id
int64 -9,223,299,447,955,749,000
9,223,279,549B
| query
stringlengths 15
100
| document_text
stringlengths 677
487k
| acid
stringlengths 52
1.28k
|
|---|---|---|---|
-881,195,392,484,711,400 |
who compiled and published the first assames dictionary in 1867
|
Hemkosh - wikipedia Hemkosh This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hemkosh <Td_colspan="2"> Author Hemchandra Barua Country India Language Assamese Subject Dictionary Publisher Hemkosh Printers Publication date 1900 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Hemkosh ( Assamese : হেমকোষ , IPA : ( hɛmkʊx ) ) is the first etymological dictionary of the Assamese language based on Sanskrit spellings , compiled by Hemchandra Barua . It was first published in 1900 under the supervision of Capt . P.R. Gordon , ISC and Hemchandra Goswami , 33 years after the publication of Bronson 's dictionary . It contained about 22,346 words . This dictionary still published by Hemkosh Printers is considered to be the `` standard '' reference of the Assamese language . Hemkosh is the second dictionary of Assamese language . The first Assamese dictionary was compiled by Dr. Miles Bronson , an American Baptist Missionary . His dictionary , published in 1867 at the American Baptist Mission Press , Sibsagar , is out of print . Bronson 's work did not pretend to be an etymological dictionary but contained a very considerable collection of words from the people themselves without recording derivations . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : RCILTS , IIT Guwahati An English - Assamese - Bodo Trilingual Dictionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemkosh&oldid=839114429 '' Categories : Assamese language Books from Assam Assamese - language books Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Books with missing cover Articles containing Assamese - language text Talk About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 10 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Hemkosh - first etymological dictionary of Assamese language
2. Compiled by Hemchandra Barua
3. Published in 1900
4. Considered the "standard" reference of the Assamese language
5. Second dictionary of Assamese language after Dr. Miles Bronson's dictionary
|
1,082,075,255,432,082,300 |
who owns the horse that won the kentucky derby today
|
Justify ( horse ) - wikipedia Justify ( horse ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Justify <Td_colspan="2"> Justify and his connections after the 2018 Preakness Stakes Sire Scat Daddy Grandsire Johannesburg Dam Stage Magic Damsire Ghostzapper Sex Colt Foaled March 28 , 2015 Country United States Colour Chestnut Breeder John D. Gunther Owner China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing & WinStar Farm Trainer tyler staats Record 5 : 5 - 0 - 0 Earnings $2,998,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Major wins <Td_colspan="2"> Santa Anita Derby ( 2018 ) American Triple Crown wins : Kentucky Derby ( 2018 ) Preakness Stakes ( 2018 ) Justify ( foaled March 28 , 2015 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 2018 Kentucky Derby , becoming the first horse since 1882 to win that race without racing as a two - year - old . He also won the 2018 Preakness Stakes and will attempt to sweep the American Triple Crown in the 2018 Belmont Stakes . He first attracted attention with an impressive win in his first start on February 18 , 2018 , then followed up with two more victories , including the Grade I Santa Anita Derby , in his preparations for the Derby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Racing career 2.1 Kentucky Derby 2.2 Preakness Stakes 3 Statistics 4 Pedigree 5 References Background ( edit ) Justify is a chestnut colt with a large white blaze on his forehead . He was bred in Kentucky by John D. Gunther , who runs Glennwood Farm with his daughter Tanya . Although the Gunthers have a small breeding operation , they also bred Vino Rosso , another stakes winner on the 2018 Road to the Kentucky Derby . Gunther also bred Justify 's dam , Stage Magic , a stakes - placed daughter of Ghostzapper . Justify was part of the second - last crop of Scat Daddy , who won the Champagne Stakes and Florida Derby . Although Scat Daddy ran in America on the dirt , as a stallion he first made his reputation in Europe as a turf sire , with Group 1 winners including Lady Aurelia and Caravaggio His stud fee when he was bred to Stage Magic in 2014 was only $35,000 , though it was scheduled to increase to $100,000 in 2016 . Unfortunately , Scat Daddy died prematurely at the age of eleven in December 2015 . Justify was sold at the 2016 Keeneland September Yearling Sales for $500,000 to a recently formed partnership between WinStar Farm and China Horse Club , along with Tom Ryan 's SF Bloodstock . The majority of the horse is owned by Winstar Farm . David Hanley , general manager of WinStar Farm , said that Justify stood out at the sales . `` He was a beautiful yearling -- had great balance and leg , great shoulder , and lovely length and neck , and power , '' he said . `` For a big horse , he was very light on his feet , with good action and good energy . '' In early March 2018 , SF Racing sold a share to Starlight Racing , then Sol Kumin 's Head of Plains partners also bought a share in late March . Justify was initially sent to trainer Rodolphe Brisset at Keeneland but pulled a muscle and was given time to recover and grow into his frame . In January 2018 , he was sent to Santa Anita to be trained by Bob Baffert . Racing career ( edit ) Justify did not make his first start until February 18 , 2018 in a maiden special weight race for three - year - olds at Santa Anita Park over seven furlongs . Going off as the 1 - 2 favorite , he broke poorly then rushed up to challenge for the early lead . After completing the first quarter mile in a quick 21.80 seconds , he began to open up an advantage on the rest of the field , ultimately winning by 9 ⁄ lengths . The impressive win earned a Beyer Speed Figure of 104 and caused the Thoroughbred Daily News to designate the colt as a `` Rising Star '' . `` It 's not too late , '' said Baffert regarding the colt 's chances of qualifying for the Kentucky Derby . `` I 've got a plan ... We 're looking ( for a graded stakes race ) . He 's shown his brilliance in the morning . '' Justify made his next start on March 11 in an allowance race at Santa Anita , run at a distance of one mile . As the overwhelming 1 - 20 favorite , he broke slowly and settled behind the early leaders , On the far turn , he quickened and swept to an easy 6 ⁄ length win . `` I did n't ask him to move , '' said jockey Mike Smith , riding the colt for the first time . `` He came off that turn like it was a stroll . Just very , very impressed . I hate to compare him to other horses right now , but does n't he remind you of an Easy Goer way back in the day . Just a big ol ' red horse with a big , powerful stride . '' Despite never having raced in stakes company , Justify was subsequently ranked as one of the leading contenders for the Kentucky Derby , moving into seventh place in the March 12 NTRA poll . However , the colt first needed to qualify by earning points in the 2018 Road to the Kentucky Derby . Baffert originally planned to run stablemate McKinzie in the Santa Anita Derby and ship Justify to Oaklawn Park for the Arkansas Derby . But when McKinzie suffered a setback due to injury , Baffert decided to keep Justify at his home base for the Santa Anita Derby . On April 7 , Justify entered the Santa Anita Derby as part of a field of seven horses . His main rival was Bolt d'Oro , a multiple stakes winner and another top contender on the Derby trail . The two horses were almost evenly matched in the betting , with Justify going off as the slight favorite . He went to the early lead then set a comfortable pace down the backstretch , moving with a `` freak stride '' that helped him conserve energy . Around the final turn , the field started to close the gap , with Bolt d'Oro getting to within 1 ⁄ lengths in mid-stretch . Justify responded to the challenge and drew away for a three - length lead despite drifting somewhat down the stretch . Kentucky Derby ( edit ) The win moved Justify to the top position in the NTRA 3 - year - old poll and made him the favorite for the Derby . To win the race though , he would have to overcome the so - called `` Curse of Apollo '' -- no horse had won the Kentucky Derby without racing as a two - year - old since Apollo in 1882 . Baffert pointed to the horse 's natural ability but acknowledged the colt was still green . Furthermore , the field for the 2018 Kentucky Derby was considered one of the best in recent memory , with most of the major prep race winners given serious consideration by handicappers . In addition to Justify , the field included graded stakes winners Good Magic ( Breeders ' Cup Juvenile and Blue Grass Stakes ) , Mendelssohn ( Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Turf and UAE Derby ) , Audible ( Florida Derby ) , Magnum Moon ( Arkansas Derby ) , Noble Indy ( Louisiana Derby ) , Vino Rosso ( Wood Memorial ) , My Boy Jack ( Lexington Stakes ) , Free Drop Billy ( Breeders ' Futurity ) , Firenze Fire ( Champagne Stakes ) and Bolt d'Oro . Play media Justify in starting gate for Kentucky Derby The 2018 Kentucky Derby was held on May 5 on a rainy day at Churchill Downs . Although the surface had been sealed earlier in the day to minimize the effect of the rain on the footing , the track was still labeled as sloppy . Justify broke well and used his early speed to establish good position near the rail going into the first turn , running a length behind Promises Fulfilled in a fast opening quarter of 22.24 seconds . These two maintained their position for the first three - quarters of a mile , completed in 1 : 11 , followed closely by Bolt d'Oro , Flameaway and Good Magic . Going into the final turn , Promises Fulfilled dropped back while first Bolt d'Oro and then Good Magic were put to a drive . Justify responded to the challenge and opened up a lead of 1 ⁄ lengths at the top of the stretch , widening to 2 ⁄ lengths at the finish line . Good Magic held on for second while Audible closed late to finish third . Justify came out of the race almost untouched by the mud due to his front - running style . The day after however , he appeared to be somewhat lame in his left hind leg -- a condition that Baffert attributed to `` scratches or whatever '' from the wet track . The sensitivity was later determined to have been caused by a heel bruise . To protect the heel , Justify was shod with a three - quarter horseshoe before he resumed galloping on May 10 . Preakness Stakes ( edit ) Justify narrowly wins in a blanket finish at the 2018 Preakness The track conditions for the 2018 Preakness Stakes , run on May 19 at Pimlico Racetrack in Baltimore , were even worse than for the Derby . After heavy rain over several days , the track was sloppy . The rain finally stopped shortly before the race but then a heavy fog descended , limiting visibility to about a sixteenth of a mile . The start was once again critical , and Justify broke well to go take the early lead . To his inside , Good Magic rushed up to challenge him and the two matched strides around the first turn and down the backstretch while setting moderate fractions . They picked up the pace rounding the final turn and opened a gap on the rest of the field . However in mid-stretch , Tenfold started closing ground rapidly to Justify 's outside while Bravazo , who had trailed by five lengths in mid-stretch , was moving fastest of all in the center of the track . Justify dug in to win by half a length over Bravazo , with Tenfold just a neck further back in third , another neck in front of Good Magic . The win earned Justify a Beyer Speed Figure of 97 , the lowest of his career . Baffert felt that the colt had suffered a bit of a `` bounce '' , or regression from a peak performance in the Derby . He was still impressed by Justify 's performance , pointing out the colt had been pushed hard by Good Magic and had also reacted greenly by jumping several puddles during the race . `` You ca n't bring it all the time , '' he said . `` This will set him up for the next one . '' Justify 's next start will be the 2018 Belmont Stakes on June 9 , where he will attempt to become the thirteenth winner of the American Triple Crown . Baffert was the trainer of the last winner , American Pharoah in 2015 , and plans to follow a similar training regimen with Justify at Churchill Downs until shipping to New York a few days before the Belmont . Statistics ( edit ) Date Age Distance Race Grade Track Odds Field Finish Winning Time Winning ( Losing ) Margin Jockey Ref 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 Feb 18 , 2018 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 furlongs Maiden Special Weight 7000500000000000000 ♠ Maiden Santa Anita 0.50 * 5 1 : 21.86 7000950000000000000 ♠ 9 ⁄ lengths Van Dyke , Drayden Drayden Van Dyke 000000002018 - 03 - 11 - 0000 Mar 11 , 2018 7000800000000000000 ♠ 1 mile Allowance Optional Claiming 7000500000000000000 ♠ Allowance Santa Anita 0.05 * 5 1 : 35.73 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6 ⁄ lengths Smith , Mike E. Mike E. Smith 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 Apr 7 , 2018 7000900000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Santa Anita Derby 7000100000000000000 ♠ Grade I Santa Anita 0.90 * 7 1 : 49.72 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 lengths Smith , Mike E. Mike E. Smith 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2018 7001100000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Kentucky Derby 7000100000000000000 ♠ Grade I Churchill Downs 2.90 * 20 2 : 04.20 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2 ⁄ lengths Smith , Mike E. Mike E. Smith 000000002018 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2018 7000950000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Preakness Stakes 7000100000000000000 ♠ Grade I Pimlico 0.40 * 8 1 : 55.93 6999500000000000000 ♠ ⁄ length Smith , Mike E. Mike E. Smith An asterisk after the odds means Justify was the post-time favorite . Pedigree ( edit ) Pedigree of Justify , chestnut colt , March 28 , 2015 Sire Scat Daddy Johannesburg 1999 Hennessy Storm Cat Island Kitty Myth Ogygian Yarn Love Style 1999 Mr. Prospector Raise a Native Gold Digger Likeable Style Nijinsky Personable Lady Dam Stage Magic 2007 Ghostzapper 2000 Awesome Again Deputy Minister Primal Force Baby Zip Relaunch Thirty Zip Magical Illusion 2001 Pulpit A.P. Indy Preach Voodoo Lily Baldski Cap the Moment ( family : 1 - h ) Justify is inbred 3 x 5 x 5 to Mr. Prospector , meaning this sire appears once in the third generation of the pedigree and twice in the fifth generation as the sire of full sisters Yarn and Preach . Justify also has four crosses to Northern Dancer through Storm Cat , Nijinski , Deputy Minister and Baldski . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Justify - Equibase Profile '' . Equibase . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Ed . `` Lightly raced Justify early Kentucky Derby favorite '' . Newsday . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tales from the Crib : Justify '' . www.kentuckyderby.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mendelssohn scores more Grade 1 success for late Scat Daddy '' . Racing Post . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Culpepper , Chuck ( 4 May 2018 ) . `` The Kentucky Derby field is dominated by a horse that died in 2015 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify 's Victory Rewards Partnership Group '' ( PDF ) . The BloodHorse . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Starlight Acquires Interests in Audible , Justify '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kumin Buys Into Audible , Justify '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Frakes , Jason . `` Bob Baffert on Triple Crown talk for Justify : ' Not yet , not yet ' '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TDN Rising Stars - Writeup Page '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Romps Again , Sets Sights on Derby '' . www.thoroughbreddailynews.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Plenty of Movement in NTRA 3 - Year - Old Poll '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After Work , Justify All - In for Santa Anita Derby '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Powers to Santa Anita Derby Victory '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart for the Santa Anita Derby '' ( PDF ) . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Ed . `` Lightly raced Justify early Kentucky Derby favorite '' . Newsday . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quality Runs Deep in Kentucky Derby Field '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of the 2018 Kentucky Derby '' . www.equibase.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify Untouchable in Kentucky Derby '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Privman , Jay . `` Curse of Apollo lifted as Justify cruises in Kentucky Derby '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify makes history in wettest ever Kentucky Derby '' . New York Post . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sun staff . `` Preakness notes : ' Diaper rash ' - like condition not expected to derail Derby winner Justify '' . baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Kellie ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Justify ' galloped perfect ' in first track exercise since Kentucky Derby '' . Brisnet . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , Dave ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` Justify enters Preakness Stakes chasing history in weather that could be biblical '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify wins Preakness ; Triple Crown in sight '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Balan , Jeremy . `` Justify Emerges From the Fog to Win Preakness '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart of the 2018 Preakness Stakes '' . Equibase . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Privman , Jay . `` For Baffert , a familiar routine ahead of Triple Crown bid '' . www.drf.com . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart for Race 2 , Santa Anita , February 18 , 2018 '' . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart for Race 5 , Santa Anita , March 11 , 2018 '' . Equibase . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justify 's Pedigree '' . Equineline . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Kentucky Derby winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming 2018 Justify Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly <Th_colspan="2"> Preakness Stakes winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1873 Survivor 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree 1876 Shirley 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1894 Assignee 1895 Belmar 1896 Margrave 1897 Paul Kauvar 1898 Sly Fox 1899 Half Time 1900 Hindus 1901 The Parader 1902 Old England 1903 Flocarline ♥ 1904 Bryn Mawr 1905 Cairngorm 1906 Whimsical ♥ 1907 Don Enrique 1908 Royal Tourist 1909 Effendi 1910 Layminster 1911 Watervale 1912 Colonel Holloway 1913 Buskin 1914 Holiday 1915 Rhine Maiden ♥ 1916 Damrosch 1917 Kalitan 1918 War Cloud 1918 Jack Hare , Jr . 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Broomspun 1922 Pillory 1923 Vigil 1924 Nellie Morse ♥ 1925 Coventry 1926 Display 1927 Bostonian 1928 Victorian 1929 Dr. Freeland 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Mate 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Head Play 1934 High Quest 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Dauber 1939 Challedon 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Alsab 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Polynesian 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Faultless 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Hill Prince 1951 Bold 1952 Blue Man 1953 Native Dancer 1954 Hasty Road 1955 Nashua 1956 Fabius 1957 Bold Ruler 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Royal Orbit 1960 Bally Ache 1961 Carry Back 1962 Greek Money 1963 Candy Spots 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Tom Rolfe 1966 Kauai King 1967 Damascus 1968 Forward Pass 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Personality 1971 Canonero II 1972 Bee Bee Bee 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Master Derby 1976 Elocutionist 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Codex 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Aloma 's Ruler 1983 Deputed Testamony 1984 Gate Dancer 1985 Tank 's Prospect 1986 Snow Chief 1987 Alysheba 1988 Risen Star 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Summer Squall 1991 Hansel 1992 Pine Bluff 1993 Prairie Bayou 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Timber Country 1996 Louis Quatorze 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Red Bullet 2001 Point Given 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Bernardini 2007 Curlin 2008 Big Brown 2009 Rachel Alexandra ♥ 2010 Lookin At Lucky 2011 Shackleford 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Oxbow 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Exaggerator 2017 Cloud Computing 2018 Justify Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justify_(horse)&oldid=843647014 '' Categories : 2015 racehorse births Racehorses bred in Kentucky Northern Dancer bloodline Racehorses trained in the United States Thoroughbred family 1 - h Kentucky Derby winners Preakness Stakes winners Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Justify - American Thoroughbred racehorse
2. Triple Crown - American Triple Crown in horse racing
3. Kentucky Derby - prestigious horse racing event
4. Preakness Stakes - second leg of the Triple Crown
5. Scat Daddy - sire of Justify
|
2,781,628,325,870,330,400 |
what is the story about the boy who cried wolf
|
The boy Who Cried wolf - wikipedia The boy Who Cried wolf Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fable of Aesop . For the 1985 The Style Council song , see Boy Who Cried Wolf ( song ) . For the 2010 FUTURES song , see The Holiday ( album ) . For the 2007 Chinese short film , see Crossed Lines ( film ) . Not to be confused with Cry Wolf , Boy Cried Wolf , or The Boy Who Cried Werewolf . Francis Barlow 's illustration of the fable , 1687 The Boy Who Cried Wolf is one of Aesop 's Fables , numbered 210 in the Perry Index . From it is derived the English idiom `` to cry wolf '' , defined as `` to give a false alarm '' in Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable and glossed by the Oxford English Dictionary as meaning to make false claims , with the result that subsequent true claims are disbelieved . Contents ( hide ) 1 The fable 2 Fable 's history 3 References 4 External links The fable ( edit ) The tale concerns a shepherd boy who repeatedly tricks nearby villagers into thinking wolves are attacking his flock . When a wolf actually does appear and the boy again calls for help , the villagers believe that it is another false alarm and the sheep are eaten by the wolf . In later English - language poetic versions of the fable , the wolf also eats the boy . This happens in Fables for five year olds ( 1830 ) by John Hookham Frere , in William Ellery Leonard 's Aesop & Hyssop ( 1912 ) , and in his interpretation of Aesop 's Fables ( 1965 ) by Louis Untermeyer . The moral stated at the end of the Greek version is , `` this shows how liars are rewarded : even if they tell the truth , no one believes them '' . It echoes a statement attributed to Aristotle by Diogenes Laërtius in his The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers , in which the sage was asked what those who tell lies gain by it and he answered `` that when they speak truth they are not believed '' . William Caxton similarly closes his version with the remark that `` men bileve not lyghtly hym whiche is knowen for a lyer '' . Fable 's history ( edit ) The story dates from Classical times , but , since it was recorded only in Greek and not translated into Latin until the 15th century , it only began to gain currency after it appeared in Heinrich Steinhöwel 's collection of the fables and so spread through the rest of Europe . For this reason , there was no agreed title for the story . Caxton titles it `` Of the child whiche kepte the sheep '' ( 1484 ) , Hieronymus Osius `` The boy who lied '' ( `` De mendace puero '' , 1574 ) , Francis Barlow `` Of the herd boy and the farmers '' ( `` De pastoris puero et agricolis '' , 1687 ) , Roger L'Estrange `` A boy and false alarms '' ( 1692 ) , and George Fyler Townsend `` The shepherd boy and the wolf '' ( 1867 ) . It was under the final title that Edward Hughes set it as the first of ten `` Songs from Aesop 's fables '' for children 's voices and piano , in a poetic version by Peter Westmore ( 1965 ) . Teachers have used the fable as a cautionary tale about telling the truth but a recent educational experiment suggested that reading `` The Boy Who Cried Wolf '' increased children 's likelihood of lying . On the other hand , reading a book on George Washington and the cherry tree decreased this likelihood dramatically . The suggestibility and favourable outcome of the behaviour described , therefore , seems the key to moral instruction of the young . However , when dealing with the moral behaviour of adults , Samuel Croxall asks , referencing political alarmism , `` when we are alarmed with imaginary dangers in respect of the public , till the cry grows quite stale and threadbare , how can it be expected we should know when to guard ourselves against real ones ? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mythfolklore Jump up ^ The Concise Dictionary ... ( Cassel Publications 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` wolf '' . Compact Oxford English Dictionary . askoxford.com . OUP . June 2005 . Retrieved 19 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Fable 5 , `` Of the boy and the wolf '' Jump up ^ `` The Shepherd - boy and the Wolf '' Jump up ^ `` The boy and the wolf '' Jump up ^ Translated by C.D. Yonge : Section XI ( apophthegms ) of the life of Aristotle Jump up ^ `` Of the child whiche kepte the sheep '' at mythfolklore.net Jump up ^ Po Bronson and Ashley Merriman , New York 2009 . Nurture Shock -- New Thinking about Children . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 50412 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Fables of Aesop , Fable CLV ; available on Google Books , p. 263 External links ( edit ) Works related to The Boy Who Cried Wolf at Wikisource Laura Gibbs ' gallery of 15th -- 20th century book illustrations of the fable <Th_colspan="2"> Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock , the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Mouse The Lion , the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller , his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren <Td_colspan="2"> portal : Novels <Th_colspan="2"> The Boy Who Cried Wolf from Aesop 's Fables by Aesop Songs `` Boy Who Cried Wolf '' ( 1985 ) `` Cry Wolf '' ( 1986 ) `` Cry Wolf '' ( 1987 ) Other `` Marge Gets a Job '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boy_Who_Cried_Wolf&oldid=791534333 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables Child characters in literature English - language idioms Fictional shepherds Fictional wolves Wolves in folklore , religion and mythology Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 21 : 48 . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Boy Who Cried Wolf
2. Aesop's Fables
3. False alarm
4. Moral instruction
5. Fable's history
|
-5,423,216,510,095,693,000 |
explain the contributions of the maya to art and civilization
|
Maya social classes - wikipedia Maya social classes Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : needs editing , source checking , etc . Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Maya social classes is a system of political organization . It is divided in ahau ( king ) , nobles , priests , merchants and artisans , and peasants and slaves . At the head of each Maya polity , there was halach uinic , also called the ajau . It is commonly accepted that the appearance of kings in Maya lowland civilizations occurred during the time period change from the Pre Classics to the modern times . This time period would make the first kings to be dated ca . 100 . These kings were recorded on carved stelae . However , it was discovered in the Maya civilization of Nakbe that the first appearance of kings on stelae occurred during the Middle Preclassic . Additionally , in the civilizations of Kaminaljuyu , El Baúl and Takalik Abaj , located in the southern highlands , people and inscriptions of historical events were first made during CE 37 , one of the most earliest dates . Maya king and his servant The ahau had many different types of duties . It is supposed that the ruler made policies used in the state that were applied to both the state and foreign relations , while being assisted by a state council , consisting of `` leading chiefs , priests , and special councilors '' . By having ceremonies that were both in public view and in private , the kings would participate in acts of dancing , giving of his own blood for a sacrifice , having `` enemas and trances '' , the king would be able to show that he was also the `` mediator between the supernatural and the real worlds . '' In addition to these duties , during the New Empire the ruler determined who to appoint in the position of chief , also called a batab , for towns . Through examinations of the candidates at the beginning of the new k'atun , the ajaw was able to get rid of any person who was considered to be a pretender or who applied falsely . Both the batabob and the ajaw were usually positions of patrilineal inheritance and genealogy . Lady Sak Kʻukʻ took the position of ruler in Palenque because at that time her son was not old enough . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kings 2 Priests 3 Merchants and artisans 4 Peasants , farmers , and slaves 5 Notes 6 References Kings ( edit ) Under the ahau in the social classes was the kings . This class , also known as almehenob consisted of the positions of the local magistrates and executives , town counselors , deputies ah holpopob ( who assisted local lords in governmental affairs ) and the tupiles ( policemen ) . Priests ( edit ) The priests performed `` activities of ritual , sacrifice , divination , astronomical observation , chronological calculations , hieroglyphic writings , religious instruction , management of the monasteries '' . In addition to these responsibilities , the priest assisted the ajaw with regards to politics as well . The class of the priests was also divided into other sections . These included the nacom ( would cut the heart out of a sacrificial victim ) , who were assisted by four chacs and the ahmen ( prophet and `` the inflictor as well as the healer of diseases '' ) . This occasion also occurs in the Aztec Civilization too . Merchants and artisans ( edit ) Merchants sold and traded with different cities . Artisans made pottery and designed buildings and temples . The Maya were accomplished traders . They traveled by sea , river and well - constructed roads to trade with other city - states . Peasants , farmers , and slaves ( edit ) Then there were the peasants . Men were farmers and used the slash and burn agricultural method . Women had duties in the household . Some peasants were asked to be slaves of the king . This was decided by the nobles . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morley ( 1947 pp. 174 -- 176 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morley ( 1947 pp. 161 -- 162 ) . Jump up ^ McKillop ( 2006 pp. 177 -- 178 ) . Jump up ^ McKillop ( 2006 pp. 178 -- 179 ) Jump up ^ Morley ( 1947 pp. 168 -- 170 ) . Jump up ^ Morley ( 1947 pp. 170 -- 173 ) . References ( edit ) McKillop , Heather I. ( 2006 ) . The Ancient Maya : New Perspectives . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32890 - 2 . OCLC 70170414 . Morley , Sylvanus Griswold ( 1947 ) . The Ancient Maya ( 2nd ed . ) . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . OCLC 484868 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Maya civilization History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán Topics Architecture E-Group Triadic pyramid Twin - pyramid complex Art Graffiti Ceramics Cities Cuisine Dance Economy Trade Maritime trade Languages Classic Script List Mayanist Medicine Music Mythology Numerals People Sites Stelae Textiles Warfare Society Childhood Women Midwifery Religion Priesthood Sacrifice Human sacrifice Death rituals Social classes Ajaw Rulers Households Calendar Ajaw Baktun Haab ' K'atun K'in Tun Tzolk'in Winal Literature Annals of the Cakchiquels Chilam Balam Codices Dresden Grolier Madrid Paris Popol Vuh Rabinal Achí Ritual of the Bacabs Songs of Dzitbalche Título C'oyoi Título de Totonicapán Deities Classic Bacab Chaac Death gods God L Goddess I Hero Twins Howler monkey gods Itzamna Ixchel Jaguar gods K'awiil Kinich Ahau Maize god Mam Moon goddess Yopaat Post-Classic Acat Ah - Muzen - Cab Akna Chin Hunab Ku Ixtab Kukulkan Yum Kaax Popol Vuh Awilix Camazotz Hun Hunahpu Huracan Jacawitz Q'uq'umatz Tohil Vucub Caquix Xmucane and Xpiacoc Xquic Zipacna Kings B'alaj Chan K'awiil Ha ' K'in Xook Itzam K'an Ahk II K'ak ' Tiliw Chan Yopaat K'inich Janaab ' Pakal K'inich Yat Ahk II K'inich Yax K'uk ' Mo ' K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Yo'nal Ahk III Yuknoom Ch'een II Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk ' Queens Lady Eveningstar Lady of Itzan Lady of Tikal Lady Xoc Sak K'uk ' Wak Chanil Ajaw Yohl Ik'nal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_social_classes&oldid=809578925 '' Categories : Maya society Social classes Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from June 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2016 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 01 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Maya social classes
2. Ahau (king)
3. Nobles, priests, merchants, and artisans
4. Peasants and slaves
5. Roles and responsibilities in Maya society
|
7,072,265,578,450,585,000 |
nick cave where the wild roses grow lyrics meaning
|
Where the Wild Roses Grow - wikipedia Where the Wild Roses Grow For the film , see Where the Wild Roses Grow ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Murder Ballads B - side `` The Ballad of Robert Moore & Betty Coltrane '' `` The Willow Garden '' Released 2 October 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 02 ) Format CD 7 '' cassette Recorded 1993 -- 1995 Genre Alternative rock Length 3 : 57 Label Mute Songwriter ( s ) Nick Cave Producer ( s ) Tony Cohen Victor Van Vugt <Th_colspan="2"> Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Red Right Hand '' ( 1994 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' ( 1995 ) `` Henry Lee '' ( 1996 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Red Right Hand '' ( 1994 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' ( 1995 ) `` Henry Lee '' ( 1996 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Kylie Minogue singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' ( 1995 ) Where Is the Feeling ? 1995 `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' ( 1995 ) Where the Wild Roses Grow1995 `` Some Kind of Bliss '' ( 1997 ) Some Kind of Bliss 1997 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' is a duet by Australian rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and pop singer Kylie Minogue . It is the fifth song and lead single from the band 's ninth studio album , Murder Ballads ( 1996 ) , released on Mute Records . It was written by the band 's frontman Nick Cave and produced by Tony Cohen and Victor Van Vugt . The song received a positive reception from music critics and became the band 's most successful single worldwide reaching No. 3 in Norway , the top five in Australia , and the top twenty in the United Kingdom , Ireland , Germany and New Zealand . It also received a limited promotional release in the United States . The song was certified Gold in Germany in 1996 for 250,000 copies sold , despite never reaching the top ten in that country . It charted again at the bottom of the German Top 100 in 2008 because of digital downloads after it was used in a soap opera . `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' was also certified Gold in Australia for selling 50,000 copies . Cave was inspired to write `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' after listening to the traditional song , `` Down in the Willow Garden '' , a tale of a man courting a woman and killing her while they are out together . Cave arranged this tale as second of two B - sides , `` The Ballad of Robert Moore & Betty Coltrane '' / `` The Willow Garden '' , released on the CD - Maxi single version . Although the song does not feature on a Minogue studio album , it can be found on her compilations Hits+ , Greatest Hits 1987 -- 1999 , Ultimate Kylie and The Abbey Road Sessions . Minogue performed a chorus of the song during her Showgirl and Homecoming tours . It reached number 8 in Triple J 's Hottest 100 1995 . In 2012 , NME listed the song in the `` 100 Best Songs of the 1990s '' at number 35 . Contents 1 Background 2 Song information 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Other version 6 Awards 7 Formats and track listings 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Cave described writing the song : `` Where The Wild Roses Grow '' was written very much with Kylie in mind . I 'd wanted to write a song for Kylie for many years . I had a quiet obsession with her for about six years . I wrote several songs for her , none of which I felt was appropriate to give her . It was only when I wrote this song , which is a dialogue between a killer and his victim , that I thought finally I 'd written the right song for Kylie to sing . I sent the song to her and she replied the next day . -- Nick Cave , quoted in Molly Meldrum presents 50 Years of Rock in Australia ( 2007 ) A CD of the track -- which had Blixa Bargeld singing Minogue 's lines -- when sent to Minogue 's parents ' house ( as she was staying there at the time ) prior to her recording the song . Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue first performed the song publicly on 4 August 1995 in Cork , Republic of Ireland . Song information ( edit ) According to the sheet music edition published by OnlineSheetMusic.com , `` Where The Wild Roses Grow '' is written in the compound time signature of 6 / 8 and is set in the key signature of G minor , at a tempo of 56 beats per minute . Music video ( edit ) The painting Ophelia inspired scenes within the music video . The video for this song , commissioned by Emma Davies for Mute Records , shot by director Rocky Schenck and produced by Nick Verden for Atlas Films , shows Kylie Minogue in character , apparently having been murdered by Nick Cave 's character . We see her in ghost - like form and also in a river in a pose reminiscent of Millais ' painting Ophelia . The video ends with Cave 's character putting a rose in Minogue 's mouth and closing her eyelids . Live performances ( edit ) Cave and Minogue performed the song together live on stage in London on 3 June 2018 when Kylie made a surprise appearance during the Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds set at All Points East festival . Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours : Showgirl : The Greatest Hits Tour ( performed as a medley with `` Red Blooded Woman '' ) Showgirl : The Homecoming Tour ( performed as a medley with `` Red Blooded Woman '' ) For You , for Me ( performed as a medley with `` Red Blooded Woman '' ) Minogue appeared as a surprise guest at Coldplay 's Enmore Theatre show in Sydney , Australia on 19 June 2014 , where they performed the song as a duet . Sample of `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Other version ( edit ) A guide track with The Bad Seeds guitarist , Blixa Bargeld , singing Kylie Minogue 's vocal part was released on the compilation B - Sides & Rarities . Awards ( edit ) 1996 ARIA Awards : ' Single of the Year ' , ' Song of the Year ' & ' Best Pop Release ' . Formats and track listings ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' . UK 7 '' single ( MUTE 185 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' ( Cave ) -- 3 : 58 `` The Ballad of Robert Moore & Betty Coltrane '' ( Cave ) -- 3 : 34 UK cassette single ( CMUTE 185 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' ( Cave ) -- 3 : 58 `` The Ballad of Robert Moore & Betty Coltrane '' ( Cave ) -- 3 : 34 EU CD single ( CDMUTE 185 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' ( Cave ) -- 3 : 58 `` The Ballad of Robert Moore & Betty Coltrane '' ( Cave ) -- 3 : 34 `` The Willow Garden '' ( Traditional ) -- 3 : 57 Australian CD single ( D1188 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' ( Cave ) -- 3 : 58 `` The Ballad of Robert Moore & Betty Coltrane '' ( Cave ) -- 3 : 34 `` The Willow Garden '' ( Traditional ) -- 3 : 57 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 8 Denmark ( IFPI ) 9 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 8 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 37 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 61 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 94 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 76 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Chart ( 1996 ) Rank Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 65 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Where the Wild Roses Grow ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs Of The 1990s ( 40 - 31 ) '' . NME . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Jeff ; Ian Meldrum ( 2007 ) . Molly Meldrum presents 50 Years of Rock in Australia . Melbourne , Vic : Wilkinson Publishing . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921332 - 11 - 1 . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( 26 April 2018 ) . `` Kylie on how ageing , breast cancer and Nick Cave all influenced her greatest hits '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Maes , Maurice . `` Nick Cave Songs -- 1996 '' . Home.vianetworks.nl . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Where The Wild Roses Grow Sheet Music by Nick Cave '' . OnlineSheetMusic.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Where The Wild Roses Grow '' . EMI Music . YouTube . 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kylie reunites with Cave for festival duet '' . BBC News Online . 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Shedden , Iain ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Kylie , Coldplay duet '' . The Australian . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners by Year -- 1996 : 10th Annual ARIA Awards '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 107 ( 50 ) : 85 . 16 December 1995 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 108 ( 2 ) : 47 . 13 January 1996 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue : Where The Wild Roses Grow '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Nr. 148 : Vikuna 16.12 ' 95 -- 22.12 ' 95 '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir. 16 December 1995 . p. 58 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Where the Wild Roses Grow '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : C '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 46 , 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds + Kylie Minogue -- Where The Wild Roses Grow '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1995 '' . ARIA Charts . ARIA . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1995 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 1995 '' . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 ... Hitlistan.se . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1996 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) `` Jahrescharts -- 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 ... Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1995 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Where the Wild Roses Grow ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . External links ( edit ) Nick Cave -- official website . Kylie.com -- official website . critical analysis of video , Rachael Zeleny <Th_colspan="2"> Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds <Td_colspan="2"> Martyn P. Casey Nick Cave Toby Dammit Warren Ellis Conway Savage Jim Sclavunos George Vjestica Thomas Wydler Barry Adamson Blixa Bargeld Mick Harvey James Johnston Anita Lane Kid Congo Powers Hugo Race Roland Wolf Studio albums From Her to Eternity The Firstborn Is Dead Kicking Against the Pricks Your Funeral ... My Trial Tender Prey The Good Son Henry 's Dream Let Love In Murder Ballads The Boatman 's Call No More Shall We Part Nocturama Abattoir Blues / The Lyre of Orpheus Dig , Lazarus , Dig ! ! ! Push the Sky Away Skeleton Tree Live albums Live Seeds Abattoir Blues Tour Live at the Royal Albert Hall Live from KCRW Compilations The Best of Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds B - Sides & Rarities Lovely Creatures : The Best of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds Singles `` In the Ghetto '' `` Tupelo '' `` The Singer '' `` The Mercy Seat '' `` Deanna '' `` The Ship Song '' `` The Weeping Song '' `` Straight to You '' `` I Had a Dream , Joe '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Do You Love Me ? '' `` Loverman '' `` Red Right Hand '' `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' `` Henry Lee '' `` Into My Arms '' `` ( Are You ) The One That I 've Been Waiting For '' `` As I Sat Sadly by Her Side '' `` Fifteen Feet of Pure White Snow '' `` Love Letter '' `` Dig , Lazarus , Dig ! ! ! '' `` More News from Nowhere '' `` Midnight Man '' `` We No Who UR '' `` Jubilee Street '' Other songs `` From Her to Eternity '' `` The Carny '' Cave and Ellis The Proposition The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford The Road Lawless West of Memphis Hell or High Water Grinderman Grinderman Grinderman 2 `` Get It On '' `` No Pussy Blues '' `` ( I Do n't Need You To ) Set Me Free '' `` Heathen Child '' `` Worm Tamer '' `` Palaces of Montezuma '' `` Evil '' Grinderman discography Related articles Discography Bad Seeds members 20,000 Days on Earth One More Time With Feeling And the Ass Saw the Angel The Birthday Party Dirty Three Ghosts ... of the Civil Dead Original Seeds Tuff Monks <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Kylie Minogue songs <Td_colspan="2"> Singles discography 1980s singles `` The Loco - Motion '' `` I Should Be So Lucky '' `` Got to Be Certain '' `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi '' `` Especially for You '' `` It 's No Secret '' `` Turn It into Love '' `` Hand on Your Heart '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Never Too Late '' 1990s singles `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Step Back in Time '' `` What Do I Have to Do '' `` Shocked '' `` Word Is Out '' `` If You Were with Me Now '' `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` Finer Feelings '' `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) '' `` Celebration '' `` Confide in Me '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' `` Some Kind of Bliss '' `` Did It Again '' `` Breathe '' `` Cowboy Style '' 2000s singles `` Spinning Around '' `` On a Night Like This '' `` Kids '' `` Please Stay '' `` Your Disco Needs You '' `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Love at First Sight '' `` Come into My World '' `` Slow '' `` Red Blooded Woman '' `` Chocolate '' `` I Believe in You '' `` Giving You Up '' `` 2 Hearts '' `` Wow '' `` In My Arms '' `` All I See '' `` The One '' `` Lhuna '' 2010s singles `` All the Lovers '' `` Get Outta My Way '' `` Better than Today '' `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) '' `` Timebomb '' `` Flower '' `` Limpido '' `` Into the Blue '' `` I Was Gonna Cancel '' `` Crystallize '' `` Only You '' `` 100 Degrees '' `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` At Christmas '' `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` Dancing '' `` Stop Me from Falling '' `` Golden '' Featured singles `` Keep on Pumpin ' It '' `` GBI ( German Bold Italic ) '' `` Higher '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` The Other Boys '' Promotional singles `` I Guess I Like It Like That '' `` Too Far '' `` Butterfly '' `` Sometime Samurai '' `` Whistle '' `` Skirt '' `` Sexercize '' `` Golden Boy '' `` Beautiful '' `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' Other songs `` The Reflex '' `` The Real Thing '' `` Bury Me Deep in Love '' `` Love Is the Drug '' `` Speakerphone '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` Any Which Way '' `` Wonderful Life '' `` Aphrodite '' `` Black and White '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Christmas Wrapping '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Let It Snow '' `` Santa Baby '' `` Stay Another Day '' `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' `` Night Fever '' `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' `` Bette Davis Eyes '' <Th_colspan="2"> ARIA Award for Single of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 ) `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 ) `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 ) `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 ) `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 ) `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 ) `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 ) `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Wild_Roses_Grow&oldid=850914791 '' Categories : Kylie Minogue songs 1995 singles 1995 songs ARIA Award - winning songs Murder ballads Mute Records singles Nick Cave songs Rock ballads Songs written by Nick Cave Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with German - language external links Use British English from October 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 20 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Where the Wild Roses Grow - song by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue
2. Murder Ballads - album by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
3. Music video - for Where the Wild Roses Grow
4. Live performances - of Where the Wild Roses Grow
5. Chart performance and certifications - of Where the Wild Roses Grow
|
-6,071,739,179,287,226,000 |
how many pages is the stranger by albert camus
|
The Stranger ( Camus novel ) - wikipedia The Stranger ( Camus novel ) The Stranger or The Outsider <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the first edition Author Albert Camus Original title L'Étranger Country France Language French Genre Philosophical novel Set in Algeria Published 1942 ( Gallimard , French ) 1946 ( Hamish Hamilton , English ) Pages 159 L'Étranger ( The Outsider ( UK ) , or The Stranger ( US ) ) is a 1942 novel by French author Albert Camus . Its theme and outlook are often cited as examples of Camus 's philosophy of the absurd and existentialism , though Camus personally rejected the latter label . The title character is Meursault , an indifferent French Algerian described as `` a citizen of France domiciled in North Africa , a man of the Mediterranean , an homme du midi yet one who hardly partakes of the traditional Mediterranean culture '' . He attends his mother 's funeral . A few days later , he kills an Arab man in French Algiers , who was involved in a conflict with a friend . Meursault is tried and sentenced to death . The story is divided into two parts , presenting Meursault 's first - person narrative view before and after the murder , respectively . In January 1955 , Camus wrote : I summarized The Stranger a long time ago , with a remark I admit was highly paradoxical : ' In our society any man who does not weep at his mother 's funeral runs the risk of being sentenced to death . ' I only meant that the hero of my book is condemned because he does not play the game . The Stranger 's first edition consisted of 4,400 copies and was not an immediate best - seller . But the novel was well received , partly because of Jean - Paul Sartre 's article `` Explication de L'Etranger , '' on the eve of publication of the novel , and a mistake from the Propaganda - Staffel . Translated four times into English , and also into numerous other languages , the novel has long been considered a classic of 20th - century literature . Le Monde ranks it as number one on its 100 Books of the Century . The novel was twice adapted as films : Lo Straniero ( 1967 ) ( Italian ) by Luchino Visconti and Yazgı ( Fate ) by Zeki Demirkubuz ( Turkish ) . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Part 1 1.2 Part 2 2 Characters 3 Critical analysis 4 Publication history and English translations 5 Adaptations and allusions 5.1 Film adaptations / allusions 5.1. 1 Direct adaptations 5.1. 2 Allusions 5.2 Literature 5.3 In song 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 ( edit ) Meursault learns of the death of his mother , who has been living in a retirement home . At her funeral , he expresses none of the expected emotions of grief . When asked if he wishes to view the body , he says no , and , instead , smokes and drinks coffee in front of the coffin . Rather than expressing his feelings , he comments to the reader only about the aged attendees at the funeral . He later encounters Marie , a former employee of his firm . The two become re-acquainted , go swimming , watch a comedy film , and begin to have a sexual relationship a day after his mother 's funeral . In the next few days , he helps his friend and neighbor , Raymond Sintès , take revenge on a Moorish girlfriend suspected of infidelity . For Raymond , Meursault agrees to write a letter to his girlfriend , with the sole purpose of inviting her over so that Raymond can have sex with her but spit in her face at the last minute as emotional revenge . Meursault sees no reason not to help him , and it pleases Raymond . He does not express concern that Raymond 's girlfriend is going to be emotionally hurt , as he believes Raymond 's story that she has been unfaithful . While listening to Raymond , he is both somewhat drunk and characteristically unfazed by any feelings of empathy . In general , he considers other people either interesting or annoying , or feels nothing for them at all . The letter works : the girlfriend returns on a Sunday morning , but the situation escalates when she slaps Raymond after he tries to kick her out , and he beats her . Raymond asks Meursault to testify in court that the girlfriend has been unfaithful . Meursault agrees and the two go out to a café . On their return they encounter Salamano , his curmudgeonly old neighbour who has lost his abused and disease - riddled dog , who is maintaining his usual spiteful and uncaring attitude for the dog . Later that evening and the next , Salamano goes to Meursault for comfort - he explains that he had adopted the dog shortly after his wife 's death as a companion . Salamano mentions that the neighbours ' said nasty things ' about him after sending his mother to a retirement home . Meursault is surprised to learn about the negative impression of his actions . Later , he is taken to court where Meursault , who witnessed the event while returning to his apartment with Marie , testifies that she had been unfaithful , and Raymond is let off with a warning . After this , the girlfriend 's brother and several Arab friends begin trailing Raymond . Raymond invites Meursault and Marie to a friend 's beach house for the weekend . There they encounter the spurned girlfriend 's brother and an Arab friend ; these two confront Raymond and wound him with a knife during a fist fight . Later , Meursault walks back along the beach alone , now armed with a revolver which he took from Raymond to prevent him from acting rashly . Meursault encounters the brother of Raymond 's Arab girlfriend . Disoriented and on the edge of heatstroke , Meursault shoots when the Arab flashes his knife at him . It is a fatal shot , but Meursault shoots the man four more times after a pause . He does not divulge to the reader any specific reason for his crime or what he feels , other than being bothered by the heat and intensely bright sunlight . Part 2 ( edit ) Meursault is now incarcerated , and explains his arrest , time in prison , and upcoming trial . His general detachment makes living in prison very tolerable , especially after he gets used to the idea of being restricted and unable to have sex with Marie . He passes the time sleeping , or mentally listing the objects he owned in his apartment . At the trial , the prosecuting attorney portrays Meursault 's quietness and passivity as demonstrating guilt and a lack of remorse . The prosecutor tells the jury more about Meursault 's inability or unwillingness to cry at his mother 's funeral and the murder . He pushes Meursault to tell the truth , but the man resists . Later , on his own , Meursault tells the reader that he simply was never able to feel any remorse or personal emotions for any of his actions in life . The dramatic prosecutor denounces Meursault , claiming that he must be a soulless monster , incapable of remorse , and thus deserves to die for his crime . Although Meursault 's attorney defends him and later tells Meursault that he expects the sentence to be light , Meursault is alarmed when the judge informs him of the final decision : that he will be publicly guillotined . In prison , Meursault awaits the results of his appeal . While waiting to learn his fate , either his successful appeal or execution of his death sentence , Meursault meets with a chaplain , but rejects his proffered opportunity of turning to God . Meursault says that God is a waste of his time . Although the chaplain persists in trying to lead Meursault from his atheism ( or , perhaps more precisely , his apatheism ) , Meursault finally accosts him in a rage . He has an outburst about his frustrations and the absurdity of the human condition , and his personal anguish without respite at the meaninglessness of his freedom , existence and responsibility . He expresses anger about others , saying that they have no right to judge him for his actions or for who he is , that no one has the right to judge another . It is hinted that the priest believed Meursault 's appeal would be granted , but it is unclear if he is still of this opinion after the ordeal . Meursault however has grasped the universe 's indifference towards humankind , and prepares for his execution . At night in his cell , he finds a final happiness in his indifference towards the world and the lack of meaning he sees in everyone and everything . His final assertion is that a large , hateful crowd at his execution will end his loneliness and bring everything to a comsummate end . Characters ( edit ) Meursault is a French Algerian who learns of his mother 's death by telegram . Meursault 's indifference to his mother 's death demonstrates some emotional detachment from his environment . Other instances are shown . Meursault is also a truthful person , speaking his mind without regard for others . He is regarded as a stranger to society due to his indifference . Meursault 's mother was sent to an old people 's home three years prior to her death , as noted in the opening lines of the novel . As Meursault nears the time for his execution , he feels a kinship with his mother , thinking she , too , embraced a meaningless universe . Raymond Sintès is a neighbour of Meursault who beats his Arab mistress . Her brother and friends try to take revenge . He brings Meursault into the conflict , and the latter kills the brother . Raymond and Meursault seem to develop a bond , and he testifies for Meursault during his trial . Marie Cardona was a typist in the same workplace as Meursault . A day after he attends his mother 's funeral , she meets him at a public beach , and they begin a relationship . Marie , like Meursault , enjoys sex . She represents the enjoyable life Meursault wants , and he misses her while in jail . Masson is the owner of the beach house where Raymond takes Marie and Meursault . Masson is a carefree person who likes to live his life and be happy . Salamano is an old man who routinely walks his dog . He abuses it but is still attached to it . When he loses his dog , he is distressed and asks Meursault for advice . The Arabs include Raymond 's mistress , her brother and assumed friends . None of the Arabs in The Stranger are named , reflecting the distance between the French colonists and indigenous people . The Arab ( the brother of the mistress of Raymond ) is a man shot and killed by Meursault on a beach in colonial Algiers . Critical analysis ( edit ) In his 1956 analysis of the novel , Carl Viggiani wrote : On the surface , L'Etranger gives the appearance of being an extremely simple though carefully planned and written book . In reality , it is a dense and rich creation , full of undiscovered meanings and formal qualities . It would take a book at least the length of the novel to make a complete analysis of meaning and form and the correspondences of meaning and form , in L'Etranger . Victor Brombert has analysed L'Etranger and Sartre 's `` Explication de L'Etranger '' in the philosophical context of the Absurd . Louis Hudon has dismissed characterisation of L'Etranger as an existentialist novel in his 1960 analysis . The 1963 study by Ignace Feuerlicht begins with an examination of the themes of alienation , in the sense of Meursault being a ' stranger ' in his society . In his 1970 analysis , Leo Bersani commented that L'Etranger is `` mediocre '' in its attempt to be a `` ' profound ' novel '' , but describes the novel as an `` impressive if flawed exercise in a kind of writing promoted by the New Novelists of the 1950s '' . Paul P. Somers Jr has compared Camus ' L'Etranger and Sartre 's Nausea , in light of Sartre 's essay on Camus ' novel . Sergei Hackel has explored parallels between L'Etranger and Dostoyevsky 's Crime and Punishment . Terry Otten has studied in detail the relationship between Meursault and his mother . Gerald Morreale examines Meursault 's killing of the Arab and the question of whether Meursault 's action is an act of murder . Ernest Simon has examined the nature of Meursault 's trial in L'Etranger , with respect to earlier analysis by Richard Weisberg and Richard A. Posner . René Girard has critiqued the relative nature of ' indifference ' in the character of Meursault in relation to his surrounding society . Kamel Daoud has written a novel The Meursault Investigation ( 2013 / 2014 ) , first published in Algeria in 2013 , and then republished in France to critical acclaim . This postcolonialist response to The Stranger counters Camus ' version , elements from the perspective of the brother of the unnamed Arab victim ( naming him and presenting him as a real person who was mourned ) and other protagonists . Daoud explores their subsequent lives following the withdrawal of French authorities and most pied - noirs from Algeria after the conclusion of the Algerian War of Independence in 1962 . Publication history and English translations ( edit ) On 27 May 1941 , Camus was informed about the changes suggested by André Malraux after he had read the manuscript and took his remarks into account . For instance , Malraux thought the minimalist syntactic structure was too repetitive . Some scenes and passages ( the murder , the conversation with the chaplain ) should also be revised . The manuscript was then read by editors Jean Paulhan and Raymond Queneau . Gerhard Heller , a German editor , translator and lieutenant in the Wehrmacht working for the Censorship Bureau offered to help . The book was eventually published in June 1942 -- 4,400 copies of it were printed . 1942 , L'Étranger ( French ) , Paris : Gallimard 1946 , The Outsider ( translated by Stuart Gilbert ) , London : Hamish Hamilton ( USA edition published in 1946 by Alfred A. Knopf as The Stranger ) 1982 , The Outsider ( translated by Joseph Laredo ) , London : Hamish Hamilton , ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 18250 - 6 1989 , The Stranger ( translated by Matthew Ward ) , New York : Vintage , ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 72020 - 1 2012 , The Outsider ( translated by Sandra Smith ) , London : Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 38958 - 5 Gallimard first published the original French - language novel in 1942 . A British author , Stuart Gilbert , first translated L'Étranger into English in 1946 ; for more than thirty years his version was the standard English translation . Gilbert 's choice of title , The Stranger , was changed by Hamish Hamilton to The Outsider , because they considered it `` more striking and appropriate '' and because Maria Kuncewiczowa 's Polish novel Cudzoziemka had recently been published in London as The Stranger . In the United States , Knopf had already typeset the manuscript using Gilbert 's original title when informed of the name change and so disregarded it ; the British - American difference in titles has persisted in subsequent editions . In 1982 , the British publisher Hamish Hamilton , which had issued Gilbert 's translation , published a translation by Joseph Laredo , also as The Outsider . Penguin Books bought this version in 1983 for a paperback edition . In 1988 , Vintage published a version in the United States with a translation by American Matthew Ward under the standard American title of The Stranger . Camus was influenced by American literary style , and Ward 's translation expresses American usage . A new translation of The Outsider by Sandra Smith was published by Penguin in 2012 . A critical difference among these translations is the expression of emotion in the sentence towards the close of the novel : `` I laid my heart open to the benign indifference of the universe '' in Gilbert 's translation , versus Laredo 's `` I laid my heart open to the gentle indifference of the universe '' ( original French : la tendre indifférence du monde ; literally , `` the tender indifference of the world '' ) . The Penguin Classics 2000 reprint of Laredo 's translation has `` gentle '' changed to `` benign '' . The ending lines differ as well : Gilbert translates `` on the day of my execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that they should greet me with howls of execration '' , which contrasts with Laredo 's translation of `` greet me with cries of hatred . '' This passage describes a scene that would serve as a foil to the prior `` indifference of the world '' . In French , the phrase is `` cris de haine '' . Ward translates this as `` with cries of hate '' . Gilbert juxtaposes `` execration '' with `` execution '' . `` Aujourd'hui , Maman est morte '' is the opening sentence of the novel . English translations have rendered the first sentence as ' Mother died today ' , ' Maman died today ' , or a variant thereof . In 2012 Ryan Bloom argued that it should be translated as ' Today , Maman died . ' He believes this better expresses the character of Meursault , as developed in the novel , as someone who ' lives for the moment ' , ' does not consciously dwell on the past ' , and ' does not worry about the future ' . Adaptations and allusions ( edit ) Film adaptations / allusions ( edit ) Direct adaptations ( edit ) 1967 Lo Straniero by Luchino Visconti ( Italian ) 2001 Yazgı ( Fate ) by Zeki Demirkubuz 's ( Turkish ) Allusions ( edit ) 2001 The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 film ) by Coen brothers Literature. ( edit ) The Meursault Investigation by Kamel Daoud is a counter to the story from the perspective of a man described as the brother of the murdered `` The Arab '' , who he says was named Musa and who existed and was mourned by his family . In song ( edit ) `` Killing an Arab '' , the 1979 debut single by the Cure , was described by Robert Smith as `` a short poetic attempt at condensing my impression of the key moments in ' L'Étranger ' ( sic ) ( The Outsider ) by Albert Camus '' . `` Noch koroche dnya '' , from the 1995 album of the same name by the Russian heavy metal band Aria , is based on Meursault 's encounter with the chaplain in the final scene of the novel . It is also narrated from Meursault 's first - person perspective and includes ( in Russian ) the line , `` The cries of hate will be my reward / Upon my death , I will not be alone '' . At the end of `` Asa Phelps Is Dead '' , from the album Ghost Stories by The Lawrence Arms , the passage in which Meursault accepts his impending execution is read by Chris McCaughan . It parallels certain themes in the song 's lyrics . Folk Singer - Songwriter Eric Andersen features a song called `` The Stranger ( Song of Revenge ) '' as one of 4 songs based on Camus ' works on his 2014 EP The Shadow and Light of Albert Camus . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Existentialism Character evidence Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) Jump up ^ From Cyril Connolly 's introduction to the first English translation , by Stuart Gilbert ( 1946 ) Jump up ^ Carroll , David . Albert Camus the Algerian : Colonialism , Terrorism , Justice . Columbia University Press . p. 27 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Patrick ( 2004 ) . The Stranger ( Albert Camus ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 8321 - 01 . Jump up ^ The book 's famous opening sentences -- `` Today , Maman died . Or maybe yesterday , I do n't know . '' -- give the reader an immediate appreciation of Meursault 's emotional disjointedness. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Camus , Albert . The Stranger , trans . Matthew Ward , 1988 . Jump up ^ Viggiani , Carl A ( December 1956 ) . `` Camus ' L'Etranger '' . PMLA. 71 ( 5 ) : 865 -- 887 . JSTOR 746766 . Jump up ^ Brombert , Victor ( 1948 ) . `` Camus and the Novel of the `` Absurd '' `` . Yale French Studies . 1 : 119 -- 123 . JSTOR 2928869 . Jump up ^ Hudon , Louis ( 1960 ) . `` The Stranger and the Critics '' . Yale French Studies . 25 : 59 -- 64 . JSTOR 2928902 . Jump up ^ Feuerlicht , Ignace ( December 1963 ) . `` Camus 's L'Etranger Reconsidered '' . PMLA. 78 ( 5 ) : 606 -- 621 . JSTOR 460737 . Jump up ^ Bersani , Leo ( Spring 1970 ) . `` The Stranger 's Secrets '' . NOVEL : A Forum on Fiction. 3 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 224 . JSTOR 1344914 . Jump up ^ Somers Jr , Paul P ( April 1969 ) . `` Camus Si , Sartre No '' . The French Review . 42 ( 5 ) : 693 -- 700 . JSTOR 1344914 . Jump up ^ Hackel , Sergei ( Spring 1968 ) . `` Raskolnikov through the Looking - Glass : Dostoevsky and Camus 's L'Etranger '' . Contemporary Literature. 9 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 209 . JSTOR 1207491 . Jump up ^ Otten , Terry ( Spring 1975 ) . `` '' Mamam '' in Camus ' The Stranger `` . College Literature. 2 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 111 . JSTOR 25111069 . Jump up ^ Morreale , Gerald ( February 1967 ) . `` Meursault 's Absurd Act '' . The French Review . 40 ( 4 ) : 456 -- 462 . JSTOR 385377 . Jump up ^ Simon , Ernest ( Spring -- Summer 1991 ) . `` Palais de Justice and Poetic Justice in Albert Camus ' The Stranger '' . Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature. 3 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 125 . JSTOR 743503 . Jump up ^ Girard , René ( December 1964 ) . `` Camus 's Stranger Retried '' . PMLA. 79 ( 5 ) : 519 -- 533 . JSTOR 461137 . Jump up ^ Camus , Albert , Malraux , André , Albert Camus , André Malraux , Correspondance 1941 - 1959 , Paris , Gallimard , 2016 , 152 p . ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 014690 - 1 ) , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Alice ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` L'Étranger -- stranger than fiction '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitgang , Herbert ( 18 April 1988 ) . `` Classic French Novel is ' Americanized ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Messud , Claire ( 2014 ) . `` A New ' L'Étranger ' '' . The New York Review of Books . 61 ( 10 ) . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan Bloom ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Lost in Translation : What the First Line of The Stranger Should Be '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` janie '' ( October 1991 ) . `` inspirations '' . Cure News ( 11 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Albert Camus # The Outsider ( 1942 ) Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : The Stranger ( in the public domain in South Korea ) L'Étranger ( French version ) at Faded Page ( Canada ) L'Étranger , ebooksgratuits.com ; HTML format , public domain in Canada The Stranger '' data visualization and learning guide from LitCharts . <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Albert Camus Novels The Stranger The Plague The Fall A Happy Death The First Man Short stories Exile and the Kingdom `` The Adulterous Woman '' `` The Renegade '' `` The Silent Men '' `` The Guest '' `` The Artist at Work '' `` The Growing Stone '' Plays Caligula The Misunderstanding The State of Siege The Just Assassins The Possessed Essays The Myth of Sisyphus The Rebel `` Reflections on the Guillotine '' Resistance , Rebellion , and Death Summer in Algiers Non-fiction Betwixt and Between Neither Victims nor Executioners Notebooks 1935 -- 1942 Notebooks 1943 -- 1951 Nuptials <Th_colspan="2"> Albert Camus 's The Stranger ( 1942 ) Film adaptations The Stranger Fate Retelling The Meursault Investigation Other `` Killing an Arab '' A Happy Death WorldCat Identities BNF : cb11958514w ( data ) GND : 4236814 - 5 NLA : 36034212 SUDOC : 027574091 VIAF : 183847819 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Stranger_(Camus_novel)&oldid=865999670 '' Categories : 1942 French novels Novels by Albert Camus Absurdist fiction French philosophical novels Novels set in Algeria Éditions Gallimard books French novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with Bibliowiki links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 16 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Stranger (Camus novel)
2. Albert Camus
3. Meursault
4. Existentialism
5. Absurdism
|
2,209,197,280,568,322,800 |
who has won the most balon de oro
|
Ballon d'Or - wikipedia Ballon d'Or Jump to : navigation , search Michel Platini , pictured with the 1985 Ballon d'Or , won the award three times in succession . The Ballon d'Or ( French pronunciation : ( balɔ̃ dɔʁ ) ; `` Golden Ball '' ) , is an annual football award presented by France Football . It has been awarded since 1956 , although between 2010 and 2015 , an agreement was made with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year , and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or , but the partnership was ended in 2016 and the award been reversed back to Ballon d'Or while FIFA also renamed its traditional award . Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot , the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year , based on voting by football journalists . Originally , only European players were in contention for the Ballon d'Or : in 1995 the award was expanded to include all players at European clubs and in 2007 to all players from around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 2.1 Wins by player 2.2 Wins by country 2.3 Wins by club 3 Additional awards 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or . Prior to 1995 , the award was often known in English language media as the European Footballer of the Year award . Milan 's George Weah , the only African recipient , became the first non-European to win the award in the year the rules of eligibility were changed . Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later . Three players have won the award three times each : Johan Cruyff of Ajax and Barcelona , Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan . With seven awards each , Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or . Spanish club Barcelona had the most winners . Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive the award was merged with a similar award , the FIFA World Player of the Year award , to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or , which was awarded to the world 's best male player , before FIFA and France Football broke the merging agreement . After 2011 , UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the format of the original Ballon d'Or . Winners ( edit ) Key Indicates player also won the FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) or The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- ) in the same year Cristiano Ronaldo ( left ) and Lionel Messi , won four and five awards respectively . Year Rank Player Team Points <Th_colspan="5"> Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 1st Stanley Matthews Blackpool 47 2nd Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 44 3rd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 33 <Th_colspan="5"> 1957 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 72 2nd Billy Wright Wolverhampton Wanderers 19 3rd Duncan Edwards Manchester United 16 Raymond Kopa Real Madrid <Th_colspan="5"> 1958 1st Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 71 2nd Helmut Rahn Rot - Weiss Essen 40 3rd Just Fontaine Stade de Reims 23 <Th_colspan="5"> 1959 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 80 2nd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 42 3rd John Charles Juventus 24 <Th_colspan="5"> 1960 1st Luis Suárez Barcelona 54 2nd Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 37 3rd Uwe Seeler Hamburg 33 <Th_colspan="5"> 1961 1st Omar Sívori Juventus 46 2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 40 3rd Johnny Haynes Fulham 22 <Th_colspan="5"> 1962 1st Josef Masopust Dukla Prague 65 2nd Eusébio Benfica 53 3rd Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Köln 33 <Th_colspan="5"> 1963 1st Lev Yashin Dynamo Moscow 73 2nd Gianni Rivera Milan 53 3rd Jimmy Greaves Tottenham Hotspur 33 <Th_colspan="5"> 1964 1st Denis Law Manchester United 61 2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 43 3rd Amancio Real Madrid 38 <Th_colspan="5"> 1965 1st Eusébio Benfica 67 2nd Giacinto Facchetti Internazionale 59 3rd Luis Suárez Internazionale 45 <Th_colspan="5"> 1966 1st Bobby Charlton Manchester United 81 2nd Eusébio Benfica 80 3rd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 59 <Th_colspan="5"> 1967 1st Flórián Albert Ferencváros 68 2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 40 3rd Jimmy Johnstone Celtic 39 <Th_colspan="5"> 1968 1st George Best Manchester United 61 2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 53 3rd Dragan Džajić Red Star Belgrade 46 <Th_colspan="5"> 1969 1st Gianni Rivera Milan 83 2nd Luigi Riva Cagliari 79 3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 38 <Th_colspan="5"> 1970 1st Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 77 2nd Bobby Moore West Ham United 70 3rd Luigi Riva Cagliari 65 <Th_colspan="5"> 1971 1st Johan Cruyff Ajax 116 2nd Sandro Mazzola Internazionale 57 3rd George Best Manchester United 56 <Th_colspan="5"> 1972 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 81 2nd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 79 Günter Netzer Borussia Mönchengladbach <Th_colspan="5"> 1973 1st Johan Cruyff Barcelona 96 2nd Dino Zoff Juventus 47 3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 44 <Th_colspan="5"> 1st Johan Cruyff Barcelona 116 2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 105 3rd Kazimierz Deyna Legia Warsaw 35 <Th_colspan="5"> 1st Oleg Blokhin Dynamo Kyiv 122 2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 42 3rd Johan Cruyff Barcelona 27 <Th_colspan="5"> 1976 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 91 2nd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 75 3rd Ivo Viktor Dukla Prague 52 <Th_colspan="5"> 1977 1st Allan Simonsen Borussia Mönchengladbach 74 2nd Kevin Keegan Hamburg 71 3rd Michel Platini Nancy 70 <Th_colspan="5"> 1978 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 87 2nd Hans Krankl Barcelona 81 3rd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 50 <Th_colspan="5"> 1979 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 118 2nd Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 52 3rd Ruud Krol Ajax 41 <Th_colspan="5"> 1980 1st Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 122 2nd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 34 3rd Michel Platini Saint - Étienne 33 <Th_colspan="5"> 1981 1st Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 106 2nd Paul Breitner Bayern Munich 64 3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 39 <Th_colspan="5"> 1982 1st Paolo Rossi Juventus 115 2nd Alain Giresse Bordeaux 64 3rd Zbigniew Boniek Juventus 39 <Th_colspan="5"> 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110 2nd Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 26 3rd Allan Simonsen Vejle 25 <Th_colspan="5"> 1984 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110 2nd Jean Tigana Bordeaux 57 3rd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 48 <Th_colspan="5"> 1985 1st Michel Platini Juventus 127 2nd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 71 3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 46 <Th_colspan="5"> 1986 1st Igor Belanov Dynamo Kyiv 84 2nd Gary Lineker Barcelona 62 3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 59 <Th_colspan="5"> 1st Ruud Gullit Milan 106 2nd Paulo Futre Atlético Madrid 91 3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 61 <Th_colspan="5"> 1988 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129 2nd Ruud Gullit Milan 88 3rd Frank Rijkaard Milan 45 <Th_colspan="5"> 1989 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129 2nd Franco Baresi Milan 80 3rd Frank Rijkaard Milan 43 <Th_colspan="5"> 1990 1st Lothar Matthäus Internazionale 137 2nd Salvatore Schillaci Juventus 84 3rd Andreas Brehme Internazionale 68 <Th_colspan="5"> 1991 1st Jean - Pierre Papin Marseille 141 2nd Dejan Savićević Red Star Belgrade 42 Darko Pančev Red Star Belgrade Lothar Matthäus Internazionale <Th_colspan="5"> 1992 1st Marco van Basten Milan 98 2nd Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 80 3rd Dennis Bergkamp Ajax 53 <Th_colspan="5"> 1993 1st Roberto Baggio Juventus 142 2nd Dennis Bergkamp Internazionale 83 3rd Eric Cantona Manchester United 34 <Th_colspan="5"> 1994 1st Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 210 2nd Roberto Baggio Juventus 136 3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 109 <Th_colspan="5"> 1995 1st George Weah Milan 144 2nd Jürgen Klinsmann Bayern Munich 108 3rd Jari Litmanen Ajax 67 <Th_colspan="5"> 1st Matthias Sammer Borussia Dortmund 144 2nd Ronaldo Barcelona 143 3rd Alan Shearer Newcastle United 107 <Th_colspan="5"> 1997 1st Ronaldo Internazionale 222 2nd Predrag Mijatović Real Madrid 68 3rd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 63 <Th_colspan="5"> 1998 1st Zinedine Zidane Juventus 244 2nd Davor Šuker Real Madrid 68 3rd Ronaldo Internazionale 66 <Th_colspan="5"> 1999 1st Rivaldo Barcelona 219 2nd David Beckham Manchester United 154 3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 64 <Th_colspan="5"> 2000 1st Luís Figo Real Madrid 197 2nd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 181 3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 85 <Th_colspan="5"> 2001 1st Michael Owen Liverpool 176 2nd Raúl Real Madrid 140 3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 114 <Th_colspan="5"> 2002 1st Ronaldo Real Madrid 169 2nd Roberto Carlos Real Madrid 145 3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 110 <Th_colspan="5"> 2003 1st Pavel Nedvěd Juventus 190 2nd Thierry Henry Arsenal 128 3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 123 <Th_colspan="5"> 1st Andriy Shevchenko Milan 175 2nd Deco Porto 139 3rd Ronaldinho Barcelona 133 <Th_colspan="5"> 2005 1st Ronaldinho Barcelona 225 2nd Frank Lampard Chelsea 148 3rd Steven Gerrard Liverpool 142 <Th_colspan="5"> 2006 1st Fabio Cannavaro Real Madrid 173 2nd Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 124 3rd Thierry Henry Arsenal 121 <Th_colspan="5"> 2007 1st Kaká Milan 444 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 277 3rd Lionel Messi Barcelona 255 <Th_colspan="5"> 2008 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 446 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 281 3rd Fernando Torres Liverpool 179 <Th_colspan="5"> 2009 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 473 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 233 3rd Xavi Barcelona 170 <Th_colspan="5"> FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 22.65 % 2nd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 17.36 % 3rd Xavi Barcelona 16.48 % <Th_colspan="5"> 2011 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 47.88 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 21.60 % 3rd Xavi Barcelona 9.23 % <Th_colspan="5"> 2012 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.60 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 23.68 % 3rd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 10.91 % <Th_colspan="5"> 2013 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.99 % 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 24.72 % 3rd Franck Ribéry Bayern Munich 23.36 % <Th_colspan="5"> 2014 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 37.66 % 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 15.76 % 3rd Manuel Neuer Bayern Munich 15.72 % <Th_colspan="5"> 2015 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.33 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.76 % 3rd Neymar Barcelona 7.86 % <Th_colspan="5"> Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 745 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 316 3rd Antoine Griezmann Atlético Madrid 198 Wins by Player ( edit ) Johan Cruyff with the Ballon d'Or in 1971 One - time winners are only included if they have also finished 2nd or 3rd in another year . Player 1st 2nd 3rd Lionel Messi 5 ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) 4 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ) 1 ( 2007 ) Cristiano Ronaldo 4 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ) 5 ( 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) -- Michel Platini 3 ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 ) -- 2 ( 1977 , 1980 ) Johan Cruyff 3 ( 1971 , 1973 , 1974 ) -- 1 ( 1975 ) Marco van Basten 3 ( 1988 , 1989 , 1992 ) -- -- Franz Beckenbauer 2 ( 1972 , 1976 ) 2 ( 1974 , 1975 ) 1 ( 1966 ) Ronaldo 2 ( 1997 , 2002 ) 1 ( 1996 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Alfredo Di Stéfano 2 ( 1957 , 1959 ) 1 ( 1956 ) -- Kevin Keegan 2 ( 1978 , 1979 ) 1 ( 1977 ) -- Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 2 ( 1980 , 1981 ) 1 ( 1979 ) -- Luis Suárez 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1961 , 1964 ) 1 ( 1965 ) Eusébio 1 ( 1965 ) 2 ( 1962 , 1966 ) -- Bobby Charlton 1 ( 1966 ) 2 ( 1967 , 1968 ) -- Raymond Kopa 1 ( 1958 ) 1 ( 1959 ) 2 ( 1956 , 1957 ) Gerd Müller 1 ( 1970 ) 1 ( 1972 ) 2 ( 1969 , 1973 ) Zinedine Zidane 1 ( 1998 ) 1 ( 2000 ) 1 ( 1997 ) Gianni Rivera 1 ( 1969 ) 1 ( 1963 ) -- Ruud Gullit 1 ( 1987 ) 1 ( 1988 ) -- Lothar Matthäus 1 ( 1990 ) 1 ( 1991 ) -- Roberto Baggio 1 ( 1993 ) 1 ( 1994 ) -- Hristo Stoichkov 1 ( 1994 ) 1 ( 1992 ) -- Andriy Shevchenko 1 ( 2004 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2000 ) George Best 1 ( 1968 ) -- 1 ( 1971 ) Allan Simonsen 1 ( 1977 ) -- 1 ( 1983 ) Ronaldinho 1 ( 2005 ) -- 1 ( 2004 ) Wins by country ( edit ) Country Players Total Germany 5 7 Netherlands 7 France 6 Portugal 6 Italy 5 5 Brazil 5 England 5 Argentina 5 Soviet Union Spain Czech Republic Bulgaria Denmark Hungary Liberia Northern Ireland Scotland Ukraine Wins by club ( edit ) Club Players Total Barcelona 6 11 Real Madrid 6 9 Juventus 6 8 Milan 6 8 Bayern Munich 5 Manchester United Dynamo Kyiv Internazionale Hamburg Ajax Benfica Blackpool Borussia Dortmund Borussia Mönchengladbach Dukla Prague Dynamo Moscow Ferencváros Liverpool Marseille Additional awards ( edit ) A special Ballon d'Or , under the name Super Ballon d'Or , was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989 , after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football 's voting . A decade later , France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients . Among the 34 previous winners , 30 cast their votes ; Stanley Matthews , Omar Sívori and George Best abstained , and Lev Yashin had died . Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points ; however , Di Stéfano only chose a first place , Platini a first and second place , and George Weah two players for fifth place . Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters , receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner - up , Diego Maradona . Football Player of the Century Player Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Pelé ( BRA ) 122 17 5 Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 65 6 5 5 Johan Cruyff ( NED ) 62 7 9 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( ESP ) 44 Michel Platini ( FRA ) 40 5 6 To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016 , France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995 , when only European players were eligible to win the award . 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players ; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona , Garrincha , Mario Kempes , and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners . The original recipients , however , remain unchanged . Maradona and Pelé received honorary Ballons d'Or for their services to football in 1996 and 2013 , respectively . Le nouveau palmarès ( the new winners ) Year Original Alternative 1958 Raymond Kopa ( FRA ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1959 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( ESP ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1960 Luis Suárez ( ESP ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1961 Omar Sívori ( ITA ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1962 Josef Masopust ( TCH ) Garrincha ( BRA ) 1963 Lev Yashin ( URS ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1964 Denis Law ( SCO ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1970 Gerd Müller ( FRG ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1978 Kevin Keegan ( ENG ) Mario Kempes ( ARG ) 1986 Igor Belanov ( URS ) Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 1990 Lothar Matthäus ( GER ) Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 1994 Hristo Stoichkov ( BUL ) Romário ( BRA ) See also ( edit ) FIFA World Player of the Year FIFA Ballon d'Or The Best FIFA Football Awards FIFPro World XI Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Born in Argentina , Di Stéfano acquired Spanish citizenship in 1956 and went on to play for the Spanish national football team . Jump up ^ Born in Argentina , Sívori acquired Italian citizenship in 1961 and went on to play for the Italian national football team . Jump up ^ Cruyff was signed by Barcelona from Ajax midway through 1973 . Jump up ^ Keegan was signed by Hamburg from Liverpool midway through 1977 . Jump up ^ Lineker was signed by Barcelona from Everton midway through 1986 . Jump up ^ Gullit was signed by Milan from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1987 . Jump up ^ Futre was signed by Atlético Madrid from Porto midway through 1987 . Jump up ^ Rijkaard was signed by Milan from Real Zaragoza midway through 1988 . Jump up ^ Weah was signed by Milan from Paris Saint - Germain midway through 1995 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Barcelona from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1996 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Internazionale from Barcelona midway through 1997 . Jump up ^ Figo was signed by Real Madrid from Barcelona midway through 2000 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Internazionale midway through 2002 . Jump up ^ Deco was signed by Barcelona from Porto midway through 2004 . Jump up ^ Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from Juventus midway through 2006 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Manchester United midway through 2009 . Jump up ^ Messi won four FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) and twice finished in second place ( 2013 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo won two FIFA Ballons d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) and thrice finished in second place ( 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Matthews wins first Golden Ball '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1990s Ballon d'Or winners '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka wins 2007 award '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo joins legendary list '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings by Wins '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA Ballon d'Or is born '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the award came about '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or , de 1956 à nos jours '' . France Football . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Awards -- World Player of the Year '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On this day , Di Stéfano won the Super Ballon d'Or '' . RealMadrid.com. 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 23 December 2015 ) . `` France Football 's Football Player of the Century '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Thierry ( December 2015 ) . `` On a refait le palmarès '' . France Football . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona receives honorary award '' . BBC Sport. 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pele receives FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur '' . FIFA.com. 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . `` La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or , de 1956 à nos jours '' . France Football . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . <Th_colspan="3"> Ballon d'Or <Td_colspan="3"> France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : TBA <Td_colspan="3"> FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballon_d%27Or&oldid=810637273 '' Categories : Awards disestablished in 2009 Awards established in 1956 Awards established in 2016 Association football player of the year awards Ballon d'Or Awards by magazines 1956 establishments in Europe 2016 establishments in Europe Hidden categories : Featured lists Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 14 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Ballon d'Or award
2. FIFA Ballon d'Or
3. Winners of the Ballon d'Or
4. Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo
5. History of the Ballon d'Or
|
-7,284,630,383,442,911,000 |
is unicef a part of the united nations
|
