars MMK Father 's day episode '' . abs-cbnnews.com . June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Godinez , Bong ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Longest running television shows '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News station resurrects old current affairs show '' . Business World . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest-running_Philippine_television_series&oldid=855840273 '' Categories : Lists of Philippine television series Lists of longest - running television programs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from March 2017 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 05 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Longest-running Philippine television series
2. Public service shows in the Philippines
3. Noontime variety shows in the Philippines
4. Religious shows in the Philippines
5. Regional television franchises in the Philippines
|
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