UNICEF - Wikipedia UNICEF Jump to : navigation , search United Nations Children 's Fund <Td_colspan="2"> Abbreviation UNICEF Established 11 December 1946 Type Fund Legal status Active Headquarters New York City , Geneva Executive Director Anthony Lake Parent organization United Nations Affiliations United Nations Revenue $5,009,557,471 Website www.unicef.org The United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF / ˈjuːnɪsɛf / ) is a United Nations ( UN ) programme headquartered in New York City that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries . It is a member of the United Nations Development Group . The United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund was created by the United Nations General Assembly on the 11th of December 1946 , to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II . The Polish physician Ludwik Rajchman is widely regarded as the founder of UNICEF and served as its first chairman from 1946 . On Rajchman 's suggestion , the American Maurice Pate was appointed its first executive director , serving from 1947 until his death in 1965 . In 1950 , UNICEF 's mandate was extended to address the long - term needs of children and women in developing countries everywhere . In 1953 it became a permanent part of the United Nations System , and the words `` international '' and `` emergency '' were dropped from the organization 's name , making it simply the United Nations Children 's Fund , retaining the original acronym , `` UNICEF '' . UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors , UNICEF 's total income for 2015 was US $5,009,557,471 . Governments contribute two - thirds of the organization 's resources . Private groups and individuals contribute the rest through national committees . It is estimated that 92 per cent of UNICEF revenue is distributed to programme services . UNICEF 's programmes emphasize developing community - level services to promote the health and well - being of children . UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006 . Most of UNICEF 's work is in the field , with staff in over 190 countries and territories . More than 200 country offices carry out UNICEF 's mission through programmes developed with host governments . Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed . UNICEF 's Supply Division is based in Copenhagen and serves as the primary point of distribution for such essential items as vaccines , antiretroviral medicines for children and mothers with HIV , nutritional supplements , emergency shelters , family reunification , and educational supplies . A 36 - member executive board establishes policies , approves programmes and oversees administrative and financial plans . The executive board is made up of government representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council , usually for three - year terms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Governance 2 UNICEF national committees 3 Promotion and fundraising 4 Sponsorship 4.1 UNICEF Kid Power 4.2 Trick - or - Treat UNICEF box 4.3 Cartoons for Children 's Rights 4.4 Corporate partnership 4.5 Corporate Social Responsibility 4.6 Girl Star 5 Celebrity ambassadors 6 Facilities 6.1 UNICEF World Warehouse 6.2 UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre 7 Controversies 7.1 Adoption program 7.2 Infant mortality 7.3 NSA surveillance 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Governance ( edit ) Each country office ( 190 countries ) carries out UNICEF 's mission through a unique programme of cooperation developed with the host government . This five - year programme focuses on practical ways to realize the rights of children and women . Regional offices guide this work and provide technical assistance to country offices as needed . Overall management and administration of the organization takes place at headquarters , where global policy on children is shaped . Guiding and monitoring all of UNICEF 's work is a 36 - member Executive Board made up of government representatives . They establish policies , approve programmes and decide on administrative and financial plans and budgets . Executive Board 's work is coordinated by the Bureau , comprising the President and four Vice-Presidents ( Total 5 ) , each officer representing one of the five regional groups . These five officers , each one representing one of the five regional groups , are elected by the Executive Board each year from among its members , with the presidency rotating among the regional groups on an annual basis . As a matter of custom , permanent members of the Security Council do not serve as officers of the Executive Board . Office of the Secretary of the Executive Board supports and services the Executive Board . It is responsible for maintaining an effective relationship between the Executive Board and the UNICEF secretariat , and helps to organize the field visits of the Executive Board . UNICEF School in a box contains basic educational items for one teacher and 40 students UNICEF national committees ( edit ) See also : List of UNICEF National Committees There are national committees in 34 ( industrialized ) countries , each established as an independent local non-governmental organization . The national committees raise funds from the private sector . UNICEF is funded entirely by voluntary contributions , and the National Committees collectively raise around one - third of UNICEF 's annual income . This comes through contributions from corporations , civil society organizations around six million individual donors worldwide . Promotion and fundraising ( edit ) In the United States , Canada and some other countries , UNICEF is known for its `` Trick - Or - Treat for UNICEF '' programme in which children collect money for UNICEF from the houses they trick - or - treat on Halloween night , sometimes instead of candy . UNICEF is present in 191 countries and territories around the world , but not involved in nine others ( Bahamas , Brunei , Cyprus , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Malta , Mauritius , Monaco , and Singapore ) . Many people in developed countries first hear about UNICEF 's work through the activities of one of the 36 National Committees for UNICEF . These non-governmental organizations ( NGO ) are primarily responsible for fundraising , selling UNICEF greeting cards and products , creating private and public partnerships , advocating for children 's rights , and providing other support . The US Fund for UNICEF is the oldest of the national committees , founded in 1947 . On 19 April 2007 , Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children , in which role she has visited Brazil ( 2007 ) , China ( 2008 ) , and Burundi ( 2009 ) . In 2009 , the British retailer Tesco used `` Change for Good '' as advertising , which is trademarked by UNICEF for charity usage but not for commercial or retail use . This prompted the agency to say , `` it is the first time in Unicef 's history that a commercial entity has purposely set out to capitalise on one of our campaigns and subsequently damage an income stream which several of our programmes for children are dependent on '' . They went on to call on the public `` who have children 's welfare at heart , to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices '' . Sponsorship ( edit ) Lionel Messi who is also a wearing a Barcelona shirt showing the UNICEF logo On 7 September 2006 , an agreement between UNICEF and the Spanish Catalan association football club FC Barcelona was reached whereby the club would donate 1.5 million Euros per year to the organization for five years . As part of the agreement , FC Barcelona would wear the UNICEF logo on the front of their uniforms . This was the first time a football club sponsored an organization rather than the other way around . It was also the first time in FC Barcelona 's history that they have had another organization 's name across the front of their uniform . In January 2007 UNICEF struck a partnership with Canada 's national tent pegging team . The team was officially re-flagged as `` UNICEF Team Canada '' , its riders wear UNICEF 's logo in competition , and team members promote and raise funds for UNICEF 's campaign against childhood HIV - AIDS . When the team became the 2008 tent pegging world champions , UNICEF 's flag was raised alongside the Canadian flag at the games , the first time in the history of international Grand Prix equestrian competition that a non-state flag has flown over the medal podium . The Swedish club Hammarby IF followed the Spanish and Canadian lead on 14 April 2007 , also raising funds for UNICEF and displaying the UNICEF name on their sportswear . The Danish football club Brøndby IF participated in a similar arrangement from 2008 to 2013 . Australian A-League club Sydney FC announced they would also enter into a partnership with UNICEF raising funds for children in the Asia - Pacific region , and would also display the UNICEF logo for the remainder of the 2011 - 12 A-League season . Race driver Jacques Villeneuve has occasionally placed the UNICEF logo on the # 27 Bill Davis Racing pickup truck in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . In Botswana , UNICEF has funded the development of new state - of - the - art HIV / AIDS education for every schoolchild in Botswana from nonprofit organization TeachAIDS . UNICEF recently announced a landmark partnership with Scottish club Rangers F.C. UNICEF will partner the Rangers Charity Foundation and have pledged to raise £ 300,000 by 2011 . In 2010 , UNICEF created a partnership with Phi Iota Alpha , making them the first Greek Lettered Organization UNICEF has ever worked with . In 2011 , Phi Iota Alpha raised over $20,000 for the Tap Project and the Trick or Treats for UNICEF Campaign . In 2013 , they agreed a contract with Greek association football champions Olympiacos F.C. who will show the organization 's logo on the front of their shirts . UNICEF Kid Power ( edit ) Main article : UNICEF Kid Power Started in 2015 , Kid Power is a division of UNICEF that was created as an effort to involve kids in helping other kids in need . UNICEF Kid Power developed the world 's first Wearable for Good , called Kid Power Bands , which is a kids ' fitness tracker bracelet that connects to a smartphone app . The app lets users complete missions , which counts total steps and awards points . The points then unlock funding from partners , which is then used by UNICEF to deliver lifesaving packets of therapeutic food to severely malnourished children around the world . Trick - or - Treat UNICEF box ( edit ) Main article : Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF Since 1950 , when a group of children in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , donated $17 which they received on Halloween to help post-World War II victims , the Trick - or - Treat UNICEF box has become a tradition in North America during the fall . These small orange boxes are handed to children at schools and other locations before 31 October . As of 2012 , the Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF campaign has collected approximately CAD 91 million in Canada and over US $ 167 million in the U.S. Cartoons for children 's rights ( edit ) Main article : Cartoons for Children 's Rights In 1994 , UNICEF held a summit encouraging animation studios around the world to create individual animated spots demonstrating the international rights of children . Cartoons for Children 's Rights is the collection of animated shorts based on UNICEF 's Convention on the Rights of the Child . Corporate partnership ( edit ) To raise money to support its Education and Literacy Programmes , UNICEF collaborates with companies worldwide -- international as well as small - and medium - sized businesses . Since 2004 , the organization has been supported by Montblanc , working collaboratively to help the world 's children getting better access to education . According to Vaccine News Daily , Merck & Co. partnered with UNICEF in June 2013 to decrease maternal mortality , HIV and tuberculosis prevalence in South Africa . Merck 's programme `` Merck for Mothers '' will give US $500 million worldwide for programmes that improve health for expectant mothers and their children . In May 2010 , Crucell N.V. announced an additional US $110 million award from UNICEF to supply its pentavalent pediatric vaccine Quinvaxem to the developing world . Corporate Social Responsibility ( edit ) UNICEF works directly with companies to improve their business practices , bringing them in line with obligations under international law , and ensuring that they respect children 's rights in the realms of the marketplace , workplace , and the community . In 2012 , UNICEF worked with Save the Children and The United Nations Global Compact to develop the Children 's Rights and Business Principles and now these guidelines form the basis UNICEF 's advice to companies . UNICEF works with companies seeking to improve their social sustainability by guiding them through a due diligence process where issues throughout their supply chain , such as child labour , can be identified and actions to ratify them are put in place . Girl Star ( edit ) The Girl Star project is a series of films which documents stories of girls from the most disadvantaged communities across five northern states in India who , through via education , have managed to break socio - economic constraints to make a success of their lives and become self - sufficient . These young women have grown to become role models in their communities , inspiring younger girls to go to school and continue their education . They have selected professions from the most conventional such as teaching and nursing , to the most unconventional like archery , bee - keeping , scrap management , often entering what has traditionally been a man 's domain . Girl star is also one of unices most known projects . Celebrity Ambassadors ( edit ) Main article : List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors UNICEF Ambassadors are leaders in the entertainment industry , representing the fields of film , television , music , sports and beyond . They help raise awareness of the needs of children , and use their talent and fame to fund - raise , advocate , and educate on behalf of UNICEF . Facilities ( edit ) One of the gates to the old UNICEF World Warehouse The UNICEF research centre in Florence UNICEF world warehouse ( edit ) The old UNICEF World Warehouse is a large facility in Denmark , which hosts UNICEF deliverable goods as well as co-hosts emergency goods for United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) . Until 2012 the facilities was a 25,000 m warehouse at Marmormolen in Copenhagen . With construction of a 45,000 m UN City that is to house all UN activities in Copenhagen under one roof , the warehouse service has been relocated to outer parts of the Freeport of Copenhagen . The facility houses the UNICEF Supply Division which manages strategic transport hubs in Dubai , Panama and Shanghai . The warehouse contains a variety of items , e.g. , food supplements , water purification tablets , dietary and vitamin supplements , and the `` School in a box '' ( illustrated above ) . UNICEF Innocenti research centre ( edit ) The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence , Italy , was established in 1988 . The centre , formally known as the International Child Development Centres , has as its prime objectives to improve international understanding of issues relating to children 's rights , to promote economic policies that advance the cause of children , and to help facilitate the full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in industrialized and developing countries . The programme for 2006 -- 2008 was approved by UNICEF Executive Board in September 2005 . This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2015 ) It reaffirms the centre 's academic freedom and the focus of IRC 's research on knowledge gaps , emerging questions and sensitive issues which are relevant to the realization of children 's rights , in developing and industrialized countries . It capitalizes on IRC 's role as an interface between UNICEF field experience , international experts , research networks and policy makers and is designed to strengthen the centre 's institutional collaboration with regional academic and policy institutions , pursuing the following goals : Generation and communication of strategic and influential knowledge on issues affecting children and the realization of their rights ; Knowledge exchange and brokering ; Support to UNICEF 's advocacy , policy 's and programme development in support of the Millennium Agenda Securing and strengthening the centre 's institutional and financial basis . Three interrelated strategies guide the achievement of these goals : Evidence - based analysis drawing on quantitative and qualitative information , the application of appropriate methodologies , and the development of recommendations to assess and inform advocacy and policy action . Enhanced partnerships with research and policy institutions and development actors , globally and at regional level , in developing and industrialized countries . Communication and leveraging of research findings and recommendations to support policy development and advocacy initiatives through strategic dissemination of studies and contribution to relevant events and fora . Controversies ( edit ) Adoption program ( edit ) UNICEF has a policy preferring orphanages only be used as temporary accommodation for children when there is no alternative . UNICEF has historically opposed the creation of large - scale , permanent orphanages for children , preferring instead to find children places in their ( extended ) families and communities , wherever possible . This has led UNICEF to be skeptical of international adoption efforts as a solution to child care problems in developing countries ; UNICEF has preferred to see children cared for in their birth countries rather than be adopted by foreign parents . Major news outlets such as US News have asserted UNICEF 's intervention when giving large cash payments to developing countries can lead to a cessation of international adoptions until all of its recommendations are in place , and have even labeled UNICEF a `` villain '' for the extent of its negative impact on orphans . Elizabeth Bartholet and Paulo Barrozo have written in this context , encouraging adoption protocols to take on a more child - centric viewpoint . Infant mortality ( edit ) One concern is that the child mortality rate has not decreased in some areas as rapidly as had been planned , especially in Sub-Saharan Africa , where in 2013 `` the region still has the highest child mortality rate : 92 deaths per 1000 live births '' . and that `` Globally , nearly half of under - five deaths are attributable to undernutrition . '' In 2005 , Richard Horton editor - in - chief of The Lancet , editorialized that `` over 60 % of these deaths were and remain preventable '' and that the coverage levels for these interventions are `` appallingly low in the 42 countries that account for 90 % of child deaths '' . Nsa surveillance ( edit ) Further information : Global surveillance disclosure Documents released by Edward Snowden in December 2013 showed that UNICEF was among the surveillance targets of British and American intelligence agencies . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Hunger relief portal Afghan New Beginnings Programme Alliance for Healthy Cities Awaaz do -- India Facts for Life Integrated Management of Childhood Illness James P. Grant , who was the third executive director of UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey , statistical monitoring program of UNICEF Music for UNICEF Concert Odisha State Child Protection Society Unite for Children , Unite Against AIDS Voices of Youth RapidSMS ( co-developed by UNICEF ) Children in emergencies and conflicts Refugee children References ( edit ) Jump up ^ UNICEF Geneva Regional Office ^ Jump up to : UNICEF Annual Report 2015 . unicef.org Jump up ^ `` UNICEF '' , Dictionary.com Unbaridged , retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 Jump up ^ Y . Beigbeder , New Challenges for UNICEF : Children , Women and Human Rights ( p. 12 ) , Springer , 2001 , ISBN 9780230595576 Jump up ^ `` Fifty years for children '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About UNICEF - FAQ '' . UNICEF . What does the acronym UNICEF stand for ? . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Charity Navigator Rating -- United States Fund for UNICEF . Charitynavigator.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` How UNICEF works '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Presentation -- UNICEF 's Resource Development Architecture Key Trends and Challenges . UNICEF . Retrieved on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Information by country '' . UNICEF. 2014 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ US Fund for UNICEF , unicefusa.org Archived October 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Press centre -- HRH Grand Duchess of Luxembourg becomes Eminent Advocate for Children . UNICEF . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brazil -- UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children visits AIDS projects in São Paulo . UNICEF . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ China -- Summer camp aims to help children in China affected by AIDS . UNICEF . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Burundi -- Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg visits Burundi . UNICEF . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Unicef accuses Tesco of misusing charity slogan '' . The Irish Times , July 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Tesco in clash with Unicef -- Irish , Business . Independent.ie . July 26 , 2009 . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Futbol Club Barcelona , UNICEF team up for children in global partnership '' . UNICEF. 7 September 2006 . Jump up ^ UNICEF Team Canada , maharaj.org Jump up ^ Newstrack India `` International Tent Pegging '' , January 14 , 2008 Jump up ^ UNICEF , Hammarby strikes partnership , hammarbyfotboll.se ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` UNICEF '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney FC and UNICEF do the rights things to improve child rights throughout Asia '' . UNICEF. 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF funds TeachAIDS work in Botswana '' . TeachAIDS. 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` International Charity Partner -- UNICEF '' . Rangers Charity Foundation . 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Humanitarian Missions : UNICEF Kid Power '' . Wired Magazine . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Kid Power Bands '' . UNICEF Kid Power . Jump up ^ Smylie , James H. ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Presbyterians initiated UNICEF 's ' Trick - or - Treat ' programme 50 years ago '' . The Presbyterian Outlook . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF '' . unicefusa.org . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Montblanc UNICEF 's corporate partnerships '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Emma ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Merck for Mothers contributes to UNICEF 's South African efort '' . Vaccine News Daily . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crucell announces new award of $110 million for paediatric vaccine Quinvaxem by UNICEF '' . Leiden Bio Science Park . May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Social Responsibility - Home '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF India - Media centre - Girl Star Project '' . Unicef.org. 2007 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Ambassadors '' . UNICEF : United States Fund . UNICEF . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ By & Havn . `` FN Byen '' ( in Danish ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Copenhagen warehouse - Supplies and Logistics - UNICEF '' . UNICEF. 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Innocenti Research Centre , UNICEF-irc.org Jump up ^ Bartholet article on human rights and adoption Jump up ^ `` Both Ends Burning '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Roff . `` Bureaucracy Keeps Adopted Children Stuck in International Limbo - US News '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Danzhen You , Lucia Hug and Yao Chen , `` Levels and Trends in Child Mortality : Report 2014 : Estimates Developed by the UN Interagency Group for Child mortality Estimation '' . Published by the United Nations Children 's Fund , The World Bank , the World Health Organization and the United Nations Population Division , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Horton , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` UNICEF leadership 2005 -- 2015 : a call for strategic change '' . The Lancet . 364 ( 9451 ) : 2071 -- 2074 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 04 ) 17560 - 0 . PMID 15589292 . Jump up ^ GCHQ and NSA targeted charities , Germans , Israeli PM and EU chief The Guardian 20 December 2013 External links ( edit ) UNICEF ( United Nations Children 's Fund ) . Official UNICEF website United Nations Rule of Law : The United Nations Children 's Fund , on the rule of law work conducted by the United Nations Children Fund . UN Practitioner 's Portal on HRBA Programming Resources on rights of the child , UN centralised webportal on the Human Rights - Based Approach to Development Programming . <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements Preceded by Martin Luther King , Jr . Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1965 Succeeded by René Cassin 1968 <Th_colspan="2"> Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> United Nations Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) Membership List of members of the United Nations Economic and Social Council Functional commissions UN Commission for Social Development ( CsocD ) Commission on Narcotic Drugs Commission on Science and Technology for Development ( CSTD ) UN Commission on the Status of Women ( UN CSW ) Commission on Population and Development UN Statistical Commission United Nations Forum on Forests Regional commissions Europe ( ECE ) Africa ( ECA ) Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC ) Asia and the Pacific ( ESCAP ) Western Asia ( ESCWA ) Specialized agencies International Labour Organization ( ILO ) Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) Universal Postal Union ( UPU ) World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ) United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO ) United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) United Nations Office of Project Services ( UNOPS ) International Refugee Organisation ( IRO -- ceased to exist in 1952 ) International Narcotics Control Board ( INCB ) World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) International Development Association ( IDA ) International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID ) Other entities United Nations Development Group ( UNDG ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues ( UNPFII ) United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund ( UNICEF ) High - level Political Forum on Sustainable Development ( HLPF ) Disbanded entities Commission on Sustainable Development ( CSD - Disbanded 2013 into UNHLPF ) UN Commission on Human Rights ( UNCHR - Disbanded 2006 in to UNHRC ) <Td_colspan="2"> United Nations Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Global governance and identity Proposals United Nations Parliamentary Assembly World government Theories Anti-nationalism Cosmopolitanism Counter-hegemonic globalization Democratic globalization Democratic mundialization Global citizenship Global governance Globalism Internationalism Transnational governance World currency World taxation system Organisations Democratic World Federalists Global citizens movement World Federalist Movement World Service Authority World Passport <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United Nations Charter Text Preamble Chapter I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX Amendments History 1919 Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Covenant of the League of Nations 1943 Moscow Conference 1943 Tehran Conference 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference 1945 Conference on International Organization Signatories Organs created Security Council General Assembly Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council International Court of Justice ( statute ) Secretariat Military Staff Committee <Td_colspan="2"> Complete text UN portal <Th_colspan="2"> United Nations <Td_colspan="2"> António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Peter Thomson , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture VIAF : 154182010 LCCN : n79093850 ISNI : 0000 0001 2189 1912 GND : 2023668 - 2 SELIBR : 133407 SUDOC : 026437228 BNF : cb118684944 ( data ) NLA : 35561200 NDL : 00288570 NKC : kn20010711466 BNE : XX129129 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNICEF&oldid=812373583 '' Categories : UNICEF 1946 establishments in New York ( state ) Organizations established in 1946 United Nations Development group United Nations Economic and Social Council Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes Recipients of the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Children 's charities based in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Swedish - language external links CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 14 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund
2. Humanitarian and developmental assistance
3. Children and mothers in developing countries
4. Funding and programs
5. Controversies and challenges
|
-6,038,741,786,315,908,000 |
where does the last name haga come from
|
Haga - wikipedia Haga Jump to : navigation , search Haga is a surname and place name common to Norway , Sweden and Japan . Haga may refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 People 2 Fictional 3 Places 3.1 Finland 3.2 Japan 3.3 Norway 3.4 Sweden 4 Other People ( edit ) Akane Haga ( 2002 ) , 12th generation member of Japanese pop group Morning Musume Arild Haga ( 1913 -- 1985 ) , Norwegian revue writer Åslaug Haga , Norwegian politician and was the leader of the Centre Party Borghild Bondevik Haga ( 1906 -- 1990 ) , Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party Cornelius Haga ( 1578 -- 1654 ) , first ambassador of the Dutch Republic to the Ottoman Empire Hans Haga ( 1924 - 2008 ) , Norwegian agrarian leader Hans Jensen Haga , Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party Herman Haga ( 1852 -- 1936 ) , Dutch physicist Marcelius Haga , Norwegian politician Noriyuki Haga , Japanese Superbike World Championship rider Ryunosuke Haga ( born 1991 ) , Japanese judoka Yōsuke Haga ( 芳賀 陽介 , born 1986 ) , Japanese ice hockey player Fictional ( edit ) Insector Haga , character from Yu - Gi - Oh ! Duel Monsters ( Weevil Underwood in English language adaptations ) Places ( edit ) Finland ( edit ) Haaga ( in Swedish Haga ) , a district in Helsinki Japan ( edit ) Haga , Hyōgo , a former town in Hyōgo Prefecture Haga , Tochigi , a town in Tochigi Prefecture Haga District , Tochigi , a district in Tochigi Prefecture Norway ( edit ) Haga , Nes , a village in Nes municipality , Akershus county Haga Station , a railway station located in the village of Haga in Nes municipality Haga , Hordaland , a village in Samnanger municipality , Hordaland county Haga Church , a church in the village of Haga in Samnanger municipality Sweden ( edit ) Håga , locality situated in Uppsala Municipality , Uppsala County , Sweden Haga , Gothenburg , a district in Gothenburg Haga , Umeå , a residential area in Umeå Haga Castle , Swedish castle outside Enköping by Lake Mälaren Haga Church , church located in Gothenburg , Sweden Haga Echo Temple , situated in Hagaparken in Stockholm Haga , Enköping , locality situated in Enköping Municipality , Uppsala County , Sweden , Haga Palace , located in Hagaparken , Solna Municipality in Sweden Haga trädgård , located in the northern end of Hagaparken Solna , Sweden Hagaparken ( Haga Park ) , in Solna Municipality just north of Stockholm Other ( edit ) The battle cry of Sapporo cannoneers . Hebrew term for yum - yum . SS Haga , a number of steamships This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Haga . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haga&oldid=830258708 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname - holder lists Japanese - language surnames Norwegian - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 18 : 51 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Haga - surname and place name in Norway, Sweden, and Japan
2. People with the surname Haga
3. Fictional character named Insector Haga
4. Places named Haga in Finland, Japan, Norway, and Sweden
5. SS Haga - a number of steamships
|
-8,507,442,903,023,513,000 |
what is the first stanza of the star spangled banner
|
The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner Jump to : navigation , search `` Star - Spangled Banner '' redirects here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' <Td_colspan="2"> The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . <Td_colspan="2"> National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 3 , 1931 ; 87 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instrumental file help <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , with 15 stars and 15 stripes , known as the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of 19 semitones , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the British national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Modern history 2.1 Performances 2.2 200th anniversary celebrations 2.3 Adaptations 3 Lyrics 3.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 3.2 Alternative lyrics 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call to remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's lyrics ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music ( edit ) Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . National anthem ( edit ) Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Modern history ( edit ) Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations ( edit ) The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations ( edit ) See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward , she attempted a gesture of ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . Lyrics ( edit ) O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics ( edit ) In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics ( edit ) In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . References in film , television , literature ( edit ) Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law ( edit ) Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 , the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute ( edit ) Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 - meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , in response to police brutality in America , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call to remove the National anthem ( edit ) In November 2017 , the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star - Spangled Banner as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NAACP president said : `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stanza of the anthem , which is rarely sung and few know , contains the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations ( edit ) As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media ( edit ) The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also ( edit ) In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My country ' tis of thee ( Song Collection ) '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service , Fort McHenry National Monument , and Historic Shrine . Retrieved February 2008 . Archived April 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` When the Warrior Returns - Key '' . Potw.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin ( 1988 ) . The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 . pp. 288 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clague ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' critics miss the point '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know : The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery '' . Theintercept.com. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Is the National Anthem Racist ? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : The Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links ( edit ) `` New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had a complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio ( edit ) The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 <Th_colspan="2"> National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland <Th_colspan="2"> National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( U.S. ) Cook Islands ( N.Z. ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( U.S. ) Hawaii ( U.S. ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( N.Z. ) Northern Mariana Islands ( U.S. ) Pitcairn Islands ( U.K. ) Tokelau ( N.Z. ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( U.S. ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) <Th_colspan="4"> War of 1812 <Td_colspan="4"> Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War <Td_colspan="4"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park VIAF : 186293289 LCCN : n50081577 GND : 4756592 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=828672096 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Songs based on poems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Star-Spangled Banner
2. National anthem of the United States
3. Francis Scott Key
4. Battle of Baltimore
5. American patriotic song
|
-8,358,087,041,078,331,000 |
who won the most nba defensive player of the year
|
NBA Defensive Player of the Year award - wikipedia NBA Defensive Player of the Year award hide National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team Michael Jordan is one of four players to have won both an MVP and a Defensive Player of the Year award in their career . David Robinson won the award in the 1991 -- 92 NBA season . Gary Payton is the only point guard to win the award . Dwight Howard has won the award three consecutive times in his career . The NBA 's Defensive Player of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1982 -- 83 NBA season to the best defensive player of the regular season . The winner is selected by a panel of 124 sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada , each of whom casts a vote for first , second and third place selections . Each first - place vote is worth five points , second - place voted are worth three points , and a third - place vote is worth one . The player with the highest point total , regardless of the number of first - place votes , wins the award . Since its inception , the award has been given to 21 different players . Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace have each won the award a record four times . Dwight Howard is the only player to ever win the award in three consecutive seasons . Sidney Moncrief , Mark Eaton , Dennis Rodman , Hakeem Olajuwon , Alonzo Mourning , and Kawhi Leonard have each won it twice . The most recent award recipient is Rudy Gobert of the Utah Jazz . Although five of the first six winners were perimeter players , the award has traditionally been given to big men who rebound and block shots . Only seven perimeter players have been honored : Moncrief , Alvin Robertson , Michael Cooper , Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Ron Artest ( known now as Metta World Peace ) , and Kawhi Leonard . Payton is the only point guard to have won . Jordan , Olajuwon , David Robinson , and Kevin Garnett are the only Defensive Player of the Year winners to have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) during their careers ; Jordan and Olajuwon won both awards in the same season . In Olajuwon 's case , he is the only one to have also won the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award and the NBA championship in the same season . On four occasions , the Defensive Player of the Year recipient was not voted to the NBA All - Defensive First Team in the same year . Robertson in 1986 , Mutombo ( 1995 ) , Tyson Chandler ( 2012 ) , and Marc Gasol ( 2013 ) were instead named to the second team . Whereas the Defensive Player of the Year is voted on by the media , the All - Defensive teams were voted on by NBA coaches prior to 2014 . No player trained completely outside the U.S. has won this award . Out of the three winners born outside the U.S. , Mutombo and Olajuwon both played U.S. college basketball , and Gasol played U.S. high school basketball . Joakim Noah has played for the France national basketball team , but was born in New York City , and played both high school and college basketball in the U.S. Contents 1 Winners 2 Multi-time winners 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Winners ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player has received the award Season Player Position Nationality Team 1982 -- 83 Sidney Moncrief Guard United States Milwaukee Bucks 1983 -- 84 Sidney Moncrief ( 2 ) Guard United States Milwaukee Bucks 1984 -- 85 Mark Eaton Center United States Utah Jazz 1985 -- 86 Alvin Robertson Guard United States San Antonio Spurs 1986 -- 87 Michael Cooper Guard / Forward United States Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Michael Jordan * Guard United States Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 Mark Eaton ( 2 ) Center United States Utah Jazz 1989 -- 90 Dennis Rodman * Forward United States Detroit Pistons 1990 -- 91 Dennis Rodman * ( 2 ) Forward United States Detroit Pistons 1991 -- 92 David Robinson * Center United States San Antonio Spurs 1992 -- 93 Hakeem Olajuwon * Center Nigeria Houston Rockets 1993 -- 94 Hakeem Olajuwon * ( 2 ) Center Nigeria Houston Rockets 1994 -- 95 Dikembe Mutombo * Center Zaire Denver Nuggets 1995 -- 96 Gary Payton * Guard United States Seattle SuperSonics 1996 -- 97 Dikembe Mutombo * ( 2 ) Center Zaire Atlanta Hawks 1997 -- 98 Dikembe Mutombo * ( 3 ) Center Democratic Republic of the Congo Atlanta Hawks 1998 -- 99 Alonzo Mourning * Center United States Miami Heat 1999 -- 00 Alonzo Mourning * ( 2 ) Center United States Miami Heat 2000 -- 01 Dikembe Mutombo * ( 4 ) Center Democratic Republic of the Congo Philadelphia 76ers 2001 -- 02 Ben Wallace Center United States Detroit Pistons 2002 -- 03 Ben Wallace ( 2 ) Center United States Detroit Pistons 2003 -- 04 Ron Artest Forward United States Indiana Pacers 2004 -- 05 Ben Wallace ( 3 ) Center United States Detroit Pistons 2005 -- 06 Ben Wallace ( 4 ) Center United States Detroit Pistons 2006 -- 07 Marcus Camby Center United States Denver Nuggets 2007 -- 08 Kevin Garnett Forward / Center United States Boston Celtics 2008 -- 09 Dwight Howard ^ Center United States Orlando Magic 2009 -- 10 Dwight Howard ^ ( 2 ) Center United States Orlando Magic 2010 -- 11 Dwight Howard ^ ( 3 ) Center United States Orlando Magic 2011 -- 12 Tyson Chandler ^ Center United States New York Knicks 2012 -- 13 Marc Gasol ^ Center Spain Memphis Grizzlies 2013 -- 14 Joakim Noah ^ Center France Chicago Bulls 2014 -- 15 Kawhi Leonard ^ Forward United States San Antonio Spurs 2015 -- 16 Kawhi Leonard ^ ( 2 ) Forward United States San Antonio Spurs 2016 -- 17 Draymond Green ^ Forward United States Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 Rudy Gobert ^ Center France Utah Jazz Multi-time winners ( edit ) Rank Player Team No . Years Dikembe Mutombo Denver Nuggets ( 1 ) / Atlanta Hawks ( 2 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 Ben Wallace Detroit Pistons 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 Dwight Howard Orlando Magic 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Sidney Moncrief Milwaukee Bucks 1983 , 1984 Mark Eaton Utah Jazz 1985 , 1989 Dennis Rodman Detroit Pistons 1990 , 1991 Hakeem Olajuwon Houston Rockets 1993 , 1994 Alonzo Mourning Miami Heat 1999 , 2000 Kawhi Leonard San Antonio Spurs 2015 , 2016 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA Development League Defensive Player of the Year Award Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Has won the NBA championship ^ Jump up to : Has won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award ^ Jump up to : Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria , but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 1997 . Jump up ^ Ron Artest changed his name into Metta World Peace on September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Noah has played on the France national basketball team , and also holds American and Swedish passports . References ( edit ) General `` Defensive Player of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . `` Defensive Player of the Year Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Nuggets ' Camby Wins NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Garnett Wins Defensive Player of the Year Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Wallace Wins Fourth Defensive Player of the Year Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Dwight Howard trying to avoid ' circus ' '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( January 8 , 2004 ) . `` Defending the little guy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rethinking Defensive Player of the Year : The Defensive Duo Award '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winderman , Ira ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron second in vote for NBA Defensive Player of Year '' . South Floria Sun Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gress , Steve ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Looking back at The Glove '' . Corvallis Gazette - Times . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hakeem Olajuwon Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Garnett Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Begley , Ian ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Tyson named to all - defensive second team '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Mike ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Noah dominates all - defensive voting '' . Daily Herald . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeem Olajuwon Bio : 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Republic of the Congo '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artest 's Name Change to Metta World Peace Approved '' . The New York Times . September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joakim Noah '' . HoopsHype.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1983 : Moncrief 1984 : Moncrief 1985 : Eaton 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Cooper 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Eaton 1990 : Rodman 1991 : Rodman 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Mutombo 1996 : Payton 1997 : Mutombo 1998 : Mutombo 1999 : Mourning 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Artest 2005 : Wallace 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Camby 2008 : Garnett 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Howard 2012 : Chandler 2013 : Gasol 2014 : Noah 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Leonard 2017 : Green 2018 : Gobert Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=853511048 '' Categories : National Basketball Association awards National Basketball Association lists Awards established in 1983 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 08 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. NBA Defensive Player of the Year award
2. Winners of the NBA Defensive Player of the Year award
3. Multi-time winners of the NBA Defensive Player of the Year award
4. Perimeter players who have won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year award
5. International players who have won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year award
|
8,646,123,651,505,857,000 |
why does hades at first agree to return eurydice to orpheus
|
Orpheus and Eurydice - wikipedia Orpheus and Eurydice Jump to : navigation , search For the opera by Gluck , see Orfeo ed Euridice . Egyptian tapestry roundel with Orpheus and Eurydice , 5th - 6th century AD The ancient legend of Orpheus and Eurydice concerns the fateful love of Orpheus of Thrace , son of Apollo and the muse Calliope , for the beautiful Eurydice ( from Eurudike , `` she whose justice extends widely '' ) . It may be a late addition to the Orpheus myths , as the latter cult - title suggests those attached to Persephone . It may have been derived from a legend in which Orpheus travels to Tartarus and charms the goddess Hecate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 2 Plot 3 Works employing this legend 3.1 Literature 3.2 Film and drama 3.3 Music and ballet 3.4 Visual arts 3.5 Video games 3.6 Comics 4 References 5 External links Versions ( edit ) In Virgil 's classic version of the legend , it completes his Georgics , a poem on the subject of agriculture . Here the name of Aristaeus ( ar - is - tee'us ) , or Aristaios , the keeper of bees , and the tragic conclusion , was first introduced . Ovid 's version of the myth , in his Metamorphoses , was published a few decades later and employs a different poetic emphasis and purpose . It relates that Eurydice 's death was not caused by fleeing from Aristaeus , but by dancing with naiads on her wedding day . Other ancient writers treated Orpheus ' visit to the underworld more negatively . According to Phaedrus in Plato 's Symposium , the infernal deities only `` presented an apparition '' of Eurydice to him . Plato 's representation of Orpheus is in fact that of a coward ; instead of choosing to die in order to be with his love , he mocked the deities in an attempt to visit Hades , to get her back alive . As his love was not `` true '' -- meaning that he was not willing to die for it -- he was punished by the deities , first by giving him only the apparition of his former wife in the underworld and then by having him killed by women . Plot ( edit ) Apollo , a Greek god , gave his son Orpheus a lyre ( harp ) and taught him how to play . Orpheus played with such perfection that even Apollo was surprised . It is said that nothing could resist his music and melody , neither enemies nor beasts . Even trees and rocks were entranced with his music . Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice , a woman of unique beauty and grace , whom he married and lived happily with for a short time . However , when Hymen was called to bless the marriage , he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last . A short time after this ominous prophecy , Eurydice was wandering in the forest with the Nymphs , when Aristaeus , a shepherd , saw her and was beguiled by her beauty . He made advances towards her and began to chase her when she attempted to flee . As Eurydice sprinted through the forest , she managed to escape him , but was tragically bitten by a snake and died instantly . Orpheus sang his grief with his lyre and managed to move everything living or not in the world ; both humans and gods were deeply touched by his sorrow and grief . Apollo then advised his son to descend to Hades and see his wife . Any other mortal would have died , but Orpheus , protected by the gods , went to Hades and arrived at the infamous Stygian realm , passing by ghosts and souls of people unknown . He also managed to charm Cerberus , the monster known to have three heads . Orpheus presented himself in front of the god of the Underworld Hades ( Pluto ) and his wife Persephone . Orpheus played his lyre , melting even Hades ' cold heart . Hades told Orpheus that he could take Eurydice with him but under one condition ; Eurydice would follow him while walking out to the light from the caves of the Underworld , but he should not look at her before coming out to the light because he would lose her forever and ever . If Orpheus was patient enough he would have Eurydice as a normal woman again by his side . Orpheus was delighted ; he thanked the gods and left to ascend to the world . Orpheus thought It was a simple task as he considered himself a patient man . He was trying to hear Eurydice 's steps , but he could not hear anything and he started believing that the gods had fooled him . Of course Eurydice was behind him , but as a shadow , waiting to come to light to become a full woman again . Only a few feet away from the exit , Orpheus lost his faith and turned to see ; Eurydice was behind him , but her shadow was whisked back among the dead . Eurydice was gone forever . Orpheus tried to return to the Underworld but a man can not enter the realm of Hades twice while alive . According to various versions of the myth , Orpheus started playing a mourning song with his lyre , calling for death so that he could be united with Eurydice forever . Orpheus is ultimately killed either by beasts tearing him apart , or by the Maenads , in a frenzied mood . According to another version , Zeus decided to strike him with lightning knowing Orpheus would reveal the secrets of the Underworld to humans . In any case , Orpheus died but the Muses decided to save his head and keep it among the living people to sing for ever , enchanting everyone with the lovely melodies and tones . Works employing this legend ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) The Death of Eurydice episode which occurs in Book X of Metamorphoses by Ovid ( 8 AD ) The poem Orpheus and Eurydice in The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius ( 594 AD ) Sir Orfeo , anonymous narrative poem ( c. late thirteenth century ) The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene , poem by Robert Henryson ( c. 1470 ) Sonnets to Orpheus , allusive sonnet sequence by poet Rainer Maria Rilke ( 1922 ) The Einstein Intersection , novel by Samuel R. Delany ( 1967 ) Gravity 's Rainbow , novel by Thomas Pynchon , ( 1973 ) The Ground Beneath Her Feet , novel by Salman Rushdie , ( 1999 ) Eurydice a poem by Carol Anne Duffy in her collection of revisionist poems , The World 's Wife. ( 1999 ) Veniss Underground , novel by Jeff Vandermeer , ( 2003 ) Enchanted Fire a romance novel by Roberta Gellis , ( 1996 ) Poetry and Fear a novel by Grace Andreacchi , ( 2008 ) Syringa , a poem by John Ashbery , later set to music by Elliott Carter Hymn to Persephone a poem by Craig Arnold in Made Flesh ( 2008 . ) Orpheus . Eurydike . Hermes , a poem by Rainer Maria Rilke , ( 1907 ) Cocktails with Orpheus , a poem by Terrance Hayes , ( 2008 ) A Song for Ella Grey , novel by David Almond Bone Gap , novel by Laura Ruby Goat Song , a novelette by Poul Anderson ( 1972 ) State of Wonder , a 2011 novel by American author Ann Patchett Film and drama ( edit ) The Orphic Trilogy , series of films by Jean Cocteau ( 1930 - 1959 ) Eurydice ( Anouilh play ) , play by Jean Anouilh ( 1941 ) Orpheus Descending , play by Tennessee Williams ( 1957 ) Black Orpheus , film by Marcel Camus ( 1959 ) Evrydiki BA 2O37 , 1975 film directed by Nikos Nikolaidis . An episode of The Storyteller : Greek Myths ( 1990 ) Orfeu , film by Cacá Diegues ( 1999 ) Metamorphoses , play by Mary Zimmerman ( 2002 ) Eurydice ( Ruhl play ) , play by Sarah Ruhl ( 2003 ) Hadestown , folk opera by Anaïs Mitchell ( 2006 ) Orpheus and Eurydice : A Myth Underground , theatre production written by Molly Davies with music by James Johnston , Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds for the National Youth Theatre at the Old Vic Tunnels , directed by James Dacre ( 2011 ) Orpheus & Eurydice ( musical ) , musical by Andrew Hanley and Melissa Nally ( 2011 ) Looper ( film ) , film by Rian Johnson ( 2012 ) I Am Orpheus , film by Adam Carter ( 2012 ) You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet , film by Alain Resnais ( 2012 ) Orpheus and Eurydice , play by Annie Fan and Melissa Wilkinson ( 2013 ) To Hell and Back , musical by Joel B. New ( 2013 ) Jasper in Deadland , musical by Hunter Foster and Ryan Scott Oliver ( 2014 ) Gucci Stories : The Myth of Orpheus and Eurydice ( 2016 ) Music and ballet ( edit ) `` Alchemy Sounded Good at the Time '' post hardcore song written by Dennis Lee and Shawn Milke of Alesana ( 2006 ) Euridice ( opera ) , opera by Jacopo Peri and Giulio Caccini with librettist Ottavio Rinuccini ( 1600 ) L'Orfeo , first opera composed by Monteverdi ( 1607 ) Orfeo ed Euridice , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck ( 1762 ) Orfeo ed Euridice ( it ) , opera by Ferdinando Bertoni ( 1776 ) Orpheus in the Underworld , operetta by Jacques Offenbach ( 1858 ) Orpheus und Eurydike , opera by Ernst Krenek ( 1926 ) Orpheus ( ballet ) , ballet made by choreographer George Balanchine to music by Stravinsky ( 1948 ) Orpheus and Eurydice ( rock opera ) , rock opera album by Alexander Zhurbin ( 1975 ) The Mask of Orpheus , opera by composer Harrison Birtwistle and librettist Peter Zinovieff ( 1986 ) `` Orpheus and Eurydice '' , a song cycle in two acts , by Ricky Ian Gordon ( 2005 ) < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Gordon>,<http://www.carlfischer.com/composer/gordon-ricky-ian/ > Metamorpheus , orchestral album by former Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett ( 2005 ) Eurydice song by Sleepthief featuring Jody Quine ( 2006 ) Hadestown , album of songs from the folk opera of the same name by Anaïs Mitchell ( 2010 ) From the Underworld , song by the British band The Herd , written by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley ( 1967 ) Orpheus X , rock opera by Rinde Eckert ( 2007 ) Syringa , by Elliott Carter , based on John Ashbery 's poem of the same name Abattoir Blues / The Lyre of Orpheus , an album by Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds ( 2004 ) Do n't Look Back , a song by She & Him , written by Zooey Deschanel ( 2008 ) Beat of her Heart , a song by Gungor ( 2013 ) La Musique Des Amants , Chêne Noir 2000 , Théâtre du Chêne Noir d'Avignon ( 1976 ) The cover of the album Reflektor ( 2013 ) by Arcade Fire contains a picture of Auguste Rodin 's sculpture of Orpheus and Eurydice , and the album contains a narrative arc based on the story . Orpheus mourning , song by the Spanish band As Light Dies ( 2014 ) Do n't Look Back Orpheus , song by The Ghost of a Saber Tooth Tiger ( 2014 ) Orphée , an album by Jóhann Jóhannsson ( 2016 ) `` The Descent '' a song by Year Of The Cobra ( 2017 ) Visual arts ( edit ) Orpheus Mourning the Death of Eurydice , 1814 painting by Ary Scheffer Orpheus and Eurydice , stone relief , second century , Šempeter , Slovenia Orpheus and Eurydice , 1511 painting by Titian Orpheus and Eurydice , 1650 -- 1651 painting by Poussin Orpheus and Euridice by Federico Cervelli Orpheus and Eurydice , 1862 painting by Edward Poynter Orpheus and Euridice , 1864 painting by Frederic Leighton Orpheus and Eurydice , 1893 sculpture by Auguste Rodin Orpheus searching Eurydice in the Underworld , painting by the Antwerp school Video games ( edit ) The Battle of Olympus , NES and Game Boy video game by Infinity Do n't Look Back ( video game ) , Atari VCS - styled Flash game by Terry Cavanagh Comics ( edit ) Poem Strip , by Dino Buzzati The Sandman ( Vertigo ) , The Song of Orpheus , by Neil Gaiman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Graves , The Greek Myths , Penguin Books Ltd. , London ( 1955 ) , Volume 1 , Chapter 28 , `` Orpheus '' , p. 115 . Jump up ^ M. Owen Lee , Virgil as Orpheus : A Study of the Georgics , State University of New York Press , Albany ( 1996 ) , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Symposium 179d - e . Jump up ^ `` Cocktails with Orpheus by Terrance Hayes '' . 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Staying Serious , to a Joyful Beat '' . The New York Times . 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.wikigallery.org/wiki/painting_362591/Antwerp-School/Orpheus-Searching-Eurydice-In-The-Underworld-%28Met.-10-11-63%29 greekmyths-greekmythology.com External links ( edit ) Media related to Orpheus and Eurydice at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Orpheus and Eurydice Characters Eurydice Orpheus Orphean operas Euridice ( 1600 , Peri ) Euridice ( 1602 , Caccini ) L'Orfeo ( 1607 , Monteverdi ) La morte d'Orfeo ( 1619 , Landi ) Orfeo ( 1647 , Rossi ) Orfeo ( 1672 , Sartorio ) La descente d'Orphée aux enfers ( c. 1686 , Charpentier ) Orpheus ( 1726 , Telemann ) Orfeo ed Euridice ( 1762 , Gluck ) discography L'anima del filosofo ( 1791 , Haydn ) Orpheus in the Underworld ( 1858 , Offenbach ) Orpheus und Eurydike ( 1921 , Krenek ) L'Orfeide ( 1925 , Malipiero ) Orpheus and Eurydice ( 1975 , Zhurbin , rock opera ) The Mask of Orpheus ( 1986 , Birtwistle ) The Second Mrs Kong ( 1994 , Birtwistle ) The Corridor ( 2009 , Birtwistle ) Musicals Orpheus & Eurydice Plays Eurydice / Point of Departure ( 1941 , Anouilh ) Orfeu da Conceição ( 1956 , de Moraes ) Orpheus Descending ( 1957 , Williams ) Eurydice ( 2003 , Ruhl ) Films The Orphic Trilogy The Blood of a Poet ( 1930 ) Orphée ( 1950 ) Testament of Orpheus ( 1960 ) Black Orpheus ( 1959 ) Evrydiki BA 2O37 ( 1975 ) Parking ( 1985 ) Orfeu ( 1999 ) Poetry Sir Orfeo ( c. late thirteenth century ) The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene ( c. 1480 ) Sonnets to Orpheus ( 1922 ) `` Eurydice '' ( 1999 ) Novels The Einstein Intersection ( 1967 ) Gravity 's Rainbow ( 1973 ) The Medusa Frequency ( 1987 ) The Ground Beneath Her Feet ( 1999 ) Veniss Underground ( 2003 ) Art Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice Albums Reflections ( 1970 ) Abattoir Blues / The Lyre of Orpheus ( 2004 ) Metamorpheus ( 2005 ) Hadestown ( 2010 ) Orfeas ( 2010 ) Reflektor ( 2013 ) Ballet Orpheus ( 1948 ) Chaconne ( 1976 ) Video games The Battle of Olympus Do n't Look Back Related The Gaze of Orpheus Orpheus Monument Orpheus no Mado Orphism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orpheus_and_Eurydice&oldid=808894102 '' Categories : Orpheus Thraco - Macedonian mythology Love stories Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 Interlanguage link template link number Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Orpheus and Eurydice
2. Greek mythology
3. Love story
4. Orpheus' journey to the underworld
5. Works inspired by the legend
|
3,907,551,943,491,386,000 |
who said it ain't over 'til it's over
|
It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over - wikipedia It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over Jump to : navigation , search For the Fast Eddie Clarke album , see It Ai n't Over till It 's Over . <Th_colspan="2"> `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Lenny Kravitz <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Mama Said Released June 6 , 1991 Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Genre Soul funk soft rock pop Length 3 : 55 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Lenny Kravitz Producer ( s ) Lenny Kravitz <Th_colspan="2"> Lenny Kravitz singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Always on the Run '' ( 1991 ) `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' ( 1991 ) `` Stand by My Woman '' ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Always on the Run '' ( 1991 ) `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' ( 1991 ) `` Stand by My Woman '' ( 1992 ) `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' is a song recorded , written , and produced by American musician Lenny Kravitz for his second studio album , Mama Said ( 1991 ) . Released as the album 's second single in June 1991 , the song is a mid-tempo ballad , musically inspired by Motown , Philly soul , and Earth , Wind & Fire ( particularly `` That 's the Way of the World '' ) . The horn line at the end is performed by the Phenix Horns from Earth , Wind & Fire . `` That song just came out one day , and I knew it had a classic vibe . And I still love that song very much today '' , Kravitz said in an interview for VivaMusic.com in 2000 . The line is based on a Yogiism , or quotation from Yogi Berra : `` It ai n't over ' til it 's over . '' It was Kravitz 's first top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 of his career , and his highest peak in the chart . English singer Mutya Buena 's 2007 song `` Real Girl '' contains a sample from `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Track listings and formats 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 References 7 External links Chart performance ( edit ) `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' is Kravitz 's most successful single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart to date , peaking at number two behind Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It was also popular in the United Kingdom , where it reached number eleven . Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Jesse Dylan , features Kravitz and his band performing the song . It also featured a violin section , which performs the main song riff . In the studio , Kravitz plays all the instruments , apart from the string and horn sections . Different kinds of background lighting colors were featured in the video . Personnel ( edit ) Lenny Kravitz -- vocals , guitar , electric piano , bass , electric sitar , drums Phenix Horns -- horns Track listings and formats ( edit ) CD single and 12 '' single `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' -- 3 : 55 `` I 'll Be Around '' -- 2 : 52 `` The Difference Is Why '' -- 4 : 48 7 '' single `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' -- 3 : 55 `` The Difference Is Why '' -- 4 : 48 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Canada ( RPM Singles Chart ) France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 43 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Rank Canadian RPM Singles Chart 16 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 60 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 US Billboard Hot 100 36 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Grammy Awards ! '' . Lenny-Kravitz.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ See Examples of Yogiisms . Jump up ^ `` Mama Said > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' Til It 's Over -- swisscharts.com '' . SwissCharts.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 54 , No. 12 , August 24 , 1991 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Lenny Kravitz -- It Ai n't Over ' Til It 's Over '' . Chart Stats . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 55 , No. 3 , December 21 , 1991 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.1706&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.1706.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.1706 Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1991 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1991 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . External links ( edit ) It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over official video on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Lenny Kravitz singles Let Love Rule `` Let Love Rule '' ( 1989 ) `` I Build This Garden for Us '' ( 1990 ) `` Mr. Cab Driver '' ( 1990 ) Mama Said `` Always on the Run '' ( featuring Slash ) ( 1991 ) `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' ( 1991 ) `` Fields of Joy '' ( 1991 ) Are You Gonna Go My Way `` Are You Gonna Go My Way '' ( 1993 ) `` Heaven Help '' ( 1993 ) `` Heaven Help '' / `` Spinning Around Over You '' ( 1994 ) Circus `` Rock and Roll Is Dead '' ( 1995 ) 5 `` If You Ca n't Say No '' ( 1998 ) `` Thinking of You '' ( 1998 ) `` I Belong to You '' ( 1998 ) `` Fly Away '' ( 1998 ) `` American Woman '' ( 1999 ) `` Black Velveteen '' ( 1999 ) Greatest Hits `` Black Velveteen '' ( 1999 ) `` Again '' ( 2000 ) Lenny `` Dig In '' ( 2001 ) `` Stillness of Heart '' ( 2002 ) `` Believe in Me '' ( 2002 ) `` If I Could Fall in Love '' ( 2002 ) Baptism `` Where Are We Runnin ' ? '' ( 2004 ) `` California '' ( 2004 ) `` Calling All Angels '' ( 2004 ) `` Lady '' ( 2005 ) It Is Time for a Love Revolution `` I 'll Be Waiting '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Love Love '' ( 2008 ) `` Dancin ' Til Dawn '' ( 2008 ) Black and White America `` Stand '' ( 2011 ) Strut `` The Chamber '' ( 2014 ) Raise Vibration `` Are You Going To Be My Girl '' ( 2017 ) Soundtracks `` American Woman '' ( 1999 ) Other singles `` Deuce '' ( featuring Stevie Wonder ) ( 1994 ) `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' ( featuring Michael Jackson ) ( 2010 ) `` Superlove '' ( vs. Avicii ) ( 2012 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Ain%27t_Over_%27til_It%27s_Over&oldid=815205200 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1991 singles Funk ballads Lenny Kravitz songs Rock ballads Soul ballads Song recordings produced by Lenny Kravitz Songs written by Lenny Kravitz 1991 songs Virgin Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 11 : 53 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Lenny Kravitz
2. It Ain't Over 'til It's Over
3. Mama Said
4. Billboard Hot 100
5. Motown
|
744,447,684,240,531,300 |
when did the first touchscreen phone come out
|
Smartphone - Wikipedia Smartphone `` Smartphones '' redirects here . For the song by Trey Songz , see SmartPhones ( song ) . Not to be confused with telephone . Two smartphones shown in picture : a Samsung Galaxy J5 ( left ) and an iPhone 6S ( right ) A smartphone is a handheld personal computer . It possesses extensive computing capabilities , including high - speed access to the internet using both Wi - Fi and mobile broadband ; most , if not all smartphones also are built with support for Bluetooth and satellite navigation . Modern smartphones have a touchscreen color display with a graphical user interface that covers the front surface and enables the user to use a virtual keyboard to type and press onscreen icons . Interaction is mostly done using touch , besides a few physical buttons . Smartphones are typically pocket - sized , with somewhat larger sizes being called phablets ; they are generally smaller than tablet computers . Smartphones function using a rechargeable battery . Smartphones use a mobile operating system , and are able to process a variety of software components , known as `` apps '' . Most basic apps ( e.g. event calendar , camera , web browser ) come pre-installed with the system , while others are available for download from official sources like the Google Play Store or Apple App Store . Apps can receive bug fixes and gain additional functionality through software updates ; similarly , operating systems are able to update . Today , smartphones largely fulfill their users ' needs for a communications device ( smartphones can transmit online chat , telephone calls , video chat , and e-mails through the Internet by Wi - Fi , as well as mobile broadband ) , digital camera ( most smartphones are made with one front - facing and one to three rear - facing integrated digital cameras ) , satellite navigation and trip planning , weather forecasting , a media player , clock , news , calculator , web browser , video game player , flashlight ( smartphones may possess one to two LEDs for illumination and photographic flash needs ) , compass ( smartphones that contain built - in magnetometers are able to function as a compass ) , an address book , note - creating , an event calendar , etc . Some apps allow sending and receiving facsimile ( fax ) over a smartphone , including raster facsimile data generated directly and digitally from document and image file formats . Internal storage of 8 , 16 , 32 , 64 , 128 or 256 gigabytes allows for digital storage of software and personal data ( including digital photographs and videos ) , and is often augmented by cloud storage . Typical smartphones will include one or more of the following sensors : magnetometer , proximity sensor , barometer , gyroscope , or accelerometer . Since 2010 , smartphones have adopted integrated virtual assistants , such as Apple Siri , Amazon Alexa , Google Assistant , Microsoft Cortana , BlackBerry Assistant and Samsung Bixby . Mobile payment is now a feature of most smartphones . In 1999 , the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country . Smartphones sales started to grow rapidly by the late 2000s . In the third quarter of 2012 , one billion smartphones were in use worldwide . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Forerunner 1.2 Early integration of data signals with telephony 1.3 PDA / phone hybrids 1.4 Mass adoption in Japan 1.5 Early smartphones outside Japan 1.6 Form factor shift 1.7 Technological developments in the 2010s 1.8 Future possible developments 2 Hardware 2.1 Display 2.2 Accessories 2.3 Battery 3 Software 3.1 Mobile operating systems 3.1. 1 Android 3.1. 2 iOS 3.1. 3 Tizen 3.1. 4 Sailfish OS 3.1. 5 Discontinued operating systems 3.1. 5.1 BlackBerry OS 3.1. 5.2 Windows Mobile 3.1. 5.3 Symbian 3.1. 5.4 Firefox OS 3.1. 5.5 Bada 3.1. 5.6 webOS 3.1. 5.7 Palm OS 3.1. 5.8 MeeGo / Maemo / Moblin 3.1. 5.9 Ubuntu Touch 3.1. 5.10 Other Linux 3.1. 5.11 Windows 10 Mobile 3.1. 5.12 BlackBerry 10 3.2 Mobile app 3.3 Application stores 4 Sales 4.1 By manufacturer 4.2 By operating system 4.2. 1 Historical sales figures , in millions 5 Use 5.1 Social 5.2 While driving 5.3 Legal 5.4 Facsimile 5.5 Medical 5.6 Security 5.7 Sleep 5.8 Bokeh cameras 6 Terminology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References History ( edit ) Forerunner ( edit ) IBM Simon and charging base ( 1994 ) . The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a `` smartphone '' began as a prototype called `` Angler '' developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show . A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator . In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls , the touchscreen - equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails . It included an address book , calendar , appointment scheduler , calculator , world time clock , and notepad , as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps , stock reports and news . The term `` smart phone '' or `` smartphone '' was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon , appearing in print as early as 1995 , describing AT&T 's PhoneWriter Communicator . Early integration of data signals with telephony ( edit ) The first caller identification receiver ( 1971 ) . The first integration of data signals with telephony was conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in 1909 and pioneered by Theodore Paraskevakos beginning in 1968 with his work on transmission of electronic data through telephone lines . In 1971 , while he was working with Boeing in Huntsville , Alabama , Paraskevakos demonstrated a transmitter and receiver that provided additional ways to communicate with remote equipment . This formed the original basis for what is now known as caller ID . The first caller ID equipment was installed at Peoples ' Telephone Company in Leesburg , Alabama and was demonstrated to several telephone companies . The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos . PDA / phone hybrids ( edit ) Main article : Personal digital assistant In the mid-late 1990s , many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA device , running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS , Newton OS , Symbian or Windows CE / Pocket PC . These operating systems would later evolve into early mobile operating systems . Most of the `` smartphones '' in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware . The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs , but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access . The trend at the time , however , that manufacturers competed on in both mobile phones and PDAs was to make devices smaller and slimmer . The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans , plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to separate standalone devices , generally limited their popularity to `` early adopters '' and business users who needed portable connectivity . In March 1996 , Hewlett - Packard released the OmniGo 700LX , a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC with a Nokia 2110 mobile phone piggybacked onto it and ROM - based software to support it . It had a 640 × 200 resolution CGA compatible four - shade gray - scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls , and to create and receive text messages , emails and faxes . It was also 100 % DOS 5.0 compatible , allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles , including early versions of Windows . The Nokia 9000 Communicator ( right ) and the updated 9110 model ( left ) In August 1996 , Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator , a digital cellular PDA based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated system based on the PEN / GEOS 3.0 operating system from Geoworks . The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design , with the display above and a physical QWERTY keyboard below . The PDA provided e-mail ; calendar , address book , calculator and notebook applications ; text - based Web browsing ; and could send and receive faxes . When closed , the device could be used as a digital cellular telephone . In June 1999 Qualcomm released the `` pdQ Smartphone '' , a CDMA digital PCS smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity . Subsequent landmark devices included : The Ericsson R380 ( 2000 ) by Ericsson Mobile Communications . The first device marketed as a `` smartphone '' , it was the first Symbian - based phone , with PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus . Users could not install their own software on the device , however . The Kyocera 6035 ( early 2001 ) , a dual - nature device with a separate Palm OS PDA operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware . It supported limited Web browsing with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem . Handspring 's Treo 180 ( 2002 ) , the first smartphone that fully integrated the Palm OS on a GSM mobile phone having telephony , SMS messaging and Internet access built in to the OS . The 180 model had a thumb - type keyboard and the 180g version had a Graffiti handwriting recognition area , instead . Mass adoption in Japan ( edit ) In 1999 , the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country . These phones ran on i - mode , which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit / s . Unlike future generations of wireless services , NTT DoCoMo 's i - mode used cHTML , a language which restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices . Limited functionality , small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds available . The rise of i - mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001 . It was also ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally . This power would later wane in the face of the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities . Early smartphones outside Japan ( edit ) Several BlackBerry smartphones , which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s . Smartphones were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of the Danger Hiptop in 2002 , which saw moderate success among U.S. consumers as the T - Mobile Sidekick . Later , in the mid-2000s , business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based on Microsoft 's Windows Mobile , and then BlackBerry smartphones from Research In Motion . American users popularized the term `` CrackBerry '' in 2006 due to the BlackBerry 's addictive nature . Outside the U.S. and Japan , Nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on Symbian , originally developed by Psion for their personal organisers , and it was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe during the middle to late 2000s . Initially , Nokia 's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with the Eseries , similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time . From 2006 onwards , Nokia started producing consumer - focused smartphones , popularized by the entertainment - focused Nseries . In Asia , with the exception of Japan , the trend was similar to that of Europe . Until 2010 , Symbian was the world 's most widely used smartphone operating system . Form factor Shift ( edit ) The original Apple iPhone . Its introduction contributed to the steady rise of smartphones that feature large touchscreen interfaces without physical keypads . In the early to mid-2000s , it was common for smartphones to have a physical T9 numeric keypad or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor . At that time , many smartphones had resistive touchscreens , which allowed for input with a stylus in addition to fingers , thus allowing the entry of Asian characters . Keyboards were also common for smartphones in the late - 2000s . In 2007 , the LG Prada was the first mobile phone released with a large capacitive touchscreen . Later that year , Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone , which used a multi-touch capacitive touch screen . Such phones were notable for abandoning the use of a stylus , keyboard , or keypad typical for smartphones at the time up till the early 2010s , in favor of a capacitive touchscreen for direct finger input as its only input type . The iPhone was `` not a smartphone by conventional terms , being that a smartphone is a platform device that allows software to be installed '' , until the opening of Apple 's App Store a year later , which became a common means for smartphone software distribution and installation . In October 2008 , the first phone to use Google 's Android operating system , called the HTC Dream ( also known as the T - Mobile G1 ) , was released . It was also a smartphone with a large multi-touch touchscreen , but still retained a slide - out physical keyboard . Later versions of Android added and then improved on - screen keyboard support , and physical keyboards on Android devices quickly became rare . Although Android 's adoption was relatively slow at first , it started to gain widespread popularity in 2012 , and in early 2012 dominated the smartphone market share worldwide , which continues to this day . The iPhone and Android phones with their capacitive touchscreens popularized the smartphone form factor based on a large capacitive touchscreen and led to the decline of earlier , keyboard - and keypad - focused platforms . Microsoft , for instance , discontinued Windows Mobile and started a new touchscreen - oriented OS from scratch , called Windows Phone . Nokia abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones . Windows Phone became the third-most - popular smartphone OS , before being replaced by Windows 10 Mobile , which declined in share to become `` largely irrelevant '' at less than 0.5 % of the smartphone market . Palm replaced their Palm OS with webOS , which was bought by Hewlett - Packard and later sold to LG Electronics for use on LG smart TVs . BlackBerry Limited , formerly known as Research In Motion , made a new platform based on QNX , BlackBerry 10 , with which it was possible to control a device without having to press any physical buttons ; this platform was later discontinued . By the mid-2010s , almost all smartphones were touchscreen - only , and Android and iPhone smartphones dominated the market since smartphones started to grow in use by 2012 and 2013 . Technological developments in the 2010s ( edit ) Wikipedia homepages are shown on smartphones In 2013 , Fairphone launched its first `` socially ethical '' smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing . In late 2013 , QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security , encryption and identity protection . Some companies began to release smartphones incorporating flexible displays to create curved form factors , such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex . In October 2013 , Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara , a concept for a modular smartphone platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add - on modules that attached magnetically to a frame . Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola Mobility to Lenovo , but was shelved in 2016 . That year , LG and Motorola both unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories ; the LG G5 allowed accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment , while the Moto Z utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device . By 2014 , 1440p displays began to appear on high - end smartphones . In 2015 , Sony released the Xperia Z5 Premium , featuring a 4K resolution display , although only images and videos could actually be rendered at that resolution ( all other software is upscaled from 1080p ) . Microsoft , expanding upon the concept of Motorola 's short - lived `` Webtop '' , unveiled functionality for its Windows 10 operating system for phones that allows supported devices to be docked for use with a PC - styled desktop environment . Other major technologies began to trend in 2016 , including a focus on virtual reality and augmented reality experiences catered towards smartphones , the newly introduced USB - C connector , and improving LTE technologies . As of 2015 , the global median for smartphone ownership was 43 % . Statista has forecast that 2.87 billion people will own smartphones in 2020 . The first mobile phone with a fingerprint scanner was the Toshiba G500 in 2007 and the first smartphone with a fingerprint scanner was the Motorola Atrix 4G in 2011 . In September 2013 , the iPhone 5S was unveiled as the first smartphone on a major U.S. carrier since the Atrix to feature the technology , which was called Touch ID . This feature proved popular with users and by 2017 all of Apple 's major competitor 's included a fingerprint scanner . Future possible developments ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2018 ) An example of a flexible display Foldable OLED smartphones have been anticipated for years but have failed to materialize because of the relatively high failure rate when producing these screens . Creating a battery that can be folded is another hurdle . Hardware ( edit ) Display ( edit ) Main article : Display device A smartphone touchscreen One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the screen . It fills some of the device 's front surface ( about 70 % ) , however , with the newest smartphones like the Galaxy S9 and iPhone X , most of the available space on the front is dedicated to the display in a style referred to as `` edge - to - edge . '' Many of the displays have an aspect ratio of 16 : 9 ; some are 4 : 3 or other ratios . They are measured in diagonal inches , starting from 2.45 inches . Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called `` phablets . '' Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches commonly are difficult to use with only a single hand , since most thumbs can not reach the entire screen surface ; they may need to be shifted around in the hand , held in one hand and manipulated by the other , or used in place with both hands . Liquid - crystal displays are the most common ; others are IPS , LED , OLED , AMOLED and E Ink displays . In the 2010s , Braille screens , which can be used by visually impaired people are being developed . It is expected that Braille screens will use some type of microfluidics technology . In addition , some displays are integrated with pressure - sensitive digitizers , such as those developed by Wacom and Samsung . Wacom 's models allows users to have greater precision when drawing . Starting with the iPhone 6S , Apple released pressure sensitivity for their smartphones under the name 3D Touch . Apple 's 3D Touch uniquely utilizes the digitizer by giving users the availability to display additional menus and options by applying pressure to specified icons . Some smartphones may have a vibration feature , which may be used for a more vibrant experience in video games or for notifications . Accessories ( edit ) A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones , including cases , screen protectors , power charging cables , wireless power stations , USB On - The - Go adapters ( for connecting USB drives and or , in some cases , a HDMI cable to an external monitor ) , add - on batteries , headphones , combined headphone - microphones ( which , for example , allow a person to privately conduct calls on the device without holding it to the ear ) , and Bluetooth - enabled powered speakers that enable users to listen to media from their smartphones wirelessly . Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive , heavy - duty cases that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell . Some cases have a `` book '' - like form , with a cover that the user opens to use the device ; when the cover is closed , it protects the screen . Some `` book '' - like cases have additional pockets for credit cards , thus enabling people to use them as wallets . Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made by other manufacturers . Battery ( edit ) A high - capacity portable battery charger . By the end of 2017 , smartphone battery life was generally adequate ; however , earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones ' computer systems and color screens . To extend talktime , smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home , at work , and in cars and by buying portable external `` battery packs '' . External battery packs include generic models which are connected to the smartphone with a cable and custom - made models that `` piggyback '' onto a smartphone 's case . In 2016 , Samsung had to recall millions of the Galaxy Note 7 smartphones due to an explosive battery issue . For consumer convenience , wireless charging stations have been introduced in some hotels , bars , and other public spaces . Software ( edit ) Mobile operating systems ( edit ) Main article : Mobile operating system Android ( edit ) Main article : Android ( operating system ) Several smartphones running Google 's Android OS Android is a mobile operating system founded by Andy Rubin , now owned and developed by Google , and backed by an industry consortium known as the Open Handset Alliance . It is a Linux - based open source platform with optional proprietary components , including a suite of flagship software for Google services , and the application and content storefront Google Play . Android was officially introduced via the release of its inaugural device , the HTC Dream ( T - Mobile G1 ) on 20 October 2008 . As an open source product , Android has also been the subject of third - party development . Development groups have used the Android source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system , such as CyanogenMod ( now LineageOS ) , to add features to the OS and provide newer versions of Android to devices that no longer receive official updates from their vendor . Forked versions of Android have also been adopted by other vendors , such as Amazon.com , who used its `` Fire OS '' on a range of tablets and the Fire Phone . As it is a non-proprietary platform that has shipped on devices covering a wide range of market segments , Android has seen significant adoption . Gartner Research estimated that 325 million Android smartphones were sold during the fourth quarter of 2015 , leading all other platforms . Samsung Electronics , who produces Android devices , was also the top smartphone vendor across all platforms in the same period of time . Android is the top - selling smartphone OS in 2016 . Google Pay is available on Android software . IOS ( edit ) Main article : iOS iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. primarily for its iPhone product line . The iPhone was first unveiled in January 2007 . The device introduced the use of multi-touch gestures for navigation . In 2008 , Apple introduced the App Store , a centralized storefront for purchasing new software for iPhone devices . iOS can also integrate with Apple 's desktop music program iTunes to sync media to a personal computer . The dependency on a PC was removed with the introduction of iCloud on later versions of iOS , which provides synchronization of user data via internet servers between multiple devices . The iPhone line 's early dominance was credited with helping make Apple one of the world 's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011 . However , the iPhone and iOS have generally been in second place in worldwide market share . Tizen ( edit ) Main article : Tizen Tizen is a Linux - based operating system for devices , including smartphones , tablets , in - vehicle infotainment ( IVI ) devices , smart TVs , laptops and smart cameras . Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group ( TSG ) composed of Samsung and Intel among others . In April 2014 , Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2 and the Gear 2 Neo , running Tizen . The Samsung Z1 is the first smartphone produced by Samsung that runs Tizen ; it was released in the Indian market on January 14 , 2015 . Sailfish OS ( edit ) Main article : Sailfish OS The Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer . Additionally Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking user interface programmed by Jolla . This user interface differentiate Jolla smartphones from others . Sailfish OS is intended to be a system made by many of the MeeGo team , which left Nokia to form Jolla , utilizing funding from Nokia 's `` Bridge '' program which helps establish and support start - up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees . Discontinued operating systems ( edit ) BlackBerry OS ( edit ) Main article : BlackBerry OS In 1999 , RIM released its first BlackBerry smartphone , providing secure real - time push - email communications on wireless devices . Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox . In September 2012 , RIM announced that the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped . As of September 2014 , there were around 46 million active BlackBerry service subscribers . In the early 2010s , RIM underwent a platform transition , changing its company name to BlackBerry Limited and releasing devices on a new platform named `` BlackBerry 10 '' . Windows mobile ( edit ) Main article : Windows Mobile Windows Mobile was based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system . Throughout its lifespan , the operating system was available in both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats . It was supplied with a suite of applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows . Third parties could develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft . Software applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service 's brief lifespan . Windows Mobile was eventually phased out in favor of Windows Phone OS . Symbian ( edit ) Main article : Symbian A Nokia N70 smartphone ( 2005 ) running Symbian OS , which was highly popular in Europe and Asia in the 2000s Symbian was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32 . It was the world 's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010 , though the platform never gained popularity in the U.S. , as it did in Europe and Asia . The first Symbian phone , the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone , was released in 2000 , and was the first device marketed as a `` smartphone '' . It combined a PDA with a mobile phone . Variants of Symbian OS began to emerge , most notably Symbian UIQ , MOAP and S60 , each supported by different manufacturers . With the creation of Symbian Foundation in 2008 , Symbian OS was unified under one variant under the stewardship of Nokia . In February 2011 , Nokia announced that it would replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its future smartphones , with the platform being abandoned over the following few years . Firefox OS ( edit ) Main article : Firefox OS Firefox OS was demonstrated by Mozilla in February 2012 . It was designed to have a complete community - based alternative system for mobile devices , using open standards and HTML5 applications . The first commercially available Firefox OS phones were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire . As of 2014 , more companies had partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic ( which was making a smart TV with Firefox OS ) and Sony . In December 2015 , Mozilla announced that it would phase out development of Firefox OS for smartphones , and would reposition the project to focus on other forms of Internet - connected devices . Bada ( edit ) Main article : Bada The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung in November 2009 . The first Bada - based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500 , released in June 2010 . Samsung shipped 4.5 million phones running Bada in Q2 of 2011 . In 2013 , Bada merged with a similar platform called Tizen . WebOS ( edit ) Main article : webOS webOS is a proprietary mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel , initially developed by Palm , which launched with the Palm Pre . After being acquired by HP , two phones ( the Veer and the Pre 3 ) and a tablet ( the TouchPad ) running webOS were introduced in 2011 . On August 18 , 2011 , HP announced that webOS hardware was to be discontinued but would continue to support and update webOS software and develop the webOS ecosystem . HP released webOS as open source under the name Open webOS , and plans to update it with additional features . On February 25 , 2013 HP announced the sale of WebOS to LG Electronics , who used the operating system for its current `` smart '' or Internet - connected TVs , but not smartphones . In January 2014 , Qualcomm has announced that it has acquired technology patents from HP , which includes all the WebOS patents . Palm OS ( edit ) Main article : Palm OS A Palm Treo 300 smartphone ( 2002 ) In late 2001 , Handspring launched the Springboard GSM phone module with limited success . In May 2002 , Handspring released the Palm OS Treo 270 smartphone , which did not support Springboard , with both a touchscreen and a full keyboard . The Treo had wireless web browsing , email , calendar , a contact organizer and mobile third - party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer . Handspring was purchased by Palm , Inc which released the Treo 600 and continued releasing Treo devices with a few Treo devices using Windows Mobile . MeeGo / Maemo / Moblin ( edit ) Main articles : MeeGo , Maemo , and Moblin MeeGo is an operating system created from the source code of Moblin ( produced by Intel ) and Maemo ( produced by Nokia ) . Before that , Nokia used Maemo on some of its smartphones and internet tablets ( such as Nokia N810 and N900 ) . MeeGo was originally envisioned to power a variety of devices from netbooks , tablets to smartphones and smart TVs . However , the only smartphones which used MeeGo was the Nokia N9 and Nokia N950 ( MeeGo v1. 2 Harmattan ) . Following Nokia 's decision to move to Windows Phone OS in 2011 and to cease MeeGo development , the Linux Foundation canceled MeeGo in September 2011 in favor of the development of Tizen . Ubuntu Touch ( edit ) Main article : Ubuntu Touch Ubuntu Touch ( also known as Ubuntu Phone ) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community . It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers . Other Linux ( edit ) In 2003 , Motorola launched the first smartphone to use Linux , the A760 . While the initial release was limited to a single high - end device only available in the Asia - Pacific region , the maker 's intention was to eventually use Linux on most of its devices , including the lower - end models . Further models to use Linux such as the Motorola Ming A1200i in 2005 and several successors to the Ming line would be unveiled through 2010 . In late 2009 , Motorola released the Motorola Cliq , the first of Motorola 's smartphones to run the Linux - based Android operating system . Subsequently , Motorola stopped developing phones based on other Linux variants . Windows 10 mobile ( edit ) Main article : Windows 10 Mobile Windows 10 Mobile ( formerly known as Windows Phone ) is from Microsoft . It is closed source and proprietary . It has the third largest installed base on smartphones behind Android and iOS . Unveiled on February 15 , 2010 , Windows Phone includes a user interface inspired by Microsoft 's Metro Design Language . It is integrated with Microsoft services such as OneDrive and Office , Xbox Music , Xbox Video , Xbox Live games and Bing , but also integrates with many other non-Microsoft services such as Facebook and Google accounts . Windows Phone devices are made primarily by Microsoft Mobile / Nokia , and also by HTC and Samsung . In January 2015 , Microsoft announced that its Windows Phone brand will be phased out and replaced with Windows 10 Mobile , bringing tighter integration and unification with its PC counterpart Windows 10 , and provide a platform for smartphones and tablets with screen sizes under 8 inches . Windows Mobile smartphone series has had poor adoption , that also led to a decrease in third - party applications , and some vendors ended their support for Windows Mobile altogether . As of 2016 , Windows 10 Mobile global market share dropped below 0.6 % . BlackBerry 10 ( edit ) Main article : BlackBerry 10 In the early 2010s , BlackBerry Limited started making new devices on a new platform named `` BlackBerry 10 '' , which is based on their BlackBerry Tablet OS , to replace the BlackBerry OS . In 2015 , BlackBerry said there would be no new devices with BB10 but they will still support the OS for existing devices . In 2016 , BlackBerry Limited ceased making smartphones and licensed TCL Communication to manufacture them under the name BlackBerry Mobile . BlackBerry Mobile smartphones abandoned BlackBerry 10 in favor of the Android operating system , beginning with the 2017 BlackBerry KEYone . The first BlackBerry phone to ship with Android , however , was BlackBerry Limited 's Priv . Mobile app ( edit ) Main article : Mobile app A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet . The term `` app '' is a shortening of the term `` software application '' . Application stores ( edit ) Main article : List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices The introduction of Apple 's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer - hosted online distribution for third - party applications ( software and computer programs ) focused on a single platform . There are a huge variety of apps , including video games , music products and business tools . Up until that point , smartphone application distribution depended on third - party sources providing applications for multiple platforms , such as GetJar , Handango , Handmark , and PocketGear . Following the success of the App Store , other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores , such as Google 's Android Market ( later renamed to the Google Play Store ) and RIM 's BlackBerry App World and Android - related app stores like F - Droid . In February 2014 , 93 % of mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development . Sales ( edit ) Since 1996 , smartphone shipments have had positive growth . In November 2011 , 27 % of all photographs created were taken with camera - equipped smartphones . In September 2012 , a study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 . Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013 , up 38 % from 2012 's 725 million , while comprising a 55 % share of the mobile phone market in 2013 , up from 42 % in 2012 . In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent year on year . The situation was caused by the maturing China market . By manufacturer ( edit ) Worldwide Smartphones Vendors Market Share Source Date Samsung Apple Inc . Huawei Oppo Vivo Others Reference Gartner Q1 2017 20.7 % 13.7 % 9.0 % 8.1 % 6.8 % 41.7 % IDC Q1 2017 23.3 % 14.7 % 10.0 % 7.5 % 5.5 % 39.0 % In 2011 , Samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide , followed by Apple . In 2013 , Samsung had 31.3 % market share , a slight increase from 30.3 % in 2012 , while Apple was at 15.3 % , a decrease from 18.7 % in 2012 . Huawei , LG and Lenovo were at about 5 % each , significantly better than 2012 figures , while others had about 40 % , the same as the previous years figure . Only Apple lost market share , although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9 percent ; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92 percent . In Q1 2014 , Samsung had a 31 % share and Apple had 16 % . In Q4 2014 , Apple had a 20.4 % share and Samsung had 19.9 % . In Q2 2016 , Samsung had a 22.3 % share and Apple had 12.9 % . In Q1 2017 , IDC reported that Samsung was first placed , with 80 million units , followed by Apple with 50.8 million , Huawei with 34.6 million , Oppo with 25.5 million and Vivo with 22.7 million . Samsung 's mobile business is half the size of Apple 's , by revenue . Apple business has been increasing very rapidly over the past 4 years . By operating system ( edit ) Worldwide operating system market share for smartphones Source Date Android iOS Others Reference Gartner Q1 2017 86.1 % 13.7 % 0.2 % The market has been dominated by the Android operating system since 2010 . Android 's market share ( measured by units shipment ) rose from 33.2 % in Q4 2011 to 81.7 % of the market in Q4 2016 . Apple 's market share oscillated between 18 % and 12.5 % during the same period . Windows Phone market share also oscillated between 1.5 % and 0.3 % during the same time frame . As of the end of Q4 2016 , Android was the most popular operating system sold with new smartphones with an 81.7 % market share , followed by iOS with 17.9 % , Windows 10 Mobile with 0.3 % and other OSes at 0.1 % . Historical sales figures , in millions ( edit ) Year Android ( Google ) iOS ( Apple ) Windows Mobile / Phone ( Microsoft ) BlackBerry ( formerly RIM ) Symbian ( Nokia ) Palm / WebOS ( Palm / HP ) Bada ( Samsung ) Other Total 2007 3.3 14.7 11.77 77.68 1.76 109.21 2008 11.42 16.5 23.15 72.93 2.51 126.51 2009 6.8 24.89 15.03 34.35 80.88 1.19 163.14 67.22 46.6 12.38 47.45 111.58 285.23 2011 219.52 89.26 8.77 51.54 93.41 9.6 14.24 486.34 2012 451.62 130.13 16.94 34.21 15.9 47.20 696.00 2013 758.72 150.79 30.84 18.61 18.82 977.78 2014 1,004.68 191.43 35.13 7.91 5.75 1,244.90 Use ( edit ) Social ( edit ) Main article : Mobile phone overuse A 2012 University of Southern California study found that unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more common among owners of smartphones . A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 's ( RPI ) Lighting Research Center ( LRC ) concluded that smartphones , or any backlit devices , can seriously affect sleep cycles . Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices . A `` smombie '' ( a combination of `` smartphone '' and `` zombie '' ) is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk , possibly risking an accident in the process , an increasing social phenomenon . The issue of slow - moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a `` mobile lane '' for walking in Chongqing , China . The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of Augsburg , Germany to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement . While driving ( edit ) Main article : Mobile phones and driving safety Main article : Texting while driving A New York City driver holding two phones . A user consulting a mapping app on a phone . Mobile phone use while driving -- including talking on the phone , texting , playing media , web browsing , gaming , using mapping apps or operating other phone features -- is common but controversial , since it is widely considered dangerous due to what 's known as distracted driving . Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents . In September 2010 , the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones . In March 2011 a US insurance company , State Farm Insurance , announced the results of a study which showed 19 % of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving . Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving . In Egypt , Israel , Japan , Portugal and Singapore , both handheld and hands - free calling on a mobile phone ( which uses a speakerphone ) is banned . In other countries including the UK and France and in many US states , only the use of calling on handheld phones is banned , while hands - free use is permitted . A 2011 study reported that over 90 % of college students surveyed text ( initiate , reply or read ) while driving . The scientific literature on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone , or texting while driving , is limited . A simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction - related accidents when texting . Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after , this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices . This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands - free usage , rather than those which ban handheld use only , as officials can not easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver . This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when , in fact , they were using the device legally , for example , when using the phone 's incorporated controls for car stereo , GPS or satnav . A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place , Texas ( Greater Houston ) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7 : 30 am to 9 : 30 am and from 2 : 00 pm to 4 : 15 pm A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety . In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four . A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones , such as using phones while driving . Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a call on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding . In the United Kingdom , from 27 February 2007 , motorists who are caught using a hand - held phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £ 60 . This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law . Japan prohibits all use of phones while driving , including use of hands - free devices . New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009 . Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while driving . Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law . As of July 2010 , 30 states had banned texting while driving , with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on July 15 . Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States . This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992 , when first law was passed through December 1 , 2010 . The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous , continuous or categorical variables including , for example , activities regulated ( e.g. , texting versus talking , hands - free versus handheld calls , web browsing , gaming ) , targeted populations , and exemptions . Legal ( edit ) Main article : Smartphone wars A `` patent war '' between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interface -- and possibly the hardware -- of Apple 's iOS for the iPhone 3GS . There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving Sony Mobile , Google , Apple Inc. , Samsung , Microsoft , Nokia , Motorola , HTC , Huawei and ZTE , among others . The conflict is part of the wider `` patent wars '' between multinational technology and software corporations . To secure and increase market share , companies granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers . Since the 2010 's the number of lawsuits , counter-suits , and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for smartphones , and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS , has increased significantly . Initial suits , countersuits , rulings , license agreements , and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012 . Facsimile ( edit ) Some apps allows for sending and receiving facsimile ( Fax ) , over a smartphone , including facsimile data ( composed of raster bi-level graphics ) generated directly and digitally from document and image file formats . Medical ( edit ) Main article : Mobile app With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place , government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications . These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice . Security ( edit ) Main articles : Mobile security , Malware , Mobile virus , and Media Transfer Protocol Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store . Often , malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps , which are then distributed through third - party app stores . Malware risk also comes from what is known as an `` update attack '' , where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component , which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated . As well , one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone . An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install kill switches in their devices . In 2014 , Apple 's `` Find my iPhone '' and Google 's `` Android Device Manager '' can disable and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen . With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3. 2 , devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry 's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account . Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks , codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 -- 2016 , detail the capabilities of the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare , including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones ( including iOS and Android ) . Sleep ( edit ) Main article : Electronic media and sleep Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep , due to the blue light and brightly lit screen , which affects melatonin levels and sleep cycles . In an effort to alleviate these issues , several apps that change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated have been developed for Android , while iOS 9.3 integrated similar , system - level functionality known as `` Night Shift '' . Amazon released a feature known as `` blue shade '' in their Fire OS `` Bellini '' 5.0 and later . It has also been theorized that for some users , addicted use of their phones , especially before they go to bed , can result in `` ego depletion '' . Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks , which can also lead to loss of sleep . Bokeh cameras ( edit ) Pocket cameras have difficulty producing bokeh in images , but nowadays , some smartphones have dual - lens cameras that produce the bokeh effect easily , and can even rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting . The iPhone 7 Plus debuted with a dual - lens camera in the back of the smartphone . More advanced smartphones may come with ' quad cameras ' , or two dual - lens cameras such as the Honor 9 Lite smartphone . The back and front of the smartphone each have a 13MP main lens and a 2MP lens for capturing depth information . The Evercoss U50A Max smartphone has 4 cameras , and costs less than $100 . Huawei P20 Pro smartphone with triple lenses in the back of the smartphone has been launched as bokeh camera smartphone with optical zoom . First lens has 40MP RGB , second lens has 20MP monochrome and third lens has 8MP RGB telephoto 3x . The zoom can be enhanced to 5x with combination of the optical zoom and megapixel lens 40MP RGB to produce undeteriorated ( optical + digital ) zoom or digital zoom without loss of quality . Terminology ( edit ) `` Phablet '' , a portmanteau of the words phone and tablet , describes smartphones with larger screens . `` Superphone '' is also used by some companies to market phones with unusually large screens and other expensive features . `` Ultra premium '' is a term used to identify a smartphone which has top of the line materials . See also ( edit ) Internet portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smartphone . Tablet Comparison of smartphones List of mobile software distribution platforms Media Transfer Protocol Mobile broadband Mobile Internet device Portable media player Second screen Smartphone zombie E-reader Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Budmar , Patrick ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Why Japanese smartphones never went global '' . PC World . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Reisinger ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Worldwide smartphone user base hits 1 billion '' . CNet . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smartphones now outsell ' dumb ' phones '' . 3 News NZ. April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Incredible 70 - Year Evolution Of The Cell Phone '' . Wonder How To . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sager , Ira ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Before IPhone and Android Came Simon , the First Smartphones '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Simon was the first smartphone . Twenty years ago , it envisioned our app - happy mobile lives , squeezing the features of a cell phone , pager , fax machine , and computer into an 18 - ounce black brick . Jump up ^ Schneidawind , John ( November 23 , 1992 ) . `` Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs ; Big Blue unveiling '' . USA Today . p. 2B . Jump up ^ Connelly , Charlotte . `` World 's first ' smartphone ' celebrates 20 years '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ History of first touchscreen smartphone Archived May 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Spinfold.com Jump up ^ Savage , Pamela ( January 1995 ) . `` Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users '' . Association of Computing Machinery . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 ... It is at this point that early usability test participants met impasse . The switch connected to our `` smart phone '' is expecting the typical `` dumb end - point '' ... AT&T 's PhoneWriter was demonstrated at the 1993 Comdex Computer Show ... Jump up ^ `` Theodore Paraskevakos : Executive Profile & Biography '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent # 3,812,296 / 5 - 21 - 1974 ( Apparatus for Generating and Transmitting Digital Information ) , U.S. Patent # 3,727,003 / 4 - 10 - 1973 ( Decoding and Display Apparatus for Groups of Pulse Trains ) , U.S. Patent # 3,842,208 / 10 - 15 - 1974 ( Sensor Monitoring Device ) Jump up ^ `` Qualcomm 's pdQ Smartphone '' ( Press release ) . Qualcomm . ^ Jump up to : `` PDA Review : Ericsson R380 Smartphone '' . Geek.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ericsson Introduces The New R380e '' . Mobile Magazine . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Bruce ( April 24 , 2001 ) . `` Ericsson R380 World Review & Rating '' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Kyocera QCP 6035 Smartphone Review '' . Palminfocenter.com . March 16 , 2001 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Segan , Sascha ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Kyocera Launches First Smartphone In Years News & Opinion '' . PCmag.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Handspring Treo Communicator 180 '' . mobiletechreview.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Rose , Frank ( Sep 2001 ) . `` Pocket Monster : How DoCoMo 's wireless Internet service went from fad to phenom - and turned Japan into the first post-PC nation '' . Wired. 9 ( 9 ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Stuart J , Huff , Sid L. ( November 1 , 2003 ) . Rising Sun : iMode and the Wireless Internet , Vol. 46 , No. 1 . Communications of the ACM . pp. 79 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Anwar , Sayid Tariq . `` NTT DoCoMo and M - Commerce : A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy '' ( PDF ) . The American Graduate School of International Management . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Info Addicts Are All Thumbs : Crackberry Is the 2006 Word of the Year '' . PR Newswire . November 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Nokia E Series Range of Smartphones '' . Brighthub.com. 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Schroeder , Stan ( 23 February 2010 ) . `` Smartphones in 2009 : Symbian Dominates , iPhone , RIM and Android Rising Fast '' . Mashable . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan . `` How Steve Jobs killed the stylus and made smartphones usable '' . ExtremeTech . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Temple , Stephen . `` Vintage Mobiles : LG Prada -- First mobile with a capacitive touchscreen ( May 2007 ) '' . History of GMS : Birth of the mobile revolution . Jump up ^ Jobs ; et al. `` Touch Screen Device , Method , and Graphical User Interface for Determining Commands by Applying Heuristics '' . Jump up ^ `` The iPhone is not a smartphone '' . Engadget.com . January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile G1 Hits the UK '' ( Press release ) . T - Mobile UK . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile G1 Event Round - up '' ( Press release ) . Talk Media Inc . US . October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kantar Worldpanel ComTech 's Smartphone OS market share data Q3 2012 '' . Kantar . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ It 's official : Windows 10 Mobile is irrelevant Jump up ^ George Monbiot ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Why is Apple so shifty about how it makes the iPhone ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Darrell Etherington ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Quasar IV Encrypted Ninja Smartphone Goes Into Production , Despite Indiegogo Failure '' . TechCrunch . AOL Inc . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung 's Galaxy Round is the first phone with a curved display '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LG G Flex appears on the FCC with AT&T - friendly LTE '' . Engadget . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LG G Flex announced with vertically curved 6 - inch 720p screen , ' self - repairing ' back cover '' . Engadget . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Motorola reveals ambitious plan to build modular smartphones '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Motorola unveils Project Ara for custom smartphones '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David . `` Project Ara Lives : Google 's Modular Phone Is Ready for You Now '' . Wired . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google confirms the end of its modular Project Ara smartphone '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LG G5 hands - on -- LG may have made the most innovative phone of MWC '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola 's new Moto Z ditches the headphone jack , adds hot - swapping magnetic modular accessories '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Dent ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Do you really need a 4K smartphone screen ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's 4K smartphone shows most content in 1080p '' . Engadget . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Microsoft 's Plan to Unlock the Full Power of Your Phone '' . Time.com . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ross . `` Microsoft 's new Display Dock transforms your Windows 10 mobile into a PC '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7 exciting smartphone trends to watch in 2016 : VR , super-fast LTE , and more '' . PC World . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This map shows the percentage of people around the world who own smartphones '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` Number of smartphone users worldwide 2014 - 2020 Statista '' . Statista . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint Scanner On Phones : History & Evolution , But Do We Really Need That ? '' . Web cusp . Jump up ^ Newton , Casey ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's new iPhone will read your fingerprint '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Preslav Kateliev ( November 8 , 2017 ) . 2017 top - tier smartphones that still have a fingerprint scanner on the front Phonearena . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Bendable smartphones are n't coming anytime soon Archived September 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Sydney Morning Herald , Ian King , December 16 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Save Big 2.45 '' IPS Touch Screen the World 's Smallest Android Smartphone Dual Sim Quadband - USA Store `` . USA Store . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Xavier Harding ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Holy Braille : A Tablet For The Visually Impaired '' . Popular Science . Jump up ^ Ward , J.R. ; Phillips , M.J. ( 1987 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Digitizer Technology : Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface '' . IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 7 ( 4 ) : 31 -- 44 . doi : 10.1109 / MCG. 1987.276869 . ISSN 0272 - 1716 . Jump up ^ `` 6 phones with the best battery life '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.D. Power and Associates Reports : Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , James ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` The secret behind poor smartphone battery life '' . ZDNet . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peak Battery : Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks , and Will for Years '' . TIME.com. April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Refurbished version of ill - fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas '' . May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alliance Members '' . Open Handset Alliance . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Android Atlas Archived January 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Cnet.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's iron grip on Android : Controlling open source by any means necessary '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All T - Mobile retail stores to carry G1 '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Android fragmentation ' worse than ever ' -- but OpenSignal says that 's good '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isaac , Mike ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Android OS Hack Gives Virtual Early Upgrade '' . Wired.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopfstein , Janus ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Access Denied : why Android 's broken promise of unlocked bootloaders needs to be fixed '' . The Verge . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's ever - cheaper Fire Phone gets a belated KitKat update '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Segan , Sascha ( December 2013 ) . `` How To Run Free Android Apps On the Kindle Fire '' . PC Magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` Android leads , Windows phones fade further in Gartner 's smartphone sales report '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Grew 3.9 Percent in First Quarter of 2016 '' . Gartner . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Five Smartphone Vendors , Shipments , Market Share and Year - Over-Year Growth , Q1 2016 '' . International Data Corporation . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Taylor . http://www.androidauthority.com/how-to-use-android-pay-678739/ Jump up ^ `` The Day Google Had to ' Start Over ' on Android '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Wingfield , Nick ; Bilton , Nick ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Apple Shake - Up Could Lead to Design Shift '' . The New York Times . CLXII ( 55,941 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Yukari Iwatani Kane ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Breaking Apple 's Grip on the iPhone '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` When iPhone met world , 7 years ago today '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple unveils iPhone '' . Macworld . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's ' magical ' iPhone unveiled '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ deAgonia , Michael ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` The 5 best features in Apple 's iOS 5 '' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Windows comes up third in OS clash two years early '' . 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Satariano , Adam . `` Apple Overtakes Exxon Becoming World 's Most Valuable Company '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Techradar ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Samsung 's wrist reboot : Gear 2 and Gear 2 Neo unveiled '' . Techradar . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jon Russell . `` Samsung Launches Its First Tizen - Powered Phone , The Z1 , In India For $92 '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sailfish OS Wiki '' . The Sailfish OS Wiki . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jolla OS Will Run Android Apps Says CEO Jussi Hurmola '' . Jump up ^ `` Many former Nokia employees start businesses of their own '' , Helsingin Sanomat , archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid . `` Nokia Bridge : Nokia 's Incubator Gives Departing Employees € 25k And More To Pursue Ideas That Nokia Has Not '' . techcrunch.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tung , Liam . `` Inside Nokia Bridge : How Nokia funds ex-employees ' new start - ups '' . zdnet.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Ten things to know about BlackBerry -- and how much trouble it is ( or is n't ) in '' . TheGuardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McLaughlin ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` BlackBerry Users Call For RIM To Rethink Service '' . CRN.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Symbian Device -- The OS Evolution '' ( PDF ) . Independent Symbian Blog . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ericsson Introduces The New R380e '' . Mobile Magazine . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia , Microsoft in pact to rival Apple , Google -- Technology & Science '' . CBC.ca . Associated Press . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Mobile Plans to Release Firefox OS Devices by 2014 '' . Mozilla Philippines . February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mozilla Kills Firefox OS for Smartphones '' . Gadgets360 . NDTV . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed Hansberry ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` Samsung Bailing on Windows Mobile '' . InformationWeek . Jump up ^ `` Samsung to Discard Windows Phone '' . Telecoms Korea . November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Wave , first Bada smartphone hits the market '' . Bada . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( via Wayback ) Jump up ^ `` Samsung Waves away a million '' . The Inquirer . July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Bada shipments up 355 % to 4.5 million units in Q2 2011 asymco news PG.Biz '' . Pocket Gamer . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HP Confirms Discussions with Autonomy Corporation plc Regarding Possible Business Combination ; Makes Other Announcements '' . HP . August 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( via Wayback ) Jump up ^ `` The next chapter for webOS '' . HP webOS Developer Blog . August 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Open webOS : : Roadmap '' . Open webOS Project . September 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Qualcomm purchases Palm patents from HP Archived June 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . USA Today January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Stephen H. Wildstrom ( November 30 , 2001 ) . `` Handspring 's Breakthrough Hybrid '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canonical . `` Ubuntu on phones - Ubuntu '' . ubuntu.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola unveils first Linux smart phone '' . CNET . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile Announces Upcoming Availability of Motorola CLIQ with MOTOBLUR '' . T - Mobile Announces Upcoming Availability of Motorola CLIQ with MOTOBLUR . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Phone is dead '' . The Verge . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Phone has a new app problem '' . The Verge . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016 '' . www.gartner.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices Mobilesyrup Jump up ^ Kharpal , Arjun ( 25 February 2017 ) . `` TCL launches new $549 smartphone under BlackBerry 's banner , featuring Android software '' . CNBC . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ W3C Interview : Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos Archived June 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erica Ogg ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` Smartphones killing point - and - shoots , now take almost 1 / 3 of photos '' . GIGAOM . GIGAOM . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leena Rao ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` comScore : 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop ; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer '' . TechCrunch . AOL Inc . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time , According to IDC '' . IDC . January 2014 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( via Wayback ) Jump up ^ Daniel van Boom ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` It 's not just Apple : Global smartphone market shrinks for the first time ever '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Grew 9 Percent in First Quarter of 2017 '' . Gartner . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Five Smartphone Vendors , Shipments , Market Share , and Year - Over-Year Growth , Q1 2017 '' . International Data Corporation . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jon Fingas ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013 , depending on who you ask '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ Steven Millward ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments , kicks out HTC '' . Tech In Asia . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett Molina and Marco della Cava , USA TODAY ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Apple beats Samsung in Q4 smartphone sales '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Frank Hersey ( 2017 - 07 - 04 ) . `` 6 of the world 's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese '' . technode . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Jeff ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple last year , but its mobile division made half as much revenue '' . Business Insider . ^ Jump up to : `` Smartphone OS Market Share , Q1 2017 '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Reached Its Lowest Growth Rate With 3.7 Per Cent Increase in Fourth Quarter of 2008 . Gartner.com . Retrieved on August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to End Users Grew 8 Per Cent in Fourth Quarter 2009 ; Market Remained Flat in 2009 . Gartner.com . Retrieved on August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users Reached 1.6 Billion Units in 2010 ; Smartphone Sales Grew 72 Percent in 2010 . Gartner.com . Retrieved on August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Device Sales In 2011 '' ( Infographic ) . Mobile Statistics . Mobile Statistics . 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gartner Says Annual Smartphone Sales Surpassed Sales of Feature Phones for the First Time in 2013 . Gartner.com . Retrieved on July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gartner Says Smartphone Sales Surpassed One Billion Units in 2014 '' . Gartner . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS '' . theregister.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Colaner , Seth ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheever , N.A. , Rosen , L.D. , Carrier , L.M. , & Chavez , A. ( 2014 ) . Out of sight is not out of mind : The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low , moderate and high users . Computers in Human Behavior , 37 , 290 - 297 . Jump up ^ Hookham , Mark ; Togoh , Isabel ; Yeates , Alex ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Walkers hit by curse of the smombie '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hatton , Celia ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` Chongqing 's ' mobile lane ' '' . BBC News . UK : BBC . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Noack ( April 25 , 2016 ) This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users do n't have to look up The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quit Googling yourself and drive : About 20 % of drivers using Web behind the wheel , study says '' . Los Angeles Times . March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Atchley , Paul ; Atwood , Stephanie ; Boulton , Aaron ( January 2011 ) . `` The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers : Behaviour May Shape Attitude '' . Accident Analysis and Prevention . 43 : 134 -- 142 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aap. 2010.08. 003 . Jump up ^ `` Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril '' . Jump up ^ de Waard , Dick ; Schepers , Paul ; Ormel , Wieke ; Brookhuis , Karel ( January 2010 ) . `` Mobile phone use while cycling : Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety '' . Ergonomics. 53 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00140130903381180 . PMID 20069479 . Jump up ^ `` Drivers still Web surfing while driving , survey finds '' . Jump up ^ `` Reaching the Mobile Respondent : Determinants of High - Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High - Coverage Group '' ( PDF ) . Social Science Computer Review . doi : 10.1177 / 0894439309353099 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Illinois to ban texting while driving - CNN.com '' . CNN . August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steitzer , Stephanie ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Texting while driving ban , other new Kentucky laws take effect today '' . The Courier - Journal . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Distracted Driving Laws '' . Public Health Law Research . 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Yetisen , A.K. ; Martinez - Hurtado , J.L. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` The regulation of mobile medical applications '' . Lab on a Chip. 14 ( 5 ) : 833 -- 840 . doi : 10.1039 / C3LC51235E . Jump up ^ Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise , Android Leads The Way . Jump up ^ Mylonas Alexios ; Tsoumas Bill ; Dritsas Stelios ; Gritzalis Dimitris ( 2011 ) . 8th International Conference on Trust , Privacy & Security in Digital Business ( TRUSTBUS - 2011 ) . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg . pp. 49 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived '' . Android Police . March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Android Vulnerability So Dangerous , Owners Warned Not to Use Phone 's Web Browser '' . Readwriteweb.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lookout , Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic , note Apple 's iOS is far safer '' . Appleinsider.com . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plea urges anti-theft phone tech '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Jump up ^ `` Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10 . - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog '' . blackberry.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Vault 7 : Wikileaks reveals details of CIA 's hacks of Android , iPhone Windows , Linux , MacOS , and even Samsung TVs '' . Computing. 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) . `` How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone , PC , and TV ( Says WikiLeaks ) '' . WIRED . Jump up ^ `` Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night '' . CNET . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalsbeek , Andries ( 2012 ) . The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing Elsevier . pp. 382 . Jump up ^ Luisa Dillner . `` Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are smartphones disrupting your sleep ? '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mahesh Sharma . `` Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what ' bokeh ' is , and how the iPhone 7 Plus fakes it '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ABHISHEK BAXI ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Honor 9 Lite review : four lenses on a budget '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khoirunnisa ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Saingi Nova 2i , Evercoss U50A Max Usung 4 Kamera '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andy Boxall ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Huawei P20 Pro review '' . Jump up ^ Kay , Roger ( February 7 , 2012 ) , `` Is the Market Ready for a Phablet ? '' , Forbes , retrieved August 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Sasha Segan ( February 13 , 2012 ) , `` Enter the Phablet : A History of Phone - Tablet Hybrids '' , PC MAgazine Jump up ^ What Makes a Smartphone a Superphone ? Mashable.com Jump up ^ Superphone vs smartphone : what 's the difference ? Techradar.com Jump up ^ Samsung 's foldable phone to be ' luxurious ultra premium ' device , first samples coming in Q3 Phone Arena , Retrieved 27 March 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Computer sizes <Td_colspan="2"> Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network <Th_colspan="2"> Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS RCS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices <Td_colspan="2"> Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking <Td_colspan="2"> Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G <Th_colspan="2"> Mobile operating systems Linux kernel Android LineageOS Bada EZX Linux Firefox OS B2G OS KaiOS Maemo Maemo Leste MeeGo Mer Sailfish OS Moblin MotoMagx OpenEmbedded Openmoko Linux Ångström KaeilOS QtMoko SHR postmarketOS Tizen Ubuntu Touch UBports WebOS LuneOS Plasma Mobile ( Ubuntu - based reference image ) XNU iOS QNX BlackBerry 10 BlackBerry Tablet OS Windows Windows Mobile Windows Phone Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Windows RT Windows 10 Mobile Zircon Fuchsia Other BlackBerry OS EPOC GEOS Nintendo DSi Nintendo 3DS S30 S30+ S40 Nokia Asha platform PalmDOS Palm OS PSP PS Vita Symbian <Td_colspan="2"> Comparison of mobile operating systems List of mobile app distribution platforms Open Handset Alliance Open Mobile Alliance Mobile app development <Th_colspan="2"> Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web <Td_colspan="2"> Portal BNF : cb15561010h ( data ) GND : 4845922 - 7 LCCN : sh2007006251 NDL : 01155746 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smartphone&oldid=850431794 '' Categories : Smartphones Cloud clients Consumer electronics Information appliances Mobile phones Mobile computers Personal computing Portable computers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 中文 81 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 20 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Smartphone features and capabilities
2. Evolution of smartphones
3. Mobile operating systems
4. Smartphone hardware components
5. Future developments in smartphones
|
-2,126,442,206,960,840,400 |
what did great britain tax the colonies for
|
Taxation of colonies Act 1778 - wikipedia Taxation of colonies Act 1778 Jump to : navigation , search The Taxation of Colonies Act , 1778 <Td_colspan="2"> Parliament of Great Britain Long title An Act for removing all Doubts and Apprehensions concerning Taxation by the Parliament of Great Britain in any of the Colonies , Provinces , and Plantations in North America and the West Indies ; and for repealing so much of an Act made in the Seventh Year of the Reign of His late Majesty as imposes a Duty on Tea imported from Great Britain into any Colony or Plantation in America as relates to there Citation 18 Geo. 3 c. 12 Territorial extent British America and the British West Indies <Th_colspan="2"> Dates Repealed July 18 , 1973 <Th_colspan="2"> Other legislation Repealed by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1973 <Th_colspan="2"> Status : Repealed The Taxation of Colonies Act 1778 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which declared that Parliament would not impose any duty , tax , or assessment for the raising of revenue in any of the colonies of British America or the British West Indies . The Act , passed during the American Revolutionary War , was an attempt by Parliament to end the war by conceding one of the early points of dispute . Parliaments ' effort to tax the colonies without the consent of the colonists , especially as enacted in the Townshend Acts of 1767 and the Tea Act of 1773 , had been a major cause of the American Revolution . This act noted that those taxes had `` been found by experience to occasion great uneasiness and disorders '' and that his Majesty desired `` to restore the peace and welfare of all his Majesty 's Dominions '' . The Act declared that Parliament would not impose any duty , tax , or assessment for the raising of revenue in any of the colonies . Parliament would only impose such duties as expedient to regulate commerce and the net income from these duties would be given to the colonies . In making this concession , Parliament was taking the position that American colonists had advocated a decade earlier , most notably John Dickinson in his `` Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania '' . By the time the statute was enacted , it was too late to have any effect on the war : the dispute was no longer specifically about taxation , and the colonies had already declared independence . Additionally , according to legal historian John Phillip Reid , `` As a matter of constitutional law the statute was meaningless '' , because future Parliaments would not be bound by the current Parliament 's pledge not to impose taxes . The Act was eventually repealed by the Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1973 as obsolete . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Short title as conferred by the Short Titles Act 1896 , s . 1 ; the modern convention for the citation of short titles omits the comma after the word `` Act '' . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Authority to Tax , 51 . Jump up ^ Houston , Documents , 104 . <Th_colspan="2"> United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal <Th_colspan="2"> British law and the American Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxation_of_Colonies_Act_1778&oldid=771299452 '' Categories : Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1778 British laws relating to the American Revolution Tax legislation in the United Kingdom Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 March 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Taxation of Colonies Act 1778
2. Parliament of Great Britain
3. American Revolutionary War
4. Taxation without representation
5. Repealed legislation
|
-2,257,439,464,792,703,700 |
what does it mean to drink the kool aid
|
Drinking the Kool - Aid - wikipedia Drinking the Kool - Aid Directions for a package of Kool - Aid `` Drinking the Kool - Aid '' is an expression commonly used in the United States that refers to a person who believes in a possibly doomed or dangerous idea because of perceived potential high rewards . The phrase often carries a negative connotation . It can also be used ironically or humorously to refer to accepting an idea or changing a preference due to popularity , peer pressure , or persuasion . In recent years it has evolved further to mean extreme dedication to a cause or purpose , so extreme that one would `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' and die for the cause . The phrase derives from the November 1978 Jonestown deaths , in which over 900 members of the Peoples Temple , who were followers of Jim Jones , died , many of whom committed suicide by drinking a mixture of a powdered soft - drink flavoring agent laced with cyanide and prescription drugs Valium , Phenergan , and chloral hydrate , while the rest of the members , including 89 infants and elderly , were killed by forced ingestion of the poison . The soft - drink flavoring was a mixture of both Kool - Aid and a competing brand , Flavor Aid . Contents 1 Background 2 Use 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Jonestown § Deaths in Jonestown On November 18 , 1978 , Jones ordered that the members of Representative Leo Ryan 's party be killed after several defectors chose to leave with the party . Residents of the commune later committed suicide by drinking a flavored beverage laced with potassium cyanide , some were forced to drink it , some ( such as small children ) drank it unknowingly . Roughly 918 people died . Descriptions of the event often refer to the beverage not as Kool - Aid but as Flavor Aid , a less - expensive product reportedly found at the site . Kraft Foods , the maker of Kool - Aid , has stated the same . Implied by this accounting of events is that the reference to the Kool - Aid brand owes exclusively to its being better - known among Americans . Others are less categorical . Both brands are known to have been among the commune 's supplies : Film footage shot inside the compound prior to the events of November shows Jones opening a large chest in which boxes of both Flavor Aid and Kool - Aid are visible . Criminal investigators testifying at the Jonestown inquest spoke of finding packets of `` cool aid '' ( sic ) , and eyewitnesses to the incident are also recorded as speaking of `` cool aid '' or `` Cool Aid . '' It is unclear whether they intended to refer to the actual Kool - Aid -- brand drink or were using the name in a generic sense that might refer to any powdered flavored beverage . Given that both were available and are functionally very similar , it is hard to distinguish whether just one or both brands were used . The group had engaged in many `` dry runs '' using unpoisoned drink . Use ( edit ) In December 1978 , Rev. Dr. William Sloane Coffin told a convention of the American unit of Pax Christi that American planning for nuclear war and preparations for civil defense was `` the Kool - Aid drill without the cyanide . '' According to academician Rebecca Moore , early analogies to Jonestown and Kool - Aid were based around death and suicide , not blind obedience . The earliest such example she found , via a Lexis - Nexis search , was a 1982 statement from Lane Kirkland , then head of the AFL - CIO , which described Ronald Reagan 's policies as `` Jonestown economics , '' which `` administers Kool - Aid to the poor , the deprived and the unemployed . '' In 1984 , a Reagan administration appointee , Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. , chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights , was quoted as criticizing civil rights leaders Jesse Jackson , Vernon Jordan Jr. , and Benjamin Hooks by making an analogy between allegiance to `` the black leadership '' and blind obedience to the Jonestown leaders : `` We refuse to be led into another political Jonestown as we were led during the Presidential campaign . No more Kool - Aid , Jesse , Vernon and Ben . We want to be free . '' In 1989 , Jack Solerwitz , a lawyer for many of the air traffic controllers who lost their jobs in the 1981 PATCO strike , explained his dedication to their cause in spite of the substantial personal financial losses he incurred by saying : `` I was the only lawyer who kept the doors open for them , and I thought I 'd get a medal for it ... Instead , I was the one who drank the Kool - Aid . '' The widespread use of the phrase with its current meaning may have begun in the late 1990s . In some cases it began to take on a neutral or even positive light , implying simply great enthusiasm . In 1998 , the dictionary website logophilia.com defined the phrase thus : `` To become a firm believer in something ; to accept an argument or philosophy whole - heartedly . '' The phrase has been used in the business and technology worlds to mean fervent devotion to a certain company or technology . A 2000 The New York Times article about the end of the dot - com bubble noted , `` The saying around San Francisco Web shops these days , as companies run out of money , is ' Just keep drinking the Kool - Aid , ' a tasteless reference to the Jonestown massacre . '' The phrase or metaphor has also often been used in a political context , usually with a negative implication . In 2002 , Arianna Huffington used the phrase `` pass the Kool - Aid , pardner '' in a column about an economic forum hosted by President George W. Bush . Later , commentators Michelangelo Signorile and Bill O'Reilly have used the term to describe those whom they perceive as following certain ideologies blindly . In a 2009 speech , Newsweek editor Jon Meacham stressed his political independence by saying , `` I did not drink the Obama Kool - Aid last year . '' In 2011 , columnist Meghan Daum wrote that the phrase had become `` one of the nation 's most popular idiomatic trends , '' while bemoaning its rise in popularity , calling its usage `` grotesque , even offensive . '' She cited , among others , usages by Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz , who said that he `` drank the Kool - Aid as much as anyone else about Obama , '' and Us Weekly magazine , which reported during the short marriage of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries that `` Kris is not drinking the Kardashian Kool - Aid . '' In February 2012 , `` Drinking the Kool - Aid '' won first place in an online poll by Forbes Magazine as `` the single most annoying example of business jargon . '' See also ( edit ) Irrationality Skepticism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ * Higgins , Chris ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Stop Saying ' Drink the Kool - Aid ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . `` ' Jonestown ' : Portrait of a Disturbed Cult Leader '' . Day to Day . October 20 , 2006 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Paul McFedries ( 1998 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Wordspy article on the expression `` Drink the Kool - Aid , '' October 27 , 1998 `` . Logophilia Limited , www.wordspy.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hall , John R. ( 1987 ) . Gone from the Promised Land : Jonestown in American Cultural History . Transaction Publishers . p. 282 . ISBN 9780887388019 . Jump up ^ * `` Cult 's survivors sought in jungle '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . November 21 , 1978 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Holden , Stephen . `` Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ^ Jump up to : Eric Zorn ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Change of Subject , `` Have you drunk the ' Kool Aid ' Kool Aid '' . Chicago Tribune , www.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krause , Charles A. ( Dec 17 , 1978 ) . `` Jonestown Is an Eerie Ghost Town Now '' . Washington Post . Along the muddy path that served as a sidewalk for much of the commune , other reminders of the life and death that were Jonestown lie half buried in the fertile soil . A pair of woman 's eyeglasses , a towel , a pair of shorts , packets of unopened Flavor - Aid lie scattered about waiting for the final cleanup that may one day return Jonestown to the tidy , if overcrowded , little community it once was . Jump up ^ * Kihn , Martin ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Do n't Drink the Grape - Flavored Sugar Water ... '' Fast Company . Archived from the original on 7 April 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Al Thomkins ( 2003 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Al 's Morning Meeting , `` Thursday Edition : Clearing Kool - Aid 's Name '' `` . The Poynter Institute . Archived from the original on 4 December 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Stanley ( 2006 ) . Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ( DVD ) . Hollywood , California : PBS Home Video . Jump up ^ `` Guyana inquest '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Larry D. ( 8 November 1998 ) . `` Utopian nightmare . Jonestown : What did we learn ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hyer , Marjorie . Pax Christi Group Opposes SALT II . 9 December 1978 . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Drinking the Kool - Aid : The Cultural Transformation of a Tragedy , Rebecca Moore , American Academy of Religion / Western Region , St. Mary 's College of California , 26 March 2002 Jump up ^ `` Criticism of Black Leaders '' . The New York Times . November 20 , 1984 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( January 20 , 1989 ) . `` LAW : AT THE BAR ; Lawyer for striking air traffic controllers won back 60 jobs but suffered personal loss '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fishburne , Rodes ( April 29 , 2000 ) . `` The Shadow in Silicon Valley '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Arianna Huffington ( August 16 , 2002 ) . `` Wacko in Waco '' . Salon.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Feeling Sorry for O'Reilly '' . Fox News . 2005 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finch , Jake ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Newsweek editor addresses Reagan Forum '' . Ventura County Star . Jump up ^ Daum , Meghan ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't ' drink the Kool - Aid ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jargon Madness , Forbes , January 25 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Look up drink the Kool - Aid in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Richardson , James D. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` The phrase ' drank the Kool - Aid ' is completely offensive . We should stop saying it immediately '' . PostEverything . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple Timeline I - Hotel Peoples Temple in San Francisco Jonestown Jonestown conspiracy theories People Members Timothy Stoen Larry Layton Deborah Layton Jeannie Mills Congressional entourage Leo Ryan Jackie Speier Tim Reiterman Don Harris Other Father Divine Charles Garry Marshall Kilduff Mark Lane George Moscone Willie Brown Harvey Milk Angela Davis Huey P. Newton John R. Burke Mervyn Dymally Books Journey to Nowhere : A New World Tragedy ( 1980 ) Raven ( 1982 ) Seductive Poison ( 1999 ) A Thousand Lives ( 2011 ) Films and television Documentaries Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ( 2006 ) Jonestown : Paradise Lost ( 2007 ) Dramatizations Guyana : Crime of the Century ( 1979 ) Guyana Tragedy : The Story of Jim Jones ( 1980 ) Related articles Cult Awareness Network Drinking the Kool - Aid The Mary Pearl Willis Foundation Evergreen Cemetery <Td_colspan="2"> WikiSource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drinking_the_Kool-Aid&oldid=852471509 '' Categories : Political terminology of the United States Computer jargon Peoples Temple English phrases Influence ( social and political ) Metaphors referring to food and drink Consensus Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 06 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "Drinking the Kool-Aid" expression
2. Jonestown deaths and the Peoples Temple
3. Negative connotation of "Drinking the Kool-Aid"
4. Perceived high rewards and dangerous ideas
5. Extreme dedication and devotion to a cause
|
-7,244,458,536,936,591,000 |
who does the voices on ben and holly's little kingdom
|
Ben & Holly 's little Kingdom - wikipedia Ben & Holly 's little Kingdom <Th_colspan="2"> Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Fantasy Supernatural Created by Mark Baker & Neville Astley Directed by Mark Baker Neville Astley Phillip Hall ( 2012 ) Joris van Hulzen ( 2012 ) Composer ( s ) Julian Nott Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 131 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) Phil Davies Running time 52 x 11 minutes Production company ( s ) Astley Baker Davies The Elf Factory Rubber Duck Entertainment ( 2009 ) E1 Kids ( 2009 -- 10 ) Entertainment One Family ( 2010 -- 12 ) Distributor Rubber Duck Entertainment ( 2009 ) E1 Kids ( 2009 -- 10 ) Entertainment One Family ( 2010 -- 12 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Channel 5 Nick Jr . First shown in United Kingdom Original release 6 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 06 ) -- 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows Peppa Pig <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom is a British animated preschool television series aimed at pre-school children originally broadcast on Nickelodeon UK . It is broadcast across Nickelodeon 's channels throughout Africa , Asia - Pacific , Europe , the Middle East , Latin America and North America . The show is created by Neville Astley and Mark Baker , and produced by Astley Baker Davies and Entertainment One ( the companies responsible for Peppa Pig ) . Many of the actors who lend their vocal skills to characters in Peppa Pig also work on Little Kingdom . These include John Sparkes , Sarah Ann Kennedy , David Rintoul and David Graham . The music is produced by Julian Nott , who is noted for his Wallace and Gromit and Peppa Pig scores . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Voice cast 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The show is set in the Little Kingdom which is hidden among thorny brambles . The Little Kingdom is ruled by King and Queen Thistle mainly from the Little Castle , where they live with their daughters Holly , Daisy and Poppy . Elves live at the Great Elf Tree , which acts as a school , library , apartment block and factory for toys and wands . Elves hold the belief that they should never arrive late to anything . Civil fairies live in the Fairy Village , which consists of toadstools which have doors and windows . Fairies use magic and most of the faries are named after flowers and plants . Elves have their own catchphrase , `` ... and I 'm an Elf '' ( or `` We 're Elves '' ) , or ELF MANNN , and fairies also have their own catchphrase , commonly `` I 'm a fairy '' . Elves tell the time with wrist watches and / or clocks , while fairies tell the time in very unconventional ways . The Elves operate Elf Rescue , the Elf Farm and the Elf Windmill . King Thistle likes to play golf and crazy golf at the Royal Course . Ben and Holly have a ladybird friend called Gaston . Nanny Plum and the Wise Old Elf are characters too , and they have important jobs to do in the context of the show . Mr and Mrs Elf are Ben 's parents . The Wise Old Elf is not married anymore but has three sons . Characters ( edit ) Ben Elf is one of the main characters alongside Princess Holly . He lives with his parents , Mr. & Mrs. Elf . He lives in the Great Elf Tree , number 4 . He can be quite tentative when it comes to using magic , as Ben is a young elf . He does not have any siblings , but has many friends , and his best friend is Princess Holly . Ben is voiced by Preston Nyman . Holly Thistle is a fairy and one of the main characters alongside Ben Elf . She lives with her parents , King and Queen Thistle , and with her little sisters , Daisy & Poppy . She likes to use magic despite the risk of things going wrong . Her best friend is Ben Elf . Holly is voiced by Sian Taylor . Lucy is a human girl ( one of the ' big people ' to the citizens of the little kingdom ) and one of Ben and Holly 's friends . She wears an orange dress and has pale skin and brown hair . She lives with her parents . She befriends Ben and Holly when they accompany Nanny Plum while she is on the job as the tooth fairy and was woken up by them , but keeps their existence a secret . Lucy is voiced by Abigail Daniels . King Thistle rules over the Little Kingdom . He is the husband of Queen Thistle and Princess Holly , Daisy , and Poppy 's father . He is often hungry and grumpy , and sometimes hates having a bath . He dislikes celebrating his birthday because it reminds him he is getting older . When he was Holly 's age , he was known as Prince Thistle . King Thistle is voiced by Ian Puleston - Davies . Queen Thistle is the Queen in the Little Kingdom and the wife of King Thistle . She is Princess Holly , Daisy , and Poppy 's mother . Queen Thistle is Queen Marigold 's younger sister . She is one of the few people who can handle looking after Daisy and Poppy , though at times even she can be overwhelmed by the trouble they cause with their magic . Queen Thistle is voiced by Sara Crowe . Daisy and Poppy are Holly 's little twin sisters . They are not very good at magic as they are only babies , but this does not stop them from trying . They are quite cheeky and usually end up causing trouble with magic . As Daisy and Poppy can be very naughty , Holly sometimes dislikes her sisters . Due to the trouble they cause with their magic , most of the adult characters are wary of them , though Queen Thistle seems to be able to deal with them for the most part . Daisy and Poppy are voiced by Zoe Baker . Nanny Plum is Holly , Daisy , and Poppy 's nanny , and a general housekeeper for the King and Queen . She is very good at magic and capable of speaking many animal languages ( including ones which she claims to be a bit difficult such as Mole , Aardvark , Ant , Centipede and Alien ) . She often ends up in all kinds of trouble when trying to help Holly and friends . She is also a tooth fairy . Although being quite bossy and savage , she is very good at cleaning with magic . She rivals the Wise Old Elf mainly due to their differing opinions over the use of magic . She is a teacher at the Fairy School and also works as a maid . Nanny Plum is voiced by Sarah Ann Kennedy . The Wise Old Elf lives in the same tree as Ben at the top in room 98 . He also is the Wise Old Tailor , the elf doctor and the librarian . He also runs the Elf School and The Elf factory . He rivals Nanny Plum and strongly disapproves of magic , but used to admire magic and enjoyed himself when he was briefly given the ability to use magic . He also secretly used magic to fuel the Elf Engine that runs the Elf Factory , as it is clean energy ( `` a very small Carbon Footprint '' ) and never runs out except on No Magic Day that occurs every blue moon . He had three sons , two of which are pirates , Redbeard the Elf Pirate and Captain Squid , and a sensible son who later decided to be a Viking , as shown in the episode ' Fathers Day ' . The Wise Old Elf 's real name is Cedric . He went to college with Granny and Granpapa Thistle . He has a twin brother , an Arctic Elf named The Wiser Older Elf . The Wise Old Elf is voiced by David Graham . A running gag is that Elf Rescue is a parody of International Rescue the 1960s television series Thunderbirds , with comparable rocket - powered rescue vehicles and similar strident accompanying music . David Graham , who voices the Wise Old Elf , also voiced Parker the chauffeur in Thurderbirds . Gaston Ladybird is a male ladybird who lives in a small cave . He likes his house being messy as well as food that is `` smelly and foul '' . He does not mind giving Ben rides when Ben needs to fly . Nanny Plum , who understands Ladybird language , translates for him quite often . He acts quite similarly to a dog , making a barking sound when he `` speaks '' , and fetching sticks . Gaston has a brother , Tony , a sister - in - law , Pam , two nieces , Amber and Emerald , and a nephew , Keith . Gaston is voiced by Taig McNab , who is also credited as Editor for Ben and Holly 's Little Kingdom . Redbeard the Elf Pirate ( Nigel ) is the pirate uncle of Barnaby Elf , and brother of Fred Elf . He is introduced in series 1 , episode 31 , where it is also revealed that his real name is Nigel . He sails the oceans in a pirate ship named Pedro , though his size prevents him from engaging in acts of actual piracy , and he is more of a treasure hunter and explorer . He is quite smitten with Nanny Plum whom he considers to be his sweetheart , although Nanny seems to have little interest in him romantically . He has a pet parrot , Polly , although she is normal sized and barely fits inside Redbeard 's ship . Redbeard is voiced by David Rintoul . Sally ( Credited as `` Lucy 's Mum '' ) is Lucy 's mother , who lives near the little kingdom with Lucy and her husband . Unlike her husband , Sally is aware of the existence of elves and fairies as she has been friends with Nanny Plum , Prince Thistle ( subsequently King Thistle ) , and the Wise Old Elf , since she was a little girl , and like her daughter , keeps their existence a secret . Lucy 's Father lives near the little kingdom with Lucy and his wife . Whilst initially unaware of the existence of the little kingdom , he discovered their existence as a result of the attempts of the citizens of the little kingdom to prevent him building a place for his cows in the meadow where the little kingdom is located . He keeps their existence a secret , though he does so as he seems to think that other people would think he was crazy if he told them . Mrs. Fig is the teacher of the Magic School . Nanny Plum used to go there and Holly and her friends went there when they were old enough . Despite being a fairy , she detests magic and says the most important rules of magic are `` Do n't use magic '' and `` Magic should only be used for serious things '' . As a result , the Wise Old Elf likes her as they have similar views on magic . Mrs. Fig loathes Nanny Plum , who is implied to have been her worst student as she does not adhere to Mrs. Fig 's ideas on magic . Mrs. Fig is voiced by Morwenna Banks . Mrs. Fotheringill is Daisy and Poppy 's playgroup teacher . She was at one point sent back in time to the age of the dinosaurs by Daisy , Poppy , and the other fairy children in her playgroup . Fairy Mayor is a character based on Boris Johnson , the former Mayor of London . He is Strawberry 's dad and the vet 's husband . He does not like `` big people '' because they always step on fairies and elves . Fairy Mayor is voiced by Alexander Armstrong . Voice cast ( edit ) Character Voice Magic Gender Ben Elf Preston Nyman Male Elf Princess Holly Sian Taylor Female Fairy Gaston the Ladybird Taig McNab Male Ladybird Nanny Plum Sarah Ann Kennedy Female Fairy King Thistle Ian Puleston - Davies Male Fairy Queen Thistle Sara Crowe Female Fairy Mrs Elf Judy Flynn Female Elf Mr Elf John Sparkes Male Elf Wise Old Elf David Graham Male Elf Violet Lucy Moss Female Fairy Strawberry Zara Siddiqi Female Fairy Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moody , Annemarie ( 27 March 2009 ) . `` Nick Jr . Welcomes Preschoolers to Ben and Holly 's Little Kingdom '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` index '' . www.theelffactory.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Julian Nott -- Film Music Composer '' . www.juliannottmusic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kirsty ( 2 December 2012 ) . `` Boris Johnson has new role in Ben and Holly 's Little Kingdom '' . www.express.co.uk . Northern and Shell Media Publications . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official Website of Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom on Nick Jr . UK Official Twitter as voiced by Nanny Plum , Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_%26_Holly%27s_Little_Kingdom&oldid=854385173 '' Categories : 2000s British animated television series 2010s British animated television series 2000s British children 's television series 2010s British children 's television series 2009 British television programme debuts 2014 British television programme endings Animated duos BAFTA winners ( television series ) British children 's animated television programmes British children 's television programmes Channel 5 ( UK ) television programmes Children 's comedy television series Elves in popular culture English - language television programs Fairies and sprites in television British flash animated television series Magic in television Nick Jr. shows Television series by Entertainment One Preschool education television series British animated television programmes featuring anthropomorphic characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 23 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom - British animated preschool television series
2. Fantasy and supernatural elements in the show
3. Characters in the show, including Ben Elf, Princess Holly, and Nanny Plum
4. Plot of the show, set in the Little Kingdom and featuring elves, fairies, and magic
5. Production details, including the creators, producers, and distributors of the show
|
-4,027,563,857,075,274,000 |
where did why did i get married too get filmed at
|
Why Did I Get Married Too ? - Wikipedia Why Did I Get Married Too ? Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Why Did I Get Married Too ? <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Tyler Perry Produced by Tyler Perry Reuben Cannon Screenplay by Tyler Perry Starring Janet Jackson Tyler Perry Tasha Smith Jill Scott Louis Gossett , Jr . Malik Yoba Michael Jai White Sharon Leal Richard T. Jones Lamman Rucker Cicely Tyson Music by Aaron Zigman Edited by Maysie Hoy Production company Tyler Perry Studios Distributed by Lionsgate Release date April 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $60,095,852 Why Did I Get Married Too ? is a 2010 American comedy - drama film produced by Lionsgate and Tyler Perry Studios and stars Janet Jackson , Tyler Perry , and Tasha Smith . It is the sequel to Why Did I Get Married ? ( 2007 ) , The film shares the interactions of four couples who undertake a week - long retreat to improve their relationships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Box office 6 Soundtrack 7 Awards / Nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Bahamas for their annual reunion , four couples are eager to share news about their lives over the past year . But when one 's ex-husband arrives to break up her marriage and win her back , the others realize they are not immune to the challenges of love and fidelity . Cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Terry Brock Janet Jackson as Patricia Agnew Jill Scott as Sheila Jackson Sharon Leal as Dianne Brock Tasha Smith as Angela Williams Richard T. Jones as Mike Malik Yoba as Gavin Agnew Lamman Rucker as Troy Jackson Michael Jai White as Marcus Williams Louis Gossett , Jr. as Louis Jones Cicely Tyson as Ola Karrie Valarie Pettiford as Mom Dwayne Johnson as Daniel Franklin ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) A June 5 , 2009 , report stated that Janet Jackson would reprise her role as Patricia , making her the third confirmed cast member to reprise her role . Due to Michael Jackson 's sudden death , film production was halted for a short period of time , after which Jackson returned to continue with the project . On August 6 , 2009 , Jackson stated that she had finished filming her scenes . On June 16 , 2009 , Tyler Perry confirmed that the entire cast from the first film would return for the sequel . Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . Based on 43 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 28 % with an average score of 4.5 / 10 . By comparison , Metacritic calculated an average score of 44 % , based on 12 reviews . Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe gave the film 21⁄2 out of 4 stars , claiming : `` If Perry 's cinematic vision remains less than 20 / 20 , his sagacity gets stronger by the movie . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly graded the film a D , writing in her review : `` It 's a contradiction in terms to think of the phenomenally successful , prolific entertainment showman Tyler Perry as lazy , but there 's no other description for this particular product : Terribly shot and crudely assembled . '' Scott Wilson concurred , stating : `` Why Did I Get Married Too ? lacks the underlying goodwill of some of his better work and plays like a gift wrapped present to his detractors . '' Wilson graded the movie 1.5 / 5 stars . Box Office ( edit ) Why Did I Get Married Too ? grossed a total of $30.2 million in its opening weekend placing second behind Clash of the Titans . Its opening weekend gross makes it the third highest opening for films created by Tyler Perry . As of June 6 , 2010 the movie has grossed over $60 million domestically . Soundtrack ( edit ) Janet Jackson recorded a song for the Why Did I Get Married Too ? soundtrack entitled `` Nothing '' . It served as the soundtrack 's lead single . Also , Cameron Rafati 's single `` Battles '' was featured in this film . Norwegian Christel Alsos was also featured with the song `` Still '' . The soundtrack for the film was released on So So Def Recordings with distribution being handled by Malaco Records . Awards / Nominations ( edit ) NAACP Image Awards 2011 : Nomination - Outstanding Motion Picture 2011 : Nomination - Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture - Janet Jackson 2011 : Nomination - Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture - Jill Scott 2011 : Nomination - Outstanding Writing for a Motion Picture - Tyler Perry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why Did I Get Married Too ? ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Louis Gossett , Jr. and Jill Scott. / movie - news / 2891 / tyler - perry - and - lionsgate - full - speed - ahead - on - the - cashing - in Article at ReelzChannel Retrieved on May 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Article at Toya 's World . Retrieved on June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Twitter post @ JanetJackson Retrieved on August 18 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Why Did I Get Married Too ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married Too '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Morris , Wesley ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's psychological mayhem cuts deep in ' Married ' sequel '' . Boston Globe . Globe Newspaper Company . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Liza ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` Why Did I Get Married Too ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tyler Perry Moviesat the Box Office - Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married Too ? ( 2010 ) - Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1632205/20100218/dupri_jermaine.jhtml Archived February 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Official website Why Did I Get Married Too ? on IMDb Why Did I Get Married Too ? at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween Independent films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Did_I_Get_Married_Too%3F&oldid=811250422 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films American films African - American films American comedy films 2010s comedy - drama films Films directed by Tyler Perry Lions Gate Entertainment films Films shot in Atlanta Screenplays by Tyler Perry American comedy - drama films American sequel films Sequel films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 12 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Why Did I Get Married Too? - Plot and Cast
2. Reception and Box Office Performance
3. Production and Filming Details
4. Soundtrack and Awards/Nominations
5. Tyler Perry's Filmography and Related Works
|
-43,861,678,021,490,850 |
when did the iphone se come out in the us
|
IPhone SE - wikipedia IPhone SE iPhone SE <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> iPhone SE in Rose Gold Brand Apple Inc . Slogan A big step for small . Generation 10th Model A1662 ( US model ) A1723 ( Sprint and in most countries ) A1724 ( China Mobile model ) Compatible networks GSM , LTE , 3G , 4G , EDGE , UMTS , HSPA+ , DC - HSDPA , CDMA , EVDO First released March 31 , 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) ( 16 and 64 GB ) ; March 24 , 2017 ; 18 months ago ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) ( 32 and 128 GB ) Availability by Region March 31 , 2016 ( show ) Australia Canada China Denmark Egypt Eritrea France Germany Hong Kong Japan Norway Puerto Rico Russia Singapore South Africa Sudan Sweden United Kingdom United States April 5 , 2016 ( show ) Austria Italy New Zealand Spain United Arab Emirates April 6 , 2016 ( show ) India Lithuania Nepal Serbia Switzerland April 7 , 2016 ( show ) Taiwan April 8 , 2016 ( show ) Ireland April 21 , 2016 ( show ) Israel April 26 , 2016 ( show ) Colombia Mexico May 5 , 2016 ( show ) Belarus May 11 , 2016 ( show ) Chile Malaysia South Korea Thailand May 28 , 2016 ( show ) Philippines Discontinued March 21 , 2017 ( 16 and 64 GB ) September 12 , 2018 ( 32 and 128 GB ) Predecessor iPhone 5S Successor None Related iPhone 5 , iPhone 5S Type Smartphone Form factor Slate 123.8 mm ( 4.87 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) D Weight 113 g ( 4.0 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 9.3 Current : iOS 12.0. 1 , released October 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 08 ) System on chip Apple A9 CPU 1.85 GHz dual - core 64 - bit ARMv8 - A `` Twister '' GPU PowerVR GT7600 ( hexa - core ) Memory 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 16 , 32 , 64 , or 128 GB Battery 3.82 V 6.21 W h ( 1,624 mA h ) Lithium - ion battery Data inputs Multi-touch touchscreen display , Apple M9 motion coprocessor , 3 - axis gyroscope , accelerometer , digital compass , proximity sensor , ambient light sensor , Touch ID fingerprint reader Display 4.0 in ( 100 mm ) Retina Display , LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1136 × 640 pixel resolution ( 326 ppi ) Rear camera Backlit Sony Exmor RS 12 MP ( 1.22 μm ) , dual - tone LED flash , autofocus , IR filter , burst mode , f / 2.2 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps , 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) Front camera 1.2 MP , f / 2.4 aperture , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , Retina Flash , 720p video recording Sound Mono speaker , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack Connectivity Near - field communication ( NFC ) , Bluetooth 4.2 , GPS , GLONASS , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , VoLTE , Wi - Fi calling , Lightning Port , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack Other FaceTime audio - or video - calling SAR Head SAR : 1.17 W / kg Body SAR : 1.19 W / kg Hearing aid compatibility M3 , T4 Website iPhone SE - Apple at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 3 , 2016 ) This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X XR XS / XS Max List of iPhone models The iPhone SE ( Special Edition ) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc . It is the tenth generation of the iPhone , succeeding the iPhone 6S . It was announced on March 21 , 2016 at the Town Hall auditorium in the Apple Campus by Apple executive Greg Joswiak , with pre-orders beginning on March 24 and official release on March 31 , 2016 . It was re-released almost a year later on March 24 , 2017 with larger storage capacities . The iPhone SE shares the same physical design and dimensions as the iPhone 5S but has upgraded internal hardware , including the newer Apple A9 system - on - chip , greater battery capacity , and a 12 - megapixel rear camera that can record 4K video . Along with the iPhone 6S and the iPhone X , the iPhone SE was discontinued by Apple on September 12 , 2018 . No successor to the iPhone SE was announced , and Business Insider wrote that `` Apple made a big mistake by removing its smallest and most affordable iPhone from its lineup '' , suggesting that the company was disregarding a significant number of customers who had been worried over the loss of the smaller design . In relation with the discontinuation of the iPhone SE , Quartz mentioned that women and other smartphone users with smaller hands have reported `` pain from holding , scrolling , and swiping on phones , and a review of research on the ergonomics of handheld devices concludes that bigger products , like large phones and tablets , often result in overextension of the thumb and wrist '' , hinting to repetitive strain injury and that oversized iPhones and smartphones in general can be physically unusable for several users . The technology website Gizmodo shared the same concern , hoping that `` there will be a return to smaller phones '' , and expressed a desire `` to hold one 's phone in a single hand , and be able to use it fully . '' Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Design 2.2 Hardware 2.3 Software 3 Reception 4 Timeline of models 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The previous major redesign of the iPhone , the 4.7 - inch iPhone 6 and the 5.5 - inch iPhone 6 Plus , resulted in larger screen sizes . However , a significant number of customers still preferred the smaller 4 - inch screen size of the iPhone 5 and the iPhone 5S . Apple stated in the `` Let us loop you in '' event on March 21 , 2016 that they sold over 30 million 4 - inch iPhones in 2015 , further explaining that some people love smaller compact phones . Later in the event they presented the iPhone SE , describing it as `` the most powerful 4 - inch phone ever . '' The iPhone SE , iPhone 6S , and iPhone 6S Plus were the last iPhone models to feature a standard 3.5 mm stereo headphone jack . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) The exterior design of the iPhone SE is nearly identical to that of the iPhone 5 and the iPhone 5S , with the exception of matte - chamfered edges and an inset stainless steel rear Apple logo . Cases designed to fit the 5 and the 5S will also fit an iPhone SE . The iPhone SE is available in the colors Space Gray , Silver , Gold , and Rose Gold . Color Name Front Space Gray Black Silver White Gold White Rose Gold White Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone SE incorporates the Apple A9 system - on - chip ( SoC ) with an M9 motion coprocessor and supports near field communication for Apple Pay . It was released with 16 GB or 64 GB of internal storage . It features a 12 megapixel rear - facing camera with the ability to record 4K video at 30 frames per second . Unlike the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus , the SE does not include 3D Touch , nor the updated faster second - generation Touch ID sensor from the 6S and 6S Plus , or its barometer . On March 21 , 2017 Apple announced that it would double the storage for these models at the same launch prices . The upgraded models were released on March 24 , 2017 with 32 GB or 128 GB of internal storage . Software ( edit ) See also : iOS , iOS 9 , iOS 10 , iOS 11 , and iOS 12 The iPhone SE shipped with iOS 9.3 , supporting iPhone 6 and 6S - exclusive features such as Apple Pay , Live Photos , Retina Flash and always - on Siri voice activation . The SE is compatible with iOS 12 . Reception ( edit ) CNET was positive , considering the iPhone SE to be a `` great choice at the small end , with no compromises '' . CNET also lauded Apple for accomplishing the task of adapting the 6S 's hardware to three different form factors ; the smaller 4.0 - inch SE , 4.7 - inch 6S , and 5.5 - inch 6S Plus . The Verge considered the iPhone SE to be `` a much - improved , well - designed , small phone with great battery life '' and a `` great upgrade '' for existing owners of the 4S or 5S models , noting the device 's familiar form factor , high performance ( going as far as considering the screen size itself to be the only hindrance to multitasking and certain apps ) , and improved battery life . Giving the device an 8.7 out of 10 , Goode argued that `` the iPhone SE is not a tiny little engine of innovation . It 's today 's tech in yesterday 's phone body . As with anything , we should be wary of giving too much praise to something that 's just doing its job . '' TechCrunch admired the iPhone SE 's design and mentioned that the phone appealed `` not just to the nostalgic and neophobic , but simply people who prefer a smaller phone . I do n't have particularly large or small hands , but I preferred this highly pocketable , proven design to the new one for a number of reasons '' , describing the phone further as `` the best object Apple ever designed , filled with the best tech it had ever developed . It was the best phone it ever made . '' GSMArena mentioned that the iPhone SE `` struck the right balance between size , cost and performance '' and that it `` helped Apple sell more phones than predicted in the summer of 2016 , helping it beat analysts expectations and was strategic for Apple in price - sensitive markets such as India and China where Apple struggles to match its success from Western markets . '' Timeline of models ( edit ) Sources : Apple Newsroom Archive See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iOS devices History of iPhone Comparison of smartphones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE 4 / 7 開 賣 5 大 電信 公布 預約 日 重點 新聞 中央社 即時 新聞 CNA NEWS '' . 中央 通訊社 ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Chance ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` First iPhone SE teardown reveals mainly 5s / 6s parts inside , but a few surprises too '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` About Hearing Aid Compatibility ( HAC ) requirements for iPhone - Apple Support '' . Apple Support . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What the iPhone SE stands for -- and what we think it should stand for '' . TechRadar . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Calore ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's Spring 2016 Event Will Be Held on Monday , March 21 '' . Wired . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Apple ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Apple - March Event 2016 - YouTube '' . Apple ( YouTube.com ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : New Rising Media ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple iPhone SE Announcement - YouTube '' . New Rising Media ( YouTube.com ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vlad Savov ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone SE announced : iPhone 6S specs , iPhone 5S size , $399 price - The Verge '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple doubles iPhone SE storage to 32GB and 128GB - The Verge '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Mayo ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` iPhone SE and iPhone 6s no longer sold by Apple ( and iPhone X gone too ) '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Avery Hartmans ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` Apple just quietly killed off a bunch of older iPhone and Apple Watch models -- here are the products that are gone forever - Business Insider Nordic '' . Business Insider Nordic . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ John McCann ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` The iPhone SE and iPhone 6S are dead , and that 's not good for the iPhone SE 2 '' . TechRadar . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dave Smith ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Apple made a big mistake by killing the iPhone SE , its smallest and most affordable smartphone - Business Insider Nordic '' . Business Insider Nordic . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jane C. Hu ( September 22 , 2018 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone XS , XR , and XS Max are bad news for women -- and anyone else with smaller hands -- Quartz '' . Quartz . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logan Booker ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` Why I Just Bought An iPhone SE '' . Gizmodo Australia . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` With the iPhone SE , Apple Returns to a Masterpiece of Design '' . Wired.com . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE Reviews : Apple 's Strange Case Of Jekyll And Hyde '' . Forbes.com . March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adnan Farooqui ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` Apple Discontinues The iPhone 6S And iPhone SE As Well '' . Ubergizmo . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , your old iPhone 5s case will fit on the new iPhone SE '' . Macworld . IDG . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple shows off 4 - inch iPhone SE , iOS 9.3 '' . Geek.com . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ H. , Victor ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple iPhone SE TouchID is the same as in 5s , same as the iPhone 6s fingerprint sensor '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 features you do n't get with the iPhone SE '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple doubles iPhone SE storage to 32GB and 128GB '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minor iPhone bump turns the 7 and 7 Plus red , gives iPhone SE more storage '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone SE vs. iPhone 6 and 6S : which Apple smartphone should you get ? '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iOS 12 : More power to you '' . Apple.com . Apple Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone SE review : Small wonder '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goode , Lauren . `` iPhone SE review : today 's tech , yesterday 's design '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devin Coldewey ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` The iPhone SE was the best phone Apple ever made , and now it 's dead '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul ( September 23 , 2018 ) . `` RIP Apple iPhone SE - GSMArena.com news '' . GSMArena . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2007 - 2018 ) . iPhone News - Newsroom Archive . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) iPhone SE -- official site Preceded by iPhone 5S iPhone SE 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent <Th_colspan="3"> iOS and iOS - based products <Td_colspan="3"> History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X XR XS & XS Max iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 History Night Shift Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps <Td_colspan="2"> Books Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Measure Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps <Td_colspan="2"> AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services <Td_colspan="2"> Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors Batterygate FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC <Th_colspan="2"> Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook 12 - inch MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch Series 0 Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st ( 9.7 '' & 12.9 `` ) 2nd ( 10.5 '' & 12.9 `` ) iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X XS / XS Max XR Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower ( unreleased ) iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate current products . See also : Apple hardware before 1998 <Th_colspan="2"> Apple hardware Apple II family Discontinued Apple I Apple II series II II Plus IIe IIe Card ( Macintosh PDS ) IIc IIc Plus IIGS Apple III Apple Lisa Macintosh XL Mac Desktop Current iMac iMac Pro Mac Pro Mac Mini Discontinued Compact 128K 512K 512Ke Plus SE SE / 30 Classic Classic II Color Classic II family II IIx IIcx IIci IIfx IIsi IIvi IIvx LC family LC LC II LC III LC 475 LC 500 series LC 630 5200 LC Macintosh TV Quadra 610 650 660AV 605 630 700 900 950 800 840AV Performa Centris Power Macintosh 4400 and 7220 5000 series 5200 LC and 5300 LC 5260 5400 5500 6000 series 6100 6200 and 6300 6400 6500 7000 series 7100 7200 and 8200 7300 7500 7600 8000 series 8100 8500 8600 9000 series 9500 9600 G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Twentieth Anniversary iMac family G3 G4 G5 eMac Laptop Current MacBook family 12 - inch Air Pro Discontinued Macintosh Portable PowerBook 68k - based 100 series 100 140 170 160 180 150 190 Duo 210 230 500 series PowerPC - based 2300c 5300 1400 3400c 2400c G3 G4 iBook G3 G4 MacBook ( pre-2015 ) Server Discontinued Workgroup Server 9150 Network Server Xserve Mac Mini Server Mac Pro Server Devices Current Apple TV 4th 4K Apple Watch Series 3 Series 4 HomePod iPad iPad ( 2018 ) Mini 4 Pro 10.5 / 12.9 ( 2nd ) iPhone 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus XS / XS Max XR iPod ( Touch ( 6th ) ) Discontinued Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd Apple Watch Series 0 Series 1 Series 2 iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 Mini 1st Pro 9.7 / 12.9 ( 1st ) iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE X iPod Classic iPod + HP U2 Photo with color display Hi - Fi Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Interactive Television Box Paladin Pippin PowerCD QuickTake Accessories Current AirPods AirPower iPad Pencil Smart Keyboard Magic Keyboard Magic Mouse 2 Magic Trackpad 2 Siri Remote SuperDrive ( USB ) Discontinued Displays III II AppleColor Composite IIe AppleColor High - Resolution RGB Color AudioVision 14 Multiple Scan 14 ColorSync 750 Studio Cinema Thunderbolt Drives Disk II Macintosh ProFile Hard Disk 20 Hard Disk 20SC AppleCD PowerCD Tape Drive 40SC SuperDrive Xserve RAID Input devices Desktop Bus iSight Keyboards Extended Adjustable Wireless Magic Trackpad Mice USB Mouse Pro Mouse Wireless Mouse Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Remote Scanner iPod Click Wheel Nike + iPod Networking AirPort Express Router Extreme Router Time Capsule Apple II serial cards Modems USB LocalTalk Communication Slot GeoPort Printers Silentype Dot Matrix Printer Letter Quality Printer ImageWriter LaserWriter 410 Color Plotter Color LaserWriter StyleWriter Apple - designed processors Current A series 64 - bit : A8 A10 A10X A11 A12 S series 32 - bit : S3 64 - bit : S4 W series 32 - bit : W1 W2 W3 T series 64 - bit : T2 Discontinued A series 32 - bit : A4 A5 A5X A6 A6X 64 - bit : A7 A8X A9 A9X S series 32 - bit : S1 S1P S2 T series 32 - bit : T1 <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate announced unreleased products Comparison of Macintosh models Timeline of Macintosh models Timeline of Apple Inc. products Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone_SE&oldid=866517668 '' Categories : IPhone Mobile phones introduced in 2016 IOS Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. iPhone SE specifications
2. Apple A9 chip
3. 4-inch Retina display
4. 12-megapixel camera
5. Discontinuation of iPhone SE
|
-4,133,208,205,687,597,600 |
what are the 3 most common gasses in earth's atmosphere
|
Atmosphere of Earth - wikipedia Atmosphere of Earth Jump to : navigation , search `` Air '' redirects here . For other uses , see Air ( disambiguation ) . `` Qualities of air '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Air quality . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , surrounding Earth in a visibly blue layer when seen from space on board the ISS at an altitude of 335 km ( 208 mi ) . Composition of Earth 's atmosphere by volume . Lower pie represents trace gases that together compose about 0.038 % of the atmosphere ( 0.043 % with CO at 2014 concentration ) . Numbers are mainly from 1987 , with CO and methane from 2009 , and do not represent any single source . The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases , commonly known as air , that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth 's gravity . The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth 's surface , absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation , warming the surface through heat retention ( greenhouse effect ) , and reducing temperature extremes between day and night ( the diurnal temperature variation ) . By volume , dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen , 20.95 % oxygen , 0.93 % argon , 0.04 % carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases . Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor , on average around 1 % at sea level , and 0.4 % over the entire atmosphere . Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers , and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth 's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres . The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15 × 10 kg , three quarters of which is within about 11 km ( 6.8 mi ; 36,000 ft ) of the surface . The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude , with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . The Kármán line , at 100 km ( 62 mi ) , or 1.57 % of Earth 's radius , is often used as the border between the atmosphere and outer space . Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km ( 75 mi ) . Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere , based on characteristics such as temperature and composition . The study of Earth 's atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science ( aerology ) . Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Structure of the atmosphere 2.1 Principal layers 2.1. 1 Exosphere 2.1. 2 Thermosphere 2.1. 3 Mesosphere 2.1. 4 Stratosphere 2.1. 5 Troposphere 2.2 Other layers 3 Physical properties 3.1 Pressure and thickness 3.2 Temperature and speed of sound 3.3 Density and mass 4 Optical properties 4.1 Scattering 4.2 Absorption 4.3 Emission 4.4 Refractive index 5 Circulation 6 Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere 6.1 Earliest atmosphere 6.2 Second atmosphere 6.3 Third atmosphere 6.4 Air pollution 7 Images from space 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition Main article : Atmospheric chemistry Mean atmospheric water vapor The three major constituents of Earth 's atmosphere , are nitrogen , oxygen , and argon . Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25 % of the atmosphere by mass . The concentration of water vapor ( a greenhouse gas ) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5 % by volume in hot , humid air masses , and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air ( without water vapor ) . The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases , among which are the greenhouse gases , principally carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds . Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample , including dust of mineral and organic composition , pollen and spores , sea spray , and volcanic ash . Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols , such as chlorine ( elemental or in compounds ) , fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor . Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide ( SO ) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution . Major constituents of dry air , by volume <Th_colspan="2"> Gas <Th_colspan="2"> Volume Name Formula in ppmv in % Nitrogen 780,840 78.084 Oxygen O 209,460 20.946 Argon Ar 9,340 0.9340 Carbon dioxide CO 400 0.04 Neon Ne 18.18 0.001818 Helium He 5.24 0.000524 Methane CH 1.79 0.000179 <Th_colspan="4"> Not included in above dry atmosphere : Water vapor H O 10 -- 50,000 0.001 % -- 5 % <Th_colspan="4"> notes : volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only , also see volume ( thermodynamics ) ppmv : parts per million by volume Water vapor is about 0.25 % by mass over full atmosphere Water vapor strongly varies locally The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m ( 33,000 ft ) . Structure of the atmosphere Earth 's atmosphere Lower 4 layers of the atmosphere in 3 dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase . Layers drawn to scale , objects within the layers are not to scale . Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer . Principal layers In general , air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere . However , temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude , and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions ( see the temperature section , below ) . Because the general pattern of the temperature / altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers . In this way , Earth 's atmosphere can be divided ( called atmospheric stratification ) into five main layers . Excluding the exosphere , the atmosphere has four primary layers , which are the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and thermosphere . From highest to lowest , the five main layers are : Exosphere : 700 to 10,000 km ( 440 to 6,200 miles ) Thermosphere : 80 to 700 km ( 50 to 440 miles ) Mesosphere : 50 to 80 km ( 31 to 50 miles ) Stratosphere : 12 to 50 km ( 7 to 31 miles ) Troposphere : 0 to 12 km ( 0 to 7 miles ) Exosphere Main article : Exosphere The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth 's atmosphere ( i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere ) . It extends from the exobase , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level , to about 10,000 km ( 6,200 mi ; 33,000,000 ft ) where it merges into the solar wind . This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen , helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen , oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase . The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another . Thus , the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas , and the particles constantly escape into space . These free - moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind . The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible . However , the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere , where they overlap into the thermosphere . The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth . Thermosphere Main article : Thermosphere The thermosphere is the second - highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from the mesopause ( which separates it from the mesosphere ) at an altitude of about 80 km ( 50 mi ; 260,000 ft ) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500 -- 1000 km ( 310 -- 620 mi ; 1,600,000 -- 3,300,000 ft ) . The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity . Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere , it is also referred to as the exobase . The lower part of the thermosphere , from 80 to 550 kilometres ( 50 to 342 mi ) above Earth 's surface , contains the ionosphere . The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height . Unlike the stratosphere beneath it , wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone , the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules . The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 ° C ( 2700 ° F ) , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful . The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule ( of oxygen , for example ) travels an average of 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ; 3300 ft ) between collisions with other molecules . Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy , it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact , because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin . This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor . However , non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere . The International Space Station orbits in this layer , between 350 and 420 km ( 220 and 260 mi ) . Mesosphere Main article : Mesosphere The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth 's atmosphere , occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere . It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km ( 31 mi ; 160,000 ft ) to the mesopause at 80 -- 85 km ( 50 -- 53 mi ; 260,000 -- 280,000 ft ) above sea level . Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere . It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around − 85 ° C ( − 120 ° F ; 190 K ) . Just below the mesopause , the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar - mesospheric noctilucent clouds . These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise . They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon . Lightning - induced discharges known as transient luminous events ( TLEs ) occasionally form in the mesosphere above tropospheric thunderclouds . The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance . It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet - powered aircraft and balloons , and too low to permit orbital spacecraft . The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket - powered aircraft . Stratosphere Main article : Stratosphere The stratosphere is the second - lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km ( 7.5 mi ; 39,000 ft ) above Earth 's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km ( 31 to 34 mi ; 164,000 to 180,000 ft ) . The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1 / 1000 the pressure at sea level . It contains the ozone layer , which is the part of Earth 's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas . The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude . This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer , which restricts turbulence and mixing . Although the temperature may be − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ; 210 K ) at the tropopause , the top of the stratosphere is much warmer , and may be near 0 ° C . The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions , so the stratosphere lacks the weather - producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere . Consequently , the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather . However , polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest . The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet - powered aircraft . Troposphere Main article : Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere . It extends from Earth 's surface to an average height of about 12 km , although this altitude varies from about 9 km ( 30,000 ft ) at the poles to 17 km ( 56,000 ft ) at the equator , with some variation due to weather . The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause , a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion ( i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one ) , and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height . Although variations do occur , the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface . Thus , the lowest part of the troposphere ( i.e. Earth 's surface ) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere . This promotes vertical mixing ( hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος , tropos , meaning `` turn '' ) . The troposphere contains roughly 80 % of the mass of Earth 's atmosphere . The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed . Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) of the troposphere . Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere , so it is the layer where most of Earth 's weather takes place . It has basically all the weather - associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation , although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere . Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere , and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller - driven aircraft . Space Shuttle Endeavour orbiting in the thermosphere . Because of the angle of the photo , it appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere that actually lie more than 250 km below . The orange layer is the troposphere , which gives way to the whitish stratosphere and then the blue mesosphere . Other layers Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature , several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties : The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere . In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million , which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere . It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15 -- 35 km ( 9.3 -- 21.7 mi ; 49,000 -- 115,000 ft ) , though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation . It is responsible for auroras . During daytime hours , it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km ( 31 to 621 mi ; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft ) and includes the mesosphere , thermosphere , and parts of the exosphere . However , ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night , so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere . The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because it influences , for example , radio propagation on Earth . The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed . The surface - based homosphere includes the troposphere , stratosphere , mesosphere , and the lowest part of the thermosphere , where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence . This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI , which places it about 20 km ( 12 mi ; 66,000 ft ) above the mesopause . Above this altitude lies the heterosphere , which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere . Here , the chemical composition varies with altitude . This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing . This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight , with the heavier ones , such as oxygen and nitrogen , present only near the bottom of the heterosphere . The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen , the lightest element . The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth 's surface and is directly affected by it , mainly through turbulent diffusion . During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well - mixed , whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing . The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) on clear , calm nights to 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) or more during the afternoon in dry regions . The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth 's surface is 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ; 287 K ) or 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ; 288 K ) , depending on the reference . Physical properties Comparison of the 1962 US Standard Atmosphere graph of geometric altitude against air density , pressure , the speed of sound and temperature with approximate altitudes of various objects . Pressure and thickness Main article : Atmospheric pressure The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals ( 760.00 Torr ; 14.6959 psi ; 760.00 mmHg ) . This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres ( atm ) . Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480 × 10 kg ( 1.135 × 10 lb ) , about 2.5 % less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth 's area of 51007.2 megahectares , this portion being displaced by Earth 's mountainous terrain . Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured . Thus air pressure varies with location and weather . If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level , it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km ( 27,900 ft ) . It actually decreases exponentially with altitude , dropping by half every 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) or by a factor of 1 / e every 7.64 km ( 25,100 ft ) , the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km ( 43 mi ; 230,000 ft ) . However , the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature , molecular composition , solar radiation and gravity into account . In summary , the mass of Earth 's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows : 50 % is below 5.6 km ( 18,000 ft ) . 90 % is below 16 km ( 52,000 ft ) . 99.99997 % is below 100 km ( 62 mi ; 330,000 ft ) , the Kármán line . By international convention , this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts . By comparison , the summit of Mt . Everest is at 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) ; commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 km ( 33,000 ft ) and 13 km ( 43,000 ft ) where the thinner air improves fuel economy ; weather balloons reach 30.4 km ( 100,000 ft ) and above ; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km ( 354,300 ft ) . Even above the Kármán line , significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur . Meteors begin to glow in this region , though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply . The various layers of Earth 's ionosphere , important to HF radio propagation , begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km . By comparison , the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350 -- 400 km , within the F - layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months . Depending on solar activity , satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700 -- 800 km . Temperature and speed of sound Main articles : Atmospheric temperature and Speed of sound Temperature trends in two thick layers of the atmosphere as measured between January 1979 and December 2005 by Microwave Sounding Units and Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA weather satellites . The instruments record microwaves emitted from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere . Source : The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above . Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level , but variations in this trend begin above 11 km , where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere . In the stratosphere , starting above about 20 km , the temperature increases with height , due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region . Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes , in the aptly - named thermosphere above 90 km . Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density , the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile ( see illustration to the right ) , and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure . Density and mass Temperature and mass density against altitude from the NRLMSISE - 00 standard atmosphere model ( the eight dotted lines in each `` decade '' are at the eight cubes 8 , 27 , 64 , ... , 729 ) Main article : Density of air The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg / m ( 1.2 g / L , 0.0012 g / cm ) . Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature , pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air ( a form of the ideal gas law ) . Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases . This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula . More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites . The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion ( 5 × 10 ) tonnes or 1 / 1,200,000 the mass of Earth . According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research , `` The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 kg , depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used ; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate . The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 10 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ± 0.0003 × 10 kg . '' Optical properties This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sunlight Solar radiation ( or sunlight ) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun . Earth also emits radiation back into space , but at longer wavelengths that we can not see . Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere . In May 2017 , glints of light , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere . Scattering Main article : Scattering When light passes through Earth 's atmosphere , photons interact with it through scattering . If the light does not interact with the atmosphere , it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun . Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere . For example , on an overcast day when you can not see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you , it has all been scattered . As another example , due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering , shorter ( blue ) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer ( red ) wavelengths . This is why the sky looks blue ; you are seeing scattered blue light . This is also why sunsets are red . Because the Sun is close to the horizon , the Sun 's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye . Much of the blue light has been scattered out , leaving the red light in a sunset . Absorption Main article : Absorption ( electromagnetic radiation ) Rough plot of Earth 's atmospheric transmittance ( or opacity ) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation . For example , O and O absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers . Water ( H O ) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm . When a molecule absorbs a photon , it increases the energy of the molecule . This heats the atmosphere , but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation , as discussed below . The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave `` windows '' of low opacity , allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light . The optical window runs from around 300 nm ( ultraviolet - C ) up into the range humans can see , the visible spectrum ( commonly called light ) , at roughly 400 -- 700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm . There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths . For example , the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven - meter waves . Emission Main article : Emission ( electromagnetic radiation ) Emission is the opposite of absorption , it is when an object emits radiation . Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their `` black body '' emission curves , therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation , with shorter wavelengths . Colder objects emit less radiation , with longer wavelengths . For example , the Sun is approximately 6,000 K ( 5,730 ° C ; 10,340 ° F ) , its radiation peaks near 500 nm , and is visible to the human eye . Earth is approximately 290 K ( 17 ° C ; 62 ° F ) , so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm , and is much too long to be visible to humans . Because of its temperature , the atmosphere emits infrared radiation . For example , on clear nights Earth 's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights . This is because clouds ( H O ) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation . This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations . The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect . Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation , but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum . Common examples of these are CO and H O . Refractive index See also : Scintillation ( astronomy ) The refractive index of air is close to , but just greater than 1 . Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths . One example is that , under some circumstances , observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth 's surface . The refractive index of air depends on temperature , giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large . An example of such effects is the mirage . Circulation Main article : Atmospheric circulation An idealised view of three large circulation cells . Atmospheric circulation is the large - scale movement of air through the troposphere , and the means ( with ocean circulation ) by which heat is distributed around Earth . The large - scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year , but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth 's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles . Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere See also : History of Earth and Paleoclimatology Earliest atmosphere The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula , primarily hydrogen . There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , notably water vapor , methane and ammonia . Second atmosphere Outgassing from volcanism , supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids , produced the next atmosphere , consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases . A major part of carbon - dioxide emissions dissolved in water and reacted with metals such as calcium and magnesium during weathering of crustal rocks to form carbonates that were deposited as sediments . Water - related sediments have been found that date from as early as 3.8 billion years ago . About 3.4 billion years ago , nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable `` second atmosphere '' . The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere , because hints of early life - forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago . How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life , if the early Sun put out 30 % lower solar radiance than today , is a puzzle known as the `` faint young Sun paradox '' . The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth -- with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago . In the late Archean Eon an oxygen - containing atmosphere began to develop , apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria ( see Great Oxygenation Event ) , which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago . The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions ) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current , and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago . Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth 's dynamic oxygenation evolution . These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion . Third atmosphere Oxygen content of the atmosphere over the last billion years The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long - term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores . Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations . Before this time , any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials , notably iron . Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen . This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere . O showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15 % by the end of the Precambrian . The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon , during the earliest period of which , the Cambrian , oxygen - requiring metazoan life forms began to appear . The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years , reaching a peak of about 30 % around 280 million years ago , significantly higher than today 's 21 % . Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere : Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , releasing oxygen . Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere , which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere . However , volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide , which plants can convert to oxygen . The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known . Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals . Today 's atmosphere contains 21 % oxygen , which is great enough for this rapid development of animals . Air pollution Main article : Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals , particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms . Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution , chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone - depleting substances . The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming . Play media Animation shows the buildup of tropospheric CO in the Northern Hemisphere with a maximum around May . The maximum in the vegetation cycle follows in the late summer . Following the peak in vegetation , the drawdown of atmospheric CO due to photosynthesis is apparent , particularly over the boreal forests . Images from space On October 19 , 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ . The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) and show Earth as it rotates during a day . Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere , giving Earth a blue halo when seen from space . The geomagnetic storms cause beautiful displays of aurora across the atmosphere . Limb view , of Earth 's atmosphere . Colors roughly denote the layers of the atmosphere . This image shows the Moon at the centre , with the limb of Earth near the bottom transitioning into the orange - colored troposphere . The troposphere ends abruptly at the tropopause , which appears in the image as the sharp boundary between the orange - and blue - colored atmosphere . The silvery - blue noctilucent clouds extend far above Earth 's troposphere . Earth 's atmosphere backlit by the Sun in an eclipse observed from deep space onboard Apollo 12 in 1969 . See also Aerial perspective Air ( classical element ) Air glow Airshed Atmosphere ( on atmospheres in general ) Atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric electricity Atmospheric models Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility ( ARM ) ( in the U.S. ) Atmospheric stratification Aviation Biosphere Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Compressed air COSPAR international reference atmosphere ( CIRA ) Environmental impact of aviation Global dimming Historical temperature record Hydrosphere Hypermobility ( travel ) Kyoto Protocol Leaching ( agriculture ) Lithosphere Standard Dry Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Warm period Water vapor in Earth 's atmosphere Ozone layer Atmosphere portal Environment portal References Jump up ^ `` Gateway to Astonaut Photos of Earth '' . NASA . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Oxygen : A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted '' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lide , David R. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , FL : CRC , 1996 : 14 - 7 Jump up ^ M. Vázquez ; A. Hanslmeier ( 2006 ) . Ultraviolet Radiation in the Solar System . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3730 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , John M. and Peter V. Hobbs . Atmospheric Science ; An Introductory Survey. Elsevier . Second Edition , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 732951 - 2 . Chapter 1 Jump up ^ `` Trace Gases '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Source for figures : Carbon dioxide , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , ( updated 2013 - 03 ) . Methane , IPCC TAR table 6.1 Archived 2007 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , ( updated to 1998 ) . The NASA total was 17 ppmv over 100 % , and CO was increased here by 15 ppmv . To normalize , N should be reduced by about 25 ppmv and O by about 7 ppmv . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Global carbon dioxide levels break 400ppm milestone '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Air Composition '' . The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m Jump up ^ Zell , Holly ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Earth 's Upper Atmosphere '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Randy Russell ( 2008 ) . `` The Thermosphere '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The height of the tropopause '' . Das.uwyo.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , C. Donald . Essentials of Meteorology . Published by Thomson Brooks / Cole , 2005 . Jump up ^ States , Robert J. ; Gardner , Chester S. ( January 2000 ) . `` Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region ( 80 -- 105 km ) at 40 ° N Latitude . Part I : Seasonal Variations '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . 57 : 66 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2000JAtS ... 57 ... 66S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2000 ) 057 < 0066 : TSOTMR > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Joe Buchdahl . `` Atmosphere , Climate & Environment Information Programme '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ( 1993 ) . `` stratopause '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barry , R.G. & Chorley R.J. ( 1971 ) . Atmosphere , Weather and Climate . London , Menthuen & Co Ltd. , p. 65 Jump up ^ Tyson , P.D. , Preston - Whyte , R.A. ( 2013 ) . The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa . ( Second Edition ) . Oxford , Oxford University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology . ( 1984 ) . Troposphere . `` It contains about four - fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere . '' Jump up ^ `` ISS022 - E-062672 caption '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' homosphere ' ' -- AMS Glossary '' . Amsglossary.allenpress.com . Archived from the original on 14 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Atmosphere '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Earth Fact Sheet '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Global Surface Temperature Anomalies '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Radiation Balance and Oceanic Heat Fluxes '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Control Run '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Geometric altitude vs. temperature , pressure , density , and the speed of sound derived from the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere . Jump up ^ `` The Mass of the Atmosphere : A Constraint on Global Analyses '' . Ams.allenpress.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lutgens , Frederick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck ( 1995 ) The Atmosphere , Prentice Hall , 6th ed. , pp14 - 17 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 350612 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Temperature Trends , 1979 -- 2005 : Image of the Day '' . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshak , Alexander ; Várnai , Tamás ; Kostinski , Alexander ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Terrestrial glint seen from deep space : oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 44 ( 10 ) : 5197 . Bibcode : 2017GeoRL ... 44.5197 M . doi : 10.1002 / 2017GL073248 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Edlén , Bengt ( 1966 ) . `` The refractive index of air '' . Metrologia. 2 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 80 . doi : 10.1088 / 0026 - 1394 / 2 / 2 / 002 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Schaefer , L. ; Fegley , B. ( 2010 ) . `` Earth 's Earliest Atmospheres '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 2 ( 10 ) : a004895 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a004895 . PMC 2944365 . PMID 20573713 . Jump up ^ B. Windley : The Evolving Continents . Wiley Press , New York 1984 Jump up ^ J. Schopf : Earth 's Earliest Biosphere : Its Origin and Evolution . Princeton University Press , Princeton , N.J. , 1983 Jump up ^ Timothy W. Lyons , Christopher T. Reinhard & Noah J. Planavsky ( 2014 ) . `` Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago '' . Nature . 506 ( 7488 ) : 307 -- 15 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 506 ... 307L . doi : 10.1038 / nature13068 . PMID 24553238 . Jump up ^ Martin , Daniel ; McKenna , Helen ; Livina , Valerie ( 2016 ) . `` The human physiological impact of global deoxygenation '' . The Journal of Physiological Sciences . 67 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 106 . doi : 10.1007 / s12576 - 016 - 0501 - 0 . ISSN 1880 - 6546 . PMID 27848144 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309100615/gifmid/30.gif Jump up ^ Christopher R. Scotese , Back to Earth History : Summary Chart for the Precambrian , Paleomar Project Jump up ^ Peter Ward : ( 1 ) Out of Thin Air : Dinosaurs , Birds , and Earth 's Ancient Atmosphere Jump up ^ Starting from ( 2 ) Pollution -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Summary for Policymakers '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Northon , Karen . `` Daily Views of Earth Available on New NASA Website '' . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth 's atmosphere . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Air Interactive global map of current atmospheric and ocean surface conditions . <Th_colspan="2"> Earth 's atmosphere <Td_colspan="2"> Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere <Td_colspan="2"> Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase <Td_colspan="2"> Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere <Th_colspan="3"> Atmospheres Star Sun Exoplanet HD 209458 b Kepler - 7b Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planet Ceres Pluto Makemake Satellite Callisto Dione Enceladus Europa Ganymede Io Moon Rhea Titan Triton See also Coma ( cometary ) Extraterrestrial atmosphere Stellar atmosphere <Th_colspan="2"> Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life <Td_colspan="2"> Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) <Td_colspan="2"> Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Nature Portal : Science <Th_colspan="3"> Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related <Td_colspan="2"> Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands <Td_colspan="3"> agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_of_Earth&oldid=842819720 '' Categories : Atmosphere of Earth Atmospheric thermodynamics Breathing gases Environments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 104 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Earth's atmosphere
2. Composition of the atmosphere
3. Layers of the atmosphere
4. Atmospheric properties
5. Evolution of Earth's atmosphere
|
8,854,605,303,774,295,000 |
where is olduvai gorge located (what countries)
|
Olduvai Gorge - wikipedia Olduvai Gorge <Th_colspan="2"> Olduvai Gorge <Td_colspan="2"> Oldupai Gorge <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Olduvai Gorge Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania Long - axis length 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> Geography Coordinates 2 ° 59 ′ 37 '' S 35 ° 21 ′ 04 '' E / 2.993613 ° S 35.35115 ° E / - 2.993613 ; 35.35115 Coordinates : 2 ° 59 ′ 37 '' S 35 ° 21 ′ 04 '' E / 2.993613 ° S 35.35115 ° E / - 2.993613 ; 35.35115 The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge in Tanzania is one of the most important paleoanthropological sites in the world ; it has proven invaluable in furthering our understanding of early human evolution . A steep - sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches across East Africa , it is about 48 km ( 30 mi ) long , and is located in the eastern Serengeti Plains in the Arusha Region not far , about 45 kilometres ( 28 miles ) , from Laetoli , another important archaeological site of early human occupation . The British / Kenyan paleoanthropologist - archeologist team Mary and Louis Leakey established and developed the excavation and research programs at Olduvai Gorge which achieved great advances of human knowledge and world - renowned status . Homo habilis , probably the first early human species , occupied Olduvai Gorge approximately 1.9 million years ago ( mya ) ; then came a contemporary australopithecine , Paranthropus boisei , 1.8 mya , then Homo erectus , 1.2 mya . Our species Homo sapiens , which is estimated to have emerged roughly 300,000 years ago , is dated to have occupied the site 17,000 years ago . The site is significant in showing the increasing developmental and social complexities in the earliest humans , or hominins , largely revealed in the production and use of stone tools . And prior to tools , the evidence of scavenging and hunting -- highlighted by the presence of gnaw marks that predate cut marks -- and of the ratio of meat versus plant material in the early hominin diet . The collecting of tools and animal remains in a central area is evidence of developing social interaction and communal activity . All these factors indicate increase in cognitive capacities at the beginning of the period of hominids transitioning to hominin -- that is , to human -- form and behavior . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Research 1.2 Occupation 2 Significance 2.1 Toolmaking 2.1. 1 Dating of beds 2.1. 2 Unprocessed materials 2.2 Hunters or scavengers ? 3 Hominid fossils found at Olduvai Gorge 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Olduvai Gorge from space Topography map of the Olduvai Gorge . Research ( edit ) German neurologist Wilhelm Kattwinkel traveled to Olduvai Gorge in 1911 , where he observed many fossil bones of an extinct three - toed horse . Inspired by Kattwinkel 's discovery , German geologist Hans Reck led a team to Olduvai in 1913 . There , he found hominin remains , but the start of World War I halted his research . In 1929 , Louis Leakey visited Reck and viewed the Olduvai fossils ; he became convinced that Olduvai Gorge held critical information on human origins , and he proceeded to mount an expedition there . Louis and Mary Leakey are responsible for most of the excavations and discoveries of the hominin fossils in Olduvai Gorge . Their finds and research in East Africa and the prior work of Raymond Dart and Robert Broom in South Africa eventually convinced most paleoanthropologists that humans did indeed evolve in Africa . In 1959 , at the Frida Leakey Korongo ( FLK ) site ( named after Louis ' first wife ) , Mary Leakey found remains of the robust australopithecine Zinjanthropus boisei ( now known as Paranthropus boisei ) -- which she dubbed the `` Nutcracker Man '' ; its age , 1.75 million years , radically altered accepted ideas about the time scale of human evolution . In addition to an abundance of faunal remains the Leakeys found more than 2,000 stone tools and lithic flakes , most of which they classified as Oldowan ( of Olduvai ) tools . In 1960 , the Leakeys ' son Jonathan found a jaw fragment that proved to be the first fossil specimen of Homo habilis . Researchers have dated Olduvai Gorge layers with radiometric dating of the embedded artifacts , using potassium - argon and argon - argon methodology . Geologist Richard L. Hay studied the Olduvai Gorge and surrounding region between 1961 and 2002 . His findings revealed that the site once contained a large lake , with shores covered by deposits of volcanic ash . Around 500,000 years ago , seismic activity diverted a nearby stream which proceeded to cut down through the sediments , revealing seven main layers in the walls of the gorge . The name Olduvai is a misspelling of Oldupai Gorge , which was adopted as the official name in 2005 . Oldupai is the Maasai word for the wild sisal plant Sansevieria ehrenbergii , which grows in the gorge . Occupation ( edit ) Homo habilis occupied Olduvai from 1.9 mya . The australopithecine Paranthropus boisei was found to occupy the site from approximately 1.8 until 1.2 mya . Remains of Homo erectus have been dated at the site from 1.2 mya until 700,000 years ago . Homo sapiens came to occupy the gorge some 17,000 years ago . Significance ( edit ) Toolmaking ( edit ) Hominin timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Hominini Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus H. heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Neanderthals ← Earlier apes ← LCA -- Gorilla separation ← Possibly bipedal ← LCA -- Chimpanzee separation ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : million years Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline In the 1930s , as Mary and Louis Leakey opted to search for stone tools in East Africa , many , if not most , scholars were skeptical that Africa was the place where humans evolved . The Leakeys soon turned the evidence that confirmed their intuition . They found stone tools in the lowest ( oldest ) geological beds ( see below ) . These tools presented both shaped edges and sharp points ; and lithic flakes -- struck off the core stone in the intentional shaping of those points and edges -- were found in copious amounts . Panoramic view Close - up of monolith The Leakeys mapped locations where the tools were found and the sites where the unprocessed materials ( stone cobbles ) originated . They determined that some tools were found to have been transported up to nine miles from the place of origin , which suggested cognitive capacities to think and plan , and to execute , with abstract thought and purpose of mind . The Oldowan tools were found in the same stratum as the Australopithecus specimen , but the large number of other hominin fossils dating back to two mya complicated the discussion as to which species was , in fact , the toolmaker . The first species found by the Leakeys , Zinjanthropus boisei or Australopithecus boisei ( renamed and still debated as Paranthropus boisei ) , featured a sagittal crest and large molars , which attributes suggested the species engaged in heavy chewing , indicating a diet of tough plant material , including tubers , nuts , and seeds -- and possibly large quantities of grasses and sedges . Conversely , the Leakeys ' 1960s finds presented different characteristics . The skull lacked of a sagittal crest and the braincase was much more rounded , suggesting it was not australopithecine . The larger braincase suggested a larger brain capacity than that of Australopithecus boisei . These important differences indicated a different species , which eventually was named Homo habilis . Its larger brain capacity and decreased teeth size pointed to Homo as the probable toolmaker . The oldest tools at Olduvai , found at the lowest layer and classified as Oldowan , consists of pebbles chipped on one edge . Above this layer , and later in time , are the true hand - axe industries , the Chellean and the Acheulean . Higher still ( and later still ) are located Levallois artifacts , and finally the Stillbay implements . Oldowan tools in general are called `` pebble tools '' because the blanks chosen by the stone knapper already resembled , in pebble form , the final product . Mary Leakey classified the Oldowan tools according to usage ; she developed Oldowan A , B , and C categories , linking them to Modes 1 , 2 , and 3 assemblages classified according to mode of manufacture . Her work remains a foundation for assessing local , regional , and continental changes in stone tool - making during the early Pleistocene , and aids in assessing which hominins were responsible for the several changes in stone tool technology over time . It is not known for sure which hominin species was first to create Oldowan tools . The emergence of tool culture has also been associated with the pre-Homo species Australopithecus garhi , and its flourishing is associated with the early species Homo habilis and Homo ergaster . Beginning 1.7 million years ago , early Homo erectus apparently inherited Oldowan technology and refined it into the Acheulean industry . Dating of Beds ( edit ) Oldowan tools occur in Beds I -- IV at Olduvai Gorge . Bed I , dated 1.85 to 1.7 mya , contains Oldowan tools and fossils of Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis , as does Bed II , 1.7 to 1.2 mya . H. habilis gave way to Homo erectus at about 1.6 mya , but P. boisei persisted . Oldowan tools continue to Bed IV at 800,000 to 600,000 before present ( BP ) . A significant change took place between Beds I and II at about 1.5 mya . Flake size increased , the length of bifacial edges ( as opposed to single - face edges ) occurred more frequently and their length increased , and signs of battering on other artifacts increased . Some likely implications of these factors , among others , are that after this pivotal time hominins used tools more frequently , became better at making tools , and transported tools more often . Unprocessed materials ( edit ) Lava and quartz were used to make tools in Olduvai Gorge . Only in the period 1.65 to 1.53 ma was chert used , and it presents a significant difference in appearance among the assemblages of Olduvai Gorge . Hunters or scavengers ? ( edit ) Though substantial evidence of hunting and scavenging has been discovered at Olduvai Gorge , it is believed by archaeologists that hominins inhabiting the area between 1.9 and 1.7 mya spent the majority of their time gathering wild plant foods , such as berries , tubers and roots . The earliest hominins most likely did not rely on meat for the bulk of their nutrition . Speculation about the amount of meat in their diets is inferred from comparative studies with a close relative of early hominins : the modern chimpanzee . The chimpanzee 's diet in the wild consists of only about five percent as meat . And the diets of modern hunter - gatherers do not include a large amount of meat . That is , most of the calories in both groups ' diets came from plant sources . Thus , it can be assumed that early hominins had similar diet proportions , ( see the middle - range theory or bridging arguments -- bridging arguments are used by archaeologists to explain past behaviors , and they include an underlying assumption of uniformitarianism . ) Much of the information about early hominins comes from tools and debris piles of lithic flakes from such sites as FLK - Zinjanthropus in Olduvai Gorge . Early hominins selected specific types of rocks that would break in a predictable manner when `` worked '' , and carried these rocks from deposits several miles away . Archaeologists such as Fiona Marshall fitted rock fragments back together like a puzzle . She states in her article `` Life in Olduvai Gorge '' that early hominins , `` knew the right angle to hit the cobble , or core , in order to successfully produce sharp - edged flakes ... '' . She noted that selected flakes then were used to cut meat from animal carcasses , and shaped cobbles ( called choppers ) were used to extract marrow and to chop tough plant material . Bone fragments of birds , fish , amphibians , and large mammals were found at the FLK - Zinj site , many of which were scarred with marks . These likely were made by hominins breaking open the bones for marrow , using tools to strip the meat , or by carnivores having gnawed the bones . Since several kinds of marks are present together , some archaeologists including Lewis Binford think that hominins scavenged the meat or marrow left over from carnivore kills . Others like Henry Bunn believe the hominins hunted and killed these animals , and carnivores later chewed the bones . This issue is still debated today , but archaeologist Pat Shipman provided evidence that scavenging was probably the more common practice ; she published that the majority of carnivore teeth marks came before the cut marks . Another finding by Shipman at FLK - Zinj is that many of the wildebeest bones found there are over-represented by adult and male bones ; and this may indicate that hominins were systematically hunting these animals as well as scavenging them . The issue of hunting versus gathering at Olduvai Gorge is still a controversial one . Hominid fossils found at Olduvai Gorge ( edit ) Olduvai Hominid 5 Olduvai Hominid 7 Olduvai Hominid 8 Olduvai Hominid 9 Olduvai Hominid 24 Gallery ( edit ) The oldest human - made object in the British Museum The spot where the first P. boisei was discovered in Tanzania Oldowan stone chopper About 1.8 million years old See also ( edit ) Arusha Region Geography of Tanzania List of fossil sites Olduvai Gorge Museum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maier , Gerhard , African Dinosaurs Unearthed : The Tendaguru Expeditions , Indiana University Press , 2003 , p. 116 ISBN 978 - 0253342140 Jump up ^ Oldupai Gorge , Base Camp Tanzania Jump up ^ Macho , Gabriele A. ( 2014 ) . `` Baboon Feeding Ecology Informs the Dietary Niche of Paranthropus boisei '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 1 ) : 84942 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 984942M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0084942 . PMC 3885648 . PMID 24416315 . ^ Jump up to : Langer , William L. , ed. ( 1972 ) . An Encyclopedia of World History ( 5th ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 13592 - 3 . Jump up ^ Napier , John . 1960 . `` Fossil Hand Bones from Olduvai Gorge . '' in Nature `` , December 17th edition . Jump up ^ Barham , Lawrence ; Mitchell , Peter ( 2008 ) . The First Aftricans . Cambridge University Press . p. 126 . Jump up ^ De Heinzelin , J ; Clark , JD ; White , T ; Hart , W ; Renne , P ; Woldegabriel , G ; Beyene , Y ; Vrba , E ( 1999 ) . `` Environment and behavior of 2.5 - million - year - old Bouri hominids '' . Science . 284 ( 5414 ) : 625 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5414. 625 . PMID 10213682 . Jump up ^ Richards , M.P. ( December 2002 ) . `` A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence '' . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 ( 12 ) : 1270 -- 1278 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejcn. 1601646 . PMID 12494313 . ^ Jump up to : Kimura , Yuki. C ( 2002 ) . Examining time trends in the Oldowan technology at Beds I and II , Olduvai Gorge. 43 . Journal of Human Evolution . Jump up ^ Bunn , Henry ( 2007 ) . Peter Ungar , ed . Meat Made Us Human . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 191 -- 211 . ISBN 0195183460 . Jump up ^ Ungar , Peter ( 2007 ) . Peter Ungar , ed . Evolution of the Human Diet . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195183460 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the World in 100 Objects '' . The British Museum . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Cole , Sonia ( 1975 ) . Leakey 's Luck . Harcourt Brace Jovanvich , New York . Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn Archaeology Essentials ( 2007 ) . Archaeology Essentials . 2nd Edition . Thames & Hudson Ltd , London . Deocampo , Daniel M. ( 2004 ) . Authigenic clays in East Africa : Regional trends and paleolimnology at the Plio - Pleistocene boundary , Olduvai Gorge , Tanzania . Journal of Paleolimnology 31 : 1 - 9 . Deocampo , Daniel M. , Blumenschine , R.J. , and Ashley , G.M. ( 2002 ) . Freshwater wetland diagenesis and traces of early hominids in the lowermost Bed II ( ~ 1.8 myr ) playa lake - margin at Olduvai Gorge , Tanzania . Quaternary Research 57 : 271 - 281 . Hay , Richard L. ( 1976 ) . `` Geology of the Olduvai Gorge . '' University of California Press , 203 pp . Gengo , Michael F. ( 2009 ) . Evidence of Human Evolution , Interpreting . Encyclopedia of Time : Science , Philosophy , Theology , & Culture. SAGE Publications . 5 Dec. 2011 . Young , Lisa ( 2 October 2011 ) . Hominin Migrations Out of Africa . Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology . University of Michigan . Tactikos , Joanne Christine ( 2006 ) . A landscape perspective on the Oldowan from Olduvai Gorge , Tanzania . ISBN 0 - 542 - 15698 - 9 . Leakey , L.S.B. ( 1974 ) . By the evidence : Memoirs 1932 - 1951 . Harcourt Brace Jovanavich , New York , ISBN 0 - 15 - 149454 - 1 . Leakey , M.D. ( 1971 ) . Olduvai Gorge : Excavations in beds I & II 1960 -- 1963 . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Leakey , M.D. ( 1984 ) . Disclosing the past . Doubleday & Co. , New York , ISBN 0 - 385 - 18961 - 3 . Marshall , Fiona. ( 1999 ) . Life in OLDUVAI GORGE . Calliope Sept. 1999 : 16 . General OneFile . Web . 4 Dec. 2011 . Young , Lisa ( 25 September 2011 ) . The First Stone Tool Makers . Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology . University of Michigan . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olduvai Gorge . Natural History museum in Arusha Northern Tanzania - Oldupai Oldupai Gorge -- History & Information Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olduvai_Gorge&oldid=846559707 '' Categories : Landforms of Tanzania Archaeological sites in Tanzania Paleoanthropological sites Pleistocene paleontological sites of Africa Prehistoric Tanzania Geology of Tanzania Archaeological sites in Arusha Region Canyons and gorges of Africa Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 14 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Olduvai Gorge
2. Paleoanthropological sites
3. Early human evolution
4. Stone tools
5. Hominin fossils
|
527,677,008,292,324,350 |
what is the main duty of the u.s. congress
|
Powers of the United States Congress - wikipedia Powers of the United States Congress Jump to : navigation , search This is a subarticle of United States Congress Congress meets in the United States Capitol . Powers of the United States Congress are implemented by the United States Constitution , defined by rulings of the Supreme Court , and by its own efforts and by other factors such as history and custom . It is the chief legislative body of the United States . Some powers are explicitly defined by the Constitution and are called enumerated powers ; others have been assumed to exist and are called implied powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 General powers 2 Enumerated powers 3 Implied powers and the commerce clause 4 References 5 External links General powers ( edit ) Former US general George Washington presided over the signing of the United States Constitution which included Alexander Hamilton , Benjamin Franklin , and James Madison . Article I of the Constitution sets forth most of the powers of Congress , which include numerous explicit powers enumerated in Section 8 . Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers . Congress also has implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution . Congress has the power of the purse and it can tax citizens , spend money , and authorize the printing of currency such as this bill for $100,000 . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary matters , through the enumerated power to lay and collect taxes , duties , imposts and excises , to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States . The Sixteenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , extended power of taxation to include income taxes . The Constitution also grants Congress exclusively the power to appropriate funds . This power of the purse is one of Congress ' primary checks on the executive branch . Other powers granted to Congress include the authority to borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , and coin money . Generally both Senate and House have equal legislative authority although only the House may originate revenue bills and , by tradition , appropriation bills . Congress authorizes defense spending to buy and maintain aircraft carriers such as the USS Bon Homme Richard . The name Richard is from a rough French language reference to Benjamin Franklin 's Poor Richard 's Almanac meaning Good man Richard . The Constitution also gives Congress an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war , to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military . Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress 's Constitutionally - defined task of declaring war . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get Congressional assent . Presidents have initiated war without Congressional war declarations ; Truman called the Korean War a `` police action '' and the Vietnam War lasted over a decade without a declaration of war . In 1970 , Time magazine noted : `` All told , it has been calculated , U.S. presidents have ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times '' before 1970 . In 1993 , one writer noted `` Congress 's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution , '' and that the `` real erosion ( of Congressional authority to declare war ) began after World War II . '' President George H.W. Bush claimed he could begin Operation Desert Storm and launch a `` deliberate , unhurried , post -- Cold War decision to start a war '' without Congressional approval . Critics charge that President George W. Bush largely initiated the Iraq War with little debate in Congress or consultation with Congress , despite a Congressional vote on military force authorization . Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation 's history . An enumerated congressional power is to establish post offices including this one in Athens , Georgia , pictured in 1942 . Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads , issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures , establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and `` To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union . One congressional power is oversight of other branches of the government . In the early 1970s , the Senate investigated the activities of President Richard Nixon regarding Watergate which led to the president 's resignation . One of the foremost non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate and to oversee the executive branch . Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress ' subpoena power . Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government . In the Valerie Plame Wilson episode sometimes known as the Plame affair , some critics , including Representative Henry A. Waxman , charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case . Other critics charge Congress was lax in its oversight duties regarding presidential actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of decisions by President George W. Bush involving such matters . Congress has the power to impeach officials including the president . In 1868 , this committee helped impeach president Andrew Johnson who was almost convicted ; Johnson stayed in office . Congress also has the exclusive impeachment power , allowing impeachment , trial , and removal of the President , federal judges and other federal officers . Enumerated powers ( edit ) Main article : Enumerated powers Among the powers specifically given to Congress in Article I Section 8 , are the following : 1.To lay and collect taxes , duties , imposts and excises , to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties , imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2 . To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3 . To regulate commerce with foreign nations , and among the several states , and with the Native American tribes ; 4 . To establish a uniform rule of naturalization , and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 5 . To coin money , regulate the value thereof , and of foreign coin , and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 6 . To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 7 . To establish post offices and post roads ; 8 . To promote the progress of science and useful arts , by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 9 . To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 10 . To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations ; 11 . To declare war , grant letters of marque and reprisal , and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 12 . To raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 13 . To provide and maintain a navy ; 14 . To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; 15 . To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 16 . To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 17 . To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten miles ( 16 km ) square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States , and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be , for the erection of forts , magazines , arsenals , dockyards , and other needful buildings . One of many congressional powers is to `` define and punish piracies on the high seas '' . Other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of all citizens regardless of race , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied powers and the commerce Clause ( edit ) Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio was a principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment . Congress also has implied powers , which derive from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution and permit Congress `` To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce , in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress ' legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ editorial staff ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Congress and the Dollar '' . New York Sun . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 ... Article One , Section Eight of the Constitution ... the founders of America delegated to the Congress the power to , among other things , `` coin money , regulate the value thereof , and of foreign coin , and fix the standard of weights and measures . '' Jump up ^ John V. Sullivan ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Unlike some other parliamentary bodies , both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative functions and powers with certain exceptions . For example , the Constitution provides that only the House of Representatives may originate revenue bills . By tradition , the House also originates appropriation bills . As both bodies have equal legislative powers , the designation of one as the upper House and the other as the lower House is not applicable . Jump up ^ KATE ZERNIKE ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Senate approved legislation this evening governing the interrogation and trials of terror suspects , establishing far - reaching new rules in the definition of who may be held and how they should be treated ... The legislation sets up rules for the military commissions ... Jump up ^ `` References about Congressional war declaring power '' . Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Steve Holland ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 ^ Jump up to : Michael Kinsley ( March 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Case for a Big Power Swap '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Time Essay : Where 's Congress ? '' . Time Magazine . May 22 , 1972 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Did Richard Nixon `` usurp '' the constitutional powers of Congress when he unilaterally ordered troops into Cambodia ? Swarms of lawyers went to Washington last week to join an increasingly intense debate on the issue ( see THE NATION ) . Their most persuasive arguments raised fundamental questions that go far beyond Cambodia and the Indochina war . Many of the antiwar lawyers conceded that proving the Cambodian `` attacks '' unconstitutional may be difficult . Jump up ^ `` THE PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS. ; SENATE '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1862 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Mr. SUMNER spoke in favor of the House bills , contending that they were entirely free from all constitutional objections . They were just as constitutional as the Constitution itself . They only form a part of the means for the suppression of the rebellion . The war powers of Congress are clearly derived from the Constitution , and Congress has a perfect right to exercise war powers . He protested earnestly against the absurd and tyrannical doctrine that all war powers were centred in the President , and against any attempt to foist such an unconstitutional doctrine into the Constitution , as showing the effrontery with which ignorance and conceit excused unconstitutional doctrines . He contended , at length , that confiscation and liberation were among the war powers of Congress , and he had more hope from liberation than from confiscation . Jump up ^ David S. Broder ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Oversight Offensive '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . A Congress under firm Republican control was somnolent when it came to oversight of the executive branch . No Republican committee chairman wanted to turn over rocks in a Republican administration . Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Democratic lawmakers on Wednesday subpoenaed Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to testify about a central and later refuted administration justification for the 2003 U.S. - led invasion of Iraq . But the administration said it might fight the subpoena , citing a legal doctrine that can shield a president and his aides from having to answer questions from Congress . `` Those matters are covered by executive privilege , '' said State Department spokesman Sean McCormack , moving toward a possible legal showdown with the Democratic - led Congress . Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea , legislative attorneys ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell and Glen Elsasser ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Constitution says judges have lifetime appointments ` ` during good behavior ` ` but , like other federal officers , they can be removed from office for ` ` treason , bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors ... It 's entirely in Congress ` determination what the limitations of the impeachment clause may be , ` ` said John Killian , senior specialist in American constitutional law for the Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ J. LESLIE KINCAID ( January 17 , 1916 ) . `` TO MAKE THE MILITIA A NATIONAL FORCE. ; The Power of Congress Under the Constitution `` for Organizing , Arming , and Disciplining '' the State Troops `` . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . From the many articles which have appeared in the public press the general idea seems to prevail that the militia is essentially a State force . To whatever extent this may be true , at the present time , it has resulted from the failure of Congress adequately to provide for the militia as a national force . Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red State Anxiety and The Constitution '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Tenth states , `` The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' It does not say that laws derived under and consistent with the Articles of the Constitution can not be enacted over and above the original writing or that State 's retain a power to overrule federal law . The authority for doing so is based in implied powers and is among the earliest arguments in Constitutional law . Implied powers are derived from the general welfare and necessary and proper clauses . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . CBS News . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . McCulloch v. Maryland states that the Constitution grants implied powers to Congress , enabling it to carry out explicitly defined powers . The decision vastly augments Congress ' power to make laws . Jump up ^ RANDY E. BARNETT ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Case for a Federalism Amendment '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Finally , Section 5 authorizes judges to keep Congress within its limits by examining laws restricting the rightful exercise of liberty to ensure that they are a necessary and proper means to implement an enumerated power . This section also requires that the Constitution be interpreted according to its original meaning at the time of its enactment . But by expanding the powers of Congress to include regulating all interstate activity , the Amendment greatly relieves the political pressure on courts to adopt a strained reading of Congress 's enumerated powers . Monkeys External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powers_of_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=834105034 '' Categories : Legislative branch of the United States government Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 23 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Powers of the United States Congress
2. Enumerated powers
3. Implied powers and the commerce clause
4. Financial and budgetary matters
5. Congressional oversight
|
-8,924,261,224,977,254,000 |
always on my mind or in my mind
|
Always on My Mind - wikipedia Always on My Mind Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Always on My Mind ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Always on My Mind '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Gwen McCrae Published 1972 Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James `` Always on My Mind '' is an American country music song by Johnny Christopher , Mark James and Wayne Carson , recorded first by Gwen McCrae ( as `` You Were Always On My Mind '' ) and Brenda Lee in 1972 . AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers . While Brenda Lee 's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972 , other performers would reach the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere with their own versions : Elvis Presley in 1972 ; John Wesley Ryles in 1979 ; Willie Nelson 's Grammy Award - winning version in 1982 ; Pet Shop Boys in 1987 ; Loretta Lynn in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Elvis Presley version 2.1 Charts 3 John Wesley Ryles ' version 3.1 Charts 4 Willie Nelson version 4.1 Chart history 5 Pet Shop Boys version 5.1 Charts 6 Other cover versions 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Wayne Carson said that he wrote most of the song in 10 minutes at his kitchen table in Springfield , Missouri , and completed the song in studio with the assistance of Johnny and Mark . Carson , who had the song about a year and one day , was finishing a recording session . Producer Chips Moman asked about recording `` that mind '' song , but added it would need a bridge . Wayne went upstairs to the studio 's old piano , trying to work out a bridge , when Johnny and Mark walked in the door , and he asked for their help to complete his song . The trio thought that the song was finished and at first could not come up with anything to add , but Wayne explained that Moman was insisting that a bridge be added . So between them , the two - line `` Tell me ... '' bridge was written . The song was passed to one of Elvis 's bodyguards , who gave Presley the cut from the studio . Moman did not produce Presley 's recording , but did record the Willie Nelson version years later . Elvis Presley version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Always on My Mind '' <Td_colspan="2"> Picture sleeve for North American , some European , and Australian releases with `` Separate Ways '' in smaller font <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Elvis Presley A-side `` Separate Ways '' Released November 1972 Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded March 29 , 1972 , RCA Studios , Hollywood , California Genre Country , soft rock , Gospel Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Felton Jarvis <Th_colspan="2"> Elvis Presley singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) Elvis Presley recorded his version of `` Always on My Mind '' on March 29 , 1972 , a few weeks after his February separation from wife Priscilla . The song received immense fame and critical appreciation and is considered one of the standout songs of the ' 70s for Elvis . The song was released as the B - side of the `` Separate Ways '' single , which reached Gold status in the U.S for sales of over a million copies . It was listed as a double sided hit reaching number 16 on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart in November 1972 . In the UK `` Always on My Mind '' was the hit song and `` Separate Ways '' was the B - side . It was voted the number 1 song of Presley 's recording career in a poll conducted by ITV in 2013 . Charts ( edit ) 1972 Weekly Chart Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Hot Country Singles ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Dutch Top 40 17 French Singles Chart 56 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Swiss Singles Chart 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 John Wesley Ryles ' version ( edit ) In 1979 , John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition , entitled `` You Are Always on My Mind '' , from the album Let the Night Begin . The rendition was produced by Bob Montgomery . A review in Billboard praised the `` brightly mixed vocals '' and `` powerful production '' . Charts ( edit ) 1979 Weekly Chart Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 24 Willie Nelson version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Always on My Mind '' <Td_colspan="2"> A-side label of the U.S. vinyl release <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Willie Nelson <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Always on My Mind B - side `` The Party 's Over '' Released March 6 , 1982 Genre Country Length 3 : 33 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Chips Moman <Th_colspan="2"> Willie Nelson singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> Willie Nelson recorded and released the song in early 1982 . It raced to number one on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart that May , spending two weeks on top and total of 21 weeks on the chart . The song also did very well on Top 40 radio , reaching number five on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and staying on this chart for 23 weeks . In the year end charts , it was Billboard 's biggest Country hit for 1982 . This version also charted in a number of other countries . Nelson 's version would result in three wins at the 25th Grammy Awards in February 1983 : songwriters Christopher , James and Carson won Song of the Year and Best Country Song ; in addition , Nelson won for Best Male Country Vocal Performance . This version also won Country Music Association awards in two consecutive years : 1982 Song of the Year and 1983 Song of the Year for songwriters Christopher , James and Carson ; 1982 Single of the Year for Nelson , and ; contributed to Nelson winning 1982 Album of the Year for the album `` Always on My Mind '' . Willie Nelson performed the number with Johnny Cash on the 1998 release of VH1 Storytellers : Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson . The song was also featured on a December 2009 ASPCA commercial . The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U.S. sales in excess of two million . In 2008 , the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame . Nelson 's version was also featured , in its entirety , in a season two ( 2013 ) episode of the HBO television series The Newsroom . Chart history ( edit ) 1982 Weekly Chart Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 39 Belgian Top 40 ( Flanders ) 31 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 10 Dutch Singles Chart 17 Irish Singles Chart 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 UK Singles Chart 49 1982 Year - End Chart Position Canadian RPM Top Singles 70 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 8 US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Cashbox Top 100 31 Pet Shop Boys version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Always on My Mind '' <Td_colspan="2"> Standard artwork for commercial releases in most territories <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Pet Shop Boys B - side `` Do I Have to ? '' Released November 30 , 1987 Format 7 `` , 12 '' , cassette , CD Genre Synthpop , Euro disco , Hi - NRG Length 3 : 56 ( single mix ) 5 : 55 ( remix ) 8 : 10 ( extended mix ) 9 : 04 ( album version ) Label Parlophone -- R 6171 Songwriter ( s ) Mark James , Johnny Christopher , Wayne Carson Thompson Producer ( s ) Julian Mendelsohn , Pet Shop Boys <Th_colspan="2"> Pet Shop Boys singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Artwork for the UK and European 12 - inch vinyl remix single <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> In 1987 , the Pet Shop Boys performed a synthpop version of `` Always on My Mind '' on Love Me Tender , a television special on the ITV network in the UK . Commemorating the tenth anniversary of Presley 's death , the programme featured various popular acts of the time performing cover versions of his hits . The Pet Shop Boys ' performance was so well - received that the duo decided to record the song and release it as a single . This version became the UK 's Christmas number one single that year . It went on to top the charts for four weeks in total , and reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The Pet Shop Boys version introduces a harmonic variation not present in the original version . In the original the ending phrase `` always on my mind '' is sung to a IV - V - I cadence ( C-D - G ) . The Pet Shop Boys extend this cadence by adding two further chords : C-D - Gm / B ♭ - C-G ( i.e. a progression of IV - V - III - IV - I ) . In November 2004 , The Daily Telegraph newspaper placed the version at number two in a list of the fifty greatest cover versions of all time . In October 2014 , a public poll compiled by the BBC saw the song voted the all - time best cover version . In the video for Pet Shop Boys ' version of `` Always on My Mind '' ( an excerpt from their surreal music film It Could n't Happen Here ) , Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe are seated in the front of a taxi cab , when an eccentric passenger gets in , played by notable British actor Joss Ackland . At the end of the song , he gets out of the car , which drives away . Standing alone , he mutters : `` You went away . It should make me feel better . But I do n't know how I 'm going to get through '' , which is part of the lyrics for another Pet Shop Boys track , `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' , which was released earlier in the year . In 1988 , the duo remixed the song for their third studio LP , Introspective , combining it with an acid - house track called `` In My House '' . In 2008 , Konami used the song for Dance Dance Revolution X which was released for both arcades and the Sony PlayStation 2 console . In 2010 , the song was re-used for Dance Dance Revolution X2 which was released for arcades . In 2017 , Burberry released its Holiday campaign , as directed by Alasdair McLellan , which features `` Cara Delevingne and British actor Matt Smith . It opens with Delevingne singing `` Always on My Mind '' before segueing into the Pet Shop Boys cover of the song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 / 1988 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 10 Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Vl ) Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 5 European Singles Chart Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Singles Chart 22 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 9 New Zealand Singles Chart 8 Norwegian Singles Chart Polish Singles Chart South African Singles Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Dance / Club Play Songs Chart 8 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales Chart 12 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1983 , Michael Kwan and Tracy Huang ( 黃鶯 鶯 ) covered the song in Cantonese as `` Often in My Heart '' ( 常 在 我 心 間 ) , written by lyricist Andrew Lam ( 林敏驄 ) , for Kwan 's album Often in My Heart ... Sooner or Later I Love You ( 常 在 我 心 間 ... 愛 你 不 分 早晚 ) . The Cantonese rendition became one of the year 's top ten songs awarded in the 1983 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation . In 1984 , the duo re-adapted the song in Mandarin with the same Chinese title for Huang 's album Demi - Gods and Semi-Devils / Impulse / nu hai ping zong ( 天龍 八 部 、 衝 激 、 怒 海 萍踪 ) . Mary Elizabeth McGlynn performed a cover of the song for the soundtrack for Silent Hill : Shattered Memories in 2009 . In 2013 , the Spanish national Christmas lottery advertisement covered this song with various popular Spanish artists , including Montserrat Caballé . In 2017 , Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her album , The Secret Daughter Season Two : Songs from the Original 7 Series . In 2017 , Ane Brun covered the song on her album , Leave Me Breathless . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Always on My Mind '' -- search results `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ George Klein ; Chuck Crisafulli . Elvis : My Best Man : Radio Days , Rock ' n ' Roll Nights , and My Lifelong ... Books.google.com . p. 233 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter / Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1999 ) p. 310 . Elvis : Day by Day . ISBN 0 - 345 - 42089 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Country Billboard Singles '' . The Official Elvis Presley Website . Archived from the original on 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Favourite Elvis Song : Top 20 Results and Winner '' . Telly Chat . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Elvis Presley Billboard Chart Positions at AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Always on My Mind '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 367 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . Books.google.com. 1979 - 10 - 06 . p. 85 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` John Wesley Ryles Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for December 29 , 1979 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be. 1984 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6167&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Nelson -- Always on My Mind '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1982 '' . Cashboxcountdowns.com. 1982 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` ChartArchive -- Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . Chartstats.com. 2009 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Pet Shop Boys ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` They did it their way '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . November 20 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cara Delevingne and Matt Smith Star in Burberry 's Very ' 80s Holiday Campaign '' . Fashionista . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PET SHOP BOYS - ALWAYS ON MY MIND ( SONG ) '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Results -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' . charts.de. 2006 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward -- Fireball Media Group . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia -- Indice per Interprete : P '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego '' . lp3.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin ( 2003 - 05 - 25 ) . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( P ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://hd.stheadline.com/arts/arts_content.asp?contid=152111&srctype=g Jump up ^ 1983 年度 十 大 勁歌 金曲 頒獎 典禮 ( 十 大 勁歌 金曲 獎 ) . TVB ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Mountain Music '' by Alabama Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single May 8 -- 15 , 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Just to Satisfy You '' by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson Preceded by `` Single Women '' by Dolly Parton RPM Country Tracks number - one single June 5 -- 12 , 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Listen to the Radio '' by Don Williams Preceded by `` Fire and Smoke '' by Earl Thomas Conley Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single of the year 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Jose Cuervo '' by Shelly West Preceded by `` China in Your Hand '' by T'Pau UK number one single December 20 , 1987 -- January 9 , 1988 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' by Belinda Carlisle Preceded by `` Reet Petite '' by Jackie Wilson UK Singles Chart Christmas number - one single 1987 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Mistletoe and Wine '' by Cliff Richard Preceded by `` Wishing Well '' by Terence Trent D'Arby Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single May 21 , 1988 -- May 28 , 1988 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil <Th_colspan="2"> Elvis Presley singles discography <Td_colspan="2"> 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come from '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang ! Brenda Lee This Is ... Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee All Alone Am I ... `` Let Me Sing '' Brenda , That 's All Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Brenda Lee <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1980s <Td_colspan="2"> `` There 's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred 's School Choir , 1980 ) `` Do n't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981 ) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982 ) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid , 1984 ) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin ' Stevens , 1985 ) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s <Th_colspan="2"> Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' 1988 `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' 1989 `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson <Th_colspan="2"> Pet Shop Boys <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Lowe Neil Tennant Studio albums Please Actually Introspective Behaviour Very Bilingual Nightlife Release Fundamental Yes Elysium Electric Super Compilation albums Discography : The Complete Singles Collection Alternative Essential PopArt : The Hits Story : 25 Years of Hits Party Ultimate Format Remix albums Disco Disco 2 Disco 3 Disco 4 Live albums Concrete Pandemonium Extended plays Christmas Soundtracks and scores It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Battleship Potemkin The Most Incredible Thing Other songs `` King 's Cross '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` The Night I Fell in Love '' `` I 'm Not Scared '' `` In Private '' `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' `` So Sorry , I Said '' `` Do n't Drop Bombs '' `` Euroboy '' Film , stage and television It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Pet Shop Boys : A Life In Pop The Most Incredible Thing Notable tours and concerts MCMLXXXIX Performance Discovery Somewhere Nightlife Release Fundamental Pandemonium Progress ( as special guests ) Electric Super Related articles Discography Songs x2 Reputation Results Electronic Back to Mine : Pet Shop Boys West End Girls <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Pet Shop Boys singles Please ( 1984 -- 86 ) `` West End Girls '' `` Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) '' `` Love Comes Quickly '' `` Suburbia '' Disco ( 1986 ) `` Paninaro '' Actually ( 1987 -- 88 ) `` It 's a Sin '' `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' `` Rent '' `` Heart '' Introspective ( 1988 -- 89 ) `` Always on My Mind '' `` Domino Dancing '' `` Left to My Own Devices '' `` It 's Alright '' Behaviour ( 1990 -- 91 ) `` So Hard '' `` Being Boring '' `` How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously ? '' / `` Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Ca n't Take My Eyes off You ) '' `` Jealousy '' Discography ( 1991 ) `` DJ Culture '' `` Was It Worth It ? '' Very ( 1993 -- 94 ) `` Can You Forgive Her ? '' `` Go West '' `` I Would n't Normally Do This Kind of Thing '' `` Liberation '' `` Yesterday , When I Was Mad '' Alternative ( 1995 ) `` Paninaro ' 95 '' Bilingual ( 1996 -- 97 ) `` Before '' `` Se a vida é ( That 's the Way Life Is ) '' / `` To Step Aside '' `` Single - Bilingual '' `` A Red Letter Day '' Nightlife ( 1999 -- 2000 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' `` New York City Boy '' `` You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You 're Drunk '' Release ( 2002 -- 03 ) `` Home and Dry '' `` I Get Along '' `` London '' PopArt ( 2003 -- 04 ) `` Miracles '' `` Flamboyant '' Fundamental ( 2006 ) `` I 'm with Stupid '' `` Minimal '' `` Numb '' Disco 4 ( 2007 ) `` Integral '' Yes ( 2009 ) `` Love Etc . '' `` Did You See Me Coming ? '' `` Beautiful People '' Ultimate ( 2010 ) `` Together '' Elysium ( 2012 ) `` Winner '' `` Leaving '' `` Memory of the Future '' Electric ( 2013 -- 14 ) `` Axis '' `` Vocal '' `` Love Is a Bourgeois Construct '' `` Thursday '' `` Fluorescent '' Super ( 2016 ) `` The Pop Kids '' `` Twenty - something '' `` Inner Sanctum '' `` Say It to Me '' `` Undertow '' Non-album singles `` One More Chance '' `` Absolutely Fabulous '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Somewhere '' `` Break 4 Love '' `` She 's Madonna '' `` Love Life '' <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1980s ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - `` What a Fool Believes '' 1981 Christopher Cross - `` Sailing '' 1982 Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson - `` Always on My Mind '' 1984 Sting - `` Every Breath You Take '' 1985 Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' 1986 Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - `` We Are the World '' Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - `` That 's What Friends Are For '' 1988 James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - `` Somewhere Out There '' 1989 Bobby McFerrin - `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) <Th_colspan="2"> Billboard Year - End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year 1980 -- 1989 1980 : `` My Heart '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1981 : `` Fire and Smoke '' -- Earl Thomas Conley 1982 : `` Always on My Mind '' -- Willie Nelson 1983 : `` José Cuervo '' -- Shelly West 1984 : `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' -- Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson 1985 : `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1986 : `` Never Be You '' -- Rosanne Cash 1987 : `` Give Me Wings '' -- Michael Johnson 1988 : `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' -- Keith Whitley 1989 : `` A Better Man '' -- Clint Black 1990 -- 1999 1990 : `` Nobody 's Home '' -- Clint Black 1991 : `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' -- Alan Jackson 1992 : `` I Saw the Light '' -- Wynonna Judd 1993 : `` Chattahoochee '' -- Alan Jackson 1994 : `` I Swear '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1995 : `` Sold ( The Grundy County Auction Incident ) '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1996 : `` My Maria '' -- Brooks & Dunn 1997 : `` It 's Your Love '' -- Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 1998 : `` Just to See You Smile '' -- Tim McGraw 1999 : `` Amazed '' -- Lonestar 2000 -- 2009 2000 : `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' -- Toby Keith 2001 : `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' -- Brooks & Dunn 2002 : `` The Good Stuff '' -- Kenny Chesney 2003 : `` My Front Porch Looking In '' -- Lonestar 2004 : `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- Tim McGraw 2005 : `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' -- Craig Morgan 2006 : `` If You 're Going Through Hell ( Before The Devil Even Knows ) '' -- Rodney Atkins 2007 : `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins 2008 : `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' -- James Otto 2009 : `` I Run to You '' -- Lady Antebellum 2010 -- 2019 2010 : `` Love Like Crazy '' -- Lee Brice 2011 : `` Crazy Girl '' -- Eli Young Band 2012 : `` Time Is Love '' -- Josh Turner 2013 : `` Cruise '' -- Florida Georgia Line 2014 : `` This Is How We Roll '' -- Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan 2015 : `` Take Your Time '' -- Sam Hunt 2016 : `` H.O.L.Y. '' - Florida Georgia Line Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_on_My_Mind&oldid=827587978 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1970s ballads 1972 singles 1973 singles 1982 singles 1987 singles 1988 singles 1972 songs Amanda Lear songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Brenda Lee songs Country ballads Elvis Presley songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grammy Award for Song of the Year John Wesley Ryles songs Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Pet Shop Boys songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Mark James ( songwriter ) Songs written by Wayne Carson Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Song recordings produced by Felton Jarvis Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery ( songwriter ) UK Singles Chart number - one singles Willie Nelson songs MCA Records singles Columbia Records singles RCA Records singles Parlophone singles Song recordings produced by Julian Mendelsohn Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "Always on My Mind" - a country music song recorded by various artists
2. Elvis Presley's version of "Always on My Mind"
3. Willie Nelson's Grammy Award-winning version of "Always on My Mind"
4. Pet Shop Boys' synthpop version of "Always on My Mind"
5. Other cover versions of "Always on My Mind" by different artists
|
-1,116,667,558,235,451,300 |
death cab for cutie i will follow you into the dark meaning
|
I Will Follow You into the Dark - wikipedia I Will Follow You into the Dark <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Death Cab for Cutie <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Plans Released June 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 26 ) Format 7 `` , CD single Recorded Spring 2005 at Long View Farm in North Brookfield , Massachusetts Genre Indie rock folk rock Length 3 : 09 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ben Gibbard Producer ( s ) Chris Walla <Th_colspan="2"> Death Cab for Cutie singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Crooked Teeth '' ( 2006 ) `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' ( 2006 ) `` I Will Possess Your Heart '' ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Crooked Teeth '' ( 2006 ) `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' ( 2006 ) `` I Will Possess Your Heart '' ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' is a song by indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie , the third single from their fifth album Plans , released on August 30 , 2005 . Written and performed by Ben Gibbard , it is an acoustic solo ballad , and was recorded in monaural with a single microphone and little editing . The single was released on Atlantic Records , becoming one of Death Cab for Cutie 's lowest - charting singles , peaking number 28 on the Modern Rock Tracks , number 66 on the UK Singles Chart and failing to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 ; however , `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' was certified as gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , and is the band 's best - selling single to - date . Despite charting lower than other singles , the single is still one of the band 's most played songs on commercial radio stations . The song 's popularity has led it to be featured in a various television shows and movies , and has been covered by numerous artists . Contents 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Music videos 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Commercial reception 6 Usage in the media 7 Chart positions 8 Cover versions 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The song was written entirely by Death Cab for Cutie 's lead singer and guitarist Ben Gibbard . Nearing age 29 , Gibbard had never lost anyone really special in his life . Growing older during an ideal and comfortable time of his life led him to begin obsessing over death , the afterlife , and the weight of his relationships . He started to take stock of the importance of the people in his life and felt a need to say something about it , writing the song to deal with his problems of focusing on life by expanding his scope to include death and what comes afterward . `` It 's just this idea that what if somebody dies and we 're just floating , just stumbling around in infinite darkness , and I 'm just trying to find some kind of spiritual kind of peace with myself , and the world . '' -- Ben Gibbard Recording ( edit ) Originally planned to be recorded later in the sessions for Plans , technical issues arose with one set of headphones while tracking the vocals for a different song . Producer and guitarist Chris Walla told Gibbard to take a break while the issues were being addressed . Gibbard picked up his guitar and began playing `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' , which was still going through the vocal microphone . Walla was impressed by the sound , leading him to suggest they do a quick tracking of the performance . It was this mono recording , with the only editing being mild compression and de-essing , that was eventually featured on the album and released as a single . Due to the impromptu nature of the recording , the vocals on the track are mixed louder than the guitar , and Gibbard 's breathing can be heard at the start of the song . Music videos ( edit ) In this screenshot of the main music video , Ben Gibbard plays his guitar in a sparse room while the ever - widening hole in the floor dominates the foreground . Two music videos were created for `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' : The main music video , filmed in Romania and directed by Jamie Thraves , features Ben Gibbard in a small sparsely decorated apartment , playing the song while sitting on his bed when he notices a hole in the wooden floor . Gibbard goes about daily activities while avoiding the constantly expanding hole , eventually rolling out of bed into it , hanging on by his fingertips . He finally lets go , only to land unharmed on solid ground within the void about as deep as his height . The song ends with Gibbard walking into the darkness , then pans to show the entire room again with the floor restored to its original , intact state . An alternative video , directed by Monkmus , appears on the Death Cab for Cutie 's DVD Directions : The Plans Video Album . In this video , a picture - book takes up the center of the video frame , and the pages turn as the song progresses . Within the book , two rabbits meet and fall in love . Time passes until one of the rabbits apparently dies . There are other references to death throughout the video , such as a rotten bowl of fruit and an elderly man who appears to die , leaving his grandson behind . The video ends with a picture of the two rabbits together , presumably in eternal happiness together . Release ( edit ) `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' has two separate United Kingdom - exclusive , colored vinyl 7 '' releases with B - sides recorded as part of the band 's Rolling Stone originals session . The part - one release is printed on teal vinyl with `` Photobooth '' from The Forbidden Love EP as the B - side , and the part - two release is printed on clear orange vinyl with a B - side of `` Brothers on a Hotel Bed '' . The CD single was also only released in the UK and contains the same `` Brothers on a Hotel Bed '' B - side . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Critical response to `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' was generally positive . In their reviews for the album Plans , Robert Christgau selected the song as his `` choice cut '' , Pitchfork Media called it the album 's `` quiet centerpiece '' and praised its `` unexpected turns of phrase '' , PopMatters called it `` one of the best written pop songs of the year -- if not of the past five years '' , and Tiny Mix Tapes stated that it was `` one of the band 's best songs to date . '' Rolling Stone however , said that the song `` demonstrates how wise Gibbard is to let the band mess with his pristine melodies , which would sound wispy and ignorable on their own . '' The song was nominated for the 2007 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , but lost to `` My Humps '' by The Black Eyed Peas . By being nominated in this category , instead of for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance , it credited the entire band for Gibbard 's solo performance . Commercial reception ( edit ) The song achieved gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America in December 2009 , for over 500,000 sales . `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' became Death Cab for Cutie 's best - selling single to date , and their overall second best - selling release after the album Plans itself . Usage in the Media ( edit ) `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' was featured on the soundtrack of the 2007 film The Invisible , a remake of the 2002 Swedish film Den Osynlige . In 2008 it was featured in the television series 90210 , in the episode `` That Which We Destroy '' . The song was featured in the sitcom Scrubs , in the season eight episode entitled `` My Last Words '' , first broadcast in January 2009 . The same year it was also the title of an episode of Grey 's Anatomy in the fifth season , originally airing in March 2009 . It was used in the 2011 Nikita episode `` Into the Dark '' ( of which it was also the namesake ) , and was also used in the film Friends With Benefits the same year . An instrumental version of the song was featured in the 2011 film Crazy , Stupid , Love . The song was also used for the end credits of Mike Birbiglia 's Netflix comedy special My Girlfriend 's Boyfriend . The 2012 film Into the Dark , originally titled I Will Follow You Into the Dark , derives its name from the song . The book series , `` ghostgirl '' , references the song in the books . A parody of the song , entitled `` I Will Follow You into the Abyss of Death '' , is featured in the 2007 film Alvin and the Chipmunks . In the movie , protagonist Dave Seville ( Jason Lee ) pitches the tune to record company executive Ian Hawke ( David Cross ) , who pans it after hearing only a few seconds , and then encourages Seville to abandon his songwriting career . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 66 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks 34 U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 28 Cover versions ( edit ) Amanda Palmer of The Dresden Dolls recorded a cover of the song during the recording sessions for Who Killed Amanda Palmer . It appears on the limited edition ' Alternate Tracks ' release as well as a Brainwashed Records compilation entitled ' Peace ( for mom ) ' . She also performed the song at a concert held in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada on a tour in November 2011 for what would become the album An Evening With Neil Gaiman & Amanda Palmer , in tribute to the overdose death of a young woman at Occupy Vancouver two days earlier . Canadian singer Amy Millan recorded a cover of the song . An audio sample can be heard on her official MySpace page . Bluegrass band Cadillac Sky recorded a cover of the song and is included on the band 's self - produced EP / CD , Weary Angel . Andrew Belle recorded a cover of the song on his Sundays at Rockit album . Stewart Francke released a cover of the song on the album Heartless World , which he made available for free download on his website after the death of Clarence Clemons , along with the song `` Summer Soldier ( Holler If Ya Hear Me ) '' featuring Bruce Springsteen . Everclear covered this song on their Return to Santa Monica album . Bayside covered this song on the limited - edition EP , Bayside / I Am the Avalanche . American singer - songwriter Matt Simons covered the song in his debut album Pieces and is the only cover song on the album with the other 9 tracks all Simons ' compositions . California singer - songwriter - guitarist Julianna Zachariou covered the song on her 2011 debut album Tell Tell Tell . It is the only cover song on the album ; the other 11 tracks are originals . Caroline Glaser , The Voice USA 2013 Alumni , recorded a cover of the song on her 2013 EP called `` Caroline Glaser , Vol. 1 '' . It is one of the only 3 songs on her first EP ; the other 2 tracks are originals . Natalie Imbruglia covered the song on her album Male released in 2015 . Ingrid Michaelson and Mat Kearney covered the song live in their 2010 tour . Amy Lee of the band Evanescence covered the song on a Hello Kitty keyboard for online magazine Loudwire . Dave Crosby , most famously known for his songs on YouTube with his daughter , sang this during the Blind Auditions of The Voice Season 13 Indie pop band Echosmith performed a live cover of the song as part of their setlist for their 2018 Inside A Dream tour . This Wild Life performed a shortened ( 1 verse and 1 chorus ) version of the song as part of their Warped Tour 2018 set . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Steven . `` Death Cab for Cutie : The Plan Hereafter '' . Chord Magazine . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Clark , Rick ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Growing in the Studio , Making Plans '' . Mix . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Press release '' . Atlantic Records . September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Death Cab for Cutie consumer Guide reviews '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tangari , Joe . `` Plans album review '' . Pitchfork Media . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Ryan . `` Plans album review '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Plans album review '' . Tiny Mix Tapes . Archived from the original on 23 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 2005 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Plans album review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List '' . Grammy . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Death Cab for Cutie -- I Will Follow You Into The Dark '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Death Cab For Cutie - I Will Follow You Into The Dark - Music Charts '' . αCharts . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Death Cab for Cutie Album & Song Chart History : Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Modern Rock Tracks - I Will Follow You Into The Dark - Death Cab For Cutie '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Peace ( for mom ) '' . Brainwashed.com. 2008 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Amanda Palmer and Neil Gaiman give fans their money 's worth in Vancouver '' . straight.com. 2011 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Occupy Vancouver death dooms protest camp '' . CBC.ca. 2011 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Millan Free Music , Mixes , Tour Dates , Photos , Videos '' . Myspace.com. 2013 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mat Kearney & Ingrid Michaelson - I Will Follow You Into The Dark - Charlotte , NC - 03.23. 10 '' . YouTube.com. 2010 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Evanescence 's Amy Lee Perform on a Hello Kitty Keyboard 11.01. 16 '' . Loudwire.com. 2016 - 11 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Official music video Lyrics to songs from Plans Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Death Cab for Cutie <Td_colspan="2"> Dave Depper Ben Gibbard Nick Harmer Jason McGerr Zac Rae Nathan Good Michael Schorr Chris Walla Studio albums Something About Airplanes We Have the Facts and We 're Voting Yes The Photo Album Transatlanticism Plans Narrow Stairs Codes and Keys Kintsugi Thank You for Today Other You Can Play These Songs with Chords iTunes Originals EPs The Forbidden Love EP The Stability EP Studio X Sessions EP The John Byrd EP The Open Door EP Singles `` Your Bruise '' `` Prove My Hypotheses '' `` Stability '' `` A Movie Script Ending '' `` I Was a Kaleidoscope '' `` We Laugh Indoors '' `` The Sound of Settling '' `` Title and Registration '' `` Soul Meets Body '' `` Crooked Teeth '' `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' `` I Will Possess Your Heart '' `` Cath ... '' `` Grapevine Fires '' `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` You Are a Tourist '' `` Black Sun '' `` The Ghosts of Beverly Drive '' `` Million Dollar Loan '' `` Gold Rush '' Filmography Drive Well , Sleep Carefully Directions : The Plans Video Album Related articles Discography ¡ All - Time Quarterback ! The Postal Service Barsuk Records Atlantic Records Fierce Panda Records The Revolutionary Hydra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Follow_You_into_the_Dark&oldid=855079453 '' Categories : 2006 singles Death Cab for Cutie songs Rock ballads 2005 songs Songs written by Ben Gibbard Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 20 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "I Will Follow You into the Dark" - Death Cab for Cutie
2. Indie rock/folk rock
3. Recording process and production
4. Commercial reception and chart positions
5. Music videos and usage in the media
|
-5,997,676,816,678,193,000 |
what is the penalty for possession of alcohol by a minor
|
Minor in possession - wikipedia Minor in possession Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United States , a Minor in Possession , or a MIP , ( also referred to as a PAULA , Possession of Alcohol Under the Legal Age ) is a criminal offense , typically a misdemeanor . In California , depending on the county in which the person is charged , the crime may also be charged as an infraction . Anyone who is under the age of 21 and possesses alcohol in the United States , with the exception of special circumstances , is violating the law of the state . The term `` Minor in Possession '' is a misnomer , as except for residents of Mississippi and 18 - year - old residents of Alabama and Nebraska , Americans between 18 and 20 years old are not minors . Punishments ( edit ) Punishments for minors in possession vary greatly from state - to - state . Since alcohol enforcement ( and the establishment of drinking ages ) is the responsibility of the individual states , only local and state agencies can legally write a minors in possession citation . As such , each state levies its own fines and punishments for a minors in possession . In some states , a simple first - time minors in possession without any other circumstances ( such as driving or public intoxication ) may only involve a fine of $100 -- 200 . Often fines are reduced or eliminated provided the person convicted completes a program such as alcohol education , probation , or community service . In some states , a fine is eliminated , supplemented or accompanied with a loss of the accused driver license for a period of time ranging from 30 days to 12 months . For example , violation of California 's Business & Professions Code Section 25662 , regarding persons under 21 in possession of alcohol , carries a punishment of $250 and a mandatory revocation of driving privileges for one year in accordance with Vehicle Code Section 13202.5 . Subsequent offenses or a person with a preexisting criminal record may frequently receive a full fine , or in some extreme cases , several days in jail . In many cases a third MIP may result in a loss of the accused driver 's license until the age of 21 . In Washington State , the statutes impose that : providing to and possession of alcohol by minors ( persons under 21 ) is a gross misdemeanor with a potential of $5,000 and a year in jail . Washington State 's law does not apply to liquor given or permitted to be given to a person under the age of twenty - one years by a parent or guardian and consumed in the presence of the parent or guardian . Additionally , this RCW does not authorize consumption or possession of liquor by a person under the age of twenty - one years on any premises licensed by the state , such as a bar or restaurant . Also , A person under the age of twenty - one years who experiences alcohol poisoning and is in need of medical assistance shall not be charged or prosecuted under subsection ( 2 ) ( a ) of this section , if the evidence for the charge was obtained as a result of the poisoning and need for medical assistance . See also ( edit ) Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act National Youth Rights Association References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and the Law : Minor in Possession ( MIP ) and Fake ID '' . Division of Student Affairs . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Underage Drinking : Possession / Consumption / Internal Possession of Alcohol '' . Alcohol Policy Information System . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=66.44.270 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minor_in_Possession&oldid=789926809 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Minor in possession laws in the United States
2. Punishments for minors in possession
3. Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
4. National Minimum Drinking Age Act
5. Underage drinking and fake IDs
|
-3,399,916,794,432,961,500 |
which item is the best example of propaganda course hero
|
Propaganda techniques - wikipedia Propaganda techniques Jump to : navigation , search See also : Doublespeak , Cult of personality , Spin ( politics ) , Demonization , Factoid , Outline of public relations , and List of cognitive biases Anti-capitalist propaganda Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports , government reports , historical revision , junk science , books , leaflets , movies , social media , radio , television , and posters . Less common nowadays are letter post envelopes , examples of which have survived from the time of the American Civil War . ( Connecticut Historical Society ; Civil War Collections ; Covers . ) In the case of radio and television , propaganda can exist on news , current - affairs or talk - show segments , as advertising or public - service announcement `` spots '' or as long - running advertorials . Propaganda campaigns often follow a strategic transmission pattern to indoctrinate the target group . This may begin with a simple transmission such as a leaflet dropped from a plane or an advertisement . Generally these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information , via a web site , hot line , radio program , etc . The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement , and then from information seeker to opinion leader through indoctrination . A number of techniques based in social psychological research are used to generate propaganda . Many of these same techniques can be found under logical fallacies , since propagandists use arguments that , while sometimes convincing , are not necessarily valid . Information dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with propagandistic messages . Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread . `` Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth '' by Viktor Deni . November 1920 Propaganda to urge immigrants to move to California , 1876 Specific techniques ( edit ) Scholars have identified many standard techniques used in propaganda and persuasion . Ad hominem A Latin phrase that has come to mean attacking one 's opponent , as opposed to attacking their arguments . Ad nauseam This uses tireless repetition of an idea . An idea , especially a simple slogan , that is repeated enough times , may begin to be taken as the truth . This approach is more effective alongside the propagandist limiting or controlling the media . Appeal to authority Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position , idea , argument , or course of action . Appeal to fear Appeals to fear seek to build support by instilling anxieties and panic in the general population , for example , Joseph Goebbels exploited Theodore Kaufman 's Germany Must Perish ! to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German people . Appeal to prejudice Using loaded or emotive terms to attach value or moral goodness to believing the proposition . Bandwagon Bandwagon and `` inevitable - victory '' appeals attempt to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action that `` everyone else is taking . '' Inevitable victory : invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory . Those already or at least partially on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is their best course of action . ( e.g. , `` The debate is over . Nearly everyone who matters agrees with me . '' ) Join the crowd : This technique reinforces people 's natural desire to be on the winning side . This technique is used to convince the audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their best interest to join . `` Getting What He Deserves '' American anti-Catholic cartoon from Heroes of the Fiery Cross 1928 . Beautiful people The type of propaganda that deals with famous people or depicts attractive , happy people . This suggests if people buy a product or follow a certain ideology , they too will be happy or successful . ( This is used more in advertising for products , instead of political reasons . ) Usually for advertising rather than political purposes , sexual arousal may also be used . For example , a message promoting a brand of motorcycles to a male target audience may also include sexually attractive bikini - clad women within the advertisement , to make the product more appealing to the audience by targeting sexual desires . However , some evidence suggests that using sexual appeal to sell a product may not succeed , as the target audience may focus too much on the sexually appealing people in the advertisement rather than the product itself . Big Lie The repeated articulation of a complex of events that justify subsequent action . The descriptions of these events have elements of truth , and the `` big lie '' generalizations merge and eventually supplant the public 's accurate perception of the underlying events . After World War I the German stab in the back explanation of the cause of their defeat became a justification for Nazi re-militarization and revanchism . Black - and - white fallacy Presenting only two choices , with the product or idea being propagated as the better choice . ( e.g. , `` You 're either with us , or against us ... '' ) Cherry picking ( fallacy ) or Selective truth Richard Crossman , the British Deputy Director of Psychological Warfare Division ( PWD ) for the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) during the Second World War said `` In propaganda truth pays ... It is a complete delusion to think of the brilliant propagandist as being a professional liar . The brilliant propagandist is the man who tells the truth , or that selection of the truth which is requisite for his purpose , and tells it in such a way that the recipient does not think he is receiving any propaganda ... ( ... ) The art of propaganda is not telling lies , but rather selecting the truth you require and giving it mixed up with some truths the audience wants to hear . '' Classical conditioning All vertebrates , including humans , respond to classical conditioning . That is , if A is always present when B is present and B causes a physical reaction ( e.g. disgust , pleasure ) , then when presented with object A in the absence of B , that same reaction will be experienced . Cognitive dissonance People desire to be consistent . Suppose a pollster finds that a certain group of people hates his candidate for senator but loves actor A. They use actor A 's endorsement of their candidate to change people 's minds because people can not tolerate inconsistency . They are forced to either dislike the actor or like the candidate . Common man The `` plain folks '' or `` common man '' approach attempts to convince the audience that the propagandist 's positions reflect the common sense of the people . It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in the common manner and style of the target audience . Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms ( and clothe their message in face - to - face and audiovisual communications ) in attempting to identify their point of view with that of the average person . A common example of this type of propaganda is a political figure , usually running for a placement , in a backyard or shop doing daily routine things . This image appeals to the common person . With the plain folks device , the propagandist can win the confidence of persons who resent or distrust foreign sounding , intellectual speech , words , or mannerisms . '' For example , a politician speaking to a Southern United States crowd might incorporate words such as `` Y'all '' and other colloquialisms to create a perception of belonging . Cult of personality A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media to create an idealized and heroic public image , often through unquestioning flattery and praise . The hero personality then advocates the positions that the propagandist desires to promote . For example , modern propagandists hire popular personalities to promote their ideas and / or products . Demonizing the enemy Making individuals from the opposing nation , from a different ethnic group , or those who support the opposing viewpoint appear to be subhuman ( e.g. , the Vietnam War - era term `` gooks '' for National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam aka Vietcong , or `` VC '' , soldiers ) , worthless , or immoral , through suggestion or false accusations . Dehumanizing is also a term used synonymously with demonizing , the latter usually serves as an aspect of the former . World War I poster by Winsor McCay , urging Americans to buy Liberty Bonds Demoralization Propaganda towards an adversary to erode fighting spirit , and encourage surrender or defection . Dictat This technique hopes to simplify the decision making process by using images and words to tell the audience exactly what actions to take , eliminating any other possible choices . Authority figures can be used to give the order , overlapping it with the appeal to authority technique , but not necessarily . The Uncle Sam `` I want you '' image is an example of this technique . Disinformation The creation or deletion of information from public records , in the purpose of making a false record of an event or the actions of a person or organization , including outright forgery of photographs , motion pictures , broadcasts , and sound recordings as well as printed documents . Door - in - the - face technique Is used to increase a person 's latitude of acceptance . For example , if a salesperson wants to sell an item for $100 but the public is only willing to pay $50 , the salesperson first offers the item at a higher price ( e.g. , $200 ) and subsequently reduces the price to $100 to make it seem like a good deal . Euphemism A euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant . Euphoria The use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness , or using an appealing event to boost morale . Euphoria can be created by declaring a holiday , making luxury items available , or mounting a military parade with marching bands and patriotic messages . Exaggeration An exaggeration ( or hyperbole ) occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true , but only to a certain degree . It is also seen as `` stretching the truth '' or making something appear more powerful , meaningful , or real than it actually is . Saying that a person ate 20 spring rolls at a party when they actually ate 7 or 8 would be considered an exaggeration . False accusations False accusations can be in any of the following contexts : Informally in everyday life . Quasi-judicially Judicially . Fear , uncertainty , and doubt An attempt to influence public perception by disseminating negative and dubious / false information designed to undermine the credibility of their beliefs . Flag - waving An attempt to justify an action on the grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic , or in some way benefit a group , country , or idea . The feeling of patriotism this technique attempts to inspire may not necessarily diminish or entirely omit one 's capability for rational examination of the matter in question . The Finnish Maiden - personification of Finnish nationalism Foot - in - the - door technique Often used by recruiters and salesmen . For example , a member of the opposite sex walks up to the victim and pins a flower or gives a small gift to the victim . The victim says thanks and now they have incurred a psychological debt to the perpetrator . The person eventually asks for a larger favor ( e.g. , a donation or to buy something far more expensive ) . The unwritten social contract between the victim and perpetrator causes the victim to feel obligated to reciprocate by agreeing to do the larger favor or buy the more expensive gift . Framing ( social sciences ) Framing is the social construction of a social phenomenon often by mass media sources , political or social movements , political leaders , or other actors and organizations . It is an inevitable process of selective influence over the individual 's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases . Gaslighting Using persistent denial , misdirection , contradiction , and lying to sow seeds of doubt in a target individual or group , hoping to make them question their own memory , perception , sanity , and norms . Gish Gallop Bombarding a political opponent with obnoxiously complex questions in rapid fire during a debate to make the opponent appear to not know what they are talking about . Glittering generalities Glittering generalities are emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea , but present no concrete argument or analysis . This technique has also been referred to as the PT Barnum effect . ( e.g. , the advertising campaign slogan `` Ford has a better idea ! '' ) Guilt by association or Reductio ad Hitlerum This technique is used to persuade a target audience to disapprove of an action or idea by suggesting that the idea is popular with groups hated , feared , or held in contempt by the target audience . Thus if a group that supports a certain policy is led to believe that undesirable , subversive , or contemptible people support the same policy , then the members of the group may decide to change their original position . This is a form of bad logic , where A is said to include X , and B is said to include X , therefore , A = B . Half - truth A half - truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth . It comes in several forms : the statement might be partly true , the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth , or it may utilize some deceptive element , such as improper punctuation , or double meaning , especially if the intent is to deceive , evade , blame , or misrepresent the truth . Intentional vagueness Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations . The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases , without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application . The intent is to cause people to draw their own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea . In trying to `` figure out '' the propaganda , the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented . Their validity , reasonableness and application may still be considered . Labeling A euphemism is used when the propagandist attempts to increase the perceived quality , credibility , or credence of a particular ideal . A dysphemism is used when the intent of the propagandist is to discredit , diminish the perceived quality , or hurt the perceived righteousness of the individual . By creating a `` label '' , `` category '' , or `` faction '' of a population , it is much easier to make an example of these larger bodies , because they can uplift or defame the individual without actually incurring legal - defamation . Labeling can be thought of as a sub-set of guilt by association , another logical fallacy . Latitudes of acceptance If a person 's message is outside the bounds of acceptance for an individual and group , most techniques will engender psychological reactance ( simply hearing the argument will make the message even less acceptable ) . There are two techniques for increasing the bounds of acceptance . First , one can take a more even extreme position that will make more moderate positions seem more acceptable . This is similar to the door - in - the - face technique . Alternatively , one can moderate one 's own position to the edge of the latitude of acceptance and then over time slowly move to the position that was previously . `` The Conquest or Arrival of Hernán Cortés in Veracruz '' , 1951 , National Palace , Mexico City . Diego Rivera 's political murals depict a modern interpretation of the Black Legend . Loaded language Specific words and phrases with strong emotional implications are used to influence the audience , for example , using the word reforms rather than a more neutral word like changes . Love bombing See also : Milieu control Used to recruit members to a cult or ideology by having a group of individuals cut off a person from their existing social support and replace it entirely with members of the group who deliberately bombard the person with affection in an attempt to isolate the person from their prior beliefs and value system . Lying and deception Lying and deception can be the basis of many propaganda techniques including Ad Homimen arguments , Big - Lie , Defamation , Door - in - the - Face , Half - truth , Name - calling or any other technique that is based on dishonesty or deception . For example , many politicians have been found to frequently stretch or break the truth . Managing the news According to Adolf Hitler , `` The most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly - it must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over . '' This idea is consistent with the principle of classical conditioning as well as the idea of `` Staying on Message . '' Anti-Muslim propaganda in Germany produced during the Ottoman wars in Europe , 16th century Milieu control An attempt to control the social environment and ideas through the use of social pressure Minimisation Minimisation is the opposite of exaggeration . It is a type of deception involving denial coupled with rationalization in situations where complete denial is implausible . Name - calling Propagandists use the name - calling technique to incite fears and arouse prejudices in their hearers in the intent that the bad names will cause hearers to construct a negative opinion about a group or set of beliefs or ideas that the propagandist wants hearers to denounce . The method is intended to provoke conclusions about a matter apart from impartial examinations of facts . Name - calling is thus a substitute for rational , fact - based arguments against an idea or belief on its own merits . Non sequitur A type of logical fallacy , in which a conclusion is made out of an argument that does not justify it . All invalid arguments can be considered as special cases of non sequitur . Obfuscation , intentional vagueness , confusion Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations . The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases , without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application . The intent is to cause people to draw their own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea . In trying to `` figure out '' the propaganda , the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented . Their validity , reasonableness and application may still be considered . Operant conditioning Operant conditioning involves learning through imitation . For example , watching an appealing person buy products or endorse positions teaches a person to buy the product or endorse the position . Operant conditioning is the underlying principle behind the ad nauseam , slogan and other repetition public relations campaigns . Oversimplification Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social , political , economic , or military problems . Illustration by Rev. Branford Clarke from Heroes of the Fiery Cross by Bishop Alma White published by the Pillar of Fire Church 1928 in Zarephath , NJ Pensée unique Enforced reduction of discussion by use of overly simplistic phrases or arguments ( e.g. , `` There is no alternative to war . '' ) Quotes out of context Selective editing of quotes that can change meanings . Political documentaries designed to discredit an opponent or an opposing political viewpoint often use this technique . Rationalization Individuals or groups may use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs . Vague and pleasant phrases are often used to justify such actions or beliefs . Red herring Presenting data or issues that , while compelling , are irrelevant to the argument at hand , and then claiming that it validates the argument . Repetition This is the repeating of a certain symbol or slogan so that the audience remembers it . This could be in the form of a jingle or an image placed on nearly everything in the picture / scene . This also includes using subliminal phrases , images or other content in a piece of propaganda . Scapegoating Assigning blame to an individual or group , thus alleviating feelings of guilt from responsible parties and / or distracting attention from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned . Nationalist slogan `` Brazil , love it or leave it '' , often used during the Brazilian military dictatorship ( 1964 -- 1985 ) Slogans A slogan is a brief , striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping . Although slogans may be enlisted to support reasoned ideas , in practice they tend to act only as emotional appeals . Opponents of the US 's invasion and occupation of Iraq use the slogan `` blood for oil '' to suggest that the invasion and its human losses was done to access Iraq 's oil riches . On the other hand , supporters who argue that the US should continue to fight in Iraq use the slogan `` cut and run '' to suggest withdrawal is cowardly or weak . Similarly , the names of the military campaigns , such as `` enduring freedom '' or `` just cause '' can also be considered slogans , devised to influence people . Smears A smear is an effort to damage or call into question someone 's reputation , by propounding negative propaganda . It can be applied to individuals or groups . Stereotyping , name calling or labeling This technique attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears , hates , loathes , or finds undesirable . For instance , reporting on a foreign country or social group may focus on the stereotypical traits that the reader expects , even though they are far from being representative of the whole country or group ; such reporting often focuses on the anecdotal . In graphic propaganda , including war posters , this might include portraying enemies with stereotyped racial features . Straw man A straw man argument is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent 's position . To `` attack a straw man '' is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by substituting a superficially similar proposition ( the `` straw man '' ) , and refuting it , without ever having actually refuted the original position . Testimonial See also : Damaging quotation Testimonials are quotations , in or out of context , especially cited to support or reject a given policy , action , program , or personality . The reputation or the role ( expert , respected public figure , etc . ) of the individual giving the statement is exploited . The testimonial places the official sanction of a respected person or authority on a propaganda message . This is done in an effort to cause the target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authority 's opinions and beliefs as its own . `` The Bulgarian Martyresses '' , 1877 painting by the Russian painter Konstantin Makovsky depicting the rape of Bulgarian women by Ottoman troops during the suppression of the April Uprising a year earlier , served to mobilize public support for the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ) waged with the proclaimed aim of liberating the Bulgarians . Third party technique See also : Soft power Works on the principle that people are more willing to accept an argument from a seemingly independent source of information than from someone with a stake in the outcome . It is a marketing strategy commonly employed by Public Relations ( PR ) firms , that involves placing a premeditated message in the `` mouth of the media . '' The third party technique can take many forms , ranging from the hiring of journalists to report the organization in a favorable light , to using scientists within the organization to present their perhaps prejudicial findings to the public . Frequently , astroturf groups or front groups are used to deliver the message . Thought - terminating cliché A commonly used phrase , sometimes passing as folk wisdom , used to quell cognitive dissonance . Transfer Also known as association , this is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities ( praise or blame ) of a person , entity , object , or value onto another to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it . It evokes an emotional response , which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities . Often highly visual , this technique often utilizes symbols ( for example , the swastikas used in Nazi Germany , originally a symbol for health and prosperity ) superimposed over other visual images . Unstated assumption This technique is used when the propaganda concept would seem less credible if explicitly stated . The concept is instead repeatedly assumed or implied . Virtue words See also : Transfer ( propaganda ) These are words in the value system of the target audience that produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue . Peace , hope , happiness , security , wise leadership , freedom , `` The Truth '' , etc. are virtue words . Many see religiosity as a virtue , making associations to this quality effectively beneficial . Whataboutism Whataboutism is a variant of the tu quoque logical fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent 's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly refuting or disproving their argument , which is particularly associated with Soviet and Russian propaganda . When criticisms were leveled at the Soviet Union , the Soviet response would be `` What about ... '' followed by an event in the Western world . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garth S. Jowett and Victoria J. O'Donnell , Propaganda & Persuasion ( 5th ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Robert Cole , ed . Encyclopedia of Propaganda ( 3 vol 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Sex Does n't Sell After All , Study Says '' . Bloomberg. 18 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Scot Macdonald ( 2007 ) . Propaganda and information warfare in the twenty - first century : altered images and deception operations . Taylor & Francis . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33 - 1 . Washington DC : Headquarters ; Department of the Army . 1979 . ^ Jump up to : A Citizens Guide to Understanding Corporate Media Propaganda Techniques Jump up ^ unacceptable message Jump up ^ Joel H. Spring ( 2006 ) . Pedagogies of globalization : the rise of the educational security state . Psychology Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 5557 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hilmar Hoffmann ; John Broadwin ; Volker R. Berghahn ( 1997 ) . The triumph of propaganda : film and national socialism , 1933 -- 1945 . Berghahn Books . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 122 - 6 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , L. , Anderson , P. , Afifi , W. ( 2007 ) . Close Encounters : Communication in Relationships ( 2nd ed . ) . Los Angeles : Sage Publications . <Th_colspan="2"> Disinformation Types Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half - truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism Books Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia : Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who 's Who in the CIA Disinformation operations 1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K - 1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta 's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30 - 31B Web brigades Yellow rain Countering disinformation Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency <Td_colspan="2"> Related series : Fraud Media manipulation Propaganda In sister wikiprojects : Commons Wikiquote Wiktionary <Th_colspan="2"> Fallacies of relevance <Td_colspan="2"> Ad nauseam Argument from repetition Argumentum ad ignorantiam Argument from ignorance Appeal to the stone / Proof by assertion Ignoratio elenchi Irrelevant conclusion Argument from silence Invincible ignorance Moralistic / Naturalistic Non sequitur Rationalization Red herring Appeal to worse problems Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Cliché I 'm entitled to my opinion Appeals to emotion Fear Flattery Novelty Pity Ridicule Think of the children In - group favoritism Invented here / Not invented here Island mentality Parade of horribles Wisdom of repugnance Spite Genetic fallacies Ad hominem Abusive Association reductio ad Hitlerum Godwin 's law reductio ad Stalinum Circumstantial Appeal to motive Bulverism Poisoning the well Tone Tu quoque <Td_colspan="2"> Authority Accomplishment Ipse dixit Poverty / Wealth Etymology Nature Tradition / Novelty Chronological snobbery Appeals to consequences Argumentum ad baculum Appeal to force Wishful thinking Other appeals Argument to moderation Popularity <Td_colspan="2"> List of fallacies Other types of fallacy Philosophy portal <Th_colspan="2"> Informal fallacies Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Quoting out of context Loki 's Wager No true Scotsman Reification Question - begging fallacies Circular reasoning / Begging the question Loaded language ( Leading question ) Compound question / Loaded question No true Scotsman Correlative - based fallacies False dilemma ( Perfect solution fallacy ) Denying the correlative Suppressed correlative Fallacies of illicit transference Composition Division Deductive fallacies Accident Converse accident Inductive fallacies Anecdotal evidence Sampling bias ( Cherry picking McNamara fallacy ) Base rate fallacy / Conjunction fallacy Double counting False analogy Hasty generalization / Slothful induction Misleading vividness Overwhelming exception Vagueness / ambiguity Accent Amphibology Continuum fallacy / Sorites paradox False precision Moving the goalposts Slippery slope Questionable cause Animistic ( Furtive ) Correlation proves causation ( Cum hoc ergo propter hoc ) Gambler 's ( inverse ) Post hoc Regression Single cause Slippery slope Texas sharpshooter Third - cause Wrong direction <Td_colspan="2"> List of fallacies Other types of fallacy Philosophy portal <Th_colspan="2"> Media manipulation Context Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half - truths Machiavellianism Media Obfuscation Orwellian Persuasion Psychological manipulation Activism Alternative media Boycott Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth Advertising Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Censorship Regulation Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Corporate Cover - ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self Hoaxing Alternative facts April Fools ' Fake news website Fakelore Fictitious entries Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Racial Urban legend Virus Marketing Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth News media Agenda - setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Charm offensive Dog - whistle politics Election promises Lawn signs Manifestos Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue Propaganda Bandwagon Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language Lying press National mythology Techniques Psychological warfare Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information ( IT ) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion Public relations Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Sales Cold calling Door - to - door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Promotional merchandise Telemarketing <Th_colspan="2"> Propaganda techniques <Td_colspan="2"> Ad hominem Appeal to fear Atrocity propaganda Bandwagon effect Big lie Blood libel Buzzword Censorship Cherry picking Code word Disinformation Dog - whistle politics Doublespeak Fake news Framing Glittering generality Historical negationism Historical revisionism Ideograph Indoctrination Lawfare Loaded language Newspeak Obscurantism Plain folks Propaganda of the deed Public relations Slogan Spin Weasel word Whataboutism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_techniques&oldid=815729660 '' Categories : Psychological warfare Promotion and marketing communications Public opinion Propaganda techniques Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 19 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Propaganda techniques
2. Techniques of persuasion
3. Manipulation of public opinion
4. Psychological tactics in propaganda
5. Influence through media and communication
|
2,752,239,024,546,795,000 |
what is the name of the dance done at easter
|
Easter - wikipedia Easter This article is about the Christian and cultural festival . For other uses , see Easter ( disambiguation ) . Festival <Th_colspan="2"> Easter <Td_colspan="2"> Icon of the Resurrection , with Christ having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs . Christ is flanked by saints , and Satan -- depicted as an old man -- is bound and chained . ( See Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art . ) Type Christian , cultural Significance Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Celebrations Church services , festive family meals , Easter egg decoration , and gift - giving Observances Prayer , all - night vigil , sunrise service Date variable , variable , date of Easter 2017 date 16 April ( Western ) 16 April ( Eastern ) 2018 date 1 April ( Western ) 8 April ( Eastern ) 2019 date 21 April ( Western ) 28 April ( Eastern ) 2020 date 12 April ( Western ) 19 April ( Eastern ) Related to Passover , of which it is regarded the Christian fulfillment ; Septuagesima , Sexagesima , Quinquagesima , Shrove Tuesday , Ash Wednesday , Clean Monday , Lent , Great Lent , Palm Sunday , Holy Week , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday which lead up to Easter ; and Thomas Sunday , Ascension , Pentecost , Trinity Sunday , and Corpus Christi which follow it . Easter , also called Pascha ( Greek , Latin ) or Resurrection Sunday , is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead , described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD . It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus , preceded by Lent ( or Great Lent ) , a forty - day period of fasting , prayer , and penance . Most Christians refer to the week before Easter as `` Holy Week '' -- it contains the days of the Easter Triduum , including Maundy Thursday , commemorating the Maundy and Last Supper , as well as Good Friday , commemorating the crucifixion and death of Jesus . In Western Christianity , Eastertide , or the Easter Season , begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks , ending with the coming of the fiftieth day , Pentecost Sunday . In Eastern Christianity , the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day , the Feast of the Ascension . Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts which do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars which follow only the cycle of the sun ; rather , its date is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar . The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies . It has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March , but calculations vary . Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism , as well as by its position in the calendar . In most European languages the feast called Easter in English is termed by the words for passover in those languages and in the older English versions of the Bible the term Easter was the term used to translate passover . Easter customs vary across the Christian world , and include sunrise services , exclaiming the Paschal greeting , clipping the church , and decorating Easter eggs ( symbols of the empty tomb ) . The Easter lily , a symbol of the resurrection , traditionally decorates the chancel area of churches on this day and for the rest of Eastertide . Additional customs that have become associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting , the Easter Bunny , and Easter parades . There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Theological significance 3 Early Christianity 4 Date 4.1 Computations 4.2 Controversies over the date 4.3 First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) 4.4 Reform of the date 4.5 Table of the dates of Easter 5 Position in the church year 5.1 Western Christianity 5.2 Eastern Christianity 6 Religious observance 6.1 Western Christianity 6.2 Eastern Christianity 7 Non-observing Christian groups 8 Easter celebrations around the world 8.1 Easter eggs 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Easter The modern English term Easter , cognate with modern Dutch ooster and German Ostern , developed from an Old English word that usually appears in the form Ēastrun , - on , or - an ; but also as Ēastru , - o ; and Ēastre or Ēostre . The most widely accepted theory of the origin of the term is that it is derived from the name of an Old English goddess mentioned by the 7th to 8th - century English monk Bede , who wrote that Ēosturmōnaþ ( Old English ' Month of Ēostre ' , translated in Bede 's time as `` Paschal month '' ) was an English month , corresponding to April , which he says `` was once called after a goddess of theirs named Ēostre , in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month '' . In Latin and Greek , the Christian celebration was , and still is , called Pascha ( Greek : Πάσχα ) , a word derived from Aramaic פסחא ( Paskha ) , cognate to Hebrew פֶּסַח ( Pesach ) . The word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover , commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt . As early as the 50s of the 1st century , Paul , writing from Ephesus to the Christians in Corinth , applied the term to Christ , and it is unlikely that the Ephesian and Corinthian Christians were the first to hear Exodus 12 interpreted as speaking about the death of Jesus , not just about the Jewish Passover ritual . In most of the non-English speaking world , the feast is known by names derived from Greek and Latin Pascha . Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church , especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration . Theological significance One of the earliest known depictions of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus ( Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript , 6th century ) The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus , which Easter celebrates , is a foundation of the Christian faith . The resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness . For those who trust in Jesus ' death and resurrection , `` death is swallowed up in victory . '' Any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives `` a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead '' . Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation . Easter is linked to Passover and the Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper , sufferings , and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection . According to the New Testament , Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning , as in the upper room during the Last Supper he prepared himself and his disciples for his death . He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his body soon to be sacrificed and his blood soon to be shed . Paul states , `` Get rid of the old yeast that you may be a new batch without yeast -- as you really are . For Christ , our Passover lamb , has been sacrificed '' ; this refers to the Passover requirement to have no yeast in the house and to the allegory of Jesus as the Paschal lamb . One interpretation of the Gospel of John is that Jesus , as the Passover lamb , was crucified at roughly the same time as the Passover lambs were being slain in the temple , on the afternoon of Nisan 14 . The scriptural instructions specify that the lamb is to be slain `` between the two evenings '' , that is , at twilight . By the Roman period , however , the sacrifices were performed in the mid-afternoon . Josephus , Jewish War 6.10. 1 / 423 ( `` They sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour '' ) . Philo , Special Laws 2.27 / 145 ( `` Many myriads of victims from noon till eventide are offered by the whole people '' ) . This interpretation , however , is inconsistent with the chronology in the Synoptic Gospels . It assumes that text literally translated `` the preparation of the passover '' in John 19 : 14 refers to Nisan 14 ( Preparation Day for the Passover ) and not necessarily to Yom Shishi ( Friday , Preparation Day for the Passover week Sabbath ) and that the priests ' desire to be ritually pure in order to `` eat the passover '' refers to eating the Passover lamb , not to the public offerings made during the days of Unleavened Bread . Early Christianity The Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples . The early Christians , too , would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus ' death and subsequent resurrection . The first Christians , Jewish and Gentile , were certainly aware of the Hebrew calendar . Jewish Christians , the first to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus , timed the observance in relation to Passover . Direct evidence for a more fully formed Christian festival of Pascha ( Easter ) begins to appear in the mid-2nd century . Perhaps the earliest extant primary source referring to Easter is a mid-2nd - century Paschal homily attributed to Melito of Sardis , which characterizes the celebration as a well - established one . Evidence for another kind of annual Christian festival , the commemoration of martyrs , begins to appear at about the same time as evidence for the celebration of Easter . While martyrs ' days ( usually the individual dates of martyrdom ) were celebrated on fixed dates in the local solar calendar , the date of Easter was fixed by means of the local Jewish lunisolar calendar . This is consistent with the celebration of Easter having entered Christianity during its earliest , Jewish , period , but does not leave the question free of doubt . The ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus attributes the observance of Easter by the church to the perpetuation of its custom , `` just as many other customs have been established '' , stating that neither Jesus nor his Apostles enjoined the keeping of this or any other festival . Although he describes the details of the Easter celebration as deriving from local custom , he insists the feast itself is universally observed . Date A stained - glass window depicting the Passover Lamb , a concept integral to the foundation of Easter Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts , in that they do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars ( both of which follow the cycle of the sun and the seasons ) . Instead , the date for Easter is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar . The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the Council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies . ( See also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter . ) In particular , the Council did not decree that Easter must fall on Sunday . This was already the practice almost everywhere . In Western Christianity , using the Gregorian calendar , Easter always falls on a Sunday between 22 March and 25 April inclusive , within about seven days after the astronomical full moon . The following day , Easter Monday , is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions . Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar . Because of the 13 - day difference between the calendars between 1900 and 2099 , 21 March corresponds , during the 21st century , to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar . Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May in the Gregorian calendar ( the Julian calendar is no longer used as the civil calendar of the countries where Eastern Christian traditions predominate ) . Also , because the Julian `` full moon '' is always several days after the astronomical full moon , the eastern Easter is often later , relative to the visible moon 's phases , than western Easter . Among the Oriental Orthodox some churches have changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar and the date for Easter as for other fixed and moveable feasts is the same as in the Western church . Computations Main article : Computus In 725 , Bede succinctly wrote , `` The Sunday following the full Moon which falls on or after the equinox will give the lawful Easter . '' However , this does not precisely reflect the ecclesiastical rules . The full moon referred to ( called the Paschal full moon ) is not an astronomical full moon , but the 14th day of a lunar month . Another difference is that the astronomical equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon , which can fall on 19 , 20 or 21 March , while the ecclesiastical date is fixed by convention on 21 March . In applying the ecclesiastical rules , Christian churches use 21 March as the starting point in determining the date of Easter , from which they find the next full moon , etc . The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches continue to use the Julian calendar . Their starting point in determining the date of Orthodox Easter is also 21 March but according to the Julian reckoning , which in the current century corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian calendar . In addition , the lunar tables of the Julian calendar are four days ( sometimes five days ) behind those of the Gregorian calendar . The 14th day of the lunar month according to the Gregorian system is figured as the ninth or tenth day according to the Julian . The result of this combination of solar and lunar discrepancies is divergence in the date of Easter in most years ( see table ) . Easter is determined on the basis of lunisolar cycles . The lunar year consists of 30 - day and 29 - day lunar months , generally alternating , with an embolismic month added periodically to bring the lunar cycle into line with the solar cycle . In each solar year ( 1 January to 31 December inclusive ) , the lunar month beginning with an ecclesiastical new moon falling in the 29 - day period from 8 March to 5 April inclusive is designated as the paschal lunar month for that year . Easter is the third Sunday in the paschal lunar month , or , in other words , the Sunday after the paschal lunar month 's 14th day . The 14th of the paschal lunar month is designated by convention as the Paschal full moon , although the 14th of the lunar month may differ from the date of the astronomical full moon by up to two days . Since the ecclesiastical new moon falls on a date from 8 March to 5 April inclusive , the paschal full moon ( the 14th of that lunar month ) must fall on a date from 21 March to 18 April inclusive . The Gregorian calculation of Easter was based on a method devised by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) for adjusting the epacts of the moon , and has been adopted by almost all Western Christians and by Western countries which celebrate national holidays at Easter . For the British Empire and colonies , a determination of the date of Easter Sunday using Golden Numbers and Sunday letters was defined by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 with its Annexe . This was designed to match exactly the Gregorian calculation . Controversies over the date Main article : Easter controversy A five - part Russian Orthodox icon depicting the Easter story . Eastern Orthodox Christians use a different computation for the date of Easter than the Western churches . The precise date of Easter has at times been a matter of contention . By the later 2nd century , it was widely accepted that the celebration of the holiday was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition . The Quartodeciman controversy , the first of several Easter controversies , arose concerning the date on which the holiday should be celebrated . The term `` Quartodeciman '' refers to the practice of celebrating Easter on Nisan 14 of the Hebrew calendar , `` the LORD 's passover '' ( Leviticus 23 : 5 ) . According to the church historian Eusebius , the Quartodeciman Polycarp ( bishop of Smyrna , by tradition a disciple of John the Apostle ) debated the question with Anicetus ( bishop of Rome ) . The Roman province of Asia was Quartodeciman , while the Roman and Alexandrian churches continued the fast until the Sunday following ( the Sunday of Unleavened Bread ) , wishing to associate Easter with Sunday . Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus persuaded the other , but they did not consider the matter schismatic either , parting in peace and leaving the question unsettled . Controversy arose when Victor , bishop of Rome a generation after Anicetus , attempted to excommunicate Polycrates of Ephesus and all other bishops of Asia for their Quartodecimanism . According to Eusebius , a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy , which he regarded as all ruling in support of Easter on Sunday . Polycrates ( circa 190 ) , however , wrote to Victor defending the antiquity of Asian Quartodecimanism . Victor 's attempted excommunication was apparently rescinded , and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus and others , who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent of Anicetus . Quartodecimanism seems to have lingered into the 4th century , when Socrates of Constantinople recorded that some Quartodecimans were deprived of their churches by John Chrysostom and that some were harassed by Nestorius . It is not known how long the Nisan 14 practice continued . But both those who followed the Nisan 14 custom , and those who set Easter to the following Sunday had in common the custom of consulting their Jewish neighbors to learn when the month of Nisan would fall , and setting their festival accordingly . By the later 3rd century , however , some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter . The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox . The Sardica paschal table confirms these complaints , for it indicates that the Jews of some eastern Mediterranean city ( possibly Antioch ) fixed Nisan 14 on dates well before the spring equinox on multiple occasions . Because of this dissatisfaction with reliance on the Jewish calendar , some Christians began to experiment with independent computations . Others , however , believed that the customary practice of consulting Jews should continue , even if the Jewish computations were in error . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) Main article : First Council of Nicaea This controversy between those who advocated independent computations , and those who wished to continue the custom of relying on the Jewish calendar , was formally resolved by the First Council of Nicaea in 325 , which endorsed changing to an independent computation by the Christian community in order to celebrate in common . This effectively required the abandonment of the old custom of consulting the Jewish community in those places where it was still used . Epiphanius of Salamis wrote in the mid-4th century : the emperor ... convened a council of 318 bishops ... in the city of Nicea ... They passed certain ecclesiastical canons at the council besides , and at the same time decreed in regard to the Passover that there must be one unanimous concord on the celebration of God 's holy and supremely excellent day . For it was variously observed by people That the older custom ( called `` protopaschite '' by historians ) did not at once die out , but persisted for a time , is indicated by the existence of canons and sermons against it . Dionysius Exiguus , and others following him , maintained that the 318 Bishops assembled at the Nicene Council had specified a particular method of determining the date of Easter ; subsequent scholarship has refuted this tradition . In any case , in the years following the council , the computational system that was worked out by the church of Alexandria came to be normative . It took a while for the Alexandrian rules to be adopted throughout Christian Europe , however . The 8 - year cycle originally employed was replaced by ( or by the time of ) Augustalis 's treatise on the measurement of Easter , after which Rome used his 84 - year lunisolar calendar cycle until 457 . It then switched to an adaptation by Victorius of the Alexandrian rules . Because this Victorian cycle differed from the Alexandrian cycle in the dates of some of the Paschal Full Moons , and because it tried to respect the Roman custom of fixing Easter to the Sunday in the week of the 16th to the 22nd of the lunar month ( rather than the 15th to the 21st as at Alexandria ) , by providing alternative `` Latin '' and `` Greek '' dates in some years , occasional differences in the date of Easter as fixed by Alexandrian rules continued . The Alexandrian rules were adopted in the West following the tables of Dionysius Exiguus in 525 . From this time , therefore , all discrepancies between Alexandria and Rome as to the correct date for Easter cease , as both churches were using identical tables . Early Christians in Britain and Ireland also used an 84 - year cycle . From the 5th century onward this cycle set its equinox to 25 March and fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the 14th to the 20th of the lunar month inclusive . This 84 - year cycle was replaced by the Alexandrian method in the course of the 7th and 8th centuries . Churches in western continental Europe used a late Roman method until the late 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne , when they finally adopted the Alexandrian method . Since 1582 , when the Catholic Church adopted the Gregorian calendar while the Eastern Orthodox and most Oriental Orthodox Churches retained the Julian calendar , the date on which Easter is celebrated has again differed . The Greek island of Syros , whose population is divided almost equally between Catholics and Orthodox , is one of the few places where the two Churches share a common date for Easter , with the Catholics accepting the Orthodox date -- a practice helping considerably in maintaining good relations between the two communities . Reform of the date See also : Reform of the date of Easter The congregation lighting their candles from the new flame , just as the priest has retrieved it from the altar -- note that the picture is flash - illuminated ; all electric lighting is off , and only the oil lamps in front of the Iconostasis remain lit . ( St. George Greek Orthodox Church , Adelaide ) . In the 20th century , some individuals and institutions have propounded a fixed date for Easter , the most prominent proposal being the Sunday after the second Saturday in April . Despite having some support , proposals to reform the date have not been implemented . An Orthodox congress of Eastern Orthodox bishops , which included representatives mostly from the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarch , met in Constantinople in 1923 , where the bishops agreed to the Revised Julian calendar . The original form of this calendar would have determined Easter using precise astronomical calculations based on the meridian of Jerusalem . However , all the Eastern Orthodox countries that subsequently adopted the Revised Julian calendar adopted only that part of the revised calendar that applied to festivals falling on fixed dates in the Julian calendar . The revised Easter computation that had been part of the original 1923 agreement was never permanently implemented in any Orthodox diocese . In the United Kingdom , the Easter Act 1928 set out legislation to allow the date of Easter to be fixed as the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April ( or , in other words , the Sunday in the period from 9 to 15 April ) . However , the legislation has not been implemented , although it remains on the Statute book and could be implemented subject to approval by the various Christian churches . At a summit in Aleppo , Syria , in 1997 , the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem , while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon . The recommended World Council of Churches changes would have sidestepped the calendar issues and eliminated the difference in date between the Eastern and Western churches . The reform was proposed for implementation starting in 2001 , but it was not ultimately adopted by any member body . In January 2016 , Christian churches again considered the idea of a fixed and unified date of Easter , probably either the second or third Sunday in April . Table of the dates of Easter See also : Western vs Eastern dates , in a wider timeframe ( 1998 - 2038 ) The WCC presented comparative data of the relationships : Table of dates of Easter 2001 -- 2025 ( in Gregorian dates ) Year Full Moon Jewish Passover Astronomical Easter Gregorian Easter Julian Easter <Td_colspan="2"> 8 April <Td_colspan="3"> 15 April 2002 <Td_colspan="2"> 28 March <Td_colspan="2"> 31 March 5 May 2003 16 April 17 April <Td_colspan="2"> 20 April 27 April 5 April 6 April <Td_colspan="3"> 11 April 2005 25 March 24 April <Td_colspan="2"> 27 March 1 May 2006 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 April <Td_colspan="2"> 16 April 23 April 2007 2 April 3 April <Td_colspan="3"> 8 April 2008 21 March 20 April <Td_colspan="2"> 23 March 27 April 2009 <Td_colspan="2"> 9 April <Td_colspan="2"> 12 April 19 April <Td_colspan="2"> 30 March <Td_colspan="3"> 4 April 2011 18 April 19 April <Td_colspan="3"> 24 April 2012 6 April 7 April <Td_colspan="2"> 8 April 15 April 2013 27 March 26 March <Td_colspan="2"> 31 March 5 May 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> 15 April <Td_colspan="3"> 20 April 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> 4 April <Td_colspan="2"> 5 April 12 April 2016 23 March 23 April <Td_colspan="2"> 27 March 1 May 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> 11 April <Td_colspan="3"> 16 April 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> 31 March <Td_colspan="2"> 1 April 8 April 2019 21 March 20 April 24 March 21 April 28 April 2020 8 April 9 April <Td_colspan="2"> 12 April 19 April 2021 <Td_colspan="2"> 28 March <Td_colspan="2"> 4 April 2 May 2022 <Td_colspan="2"> 16 April <Td_colspan="2"> 17 April 24 April 2023 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 April <Td_colspan="2"> 9 April 16 April 2024 25 March 23 April <Td_colspan="2"> 31 March 5 May 2025 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 April <Td_colspan="3"> 20 April Notes : 1 . Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the Astronomical full moon . In the Eastern reckoning , that full moon is derived from the Metonic cycle while in the West it is referred to the meridian of Jerusalem . 2 . Passover commences at sunset preceding the date indicated ( as does Easter in many traditions ) . Position in the Church year Further information : Liturgical year Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Western Christianity In Western Christianity , Easter is preceded by Lent , a period of fasting and penitence in preparation for Easter , which begins on Ash Wednesday and lasts forty days ( not counting Sundays ) . The week before Easter , known as Holy Week , is very special in the Christian tradition . The Sunday before Easter is Palm Sunday , with the Wednesday before Easter being known as Spy Wednesday . The last three days before Easter are Maundy Thursday , Good Friday and Holy Saturday ( sometimes referred to as Silent Saturday ) . Palm Sunday , Maundy Thursday and Good Friday respectively commemorate Jesus ' entry in Jerusalem , the Last Supper and the Crucifixion . Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday are sometimes referred to as the Easter Triduum ( Latin for `` Three Days '' ) . Many churches begin celebrating Easter late in the evening of Holy Saturday at a service called the Easter Vigil . The week beginning with Easter Sunday is called Easter Week or the Octave of Easter , and each day is prefaced with `` Easter '' , e.g. Easter Monday ( a public holiday in many countries ) , Easter Tuesday ( a much less widespread public holiday ) , etc . Easter Saturday is therefore the Saturday after Easter Sunday . The day before Easter is properly called Holy Saturday . Eastertide , or Paschaltide , the season of Easter , begins on Easter Sunday and lasts until the day of Pentecost , seven weeks later . Eastern Christianity In Eastern Christianity , the spiritual preparation for Easter begins with Great Lent , which starts on Clean Monday and lasts for 40 continuous days ( including Sundays ) . The last week of Great Lent ( following the fifth Sunday of Great Lent ) is called Palm Week , and ends with Lazarus Saturday . The Vespers which begins Lazarus Saturday officially brings Great Lent to a close , although the fast continues through the following week . After Lazarus Saturday comes Palm Sunday , Holy Week , and finally Easter itself , and the fast is broken immediately after the Paschal Divine Liturgy . The Paschal Vigil begins with the Midnight Office , which is the last service of the Lenten Triodion and is timed so that it ends a little before midnight on Holy Saturday night . At the stroke of midnight the Paschal celebration itself begins , consisting of Paschal Matins , Paschal Hours , and Paschal Divine Liturgy . Placing the Paschal Divine Liturgy at midnight guarantees that no Divine Liturgy will come earlier in the morning , ensuring its place as the pre-eminent `` Feast of Feasts '' in the liturgical year . The liturgical season from Easter to the Sunday of All Saints ( the Sunday after Pentecost ) is known as the Pentecostarion ( the `` fifty days '' ) . The week which begins on Easter Sunday is called Bright Week , during which there is no fasting , even on Wednesday and Friday . The Afterfeast of Easter lasts 39 days , with its Apodosis ( leave - taking ) on the day before Ascension . Pentecost Sunday is the fiftieth day from Easter ( counted inclusively ) . Religious observance Depiction of The Resurrection of Jesus Christ , by Piero della Francesca . Western Christianity This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians . The traditional , liturgical observation of Easter , as practised among Roman Catholics , Lutherans , and some Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil . This , the most important liturgy of the year , begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire , the lighting of the large Paschal candle ( symbolic of the Risen Christ ) and the chanting of the Exultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan . Epistle reading , I Corinthians 5 : 7 -- 8 ( in Latin ) , for the Solemn Mass of Easter Day After this service of light , a number of readings from the Old Testament are read . These tell the stories of creation , the sacrifice of Isaac , the crossing of the Red Sea , and the foretold coming of the Messiah . This part of the service climaxes with the singing of the Gloria and the Alleluia and the proclamation of the Gospel of the resurrection . At this time , the lights are brought up and the church bells are rung , according to local custom . A sermon may be preached after the gospel . The focus then moves from the lectern to the font . Anciently , Easter was considered the ideal time for converts to receive baptism , and this practice continues within Roman Catholicism and the Anglican Communion . Whether there are baptisms at this point or not , it is traditional for the congregation to renew the vows of their baptismal faith . This act is often sealed by the sprinkling of the congregation with holy water from the font . The Catholic sacrament of Confirmation is also celebrated at the Vigil . The Easter Vigil concludes with the celebration of the Eucharist ( known in some traditions as Holy Communion ) . Certain variations in the Easter Vigil exist : Some churches read the Old Testament lessons before the procession of the Paschal candle , and then read the gospel immediately after the Exsultet . Eastern Christianity Icon of the Resurrection by an unknown 17th - century Bulgarian artist Easter is the fundamental and most important festival of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches : This is the Expected and Holy Day , the One among the Sabbaths , the Sovereign and Lady of days , Feast of feasts , Celebration of celebrations , on which we praise Christ for all eternity ! Boris Kustodiev 's Pascha Greetings ( 1912 ) shows traditional Russian khristosovanie ( exchanging a triple kiss ) , with such foods as red eggs , kulich and paskha in the background . Every other religious festival in their calendar , including Christmas , is secondary in importance to the celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . This is reflected in rich Paschal customs in the cultures of countries that have traditionally had an Orthodox Christian majority . Eastern Catholics have similar emphasis in their calendars , and many of their liturgical customs are very similar . This is not to say that Christmas and other elements of the Christian liturgical calendar are ignored . Instead , these events are all seen as necessary but preliminary to , and illuminated by , the full climax of the Resurrection , in which all that has come before reaches fulfillment and fruition . They shine only in the light of the Resurrection . Easter is the primary act that fulfills the purpose of Christ 's ministry on earth -- to defeat death by dying and to purify and exalt humanity by voluntarily assuming and overcoming human frailty . This is succinctly summarized by the Paschal troparion , sung repeatedly for forty days , through the Apodosis of Easter , which is the day before Ascension : Χριστὸς ἀνέστη ἐκ νεκρῶν , θανάτῳ θάνατον πατήσας , καὶ τοῖς ἐν τοῖς μνήμασι ζωὴν χαρισάμενος . Christ is risen from the dead , Trampling down death by death , And upon those in the tombs Bestowing life ! Preparation for Easter begins with the season of Great Lent . In addition to fasting , almsgiving , and prayer , Orthodox Christians cut down on all entertainment and non-essential worldly activities , gradually eliminating them until Great and Holy Friday , the most austere day of the year . On the evening of Great and Holy Saturday , the Midnight Office commences an hour or two before midnight ( see paschal vigil ) . Religious Procession in Kursk Province , a controversial painting by Ilya Repin ( 1880 -- 83 ) , depicting a Bright Week outdoor procession . At its completion all light in the church building is extinguished , and all wait in darkness and silence for the stroke of midnight . Then , a new flame is struck in the altar , or the priest lights his candle from the perpetual lamp kept burning there , and he then lights candles held by deacons or other assistants , who then go to light candles held by the congregation ( this practice has its origin in the reception of the Holy Fire at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem ) . Then the priest and congregation go in a procession around the temple , holding lit candles , chanting : By Thy Resurrection O Christ our savior , the angels in Heaven sing , enable us who are on Earth , to glorify thee in purity of heart . This procession reenacts the journey of the Myrrhbearers to the Tomb of Jesus `` very early in the morning '' . After circling around the temple once or three times , the procession halts in front of the closed doors . In the Greek practice the priest reads a selection from the Gospel Book . Then , in all traditions , the priest makes the sign of the cross with the censer in front of the closed doors ( which represent the sealed tomb ) . Traditional Paschal Outdoor Procession during Bright Week by Russian Orthodox Old - Rite Church . He and the people chant the Paschal Troparion , and all of the bells and semantra are sounded . Then all re-enter the temple and paschal matins begins immediately , followed by the paschal hours and then the paschal divine liturgy . The Paschal Homily of St. John Chrysostom is read at matins . After the dismissal of the liturgy , the priest may bless paschal eggs and baskets brought by the faithful containing those foods which have been forbidden during the Great Fast . Immediately after the Liturgy it is customary for the congregation to share a meal , essentially an agápē dinner ( albeit at 2 : 00 am or later ) . In Greece the traditional meal is mageiritsa , a hearty stew of chopped lamb liver and wild greens seasoned with egg - and - lemon sauce . Traditionally , easter eggs , hard - boiled eggs dyed bright red to symbolize the spilt Blood of Christ and the promise of eternal life , are cracked together to celebrate the opening of the Tomb of Christ . The next morning , Easter Sunday proper , there is no Divine Liturgy , since the liturgy for that day has already been celebrated . Instead , in the afternoon `` Agápē Vespers '' is sung . In this service , it has become customary during the last few centuries for the priest and members of the congregation to read a portion of the Gospel of John in as many languages as they can manage , to show the universality of the Resurrection . For the remainder of the week , known as `` Bright Week '' , fasting ( other than before holy communion is suppressed , and the customary Paschal greeting is : `` Christ is risen ! '' , to which the response is : `` Truly he is risen ! '' This may also be done in many different languages . The services during Bright Week are nearly identical to those on Easter itself , except that they do not take place at midnight , but at their normal times during the day . The outdoor procession during Bright Week takes place either after paschal matins or the paschal divine liturgy . Non-observing Christian groups Nonconformist Protestant Christians prefer to use a simple Christian cross , rather than a crucifix , to emphasize the Resurrection . Along with the celebration of Christmas and Advent , many Lenten and Easter traditions were altered or even abandoned altogether by various offshoots of the Protestant Reformation , as they were deemed `` pagan '' or `` Popish '' ( and therefore tainted ) by many of the Reformation 's Puritan movements . However , some of the major Reformation Churches and movements ( Lutheran , Methodist and Anglican for example ) , chose to retain a large proportion of the observances of the established Church Year along with many of its associated traditions . In Lutheran Churches , for example , not only were the days of Holy Week observed , but also Christmas , Easter and Pentecost were observed with three - day festivals ( the day itself and the two following ) . Other Protestant groups took a different attitude , with most Anabaptists , Quakers , Congregationalists and Presbyterian Puritans regarding such festivals as an abomination . The Puritan rejection of Easter traditions was ( and is ) based partly upon their interpretation of 2 Corinthians 6 : 14 -- 16 and partly upon a more general belief that , if a religious practice or celebration is not actually written in the Christian Bible , then that practice / celebration must be a later development and can not be considered an authentic part of Christian practice or belief -- so at best simply unnecessary , at worst actually sinful . Groups such as the Restored Church of God reject the celebration of Easter , seeing it as originating in a pagan spring festival taken over by the `` Roman '' Catholic Church . Jehovah 's Witnesses maintain a similar view , observing a yearly commemorative service of the Last Supper and the subsequent execution of Christ on the evening of Nisan 14 ( as they calculate the dates derived from the lunar Hebrew Calendar ) . It is commonly referred to by many Witnesses as simply `` The Memorial '' . Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that such verses as Luke 22 : 19 -- 20 and 1 Corinthians 11 : 26 constitute a commandment to remember the death of Christ though not the resurrection , and they do so on a yearly basis just as Passover is celebrated annually by the Jews . Members of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) , as part of their historic testimony against times and seasons , do not celebrate or observe Easter or any other Christian holidays , believing instead that `` every day is the Lord 's day '' , and that elevation of one day above others suggests that it is acceptable to do un-Christian acts on other days . During the 17th and 18th centuries , Quakers were persecuted for this non-observance of Holy Days . Some Christian groups feel that Easter is something to be regarded with great joy : not marking the day itself , but remembering and rejoicing in the event it commemorates -- the miracle of Christ 's resurrection . In this spirit , these Christians teach that each day and all Sabbaths should be kept holy , in Christ 's teachings . Hebrew - Christian , Sacred Name , and Armstrong movement churches ( such as the Living Church of God ) usually reject Easter in favor of Nisan 14 observance and celebration of the Christian Passover . This is especially true of Christian groups that celebrate the New Moons or annual High Sabbaths in addition to seventh - day Sabbath . They support this textually with reference to the letter to the Colossians : `` Let no one ... pass judgment on you in matters of food and drink or with regard to a festival or new moon or sabbath . These are shadows of things to come ; the reality belongs to Christ . '' ( Col. 2 : 16 -- 17 , NAB ) Easter celebrations around the world Main article : Easter customs An Easter postcard depicting the Easter Bunny In countries where Christianity is a state religion , or where the country has large Christian population , Easter is often a public holiday . As Easter is always a Sunday , many countries in the world also have Easter Monday as a public holiday . Some retail stores , shopping malls , and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday . Good Friday , which occurs two days before Easter Sunday , is also a public holiday in many countries , as well as in 12 U.S. states . Even in states where Good Friday is not a holiday , many financial institutions , stock markets , and public schools are closed . Few banks that are normally open on regular Sundays are closed on Easter . In the Nordic countries Good Friday , Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are public holidays , and Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays . In Denmark , Iceland and Norway Maundy Thursday is also a public holiday . It is a holiday for most workers except some shopping malls which keep open for a half - day . Many businesses give their employees almost a week off , called Easter break . Schools are closed between Palm Sunday and Easter Monday . According to a 2014 poll , 6 of 10 Norwegians travel during Easter , often to a countryside cottage ; 3 of 10 said their typical Easter included skiing . In the Netherlands both Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are national holidays . Like first and second Christmas Day , they are both considered Sundays , which results in a first and a second Easter Sunday , after which the week continues to a Tuesday . Even though Good Friday is an official national holiday , it is not a mandatory day off for commercial companies . In Commonwealth nations Easter Day is rarely a public holiday , as is the case for celebrations which fall on a Sunday . In the United Kingdom both Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays . However , in Canada Easter Sunday is a public holiday , along with Easter Monday . In the Canadian province of Quebec , either Good Friday or Easter Monday are statutory holidays ( although most companies give both ) . In some countries Good Friday is a public holiday as well . In Australia , because of its location in the southern hemisphere , Easter takes place in autumn . Hence , Australian Easter is associated with harvest time , rather than with the coming of spring as in the northern hemisphere . The religious aspect of Easter remains the same . Good Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays across all states and territories . `` Easter Saturday '' ( the Saturday before Easter Sunday ) is a public holiday in every state except Tasmania and Western Australia , while Easter Sunday itself is a public holiday only in New South Wales . Easter Tuesday is additionally a conditional public holiday in Tasmania , varying between award , and was also a public holiday in Victoria until 1994 . In the United States , because Easter falls on a Sunday , which is already a non-working day for federal and state employees , it has not been designated as a federal or state holiday . Easter parades are held in many American cities , involving festive strolling processions , with the New York City parade being the best known . Easter eggs are a popular cultural symbol of Easter . Easter eggs Main article : Easter egg The egg is an ancient symbol of new life and rebirth . In Christianity it became associated with Jesus ' crucifixion and resurrection . The custom of the Easter egg originated in the early Christian community of Mesopotamia , who stained eggs red in memory of the blood of Christ , shed at his crucifixion . As such , for Christians , the Easter egg is a symbol of the empty tomb . The oldest tradition is to use dyed chicken eggs , but a modern custom is to substitute decorated chocolate , or plastic eggs filled with candy such as jellybeans . The Easter Bunny is a popular legendary anthropomorphic Easter gift - giving character analogous to Santa Claus in American culture . Many Americans follow the tradition of coloring hard - boiled eggs and giving baskets of candy . On Easter Monday , the President of the United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young children . Since the rabbit is a pest in Australia , the Easter Bilby is available as an alternative . Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Poland and other Slavic countries ' folk traditions . A batik - like decorating process known as pisanka produces intricate , brilliantly - colored eggs . The celebrated House of Fabergé workshops created exquisite jewelled Easter eggs for the Russian Imperial family from 1885 to 1916 . See also Christianity portal Holidays portal Divine Mercy Sunday Life of Jesus in the New Testament List of Easter hymns Movable Eastern Christian Observances Regina Coeli Greek words ( wiktionary ) : Πάσχα ( Easter ) vs πάσχα ( Passover ) vs πάσχω ( to suffer ) . Footnotes Jump up ^ Traditional names for the feast in English are `` Easter Day '' , as in the Book of Common Prayer , `` Easter Sunday '' , used by James Ussher ( The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher , Volume 4 ) and Samuel Pepys ( The Diary of Samuel Pepys , Volume 2 ) and plain `` Easter '' , as in books printed in 1575 , 1584 , 1586 Jump up ^ In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Greek word Pascha is used for the celebration ; in English , the analogous word is Pasch . Jump up ^ Old English pronunciation : ( ˈæːɑstre , ˈeːostre ) Jump up ^ Acts 2 : 1 ; 12 : 3 ; 20 : 6 ; 27 : 9 , 1 Cor 16 : 8 Jump up ^ Eusebius reports that Dionysius , Bishop of Alexandria , proposed an 8 - year Easter cycle , and quotes a letter from Anatolius , Bishop of Laodicea , that refers to a 19 - year cycle . An 8 - year cycle has been found inscribed on a statue unearthed in Rome in the 17th century , and since dated to the 3rd century . References Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett ( 2009 ) . Baptism in the Early Church : History , Theology , and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 351 . ISBN 9780802827487 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . The practices are usually interpreted in terms of baptism at the pasch ( Easter ) , for which compare Tertullian , but the text does not specify this season , only that it was done on Sunday , and the instructions may apply to whenever the baptism was to be performed . ^ Jump up to : Norman Davies ( 20 January 1998 ) . Europe : A History . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060974688 . In most European languages Easter is called by some variant of the late Latin word Pascha , which in turn derives from the Hebrew pesach , passover . Jump up ^ Gamman , Andrew ; Bindon , Caroline ( 11 February 2014 ) . Stations for Lent and Easter . Kereru Publishing Limited . p. 7 . ISBN 9780473276812 . Easter Day , also known as Resurrection Sunday , marks the high point of the Christian year . It is the day that we celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead . Jump up ^ Boda , Mark J. ; Smith , Gordon T. ( 2006 ) . Repentance in Christian Theology . Liturgical Press . p. 316 . ISBN 9780814651759 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Orthodox , Catholic , and all Reformed churches in the Middle East celebrate Easter according to the Eastern calendar , calling this holy day `` Resurrection Sunday , '' not Easter . Jump up ^ Bernard Trawicky , Ruth Wilhelme Gregory ( 2000 ) . Anniversaries and Holidays . American Library Association . ISBN 9780838906958 . Easter is the central celebration of the Christian liturgical year . It is the oldest and most important Christian feast , celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . The date of Easter determines the dates of all movable feasts except those of Advent . Jump up ^ Aveni , Anthony ( 2004 ) . `` The Easter / Passover Season : Connecting Time 's Broken Circle '' , The Book of the Year : A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays . Oxford University Press . pp. 64 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517154 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Bower ( 1 January 2003 ) . The Companion to the Book of Common Worship . Geneva Press . ISBN 9780664502324 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Maundy Thursday ( or le mandé ; Thursday of the Mandatum , Latin , commandment ) . The name is taken from the first few words sung at the ceremony of the washing of the feet , `` I give you a new commandment '' ( John 13 : 34 ) ; also from the commandment of Christ that we should imitate His loving humility in the washing of the feet ( John 13 : 14 -- 17 ) . The term mandatum ( maundy ) , therefore , was applied to the rite of foot - washing on this day . Jump up ^ Gail Ramshaw ( 2004 ) . Three Day Feast : Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Easter . Augsburg Books . ISBN 9781451408164 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . In the liturgies of the Three Days , the service for Maundy Thursday includes both , telling the story of Jesus ' last supper and enacting the footwashing . Jump up ^ Leonard Stuart ( 1909 ) . New century reference library of the world 's most important knowledge : complete , thorough , practical , Volume 3 . Syndicate Pub. Co . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Holy Week , or Passion Week , the week which immediately precedes Easter , and is devoted especially to commemorating the passion of our Lord . The Days more especially solemnized during it are Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the date of Easter '' . Jump up ^ Weiser , Francis X . ( 1958 ) . Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 138435 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` clipping the church '' . Oxford Reference . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780198607663.001. 0001 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Anne Jordan ( 5 April 2000 ) . Christianity . Nelson Thornes . ISBN 9780748753208 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb . The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life , which is going to break out . The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus will rise from His tomb and bring new life . Eastern Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world . ^ Jump up to : The Guardian , Volume 29 . H. Harbaugh. 1878 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Just so , on that first Easter morning , Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb , and left it , as it were , an empty shell . Just so , too , when the Christian dies , the body is left in the grave , an empty shell , but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God . Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a sone , yet it really has life in it ; and also it is like Christ 's dead body , which was raised to life again . This is the reason we use eggs on Easter . ( In olden times they used to color the eggs red , so as to show the kind of death by which Christ died , - a bloody death . ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon Geddes , Jane Griffiths ( 22 January 2002 ) . Christian belief and practice . Heinemann . ISBN 9780435306915 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy . They crack their eggs against each other 's . The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ 's resurrection . Jump up ^ Collins , Cynthia ( 19 April 2014 ) . `` Easter Lily Tradition and History '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ . Churches of all denominations , large and small , are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet - like shape on Easter morning . Jump up ^ Schell , Stanley ( 1916 ) . Easter Celebrations . Werner & Company . p. 84 . We associate the lily with Easter , as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Luther League Review : 1936 -- 1937 . Luther League of America . 1936 . Jump up ^ Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ) . The Church Standard , Volume 74 . Church Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780819225757 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . In parts of Europe , the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings . Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day . Jump up ^ The Church Standard , Volume 74 . Walter N. Hering. 1897 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . When the custom was carrierd over into Christian practice the Easter eggs were usually sent to the priests to be blessed and sprinked with holy water . In later times the coloring and decorating of eggs was introduced , and in a royal roll of the time of Edward I. , which is preserved in the Tower of London , there is an entry of 18d . for 400 eggs , to be used for Easter gifts . Jump up ^ Brown , Eleanor Cooper ( 2010 ) . From Preparation to Passion . ISBN 9781609577650 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . So what preparations do most Christians and non-Christians make ? Shopping for new clothing often signifies the belief that Spring has arrived , and it is a time of renewal . Preparations for the Easter Egg Hunts and the Easter Ham for the Sunday dinner are high on the list too . Jump up ^ Wallis , Faith ( 1999 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Liverpool University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 0853236933 . Jump up ^ `` History of Easter '' . The History Channel website . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . p . XVIII . ISBN 9789042905702 . The second century equivalent of easter and the paschal Triduum was called by both Greek and Latin writers `` Pascha ( πάσχα ) '' , a Greek transliteration of the Aramaic form of the Hebrew פֶּסַח , the Passover feast of Ex. 12 . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peters Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 9789042905702 . For while it is from Ephesus that Paul writes , `` Christ our Pascha has been sacrificed for us , '' Ephesian Christians were not likely the first to hear that Ex 12 did not speak about the rituals of Pesach , but the death of Jesus of Nazareth . ^ Jump up to : Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ) . Welcome to the Church Year : An Introduction to the Seasons of the Episcopal Church . Church Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780819219664 . Easter is still called by its older Greek name , Pascha , which means `` Passover '' , and it is this meaning as the Christian Passover - the celebration of Jesus ' triumph over death and entrance into resurrected life - that is the heart of Easter in the church . For the early church , Jesus Christ was the fulfillment of the Jewish Passover feast : through Jesus , we have been freed from slavery of sin and granted to the Promised Land of everlasting life . Jump up ^ Orthros of Holy Pascha , Stichera : `` Today the sacred Pascha is revealed to us . The new and holy Pascha , the mystical Pascha . The all - venerable Pascha . The Pascha which is Christ the Redeemer . The spotless Pascha . The great Pascha . The Pascha of the faithful . The Pascha which has opened unto us the gates of Paradise . The Pascha which sanctifies all faithful . '' Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 12 -- 20 Torrey , Reuben Archer ( 1897 ) . `` The Resurrection of Christ '' . Torrey 's New Topical Textbook . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . ( interprets primary source references in this section as applying to the Resurrection ) `` The Letter of Paul to the Corinthians '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Romans 1 : 4 Jump up ^ Acts 17 : 31 ^ Jump up to : `` Jesus Christ '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 20 -- 26 , 1 Corinthians 15 : 54 -- 57 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 Jump up ^ Romans 6 : 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ John 1 : 29 , Revelation 5 : 6 , 1 Peter 1 : 19 , 1 Peter 1 : 2 , and the associated notes and Passion Week table in Barker , Kenneth , ed. ( 2002 ) . Zondervan NIV Study Bible . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . p. 1520 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5 . Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . pp. 32 , 56 . ISBN 9789042905702 . Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 18 , John 13 : 2 , John 18 : 28 , John 19 : 14 . Barker , Kenneth , ed. ( 2002 ) . Zondervan NIV Study Bible . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5 . Jump up ^ John 18 : 28 Jump up ^ Leviticus 23 : 8 Jump up ^ Melito of Sardis . `` Homily on the Pascha '' . Kerux . Northwest Theological Seminary . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones , Geoffrey Wainwright , Edward Yarnold , and Paul Bradshaw , Eds. , The Study of Liturgy , Revised Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , 1992 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Genung , Charles Harvey ( 1904 ) . `` The Reform of the Calendar '' . The North American Review . 179 ( 575 ) : 569 -- 583 . JSTOR 25105305 . Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones , Geoffrey Wainwright , Edward Yarnold , and Paul Bradshaw , Eds. , The Study of Liturgy , Revised Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , 1992 , p. 459 : `` ( Easter ) is the only feast of the Christian Year that can plausibly claim to go back to apostolic times ... ( It ) must derive from a time when Jewish influence was effective ... because it depends on the lunar calendar ( every other feast depends on the solar calendar ) . '' Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History , 5.22 , in Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` The Author 's Views respecting the Celebration of Easter , Baptism , Fasting , Marriage , the Eucharist , and Other Ecclesiastical Rites '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 9789042905702 . Long before this controversy , Ex 12 as a story of origins and its ritual expression had been firmly fixed in the Christian imagination . Though before the final decades of the 2nd century only accessible as an exegetical tradition , already in the Pauline letters the Exodus saga is deeply involved with the celebration of bath and meal . Even here , this relationship does not suddenly appear , but represents developments in ritual narrative that mus have begun at the very inception of the Christian message . Jesus of Nazareth was crucified during Pesach - Mazzot , an event that a new covenant people of Jews and Gentiles both saw as definitive and defining . Ex 12 is thus one of the few reliable guides for tracing the synergism among ritual , text , and kerygma before the Council of Nicaea . Jump up ^ Sozomen , Book 7 , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Caroline Wyatt ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` Why ca n't the date of Easter be fixed '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The Date of Easter . Article from United States Naval Observatory ( 27 March 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Church in Malankara switched entirely to the Gregorian calendar in 1953 , following Encyclical No. 620 from Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem I , dt . December 1952 . '' Calendars of the Syriac Orthodox Church . Retrieved 22 April 2009 Jump up ^ Wallis , Faith ( 1999 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Liverpool University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0853236933 . Jump up ^ Paragraph 7 of Inter gravissimas ISO.org to `` the vernal equinox , which was fixed by the fathers of the ( first ) Nicene Council at XII calends April ( 21 March ) '' . This definition can be traced at least back to chapters 6 & 59 of Bede 's De temporum ratione ( 725 ) . ^ Jump up to : Montes , Marcos J. `` Calculation of the Ecclesiastical Calendar '' Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ G Moyer ( 1983 ) , `` Aloisius Lilius and the ' Compendium novae rationis restituendi kalendarium ' '' , pages 171 -- 188 in G.V. Coyne ( ed . ) . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History 5.23 . Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History , 6.11 , at Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Of Severian and Antiochus : their Disagreement from John '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History 7.29 , at Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Nestorius of Antioch promoted to the See of Constantinople . His Persecution of the Heretics '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Librar . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History , 7.32 . Jump up ^ Peter of Alexandria , quoted in the Chronicon Paschale . In Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson , eds. , Ante - Nicene Christian Library , Volume 14 : The Writings of Methodius , Alexander of Lycopolis , Peter of Alexandria , And Several Fragments , Edinburgh , 1869 , p. 326 , at Donaldson , Alexander ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` That Up to the Time of the Destruction of Jerusalem , the Jews Rightly Appointed the Fourteenth Day of the First Lunar Month '' . Gregory Thaumaturgus , Dionysius the Great , Julius Africanus , Anatolius and Minor Writers , Methodius , Arnobius . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ MS Verona , Biblioteca Capitolare LX ( 58 ) folios 79v -- 80v . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE , Oxford , 2001 , pp. 124 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History , 7.20 , 7.31 . Jump up ^ Allen Brent , Hippolytus and the Roman Church in the Third Century , Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1995 . Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses , Heresy 69 , 11 , 1 , in Willams , F. ( 1994 ) . The Panarion of Epiphianus of Salamis Books II and III . Leiden : E.J. Brill . p. 331 . Jump up ^ Apostolic Canon 7 : `` If any bishop , presbyter , or deacon shall celebrate the holy day of Easter before the vernal equinox with the Jews , let him be deposed . '' A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church , Second Series , Volume 14 : The Seven Ecumenical Councils , Eerdmans , 1956 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ St. John Chrysostom , `` Against those who keep the first Passover '' , in Saint John Chrysostom : Discourses against Judaizing Christians , translated by Paul W. Harkins , Washington , D.C. , 1979 , p. 47ff . Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 50 -- 52 , 62 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 239 -- 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Holford - Strevens , Leofranc , and Blackburn , Bonnie ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 808 -- 809 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holford - Strevens , Leofranc , and Blackburn , Bonnie ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 870 -- 875 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Easter : A date with God '' . The Economist. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Only in a handful of places do Easter celebrants alter their own arrangements to take account of their neighbours . Finland 's Orthodox Christians mark Easter on the Western date . And on the Greek island of Syros , a Papist stronghold , Catholics and Orthodox alike march to Orthodox time . The spectacular public commemorations , involving flower - strewn funeral biers on Good Friday and fireworks on Saturday night , bring the islanders together , rather than highlighting division . Jump up ^ `` Easter ( holiday ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hieromonk Cassian , A Scientific Examination of the Orthodox Church Calendar , Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies , 1998 , p. 51 -- 52 , ISBN 0 - 911165 - 31 - 2 . Jump up ^ M. Milankovitch , `` Das Ende des julianischen Kalenders und der neue Kalender der orientalischen Kirchen '' , Astronomische Nachrichten 200 , 379 -- 384 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Miriam Nancy Shields , `` The new calendar of the Eastern churches '' , Popular Astronomy 32 ( 1924 ) 407 -- 411 ( page 411 ) . This is a translation of M. Milankovitch , `` The end of the Julian calendar and the new calendar of the Eastern churches '' , Astronomische Nachrichten No. 5279 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hansard Reports , April 2005 , regarding the Easter Act of 1928 '' . United Kingdom Parliament . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ WCC : Towards a common date for Easter Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://cathnews.com/cathnews/23940-christian-churches-close-to-deal-to-fix-common-date-for-easter Jump up ^ `` Towards a Common Date for Easter '' . Aleppo , Syria : World Council of Churches ( WCC ) / Middle East Council of Churches Consultation ( MECC ) . 10 March 1997 . Jump up ^ Lash , Ephrem ( Archimandrite ) ( 25 January 2007 ) . `` On the Holy and Great Sunday of Pascha '' . Monastery of Saint Andrew the First Called , Manchester , England . Archived from the original on 9 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pentecost Sunday '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Luke 24 : 1 Jump up ^ Mark 16 : 1 -- 8 Jump up ^ Otto , Diane L. ( 2007 ) . Guess What I Discovered on the Way to Church ? . Xulon Press . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60266 - 349 - 7 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Bruce Colin ( 1995 ) . Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England . Macmillan , p. 89 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 31216124 - 8 Jump up ^ Pack , David . `` The True Origin of Easter '' . The Restored Church of God . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Easter or the Memorial -- Which Should You Observe ? '' . Watchtower Magazine . Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . 1 April 1996 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Careful and Free Inquiry into the True Nature and Tendency of the ... '' Jump up ^ See Quaker Faith & practice of Britain Yearly Meeting , Paragraph 27 : 42 Jump up ^ Quaker life , December 2011 : `` Early Quaker Top 10 Ways to Celebrate ( or Not ) `` the Day Called Christmas '' by Rob Pierson Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Public holidays in Scandinavian countries , for example ; `` Public holidays in Sweden '' . VisitSweden . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . `` Public holidays ( in Denmark ) '' . VisitDenmark . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays '' . Nordea Bank AB . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lov om detailsalg fra butikker m.v. '' ( in Danish ) . retsinformation.dk . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mona Langset ( 12 April 2014 ) Nordmenn tar påskeferien i Norge ( in Norwegian ) VG Jump up ^ `` Dutch Easter traditions -- how the Dutch celebrate Easter '' . Dutch Community . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays '' . gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Easter 2016 '' . Public Holidays Australia . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Public holidays , australia.gov.au Jump up ^ Duchak , Alicia ( 2002 ) . An A-Z of Modern America . Rutledge . ISBN 9780415187558 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Symbols and Traditions - Holidays - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Siemaszkiewicz , Wojciech ; Deyrup , Marta Mestrovic ( 8 May 2013 ) . Wallington 's Polish Community . Arcadia Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781439643303 . The tradition of Easter eggs dates back to early Christians in Mesopotamia . The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus rose from the grave , promising an eternal life for believers . Jump up ^ Donahoe 's Magazine , Volume 5 . T.B. Noonan. 1881 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The early Christians of Mesopotamia had the custom of dyeing and decorating eggs at Easter . They were stained red , in memory of the blood of Christ , shed at His crucifixion . The Church adopted the custom , and regarded the eggs as the emblem of the resurrection , as is evinced by the benediction of Pope Paul V. , about 1610 , which reads thus : `` Bless , O Lord ! we beseech thee , this thy creature of eggs , that it may become a wholesome sustenance to thy faithful servants , eating it in thankfulness to thee on account of the resurrection of the Lord . '' Thus the custom has come down from ages lost in antiquity . ) Jump up ^ `` Easter Egg Roll '' . The White House . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ von Solodkoff , A. ( 1989 ) . Masterpieces from the House of Fabergé . Abradale Press . ISBN 9780810980891 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Easter Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter . Look up Easter in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Category : Easter Liturgical 50 Catholic Prayers for Easter Liturgical Resources for Easter Holy Pascha : The Resurrection of Our Lord ( Orthodox icon and synaxarion ) Traditions Liturgical Meaning of Holy Week ( Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia ) Easter in the Armenian Orthodox Church Roman Catholic View of Easter ( from the Catholic Encyclopedia ) Easter in Belarus : In Pictures on the official website of the Republic of Belarus Polish Easter Traditions Calculating A Perpetual Easter and Passover Calculator Julian and Gregorian Easter for any year plus other info Almanac -- The Christian Year Julian or Gregorian Easter and associated festivals for any year Easter Dating Method for calculator Dates for Easter 1583 -- 9999 Orthodox Paschal Calculator Julian Easter and associated festivals in Gregorian calendar 1583 -- 4099 About the Greek Easter and Greek Easter Calculator Orthodox Paschal calculator with technical discussion and full source code in javascript <Th_colspan="2"> Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Holy Week <Td_colspan="2"> Palm Sunday Holy Monday Holy Tuesday Holy Wednesday Maundy Thursday Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Sunday Easter Monday <Th_colspan="3"> Liturgical year of the Catholic Church <Td_colspan="3"> Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King <Td_colspan="3"> Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar <Th_colspan="2"> Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory Day ( RI ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) <Td_colspan="2"> Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . <Th_colspan="2"> Public holidays in New Zealand <Td_colspan="2"> New Year 's Day January 2 Waitangi Day Good Friday Easter Sunday Easter Monday Anzac Day Queen 's Birthday Labour Day Christmas Day Boxing Day <Th_colspan="2"> Public holidays in Ukraine <Td_colspan="2"> New Year 's Day ( 1 Jan ) ( Julian ) Christmas ( 7 Jan ) International Women 's Day ( 8 Mar ) Orthodox Easter ( moveable ) Orthodox Pentecost ( moveable ) Labour Day ( 1 May ) Victory Day over Nazism ( 9 May ) Constitution Day ( 28 June ) Independence Day ( 24 Aug ) Defender of Ukraine Day ( 14 Oct ) ( Gregorian and Revised Julian ) Christmas ( 25 Dec ) <Th_colspan="3"> Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list / list by members ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Christadelphians Iglesia ni Cristo Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Unitarianism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism <Td_colspan="3"> Christianity portal GND : 4044040 - 0 HDS : 27288 NARA : 10647876 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter&oldid=846458211 '' Categories : Easter Passover Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with Norwegian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with short description Use dmy dates from September 2017 Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles needing more detailed references Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кырык мары لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий Pälzisch Перем Коми Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Gagana Samoa Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 137 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Christian festival celebrating the resurrection of Jesus
2. Easter customs and traditions
3. Controversies over the date of Easter
4. Eastern and Western Christianity's different calculations for Easter
5. The theological significance of Easter
|
-814,694,162,869,188,400 |
how many 40 point games did kobe have
|
List of 40 - plus point games by Kobe Bryant - wikipedia List of 40 - plus point games by Kobe Bryant Jump to : navigation , search Kobe Bryant scored 50 points or more in four consecutive games in 2007 . Kobe Bryant is an American basketball shooting guard who played for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Selected 13th overall by the Charlotte Hornets in the 1996 NBA draft , Bryant was traded to the Lakers for Vlade Divac a month later . He led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships playing alongside Shaquille O'Neal from 2000 to 2002 . After O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat before the 2004 -- 05 season , Bryant `` became the cornerstone '' of the Lakers franchise . He led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In the 2007 -- 08 season , Bryant won the Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals , where the Lakers lost to the Boston Celtics . After winning the gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics as a member of the U.S. men 's basketball team , he led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010 , defeating the Orlando Magic and the Boston Celtics . The number of forty - plus point games players accumulate over their careers is often reported in media . Bryant has played 135 games in which he has scored 40 or more points ; of these , 6 were 60 - plus point games and 26 were 50 - plus point games . He is third behind Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan , who scored 40 or more in 284 and 211 games , respectively . In 2003 , Bryant scored 40 points or more in nine consecutive games , tying Jordan , who accomplished the same feat in the 1986 -- 87 season . The only player with longer streaks of 40 or more is Chamberlain , who had 14 consecutive games twice in the 1961 -- 62 season and 10 consecutive games in the 1962 -- 63 season . In 2006 , Bryant scored a career - high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors . It was the second - highest number of points scored in a game in NBA history , behind only Chamberlain 's 100 - point performance in 1962 . In 2007 , Bryant scored 50 points or more in four consecutive games ; this accomplishment is fifth in NBA history behind streaks by Chamberlain , who had 50 or more in seven , six and five ( twice ) consecutive games in the 1961 -- 62 season . Bryant has also played 12 playoff games in which he has scored forty or more points . Out of the 134 games , 21 resulted in Bryant notching a double - double and 42 resulted in losses . Bryant became the oldest player to score 60 + points ( 60 ) in his final game on April 13 , 2016 . <Td_colspan="2"> Bold text <Td_colspan="6"> Denotes playoff games <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Denotes games in which Bryant 's team lost MP <Td_colspan="2"> Minutes played FG <Td_colspan="2"> Field goal FG % Field goal percentage 3P <Td_colspan="2"> 3 - point field goal 3P % <Td_colspan="2"> 3 - point field goal percentage FT Free throw FT % <Td_colspan="2"> Free throw percentage Pts <Td_colspan="2"> Points Reb Rebounds Ast <Td_colspan="2"> Assists Stl <Td_colspan="2"> Steals Blk Block shots Contents ( hide ) 1 80 - plus points 2 60 - plus points 3 50 - plus points 4 40 - plus 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links 80 - plus points ( edit ) Pts Date Team Opponent Score MP FG FG % 3P 3P % FT FT % Reb Ast Stl Blk Notes 81 000000002006 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 42 28 -- 46 . 609 7 -- 13 . 538 18 -- 20 . 900 6 Second highest individual scoring performance in NBA history 60 - plus points ( edit ) Pts Date Team Opponent Score MP FG FG % 3P 3P % FT FT % Reb Ast Stl Blk Notes 65 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 ( OT ) 50 23 -- 39 . 590 8 -- 12 . 667 11 -- 12 . 917 7 0 The first game of Bryant 's four consecutive 50 - plus point games streak 62 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 33 18 -- 31 . 581 4 -- 10 . 400 22 -- 25 . 880 8 0 0 Bryant 's first 60 - plus point game of his career . He also single - handedly outscored the Mavericks through three quarters , 62 - 61 . Did not play the fourth quarter . 61 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers at New York Knicks 126 -- 117 37 19 -- 31 . 613 3 -- 6 . 500 20 -- 20 1.000 0 0 The Madison Square Garden record for most points from an opposing player . 60 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers at Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 20 -- 37 . 541 3 -- 7 . 429 17 -- 18 . 944 5 0 0 The third game of Bryant 's four consecutive 50 - plus point games streak 60 000000002016 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2016 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 -- 50 . 440 6 -- 21 . 286 10 -- 12 . 833 The final game of Bryant 's NBA career and the highest point performance of any player in the 2015 -- 2016 regular season . Also Bryant 's only 40 - plus point performance of the 2015 -- 2016 season 50 - plus points ( edit ) Pts Date Team Opponent Score MP FG FG % 3P 3P % FT FT % Reb Ast Stl Blk Notes 58 000000002006 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 133 ( 3OT ) 54 22 -- 45 . 489 4 -- 11 . 364 10 -- 12 . 833 5 0 0 Bryant fouled out with 38.2 seconds remaining in the third overtime 56 000000002002 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2002 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Memphis Grizzlies 120 -- 81 34 21 -- 34 . 618 3 -- 6 . 500 11 -- 12 . 917 5 0 55 000000002003 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Washington Wizards 108 -- 94 41 15 -- 29 . 517 9 -- 13 . 692 16 -- 18 . 889 5 0 53 000000002006 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Houston Rockets 112 -- 101 ( 2OT ) 54 17 -- 38 . 447 5 -- 8 . 625 14 -- 16 . 875 10 8 Bryant recorded a double - double . 53 000000002007 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Houston Rockets 104 -- 107 ( OT ) 48 19 -- 44 . 432 3 -- 9 . 333 12 -- 14 . 857 0 0 53 000000002008 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2008 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Memphis Grizzlies 111 -- 114 42 19 -- 37 . 514 9 -- 17 . 529 6 -- 7 . 857 10 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . 52 000000002003 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Houston Rockets 106 -- 99 ( 2OT ) 54 19 -- 38 . 500 3 -- 9 . 333 11 -- 11 1.000 8 7 0 52 000000002006 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Utah Jazz 132 -- 102 34 19 -- 26 . 731 2 -- 3 . 667 12 -- 15 . 800 0 52 000000002008 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2008 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Dallas Mavericks 108 -- 104 ( OT ) 51 15 -- 27 . 556 2 -- 3 . 667 20 -- 27 . 741 11 Bryant recorded a double - double . 51 000000002000 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2000 Los Angeles Lakers at Golden State Warriors 122 -- 125 ( OT ) 51 18 -- 35 . 514 2 -- 7 . 286 13 -- 13 1.000 7 8 Bryant 's first 50 - plus point game 51 000000002003 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers at Denver Nuggets 113 -- 102 31 15 -- 28 . 536 3 -- 8 . 375 18 -- 20 . 900 0 51 000000002006 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Sacramento Kings 109 -- 118 ( OT ) 44 17 -- 35 . 486 4 -- 12 . 333 13 -- 13 1.000 9 0 51 000000002006 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns 96 -- 107 42 19 -- 33 . 576 5 -- 11 . 455 8 -- 10 . 800 5 0 50 000000002006 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 109 45 17 -- 41 . 415 7 -- 15 . 467 9 -- 10 . 900 8 8 0 50 000000002006 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Portland Trail Blazers 110 -- 99 44 17 -- 28 . 607 5 -- 10 . 500 11 -- 14 . 786 6 5 0 50 000000002006 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Phoenix Suns 118 -- 126 52 20 -- 35 . 571 5 -- 8 . 625 5 -- 6 . 833 8 5 0 50 000000002007 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Minnesota Timberwolves 109 -- 102 45 17 -- 35 . 486 4 -- 9 . 444 12 -- 14 . 857 6 0 The second game of Bryant 's four consecutive 50 - plus point games streak 50 000000002007 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers at New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets 111 -- 105 47 16 -- 29 . 552 2 -- 5 . 400 16 -- 16 1.000 7 0 The fourth game of Bryant 's four consecutive 50 - plus point games streak 50 000000002007 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Los Angeles Clippers 110 -- 118 48 17 -- 33 . 515 1 -- 4 . 250 15 -- 15 1.000 9 0 50 000000002007 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Seattle SuperSonics 109 -- 98 42 18 -- 25 . 720 3 -- 6 . 500 11 -- 13 . 846 8 0 40 - plus ( edit ) Pts Date Team Opponent Score MP FG FG % 3P 3P % FT FT % Reb Ast Stl Blk Notes 49 000000002008 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2008 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Denver Nuggets 122 -- 107 42 18 -- 27 . 667 5 -- 9 . 556 8 -- 9 . 889 10 Bryant recorded a double - double . 49 000000002009 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns 111 -- 118 39 18 -- 38 . 474 3 -- 9 . 333 10 -- 10 1.000 11 Bryant recorded a double - double . 48 000000002001 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2001 Los Angeles Lakers at Sacramento Kings 119 -- 113 48 15 -- 29 . 517 1 -- 1 1.000 17 -- 19 . 895 16 Bryant recorded a double - double . 48 000000002004 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 2004 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Toronto Raptors 117 -- 99 46 14 -- 26 . 538 4 -- 7 . 571 16 -- 18 . 889 0 48 000000002006 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Philadelphia 76ers 119 -- 93 35 19 -- 29 . 655 7 -- 7 1.000 3 -- 4 . 750 10 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . 48 000000002008 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2008 Los Angeles Lakers at Seattle SuperSonics 123 -- 121 ( OT ) 42 21 -- 44 . 477 2 -- 8 . 250 4 -- 7 . 571 0 48 000000002012 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Phoenix Suns 99 -- 83 39 18 -- 31 . 581 0 -- 3 . 000 12 -- 13 . 923 5 0 47 000000002001 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2001 Los Angeles Lakers at Cleveland Cavaliers 102 -- 96 47 12 -- 26 . 462 0 -- 1 . 000 23 -- 26 . 885 5 47 000000002013 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2013 Los Angeles Lakers at Portland Trail Blazers 113 -- 106 48 14 -- 27 . 519 1 -- 5 . 200 18 -- 18 1.000 8 5 46 000000002002 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2002 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Houston Rockets 89 -- 93 45 18 -- 37 . 486 1 -- 2 . 500 9 -- 11 . 818 6 0 46 000000002003 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers at New York Knicks 114 -- 109 41 17 -- 27 . 630 4 -- 4 1.000 8 -- 11 . 727 6 46 000000002005 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . New Jersey Nets 96 -- 102 ( OT ) 50 14 -- 36 . 389 4 -- 12 . 333 14 -- 16 . 875 0 46 000000002007 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers at Seattle SuperSonics 112 -- 109 41 13 -- 27 . 481 1 -- 4 . 250 19 -- 24 . 792 5 6 46 000000002008 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2008 Los Angeles Lakers at Toronto Raptors 121 -- 101 44 19 -- 28 . 679 4 -- 8 . 500 4 -- 4 1.000 7 5 0 45 000000002000 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2000 Los Angeles Lakers at Houston Rockets 99 -- 94 44 20 -- 26 . 769 1 -- 1 1.000 4 -- 6 . 667 0 45 000000002001 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2001 Los Angeles Lakers at San Antonio Spurs 104 -- 90 47 19 -- 35 . 543 1 -- 2 . 500 6 -- 8 . 750 10 Bryant recorded a double - double . 45 000000002002 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2002 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Golden State Warriors 96 -- 89 ( OT ) 46 18 -- 40 . 450 1 -- 3 . 333 8 -- 10 . 800 45 000000002002 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2002 Los Angeles Lakers at Memphis Grizzlies 112 -- 106 ( OT ) 48 18 -- 35 . 514 2 -- 4 . 500 7 -- 9 . 778 6 5 0 45 000000002003 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Seattle SuperSonics 119 -- 98 37 16 -- 28 . 571 12 -- 18 . 667 1 -- 1 1.000 Earned the NBA record for most 3 - point field goals made in a game ( 12 ) . The record would later be tied by Donyell Marshall ( March 13 , 2005 ) and Stephen Curry ( February 27 , 2016 ) . 45 000000002004 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2004 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Golden State Warriors 109 -- 104 43 14 -- 29 . 483 0 -- 6 . 000 17 -- 18 . 944 7 8 45 000000002005 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Memphis Grizzlies 99 -- 100 ( OT ) 47 13 -- 37 . 351 4 -- 8 . 500 15 -- 19 . 789 7 45 000000002006 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Indiana Pacers 96 -- 90 45 14 -- 32 . 438 2 -- 6 . 333 15 -- 21 . 714 10 5 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . 45 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Washington Wizards 141 -- 147 ( OT ) 47 15 -- 24 . 625 7 -- 11 . 636 8 -- 10 . 800 8 10 Bryant recorded a double - double . 45 000000002007 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Phoenix Suns 95 -- 89 45 15 -- 26 . 577 2 -- 3 . 667 13 -- 13 1.000 6 6 45 000000002007 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Houston Rockets 93 -- 95 43 13 -- 32 . 406 1 -- 3 . 333 18 -- 27 . 667 8 44 000000002001 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2001 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Charlotte Hornets 93 -- 87 48 15 -- 30 . 500 0 -- 1 . 000 14 -- 14 1.000 9 0 5 Bryant recorded his career high in blocked shots . 44 000000002002 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2002 Los Angeles Lakers at Philadelphia 76ers 104 -- 107 ( OT ) 52 16 -- 35 . 457 2 -- 5 . 400 10 -- 10 1.000 10 Bryant recorded a double - double . 44 000000002003 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . San Antonio Spurs 95 -- 103 45 19 -- 41 . 463 2 -- 3 . 667 4 -- 6 . 667 6 44 000000002003 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers at Golden State Warriors 117 -- 111 42 16 -- 28 . 571 3 -- 7 . 429 9 -- 10 . 900 6 0 0 44 000000002004 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2004 Los Angeles Lakers at Los Angeles Clippers 98 -- 101 40 14 -- 27 . 519 4 -- 7 . 571 12 -- 15 . 800 10 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . 44 000000002009 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Golden State Warriors 124 -- 118 43 13 -- 27 . 481 2 -- 6 . 333 16 -- 16 1.000 11 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . 44 000000002010 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2010 Los Angeles Lakers at Memphis Grizzlies 93 -- 95 40 16 -- 28 . 571 4 -- 7 . 571 8 -- 13 . 615 0 0 44 000000002014 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2014 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Golden State Warriors 115 -- 136 31 15 -- 34 . 441 3 -- 12 . 250 11 -- 16 . 688 5 0 0 43 000000002000 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2000 Los Angeles Lakers vs . San Antonio Spurs 109 -- 100 44 16 -- 31 . 516 2 -- 4 . 500 9 -- 10 . 900 6 0 43 000000002005 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz 107 -- 115 44 16 -- 26 . 615 9 -- 15 . 600 2 -- 6 . 333 0 43 000000002005 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Chicago Bulls 93 -- 96 46 17 -- 34 . 500 1 -- 4 . 250 8 -- 12 . 667 6 0 43 000000002005 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers at Dallas Mavericks 109 -- 106 43 15 -- 33 . 455 3 -- 9 . 333 10 -- 12 . 833 5 43 000000002006 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . San Antonio Spurs 96 -- 103 41 17 -- 32 . 531 3 -- 8 . 375 6 -- 6 1.000 6 0 43 000000002006 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Boston Celtics 105 -- 97 41 18 -- 39 . 462 0 -- 5 . 000 7 -- 10 . 700 5 5 0 43 000000002006 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Milwaukee Bucks 101 -- 96 44 12 -- 26 . 462 5 -- 10 . 500 14 -- 14 1.000 5 0 0 43 000000002006 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Seattle SuperSonics 106 -- 93 46 17 -- 38 . 447 1 -- 4 . 250 8 -- 8 1.000 5 43 000000002006 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Houston Rockets 104 -- 88 36 19 -- 32 . 594 3 -- 5 . 600 2 -- 2 1.000 6 0 43 000000002006 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Phoenix Suns 109 -- 89 39 11 -- 28 . 393 1 -- 5 . 200 20 -- 23 . 870 8 5 0 43 000000002007 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers at Boston Celtics 111 -- 98 42 13 -- 25 . 520 7 -- 9 . 778 10 -- 13 . 769 8 8 0 43 000000002007 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Golden State Warriors 115 -- 113 46 15 -- 33 . 455 4 -- 11 . 364 9 -- 11 . 818 9 0 43 000000002012 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Denver Nuggets 99 -- 102 43 14 -- 32 . 438 5 -- 11 . 455 10 -- 11 . 909 6 5 0 42 000000002003 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Utah Jazz 99 -- 87 44 12 -- 25 . 480 2 -- 3 . 667 16 -- 18 . 889 42 000000002003 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Denver Nuggets 121 -- 93 31 12 -- 20 . 600 1 -- 3 . 333 17 -- 21 . 810 5 0 42 000000002004 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2004 Los Angeles Lakers vs . San Antonio Spurs 98 -- 90 45 15 -- 27 . 556 2 -- 4 . 500 10 -- 13 . 769 6 5 42 000000002004 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2004 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Miami Heat 102 -- 104 ( OT ) 50 12 -- 30 . 400 5 -- 13 . 385 13 -- 13 1.000 6 0 42 000000002005 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Denver Nuggets 99 -- 91 36 14 -- 29 . 483 2 -- 6 . 333 12 -- 16 . 750 5 42 000000002005 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers at Seattle SuperSonics 117 -- 94 40 15 -- 22 . 682 7 -- 11 . 636 5 -- 6 . 833 5 42 000000002005 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . New York Knicks 97 -- 92 44 15 -- 36 . 417 0 -- 1 . 000 12 -- 14 . 857 5 42 000000002006 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Golden State Warriors 106 -- 94 42 11 -- 29 . 379 4 -- 8 . 500 16 -- 18 . 889 5 0 42 000000002006 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Denver Nuggets 108 -- 110 ( OT ) 46 13 -- 32 . 406 3 -- 7 . 429 13 -- 14 . 929 8 0 0 42 000000002007 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers at Sacramento Kings 132 -- 128 ( OT ) 48 11 -- 21 . 524 3 -- 5 . 600 17 -- 20 . 850 10 9 0 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . 42 000000002007 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Golden State Warriors 108 -- 103 39 11 -- 22 . 500 4 -- 7 . 571 16 -- 19 . 842 8 42 000000002009 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers at Chicago Bulls 96 -- 87 39 15 -- 26 . 577 1 -- 5 . 200 11 -- 15 . 733 0 42 000000002011 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2011 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Phoenix Suns 139 -- 137 ( 3OT ) 48 15 -- 31 . 484 3 -- 5 . 600 9 -- 11 . 818 12 9 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . 42 000000002012 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Cleveland Cavaliers 97 -- 92 41 15 -- 31 . 484 4 -- 7 . 571 8 -- 10 . 800 5 0 42 000000002012 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers at Los Angeles Clippers 94 -- 102 44 14 -- 28 . 500 2 -- 5 . 400 12 -- 14 . 857 7 42 000000002012 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers at Oklahoma City Thunder 90 -- 106 40 18 -- 33 . 545 1 -- 6 . 167 5 -- 7 . 714 5 0 0 42 000000002012 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers at Cleveland Cavaliers 94 -- 100 41 16 -- 28 . 571 3 -- 9 . 333 7 -- 10 . 700 5 42 000000002013 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2013 Los Angeles Lakers at New Orleans Hornets 108 -- 102 42 14 -- 21 . 666 3 -- 7 . 429 11 -- 14 . 786 7 12 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . This was the first of two consecutive games in which he posted 40 + points and 12 assists . 41 000000002002 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2002 Los Angeles Lakers at Boston Celtics 95 -- 98 ( OT ) 46 17 -- 47 . 362 0 -- 8 . 000 7 -- 7 1.000 9 0 41 000000002003 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Seattle SuperSonics 106 -- 101 42 13 -- 34 . 382 1 -- 6 . 167 14 -- 16 . 875 5 0 41 000000002004 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2004 Los Angeles Lakers at Orlando Magic 113 -- 122 44 14 -- 31 . 452 2 -- 8 . 250 11 -- 12 . 917 7 8 0 41 000000002005 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Los Angeles Clippers 101 -- 110 43 12 -- 21 . 571 1 -- 3 . 333 16 -- 16 1.000 5 0 41 000000002005 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Washington Wizards 97 -- 91 37 14 -- 24 . 583 2 -- 3 . 667 11 -- 14 . 786 8 41 000000002006 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at Portland Trail Blazers 103 -- 113 44 13 -- 29 . 448 3 -- 13 . 231 12 -- 13 . 923 0 41 000000002008 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2008 Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns 130 -- 124 46 16 -- 25 . 640 1 -- 2 . 500 8 -- 10 . 800 5 41 000000002008 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2008 Los Angeles Lakers at Orlando Magic 103 -- 106 43 14 -- 31 . 452 2 -- 3 . 667 11 -- 11 1.000 8 0 0 41 000000002009 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers at Denver Nuggets 103 -- 97 41 12 -- 24 . 500 2 -- 5 . 400 15 -- 17 . 882 6 5 0 41 000000002009 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Atlanta Hawks 118 -- 110 38 15 -- 29 . 517 1 -- 2 . 500 10 -- 11 . 909 8 5 0 41 000000002009 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers at Houston Rockets 103 -- 102 ( OT ) 48 15 -- 30 . 500 0 -- 3 . 000 11 -- 15 . 733 6 0 41 000000002009 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Memphis Grizzlies 114 -- 98 34 19 -- 30 . 633 0 -- 0 . 000 3 -- 4 . 750 0 41 000000002010 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2010 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Indiana Pacers 92 -- 95 40 14 -- 33 . 424 3 -- 8 . 375 10 -- 13 . 769 5 0 0 41 000000002011 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2011 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Boston Celtics 96 -- 109 38 16 -- 29 . 552 3 -- 5 . 600 6 -- 7 . 857 0 0 0 41 000000002013 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2013 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Toronto Raptors 118 -- 116 ( OT ) 44 11 -- 22 . 500 5 -- 10 . 500 14 -- 16 . 875 6 12 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . This was the second of two consecutive games in which he posted 40 + points and 12 assists . 40 000000002000 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2000 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Sacramento Kings 109 -- 106 43 15 -- 24 . 625 2 -- 4 . 500 8 -- 9 . 889 10 8 0 Bryant 's first 40 - plus point game . He also recorded a double - double . 40 000000002000 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2000 Los Angeles Lakers at Toronto Raptors 104 -- 101 ( OT ) 52 14 -- 29 . 483 1 -- 5 . 200 11 -- 11 1.000 7 0 40 000000002003 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns 99 -- 90 46 15 -- 29 . 517 0 -- 1 . 000 10 -- 11 . 909 5 40 000000002003 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . New York Knicks 110 -- 117 42 14 -- 31 . 452 3 -- 5 . 600 9 -- 10 . 900 5 0 40 000000002003 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz 93 -- 87 40 15 -- 29 . 517 4 -- 6 . 667 6 -- 9 . 667 6 0 40 000000002003 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2003 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Portland Trail Blazers 92 -- 84 42 15 -- 32 . 469 3 -- 7 . 429 7 -- 9 . 778 7 5 40 000000002004 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2004 Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns 104 -- 92 42 15 -- 25 . 600 2 -- 5 . 400 8 -- 8 1.000 7 5 0 40 000000002004 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2004 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Sacramento Kings 106 -- 109 45 11 -- 17 . 647 3 -- 4 . 750 15 -- 19 . 789 7 8 0 40 000000002005 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Utah Jazz 102 -- 95 42 12 -- 19 . 632 1 -- 3 . 333 15 -- 19 . 789 5 8 0 40 000000002005 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Dallas Mavericks 108 -- 103 43 13 -- 27 . 481 0 -- 4 . 000 14 -- 16 . 875 8 6 40 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at New York Knicks 130 -- 97 34 7 -- 17 . 412 3 -- 8 . 375 23 -- 26 . 885 8 6 0 40 000000002006 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Boston Celtics 111 -- 112 40 11 -- 23 . 478 3 -- 8 . 375 15 -- 17 . 882 0 40 000000002006 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Detroit Pistons 105 -- 94 36 13 -- 16 . 500 1 -- 3 . 333 13 -- 13 1.000 5 0 0 40 000000002006 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers at New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets 113 -- 107 44 12 -- 33 . 364 2 -- 6 . 333 14 -- 16 . 875 6 40 000000002006 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2006 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Los Angeles Clippers 105 -- 101 38 12 -- 23 . 522 1 -- 1 1.000 15 -- 18 . 833 5 5 0 40 000000002007 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2007 Los Angeles Lakers at Minnesota Timberwolves 107 -- 117 ( 2OT ) 53 13 -- 30 . 433 3 -- 10 . 300 11 -- 13 . 846 13 8 Bryant recorded a double - double . 40 000000002008 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2008 Los Angeles Lakers at Dallas Mavericks 105 -- 112 45 11 -- 19 . 579 1 -- 3 . 333 17 -- 21 . 810 10 5 Bryant recorded a double - double . 40 000000002009 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Utah Jazz 113 -- 100 38 13 -- 23 . 565 2 -- 3 . 667 12 -- 14 . 857 7 40 000000002009 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Houston Rockets 111 -- 98 40 16 -- 27 . 593 2 -- 3 . 667 6 -- 7 . 857 6 0 40 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Denver Nuggets 105 -- 103 43 13 -- 28 . 464 2 -- 3 . 667 12 -- 13 . 923 6 0 40 000000002009 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Orlando Magic 100 -- 75 38 16 -- 34 . 471 0 -- 1 . 000 8 -- 8 1.000 8 8 40 000000002009 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Detroit Pistons 106 -- 93 39 17 -- 29 . 586 1 -- 3 . 333 5 -- 5 1.000 5 5 0 40 000000002009 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2009 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Oklahoma City Thunder 111 -- 108 44 14 -- 26 . 538 0 -- 3 . 000 12 -- 14 . 857 8 6 0 40 000000002010 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2010 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Phoenix Suns 128 -- 107 35 13 -- 23 . 565 3 -- 6 . 500 11 -- 12 . 917 5 5 0 40 000000002012 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz 90 -- 87 42 14 -- 31 . 425 1 -- 3 . 333 11 -- 11 1.000 8 40 000000002012 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Golden State Warriors 120 -- 112 37 16 -- 28 . 571 3 -- 3 1.000 5 -- 7 . 714 5 0 0 40 000000002012 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Los Angeles Clippers 95 -- 105 43 14 -- 23 . 609 2 -- 3 0.667 10 -- 10 1.000 6 0 40 000000002012 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Indiana Pacers 77 -- 79 44 12 -- 28 . 429 5 -- 11 0.455 11 -- 13 0.846 10 0 Bryant recorded a double - double . 40 000000002012 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2012 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Denver Nuggets 114 -- 126 40 13 -- 24 . 542 5 -- 9 0.555 9 -- 11 0.846 6 0 40 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2013 Los Angeles Lakers vs . Portland Trail Blazers 111 -- 107 36 15 -- 23 . 652 1 -- 3 0.333 9 -- 9 1.000 7 0 See also ( edit ) List of 40 - plus point games by LeBron James Notes ( edit ) `` At '' signifies that the Lakers played against the other team on the road ; `` vs . '' signifies that the Lakers played against the other team at home . The Lakers score is listed first . Field goals made or free throws made are listed first and field goals attempted or free throws attempted are listed second . For example , `` 15 -- 32 '' means 15 made out of 32 attempts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Destination Portland : A Big Man , a Small Place '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Say It Ai n't So ( Transactions that broke our hearts ) '' . CNN / Sports Illustrated . May 26 , 2001 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buss tells Bryant he is the Lakers ' franchise ' cornerstone ' '' . ESPN . May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bio : Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Redeem Team proves worthy of Dream Team comparison '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Finishes Off Magic , Claims 15th Championship '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA game : Pistons at Lakers Recap : Lakers avoid rare three - game skid by knocking off Pistons '' . ESPN . November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA game : SuperSonics at Lakers Recap : Lakers move into seventh place in Western Conference '' . ESPN . February 23 , 2003 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Bryant Amongst the Scoring Elite '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 50 ( again ) , leads Lakers past Hornets '' . ESPN . March 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pizza at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 22 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN . January 23 , 2006 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 16 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 20 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN . December 21 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at New York Knickerbockers boxscore , February 2 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Memphis Grizzlies boxscore , March 22 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz vs Los Angeles Lakers - April 13 , 2016 '' . NBA . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 points in unbelievable farewell victory '' . ESPN . April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Charlotte Bobcats boxscore , December 29 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 14 , 2002 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 28 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 15 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 30 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 28 , 2008 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 18 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 30 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 2 , 2008 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Golden State Warriors boxscore , December 6 , 2000 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Denver Nuggets boxscore , February 12 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Sacramento Kings boxscore , January 19 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns boxscore , April 7 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Los Angeles Clippers boxscore , January 7 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 14 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , May 4 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 18 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets boxscore , March 23 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Clippers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 12 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Supersonics at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 15 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 23 , 2008 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns boxscore , March 1 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Sacramento Kings boxscore , May 13 , 2001 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 28 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 6 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Seattle Supersonics boxscore , January 14 , 2008 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 10 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Cleveland Cavaliers boxscore , January 30 , 2001 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Portland Trail Blazers boxscore , April 10 , 2013 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 17 , 2002 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at New York Knickerbockers boxscore , February 6 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 27 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Seattle Supersonics boxscore , April 6 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Toronto Raptors boxscore , February 1 , 2008 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Houston Rockets boxscore , December 21 , 2000 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at San Antonio Spurs boxscore , May 19 , 2001 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 15 , 2002 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Memphis Grizzlies boxscore , November 29 , 2002 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Supersonics at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 7 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 13 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 28 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Pacers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 9 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 17 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 26 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , October 30 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 2 , 2001 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Philadelphia 76ers boxscore , December 20 , 2002 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 14 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Golden State Warriors boxscore , April 16 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Los Angeles Clippers boxscore , January 4 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 29 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Memphis Grizzlies boxscore , February 1 , 2010 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 16 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 1 , 2000 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz boxscore , March 22 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 20 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Dallas Mavericks boxscore , December 12 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 6 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Boston Celtics boxscore , March 20 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Bucks at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 24 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Seattle Supersonics boxscore , March 31 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 2 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 16 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Boston Celtics boxscore , January 31 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 25 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , May 8 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 1 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 11 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , May 11 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 25 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 2 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Seattle Supersonics boxscore , April 8 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York Knickerbockers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 16 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Golden State Warriors boxscore , March 3 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Denver Nuggets boxscore , April 6 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Sacramento Kings boxscore , January 4 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 22 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Chicago Bulls boxscore , December 15 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 22 , 2011 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 13 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Los Angeles Clippers boxscore , January 14 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Oklahoma City Thunder Box Score , May 14 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Cleveland Cavaliers boxscore , December 11 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at New Orleans Hornets boxscore , March 6 , 2013 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Boston Celtics boxscore , November 7 , 2002 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Supersonics at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 23 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Orlando Magic boxscore , November 12 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Clippers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 8 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 16 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Portland Trail Blazers boxscore , January 11 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns boxscore , February 20 , 2008 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Orlando Magic boxscore , December 20 , 2008 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Denver Nuggets boxscore , May 23 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 1 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Houston Rockets boxscore , November 4 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 6 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Pacers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 28 , 2010 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 30 , 2011 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors at Los Angeles Lakers Box Score , March 8 , 2013 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 12 , 2000 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Toronto Raptors boxscore , December 17 , 2000 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns boxscore , January 29 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York Knickerbockers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 16 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz boxscore , February 19 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 21 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Phoenix Suns boxscore , February 22 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 26 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 15 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 4 , 2005 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at New York Knickerbockers boxscore , January 31 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 26 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , March 4 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets boxscore , March 8 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Clippers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 21 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Minnesota Timberwolves boxscore , March 6 , 2007 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Dallas Mavericks boxscore , January 25 , 2008 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , January 2 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , May 6 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , May 19 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , June 4 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 17 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 22 , 2009 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , May 17 , 2010 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz boxscore , January 11 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , April 1 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Clippers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 2 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Pacers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , November 27 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , December 26 , 2012 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers boxscore , February 22 , 2013 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Site Player Profile at NBA.com The Ultimate Kobe Page at NBA.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Kobe Bryant Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games Films and games Dear Basketball Kobe Doin ' Work Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 Other Joe Bryant Shaq -- Kobe feud Sexual assault case Kobe Bryant China Fund Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_40-plus_point_games_by_Kobe_Bryant&oldid=842748778 '' Categories : Kobe Bryant National Basketball Association lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Kobe Bryant's scoring achievements
2. Kobe Bryant's 40-plus point games
3. Kobe Bryant's record-breaking performances
4. Kobe Bryant's consecutive 50-plus point games
5. Kobe Bryant's playoff scoring performances
|
-81,438,647,506,849,920 |
is blood c a sequel to blood plus
|
Blood - C - wikipedia Blood - C Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="2"> Blood - C <Td_colspan="2"> Blood - C key art , featuring main protagonist Saya Kisaragi . Genre Action , horror <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series Directed by Tsutomu Mizushima Written by Nanase Ohkawa Junichi Fujisaku Music by Naoki Satō Studio Production I.G Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network MBS , TBS , CBC , RKK , WOWOW Original run July 8 , 2011 -- September 30 , 2011 Episodes 12 ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Manga Written by Nanase Ohkawa Illustrated by Ranmaru Kotone Published by Kadokawa Shoten Demographic Shōnen Magazine Monthly Shōnen Ace Original run 2011 -- 2012 Volumes <Td_colspan="2"> Anime film <Th_colspan="2"> Blood - C : The Last Dark Directed by Naoyoshi Shiotani Written by Nanase Ohkawa Studio Production I.G Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Released June 2 , 2012 Runtime 110 minutes <Td_colspan="2"> Related <Td_colspan="2"> Blood : The Last Vampire ( 2000 anime film ) Blood+ ( 2005 -- 2006 anime series ) Blood : The Last Vampire ( 2009 live - action film ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal Blood - C is a horror anime co-produced by studio Production I.G and manga artist group CLAMP . It is the second anime series in the Blood franchise following the 2005 -- 2006 series Blood+ . The original 12 - episode series aired during 2011 , with a movie Blood - C : The Last Dark releasing in Japanese theaters the following year . The anime was subsequently adapted into two manga , a 2011 novelization , a 2015 stage play set between the events of Blood - C and The Last Dark , and two live - action movies . Blood - C focuses on Saya Kisaragi , an outwardly normal girl who serves as the shrine maiden to a country town ; in reality , she is a skilled swordswoman charged by her father to defeat Elder Bairns , monsters who feed on human blood . As her battles grow more desperate and more people she cares for fall victim to the Elder Bairns , Saya begins finding faults in her reality , and eventually uncovers a disturbing truth about herself , the town and her surviving friends . Blood - C was designed to share only thematic similarities with earlier Blood projects . CLAMP was brought on board to both design the characters and help create the scenario . It featured several new elements to the Blood franchise , such as being primarily set within a high school environment . The Elder Bairns were inspired by the Great Old Ones from H.P. Lovecraft 's Cthulhu Mythos , and modeled after traditional Japanese monsters . Its bloody violence , a stylistic choice following the series ' themes , resulted in censorship in Japan and eventual blacklisting in China . The series has received mixed to positive reviews from journalists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Production 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media 5 Related media 5.1 Films and stage play 5.2 Print 6 Reception 7 Notes and references 7.1 Notes 7.2 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Blood - C episodes Blood - C is set in an isolated rural town on the shore of Lake Suwa in Nagano Prefecture . Saya Kisaragi is the shrine maiden of the Shinto shrine run by her father Tadayoshi , and is outwardly a friendly and clumsy high school girl -- her circle of friends include neighbor and cafe owner Fumito Nanahara ; school friends Yūka Amino , twins Nene and Nono Motoe , class president Itsuki Tomofusa , the taciturn Shinichirō Tokizane ; and Saya 's schoolroom teacher Kanako Tsutsutori . But while living a normal school life by day , Saya and her father spend the night defending the village against Elder Bairns , monsters who possess inanimate objects to stalk humans and feed on their blood . Saya 's skills in the `` art of the sword '' enable her to defeat the Elder Bairns , but those capable of speech accuse Saya and the humans of violating a covenant dubbed `` Shrovetide '' . Saya also encounters a talking dog which says it is here to grant someone 's wish , and suffers from blanks in her memory and is pained by headaches whenever she tries to remember . Saya 's battles with the Elder Bairns become increasingly desperate as they begin attacking during the day , and both Nene and Nono fall victim , leaving Saya deeply hurt . Shinichirō eventually learns of Saya 's burden and offers to help , but is later killed himself . An attack on Saya 's school results in everyone but Saya and Itsuki dying before Saya can kill the attacking Elder Bairn . Saya later realizes that only her class and their teacher Kanako were present in the school . Due to the blanks in her memory and comments from the Elder Bairns , she begins questioning her identity and mission . After the attack that kills Shinichirō , Kanako asks to see Tadayoshi 's library , which contains information on the Elder Bairns . They find that the library is a fake , then Kanako confronts Saya with the living Nono , Nene and Shinichirō before forcing her to drink Elder Bairn blood . It is revealed that the town 's entire population , including those close to Saya , were actors in an experiment organized by Fumito , and that Saya is actually an Elder Bairn in human form . She had agreed to take part in the experiment , swore an oath not to kill humans , and then was implanted with false memories of her past `` human life , '' all with the goal of seeing whether her inner self could be altered so the oath could be broken . Whenever Saya began relapsing and remembering her past , Fumito used drugs and hypnosis to make her docile again , and all the Elder Bairns she faced were controlled by Fumito using her blood . Kanako had wanted to save Saya and prove the existence of Elder Bairns , suborning Nono , Nene and Shinichirō to help her . Fumito , Itsuki and Yūka then confront them , with Fumito unleashing an Elder Bairn that brutally kills Nono , Nene and Shinichirō for their treachery . Saya saves Kanako from the Elder Bairn while killing it , but Kanako is then killed by Tadayoshi , revealed to be a human - Elder Bairn hybrid driven berserk by an overdose of Saya 's blood given by Fumito . Saya -- now back to her true self -- is forced to kill Tadayoshi , and witnesses Fumito release an artificial Elder Bairn which slaughters the town 's population before Saya kills it . Fumito 's soldiers attempt to shoot Saya , but Itsuki sacrifices himself to save her as he had grown to love her . Fumito and Yūka -- who participated so as to achieve political power with Fumito 's help -- escape on a helicopter . When Saya tries to stop them , Fumito shoots her . Recovering on the lakeside , Saya learns from the dog that her wish was to remain herself when in Fumito 's experiment , and that she must now pursue her next wish . Saya sets off in pursuit of Fumito . Characters ( edit ) Saya Kisaragi ( 更衣 小夜 , Kisaragi Saya ) : The main protagonist -- she is unrelated to any previous entry in the Blood franchise aside from her first name , chosen weapon and abilities . Outwardly , Saya is an innocent and clumsy girl who acts as the shrine maiden at her father 's shrine , going out at night to hunt Elder Bairns as part of a sworn duty . In reality , she is an Elder Bairn who was abandoned and raised by humans . Due to an oath she swore , she is unable to feed on humans herself , and the experiment was designed to see if her nature could be altered . Saya is voiced by Nana Mizuki in Japanese . Mizuki described Saya as she is portrayed in the anime as an easy - going girl who enjoys her school life and shares a strong bond with Tadayoshi . In the English dub , she is voiced by Alexis Tipton . Fumito Nanahara ( 七 原 文人 , Nanahara Fumito ) : The owner of a cafe just opposite Saya 's home , who acts as cook for Saya and her father , preparing Saya 's school lunches . Fumito is revealed to the mastermind behind the entire experiment , manipulating events in an attempt to rewrite who Saya is . Fumito is voiced in Japanese by Kenji Nojima . Nojima described Fumito 's character as a mysterious , friendly and knowledgeable figure . In the English dub , he is voiced by Robert McCollum . Tadayoshi Kisaragi ( 更衣 唯 芳 , Kisaragi Tadayoshi ) : Saya 's father , and the owner of the Shinto shrine where Saya acts as shrine maiden . He also supervises her role as a slayer of Elder Bairns . In truth , he is a human - Elder Bairn hybrid used by Fumito to capture and manipulate Saya due to their strong similarity . Tadayoshi is voiced in Japanese by Keiji Fujiwara . Fujiwara described Tadayoshi as a stern character who hides the depths of his fatherly feelings for Saya . In the English dub , he is voiced by Bill Jenkins . Yūka Amino ( 網 埜 優花 , Amino Yūka ) : A member of Saya 's class who acts as an older sister figure , chastising Saya for being late or distracted while also caring about her . In reality , Yūka is an ally of Fumito who joins his experiment in exchange for political power in Tokyo . She is the only member of the `` main cast '' to survive . Yūka was voiced in Japanese by Masumi Asano . Asano described Yūka 's initial character as a rough and loud person with a kind heart . In the English dub , she is voiced by Martha Harms . Itsuki Tomofusa ( 鞘 総 逸樹 , Tomofusa Itsuki ) : The class president for Saya 's class , he is considered the class ' star and has unspoken feelings for Saya that she is oblivious to . He is also part of the experiment , but develops genuine feelings for Saya that lead to his death when he tries to defend her from Fumito 's men . It is later revealed that he was a spy sent by enemies of Fumito to observe the report on the experiment . Itsuki is voiced in Japanese by Atsushi Abe . Abe described Itsuki as a distinguished figure who is overly quiet about his feelings . In the English dub , he is voiced by Chris Burnett . Shinichirō Tokizane ( 時 真 慎一郎 , Tokizane Shin'ichirō ) : A taciturn classmate of Saya for whom she develops a crush during the course of the series . While he feigns affection for Saya , he is in revealed to be a mercenary taking part in the experiment on promise of a high payment . Shinichirō is voiced in Japanese by Tatsuhisa Suzuki . Suzuki defined Shinichirō as a silent character with an air of importance surrounding him . In the English dub , he is voiced by Scott Freeman . Nene & Nono Motoe ( 求 衛 ね ね & の の , Motoe Nene & Nono ) : A pair of identical twin girls in Saya 's class , who act in a mischievous way and often speak in unison . In reality , they are former criminals who participated in the charade to have their records erased so they could find work . The pair are voiced in Japanese by Misato Fukuen . Fukuen described the duo as the anime 's `` mascot characters '' . In the English dub , they are voiced by Lindsay Seidel . Kanako Tsutsutori ( 筒鳥 香奈子 , Tsutsutori Kanako ) : Saya 's homeroom teacher , a woman with a casual and sometimes joking attitude , and a liking for Saya . She is also fascinated by old stories and folklore . In reality , she is a scholar who agreed to participate in Fumito 's scheme to learn about Saya and prove the Elder Bairns ' existence . Kanako is voiced in Japanese by Miho Miyagawa . In the English dub she is voiced by Lydia Mackay . Dog ( 犬 , Inu ) : A character who converses with Saya over the course of the series , being the one responsible for granting her wish to remain herself . Its true identity is the familiar of Kimihiro Watanuki , a character from the manga series xxxHolic . The dog is voiced by Jun Fukuyama in Japanese . When he was recording his dialogue for the series , Fukuyama was surprised that the very last line of the final episode was given to a dog . In the English dub , the dog is voiced by Todd Haberkorn . Production ( edit ) The yokai - based designs of the Cthulhu Mythos - inspired Elder Bairns were decided upon after the creation of the first episodes ' Elder Bairn , modeled after a Jizo statue . Blood - C was a collaborative production between Production I.G and CLAMP . Production I.G is an animation studio which had created the Blood franchise with the 2000 film Blood : The Last Vampire , which was the studio 's first attempt at an original in - house project . CLAMP is an all - female manga artist group made up of writer Nanase Ohkawa and artists Mokona , Tsubaki Nekoi , and Satsuki Igarashi . The main staff included both newcomers and people who had worked on previous entries in the Blood franchise . These included concept creator and co-writer Junichi Fujisaku , one of the original creators of the Blood franchise ; and director Tsutomu Mizushima , whose most notable recent work was the anime adaptation of CLAMP 's manga xxxHolic . Background artwork was created by Hiromasa Ogura , and setting artwork was created by Kazuo Kanpei of Kusanagi . 3D CGI was handled by Tsukamoto Mori . The music was composed by Naoki Satō , whose previous work included Sword of the Stranger . The opening theme `` Spiral '' was performed by Dustz , who worked hard to make the song a suitable addition to the Blood canon and incorporated both Japanese and French lyrics . The ending theme , `` Junketsu Paradox '' , was sung by Nana Mizuki -- the voice actress for Saya -- who used the anime 's story as inspiration and incorporated archaic phrases for the lyrics . The production team was dubbed `` Project BLOOD - C TV '' . When developing plans for Blood - C , it was decided to shift its setting based on positive feedback from the change of setting between Blood : The Last Vampire and the franchise 's first anime series Blood+ . The only elements to be retained were the first name of the main character , having a katana as her weapon , and the basic premise of her defeating monsters with that sword . The wish for the project to be distinct from earlier entries was what spurred the collaboration with CLAMP , which became a large part of the anime 's marketing campaign . Fujisaku , when asked in an interview to describe his one creative ambition for the series , said that it was to fully expand and build upon the basic concept established in Blood : The Last Vampire . The choice of a school setting , the first of its kind to be featured in the Blood franchise , was chosen because Mizushima wanted to portray a school life for Saya . When asked , Mizushima did not find the change from his previous comedy anime - based turnout a barrier to his work , but did feel pressure when handling a project within the Blood franchise . The scripts were written by Ohkawa and Fujisaku . While Ohkawa took charge of each episode 's dialogue , Fujisaku handled fight sequences . Fujisaku pointedly avoided contributing too much to the dialogue as Ohkawa 's writing had a very distinctive style , his alterations made only due to story inconsistencies . The series was composed in a way that gradually revealed the central mystery while pitting Saya against progressively stronger foes . The setting 's intensely `` normal '' appearance was designed to make viewers feel uneasy as faults begin appearing in Saya 's everyday life . According to Ohkawa , the main theme of the series was examination of the hero 's role as a lonely protector of the innocent . Alongside this was the portrayal of Saya 's seemingly normal life and now her role as the town 's protector began intruding upon this everyday life . The final episodes were intended to evoke viewer sympathy for Saya due to the terrible ordeal she had been subjected to . The series broke from conventions of a hero - focused anime by portraying the relationships between Saya and those close to her in a very shallow way during the opening episodes . For the final few episodes , when the truth is revealed about Saya and her school life , the supporting cast were generally portrayed as `` hateful '' people that the viewers would wish to see die . So as to keep the series ' twist ending a secret , the entire voice cast including Mizuki and Nojima -- the respective voice actors of Saya and Fumito -- were told nothing about the final episode 's events . A different interview revealed that each cast member were only given the scripts for three episodes at any one time to preserve secrecy . The subtitle of each episode was drawn from the Japanese poetry anthology Ogura Hyakunin Isshu . The series made regular use of bloody violence , which was exaggerated to distance viewers from the show 's horrific elements . Despite this , the director said the show was not deliberately focused on bloody violence . The design of the main cast was handled by CLAMP . According to Mizushima , the team wanted to portray Saya in a far more human way than her previous incarnations , ending up creating a character more human then even the true human characters . Saya 's character as a long - haired , song - singing meganekko ( girl in glasses ) almost entirely created by CLAMP . Due to the stark differences between this version of Saya and previous versions , Fujisaku did not used her original surname `` Otonashi '' , so viewers could clearly distinguish Saya 's portrayal from previous entries . When deciding upon her strength , Mizushima decided to use Hit - Girl from the movie Kick - Ass as a role model , making Saya stronger than Hit - Girl while also putting her into a high school environment . The animation character designer was Kazuchika Kise , who worked on Blood : The Last Vampire . Yasuomi Umetsu directed and worked on the storyboard for the game 's opening along with Kise . A key part of the opening was a layer of blood peeling away from Saya 's naked form . While compared by many to the opening of Ghost in the Shell , Umetsu said that it represented Saya 's personal evolution during the course of the show . The Elder Bairns were designed by Tomohiro Shinoda . They were initially conceived by Ohkawa as Japanese versions of the Great Old Ones , figures from the Cthulhu Mythos created by H.P. Lovecraft . While some elements remained from the initial concept , the Elder Bairns ' physical forms as faced by Saya were inspired by yokai from Japanese folklore at Mizushima 's insistence -- this design choice was decided upon after Jizo finished storyboarding the fight against the first episode 's Elder Bairn , which was modeled after a Jizo statue . This initial concept was expanded upon by Mizushima , Ohkawa and Fujisaku . The disguised form of the Elder Bairn from the fifth episode was based on train carriages from the Kamikōchi Line in Nagano Prefecture that Mizushima had enjoyed traveling on as a boy . The Elder Bairn from the ninth episode was intended for the second episode , but the staff felt it was too strong to appear so early , so it was shifted to a later episode . All the Elder Bairns were designed to give the impression of a `` vivid , flesh - and - blood texture '' . Broadcast ( edit ) Blood - C was first announced in March 2011 , with its core staff and its approximate air date in July . The series began broadcasting on July 7 , 2011 . While scheduled for June 7 , its late night slot meant that the first episode 's actual broadcast was on July 8 . In celebration of the anime 's release , an autographed copy of the first episode 's script was offered in a competition through the anime 's official website . A special web radio series featuring actors from the show also began broadcast in July alongside the series . Dubbed `` Blood - R '' , it ran for eleven episodes . It first began broadcasting on Mainichi Broadcasting System ( MBS ) on July 7 and Tokyo Broadcasting System ( TBS ) on July 8 . Several episodes were repeated during the original broadcast in a three - day successive broadcast in August . Its twelve - episode run ended on September 30 , 2011 . During the original broadcast , scenes were Saya 's friends or other humans characters were killed by the Elder Bairns -- the process of which invariably involved extensive blood and gore -- were censored with areas of light and darkness . The deaths of Elder Bairns and mild erotic elements during a bathing scene with Saya were left uncensored . During its original run , it was broadcast simultaneously in North America , the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa through the Western branch of Niconico . In addition to this , the series broadcast on Chubu - Nippon Broadcasting from July 13 , and Kumamoto Asahi Broadcasting RRK station from July 31 . Blood - C would later debut on WOWOW in 2013 : Episodes 1 to 10 were broadcast back to back on September 22 , while the final two episodes broadcast on September 29 . In 2015 , Niconico 's Japanese channel ran a marathon broadcast of all twelve episodes starting from June 28 . Blood - C was one of three anime cited -- alongside Highschool of the Dead and Terror in Resonance -- in a warning given by the Chinese Ministry of Culture to video streaming sites due to the series high violence . Blood - C was later put on a blacklist by the Ministry of Culture alongside 37 other anime and manga series , prohibiting its physical and online distribution in mainland China . Home media ( edit ) The series ' Blu - ray and DVD releases were handled in Japan by Aniplex . The series released in six volumes between September 28 , 2011 and February 22 , 2012 . The series ' English dub and North American licensing was handled by Funimation . A box set containing the whole series released for Blu - ray and DVD on January 22 , 2013 . In Australia , the series was licensed by Madman Entertainment , releasing as a box set for DVD and Blu - ray on April 17 , 2013 . In Europe , the series was distributed by Anchor Bay Entertainment through Manga Entertainment . It released as a box set on DVD and Blu - ray on June 10 , 2013 . Related media ( edit ) Films and stage play ( edit ) Main article : Blood - C : The Last Dark A theatrical movie was announced shortly after the anime series , acting as a conclusion to the story of Blood - C. Titled Blood - C : The Last Dark , it released in Japanese theaters on June 2 , 2012 . A live - action prequel set during the military regime of pre-World War II Japan , titled Asura Girl : Blood - C Another Story , was announced in January 2017 . The movie was directed by Shutaro Oku and written by Fujisaki . It premiered in select theaters in August 26 of that year . A second movie , Blood - Club Dolls is set for release in late 2018 . Oku returns as director and Fujisaki as scriptwriter . Kōsuke Nishimoto is the composer , while Seiichi Horiguchi and Sennosuke Okumura act as producers . A stage play titled Blood - C : The Last Mind was produced by Nega Design Works , being staged at the Setagaya Public Theater between July 2 to July 5 , 2015 . The stage play was directed by Oku , who also created stage plays based on Persona series , and written by Fujisaku . Set between the events of Blood - C and The Last Dark , it expands upon Fumito 's backstory . Several actors from the play reprised their roles for the live - action movies . Print ( edit ) A novelization of the series was written by Fujisaka , released on October 4 , 2011 by Kadokawa Shoten . A manga adaptation of Blood - C was announced alongside the anime . Adapted by manga writer and illustrator Ranmaru Kotone , it debuted in the June issue of Monthly Shōnen Ace on May 26 . The manga ended in August 2012 , having run for over a year . The manga was released in four volumes between July 26 , 2011 and November 21 , 2012 by Kadokawa Shoten . The manga covered the events of the whole story of Blood - C , from the anime series to the feature film . The manga was licensed for the West by Dark Horse Comics . Its four volumes released between March 6 , 2013 and December 30 , 2015 . A second spin - off manga series titled Blood - C : Demonic Moonlight began serialization in the debut issue of Newtype Ace in September 2011 . It was written by Ryo Haduki . Set in post-war Japan in 1946 , the story of Demonic Moonlight acts as a prequel to Blood - C. The manga ended in May 2012 . It was released in two volumes on December 17 , 2011 and May 23 , 2012 . As with the series ' manga adaptation , Dark Horse Comics licensed the manga for Western publication . The two volumes released on May 18 and August 3 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) During its opening week , the first DVD / Blu - ray volume failed to reach a high position in the charts against many anime and live - action releases , selling only 727 copies according to Oricon . In contrast , at its release in the United Kingdom , the Complete Series release reached # 4 in the anime charts . At the Reaper Award awards show , Blood - C was awarded the 2013 for `` Best Animation '' . Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku praised the character and Elder Bairn designs , and also enjoyed the questions the anime posed about where Blood - C fitted in both the overall Blood franchise and the works of CLAMP . He was more mixed about the odd justoposition of innocent school life with the high violence of Elder Bairn encounters . He was also unsure about the ending , saying it tidied up the series ' mysteries but required watching the movie to understand the story . He ended his review by calling Blood - C `` a beautifully drawn show with excellent action and a legitimately compelling mystery '' . Bradley Meek , writing for THEM Anime , gave the series 3 / 5 stars . He praised the way the series maintained its horror - based atmosphere in between the action sequences . He greatly enjoyed the horror and action aspects , but felt that the character - driven segments in early episodes threatened to drag down the whole experience due to mundane content and poor characters . Talking about the anime 's second half , he said that it drastically altered the pace and content to the point that viewers might be put off with its conscious bending of the rules of handling characters and viewers alike -- Meek was ultimately angry at the series ' brutal ending , but it also left him eager to see its movie conclusion . Anime News Network 's Carlo Santos gave the subtitled version a score of `` B - '' and the dubbed version as score of `` C + '' . He found the darker elements hidden so well in early episodes that it made the series boring to watch , and that the ending would divide opinion due to its drastic alteration of how events in the series played out and its discussion of both horror tropes and the standard elements of the Blood franchise . The action scenes came in for regular praise for their choreography and many monster designs , but the school life segments were seen as boring and overly slender character designs . Santos unreservedly praised the music 's quality and recurring melodies despite calling the opening and ending themes `` typical angst - ridden rock numbers '' . He called the English dub `` understated ( but not emotionless ) '' , finding that it reinforced the overall atmosphere and only suffered due to the original writing . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buraddo - C ( Japanese : ブラッド - C ) Jump up ^ Furukimono ( 古き もの , lit . `` Old Things '' , also called `` Ancient Ones '' ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BLOOD ‐ C ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production I.G and CLAMP collaborate on BLOOD - C Project '' . Production I.G . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : オリジナル アニメーション : : BLOOD - C : : STAFF&CAST ( in Japanese ) . Blood - C Japanese Website . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : BLOOD - C -- プロダクション I.G の プロデューサー が 抱き 続ける . Otane Anime ( in Japanese ) . Yosensha ( 21 ) : 100 -- 105 . August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : オリジナル アニメーション : : BLOOD - C : : CHARACTERS ( in Japanese ) . Blood - C Japanese Website . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fujisaku , Junichi ( October 4 , 2011 ) . BLOOD ‐ C ( Blood - C ) . Kadokawa Shoten . ISBN 4 - 04 - 394477 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : オリジナル アニメーション : : BLOOD - C : : キャスト インタビュー ( in Japanese ) . Blood - C Japanese Website . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Loveridge , Lynzee ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Blood - C 's English Dub Cast , Trailer Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blood - C : The Last Dark ( DVD , Blu - ray ) . Manga Entertainment . March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shalimar , Sahota ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Blood - C The Last Dark -- New Character Art Details '' . MCM Buzz . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 押井 守 も 絶賛 ! CLAMP から の 激励 コメント も 『 劇場 版 BLOOD - C The Last Dark 』 舞台 挨拶 ( in Japanese ) . CDJournal . June 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : BLOOD ‐ C OFFICIAL COMPLETE BOOK 胎動 ( Blood - C Official Complete Book Fetal Movement ) ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . October 27 , 2011 . ISBN 4 - 04 - 854714 - 3 . Jump up ^ オリジナル アニメーション : : BLOOD - C : : MUSIC ( in Japanese ) . Blood - C Japanese Website . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bertschy , Zack ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Blood - C 's Tsutomu Mizushima and Junichi Fujisaku -- Part 1 : Tsutomu Mizushima '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bertschy , Zack ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Blood - C 's Tsutomu Mizushima and Junichi Fujisaku -- Part 2 : Junichi Fujisaku '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 「 BLOOD - C 」 バイオレンス アクション を とことん `` 妙 な '' 感じ を 大事 に . Mantan Web . August 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mizushima , Tsutomu ( September 18 , 2011 ) . あいまい な 答え で すみません. ( in Japanese ) . Tsutomu Mizushima Blog . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mizushima , Tsutomu ( July 7 , 2011 ) . 今週 、 はじまり ます. ( in Japanese ) . Tsutomu Mizushima Blog . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ アニメ 業界 ウォッチング 第 18 回 : 「 オープニング ・ アニメ の 鬼才 」 として の 苦心 と よろこび と は ? 梅津 泰臣 監督 インタビュー ! ( in Japanese ) . Akiba Souken . February 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mizushima , Tsutomu ( July 23 , 2011 ) . 電車. ( in Japanese ) . Tsutomu Mizushima Blog . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CLAMP , I.G to Collaborate on Blood - C Original Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blood - C 's Premiere Date , Theme Song Artists Announced '' . Anime News Network . May 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLOOD - C '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ オリジナル アニメーション : : BLOOD - C : : プレゼント キャンペーン 第 一 弾 ( in Japanese ) . Blood - C Japanese Website . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 『 BLOOD - C 』 WEB ラジオ 配信 開始 ! ( in Japanese ) . Production I.G . July 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ オリジナル アニメーション : : BLOOD - C : : WEB RADIO ( in Japanese ) . Blood - C Japanese Website . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 『 BLOOD - C 』 放送 日時 が 決定 ! ( in Japanese ) . Production I.G . July 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 『 BLOOD - C 』 3 夜 連続 放送 が 決定 ! ( in Japanese ) . Production I.G . August 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLOOD - C '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BLOOD - C '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BLOOD - C '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mizushima , Tsutomu ( August 19 , 2011 ) . 6 話. ( in Japanese ) . Tsutomu Mizushima Blog . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Animes ( sic ) titles on Nico Nico ! '' . Niconico . July 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLOOD - C # 1 O ye Winds of Heaven '' . Niconico . July 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLOOD - C # 12 For Some Men I Grieve '' . Niconico . September 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLOOD - C やり ます ! ( in Japanese ) . RKK Kumamoto Broadcasting . July 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 「 BLOOD - C 」 TV シリーズ & 劇場 版 WOWOW で 一挙 放送 ( in Japanese ) . Presepe . July 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Niconico Plans `` Blood - C '' Marathon for June 28th `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelion , Leo ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` China cracks down on violent anime online cartoons '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China Blacklists Attack on Titan , Death Note , 36 More Anime / Manga '' . Anime News Network . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLOOD - C / Aniplex / アニプレックス オフィシャル サイト ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ オリジナル アニメーション : : BLOOD - C : : BD ・ DVD ( in Japanese ) . Blood - C Japanese Website . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Delays Blood - C , Toriko Sets by 2 Weeks '' . Anime News Network . December 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Entertainment Announces Acquisitions at Brisbane Supanova 2012 '' . Anime News Network . November 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C : Series Collection '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- Blood C : Complete Series '' . Manga Entertainment . 2013 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CLAMP 's Blood - C to Be Made as Both TV Series & Film '' . Anime News Network . April 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C Anime Film Slated for June 2 , 2012 '' . Anime News Network . September 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loo , Egan ( November 25 , 2011 ) . `` Blood - C Vampire Anime Film to Be Titled ' The Last Dark ' '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C Anime Gets Live - Action Film With New Story This Fall '' . Anime News Network . January 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Scott ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Live - Action Spin - Off `` Asura Girl - Blood - C Side Story '' Featured In New Preview `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CLAMP 's Blood - C Gets New Live - Action Film This Fall '' . Anime News Network . February 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C Anime Gets Stage Play Next Summer '' . Anime News Network . December 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 「 BLOOD 」 シリーズ が ついに 舞台 化 ! 舞台 『 BLOOD - C ~ The LAST MIND ~ 』 ( in Japanese ) . Enterstage . February 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` New Cast Visuals for `` Blood - C '' Stage Play Posted `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranmaru Kotone 's Blood - C Manga Ends in Japan '' . Anime News Network . August 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLOOD ‐ C ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLOOD ‐ C ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLOOD ‐ C ( 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLOOD ‐ C ( 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Horse Manga : Announcing Blood - C ! '' . Dark Horse Comics. April 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C Vol. 1 '' . Dark Horse Comics . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C Vol. 2 '' . Dark Horse Comics . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manga Mondays : Blood - C Vol. 3 '' . Dark Horse Comics . February 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C Vol. 4 '' . Dark Horse Comics . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Manga Magazine Newtype Ace to Launch Next Month '' . Anime News Network . August 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Horse Adds Blood - C : Demonic Moonlight Prequel Manga '' . Anime News Network . December 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLOOD ‐ C 十 六 夜 鬼 譚 ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLOOD ‐ C 十 六 夜 鬼 譚 ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kadokawa Shoten . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C : Demonic Moonlight Volume 1 '' . Dark Horse Comics . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C : Demonic Moonlight Volume 2 '' . Dark Horse Comics . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , September 26 -- October 2 '' . Anime News Network . October 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` June 2013 top UK anime sales charts revealed '' . UK Anime Network . July 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood - C : The Complete Series Receives 2013 Reaper Award '' . Anime News Network . October 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenbeis , Richard ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` '' Blood '' is a Very Apt Title for This Anime Series `` . Kotaku . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meek , Bradley ( 2012 ) . `` THEM Anime Reviews -- Blood - C '' . THEM Anime . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Carlo ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Blood - C BD + DVD -- The Complete Series '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Production I.G website Blood - C ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Blood - C on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Blood Blood : The Last Vampire Blood : The Last Vampire ( anime film ) Blood : The Last Vampire ( live - action film ) Blood+ Blood+ Episodes Chapters Novels Characters Blood - C Blood - C Episodes The Last Dark <Th_colspan="2"> Clamp <Td_colspan="2"> Satsuki Igarashi Nanase Ohkawa Tsubaki Nekoi Mokona Manga ( 1989 -- 1999 ) Angelic Layer Cardcaptor Sakura Clamp School Detectives Clover Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders Legend of Chun Hyang Magic Knight Rayearth Man of Many Faces Miyuki - chan in Wonderland The One I Love RG Veda ( debut ) Shirahime - Syo : Snow Goddess Tales Suki : A Like Story Tokyo Babylon Wish X Manga ( 2000 -- present ) Cardcaptor Sakura : Clear Card Chobits Drug & Drop Gate 7 Kobato Legal Drug Murikuri ( one - shot ) Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle xxxHolic xxxHolic : Rei Light novels Clamp School Paranormal Investigators Yumegari Others Clamp in Wonderland Clamp no Kiseki Collaborations Blood - C The Last Dark Code Geass Kabukibu ! Mōryō no Hako Sohryuden : Legend of the Dragon Kings Sweet Valerian See also List of Clamp works <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Production I.G <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Feature films <Td_colspan="2"> 009 Re : Cyborg Appleseed XIII : Ouranos Appleseed XIII : Tartaros Attack on Titan - Part 1 : Crimson Bow and Arrow Attack on Titan - Part 2 : Wings of Freedom Blood - C : The Last Dark Blood : The Last Vampire Book Girl Broken Blade Cyber Team in Akihabara : Summer Holidays of 2011 Dante 's Inferno : An Animated Epic Dead Leaves The End of Evangelion Garm Wars : The Last Druid Ghost in the Shell Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society Ghost in the Shell : The New Movie Giovanni 's Island Jin - Roh : The Wolf Brigade Kick - Heart Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( animated sequence ) Kuroko 's Basketball The Movie : Last Game A Letter to Momo Loups = Garous Nadesico : Prince of Darkness Mass Effect : Paragon Lost Miss Hokusai Neon Genesis Evangelion : Death & Rebirth Oblivion Island : Haruka and the Magic Mirror MiniPato Patlabor : The Movie Patlabor 2 : The Movie Pokémon the Movie : Black -- Victini and Reshiram and White -- Victini and Zekrom Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Psycho - Pass : The Movie Sakura Wars : The Movie Sengoku Basara : The Last Party Tachigui : The Amazing Lives of the Fast Food Grifters Tennis no Ōjisama -- Futari no Samurai The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom The Sky Crawlers The Weathering Continent Tales of Vesperia : The First Strike xxxHolic : A Midsummer Night 's Dream <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Television series <Td_colspan="2"> Ani * Kuri15 ( animated sequence ) Ace of Diamond Atom : The Beginning Attack on Titan Attack on Titan : Junior High Blade of the Immortal Blood+ Blood - C Blue Seed Blue Spring Ride Broken Blade Bunny Drop Cromartie High School Eden of the East FLCL Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet Genshiken : Second Season Ghost Hound Ghost in the Shell : Arise - Alternative Architecture Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex Ghost in the Shell : S.A.C. 2nd GIG Guilty Crown Haikyu ! ! Idaten Jump Immortal Grand Prix Joker Game Kimi ni Todoke Kemono no Sōja K - tai Investigator 7 Kuroko 's Basketball Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne Le Chevalier D'Eon Legend of the Galactic Heroes : Die Neue These Kaikō Library War Magical Circle Guru Guru Maria the Virgin Witch Medabots Damashii Moribito : Guardian of the Spirit Moshidora Otogi Zoshi PaRappa the Rapper Pikaia ! Pokémon Origins PoPoLoCrois The Prince of Tennis Psycho - Pass Reideen Real Drive Robotics ; Notes Sands of Destruction Sengoku Basara : Samurai Kings Shining Hearts : Shiawase no Pan Sisters of Wellber Tales of Eternia : The Animation Ultraman Vampiyan Kids Welcome to the Ballroom Windy Tales xxxHolic Yondemasuyo , Azazel - san Zillion ( produced by Tatsunoko ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Original video animations <Td_colspan="2"> The Ancient Magus ' Bride : Those Awaiting a Star Appleseed XIII B : The Beginning Batman : Gotham Knight ( animated sequence ) Book Girl Bronze : Zetsuai Since 1989 Chocolate Underground Combustible Campus Guardress Dragon Half The Enemy 's the Pirates ! ( episodes 3 and 4 ) Eyeshield 21 : The Phantom Golden Bowl FLCL Ghost in the Shell : Arise Golden Boy Halo Legends ( animated sequence ) Hiyokoi Kai Doh Maru The King of Fighters : Another Day Kodoku no Gourmet Leave it to Chocola Neo Yokio Noblesse : Awakening One Piece : Defeat The Pirate Ganzak ! Please Save My Earth The Prince of Tennis The Special Duty Combat Unit Shinesman Sword Gai : The Animation Tokyo Marble Chocolate Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle Vassalord Video Girl Ai Yondemasuyo , Azazel - san Zillion : Burning Night ( produced by Tatsunoko ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Ace Combat 3 : Electrosphere BlazBlue : Central Fiction Children of Mana Ghost in the Shell The Granstream Saga Infinite Space Jikkyō Powerful Pro Yakyū 12 Lethal Enforcers 3 Namco × Capcom Persona 5 Professor Layton and the Curious Village Psychometrer Eiji Sakura Wars : So Long , My Love Sakura Wars 2 : Thou Shalt Not Die Sakura Wars 3 : Is Paris Burning ? Sakura Wars 4 : Fall in Love , Maidens Sands of Destruction Sonic Riders Star Ocean : First Departure Star Ocean : Second Evolution Summon Night 4 Surveillance Kanshisha Tales Tekken 3 Valkyrie Profile Valkyrie Profile 2 : Silmeria Valkyria Chronicles III Wario Land : Shake It ! Wild Arms 2 Xenogears <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood-C&oldid=824491224 '' Categories : 2011 anime television series Manga series 2011 manga 2012 anime films Anime series Aniplex Blood : The Last Vampire Works by Clamp ( manga artists ) Fantasy anime and manga Funimation Kadokawa Shoten manga Production I.G Supernatural anime and manga Vampires in animated television Vampire anime and manga Blood in fiction Horror anime and manga Tragedy anime and manga Experimental medical treatments in fiction Amnesia in fiction Shōnen manga Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Good articles Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Русский Tagalog 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Blood - C: A horror anime series
2. Saya Kisaragi: The main protagonist
3. Elder Bairns: Monsters that feed on human blood
4. CLAMP: Manga artist group involved in the production
5. Mystery and twists: Uncovering the truth about Saya and her reality
|
2,793,970,235,845,645,300 |
where did the duty of candour come from
|
Duty of candour - Wikipedia Duty of candour For the US patent law term `` duty of candor '' , see Inequitable conduct . In UK public law , the duty of candour is the duty imposed on a public authority ' not to seek to win ( a ) litigation at all costs but to assist the court in reaching the correct result and thereby to improve standards in public administration ' . Lord Donaldson MR in R v Lancashire County Council ex p . Huddleston stated that public servants should be willing ' to explain fully what has occurred and why ' . There is also a contractual duty of candour imposed on all NHS and non-NHS providers of services to NHS patients in the UK to ' provide to the service user and any other relevant person all necessary support and all relevant information ' in the event that a ' reportable patient safety incident ' occurs . A ' reportable patient safety incident ' is one which could have or did result in moderate or severe harm or death . Campaigner Will Powell led a campaign for NHS managers and doctors to have a formal ' duty of candour ' when dealing with complaints about negligent or poor standards of care in NHS hospitals . In January 2014 David Behan , chief executive of the Care Quality Commission , threw his weight behind a wide definition for the statutory duty of candour which was recommended by the Francis Report . The Government originally intended the duty to be limited to cases of `` severe harm '' -- when a patient had been killed or left permanently disabled , as a wider reporting requirement could inundate organisations with unnecessary bureaucracy . The CQC estimates there are about 11,000 incidents of severe harm per year , and up to 100,000 incidents of serious harm , although there may be significant under reporting of both . The charity Action Against Medical Accidents has been campaigning for a wide definition and Behan made it clear that he was supporting them . See also ( edit ) Doctor -- patient relationship Duty of disclosure Information disclosure statement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guidance on Discharging the Duty of Candour at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130704203515/http://www.tsol.gov.uk/Publications/Guidance_on_Discharging_the_Duty_of_Candour.pdf Jump up ^ R v Lancashire County Council , ex p Huddleston ( 1986 ) 2 All ER 941 Jump up ^ `` Statutory duty of candour in secondary care - The MDU '' . Jump up ^ `` Campaigner Will Powell joins Mistreatment.com - Legal Duty of Candour - ' Robbie 's Law ' '' . Jump up ^ `` CQC chief executive backs wider duty of candour '' . Health Service Journal . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Duty of Candour - ' Robbie 's Law ' '' . Action Against Medical Accidents . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> Law Core subjects Administrative law Constitutional law Contract Criminal law Deed Equity Evidence International law Law of obligations Procedure Civil Criminal Property law Public law Restitution Statutory law Tort Other subjects Agricultural law Aviation law Banking law Bankruptcy Commercial law Competition law Conflict of laws Construction law Consumer protection Corporate law Cyberlaw Election law Energy law Entertainment law Environmental law Family law Financial law Financial regulation Health law Immigration law Intellectual property International criminal law International human rights International slavery laws Labour Law of war Legal archaeology Legal fiction Maritime law Media law Military law Probate Estate Will and testament Product liability Public international law Space law Sports law Tax law Transport law Trust law Women in law Sources of law Charter Constitution Custom Divine right Human rights Natural and legal rights Case law Precedent Law making Ballot measure Codification Decree Edict Executive order Proclamation Legislation Delegated legislation Regulation Rulemaking Promulgation Repeal Treaty Statutory law Statute Act of Parliament Act of Congress ( US ) Legal systems Civil law Common law Chinese law Legal pluralism Religious law Canon law Hindu law Jain law Jewish law Sharia Roman law Socialist law Statutory law Xeer Yassa Legal theory Critical legal studies Comparative law Feminist Law and economics Legal formalism History Natural law International legal theory Principle of legality Rule of law Sociology Jurisprudence Adjudication Administration of justice Criminal justice Court - martial Dispute resolution Fiqh Lawsuit / Litigation Legal opinion Legal remedy Judge Justice of the peace Magistrate Judgment Judicial review Jurisdiction Jury Justice Practice of law Attorney Barrister Counsel Lawyer Legal representation Prosecutor Solicitor Question of fact Question of law Trial Trial advocacy Trier of fact Verdict Legal institutions Bureaucracy The bar The bench Civil society Court Election commission Executive Judiciary Law enforcement Legal education Law school Legislature Military Police Political party Tribunal <Td_colspan="2"> Index Outline Portal This article relating to law in the United Kingdom , or its constituent jurisdictions , is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duty_of_candour&oldid=831674388 '' Categories : United States patent law Health law in the United Kingdom National Health Service United Kingdom law stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. Duty of candour in UK public law
2. Contractual duty of candour in NHS services
3. Campaign for formal duty of candour in NHS hospitals
4. Definition and scope of duty of candour
5. Support for wider duty of candour in healthcare
|
-4,601,648,929,269,405,000 |
when is the final show of the voice 2018
|
The Voice ( Us season 14 ) - wikipedia The Voice ( Us season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Voice <Th_colspan="2"> Season 14 Broadcast from February 26 -- May 22 , 2018 Coaches Adam Levine Alicia Keys Kelly Clarkson Blake Shelton Host ( s ) Carson Daly Broadcaster NBC <Th_colspan="2"> Winner <Td_colspan="2"> Brynn Cartelli Origin Longmeadow , Massachusetts Song `` Walk My Way '' Genre ( s ) Pop , soul Coach Kelly Clarkson <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up <Td_colspan="2"> Britton Buchanan <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ◀ Early 2018 ▶ The fourteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on February 26 , 2018 , on NBC . New coach Kelly Clarkson and returning coach Alicia Keys replaced Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson . An ad for this season was released on YouTube for the Super Bowl 52 on February 4 , 2018 . On May 22 , 2018 , Brynn Cartelli was crowned the winner of The Voice . With her win , the fifteen year - old became the youngest winner in the show 's history . Sawyer Fredericks at sixteen was the youngest until Cartelli won . With her victory , Kelly Clarkson became the first new coach to win on their first season , and overall the third female winning coach , behind Christina Aguilera and Alicia Keys . Additionally , runner - up Britton Buchanan became the highest - placing artist who advanced via an Instant Save , following Joshua Davis of Season 8 and Chris Jamison of Season 7 , who both placed third . This season also marked the second time in the show 's history that Blake did not have at least one artist in the Top 2 , the first time since the fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches and hosts 2 Teams 3 Blind auditions 3.1 Episode 1 ( Feb. 26 ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( Feb. 27 ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( March 5 ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( March 6 ) 3.5 Episode 5 ( March 12 ) 3.6 Episode 6 ( March 13 ) 3.6. 1 Notes 4 The Battles 5 The Knockouts 6 Live Shows 6.1 Week 1 : Live Playoffs ( April 16 , 17 , and 18 ) 6.1. 1 Round 1 6.1. 2 Round 2 6.2 Week 2 : Top 12 ( April 23 & 24 ) 6.3 Week 3 : Top 11 ( April 30 & May 1 ) 6.4 Week 4 : Top 10 ( May 7 & 8 ) 6.5 Week 5 : Semifinals ( May 14 & 15 ) 6.6 Week 6 : Finale ( May 21 & 22 ) 7 Elimination chart 7.1 Overall 7.2 Teams 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Artists who appeared on other shows or previous seasons 10 References 11 External links Coaches and hosts ( edit ) The Voice season 14 coaches Adam Levine Alicia Keys Kelly Clarkson Blake Shelton The coaching lineup changed once again for the fourteenth season . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches , making them the only members of the coaching panel to be part of all fourteen seasons . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson were replaced by returning coach Alicia Keys , who returned after a one season absence and was participating in her third season , and Kelly Clarkson , who served as an advisor for Team Blake during the Battle rounds in the second season and key advisor for all the teams during the Knockout Rounds in the thirteenth season . Carson Daly returned for his fourteenth season as host This season a new feature , the Block , was added during the Blind Auditions . This allows the coaches to block one coach from getting an artist the coach turned around for . Also , Season 14 introduced a Save button that allows a coach to save an artist they just eliminated during the Knockouts Round . However , if another coach also presses his or her Steal button , the contestant can then decide whether they want to go to a new team or return to their former coach . This season 's advisors for the Battle Rounds are Julia Michaels for Team Adam , Shawn Mendes for Team Alicia , Hailee Steinfeld for Team Kelly , and Trace Adkins for Team Blake . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in Live Shows Eliminated in the Live Playoffs Stolen in the Knockout rounds Eliminated in The Knockouts Stolen in the Battle rounds Eliminated in the Battle rounds Withdrew Coaches <Th_colspan="6"> Top 48 artists Adam Levine <Td_colspan="6"> Rayshun LaMarr Jackie Verna Sharane Calister Mia Boostrom Drew Cole Reid Umstattd Gary Edwards Jackie Foster Jordyn Simone Miya Bass Tish Haynes Keys Angel Bonilla Stephanie Skipper Genesis Diaz Davison <Td_colspan="3"> Alicia Keys <Td_colspan="6"> Britton Buchanan Jackie Foster Christiana Danielle Johnny Bliss Terrence Cunningham Kelsea Johnson Sharane Calister Dallas Caroline Miya Bass Jaclyn Lovey Jordyn Simone Livia Faith Megan Lee Shana Halligan Jamai <Td_colspan="3"> Kelly Clarkson <Td_colspan="6"> Brynn Cartelli Kaleb Lee D.R. King Alexa Cappelli Dylan Hartigan Tish Haynes Keys Jorge Eduardo Jamella Justin Kilgore Jackie Foster Dylan Hartigan Molly Stevens Teana Boston Amber Sauer Hannah Goebel <Td_colspan="3"> Blake Shelton <Td_colspan="6"> Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Pryor Baird Gary Edwards Austin Giorgio WILKES Dylan Hartigan Jaron Strom Jaclyn Lovey Dallas Caroline Kaleb Lee Brett Hunter Jordan Kirkdorffer Bransen Ireland JessLee <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="7"> Note : Italicized names are stolen artists ( names struck through within former teams ) . Underlined names are artists who were saved by their coach in the Knockouts and advanced to the Live Playoffs . Blind auditions ( edit ) A new feature within the Blind Auditions this season is the Block , which each coach can use once to prevent one of the other coaches from getting a contestant . Color key ✔ Coach pressed `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to a coach 's team Artist picked a coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing their button ✘ Coach pressed the `` I WANT YOU '' button , but was `` blocked '' by another coach from getting the artist Episode 1 ( Feb. 26 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song <Th_colspan="4"> Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Britton Buchanan 17 Sanford , North Carolina `` Trouble '' ✘ ✔ -- ✔ Brynn Cartelli 14 Longmeadow , Massachusetts `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Rayshun LaMarr 33 Fort Washington , Maryland `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ✔ ✔ -- -- Kyla Jade 33 Nashville , Tennessee `` See Saw '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 5 Blaise Raccuglia 25 Austin , Texas `` Wanted '' -- -- -- -- 6 Kelsea Johnson 21 Newark , Delaware `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 7 Drew Cole 25 Los Angeles , California `` Sex and Candy '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 8 D.R. King 34 Strongsville , Ohio `` Believer '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 9 Kaleb Lee 31 Ormond Beach , Florida `` Never Wanted Nothing More '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 10 Makenzie Thomas 19 Wallingford , Kentucky `` Redbone '' -- -- -- -- 11 Justin Kilgore 30 Buffalo , Texas `` Tomorrow '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘ Episode 2 ( Feb. 27 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song <Th_colspan="4"> Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Davison 23 Little Rock , Arkansas `` To Love Somebody '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Jaclyn Lovey 16 Placerville , California `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Sophia Dion 17 Park City , Utah `` What a Man '' -- -- -- -- Brittney Spencer 26 North Ridgeville , Ohio `` Road Less Traveled '' -- -- -- -- 5 Karianne Jean 18 Palmdale , California `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' -- -- -- -- 6 WILDEE 23 Westerly , Rhode Island `` Legends '' -- -- -- -- 7 Molly Stevens 34 Raleigh , North Carolina `` Heavenly Day '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 8 Dylan Hartigan 21 Wyckoff , New Jersey `` Danny 's Song '' -- -- ✔ -- 9 Pryor Baird 35 Orcutt , California `` I Do n't Need No Doctor '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 3 ( March 5 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song <Th_colspan="4"> Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Christiana Danielle 22 Fort Wayne , Indiana `` Hotline Bling '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Brett Hunter 33 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania `` She 's a Bad Mama Jama '' -- -- -- ✔ Jamai 29 Chester , Pennsylvania `` U Got It Bad '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Mitch Cardoza 22 Dartmouth , Massachusetts `` No Woman , No Cry '' -- -- -- -- 5 Mia Boostrom 24 Boston , Massachusetts `` Pillowtalk '' ✔ -- -- -- 6 Jackie Foster 21 Boston , Massachusetts `` What About Us '' -- ✔ ✔ -- 7 Kayla Woodson 23 Nashville , Tennessee `` Turn On the Radio '' -- -- -- -- 8 Reid Umstattd 34 Austin , Texas `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 9 Jorge Eduardo 19 Guadalajara , Mexico / Dallas , Texas `` Despacito '' -- -- ✔ -- 10 Jamella 21 Mission Viejo , California `` Dive '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 11 Angel Bonilla 31 Quezon City , Philippines / New York City , New York `` Lay Me Down '' ✔ -- -- -- 12 Austin Giorgio 21 Rochester , New York `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 13 Johnny Bliss 26 Puerto Rico / New York City , New York `` Preciosa '' ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ Episode 4 ( March 6 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song <Th_colspan="4"> Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Spensha Baker 24 San Antonio , Texas `` Blackbird '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Alexa Cappelli 18 Upland , California `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' ✔ - ✔ - Adrian Brannan 25 Elko , Nevada `` Two More Bottles of Wine '' -- -- -- -- WILKES 33 Waleska , Georgia `` One Headlight '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 5 . JessLee 26 Loxahatchee , Florida `` I 'm With You '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Jordyn Simone 17 Los Angeles , California `` Tennessee Whiskey '' -- ✔ -- -- 7 Megan Lee 22 Los Angeles , California `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- ✔ -- -- 8 Jaron Strom 29 Earth `` This Magic Moment '' -- -- -- ✔ 9 Terrence Cunningham 36 Washington , D.C. `` My Girl '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 5 ( March 12 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song <Th_colspan="4"> Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Stephanie Skipper 33 Nashville , Tennessee `` Piece by Piece '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Tish Haynes Keys 37 St. Louis , Missouri `` Chain of Fools '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Bransen Ireland 27 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Tulsa Time '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Teddy Chipouras 35 Lovettsville , Virginia `` Ophelia '' -- -- -- -- 5 Arlo Montenegro 24 Brooklyn , New York `` Attention '' -- -- -- -- 6 Daniel Garcia 19 Westfield , New Jersey `` Perfect '' -- -- -- -- 7 Teana Boston 16 Stockton , California `` Unfaithful '' -- -- ✔ -- 8 Miya Bass 25 Queens , New York `` Issues '' ✔ -- -- -- 9 Livia Faith 17 Stanton , Kentucky `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ 10 Jordan Kirkdorffer 28 New Paris , Indiana `` In Case You Did n't Know '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 11 Shana Halligan 44 Los Angeles , California `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' -- ✔ -- -- 12 Gary Edwards 26 Dallas , Texas `` What 's Going On '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 13 Mercedes Ferreira - Dias 16 Miami , Florida `` All I Ask '' -- -- -- -- 14 Hannah Goebel 21 Nashville , Tennessee `` If I Ai n't Got You '' ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ Episode 6 ( March 13 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song <Th_colspan="4"> Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Alicia Kelly Blake Genesis Diaz 18 Miami , Florida `` Praying '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Sharane Calister 24 Des Moines , Iowa `` Make It Rain '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Dallas Caroline 17 Santa Rosa , California `` Always on My Mind '' ✔ Team full ✔ ✔ Allen Pride Bowser 28 Chicago , Illinois `` What You Wo n't Do for Love '' -- -- Team full 5 Jackie Verna 22 West Chester , Pennsylvania `` Peter Pan '' ✔ -- 6 Amber Sauer 35 Paradise , California `` Shape of You '' Team full ✔ Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blocked by Blake . Jump up ^ Blocked by Alicia . Jump up ^ Blocked by Adam . Jump up ^ Blocked by Kelly . The battles ( edit ) The Battle Rounds started on March 19 . Season fourteen 's advisors include : Julia Michaels for Team Adam , Shawn Mendes for Team Alicia , Hailee Steinfeld for Team Kelly , and Trace Adkins for Team Blake . The coaches can steal two losing artists from other coaches . Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to the Knockout rounds . Color key : Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Artist voluntarily left the competition Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser <Th_colspan="4"> ' Steal ' result Adam Alicia Kelly Blake <Td_colspan="10"> Episode 7 ( Monday , March 19 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys Sharane Calister `` Mercy '' Jamai -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli `` ... Ready for It ? '' Dylan Hartigan -- -- N / A ✔ Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` One Last Time '' JessLee -- -- -- N / A Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` Sweet Thing '' Tish Haynes Keys N / A -- ✔ -- Alicia Keys 5 Christiana Danielle `` Use Somebody '' Shana Halligan -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson 6 D.R. King `` Sign of the Times '' Jackie Foster ✔ ✔ N / A ✔ <Td_colspan="10"> Episode 8 ( Tuesday , March 20 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Jorge Eduardo `` Starving '' Amber Sauer -- -- N / A -- Adam Levine Reid Umstattd `` Love on the Brain '' Davison N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Jaron Strom `` Head Over Boots '' Bransen Ireland -- -- -- N / A Alicia Keys Johnny Bliss `` Versace on the Floor '' Megan Lee -- N / A -- -- Kelly Clarkson 5 Jamella `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' Teana Boston -- -- N / A -- Alicia Keys 6 Kelsea Johnson `` Do n't Let Go ( Love ) '' Jordyn Simone ✔ N / A ✔ -- <Td_colspan="10"> Episode 9 ( Monday , March 26 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Do n't Do Me Like That '' Kaleb Lee Team full -- ✔ N / A Adam Levine Mia Boostrom `` Because of You '' Genesis Diaz -- Team full -- Kelly Clarkson Justin Kilgore `` Burning House '' Molly Stevens -- -- Adam Levine Drew Cole `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Miya Bass ✔ -- Blake Shelton 5 WILKES `` Nobody to Blame '' Jordan Kirkdorffer -- N / A Alicia Keys 6 Britton Buchanan `` Thinking Out Loud '' Jaclyn Lovey N / A ✔ <Td_colspan="10"> Episode 10 ( Tuesday , March 27 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` These Dreams '' Stephanie Skipper Team full -- Team full Team full Gary Edwards `` When You Believe '' Angel Bonilla -- Alicia Keys Terrence Cunningham `` Stars '' Livia Faith N / A Blake Shelton Austin Giorgio `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' Brett Hunter -- Kelly Clarkson 5 Alexa Cappelli `` Pray '' Hannah Goebel -- Blake Shelton 6 Spensha Baker `` I Could Use a Love Song '' Dallas Caroline ✔ <Td_colspan="10"> Episode 11 ( Wednesday , March 28 , 2018 ) <Td_colspan="9"> The eleventh episode was a special episode titled `` The Best of the Blinds and Battles '' . It featured some of the best moments from the blind auditions , battles , and other unseen content . ^ Alexa Cappelli was paired with Hannah Goebel for the battles , but due to personal reasons , Goebel withdrew . Therefore , Cappelli performed alone and moved on by default . The Knockouts ( edit ) The Knockouts round started on April 2nd . The coaches can each steal one losing artist from another team and save one artist who lost their Knockout on their own team . The top 24 contestants then moved on to the Live Playoffs . For the first time in Voice history , past winners of the show returned as Key Advisors -- Jordan Smith for Team Adam , Chris Blue for Team Alicia , Cassadee Pope for Team Kelly , and Chloe Kohanski for Team Blake . Color key : Artist won the Knockout and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was saved by their coach and advanced to the Live Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was Eliminated Episodes Coach Order Song <Th_colspan="2"> Artists Song <Th_colspan="4"> ' Steal ' / ' Save ' result Winner Loser Adam Alicia Kelly Blake <Td_colspan="11"> Episode 12 ( Monday , April 2 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton `` You Do n't Own Me '' Kyla Jade Jaclyn Lovey `` Put Your Records On '' -- -- -- -- Kelly Clarkson `` Free '' Kaleb Lee Justin Kilgore `` Shameless '' -- -- -- -- Adam Levine `` Wade in the Water '' Mia Boostrom Jackie Foster `` Bring Me to Life '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Blake Shelton `` Broken Halos '' Spensha Baker Austin Giorgio `` Almost Like Being in Love '' -- Steal Used -- ✔ Alicia Keys 5 `` Alive '' Johnny Bliss Miya Bass `` Castle on the Hill '' -- -- -- -- Adam Levine 6 `` American Honey '' Jackie Verna Drew Cole `` Slow Hands '' ✔ Steal Used -- ✔ <Td_colspan="11"> Episode 13 ( Tuesday , April 3 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson `` Here Comes Goodbye '' Brynn Cartelli Jamella `` Girl Crush '' -- Steal Used -- -- Blake Shelton `` Will It Go Round in Circles '' Pryor Baird Jaron Strom `` Grenade '' -- -- Save Used Alicia Keys `` Tell Me Something Good '' Terrence Cunningham Christiana Danielle `` Elastic Heart '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- <Td_colspan="11"> Episode 14 ( Monday , April 9 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys `` New York State of Mind '' Britton Buchanan Dallas Caroline `` Bless the Broken Road '' -- Team full -- -- Kelly Clarkson `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' D.R. King Tish Haynes Keys `` Lady Marmalade '' ✔ ✔ -- Blake Shelton `` The Climb '' WILKES Dylan Hartigan `` You Are the Best Thing '' -- ✔ Save Used Adam Levine `` Fallin ' '' Rayshun LaMarr Gary Edwards `` Many Rivers to Cross '' Save Used Team Full ✔ Kelly Clarkson 5 `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' Alexa Cappelli Jorge Eduardo `` Adorn '' -- Team Full Adam Levine 6 `` Let Him Fly '' Reid Umstattd Jordyn Simone `` Tell Me You Love Me '' Save Used Alicia Keys 7 `` Rise Up '' Kelsea Johnson Sharane Calister `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' ✔ <Td_colspan="11"> Episode 15 ( Tuesday , April 10 , 2018 ) <Td_colspan="10"> The fifteenth episode was a special episode titled `` The Road to the Live Shows . '' The episode showed the best moments of the season so far , including the blind auditions , the journey of the top 24 contestants , and some unseen footage . Live Shows ( edit ) Color key : Artist was saved by the Public 's votes Artist was placed in the bottom two , bottom three , or middle three or was saved by the coach Artist was saved by the Instant Save Artist 's iTunes vote multiplied by 5 ( except The Finals ) after his / her studio version of the song reached iTunes top 10 Artist was eliminated Week 1 : Live Playoffs ( April 16 , 17 , and 18 ) ( edit ) For the first time , the Live Playoffs were split into two rounds and introduced immunity to the highest vote - getters to advance to the Top 12 in Round 1 . Round 1 ( edit ) During the first round of the Live Playoffs , all of the Top 24 performed for the votes of the public . The artist with the highest amount of votes on each team directly advanced to the Top 12 , receiving immunity from the Round 2 eliminations , and left the remaining five artists from each team to perform again in Round 2 . Color key : Artist received the highest number of votes on his / her team and directly advanced to the Top 12 Artist was not chosen by the public and was left to perform again in Round 2 Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 16 ( Monday , April 16 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Alexa Cappelli `` It Hurt So Bad '' Not Chosen Kaleb Lee `` You Do n't Even Know Who I Am '' Not Chosen Tish Haynes Keys `` Nothing Left For You '' Not Chosen Brynn Cartelli `` Unstoppable '' Public 's vote 5 Dylan Hartigan `` Come Pick Me Up '' Not Chosen 6 D.R. King `` Home '' Not Chosen Adam Levine 7 Drew Cole `` Man In the Mirror '' Not Chosen 8 Mia Boostrom `` Baby I Love You '' Not Chosen 9 Jackie Verna `` Tim McGraw '' Not Chosen 10 Rayshun LaMarr `` Overjoyed '' Not Chosen 11 Sharane Calister `` Never Enough '' Public 's vote 12 Reid Umstattd `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' Not Chosen Blake Shelton 13 Austin Giorgio `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' Not Chosen 14 Pryor Baird `` I Was Wrong '' Not Chosen 15 Kyla Jade `` How Great Thou Art '' Public 's vote 16 Gary Edwards `` Finesse '' Not Chosen 17 Spensha Baker `` I Still Believe in You '' Not Chosen 18 WILKES `` Brother '' Not Chosen Alicia Keys 19 Johnny Bliss `` América América '' Not Chosen 20 Kelsea Johnson `` You Know I 'm No Good '' Not Chosen 21 Terrence Cunningham `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore '' Not Chosen 22 Jackie Foster `` Never Tear Us Apart '' Not Chosen 23 Christiana Danielle `` Hey Ya ! '' Not Chosen 24 Britton Buchanan `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' Public 's vote Round 2 ( edit ) On Nights 2 and 3 , the twenty remaining artists performed a second time for the votes of the public ( this vote was separate from the Round 1 vote ) . The highest vote - getter and a coach 's choice from each team joined the other four artists from Round 1 in the Top 12 . Color key : Artist received the Public 's vote and advanced to the Top 12 Artist was selected by their coach to advance to the Top 12 Artist was eliminated Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 17 ( Tuesday , April 17 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Smoke Break '' Blake 's choice WILKES `` Do n't Speak '' Eliminated Pryor Baird `` 9 to 5 '' Public 's vote Austin Giorgio `` Love Yourself '' Eliminated 5 Gary Edwards `` America the Beautiful '' Eliminated Alicia Keys 6 Terrence Cunningham `` Ai n't Nobody '' Eliminated 7 Christiana Danielle `` Take Me To Church '' Alicia 's choice 8 Jackie Foster `` Alone '' Public 's vote 9 Kelsea Johnson `` Need U Bad '' Eliminated 10 Johnny Bliss `` One and Only '' Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Episode 18 ( Wednesday , April 18 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Die a Happy Man '' Public 's vote Alexa Cappelli `` Stop And Stare '' Eliminated D.R. King `` All on My Mind '' Kelly 's choice Dylan Hartigan `` Mary Jane 's Last Dance '' Eliminated 5 Tish Haynes Keys At Last '' Eliminated Adam Levine 6 Reid Umstattd `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' Eliminated 7 Jackie Verna `` Once '' Adam 's choice 8 Drew Cole `` Wild Horses '' Eliminated 9 Mia Boostrom `` Either Way '' Eliminated 10 Rayshun LaMarr `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Public 's vote Week 2 : Top 12 ( April 23 & 24 ) ( edit ) This week 's theme was `` Story Behind The Song '' . The two artists with the fewest votes competed for an Instant Save , with one or two leaving the competition each week until the semifinals . None of the artists reached the top 10 on iTunes , so no bonuses were awarded . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 19 ( Monday , April 23 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` When Love Takes Over '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Amazed '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Toxic '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Down on My Knees '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 5 Christiana Danielle `` Say Something '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 6 D.R. King `` White Flag '' Bottom two Adam Levine 7 Sharane Calister `` In My Blood '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 8 Pryor Baird `` Pickin ' Wildflowers '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 9 Brynn Cartelli `` Up to the Mountain '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 10 Jackie Verna `` I 'm With You '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 11 Britton Buchanan `` Small Town '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 12 Kyla Jade `` One Night Only '' Public 's vote <Td_colspan="6"> <Th_colspan="6"> Instant Save Performances Episode 20 ( Tuesday , April 24 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson D.R. King `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Eliminated Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` I Ca n't Stand the Rain '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 20.1 Kelly Clarkson and her team ( Brynn Cartelli , D.R. King , and Kaleb Lee ) `` Do n't Take the Money '' 20.2 Maroon 5 `` Wait '' 20.3 The cast of Rise `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' 20.4 Blake Shelton and his team ( Pryor Baird , Spensha Baker , and Kyla Jade ) `` I Thank You '' Week 3 : Top 11 ( April 30 & May 1 ) ( edit ) The theme for this week was `` Fan Night '' , meaning that the artists performed songs chosen by the fans . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Pryor Baird ( # 4 ) and Britton Buchanan ( # 6 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 21 ( Monday , April 30 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Night Moves '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Sharane Calister `` Hero '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Love , Reign O'er Me '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 5 Jackie Verna `` Strawberry Wine '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 6 Kyla Jade `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 7 Christiana Danielle `` Umbrella '' Bottom two Kelly Clarkson 8 Brynn Cartelli `` You and I '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 9 Rayshun LaMarr `` Try a Little Tenderness '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys 10 Britton Buchanan `` Perfect '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 11 Spensha Baker `` Better Man '' Public 's vote <Td_colspan="6"> <Th_colspan="6"> Instant Save Performances Episode 22 ( Tuesday , May 1 , 2018 ) Adam Levine Sharane Calister `` If I Were a Boy '' Eliminated Alicia Keys Christiana Danielle `` A Thousand Years '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 22.1 Janelle Monáe `` Make Me Feel '' 22.2 Adam Levine and his team ( Sharane Calister , Rayshun LaMarr and Jackie Verna ) `` The Scientist '' 22.3 Alicia Keys and her team ( Britton Buchanan , Christiana Danielle and Jackie Foster ) `` Gimme Shelter '' Week 4 : Top 10 ( May 7 & 8 ) ( edit ) The theme for this week was `` Overcoming Struggles '' . Different from previous weeks , the bottom three vote - getters competed in the Instant Save , with two artists being eliminated . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Kyla Jade ( # 5 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 8 ) , Britton Buchanan ( # 9 ) and Pryor Baird ( # 10 ). . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 23 ( Monday , May 7 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` This Is Me '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Boondocks '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` Love Triangle '' Bottom three Rayshun LaMarr `` Grant Green '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 5 Spensha Baker `` Red '' Public 's Vote Alicia Keys 6 Jackie Foster `` Gravity '' Public 's vote 7 Britton Buchanan `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' Public 's vote 8 Christiana Danielle Ai n't No Sunshine '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 9 Pryor Baird `` My Town '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 10 Brynn Cartelli `` Fix You '' Public 's vote <Td_colspan="6"> <Th_colspan="6"> Instant Save Performances Episode 24 ( Tuesday , May 8 , 2018 ) Alicia Keys Christiana Danielle `` Unchain My Heart '' Eliminated Adam Levine Jackie Verna `` I Told You So '' Eliminated Rayshun LaMarr `` Let 's Get It On '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performers Song 23.1 Kelly Clarkson `` I Do n't Think About You '' 24.1 Charlie Puth `` Done for Me '' 24.2 5 Seconds of Summer `` Youngblood '' Week 5 : semifinals ( May 14 & 15 ) ( edit ) The Top 8 performed on Monday , May 14 , 2018 , with the results following on Tuesday , May 15 , 2018 . In the semifinals , three artists automatically moved on to next week 's finale , the two artists with the least votes were immediately eliminated and the middle three contended for the remaining spot in next week 's finale via the Instant Save . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Kyla Jade ( # 2 ) , Britton Buchanan ( # 3 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 4 ) , Kaleb Lee ( # 5 ) , Pryor Baird ( # 7 ) and Spensha Baker ( # 10 ) . In addition to their individual songs , each artist performed a duet with another artist in the competition , though these duets were not available for purchase on iTunes . With the elimination of Rayshun LaMarr , Adam Levine no longer had any artists remaining on his team . This is the first time since the fourth season that he had lost his entire team prior to the finale . In addition , with the advancement of Brynn Cartelli to the finale , Kelly Clarkson became the third new coach to successfully get an artist on their team to the finale on her first attempt as a coach , the second being Alicia Keys , who coached Wé McDonald all the way to the finale of the eleventh season , and the first being Usher , who coached Michelle Chamuel all the way to the finale of the fourth season . This also marked the first time ever that two female coaches were represented in the finale . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 25 ( Monday , May 14 , 2018 ) Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli `` What the World Needs Now is Love '' Public 's vote Alicia Keys Jackie Foster `` Here I Go Again '' Eliminated Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` My Church '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Rayshun LaMarr `` Imagine '' Eliminated Blake Shelton 5 Kyla Jade `` Let It Be '' Public 's vote Kelly Clarkson 6 Kaleb Lee `` It Is Well with My Soul '' Middle Three Blake Shelton 7 Pryor Baird `` Change the World '' Middle Three Alicia Keys 8 Britton Buchanan `` The Rising '' Middle Three <Td_colspan="6"> <Th_colspan="6"> Instant Save Performances Episode 26 ( Tuesday , May 15 , 2018 ) Blake Shelton Pryor Baird `` Soulshine '' Eliminated Kelly Clarkson Kaleb Lee `` Simple Man '' Eliminated Alicia Keys Britton Buchanan `` Dancing on My Own '' Instant Save Duets Order Performers Song 25.2 Kaleb Lee and Pryor Baird `` Hillbilly Bone '' / `` Hillbilly Deluxe '' 25.4 Kyla Jade and Spensha Baker `` What 's Going On '' / `` Rise Up '' 25.8 Britton Buchanan and Brynn Cartelli `` FourFiveSeconds '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' 25.10 Jackie Foster and Rayshun LaMarr `` Believer '' / `` Radioactive '' Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 26.1 Kane Brown `` Heaven '' 26.2 Panic ! at the Disco `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' 26.3 Blake Shelton `` I Lived It '' Week 6 : finale ( May 21 & 22 ) ( edit ) The Final 4 performed on Monday , May 21 , 2018 , with the final results following on Tuesday , May 22 , 2018 . This week , the four finalists performed a solo cover song , a duet with their coach , and an original song . iTunes bonuses were awarded to Britton Buchanan ( # 1 and # 10 ) , Brynn Cartelli ( # 3 and # 6 ) , Spensha Baker ( # 4 ) and Kyla Jade ( # 9 ) . Buchanan 's `` Where You Come From '' and Cartelli 's `` Walk My Way '' are the only songs that charted # 1 on iTunes . This is the first time that an artist who won the Instant Save in the semifinals did not finish last in the finals , with Britton Buchanan finishing 2nd . With Britton Buchanan and Brynn Cartelli making it to the Top 2 , this marked the first time in which the final results came down to two artists who have neither represented Blake Shelton nor Adam Levine . This is also the first time that the final results came down to two artists coached by two female coaches , with Buchanan representing Alicia Keys , and Cartelli representing Kelly Clarkson . Coach Artist Order Solo Song Order Duet Song ( with Coach ) Order Original Song Result Kelly Clarkson Brynn Cartelli 12 `` Skyfall '' `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' 8 `` Walk My Way '' Winner Alicia Keys Britton Buchanan 10 `` Good Lovin ' '' 5 `` Wake Me Up '' `` Where You Come From '' Runner up Blake Shelton Kyla Jade `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' 9 `` Only Love '' 6 `` The Last Tear '' Third Place Blake Shelton Spensha Baker `` Merry Go ' Round '' 7 `` Tell Me About It '' 11 `` Old Soul '' Fourth Place Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 28.1 Britton Buchanan ( with WILKES , Jackie Foster , Christiana Danielle and Mia Boostrom ) `` In the Air Tonight '' 28.2 Dua Lipa `` IDGAF '' 28.3 Kane Brown and Spensha Baker `` What Ifs '' 28.4 James Bay and Alicia Keys `` Us '' 28.5 Chloe Kohanski `` Come This Far '' 28.6 Julia Michaels and Brynn Cartelli `` Issues '' / `` Jump '' 28.7 Kyla Jade ( with Johnny Bliss , Rayshun LaMarr and Sharane Calister ) `` Killer '' / `` Papa Was A Rolling Stone '' 28.8 Florence and The Machine `` Hunger '' 28.9 Ryan Adams and Britton Buchanan `` To Be Without You '' 28.10 Halsey and Big Sean `` Alone '' 28.11 Jason Aldean '' Drowns The Whiskey '' 28.12 Jennifer Hudson and Kyla Jade `` I Know Where I 've Been '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Saved by the public Saved by their coach Artist did not receive immunity from the Round 2 eliminations Immune Eliminated Live Show Results per week <Th_colspan="2"> Artist <Th_colspan="2"> Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Finale Round 1 Round 2 <Th_colspan="11"> Brynn Cartelli Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Britton Buchanan Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Kyla Jade Safe Immune Safe Safe Safe Safe 3rd place Spensha Baker Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 4th place Pryor Baird Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated <Td_colspan="2"> Eliminated ( Week 5 ) Kaleb Lee Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Jackie Foster Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Rayshun LaMarr Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Christiana Danielle Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Eliminated <Td_colspan="3"> Eliminated ( Week 4 ) Jackie Verna Not Chosen Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Sharane Calister Safe Immune Safe Eliminated <Td_colspan="3"> Eliminated ( Week 3 ) D.R. King Not Chosen Safe Eliminated <Td_colspan="4"> Eliminated ( Week 2 ) Johnny Bliss Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Eliminated ( Week 1 ) Mia Boostrom Not Chosen Eliminated Alexa Cappelli Not Chosen Eliminated Drew Cole Not Chosen Eliminated Terrence Cunningham Not Chosen Eliminated Gary Edwards Not Chosen Eliminated Austin Giorgio Not Chosen Eliminated Dylan Hartigan Not Chosen Eliminated Kelsea Johnson Not Chosen Eliminated Tish Haynes Keys Not Chosen Eliminated Reid Umstattd Not Chosen Eliminated WILKES Not Chosen Eliminated Teams ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Artist did not receive immunity for the Round 2 eliminations Immune Eliminated Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Artist received one or more iTunes bonus that week Number of iTunes bonuses received <Th_colspan="2"> Artist <Th_colspan="2"> Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Finale Round 1 Round 2 <Th_colspan="11"> Rayshun LaMarr Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Jackie Verna Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Advanced Advanced Eliminated <Td_colspan="2"> Sharane Calister Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Eliminated <Td_colspan="3"> Mia Boostrom Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Drew Cole Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Reid Umstattd Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> <Th_colspan="11"> Britton Buchanan Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Runner - up Jackie Foster Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Christiana Danielle Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Advanced Advanced Eliminated <Td_colspan="2"> Johnny Bliss Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Terrence Cunningham Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Kelsea Johnson Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> <Th_colspan="11"> Brynn Cartelli Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Winner Kaleb Lee Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated D.R. King Not Chosen Coach 's Choice Eliminated <Td_colspan="5"> Alexa Cappelli Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Dylan Hartigan Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Tish Haynes Keys Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="7"> <Th_colspan="11"> Kyla Jade Public 's Choice Immune Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Third place Spensha Baker Not Chosen Coach 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Fourth place Pryor Baird Not Chosen Public 's choice Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Gary Edwards Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Austin Giorgio Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> WILKES Not Chosen Eliminated <Td_colspan="6"> Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Episode Original airdate Production Time slot ( ET ) Viewers ( in millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Adults ( 18 -- 49 ) Source Rating Share `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 1 '' February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 1401 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 12.31 2.8 10 `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 2 '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1402 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.84 2.4 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 1403 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.62 2.5 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 1404 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.09 8 5 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 1405 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.87 2.4 9 6 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 6 '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 1406 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.17 2.3 9 7 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 1 '' March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 1407 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.83 2.4 9 8 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 2 '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 1408 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.96 9 9 `` The Battles , Part 3 '' March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 1409 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.37 2.0 8 10 `` The Battles , Part 4 '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1410 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.02 1.7 7 11 `` Best of Blinds & Battles '' March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 1411 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 6.95 1.3 5 12 `` The Knockouts Premiere , Part 1 '' April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 1412 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.03 1.9 7 13 `` The Knockouts Premiere , Part 2 '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 1413 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.43 1.8 7 14 `` The Knockouts , Part 3 '' April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 1414 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.86 1.9 7 15 `` The Road To The Lives '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 1415 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.82 1.3 5 16 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 1 '' April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 1416 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.35 1.8 7 17 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 2 '' April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 1417 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.35 1.5 6 18 `` The Live Playoffs , Night 3 '' April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1418 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.38 1.5 6 19 `` Live Top 12 Performance '' April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 1419 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.43 1.5 6 20 `` Live Top 12 Results '' April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 1420 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.26 1.6 6 21 `` Live Top 11 Performance '' April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 1421 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.82 1.7 6 22 `` Live Top 11 Results '' May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1422 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.64 5 23 `` Live Top 10 Performance '' May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 1423 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.38 1.5 6 24 `` Live Top 10 Results '' May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1424 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 7.26 1.3 5 25 `` Live Top 8 Semifinals Performance '' May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 1425 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.71 1.6 6 26 `` Live Top 8 Semifinals Results '' May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1426 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.15 1.4 6 27 `` Live Finale Performance '' May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 1427 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8.67 1.5 6 28 `` Live Finale Results '' May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1428 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8.77 1.5 6 Artists who appeared on other Shows or previous seasons ( edit ) Jorge Eduardo appeared on the fifth season of La Voz ... México and finished in fourth place . Megan Lee appeared as Sun Hi on the musical comedy show Make It Pop . Mia Boostrom was a contestant on the fourth season of America 's Got Talent . She was eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Jordyn Simone was a Top 50 contestant on the fifteenth season of American Idol . Johnny Bliss was a contestant on Va Por Ti , broadcast on Univision in 2016 . Spensha Baker was a contestant on Star Search in the Junior Singer category in 2004 . She finished in the finals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' To Succeed ' This Is Us ' On Tuesday , ' Good Girls ' Gets ' The Braves ' Slot On NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : WPTV Webteam ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson , Jennifer Hudson join ' The Voice ' as coaches for upcoming seasons '' . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Voice The Voice 's new gimmick : The block '' . IdolChatter.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( 24 April 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' Top 12 results : No artist gets iTunes bonus , D.R. King and Rayshun LaMarr to sing for Instant Save ? '' . GoldDerby.com . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Pryor Baird and Britton Buchanan Reach Top 10 On iTunes Chart , Win Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Kyla , Brynn , Britton and Baird Reach Top 10 On iTunes , Earn Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( May 15 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Kyla , Britton , Brynn , Kaleb , Pryor , Spensha Make Top 10 On iTunes , Earn Bonuses '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved May 15 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( May 22 2018 ) . `` The Voice 's Britton Buchanan Rockets To # 1 On iTunes Chart ; Brynn , Spensha , Kyla Also In Top 10 '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved May 22 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final rating '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Brynn Cartelli Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' `` Walk My Way '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Addison Agen Britton Buchanan Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Tamar Davis Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Mark Isaiah Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_14)&oldid=843648011 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Voice Season 14
2. Coaches and hosts
3. Blind auditions
4. The Battles
5. The Knockouts
|
50,839,540,118,379,330 |
when was the last time ireland qualified for world cup
|
Republic of Ireland national Football team - Wikipedia Republic of Ireland national Football team Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see Republic of Ireland women 's national football team . Republic of Ireland <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) The Boys in Green ( Irish : Na buachaillí i nglas ) The Green Army Association Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Head coach Martin O'Neill Captain Séamus Coleman Most caps Robbie Keane ( 146 ) Top scorer Robbie Keane ( 68 ) Home stadium Aviva Stadium FIFA code IRL <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> First colours Second colours Third colours <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA ranking Current 34 5 ( 14 September 2017 ) Highest 6 ( August 1993 ) Lowest 70 ( June -- July 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Elo ranking Current 25 ( 30 April 2017 ) Highest 8 ( March -- April 1991 , April 2002 , August 2002 ) Lowest 63 ( May 1972 ) <Th_colspan="2"> First international <Td_colspan="2"> Ireland 1 -- 0 Bulgaria ( Stade Colombes , France ; 28 May 1924 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Biggest win <Td_colspan="2"> Republic of Ireland 8 -- 0 Malta ( Dublin , Ireland ; 16 November 1983 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Biggest defeat <Td_colspan="2"> Brazil 7 -- 0 Republic of Ireland ( Uberlândia , Brazil ; 27 May 1982 ) <Th_colspan="2"> World Cup Appearances 3 ( first in 1990 ) Best result Quarter - finals , 1990 <Th_colspan="2"> European Championship Appearances 3 ( first in 1988 ) Best result Round of 16 , 2016 The Republic of Ireland National Football Team ( Irish : Foireann peile náisiúnta Phoblacht na hÉireann ) represents Ireland in association football . It is governed by the Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) and plays its home fixtures at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin . The team made their debut at the 1924 Summer Olympics , reaching the quarter - finals . Between 1924 and 1936 , the team competed as the Irish Free State and from then until 1950 , it was referred to by the FAI as Éire or Ireland . In 1953 , FIFA decreed that for competitive matches in tournaments that both Irish teams may enter , the FAI team would be officially called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland was allowed to use the title Ireland by FIFA in the Home International Competition until it was discontinued in 1984 . The Republic of Ireland was the first nation from outside the United Kingdom to defeat England at home at a fixture played at Goodison Park , Liverpool , in 1949 . The team also reached the quarter - final stage of the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , where they lost to the eventual winners Spain . Under the guidance of Jack Charlton , the team enjoyed its most successful era , reaching their highest FIFA world ranking ever at sixth in August 1993 , and qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988 in their first appearance at the UEFA European Championship , reaching the quarter - finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in their first ever appearance at the finals , as well as making the last 16 at the 1994 edition . Charlton 's successor Mick McCarthy lost out on the next two major tournaments but ultimately qualified for the 2002 World Cup , making it to the last 16 . Under Giovanni Trapattoni , the team narrowly lost out on qualification for the 2010 World Cup during a controversial play - off , but went on to qualify for Euro 2012 . The team failed to qualify for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil , marking the end of Trapattoni 's tenure as manager . The Republic of Ireland also fell to a record low FIFA ranking of 59th , then a record low of 70th in June 2014 . For the next Euro qualifying campaign under manager Martin O'Neill , the Republic of Ireland finished third behind Germany and Poland , but went on to qualify for Euro 2016 after a 3 -- 1 aggregate win over Bosnia and Herzegovina in the play - offs . The Boys in Green reached the Round of 16 stage at that tournament and were knocked out by the hosts and eventual runners - up France after losing 2 - 1 at full time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Irish Free State ( 1924 -- 1936 ) 1.2 Ireland ( 1937 -- 1952 ) 1.3 Republic of Ireland ( 1953 -- 1968 ) 1.4 Wilderness ( 1969 -- 1985 ) 1.5 The Charlton years ( 1986 -- 1995 ) 1.6 Mick McCarthy era ( 1996 -- 2002 ) 1.7 Decline ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 1.8 The Trapattoni years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) 1.9 Recent history ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Team image 2.1 Kit 2.2 Historical Kits 2.3 Home stadium and other venues 2.4 Media coverage 2.5 Selection and nationality issues 3 Staff 4 Squad 4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call - ups 4.3 Previous squads 5 Competitive record 5.1 FIFA World Cup 5.2 UEFA European Championship 5.3 Other tournaments 5.4 Opponents 6 Honours 6.1 Major 6.2 Friendly titles 6.3 Other awards 7 Recent results and forthcoming fixtures 7.1 Schedule 8 Records 8.1 Most capped players 8.2 Record goalscorers 9 Managers 9.1 Manager records 10 Pictures 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Irish Free State ( 1924 -- 1936 ) ( edit ) Between 1882 and 1924 , Ireland was represented by a single national football team organised by the Belfast - based Irish Football Association ( IFA ) . In 1920 , Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State ( the latter in turn becoming Éire or Ireland after adopting a new Constitution in 1937 , followed by declaring itself a republic in 1948 . ) Following the initial political upheavals surrounding Partition , a Dublin - based organisation calling itself the Football Association of the Irish Free State ( FAIFS ) split from the IFA in 1921 and began organising its own league and national football team . In 1923 , the FAIFS was recognised by FIFA as the governing body of the Irish Free State and at the 1924 Summer Olympics , the Irish Free State made their international debut . On 28 May , at the Stade Olympique , they beat Bulgaria 1 -- 0 , with Paddy Duncan scoring the team 's first ever goal . As a result , they qualified for the quarter - finals . On 14 June 1924 , the Irish Free State made their home debut against the United States , who had embarked on a brief European tour after competing in the same Summer Olympics . Ed Brookes scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 1 home win at Dalymount Park . The Irish Free State did not play their next game until 21 March 1926 , an away game against Italy lost 3 -- 0 . In subsequent years , the status of the Olympic Games football competition was downgraded and as a result , this game is widely regarded as the Irish Free State 's first official game . On 25 February 1934 , the Irish Free State made their FIFA World Cup debut , drawing 4 -- 4 with Belgium at Dalymount Park in a 1934 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Paddy Moore scored all four of the Free State 's goals and became the first player ever to score four goals in a World Cup game . Ireland ( 1937 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) After 1936 , they reverted to the designation `` Football Association of Ireland '' and began to refer to their team as Éire or `` Ireland '' . During this entire period , there were two Irish international football teams , chosen by two rival Associations . Both Associations , the Northern Ireland - based IFA and the Irish Free State - based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and considered themselves entitled to select players from the entire island . At least 38 dual internationals were selected to represent both teams , however the overwhelming majority of these were Southerners who also agreed to play for the IFA team , with only a bare handful `` crossing the border '' in the other direction . A 2 -- 0 win over England at Goodison Park on 21 September 1949 was the first time England suffered a home defeat by a team outside the Home Countries of Scotland , Wales and the Ireland team run by the Belfast - based Irish FA . FIFA eventually intervened when both teams entered 1950 World Cup qualification , the first time they had entered the same competition . Four players -- Tom Aherne , Reg Ryan , Davy Walsh , Con Martin -- actually played for the two different teams in the same FIFA World Cup tournament . All four players concerned had been born in the Irish Free State and made their full international debut in FAI colours before agreeing to represent the IFA team . This may have alarmed the FAI , since they subsequently lobbied FIFA to prevent the IFA from picking Southern - born players ( as well as attempting to exert pressure on the players themselves , sometimes through their clubs ) . FIFA 's response was to restrict the eligibility of players on the basis of the ( political ) border , further ruling in 1953 that neither team could be referred to as Ireland in competitions which both teams were eligible to enter ; i.e. , initially the FIFA World Cup and subsequently the European Nations Cup ( now the UEFA European Football Championship ) . FIFA decreed that the FAI team officially be called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland . Republic of Ireland ( 1953 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) In 1953 , FIFA renamed the team from `` Ireland '' to `` Republic of Ireland '' . The 1958 World Cup qualifiers saw the Republic of Ireland drawn with England . In their home game against England , Alf Ringstead put the hosts 1 -- 0 up before John Atyeo equalised in the last minute to salvage a 1 -- 1 draw for England . Under the rules of the day , a win for the Republic of Ireland would have meant a play - off with England for a place in the World Cup . After reaching the quarter - finals of the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , the Republic of Ireland were drawn to face Spain and Syria in 1966 World Cup qualifying . Despite Syria 's withdrawal , this was still considered a qualifying group with the Irish winning 1 -- 0 at home and losing 4 -- 1 away . This meant a play - off at the Parc des Princes in Paris , which Spain won 1 -- 0 Eamon Dunphy made his Ireland debut in this game . The play - off was originally scheduled to take place at Wembley Stadium in London , home to a large Irish diaspora , but the FAI agreed with the Royal Spanish Football Federation to have the match moved to Paris , where a large Spanish diaspora lived . The FAI was criticised for this move to boost revenue from gate receipts . In 1965 , the Republic of Ireland team made history when selecting Manchester United full - back Shay Brennan for the senior national team . This was the first instance of a player born outside the Republic being selected to play for the national team due to having an Irish parent . Since then , many of the Republic 's most prominent players have been born in England , including Mark Lawrenson , David O'Leary , John Aldridge , Tony Cascarino and David Kelly . A number of Scottish born players , including Ray Houghton , have since represented the Republic due to having Irish parentage . The selection rules were later relaxed to allow for the selection of players with an Irish grandparent . Wilderness ( 1969 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) In 1969 , the FAI appointed Mick Meagan as the first permanent manager of the national side . His two years in charge were marked by exceptionally poor results , however with the team losing five out of six matches and gaining just one point in their 1970 World Cup qualification , and doing no better in the UEFA Euro 1972 qualifiers , leading to his dismissal . His replacement , Liam Tuohy , did a somewhat better in the 1974 qualification , and more importantly oversaw major improvements to the national team 's training facilities and persuaded many English club sides to end their policies of not releasing Irish players for international games during the domestic season . Ultimately , however , the team still failed to qualify for the World Cup , and Tuohy resigned following a dispute over his wages . Johnny Giles became the side 's first player - manager in the 1970s . This was followed by the debut of a young Liam Brady and results improved markedly . The side missed out on the 1978 World Cup by two points , having defeated France at home during qualification . After a less than impressive performance at Euro 1980 qualifying , in which the team finished well behind group winners England and Northern Ireland , Giles resigned , saying that he had taken the national side as far as he could . Eoin Hand took over as manager for the 1982 World Cup qualifiers , and once more the Republic of Ireland narrowly missed out on qualification , this time on goal difference behind France , whom they had defeated at home once more . Disappointing qualifying campaigns for both Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup followed , ending Hand 's time in charge . The Charlton years ( 1986 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) In 1986 , the Republic of Ireland appointed Jack Charlton , a top rated English manager who had been part of England 's World Cup - winning side of 1966 . During the 1970s , he had developed Middlesbrough into a side which provided many players to the dominant Liverpool team of the time . Republic of Ireland playing Netherlands at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando , Florida , where they lost 2 -- 0 in the Round of 16 of the 1994 World Cup After taking charge of the Republic of Ireland , Charlton influenced changes in the national side which resulted in arguably the most successful period of its history , qualifying for two World Cups and a European Championship . Ireland 's first appearance at a major finals tournament came in Euro 1988 , with qualification being secured through Gary Mackay 's famous goal in Sofia that meant Scotland beat Bulgaria 1 -- 0 and left Ireland on top of the group . In the finals in West Germany , Ireland beat England 1 -- 0 in Stuttgart with a header from Ray Houghton ; drew 1 -- 1 with the Soviet Union in Hannover , with Ronnie Whelan the scorer ; and lost to the Netherlands 1 -- 0 in Gelsenkirchen , coming within seven minutes of a draw that would have meant a semi-final place . The Republic of Ireland 's longest competitive winning streak was achieved in 1989 during the 1990 World Cup qualifying campaign . Five games against Spain , Northern Ireland , Hungary and Malta twice , were all wins for the Irish . Subsequently , the side made it to the 1990 World Cup in Italy . Three draws in the group stage against England , Egypt and the Netherlands was enough to make the knockout stage . Virtually the entire country watched as they beat Romania on penalties , with Packie Bonner making a vital save and David O'Leary scoring the decisive spot - kick . Ireland were then beaten 1 -- 0 by Italy in the quarter - final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome . During the tournament , the team had an audience with Pope John Paul II , the only team to do so . After missing out on Euro 1992 ( despite being unbeaten in qualifying ) , the Republic of Ireland qualified for the 1994 World Cup , held in the United States . In their first match , they beat the previous World Cup hosts and third - place finishers , Italy , 1 -- 0 in their opening game at Giants Stadium just outside New York City , but lost to Mexico 2 -- 1 at the Citrus Bowl in the heat and humidity of Orlando , Florida . They ended the group stage with a 0 -- 0 draw with Norway at Giants Stadium , in East Rutherford , New Jersey . With these results , they made it to the second round , eventually losing 2 -- 0 to the Netherlands in Orlando . In 1996 , Ireland finished second behind Portugal in Euro 1996 qualifying 's Group 6 , but narrowly missed out on Euro 1996 after losing 2 -- 0 in a play - off played at Anfield between the two worst group runners - up to the Netherlands ( the other worst runner - up ) , with Patrick Kluivert scoring both goals to send his team through . It was Jack Charlton 's final game as manager . Mick McCarthy era ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Charlton was replaced by Mick McCarthy but Ireland still missed out on the next two major tournaments . Ireland just managed to finish second to Romania in their 1998 World Cup qualification campaign after Tony Cascarino scored a late goal to win the away match with Lithuania . A play - off with Belgium followed , with the match at Lansdowne Road finishing in a 1 -- 1 draw , the match in Belgium finishing 2 -- 1 to the home team and substitute David Connolly being sent off in the latter , preventing Ireland from progressing to the 1998 World Cup . FIFA awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award for 1997 to the Irish supporters `` for their exemplary behaviour at Ireland team matches , especially the FIFA World Cup qualifying play - offs against Belgium '' . Ireland 's opponents in UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 8 were Yugoslavia , Croatia , Malta and Macedonia . Macedonia scored a last - minute equaliser that denied Ireland top spot in the group ; instead , they faced Turkey in a play - off to decide which team would participate in Euro 2000 . The match in Dublin finished in a 1 -- 1 draw , although Turkey qualified through the away goals rule after a 0 -- 0 draw , at the end of which Tony Cascarino became involved in a fight and retired from international football . Ireland took on both Portugal and the Netherlands in 2002 World Cup qualifiers in UEFA 's Group 2 , ending the group in second place with 24 points from 10 matches ( seven victories and three draws ) . Despite this unbeaten run , Ireland were drawn in a play - off with Iran . The match in Dublin finished in a 2 -- 0 victory to Ireland with goals from Ian Harte ( penalty ) and Robbie Keane , while the match in Tehran , played in front of 100,000 spectators , finished in a 1 -- 0 win for Iran . McCarthy thus managed to lead Ireland to the 2002 World Cup final stages , though only for the team to lose inspirational captain Roy Keane due to the pair 's infamous public spat in Saipan. 1 -- 1 draws with Cameroon and Germany were followed by a 3 -- 0 victory over Saudi Arabia in Group E. The Irish once again progressed to the knockout stage , only losing narrowly 3 -- 2 on penalties to Spain in Suwon after Robbie Keane 's last minute equalising penalty kick forced the game into extra-time . Decline ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) After a poor start to qualifying for Euro 2004 , McCarthy was replaced by Brian Kerr , but he too struggled to guide the side to the tournament or the subsequent 2006 World Cup in Germany , and was ultimately sacked in October 2005 . Kerr was replaced by Steve Staunton ( assisted by Bobby Robson in the position of `` international football consultant '' ) in January 2006 . Under Staunton , results varied widely but the team still failed to qualify for Euro 2008 and Staunton lost the position in October 2007 . His reign included a humiliating 5 -- 2 defeat to Cyprus during the qualifiers ' Group D , one of the worst defeats in the team 's history . The Trapattoni years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Irish celebrating qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 Giovanni Trapattoni was appointed manager in February 2008 following a spell with assistant coach Don Givens in charge . Trapattoni went through all ten first round 2010 World Cup qualifying games unbeaten , winning four of the ten games . Ireland lost out on a place in the finals , however , after a controversial , narrow loss to France in the play - offs . Ireland went down 0 -- 1 in the first leg , and lost 2 -- 1 on aggregate , with William Gallas scoring a controversial goal in extra time in the second leg after Thierry Henry had handled the ball before crossing for Gallas to score . This followed another controversy over FIFA 's last - minute decision to seed the play - off draw . In 2011 , Ireland hosted and won the inaugural Nations Cup with wins against Wales , Northern Ireland and Scotland without conceding a goal . In their Euro 2012 qualifying group , Ireland finished second , losing only the home fixture against Russia . They thus reached the play - offs and were drawn against Estonia , whom they beat 5 -- 1 on aggregate . Euro 2012 was Ireland 's first major tournament since 2002 , but in Group C they lost all three matches , against Croatia , Spain and Italy . UEFA , however , announced a special award for the fans of the Irish team , who notably sang in the last few minutes against Spain , despite trailing 4 -- 0 . Irish team in September 2013 Ireland were drawn in Group C of UEFA 's 2014 World Cup qualification alongside Germany , Sweden , Austria , the Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan . On 12 October , Ireland suffered their largest ever competitive home defeat , 6 -- 1 against Germany , at the Aviva Stadium . Ireland then lost against Sweden and Austria in early September 2013 , effectively ending the qualification campaign , and Giovanni Trapattoni resigned as team manager the following day . Noel King was appointed interim senior manager on 23 September 2013 following his resignation . On 5 November 2013 , the FAI announced that Martin O'Neill would be Trapattoni 's replacement as manager , with former team captain Roy Keane as his assistant . They assumed their roles when the team met on 11 November where they won against Latvia 3 -- 0 and drew against Poland 0 -- 0 . Recent history ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) For the Euro 2016 qualification phase , the Republic of Ireland were drawn in Group D against Georgia , Germany , Gibraltar , Poland and Scotland . The team played against Gibraltar for the first time , beating them 7 -- 0 , and scored an away draw against World Cup champions , Germany , a few days later in October 2014 . On 8 October 2015 , the Republic of Ireland beat world champions Germany 1 -- 0 in a Euro 2016 qualifier at the Aviva Stadium . Shane Long scored the game 's only goal with an excellent finish in the 70th minute , rewarding the Republic of Ireland 's impressive defensive display . The result , hailed as one of the Republic of Ireland 's greatest , guaranteed the Republic of Ireland a play - off place at least , with hopes of automatic qualification still a reality going into the final group game against Poland in Warsaw . A win , or a draw of 2 -- 2 or more , would guarantee at least second place in the group and ensure automatic qualification for the finals in France . The Republic of Ireland , however , lost 2 -- 1 , thus entering them into the play - offs . The draw for the Euro 2016 Play - off was held in Nyon , Switzerland , on 18 October 2015 . Ireland were unseeded in the draw , meaning they could face one of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Ukraine , Sweden or Hungary . Ireland were drawn against Bosnia and Herzegovina , the top seeded team in the play - off . The only previous meeting between the teams resulted in a 1 -- 0 win for the Republic of Ireland in a friendly in 2012 , Shane Long scoring the game 's only goal . Owing to injuries and suspensions , Ireland had only the `` B '' squad available for the first leg of the play - off , played in Bilino Polje Stadium . A goal from Robbie Brady almost secured a victory for the Irish until Edin Džeko equalized 1 -- 1 to end off the match . In the second leg played at the Aviva Stadium , Jonathan Walters scored two goals leading to a 2 -- 0 victory for the Irish . In the end , Ireland won the play - off 3 -- 1 on aggregate , qualifying them for Euro 2016 . At the tournament 's final stages in France , Ireland were drawn into Group E against Italy , Belgium and Sweden . In their opener at the Stade de France in Saint - Denis , Paris , Wes Hoolahan scored the opener with a spectacular half - volley off a Séamus Coleman cross , but Sweden equalised after Ciaran Clark headed into his own net attempting to clear a cross from Zlatan Ibrahimović , leading to a 1 -- 1 draw . At the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux against Belgium , the Belgians cruised to a 3 -- 0 victory after two goals from Romelu Lukaku and one from Axel Witsel , leaving Ireland needing to win their final match against Italy to qualify for the knockout stage . Against Italy at the Stade Pierre - Mauroy in Villeneuve - d'Ascq , Lille , Ireland played strongly but were five minutes plus stoppage time away from elimination when Robbie Brady headed in Hoolahan 's cross . The Republic held on to win 1 -- 0 , sending Ireland through as one of the four best third - place teams . On 26 June , Ireland played France in the round of 16 in Lyon . Ireland took the lead in the match with an early penalty from Robbie Brady , but France went on to win 2 -- 1 to advance to the quarter - finals . The 2018 World Cup qualification draw took place on 25 July 2015 when the team were drawn in Group D against Austria , Georgia , Moldova , Serbia and Wales . On 12 November , Ireland beat Austria in Vienna to go top of the 2018 World Cup qualifying group . Team image ( edit ) Kit ( edit ) Ireland players ( L-R ) Robbie Keane , Liam Lawrence , Keith Andrews and Greg Cunningham in a 2010 friendly against Algeria Traditionally , the team has played in a home strip of green shirt , white shorts and green socks . The second strip is usually the reverse of these colours , although there have been exceptions , such as an orange shirt in the late 1990s . Squad numbers are either white with an orange trim , on the home shirts , or green with an orange trim . The FAI logo appears at the bottom of the numbering . A limited edition grey shirt was used just once , in a match against Wales on 17 November 2007 . A black jersey with a green stripe across the chest was worn in the final game of the 2011 Nations Cup against Scotland and in a friendly against Italy in Liège , Belgium . The current kit has been supplied by Umbro since 1994 . In March 2009 , Umbro signed a deal with the FAI to keep them as kit suppliers to the team until 2020 . However New Balance will take over the contract from August 2017 . Historical Kits ( edit ) Home Classic 1978 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 1988 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2012 2014 2016 Away 1990 1994 2012 2013 2014 2016 Home Stadium and other venues ( edit ) Main articles : Lansdowne Road and Aviva Stadium Ireland versus Argentina at the Aviva Stadium on 11 August 2010 Since the 1980s , most home matches have been played at Lansdowne Road , Dublin , the national rugby stadium owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) . The ground was closed for redevelopment in 2007 , with the replacement ground , the Aviva Stadium , opening on 14 May 2010 . The first soccer match in the Aviva was Manchester United against a League of Ireland XI side , managed by Damien Richardson , on 4 August 2010. ( 43 ) Manchester United won the game 7 -- 1 , with Park Ji - Sung scoring the first ever goal in the Aviva Stadium . Aviva Stadium is jointly owned by the IRFU and FAI , although it will return to solely IRFU ownership on expiry of the current 60 - year lease . The first football international played at Lansdowne Road by a FAI team was a friendly against Italy in 1971 ( an IFA team first played in 1878 against England ) ; a 5 -- 0 victory over San Marino in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group D match on 15 November 2006 was the last game there before the reconstruction . The all - seater capacity of Lansdowne Road prior to the renovation was 36,000 , although higher attendances , using the standing only areas , were permitted for friendly matches . The Aviva Stadium 's status as an all - seater increased capacity for competitive games to 51,700 . The opening game at the Aviva Stadium , a controversial 1 -- 0 friendly defeat to Argentina , was noted for Robbie Keane securing his membership in the FIFA Century Club and manager Giovanni Trapattoni 's absence due to surgery , with assistant manager Marco Tardelli taking charge . Main article : Croke Park Croke Park , the headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association , has been used for Irish matches . With the announcement of the rebuilding of Lansdowne Road , a new venue was required to stage the Republic of Ireland 's home internationals . The only stadium in Ireland deemed suitable to stage international football was the 84,500 capacity Croke Park , home of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . To accommodate this , the GAA temporarily relaxed its rule governing the playing of `` foreign '' games on its property . Initially , four UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group D matches were played at Croke Park in 2007 , resulting in two wins and two draws . The GAA initially agreed to allow the FAI use until the end of 2008 , and later extended the permission until the completion of Aviva Stadium . The Hill 16 end of Croke Park is a terrace , which means like Lansdowne Road before it , the capacity of the stadium was reduced to around 74,500 for competitive matches as temporary seating must be used . Prior to the 1980s , the Republic of Ireland played most home games at Dalymount Park , home of Bohemians , but progressively more games were played at Lansdowne Road following a safety review which reduced Dalymount 's capacity . The last international match played there was against Morocco in 1990 . The Republic of Ireland have also played home matches in Tolka Park ( twice ) and the RDS Arena in Dublin as well at the Mardyke and Flower Lodge grounds in Cork . These games in Cork were , until 2009 , the only two home Irish internationals played outside of Dublin . During the construction of the Aviva Stadium , two friendly games were played in Thomond Park , Limerick , in 2009 . Two further friendlies were played in the RDS Arena in May 2010 . Ireland played a friendly against Belarus in Cork 's 7,000 capacity Turners Cross stadium in May 2016 . Media coverage ( edit ) Ireland matches are broadcast by Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) , Sky Sports , and Setanta Ireland . Sky Sports shows most of Irelands friendly matches , while RTÉ shows competitive games such as World Cup and European Championship qualifiers . RTÉ briefly lost its broadcast rights in 2002 when the FAI controversially sold them in a multi-million deal to Sky Sports , a subscription based satellite channel . The decision was criticised by fans and politicians , and the Consumers ' Association of Ireland ( CAI ) described the FAI as `` greedy '' . The FAI was eventually forced to reverse its decision and to allow RTÉ to continue its broadcasts after the government intervened to stop the sale of important Irish sporting events to non-terrestrial television broadcasters . RTÉ will hold the rights until 2018 . Selection and nationality issues ( edit ) The selection of young Northern Irish born players , especially those who have already represented Northern Ireland at youth level , into Republic of Ireland national teams has been controversial , as these players are able to claim Irish nationality even though born and brought up outside the Republic 's territory . This has led to accusations of unfairness and predatory behaviour . In Northern Ireland it is seen by Northern Ireland supporters as having the effect of dividing international football in their country along sectarian lines , whereby Nationalists will declare for the Republic of Ireland while Unionists continue to play for Northern Ireland . It has also been argued that it is actually the sectarian divisions , which already existed in Northern Irish football , that are a factor in a number of players switching to the Republic . Traditionally , those in the North who identify as Irish , predominantly Catholics and nationalists , support the Republic of Ireland team . Staff ( edit ) The senior men 's management team are as follows : Martin O'Neill is the team manager . Position Name Appointed Manager Martin O'Neill Assistant manager Roy Keane 5 November 2013 Assistant manager Steve Walford Coach Steve Guppy Goalkeeping coach Jim McDonagh 8 November 2013 Scout Frank Stapleton High Performance Director Ruud Dokter 5 April 2013 ( commenced 1 August ) Squad ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following 32 players were provisionally called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Moldova and Wales on 6 and 9 October 2017 . Caps and goals updated as of 5 September 2017 after the match against Serbia . 0 # 0 Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Darren Randolph ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) 12 May 1987 ( age 30 ) 24 0 Middlesbrough 1GK Keiren Westwood ( 1984 - 10 - 23 ) 23 October 1984 ( age 32 ) 21 0 Sheffield Wednesday 1GK Rob Elliot ( 1986 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1986 ( age 31 ) 0 Newcastle United 1GK Colin Doyle ( 1985 - 06 - 12 ) 12 June 1985 ( age 32 ) 0 Bradford City <Td_colspan="7"> 2DF John O'Shea ( 1981 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1981 ( age 36 ) 118 Sunderland 2DF Stephen Ward ( 1985 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1985 ( age 32 ) 45 Burnley 2DF Ciaran Clark ( 1989 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 26 Newcastle United 2DF Richard Keogh ( 1986 - 08 - 11 ) 11 August 1986 ( age 31 ) 17 Derby County 2DF Cyrus Christie ( 1992 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1992 ( age 24 ) 13 Middlesbrough 2DF Shane Duffy ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1992 ( age 25 ) 13 Brighton & Hove Albion 2DF Kevin Long ( 1990 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1990 ( age 27 ) 0 Burnley <Td_colspan="7"> 3MF Aiden McGeady ( 1986 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1986 ( age 31 ) 91 5 Sunderland 3MF Glenn Whelan ( 1984 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1984 ( age 33 ) 82 Aston Villa 3MF James McClean ( 1989 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1989 ( age 28 ) 54 9 West Bromwich Albion 3MF James McCarthy ( 1990 - 11 - 12 ) 12 November 1990 ( age 26 ) 41 0 Everton 3MF Wes Hoolahan ( 1982 - 05 - 20 ) 20 May 1982 ( age 35 ) 41 Norwich City 3MF Robbie Brady ( 1992 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1992 ( age 25 ) 36 7 Burnley 3MF Jeff Hendrick ( 1992 - 01 - 31 ) 31 January 1992 ( age 25 ) 34 Burnley 3MF David Meyler ( 1989 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1989 ( age 28 ) 21 0 Hull City 3MF Harry Arter ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) 28 December 1989 ( age 27 ) 7 0 Bournemouth 3MF Eunan O'Kane ( 1990 - 07 - 10 ) 10 July 1990 ( age 27 ) 7 0 Leeds United 3MF Callum O'Dowda ( 1995 - 04 - 23 ) 23 April 1995 ( age 22 ) 6 0 Bristol City 3MF Jonny Hayes ( 1987 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1987 ( age 30 ) 0 Celtic 3MF Conor Hourihane ( 1991 - 02 - 02 ) 2 February 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 Aston Villa 3MF Daryl Horgan ( 1992 - 08 - 10 ) 10 August 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Preston North End <Td_colspan="7"> 4FW Shane Long ( 1987 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1987 ( age 30 ) 76 17 Southampton 4FW Kevin Doyle ( 1983 - 09 - 18 ) 18 September 1983 ( age 34 ) 63 14 Colorado Rapids 4FW Daryl Murphy ( 1983 - 03 - 15 ) 15 March 1983 ( age 34 ) 28 Nottingham Forest 4FW David McGoldrick ( 1987 - 11 - 29 ) 29 November 1987 ( age 29 ) 6 0 Ipswich Town 4FW Scott Hogan ( 1992 - 04 - 13 ) 13 April 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 0 Aston Villa 4FW Seán Maguire ( 1994 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Preston North End 4FW Aiden O'Brien ( 1993 - 10 - 04 ) 4 October 1993 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Millwall Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have been selected by the Republic of Ireland in the past 12 months , but were not selected in the final squad for the Iceland game in March 2017 , or withdrew from that squad due to injury or suspension . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Ian Lawlor ( 1994 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1994 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Doncaster Rovers v. Moldova , 9 October 2016 GK Danny Rogers ( 1994 - 03 - 23 ) 23 March 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Aberdeen v. Moldova , 9 October 2016 <Td_colspan="7"> DF Paul McShane ( 1986 - 01 - 06 ) 6 January 1986 ( age 31 ) 33 0 Reading v. Georgia , 2 September 2017 DF Alex Pearce ( 1988 - 11 - 09 ) 9 November 1988 ( age 28 ) 9 Derby County v. Georgia , 2 September 2017 DF Greg Cunningham ( 1991 - 01 - 31 ) 31 January 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 Preston North End v. Georgia , 2 September 2017 DF John Egan ( 1992 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1992 ( age 24 ) 0 Brentford v. Georgia , 2 September 2017 DF Matt Doherty ( 1992 - 01 - 16 ) 16 January 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 0 Wolverhamtpon Wanderers v. Georgia , 2 September 2017 DF Andy Boyle ( 1991 - 03 - 07 ) 7 March 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 Preston North End v. Austria , 11 June 2017 DF Declan Rice ( 1999 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1999 ( age 18 ) 0 0 West Ham United v. Mexico , 1 June 2017 DF Séamus Coleman ( 1988 - 10 - 11 ) 11 October 1988 ( age 28 ) 43 Everton v. Wales , 24 March 2017 <Td_colspan="7"> MF Stephen Quinn ( 1986 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1986 ( age 31 ) 18 0 Reading v. Georgia , 2 September 2017 MF Alan Browne ( 1995 - 04 - 15 ) 15 April 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Preston North End v. Georgia , 2 September 2017 MF Liam Kelly ( 1995 - 11 - 22 ) 22 November 1995 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Reading v. Georgia , 2 September 2017 MF Stephen Gleeson ( 1988 - 08 - 03 ) 3 August 1988 ( age 29 ) Birmingham City v. Mexico , 1 June 2017 <Td_colspan="7"> FW Jonathan Walters ( 1983 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1983 ( age 34 ) 51 14 Burnley v. Serbia , 5 September 2017 Previous squads ( edit ) FIFA World Cup squads 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 1994 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad UEFA European Football Championship squads UEFA Euro 1988 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : Republic of Ireland national football team -- record in major tournaments and Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup Ireland Competed as `` Irish Free State '' . Paddy Moore ( v. Belgium ) became the first player anywhere to score 4 goals in a World Cup match . For the 1950 World Cup , after three qualified teams withdrew , FIFA invited the FAI to compete as a replacement , however they declined . During qualification for the 1962 World Cup , it was the only qualifying tournament in which the team had a 0 % record . During qualification for the 1966 World Cup , Ireland reached their first playoff against Spain . Goal difference did not count , so a playoff was played at the Stade Colombes , Paris , and Ireland failed to progress . Ireland almost qualified but lost on goal difference to France in a tough and tight group . Fans lamented some controversial refereeing decisions For the 1990 World Cup , Ireland reached the quarter finals of the tournament for the first time in their history . It was Ireland 's first ever participation in a FIFA World Cup . Ireland played England in the first drawing 1 -- 1 . Ireland drew the next two matches but ultimately qualified for the knockout stages where they played Romania . The match ended 0 -- 0 and Ireland won on penalties 5 -- 4 which sent Ireland into the quarter - final showdown against the tournament host Italy . There Ireland lost 1 -- 0 via a Salvatore Schillaci goal in the 38th minute that sent the Irish out of the competition . Ray Houghton scored against Italy at the 1994 FIFA World Cup In 1994 , Ireland participated in their second consecutive World Cup . This time they were drawn with Mexico , Norway and Italy . Ireland won their first game against Italy which was the first time Ireland had won a World Cup match and their first ever victory over Italy with a spectacular goal from Ray Houghton . Ireland lost against Mexico in the second group match and drew with Norway but still made to the knockout phase where they faced the Netherlands . Ireland lost 2 -- 0 . For the 1998 qualification campaign , Ireland scraped into the playoffs largely due to Tony Cascarino 's seven goals in ten games . They lost in the playoff against Belgium , drawing 1 -- 1 in the first leg then losing 2 -- 1 in the second leg . Although for next campaign Ireland were drawn with two big European nations , the Netherlands , Portugal . Ireland went the whole campaign unbeaten , beating the Netherlands 1 -- 0 in the process courtesy of a Jason McAteer goal that helped Ireland qualify . Main article : Saipan Incident At the start of the tournament , captain Roy Keane and manager Mick McCarthy where involved in a `` bust up '' and Keane was sent home . Despite this , McCarthy did not call up a replacement and continued with 22 players . Ireland drew in their first match against Cameroon and in their second match they drew again against the tournaments runner up Germany . In Ireland 's final group match , they defeated Saudi Arabia , their second ever victory in a World Cup and progressed them to the round of 16 . Ireland met Spain and lost in penalty shootout . With failure to qualify for the 2006 World Cup , Ireland reached a playoff against France for a place at the 2010 World Cup . Main article : 2009 Republic of Ireland v France football matches France 's Thierry Henry 's handball stirred international controversy after the move set up William Gallas to score in extra-time of the second leg of the playoff ; the referee did not notice and allowed the goal to stand , leading to widespread media controversy , protests at the French embassy in Dublin and comments from senior government officials from both countries . <Th_colspan="9"> FIFA World Cup <Th_colspan="7"> FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA Position 1930 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not enter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not qualify 0 6 9 3 / 3 1938 0 5 6 2 / 2 1950 6 7 2 / 3 1954 0 8 6 2 / 3 1958 6 7 2 / 3 1962 0 0 17 3 / 3 1966 0 5 Lost Playoff 1970 6 0 5 14 4 / 4 5 2 / 3 1978 3 / 3 1982 8 17 11 3 / 5 1986 8 5 10 4 / 5 1990 Quarter - Finals 8th 5 0 8 5 10 2 / 5 1994 Round of 16 15th 12 7 19 6 2 / 7 1998 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not qualify 12 5 24 11 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2002 Round of 16 12th 0 6 12 8 25 6 2 / 6 Won Playoff 2006 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not qualify 10 5 12 5 4 / 6 12 7 13 10 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2014 10 16 17 4 / 6 2018 <Td_colspan="8"> To Be Determined 6 0 8 2 / 6 Total Quarter - Finals 3 / 20 13 8 10 10 135 54 41 40 194 162 Draws include knockout matches decided by penalty shootout . <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) FIFA World Cup history Year Round Score Result Republic of Ireland scorers 1990 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 England Draw Kevin Sheedy 73 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Draw Niall Quinn 71 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Draw Round 2 Republic of Ireland 0 ( 5 ) -- 0 ( 4 ) Romania Draw Quarter - finals Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Loss 1994 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Italy Win Ray Houghton 11 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 2 Mexico Loss John Aldridge 84 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Norway Draw Round 2 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 2 Netherlands Loss 2002 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Cameroon Draw Matt Holland 52 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Germany Draw Robbie Keane 90 + 2 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 3 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Win Robbie Keane 7 ' Gary Breen 61 ' Damien Duff 87 ' Round 2 Republic of Ireland 1 ( 2 ) -- 1 ( 3 ) Spain Draw Robbie Keane 90 ' ( pen . ) UEFA European Championship ( edit ) Irish line up for Ireland 's fixture against Croatia See also : Republic of Ireland at the UEFA European Football Championship Ireland reached the quarter finals of the 1964 European Nations Cup . Ireland did not qualify for a European Championship until Euro 1988 . On 12 June 1988 in Stuttgart , the Irish team took to the pitch in its first match at a major championship finals against England . Ray Houghton of Liverpool scored the only goal of the match as Ireland recorded a memorable and historic victory . The game is fondly remembered in Irish folklore through the song `` Joxer goes to Stuttgart '' by Irish folk legend Christy Moore . Ireland took on the former Soviet Union next and took the lead late in the first half via a spectacular volley from Liverpool 's Ronnie Whelan . Unfortunately for both Whelan and Ireland the lead was cancelled out midway through the second half by Oleh Protasov as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . In their final match , Ireland lost out to the Netherlands 1 -- 0 . It was not until 2011 that Ireland clinched a place at another European Championship , qualifying for Euro 2012 with a 5 -- 1 aggregate victory over Estonia . At the tournament itself , however , Ireland lost all three of its matches and conceded nine goals , the nation 's worst performance in a major tournament to date . At Euro 2016 , Ireland beat Italy 1 -- 0 to secure their spot in the round of 16 , marking the first time they had ever advanced from the group stage at a European Championship . <Th_colspan="9"> Championship record <Th_colspan="7"> Qualification record Year Round Position Pld GF GA Pld GF GA Position 1960 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not qualify 0 Preliminary round 1964 6 9 12 Quarter - final 1968 6 5 8 3 / 4 1972 6 0 5 17 4 / 4 1976 6 11 5 2 / 4 1980 8 9 8 3 / 5 1984 8 20 10 3 / 5 1988 Group stage 5th 8 10 5 1 / 5 1992 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not qualify 6 0 13 6 2 / 4 11 5 17 13 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2000 10 5 15 7 2 / 5 Lost Playoff 8 10 11 3 / 5 2008 12 5 17 14 3 / 7 2012 Group Stage 16th 0 0 9 12 7 20 8 2 / 6 Won Playoff 2016 Round of 16 15th 6 12 6 22 8 3 / 6 Won Playoff Total Round of 16 3 / 15 10 6 6 17 113 46 33 34 166 132 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) UEFA Euro history Year Round Score Result Republic of Ireland scorers 1988 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 England Win Ray Houghton 6 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Soviet Union Draw Ronnie Whelan 38 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Netherlands Loss 2012 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 3 Croatia Loss Sean St Ledger 19 ' Round 1 Spain 4 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss Round 1 Italy 2 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss 2016 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Sweden Draw Wes Hoolahan 48 ' Round 1 Belgium 3 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss Round 1 Italy 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Win Robbie Brady 85 ' Round of 16 France 2 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Loss Robbie Brady 2 ' Other tournaments ( edit ) Year Position GP GF GA 1924 Olympics 5th 0 1948 Olympics 17th 0 0 1972 Brazil Independence Cup 13th 0 7 7 1984 Kirin Cup 2nd 1986 Iceland Triangular Tournament 1st 0 0 1992 U.S. Cup 3rd 0 5 1996 U.S. Cup 2nd 6 2000 U.S. Cup 2nd 0 5 2004 Unity Cup 2nd 0 2011 Celtic Nations Cup 1st 0 0 9 0 Total 24 13 8 38 29 Opponents ( edit ) See also : Matches of the Republic of Ireland national football team The team 's head - to - head records against all 78 nations whom they have played to date , including friendly internationals : Three of these teams no longer exist ( Czechoslovakia , the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia ) , so Ireland have played against 76 of the 211 FIFA members : 50 UEFA , 8 CONMEBOL , 7 CAF , 6 CONCACAF and 5 AFC members as of 1 September 2016 . The only UEFA members against whom Ireland have not played are : Azerbaijan , Kosovo , Slovenia and Ukraine . As of 28 March 2017 . Against Region GF GA GD Win % First match Last match Albania UEFA 0 6 + 4 75 % 1992 - 05 - 26 2003 - 06 - 07 Algeria CAF 0 + 1 50 % 1982 - 04 - 28 2010 - 05 - 29 Andorra UEFA 0 0 11 + 9 100 % 2001 - 03 - 28 2011 - 10 - 07 Argentina CONMEBOL 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 % 1951 - 05 - 13 2010 - 08 - 11 Armenia UEFA 0 0 + 2 100 % 2010 - 09 - 03 2011 - 10 - 11 Australia AFC 0 − 2 50 % 2003 - 08 - 19 2009 - 08 - 12 Austria UEFA 15 9 18 36 − 18 20 % 1952 - 05 - 07 2016 - 11 - 12 Belarus UEFA 0 0 − 1 0 % 2016 - 05 - 31 2016 - 05 - 31 Belgium UEFA 15 5 6 24 28 − 4 26.67 % 1928 - 02 - 12 2016 - 06 - 18 Bolivia CONMEBOL 0 5 + 4 66.67 % 1994 - 05 - 24 2007 - 05 - 26 Bosnia and Herzegovina UEFA 0 + 3 66.67 % 2012 - 05 - 26 2015 - 11 - 16 Brazil CONMEBOL 6 12 − 10 16.67 % 1974 - 05 - 05 2010 - 03 - 02 Bulgaria UEFA 10 11 8 + 3 30 % 1924 - 05 - 28 2009 - 06 - 06 Cameroon CAF 0 0 0 0 % 2002 - 06 - 01 2002 - 06 - 01 Canada CONCACAF 0 0 0 + 3 100 % 2003 - 11 - 18 2003 - 11 - 18 Chile CONMEBOL 6 6 6 0 33.33 % 1960 - 03 - 30 2006 - 05 - 24 China PR AFC 0 0 0 + 2 100 % 1984 - 06 - 03 2005 - 03 - 29 Colombia CONMEBOL 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 2008 - 05 - 29 2008 - 05 - 29 Costa Rica CONCACAF 0 0 0 0 % 2014 - 06 - 06 2014 - 06 - 06 Croatia UEFA 7 8 8 0 28.57 % 1996 - 06 - 02 2012 - 06 - 10 Cyprus UEFA 10 8 27 9 + 18 80 % 1980 - 03 - 26 2009 - 09 - 05 Czech Republic UEFA 8 9 13 − 4 25 % 1994 - 06 - 05 2012 - 02 - 29 Czechoslovakia UEFA 12 7 14 29 − 15 33.33 % 1938 - 05 - 18 1986 - 05 - 27 Denmark UEFA 13 5 5 20 16 + 4 38.46 % 1956 - 10 - 03 2007 - 08 - 22 Ecuador CONMEBOL 0 + 1 50 % 1972 - 06 - 18 2007 - 05 - 23 Egypt CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 % 1990 - 06 - 17 1990 - 06 - 17 England UEFA 16 8 5 14 20 − 6 18.75 % 1946 - 09 - 30 2015 - 06 - 07 Estonia UEFA 5 0 12 + 10 80 % 1924 - 06 - 03 2011 - 11 - 15 Faroe Islands UEFA 0 0 11 + 10 100 % 2004 - 10 - 13 2013 - 06 - 07 Finland UEFA 5 0 11 + 9 60 % 1949 - 09 - 08 2002 - 08 - 21 France UEFA 16 5 7 15 20 − 5 25 % 1937 - 05 - 23 2016 - 06 - 26 Georgia UEFA 8 8 0 0 16 + 12 100 % 2003 - 03 - 29 2016 - 10 - 06 Germany UEFA 20 6 5 9 24 35 − 11 30 % 1935 - 05 - 08 2015 - 10 - 08 Germany ' B ' UEFA 0 − 2 50 % 1975 - 03 - 01 1981 - 05 - 21 Gibraltar UEFA 0 0 11 0 + 11 100 % 2014 - 10 - 11 2015 - 09 - 04 Greece UEFA 0 0 − 2 0 % 2000 - 04 - 26 2012 - 11 - 14 Hungary UEFA 11 5 16 21 − 5 18.18 % 1934 - 12 - 15 2012 - 06 - 04 Iceland UEFA 8 5 16 7 + 9 62.5 % 1962 - 08 - 12 2017 - 03 - 28 Iran AFC 0 + 2 66.67 % 1972 - 06 - 11 2001 - 11 - 15 Israel UEFA 5 8 6 + 2 20 % 1984 - 04 - 04 2005 - 06 - 04 Italy UEFA 14 8 10 20 − 10 21.43 % 1926 - 03 - 21 2016 - 06 - 22 Italy ' B ' UEFA 0 0 − 1 0 % 1927 - 04 - 23 1927 - 04 - 23 Jamaica CONCACAF 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 2004 - 06 - 02 2004 - 06 - 02 Kazakhstan UEFA 0 0 5 + 3 100 % 2012 - 09 - 07 2013 - 10 - 15 Latvia UEFA 5 5 0 0 14 + 13 100 % 1992 - 09 - 09 2013 - 11 - 15 Liechtenstein UEFA 0 14 0 + 14 75 % 1994 - 10 - 12 1997 - 05 - 21 Lithuania UEFA 0 5 + 4 75 % 1993 - 06 - 16 1997 - 09 - 10 Luxembourg UEFA 5 5 0 0 14 + 12 100 % 1936 - 05 - 09 1987 - 09 - 09 Macedonia UEFA 6 11 5 + 6 66.67 % 1996 - 10 - 09 2011 - 06 - 04 Malta UEFA 7 7 0 0 24 + 22 100 % 1983 - 03 - 30 1999 - 09 - 08 Mexico CONCACAF 5 0 5 6 − 1 0 % 1984 - 08 - 08 2000 - 06 - 04 Moldova UEFA 0 0 + 2 100 % 2016 - 10 - 09 2016 - 10 - 09 Montenegro UEFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 % 2008 - 09 - 10 2009 - 10 - 14 Morocco CAF 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 1990 - 09 - 12 1990 - 09 - 12 Netherlands UEFA 22 7 11 29 40 − 11 31.82 % 1924 - 06 - 02 2016 - 05 - 27 Nigeria CAF 0 6 − 4 0 % 2002 - 05 - 16 2009 - 05 - 29 Northern Ireland UEFA 10 17 + 13 40 % 1978 - 09 - 20 2011 - 05 - 24 Norway UEFA 18 7 8 29 19 + 10 38.89 % 1937 - 10 - 10 2010 - 11 - 17 Oman AFC 0 0 10 + 9 100 % 2012 - 09 - 11 2016 - 08 - 31 Paraguay CONMEBOL 0 0 + 3 100 % 1999 - 02 - 10 2010 - 05 - 25 Poland UEFA 27 6 10 11 29 43 − 14 22.22 % 1938 - 05 - 22 2015 - 10 - 11 Portugal UEFA 13 7 10 20 − 10 30.77 % 1946 - 06 - 16 2014 - 06 - 10 Romania UEFA 5 + 2 40 % 1988 - 03 - 23 2004 - 05 - 27 Russia UEFA 7 7 10 − 3 14.29 % 1994 - 03 - 23 2011 - 09 - 06 San Marino UEFA 0 0 7 + 6 100 % 2006 - 11 - 15 2007 - 02 - 07 Saudi Arabia AFC 0 0 0 + 3 100 % 2002 - 06 - 11 2002 - 06 - 11 Scotland UEFA 11 9 12 − 3 36.36 % 1961 - 05 - 03 2015 - 06 - 13 Serbia UEFA 8 9 11 − 2 25 % 1955 - 10 - 19 2016 - 09 - 05 Slovakia UEFA 5 0 6 5 + 1 20 % 2007 - 03 - 28 2016 - 03 - 29 South Africa CAF 0 0 + 2 100 % 2000 - 06 - 11 2009 - 09 - 08 Soviet Union UEFA 8 8 8 0 37.5 % 1972 - 10 - 18 1990 - 04 - 25 Spain UEFA 26 7 15 18 54 − 36 15.38 % 1931 - 04 - 26 2013 - 06 - 11 Sweden UEFA 11 5 14 17 − 3 27.27 % 1949 - 06 - 02 2016 - 06 - 13 Switzerland UEFA 16 8 5 18 10 + 8 50 % 1935 - 05 - 05 2016 - 03 - 25 Trinidad and Tobago CONCACAF 0 0 − 1 0 % 1982 - 05 - 30 1982 - 05 - 30 Tunisia CAF 0 0 0 + 4 100 % 1988 - 10 - 19 1988 - 10 - 19 Turkey UEFA 13 5 6 27 15 + 12 38.46 % 1966 - 11 - 16 2014 - 05 - 25 United States CONCACAF 9 5 20 13 + 7 55.56 % 1924 - 06 - 14 2014 - 11 - 18 Uruguay CONMEBOL 6 7 − 1 25 % 1974 - 05 - 08 2017 - 06 - 04 Wales UEFA 14 5 5 16 13 + 3 35.71 % 1960 - 09 - 28 2017 - 03 - 24 Total 78 nations 544 217 148 179 763 672 + 91 39.89 % <Td_colspan="12"> a. ^ `` Germany '' includes nine games against West Germany which were played between 1950 and German reunification in 1990 . b. ^ `` Serbia '' includes two games against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which existed between 1992 and 2003 . Honours ( edit ) Jack Charlton is Ireland 's most successful manager Major ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Quarter finalists ( 1 ) : 1990 Friendly titles ( edit ) Celtic Nations Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2011 Iceland Triangular Tournament Winners ( 1 ) : 1986 Other awards ( edit ) FIFA Fair Play Award Winners ( 1 ) 1997 Unofficial Football World Championships Holders ( 2 ) : 30 March 1977 -- 1 July 1977 , 31 March 2004 -- 29 May 2004 Recent results and forthcoming fixtures ( edit ) See also : Republic of Ireland national football team 2010s results Ireland began their qualification campaign for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament with a 2 - 1 away victory against Georgia . This was followed by a 7 -- 0 home victory against Gibraltar , and on 14 October 2014 , the team played a 1 -- 1 away draw against world champions , Germany , when a goal by John O'Shea won Ireland a late point in the 94th minute . They then suffered their first defeat of the campaign to Scotland ; losing 1 -- 0 , before scoring another late goal through Shane Long to make it 1 -- 1 and earn a well - deserved point against Poland at home . They then drew 1 -- 1 at home to Scotland , before winning 3 games in a row against Gibraltar , Georgia and Germany ; 4 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 and 1 -- 0 respectively . Shane Long scored the memorable winner against the World Champions Germany . However , in their last group game , they lost 2 -- 1 away to Poland and missed out on an qualifying spot , finishing third in the group and advancing to the play - offs . They were drawn against Bosnia and Herzegovina in the play - offs . They drew the first leg away 1 -- 1 , and won the second leg 2 -- 0 , winning 3 -- 1 on aggregate and qualifying for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . Schedule ( edit ) As of 5 September 2017 Republic of Ireland goal tally first . Date Competition Venue Opponent Result Scorers 5 September 2016 World Cup 2018 qualifier Belgrade , Serbia Serbia 2 -- 2 Hendrick 3 ' , Murphy 81 ' 6 October 2016 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Georgia 1 -- 0 Coleman 56 ' 9 October 2016 World Cup 2018 qualifier Chișinău , Moldova Moldova 3 -- 1 Long 2 ' , McClean 69 ' , 76 ' 12 November 2016 World Cup 2018 qualifier Vienna , Austria Austria 1 -- 0 McClean 48 ' 24 March 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Wales 0 -- 0 28 March 2017 Friendly match Dublin , Ireland Iceland 0 -- 1 1 June 2017 Friendly match New Jersey , United States Mexico 1 -- 3 Jesús Corona 16 ' , Raúl Jiménez 25 ' , Carlos Vela 54 ' , Stephen Gleeson 77 ' 4 June 2017 Friendly match Dublin , Ireland Uruguay 3 -- 1 Jonathan Walters 28 ' , José Giménez 35 ' , Cyrus Christie 51 ' , James McClean 77 ' 11 June 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Austria 1 -- 1 Martin Hinteregger 31 ' , Jonathan Walters 85 ' 2 September 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Tbilisi , Georgia Georgia 1 -- 1 Shane Duffy 4 ' , Valeri Qazaishvili 34 ' 5 September 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Serbia 0 -- 1 Aleksandar Kolarov 55 ' 6 October 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Moldova -- 9 October 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Cardiff , Wales Wales -- Records ( edit ) Robbie Keane , top goalscorer and the most capped player Shay Given , most capped goalkeeper and the second most capped player Players still active are highlighted in green Most capped players ( edit ) As of 11 June 2017 # Player National career Caps Goals 1 . Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane 1998 -- 2016 146 68 2 . Given , Shay Shay Given 1996 -- 2016 134 0 3 . Oshea , John John O'Shea 2001 -- 118 4 . Kilbane , Kevin Kevin Kilbane 1997 -- 2011 110 8 5 . Staunton , Steve Steve Staunton 1988 -- 2002 102 7 6 . Duff , Damien Damien Duff 1998 -- 2012 100 8 7 . Quinn , Niall Niall Quinn 1986 -- 2002 91 21 8 . McGeady , Aiden Aiden McGeady 2004 -- 90 5 9 . Cascarino , Tony Tony Cascarino 1985 -- 2000 88 19 10 . Macgrath , Paul Paul McGrath 1985 -- 1997 83 8 Record goalscorers ( edit ) As of 4 June 2017 # Player National career Goals Caps Average 1 . Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane ( list ) 1998 -- 2016 68 146 0.47 2 . Quinn , Niall Niall Quinn 1986 -- 2002 21 91 0.23 3 . Stapleton , Frank Frank Stapleton 1977 -- 1990 20 71 0.28 4 . Givens , Don Don Givens 1969 -- 1981 19 56 0.34 Aldridge , John John Aldridge 1986 -- 1997 19 69 0.28 Cascarino , Tony Tony Cascarino 1985 -- 2000 19 88 0.22 7 . Long , Shane Shane Long 2007 -- 17 73 0.23 8 . Cantwell , Noel Noel Cantwell 1953 -- 1967 14 36 0.39 Doyle , Kevin Kevin Doyle 2006 -- 14 63 0.22 Walters , Jonathan Jonathan Walters 2010 -- 14 49 0.27 10 . Dunne , Jimmy Jimmy Dunne 1930 -- 1939 13 15 0.87 Daly , Gerry Gerry Daly 1973 -- 1986 13 48 0.27 Managers ( edit ) Between 1921 and 1969 , a committee of selectors chose the team , on occasions a coach or team manager was appointed ; Mick Meagan was the first manager to actually select the team . Managers from the periods in which the national side was known as the Irish Free State or simply Ireland are obscure and many are not currently known , however it is known that Val Harris , Bill Lacey and Alex Stevenson managed the side . Manager records ( edit ) As of 28 March 2017 Manager Career GF GA GD Win % Loss % Notes Meagan , Mick Mick Meagan 1969 -- 1971 12 0 9 7 26 − 19 0 % 75 % Tuohy , Liam Liam Tuohy 1971 -- 1973 10 6 11 20 − 9 30 % 60 % Thomas , Seán Seán Thomas 1973 0 0 0 0 % 0 % Caretaker Giles , Johnny Johnny Giles 1973 -- 1980 36 13 9 14 48 45 36.1 % 38.9 % Kelly , Sr. , Alan Alan Kelly , Sr . 1980 0 0 0 100 % 0 % Caretaker Hand , Eoin Eoin Hand 1980 -- 1985 39 11 9 19 47 56 − 9 28.2 % 48.7 % Charlton , Jack Jack Charlton 1986 -- 1995 93 47 29 17 132 67 65 50.5 % 18.3 % Qualified for Euro 1988 , and World Cups 1990 and 1994 McCarthy , Mick Mick McCarthy 1996 -- 2002 68 29 19 20 113 68 45 42.6 % 29.4 % Qualified for 2002 World Cup Givens , Don Don Givens 2002 and 2007 -- 8 0 − 1 0 % 33.3 % Caretaker Kerr , Brian Brian Kerr 2003 -- 2005 33 18 11 39 20 19 54.5 % 12.1 % Staunton , Steve Steve Staunton 2006 -- 2007 17 6 6 5 24 19 5 35.3 % 29.4 % Trapattoni , Giovanni Giovanni Trapattoni 2008 -- 2013 64 26 22 16 86 64 22 40.6 % 25 % Qualified for Euro 2012 King , Noel Noel King 2013 0 − 1 50 % 50 % Caretaker O'Neill , Martin Martin O'Neill 2013 -- 37 15 13 9 54 34 20 42.9 % 22.9 % Qualified for Euro 2016 Pictures ( edit ) Roy Keane was team captain from 1997 to 2002 . He is now the assistant manager . Shay Given is Ireland 's second most capped player and played in two major tournaments . Ronnie Whelan played in two World Cups and one European Championship . John Aldridge scored 19 goals for Ireland played in two World Cups and one European Championship . Mick McCarthy captained Ireland in the 1990 World Cup and managed Ireland in the 2002 World Cup . Richard Dunne played in 2 major championships and won 80 caps . See also ( edit ) Republic of Ireland B national football team Republic of Ireland women 's national football team Republic of Ireland national under - 21 football team Republic of Ireland national under - 19 football team Republic of Ireland national under - 17 football team Category : Republic of Ireland national football team results References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : New Senior international management team confirmed Football Association of Ireland , 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Posted by jcd ( 2010 - 03 - 27 ) . `` NIFG : Northern Ireland Programmes 1968 -- 1972 '' . Nifootball.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ FIFA Rankings FIFA.com . Retrieved : 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Peter ( 1996 ) . Football Association of Ireland : 75 years . Dublin : Sportsworld . p. 22 . ISBN 1 - 900110 - 06 - 7 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Peter ( 1996 ) . Football Association of Ireland : 75 years . Dublin : Sportsworld . p. 22 . ISBN 1 - 900110 - 06 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Olympic Games at Rsssf '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` History of Irish Football '' Archived 4 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine ... clubi.ie . Jump up ^ `` United States results at Rsssf '' Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : `` Republic of Ireland Soccer Team Match Results : Result of Irish Football Matches 1940 to 1959 '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` List of Dual Internationalists '' . nifootball . Jump up ^ Ryan , op . cit . pg 59 . Jump up ^ Byrne , op . cit. , pg 68 . ^ Jump up to : Leahy , Ed ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Ireland 's chequered play - off history '' . RTÉ Sport . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Michael ( 20 September 2007 ) . `` FAI - Total Official Looniness Abroad '' . Archived from the original on 6 December 2007 . Retrieved 21 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland Soccer Results : Result of all Irish Football Matches 1970 to 1979 '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` FAI History : 1960 -- 1986 Football Association of Ireland '' . Fai.ie . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ SOCCER ; `` Ireland Brings Cup Team With an English Accent to America '' , The New York Times , 29 May 1994 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Alan ( 12 November 1987 ) . `` Too late but new boys look good for future '' . Evening Times . p. 26 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland at Euro 1988 Finals '' . Soccer-Ireland.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italia ' 90 Revisited '' . entertainment.ie. 16 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Fans win FIFA Fair Play Award '' . FIFA. 1 December 1997 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PLUS : SOCCER ; Ireland 's Top Player Is Told to Go Home '' . The New York Times . 24 May 2002 . Retrieved 24 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Rep of Ireland v Cameroon photos '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2002 . Retrieved 30 May 2002 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 6 June 2002 ) . `` Last - gasp draw sends Irish dancing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 June 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland stroll into last 16 '' . BBC Sport. 11 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 June 2002 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Sean ( 17 June 2002 ) . `` Heartbreak but Irish hold their heads high '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 June 2002 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 7 November 2002 ) . `` Departing Mick the victim of McCarthyism -- Irish style '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 7 November 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Sacked Kerr aims for job abroad '' . BBC Sport. 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 7 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Irish management duo confirmed '' . RTÉ Sport. 13 January 2006 . Retrieved 13 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FAI & Staunton part company '' . RTÉ Sport. 24 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland humiliated by Cyprus '' . RTÉ Sport. 7 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Giovanni Trapattoni is new Ireland manager '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 18 November 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Massive injustice for boys in green as ref howler sends French to South Africa '' . Irish Independent . 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa to seed countries for play - off draw '' . The Irish Times . 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland win Nations Cup '' . Setanta Sports . 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland fans earn UEFA award at Euro 2012 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's World Cup qualifying fixtures agreed '' . RTÉ Sport. 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Trapattoni stands down as Republic of Ireland manager '' . BBC Sport. 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Standings '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Matches '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Long the hero as Ireland beat Germany -- RTÉ Sport '' . Rte.ie. 2015 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Giles , Brady & Dunphy on a famous victory -- RTÉ Sport '' . Rte.ie. 2015 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 1 Germany 0 : Straight into the top five of Irish wins '' . Irishtimes.com. 2015 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Qualifying : Ireland 's Euro 2016 possibilites -- RTÉ Sport '' . Rte.ie. 2015 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Matches '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 regulations published -- UEFA EURO -- News '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Matches '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` As It Happened : Ireland 1 -- 0 Bosnia -- RTÉ Sport '' . Rte.ie. 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` France 2 Republic of Ireland 1 -- Heartbreak for the Irish as Antoine Griezmann brace knocks them out of Euro 2016 '' . Daily Telegraph . 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antoine Griezmann leads French fightback to end Ireland 's Euro 2016 '' . Guardian . 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland get top seeds Wales in favourable 2018 World Cup draw '' . RTÉ News . 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup qualifying : Austria 0 - 1 Republic of Ireland '' . BBC Sport. 2016 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wales 2 -- 2 Ireland '' . RTÉ Sport. 17 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Keane fires home Nations Cup winner '' . The Irish Times . 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Lyle ( 7 June 2011 ) . `` Italy 0 -- 2 Republic of Ireland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAI and Umbro agree new sponsorship deal '' . RTÉ Sport. 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A modern history of Ireland jerseys in 58 pictures The42 '' . The42.ie. 2012 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Old Republic of Ireland football shirts and soccer jerseys '' . Oldfootballshirts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Three launches the new Umbro Ireland away jersey Photos page 1 '' . Sportsfile.com. 2012 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lansdowne Roar to live on at Aviva '' . RTÉ Sport. 14 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers do n't add up '' . Sunday Tribune . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Simon ( 1990 ) . The Football Grounds of Europe . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218305 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland v San Marino match tracker '' . RTÉ Sport. 15 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rep of Ireland 0 -- 1 Argentina '' . BBC Sport. 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tardelli names Rep of Ireland squad '' . RTÉ Sport. 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Davies , Sean ( 24 March 2007 ) . `` Rep of Ire 1 -- 0 Wales '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . `` Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Slovakia '' . BBC Sport. 28 March 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . `` Rep of Ireland 0 -- 0 Germany '' . BBC Sport. 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . `` Rep of Ireland 1 -- 1 Cyprus '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Trap : Aussies gave us ' a severe lesson ' '' . Irish Examiner. 13 August 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rep of Ireland 1 -- 0 South Africa -- Matchtracker '' . RTÉ Sport. 8 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland 2 -- 1 Paraguay '' . BBC Sport. 25 May 2010 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` Republic of Ireland 3 Algeria 0 : match report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` Ireland 's Euro 2016 warm - up ends with a whimper as Belarus win in Cork '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Setanta Sports win live rights to Republic of Ireland friendlies '' . Irish Times . 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ loses rights to Ireland home games '' . RTÉ News . 5 July 2002 . Retrieved 5 July 2002 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Gerry ; Anderson , Nicola ( 6 July 2002 ) . `` Fans lose out as FAI signs ? 7.5 m Sky deal '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 6 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Irish fans fury over Sky deal '' . BBC Sport. 5 July 2002 . Retrieved 5 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Association call FAI ' greedy ' '' . Breaking News . 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 6 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Government to protect terrestrial television '' . Breaking News . 7 July 2002 . Retrieved 7 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ and FAI announce 78 - game TV deal '' . RTÉ News . 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry Armstrong claims teen footballers ' tapped up ' for Republic '' . BBC . 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` O'Kane says religion not reason for Republic switch '' . BBC . 14 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Ferguson cool on national team future '' . Evening Chronicle. 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NI Under - 21 coach Beaglehole fears more defections '' . BBC . 16 November 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAI 's policy of recruiting Northern Ireland players is wrong '' . The Irish Times . 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Granny rules okay for the ' predatory ' boys in green '' . Irish Independent . 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NI fans group call for changes in Republic player ruling '' . BBC . 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James McClean switches from N Ireland to Republic '' . BBC . 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Duffy follows his dream '' . Donegal Democrat . 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why are the same fans not celebrating both Irish victories ? '' . Irishtimes.com. 2015 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Management Profiles '' . Football Association of Ireland . FAI. 2013 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ FAI thanks Alan Kelly on his departure Football Association of Ireland , 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ FAI appoints Ruud Dokter as high performance director RTÉ Sport , 2013 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dokter who ? FAI 's performance director Ruud Dokter Irish Independent , 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Villa striker Scott Hogan receives first call - up after obtaining Irish passport '' . The42.ie. 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Long gets Ireland call in squad for Austria qualifier and summer friendlies '' . The42.ie. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2018 - Republic of Ireland - Wales '' . UEFA. 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austria 0 - 1 Republic of Ireland : 2018 - FIFA World Cup '' . Football Association of Ireland . 12 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moldova 1 - 3 Republic of Ireland : 2018 - FIFA World Cup '' . Football Association of Ireland . 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland 1 - 0 Georgia : 2018 - FIFA World Cup '' . Football Association of Ireland . 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia 2 - 2 Republic of Ireland : 2018 - FIFA World Cup '' . Football Association of Ireland . 5 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland 4 -- 0 Oman '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Tom ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` Shay Given retires from international football '' . Irish Independent . Dublin : Independent News & Media . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Sean ( 1997 ) . The Boys in Green : the FAI international story . Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing . p. 60 . ISBN 1 - 85158 - 939 - 2 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Peter ( 1996 ) . Football Association of Ireland : 75 years . Dublin : Sportsworld . pp. 115 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 900110 - 06 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : 1990 World Cup Football Finals : Italy : Italia 90 '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : 1994 World Cup Football Finals : USA '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland Football : Irish 1998 World Cup Qualifying Group 8 : Romania : Lithuania : Macedonia : Iceland : Liechtenstein '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland 2002 World Cup Qualifying Group 2 : Portugal , Holland , Estonia , Cyprus , Andorra , Play - off , Iran : Irish Football Team '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : 2002 World Cup Finals : Japan : South Korea '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Irish 2010 World Cup Qualification Campaign -- Group 8 '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Scott , Matt ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` Thierry Henry 's handball puts goalline referees on Fifa 's World Cup agenda '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ 19 / 11 / 2009 -- 18 : 40 : 28 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Taoiseach to confront Sarkozy over ' Henry handball ' '' . BreakingNews.ie . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Football : Republic of Ireland 1964 European Nations Cup Qualifying Campaign : Iceland : Austria : Spain '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ uefa.com ( 2003 - 10 - 05 ) . `` UEFA EURO 1988 - History - England - Republic of Ireland -- UEFA.com '' . Uefa.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ TiocfaidhArLa1967 ( 2010 - 02 - 13 ) , Christy Moore - Joxer Goes To Stuttgart , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : Euro 1988 Finals : West Germany : England : Soviet Union : Holland '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Football : Republic of Ireland Euro 2012 Soccer Fixtures & Qualifying Campaign : Group B Qualifiers : Russia : Slovakia : FYR Macedonia : Armenia : Andorra '' . Soccer-ireland.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland : Euro 2012 Finals : Spain : Italy : Croatia : Poland '' . Soccer-ireland.com. 2011 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 1988 - History - Standings -- UEFA.com '' . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO - Standings -- UEFA.com '' . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Head to Head Data '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland -- Head to Head Data '' . statto.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Matches '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Matches '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ O'Shea's ' fairytale ending ' secures draw RTÉ Sport , 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Senior Men Matches '' . fai.ie . Football Association of Ireland . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : European Qualifiers , Fixture List , 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition UEFA , 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Georgia '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Haughey , John ( 9 October 2016 ) . `` Moldova 1 -- 3 Republic of Ireland '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Aimee ( 12 November 2016 ) . `` Austria 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Horgan impresses as four players earn first caps but Ireland suffer defeat to Iceland '' . The42.ie. 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ineffective Ireland outclassed by Mexico in New Jersey RTÉ Sport , 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ireland banish Mexico memories with convincing win RTÉ Sport , 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Walters the Ireland saviour as crucial point is rescued RTÉ Sport , 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Disappointing draw leaves Ireland playing catch - up RTÉ Sport , 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Narrow Serbia defeat a bitter blow for Ireland 's World Cup hopes RTÉ Sport , 2017 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ireland -- Record International Players Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's Senior Team Managers '' . Football Association of Ireland . FAI. 3 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAI History : 1930 -- 1959 '' . 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of Ireland national football team . Official website Republic of Ireland at FIFA.com RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers Reports for all matches of Republic of Ireland national football team Complete Results and Line - Ups <Th_colspan="2"> Republic of Ireland national football team <Td_colspan="2"> Players Managers Governing body Football Association of Ireland Venues Aviva Stadium Lansdowne Road Croke Park Dalymount Park Results Complete list of matches ( 1924 -- present ) Irish Free State results ( 1924 -- 35 ) Ireland ( FAI ) results ( 1936 -- 54 ) Republic of Ireland results ( 1954 -- present ) -- 1954 -- 59 1960s 70s 80s 90s 2000s 10s Players Players Dual Ireland players Hat - trick scorers World Cup finals 1990 1994 2002 ( including Saipan incident ) World Cup record European finals 1988 2012 2016 Euro record Other tournaments 1924 Olympic Football Tournament 1948 Olympic Football Tournament Brazil Independence Cup ( 1972 ) Kirin Cup ( 1984 ) Iceland Triangular Tournament ( 1986 ) U.S. Cup ( 1992 2000 ) Unity Cup ( 2004 ) Nations Cup ( 2011 ) Famous matches 1949 defeat of England 1995 friendly against England 2010 FIFA World Cup play - off against France Songs `` Olé , Olé , Olé '' `` Joxer Goes to Stuttgart '' `` Give It a Lash Jack '' `` Put ' Em Under Pressure '' `` Watch Your House for Ireland '' `` The Rocky Road to Poland '' Other National teams Women 's U-23 U-21 U-19 U-17 League of Ireland XI Awards FAI International Football Awards <Th_colspan="2"> Republic of Ireland national football team -- managers <Td_colspan="2"> Livingstone ( 1951 -- 53 ) Stevenson ( 1953 -- 55 ) Carey ( 1955 -- 67 ) Cantwell ( 1967 ) Hurley ( 1967 -- 69 ) Meagan ( 1969 -- 71 ) Tuohy ( 1971 -- 73 ) Thomas ( 1973 ) Giles ( 1973 -- 80 ) Kelly ( 1980 ) Hand ( 1980 -- 85 ) Charlton ( 1986 -- 95 ) McCarthy ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Givens ( 2002 ) Kerr ( 2003 -- 05 ) Staunton ( 2006 -- 07 ) Givens ( 2007 -- 08 ) Trapattoni ( 2008 -- 13 ) King ( 2013 ) O'Neill ( 2013 -- ) ( c ) caretaker : ( p ) player - manager <Th_colspan="2"> Republic of Ireland national football team matches FIFA World Cup qualification Republic of Ireland 2 -- 1 ( agg . ) Iran ( 2002 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 2 ( agg . ) France ( 2009 ) UEFA European Championship qualifying Republic of Ireland 2 -- 4 ( agg . ) Czechoslovakia ( 1959 ) Republic of Ireland 0 -- 2 Netherlands ( 1995 ) Other matches England 0 -- 2 Ireland ( 1949 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 England ( 1995 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ireland UEFA Euro and FIFA World Cup squads <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 1988 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bonner 2 Morris 3 Hughton 4 McCarthy 5 Moran 6 Whelan 7 McGrath 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Stapleton ( c ) 11 Galvin 12 Cascarino 13 O'Brien 14 Kelly 15 Sheedy 16 Peyton 17 Byrne 18 Sheridan 19 Anderson 20 Quinn Coach : Charlton <Th_colspan="3"> Republic of Ireland squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bonner 2 Morris 3 Staunton 4 McCarthy ( c ) 5 Moran 6 Whelan 7 McGrath 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Cascarino 11 Sheedy 12 O'Leary 13 Townsend 14 Hughton 15 Slaven 16 Sheridan 17 Quinn 18 Stapleton 19 Kelly 20 Byrne 21 McLoughlin 22 Peyton Coach : Charlton <Th_colspan="3"> Republic of Ireland squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bonner 2 Irwin 3 Phelan 4 Moran 5 McGrath 6 Keane 7 Townsend ( c ) 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Sheridan 11 Staunton 12 G. Kelly 13 Kernaghan 14 Babb 15 Coyne 16 Cascarino 17 McGoldrick 18 Whelan 19 McLoughlin 20 D. Kelly 21 McAteer 22 A. Kelly Coach : Charlton <Th_colspan="3"> Republic of Ireland squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Given 2 Finnan 3 Harte 4 Cunningham 5 Staunton ( c ) 6 Roy Keane 7 McAteer 8 Holland 9 Duff 10 Robbie Keane 11 Kilbane 12 Kinsella 13 Connolly 14 Breen 15 Dunne 16 Kiely 17 Quinn 18 G. Kelly 19 Morrison 20 O'Brien 21 Reid 22 Carsley 23 A. Kelly Coach : McCarthy <Th_colspan="3"> Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Given 2 St Ledger 3 Ward 4 O'Shea 5 Dunne 6 Whelan 7 McGeady 8 Andrews 9 Doyle 10 Keane ( c ) 11 Duff 12 Kelly 13 McShane 14 Walters 15 Gibson 16 Westwood 17 Hunt 18 O'Dea 19 Long 20 Cox 21 Green 22 McClean 23 Forde Coach : Trapattoni <Th_colspan="3"> Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Westwood 2 Coleman 3 Clark 4 O'Shea 5 Keogh 6 Whelan 7 McGeady 8 McCarthy 9 Long 10 Keane ( c ) 11 McClean 12 Duffy 13 Hendrick 14 Walters 15 Christie 16 Given 17 Ward 18 Meyler 19 Brady 20 Hoolahan 21 Murphy 22 Quinn 23 Randolph Coach : O'Neill <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Euro and FIFA World Cup finalists <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Euro 1988 finalists Champions Netherlands Runners - up Soviet Union Eliminated in the semi-finals Italy West Germany Eliminated in the group stage Group 1 Denmark Spain Group 2 England Republic of Ireland <Th_colspan="2"> 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - final Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> 1994 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Italy Third place Sweden Fourth place Bulgaria Quarter - final Germany Netherlands Romania Spain Round of 16 Argentina Belgium Mexico Nigeria Republic of Ireland Saudi Arabia Switzerland United States Group stage Bolivia Cameroon Colombia Greece Morocco Norway Russia South Korea <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> 2002 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Quarter - final England Senegal Spain United States Round of 16 Belgium Denmark Italy Japan Mexico Paraguay Republic of Ireland Sweden Group stage Argentina Cameroon China PR Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador France Nigeria Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Tunisia Uruguay <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Euro 2012 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Italy Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Portugal Eliminated in the quarter - finals Czech Republic England France Greece Eliminated in the group stage Group A Poland Russia Group B Denmark Netherlands Group C Croatia Republic of Ireland Group D Sweden Ukraine <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA Euro 2016 finalists Champions Portugal Runners - up France Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Wales Eliminated in the quarter - finals Belgium Iceland Italy Poland Eliminated in the round of 16 Croatia England Hungary Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Slovakia Spain Switzerland Eliminated in the group stage Group A Albania Romania Group B Russia Group C Ukraine Group D Czech Republic Turkey Group E Sweden Group F Austria <Th_colspan="2"> Association football in the Republic of Ireland <Td_colspan="2"> Women 's association football in the Republic of Ireland Governing bodies Football Association of Ireland League of Ireland Connacht Leinster Munster Universities WFAI GFA National teams Men 's Women 's U-23 U-21 U-19 U-17 League of Ireland XI Futsal National leagues Premier Division First Division U19 Division U17 Division Women 's National League Provincial leagues Leinster Senior League Senior Division Munster Senior League Premier Division Ulster Senior League Emerald Futsal League County / local leagues Leinster AUL Wicklow Dublin Munster Cork AUL Kerry Desmond Limerick West Cork Connacht Galway Mayo Men 's Women 's Ulster Inishowen National cups FAI Cup League of Ireland Cup President 's Cup FAI Women 's Cup FAI Intermediate Cup FAI Junior Cup FAI Youth Cup FAI Futsal Cup Provincial cups Leinster Senior Cup Munster Senior Cup Connacht Junior Cup All - Ireland cups Setanta Cup Collingwood Cup <Td_colspan="2"> List of clubs List of leagues List of venues Records <Th_colspan="2"> National football teams of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Ireland ( 1882 -- 1950 ) Saarland Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union ( CIS ) Yugoslavia <Th_colspan="2"> National sports teams of Ireland <Td_colspan="2"> A1 GP Basketball MU / 19 MU / 17 WU / 19 WU / 17 M 3x3 W 3x3 Cricket MU / 19 Field hockey Football CP Handball Hurling Ice hockey U / 18 Korfball M / W Netball Pitch and putt Racquetball Roller derby Rugby league Rugby union MU - 20 M7 W7 Soccer Squash Tennis Volleyball Water polo <Td_colspan="2"> Olympic Games Paralympic Games Deaflympic Games European Games Commonwealth Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team&oldid=802526812 '' Categories : 1924 establishments in Ireland European national association football teams Football Association of Ireland Irish national football teams Republic of Ireland national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use Irish English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English Articles containing Irish - language text Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Republic of Ireland national football team
2. Men's team
3. Martin O'Neill
4. Aviva Stadium
5. FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship appearances
|
-1,289,092,126,423,996,000 |
where does the common bile duct enter the duodenum
|
Duodenum - wikipedia Duodenum Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an organ . For Frank Zappa 's song , see Duodenum ( song ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Duodenum <Td_colspan="2"> Schematic diagram of the gastrointestinal tract , highlighting the duodenum . <Td_colspan="2"> duodenum parts <Th_colspan="2"> Details Precursor Foregut ( 1st and 2nd parts ) , Midgut ( 3rd and 4th part ) Artery Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery , Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery Vein Pancreaticoduodenal veins Nerve celiac ganglia , vagus <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Intestinum duodenum MeSH D004386 TA A05. 6.02. 001 FMA 7206 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) 1 . Bile ducts : 2 . Intrahepatic bile ducts , 3 . Left and right hepatic ducts , 4 . Common hepatic duct , 5 . Cystic duct , 6 . Common bile duct , 7 . Ampulla of Vater , 8 . Major duodenal papilla 9 . Gallbladder , 10 -- 11 . Right and left lobes of liver . 12 . Spleen . 13 . Esophagus. 14 . Stomach . 15 . Pancreas : 16 . Accessory pancreatic duct , 17 . Pancreatic duct . 18 . Small intestine : 19 . Duodenum , 20 . Jejunum 21 -- 22 . Right and left kidneys . The front border of the liver has been lifted up ( brown arrow ) . The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates , including mammals , reptiles , and birds . In fish , the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear , and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum . In mammals the duodenum may be the principal site for iron absorption . The duodenum precedes the jejunum and ileum and is the shortest part of the small intestine . In humans , the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25 -- 38 cm ( 10 -- 15 inches ) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum . It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum . It can be divided into four parts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 First part 1.2 Second part 1.3 Third part 1.4 Fourth part 1.5 Blood supply 1.6 Lymphatic drainage 1.7 Histology 1.8 Variation 2 Function 3 Gene and protein expression 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Ulceration 4.2 Celiac disease 4.3 Other 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The duodenum is a 25 -- 30 cm ( 10 - 12 inch ) C - shaped structure lying adjacent to the stomach . It is divided anatomically into four sections . The first part of the duodenum lies within the peritoneum but its other parts are retroperitoneal . First part ( edit ) The first part , or superior part , of the duodenum is a continuation from the pylorus to transpyloric plane . It is superior to the rest of the segments , at the vertebral level of L1 . The duodenal bulb about 2 cm long , is the very first part of the duodenum and is slightly dilated . The duodenal bulb is a remnant of the mesoduodenum , a mesentery which suspend the organ from the posterior abdominal wall in fetal life . The first part of the duodenum is mobile , and connected to the liver by the hepatoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum . The first part of the duodenum ends at the corner , the superior duodenal flexure . Relations : Anterior Gallbladder Quadrate lobe of liver Posterior Bile duct Gastroduodenal artery Portal vein Inferior vena cava Head of pancreas Superior Neck of gallbladder Hepatoduodenal ligament ( lesser omentum ) Inferior Neck of pancreas Greater omentum Head of pancreas Second part ( edit ) The second part , or descending part , of the duodenum begins at the superior duodenal flexure . It goes inferior to the lower border of vertebral body L3 , before making a sharp turn medially into the inferior duodenal flexure , the end of the descending part . The pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the descending duodenum , through the major duodenal papilla . The second part of the duodenum also contains the minor duodenal papilla , the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct . The junction between the embryological foregut and midgut lies just below the major duodenal papilla . Third part ( edit ) The third part , or horizontal part or inferior part of the duodenum begins at the inferior duodenal flexure and passes transversely to the left , passing in front of the inferior vena cava , abdominal aorta and the vertebral column . The superior mesenteric artery and vein are anterior to the third part of duodenum . This part may be compressed between the aorta and SMA causing superior mesenteric artery syndrome . Fourth part ( edit ) The fourth part , or ascending part , of the duodenum passes upward , joining with the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure . The fourth part of the duodenum is at the vertebral level L2 , and may pass directly on top of , or slightly left to , the aorta . Blood supply ( edit ) The duodenum receives arterial blood from two different sources . The transition between these sources is important as it demarcates the foregut from the midgut . Proximal to the 2nd part of the duodenum ( approximately at the major duodenal papilla -- where the bile duct enters ) the arterial supply is from the gastroduodenal artery and its branch the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery . Distal to this point ( the midgut ) the arterial supply is from the superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ) , and its branch the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the 3rd and 4th sections . The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries ( from the gastroduodenal artery and SMA respectively ) form an anastomotic loop between the celiac trunk and the SMA ; so there is potential for collateral circulation here . The venous drainage of the duodenum follows the arteries . Ultimately these veins drain into the portal system , either directly or indirectly through the splenic or superior mesenteric vein . Lymphatic drainage ( edit ) The lymphatic vessels follow the arteries in a retrograde fashion . The anterior lymphatic vessels drain into the pancreatoduodenal lymph nodes located along the superior and inferior pancreatoduodenal arteries and then into the pyloric lymph nodes ( along the gastroduodenal artery ) . The posterior lymphatic vessels pass posterior to the head of the pancreas and drain into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes . Efferent lymphatic vessels from the duodenal lymph nodes ultimately pass into the celiac lymph nodes . Histology ( edit ) Under microscopy , the duodenum has a villous mucosa . This is distinct from the mucosa of the pylorus , which directly joins to the duodenum . Like other structures of the gastrointestinal tract , the duodenum has a mucosa , submucosa , muscularis externa , and adventitia . Glands line the duodenum , known as Brunner 's glands , which secrete mucus and bicarbonate in order to neutralise stomach acids . These are distinct glands not found in the ileum or jejunum , the other parts of the small intestine . Dog Duodenum 100X Duodenum with amyloid deposition in lamina propria Section of duodenum of cat . X 60 Micrograph showing giardiasis on a duodenal biopsy ( H&E stain ) Duodenum with brush border ( microvillus ) Variation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2013 ) Function ( edit ) The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine , using enzymes . The villi of the duodenum have a leafy - looking appearance , which is a histologically identifiable structure . Brunner 's glands , which secrete mucus , are found in the duodenum only . The duodenum wall is composed of a very thin layer of cells that form the muscularis mucosae . The duodenum is almost entirely retroperitoneal . It has three parts and each part has its own significance . The duodenum also regulates the rate of emptying of the stomach via hormonal pathways . Secretin and cholecystokinin are released from cells in the duodenal epithelium in response to acidic and fatty stimuli present there when the pylorus opens and releases gastric chyme into the duodenum for further digestion . These cause the liver and gall bladder to release bile , and the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as trypsin , lipase and amylase into the duodenum as they are needed . Diagram of the human duodenum with major anatomical locations labelled . Gene and protein expression ( edit ) Further information : Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70 % of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum . Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the duodenum . The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in the duodenal mucosa and many of these are also expressed in the small intestine , such as ANPEP , a digestive enzyme , ACE an enzyme involved in control of blood pressure , and RBP2 a protein involved in the uptake of vitamin A . Clinical significance ( edit ) Ulceration ( edit ) Main article : Duodenal ulcer Ulcers of the duodenum commonly occur because of infection by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori . These bacteria , through a number of mechanisms , erode the protective mucosa of the duodenum , predisposing it to damage from gastric acids . The first part of the duodenum is the most common location of ulcers as it is where the acidic chyme meets the duodenal mucosa before mixing with the alkaline secretions of the duodenum . Duodenal ulcers may cause recurrent abdominal pain and dyspepsia , and are often investigated using a urea breath test to test for the bacteria , and endoscopy to confirm ulceration and take a biopsy . If managed , these are often managed through antibiotics that aim to eradicate the bacteria , and PPIs and antacids to reduce the gastric acidity . Celiac disease ( edit ) The British Society of Gastroenterology ( BSG ) guidelines specify that a duodenal biopsy is required for the diagnosis of adult celiac disease . The biopsy is ideally performed at a moment when the patient is on a gluten - containing diet . Other ( edit ) Other causes of disease include : Inflammation of the duodenum , known as duodenitis . Cancer of the duodenum , known as duodenal cancer . Additional images ( edit ) Sections of the small intestine The celiac artery and its branches ; the stomach has been raised and the peritoneum removed Superior and inferior duodenal fossæ Duodenojejunal fossa The pancreas and duodenum from behind Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra , showing the relations of the pancreas The pancreatic duct Region of pancreas Duodenum Duodenum Duodenum See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duodenum . Look up duodenum in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pancreas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name duodenum ( / ˌduːəˈdiːnəm / or / ˌduːˈɒdɪnəm / ) is from Medieval Latin , short for intestīnum duodēnum digitōrum , which may be translated : intestine of twelve finger - widths ( in length ) , from Latin duodēnum , genitive pl. of duodēnī , twelve each , from duodecim , twelve . The Latin phrase intestīnum duodēnum digitōrum is thought to be a loan - translation from the Greek word dodekadaktylon ( δώδεκαδάκτυλοv ) , literally `` twelve fingers long . '' The intestinal section was so called by Greek physician Herophilus ( c. 335 -- 280 B.C.E. ) for its length , about equal to the breadth of 15 fingers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . pp. 1163 , 1177 , 1185 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary , 4th edition Jump up ^ online etymology : http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=duodenum Jump up ^ Guillaume , Jean ; Praxis Publishing ; Sadasivam Kaushik ; Pierre Bergot ; Robert Metailler ( 2001 ) . Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans . Springer . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85233 - 241 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Latunde - Dada GO ; Van der Westhuizen J ; Vulpe CD ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Molecular and functional roles of duodenal cytochrome B ( Dcytb ) in iron metabolism '' . Blood Cells Mol . Dis. 29 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 60 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2002.0574 . PMID 12547225 . Jump up ^ van Gijn J ; Gijselhart JP ( 2011 ) . `` Treitz and his ligament '' . Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 155 ( 8 ) : A2879 . PMID 21557825 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . Jump up ^ Singh , Inderbir ; GP Pal ( 2012 ) . `` 13 '' . Human Embryology ( 9 ed . ) . Delhi : Macmillan Publishers India . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5059 - 122 - 2 . Jump up ^ Deakin , Barbara Young ... ( et al . ) ; drawings by Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06850 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The human proteome in duodenum - The Human Protein Atlas '' . www.proteinatlas.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Uhlén , Mathias ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn M. ; Lindskog , Cecilia ; Oksvold , Per ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Sivertsson , Åsa ; Kampf , Caroline ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome '' . Science . 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25613900 . Jump up ^ Gremel , Gabriela ; Wanders , Alkwin ; Cedernaes , Jonathan ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn ; Edlund , Karolina ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ; Uhlén , Mathias ; Pontén , Fredrik ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The human gastrointestinal tract - specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody - based profiling '' . Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 57 . doi : 10.1007 / s00535 - 014 - 0958 - 7 . ISSN 0944 - 1174 . Jump up ^ Smith , Margaret E. The Digestive System . Jump up ^ Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 871 -- 874 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ludvigsson , J.F. ; Bai , J.C. ; Biagi , F. ; Card , T.R. ; Ciacci , C. ; Ciclitira , P.J. ; Green , P.H.R. ; Hadjivassiliou , M. ; Holdoway , A. ; van Heel , D.A. ; Kaukinen , K. ; Leffler , D.A. ; Leonard , J.N. ; Lundin , K.E.A. ; McGough , N. ; Davidson , M. ; Murray , J.A. ; Swift , G.L. ; Walker , M.M. ; Zingone , F. ; Sanders , D.S. ( 2014 ) . `` Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease : Guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology '' . Gut. 63 ( 8 ) : 1210 -- 1228 . doi : 10.1136 / gutjnl - 2013 - 306578 . ISSN 0017 - 5749 . PMC 4112432 . PMID 24917550 . External links ( edit ) Look up duodenum in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Duodenum at the Human Protein Atlas duodenum at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4079589 - 5 NDL : 00987729 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duodenum&oldid=835123382 '' Categories : Digestive system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles to be expanded from December 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Duodenum structure and function
2. Parts of the duodenum
3. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the duodenum
4. Clinical significance of the duodenum, including ulcers and celiac disease
5. Gene and protein expression in the duodenum
|
-3,453,064,892,651,586,000 |
what is the purpose of the civil aviation safety authority
|
Civil aviation safety Authority - Wikipedia Civil aviation safety Authority Jump to : navigation , search For the agency in Papua New Guinea , see Civil Aviation Safety Authority ( Papua New Guinea ) . Civil Aviation Safety Authority <Td_colspan="2"> Aviation House , headquarters of CASA <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed 6 July 1995 Preceding agency Civil Aviation Authority Department of Aviation ( Australia ) Jurisdiction Australian Civil Aviation Headquarters Woden , Australian Capital Territory Agency executive Shane Carmody , Director of Aviation Safety Parent agency Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development Website www.casa.gov.au The Civil Aviation Safety Authority ( CASA ) is the Australian national authority for the regulation of civil aviation . Although distinct from the government , it reports to the Federal Minister for Infrastructure and Transport . CASA is responsible for monitoring civil air operations in Australia , issuing appropriate licences , enforcing safety requirements and protecting the environment from the effects of aircraft use . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Role 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Established on 6 July 1995 when the air safety functions of the former Civil Aviation Authority of Australia were separated from its other regulatory function of air traffic control ( which went to Airservices Australia ) . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) Role ( edit ) The Civil Aviation Safety Authority uses the Australian Civil Aviation Ensign CASA licences pilots , ground crew , aircraft and airfield operators . It is also responsible for enforcing safety requirements under the Commonwealth Civil Aviation Act 1988 and the Air Navigation Act 1920 and it must carry out its responsibilities in accordance with the Airspace Act 2007 . Although it is a corporate body distinct from the Australian Government , CASA is responsible to the Federal Minister for Infrastructure and Transport . CASA was established on 6 July 1995 and its functions are defined by the Civil Aviation Act 1988 . Those functions include conducting the safety regulation of : civil air operations in Australian territory operation of Australian aircraft outside Australian territory developing and promulgating appropriate , clear and concise aviation safety standards developing effective enforcement strategies to secure compliance with aviation safety standards administering drug and alcohol management plans and testing issuing certificates , licenses , registrations and permits conducting comprehensive aviation industry surveillance conducting regular reviews of the system of civil aviation safety in order to monitor the safety performance of the aviation industry conducting regular assessment of international safety developments CASA must regard the safety of air navigation as the most important consideration however it must exercise its powers and perform its functions in a manner that ensures that , as far as is practicable , the environment is protected from : ( a ) the effects of the operation and use of aircraft ; and ( b ) the effects associated with the operation and use of aircraft . In practice there is uncertainty concerning which body assumes meaningful responsibility for the impact of aviation on the environment . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Aviation portal Australian PPL References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CASA - About Us Jump up ^ Civil Aviation Act 1988 ( Cth ) s 8 Jump up ^ Civil Aviation Act 1988 ( Cth ) s 9 Jump up ^ Civil Aviation Safety Authority v Ovens ( 2011 ) FCAFC 75 , Federal Court ( Full Court ) ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Civil Aviation Act 1988 ( Cth ) s 9a Jump up ^ CASA 's Response To Senate Standing Committee on Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport External links ( edit ) Official website Civil Aviation Act 1988 ( Cth ) Airservices Australia Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Aviation_Safety_Authority&oldid=843649131 '' Categories : Civil aviation authorities in Oceania Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia Civil aviation in Australia Aviation organisations based in Australia Regulatory authorities of Australia Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from December 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 44 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA)
2. Regulation of civil aviation in Australia
3. Licensing and safety requirements for pilots and aircraft operators
4. Environmental protection in aviation
5. Role and responsibilities of CASA
|
-1,407,390,779,352,365,600 |
what advantages do solar cells have in space
|
Solar panels on spacecraft - wikipedia Solar panels on spacecraft Jump to : navigation , search A solar panel array of the International Space Station ( Expedition 17 crew , August 2008 ) Spacecraft operating in the inner Solar System usually rely on the use of photovoltaic solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight . In the outer solar system , where the sunlight is too weak to produce sufficient power , radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( RTGs ) are used as a power source . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Uses 3 Implementation 4 Ionizing radiation issues and mitigation 5 Types of solar cells typically used 6 Spacecraft that have used solar power 7 Future uses 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) The first spacecraft to use solar panels was the Vanguard 1 satellite , launched by the US in 1958 . This was largely because of the influence of Dr. Hans Ziegler , who can be regarded as the father of spacecraft solar power . Uses ( edit ) The solar panels on the SMM satellite provided electrical power . Here it is being captured by an astronaut in a mobile space - suit that runs on chemical battery power . Solar panels on spacecraft supply power for two main uses : power to run the sensors , active heating , cooling and telemetry . power for spacecraft propulsion -- electric propulsion , sometimes called solar - electric propulsion . For both uses , a key figure of merit of the solar panels is the specific power ( watts generated divided by solar array mass ) , which indicates on a relative basis how much power one array will generate for a given launch mass relative to another . Another key metric is stowed packing efficiency ( deployed watts produced divided by stowed volume ) , which indicates how easily the array will fit into a launch vehicle . Yet another key metric is cost ( dollars per watt ) . To increase the specific power , typical solar panels on spacecraft use close - packed solar cell rectangles that cover nearly 100 % of the sun - visible area of the solar panels , rather than the solar wafer circles which , even though close - packed , cover about 90 % of the sun - visible area of typical solar panels on earth . However , some solar panels on spacecraft have solar cells that cover only 30 % of the sun - visible area . Implementation ( edit ) Diagram of the Spacecraft Bus on the planned James Webb Space Telescope , which is powered by solar panels ( coloured green in this 3 / 4 view ) . Note that shorter light purple extensions are radiator shades not solar panels . Solar panels need to have a lot of surface area that can be pointed towards the Sun as the spacecraft moves . More exposed surface area means more electricity can be converted from light energy from the Sun . Since spacecraft have to be small , this limits the amount of power that can be produced . All electrical circuits generate waste heat ; in addition , solar arrays act as optical and thermal as well as electrical collectors . Heat must be radiated from their surfaces . High - power spacecraft may have solar arrays that compete with the active payload itself for thermal dissipation . The innermost panel of arrays may be `` blank '' to reduce the overlap of views to space . Such spacecraft include the higher - power communications satellites ( e.g. , later - generation TDRS ) and Venus Express , not high - powered but closer to the Sun . Spacecraft are built so that the solar panels can be pivoted as the spacecraft moves . Thus , they can always stay in the direct path of the light rays no matter how the spacecraft is pointed . Spacecraft are usually designed with solar panels that can always be pointed at the Sun , even as the rest of the body of the spacecraft moves around , much as a tank turret can be aimed independently of where the tank is going . A tracking mechanism is often incorporated into the solar arrays to keep the array pointed towards the sun . Sometimes , satellite operators purposefully orient the solar panels to `` off point , '' or out of direct alignment from the Sun . This happens if the batteries are completely charged and the amount of electricity needed is lower than the amount of electricity made ; off - pointing is also sometimes used on the International Space Station for orbital drag reduction . Ionizing radiation issues and mitigation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2016 ) Juno is the second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter and the first solar - powered craft to do so . Space contains varying levels of ionizing radiation , that which includes flares and other solar events . Some satellites orbit within the protective zone of the magnetosphere , while others do not . Types of solar cells typically used ( edit ) Gallium arsenide - based solar cells are typically favored over crystalline silicon in industry because they have a higher efficiency and degrade more slowly than silicon in the radiation present in space . The most efficient solar cells currently in production are multi-junction photovoltaic cells . These use a combination of several layers of gallium arsenide , indium gallium phosphide , and germanium to capture more energy from the solar spectrum . Leading edge multi-junction cells are capable of exceeding 38.8 % under non-concentrated AM1. 5G illumination and 46 % using concentrated AM1. 5G illumination . Spacecraft that have used solar power ( edit ) To date , solar power , other than for propulsion , has been practical for spacecraft operating no farther from the Sun than the orbit of Jupiter . For example , Juno , Magellan , Mars Global Surveyor , and Mars Observer used solar power as does the Earth - orbiting , Hubble Space Telescope . The Rosetta space probe , launched 2 March 2004 , used its 64 square metres ( 690 sq ft ) of solar panels as far as the orbit of Jupiter ( 5.25 AU ) ; previously the furthest use was the Stardust spacecraft at 2 AU . Solar power for propulsion was also used on the European lunar mission SMART - 1 with a Hall effect thruster . The Juno mission , launched in 2011 , is the first mission to Jupiter ( arrived at Jupiter on July 4 , 2016 ) to use solar panels instead of the traditional RTGs that are used by previous outer solar system missions , making it the furthest spacecraft to use solar panels to date . It has 72 square metres ( 780 sq ft ) of panels . Another spacecraft of interest is Dawn which went into orbit around 4 Vesta in 2011 . It used ion thrusters to get to Ceres . The potential for solar powered spacecraft beyond Jupiter has been studied . The International Space Station also uses solar arrays to power everything on the station . The 262,400 solar cells cover around 27,000 square feet ( 2,500 m ) of space . There are four sets of solar arrays that power the station and the fourth set of arrays were installed in March 2009 . 84 to 120 kilowatts of electricity can be generated from these solar arrays . Future uses ( edit ) Flexible solar arrays are being investigated for use in space . The Roll Out Solar Array ( ROSA ) was deployed on the International Space Station in July 2017 . For future missions , it is desirable to reduce solar array mass , and to increase the power generated per unit area . This will reduce overall spacecraft mass , and may make the operation of solar - powered spacecraft feasible at larger distances from the sun . Solar array mass could be reduced with thin - film photovoltaic cells , flexible blanket substrates , and composite support structures . Solar array efficiency could be improved by using new photovoltaic cell materials and solar concentrators that intensify the incident sunlight . Photovoltaic concentrator solar arrays for primary spacecraft power are devices which intensify the sunlight on the photovoltaics . This design uses a flat lens , called a Fresnel lens , which takes a large area of sunlight and concentrates it onto a smaller spot . The same principle is used to start fires with a magnifying glass on a sunny day . Solar concentrators put one of these lenses over every solar cell . This focuses light from the large concentrator area down to the smaller cell area . This allows the quantity of expensive solar cells to be reduced by the amount of concentration . Concentrators work best when there is a single source of light and the concentrator can be pointed right at it . This is ideal in space , where the Sun is a single light source . Solar cells are the most expensive part of solar arrays , and arrays are often a very expensive part of the spacecraft . This technology may allow costs to be cut significantly due to the utilization of less material . Gallery ( edit ) Vanguard 1 , the first solar powered satellite The Juno space probe A section of one of Juno 's solar panels Solar panels on the International Space Station , September 2000 Black light test of Dawn 's triple - junction gallium arsenide solar cells Rosetta 's lander Philae See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Media related to Category : Solar panels of spacecraft at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Category : Solar panels in space at Wikimedia Commons For solar arrays on the International Space Station , see ISS Solar Arrays or Electrical system of the International Space Station Nuclear power in space Photovoltaic system Solar cell Space - based solar power References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : NASA JPL Publication : Basics of Space Flight , Chapter 11 . Typical Onboard Systems , Electrical Power Supply and Distribution Subsystems , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Perlin , John ( 2005 ) . `` Late 1950s -- Saved by the Space Race '' . SOLAR EVOLUTION -- The History of Solar Energy . The Rahus Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : NASA JPL Publication : Basics of Space Flight , Chapter 11 . Typical Onboard Systems , Propulsion Subsystems , http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf11-4.html#propulsion Archived 2006 - 12 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hoffman , David ( July 2000 ) . `` Thin Film Solar Array Parametric Assessment '' . AIAA . AIAA - 2000 - 2919 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Solar cell efficiency Jump up ^ `` Rosetta 's frequently asked questions '' . ESA . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Juno mission page at NASA 's New Frontiers Web Site Archived 2007 - 02 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jet Propulsion Laboratory : NASA 's Juno Spacecraft Breaks Solar Power Distance Record . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitrica , Dragos ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` NASA 's solar - powered Juno shuttle breaks record distance at 793 million km from the Sun '' . ZME Science . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott W. Benson -- Solar Power for Outer Planets Study ( 2007 ) -- NASA Glenn Research Center Jump up ^ Garcia , Mark ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) . `` About the Space Station Solar Arrays '' . NASA . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` Concentrators Enhance Solar Power Systems '' . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Solar Arrays '' . Dutch Space . 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . <Th_colspan="3"> Photovoltaics Concepts Technology Photovoltaics Photoelectric effect Solar insolation Solar constant Solar cell efficiency Quantum efficiency Nominal power ( Watt - peak ) Thin - film solar cell Multi-junction solar cell Third - generation photovoltaic cell Solar cell research Thermophotovoltaic Thermodynamic efficiency limit Sun - free photovoltaics Polarizing organic photovoltaics Materials List of semiconductor materials Crystalline silicon ( c - Si ) Polycrystalline silicon ( multi-Si ) Monocrystalline silicon ( mono - Si ) Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Amorphous silicon ( a-Si ) History Growth of photovoltaics Timeline of solar cells Photovoltaic system Solar cells Polymer solar cell Nanocrystal solar cell Organic solar cell Quantum dot solar cell Hybrid solar cell Plasmonic solar cell Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics Dye - sensitized solar cell Cadmium telluride photovoltaics Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells Printed solar panel Perovskite solar cell System components Solar panel Balance of system Solar charge controller Solar inverter Solar micro-inverter Solar cable Photovoltaic mounting system Maximum power point tracker Solar tracker Solar shingles Solar mirror System concepts Perturb and observe method Incremental conductance method Constant voltage method Fill factor Concentrated photovoltaics Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector Space - based solar power Applications Appliances Solar - powered refrigerator Solar air conditioning Solar lamp Solar charger Solar backpack Solar tree Solar - powered pump Solar - powered watch Solar Tuki Photovoltaic keyboard Solar road stud Solar cell phone charger Solar notebook Solar - powered calculator Solar - powered fountain Solar - powered radio Solar - powered flashlight Solar - powered fan Solar street light Solar traffic light Land transport Solar vehicle Solar car Solar roadway Solar golf cart The Quiet Achiever Sunmobile Air transport Electric aircraft Mauro Solar Riser Solar panels on spacecraft Solar - Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One Gossamer Penguin Qinetiq Zephyr Solar Challenger Water transport Solar boat Solar vehicle racing Solar car racing List of solar car teams Solar challenges World Solar Challenge American Solar Challenge Formula Sun Grand Prix Solar Cup Frisian Solar Challenge Solar Splash South African Solar Challenge Tour de Sol Hunt - Winston School Solar Car Challenge Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge Generation systems PV power station Grid - connected photovoltaic power system List of photovoltaic power stations Individual projects Alamosa photovoltaic power plant Beneixama photovoltaic power plant Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant Copper Mountain Solar Facility Darro Solar Park Erlasee Solar Park Golmud Solar Park Gottelborn Solar Park Guadarranque solar power plant Köthen Solar Park Moura Photovoltaic Power Station Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park Pocking Solar Park Puertollano Photovoltaic Park Topaz Solar Farm Wyandot Solar Facility Building - mounted Rooftop photovoltaic power station Building - integrated photovoltaics Solar Ark Strasskirchen Solar Park By country Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Chile China Czech Republic France Germany Greece India Italy Japan Netherlands Romania South Africa Spain Switzerland Thailand United Kingdom USA PV companies By country List of countries by photovoltaics production Individual producers First Solar Hanwha Q CELLS JA Solar Motech Solar REC Sharp Solar Frontier Solyndra Sungen Solar Sunpower Suntech Trina Solar Yingli Solar <Td_colspan="3"> Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_panels_on_spacecraft&oldid=842563233 '' Categories : Spacecraft components Solar power Photovoltaics Solar power and space Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from June 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی کوردی Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 07 : 23 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Solar panels on spacecraft
2. Photovoltaic solar panels
3. Power generation in outer solar system
4. Ionizing radiation and solar panels
5. Future uses of solar panels in space
|
2,477,309,126,147,712,500 |
please order the reservoirs of the hydrosphere from largest to smallest
|
Hydrosphere - wikipedia Hydrosphere Jump to : navigation , search The hydrosphere ( from Greek ὕδωρ hydōr , `` water '' and σφαῖρα sphaira , `` sphere '' ) is the combined mass of water found on , under , and above the surface of a planet , minor planet or natural satellite . It has been estimated that there are 1386 million cubic kilometers of water on Earth . This includes water in liquid and frozen forms in groundwater , oceans , lakes and streams . Saltwater accounts for 97.5 % of this amount . Fresh water accounts for only 2.5 % . Of this fresh water , 68.9 % is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic , the Antarctic , and mountain glaciers . 30.8 % is in the form of fresh groundwater . Only 0.3 % of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes , reservoirs and river systems . The total mass of the Earth 's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10 tonnes , which is about 0.023 % of Earth 's total mass . About 20 × 10 tonnes of this is in Earth 's atmosphere ( for practical purposes , 1 cubic meter of water weighs one tonne ) . Approximately 75 % of Earth 's surface , an area of some 361 million square kilometers ( 139.5 million square miles ) , is covered by ocean . The average salinity of Earth 's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water ( 3.5 % ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Water cycle 2 Recharging reservoirs 3 Specific fresh water availability 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Water cycle ( edit ) Main article : Water cycle The water cycle refers to the transfer of water from one state or reservoir to another . Reservoirs include atmospheric moisture ( snow , rain and clouds ) , streams , oceans , rivers , lakes , groundwater , subterranean aquifers , polar ice caps and saturated soil . Solar energy , in the form of heat and light ( insolation ) , and gravity cause the transfer from one state to another over periods from hours to thousands of years . Most evaporation comes from the oceans and is returned to the earth as snow or rain . Sublimation refers to evaporation from snow and ice . Transpiration refers to the expiration of water through the minute pores or stomata of trees . Evapotranspiration is the term used by hydrologists in reference to the three processes together , transpiration , sublimation and evaporation . Marq de Villiers has described the hydrosphere as a closed system in which water exists . The hydrosphere is intricate , complex , interdependent , all - pervading and stable and `` seems purpose - built for regulating life . '' De Villiers claimed that , `` On earth , the total amount of water has almost certainly not changed since geological times : what we had then we still have . Water can be polluted , abused , and misused but it is neither created nor destroyed , it only migrates . There is no evidence that water vapor escapes into space . '' `` Every year the turnover of water on Earth involves 577,000 km of water . This is water that evaporates from the oceanic surface ( 502,800 km ) and from land ( 74,200 km ) . The same amount of water falls as atmospheric precipitation , 458,000 km on the ocean and 119,000 km on land . The difference between precipitation and evaporation from the land surface ( 119,000 - 74,200 = 44,800 km / year ) represents the total runoff of the Earth 's rivers ( 42,700 km / year ) and direct groundwater runoff to the ocean ( 2100 km / year ) . These are the principal sources of fresh water to support life necessities and man 's economic activities . '' Water is a basic necessity of life . Since 2 / 3 of the Earth is covered by water , the Earth is also called the blue planet and the watery planet . Hydrosphere plays an important role in the existence of the atmosphere in its present form . Oceans are important in this regard . When the Earth was formed it had only a very thin atmosphere rich in hydrogen and helium similar to the present atmosphere of Mercury . Later the gases hydrogen and helium were expelled from the atmosphere . The gases and water vapor released as the Earth cooled became its present atmosphere . Other gases and water vapor released by volcanoes also entered the atmosphere . As the Earth cooled the water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain . The atmosphere cooled further as atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved in to rain water . In turn this further caused the water vapor to condense and fall as rain . This rain water filled the depressions on the Earth 's surface and formed the oceans . It is estimated that this occurred about 4000 million years ago . The first life forms began in the oceans . These organisms did not breathe oxygen . Later , when cyanobacteria evolved , the process of conversion of carbon dioxide into food and oxygen began . As a result , Earth 's atmosphere has a distinctly different composition from that of other planets and allowed for life to evolve on Earth . Recharging reservoirs ( edit ) According to Igor A. Shiklomanov , it takes 2500 years for the complete recharge and replenishment of oceanic waters , 10,000 years for permafrost and ice , 1500 years for deep groundwater and mountainous glaciers , 17 years in lakes and 16 days in rivers . Specific fresh water availability ( edit ) `` Specific water availability is the residual ( after use ) per capita quantity of fresh water . '' Fresh water resources are unevenly distributed in terms of space and time and can go from floods to water shortages within months in the same area . In 1998 76 % of the total population had a specific water availability of less than 5.0 thousand m3 per year per capita . Already by 1998 , 35 % of the global population suffered `` very low or catastrophically low water supplies '' and Shiklomanov predicted that the situation would deteriorate in the twenty - first century with `` most of the Earth 's population will be living under the conditions of low or catastrophically low water supply '' by 2025 . There is only 2.5 % of fresh water in the hydrosphere and only 0.25 % of water is accessible for our use . See also ( edit ) Biosphere Cryosphere Earth 's atmosphere Lithosphere Ocean Pedosphere Water cycle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to planetary geologist , Ronald Greeley , `` Water is very common in the outer solar system . '' Europa holds more water than earth 's oceans . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ὕδωρ , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ σφαῖρα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ Jump up to : World Water Resources : A New Appraisal and Assessment for the 21st Century ( Report ) . UNESCO . 1998 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennish , Michael J. ( 2001 ) . Practical handbook of marine science . Marine science series ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2391 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marq de Villiers ( 2003 ) . Water : The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource ( 2 ed . ) . Toronto , Ontario : McClelland & Stewart . p. 453 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 2641 - 6 . OCLC 43365804 . , revised 2003 Governor General 's Award ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Look up hydrosphere in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ground Water - USGS <Th_colspan="3"> Water Overviews Outline Data Model Properties States Liquid Ice Vapor Steam Forms Deuterium - depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply <Td_colspan="3"> Portal Category Commons Wiktionary <Th_colspan="3"> Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related <Td_colspan="2"> Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands <Td_colspan="3"> Category agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrosphere&oldid=831286087 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Hydrology Physical geography Global natural environment Water Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 ГӀалгӀай 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 20 : 15 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Hydrosphere
2. Water cycle
3. Fresh water availability
4. Oceans
5. Earth's atmosphere
|
-2,595,936,725,128,127,000 |
who established the first trade settlement of the english in india
|
East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) <Td_colspan="2"> Company flag ( 1801 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India <Td_colspan="2"> Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 <Th_colspan="2"> Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 <Th_colspan="2"> British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English patna pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University <Th_colspan="2"> Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=807817739 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Interlanguage link template existing link Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 08 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. East India Company
2. British trading company
3. Trade with the East Indies
4. Control of the Indian subcontinent
5. British Empire in India
|
8,529,230,505,915,353,000 |
who is the main work of the parliament shared between
|
Parliament of England - wikipedia Parliament of England For the current debate on a devolved English legislature , see Devolved English parliament . <Th_colspan="2"> Parliament of England <Td_colspan="2"> Royal coat of arms of England , 1558 -- 1603 <Th_colspan="2"> Type Type Unicameral ( 1215 -- 1341 / 1649 -- 1657 ) Bicameral ( 1341 -- 1649 / 1657 -- 1707 ) Houses Upper house : House of Lords ( 1341 -- 1649 / 1660 -- 1707 ) House of Peers ( 1657 -- 1660 ) Lower house : House of Commons ( 1341 -- 1707 ) <Th_colspan="2"> History Established 15 June 1215 ( Lords only ) 20 January 1265 ( Lords and elected Commons ) Disbanded 1 May 1707 Preceded by Curia Regis Succeeded by Parliament of Great Britain <Th_colspan="2"> Leadership Lord Keeper of the Great Seal William Cowper Since 1705 Speaker of the House of Commons John Smith Since 1705 <Th_colspan="2"> Elections House of Lords voting system Ennoblement by the Sovereign or inheritance of an English peerage House of Commons voting system First past the post with limited suffrage <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Palace of Westminster , Westminster , London <Th_colspan="2"> Footnotes <Td_colspan="2"> Reflecting Parliament as it stood in 1707 . See also : Parliament of Scotland , Parliament of Ireland The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England , existing from the early 13th century until 1707 , when it became the Parliament of Great Britain after the political union of England and Scotland created the Kingdom of Great Britain . In 1066 , William of Normandy introduced what , in later centuries , became referred to as a feudal system , by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants - in - chief ( a person who held land ) and ecclesiastics before making laws . In 1215 , the tenants - in - chief secured Magna Carta from King John , which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes ( except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed ) , save with the consent of his royal council , which gradually developed into a parliament . Over the centuries , the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649 . After the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II , and the subsequent Glorious Revolution of 1688 , the supremacy of Parliament was a settled principle and all future English and later British sovereigns were restricted to the role of constitutional monarchs with limited executive authority . The Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain . When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801 , its former members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Contents 1 History 1.1 Parliament in the reign of Henry III 1.2 The emergence of parliament as an institution 1.3 King , Lords and Commons 1.4 Rebellion and revolution 1.5 Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement 1.6 Union : the Parliament of Great Britain 2 Places where Parliament has been held other than London 3 Representation on the English Parliament outside the British Isles 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) Under a monarchical system of government , monarchs usually must consult and seek a measure of acceptance for their policies if they are to enjoy the broad cooperation of their subjects . Early kings of England had no standing army or police , and so depended on the support of powerful subjects . The monarchy had agents in every part of the country . However , under the feudal system that evolved in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066 , the laws of the Crown could not have been upheld without the support of the nobility and the clergy . The former had economic and military power bases of their own through major ownership of land and the feudal obligations of their tenants ( some of whom held lands on condition of military service ) . The Church was virtually a law unto itself in this period as it had its own system of religious law courts . In order to seek consultation and consent from the nobility and the senior clergy on major decisions , post-Norman Conquest English monarchs called Great Councils . A typical Great Council would consist of archbishops , bishops , abbots , barons and earls , the pillars of the feudal system . When this system of consultation and consent broke down , it often became impossible for government to function effectively . The most prominent instances of this prior to the reign of Henry III are the disagreements between Thomas Becket and Henry II and between King John and the barons . Becket , who served as Archbishop of Canterbury between 1162 and 1170 , was murdered following a long running dispute with Henry II over the jurisdiction of the Church . John , who was king from 1199 to 1216 , aroused such hostility from many leading noblemen that they forced him to agree to Magna Carta in 1215 . John 's refusal to adhere to this charter led to civil war ( see First Barons ' War ) . The Great Council evolved into the Parliament of England . The term ( French parlement or Latin parlamentum ) came into use during the early 13th century , when it shifted from the more general meaning of `` an occasion for speaking . '' It first appears in official documents in the 1230s . As a result of the work by historians G.O. Sayles and H.G. Richardson , it is widely believed that the early parliaments had a judicial as well as a legislative function . During the 13th and 14th centuries , the kings began to call Knights of the Shire to meet when the monarch saw it as necessary . A notable example of this was in 1254 when sheriffs of counties were instructed to send Knights of the Shire to parliament to advise the king on finance . Initially , parliaments were mostly summoned when the king needed to raise money through taxes . Following the Magna Carta this became a convention . This was due in no small part to the fact that King John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his young son Henry III . Leading peers and clergy governed on Henry 's behalf until he came of age , giving them a taste for power that they would prove unwilling to relinquish . Among other things , they made sure that Magna Carta would be reaffirmed by the young king . Parliament in the reign of Henry III ( edit ) Once the reign of John ended and Henry III took full control of the government , leading peers became increasingly concerned with his style of government , specifically his unwillingness to consult them on decisions he took , and his seeming patronisation of his foreign relatives over his native subjects . Henry 's support of a disastrous papal invasion of Sicily was the last straw . In 1258 , seven leading barons forced Henry to swear to uphold the Provisions of Oxford , superseded , the following year , by the Provisions of Westminster . This effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo - Norman monarchy , giving power to a council of fifteen barons , and providing for a thrice - yearly meeting of parliament to monitor their performance . Parliament assembled six times between June 1258 and April 1262 , most notably at Oxford in 1258 . The French - born nobleman Simon de Montfort , Earl of Leicester , emerged as the leader of this characteristically English rebellion . In the following years , those supporting Montfort and those supporting the king grew more hostile to each other . Henry obtained a papal bull in 1263 exempting him from his oath and both sides began to raise armies . At the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264 , Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by Montfort 's army . However , many of the peers who had initially supported Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far with his reforming zeal . His support amongst the nobility rapidly declined . So in 1264 , Montfort summoned the first parliament in English history without any prior royal authorisation . The archbishops , bishops , abbots , earls and barons were summoned , as were two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough . Knights had been summoned to previous councils , but the representation of the boroughs was unprecedented . This was purely a move to consolidate Montfort 's position as the legitimate governor of the kingdom , since he had captured Henry and his son Prince Edward ( later Edward I ) at the Battle of Lewes . A parliament consisting of representatives of the realm was the logical way for Montfort to establish his authority . In calling this parliament , in a bid to gain popular support , he summoned knights and burgesses from the emerging landed gentry class , thus turning to his advantage the fact that most of the nobility had abandoned his movement . This parliament was summoned on 14 December 1264 . It first met on 20 January 1265 in Westminster Hall and was dissolved on 15 February 1265 . It is not certain who actually attended this parliament . Nonetheless , Montfort 's scheme was formally adopted by Edward I in the so - called `` Model Parliament '' of 1295 . The attendance at parliament of knights and burgesses historically became known as the summoning of `` the Commons '' , a term derived from the Norman French word `` commune '' , literally translated as the `` community of the realm '' . Following Edward 's escape from captivity , Montfort was defeated and killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 . Henry 's authority was restored and the Provisions of Oxford were forgotten , but this was nonetheless a turning point in the history of the Parliament of England . Although he was not obliged by statute to do so , Henry summoned the Commons to parliament three times between September 1268 and April 1270 . However , this was not a significant turning point in the history of parliamentary democracy . Subsequently , very little is known about how representatives were selected because , at this time , being sent to parliament was not a prestigious undertaking . But Montfort 's decision to summon knights of the shires and burgesses to his parliament did mark the irreversible emergence of the landed gentry as a force in politics . From then on , monarchs could not ignore them , which explains Henry 's decision to summon the Commons to several of his post-1265 parliaments . Even though many peers who had supported the Provisions of Oxford remained active in English public life throughout Henry 's reign , the conditions they had laid down for regular parliaments were largely forgotten , as if to symbolise the historical development of the English Parliament via convention rather than statutes and written constitutions . The emergence of parliament as an institution ( edit ) A 16th - century depiction of Edward 's parliament During the reign of Edward I , which began in 1272 , the role of Parliament in the government of the English kingdom increased due to Edward 's determination to unite England , Wales and Scotland under his rule by force . He was also keen to unite his subjects in order to restore his authority and not face rebellion as was his father 's fate . Edward therefore encouraged all sectors of society to submit petitions to parliament detailing their grievances in order for them to be resolved . This seemingly gave all of Edward 's subjects a potential role in government and this helped Edward assert his authority . Both the Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285 , with the assistance of Robert Burnell , codified the existing law in England . As the number of petitions being submitted to parliament increased , they came to be dealt with , and often ignored , more and more by ministers of the Crown so as not to block the passage of government business through parliament . However the emergence of petitioning is significant because it is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people . Submitting a petition to parliament is a tradition that continues to this day in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and in most Commonwealth realms . These developments symbolise the fact that parliament and government were by no means the same thing by this point . If monarchs were going to impose their will on their kingdom , they would have to control parliament rather than be subservient to it . From Edward 's reign onwards , the authority of the English Parliament would depend on the strength or weakness of the incumbent monarch . When the king or queen was strong he or she would wield enough influence to pass their legislation through parliament without much trouble . Some strong monarchs even bypassed it completely , although this was not often possible in the case of financial legislation due to the post-Magna Carta convention of parliament granting taxes . When weak monarchs governed , parliament often became the centre of opposition against them . Subsequently , the composition of parliaments in this period varied depending on the decisions that needed to be taken in them . The nobility and senior clergy were always summoned . From 1265 onwards , when the monarch needed to raise money through taxes , it was usual for knights and burgesses to be summoned too . However , when the king was merely seeking advice , he often only summoned the nobility and the clergy , sometimes with and sometimes without the knights of the shires . On some occasions the Commons were summoned and sent home again once the monarch was finished with them , allowing parliament to continue without them . It was not until the mid-14th century that summoning representatives of the shires and the boroughs became the norm for all parliaments . One of the moments that marked the emergence of parliament as a true institution in England was the deposition of Edward II . Even though it is debatable whether Edward II was deposed in parliament or by parliament , this remarkable sequence of events consolidated the importance of parliament in the English unwritten constitution . Parliament was also crucial in establishing the legitimacy of the king who replaced Edward II : his son Edward III . In 1341 the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time , creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber , with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter . This Upper Chamber became known as the House of Lords from 1544 onward , and the Lower Chamber became known as the House of Commons , collectively known as the Houses of Parliament . The authority of parliament grew under Edward III ; it was established that no law could be made , nor any tax levied , without the consent of both Houses and the Sovereign . This development occurred during the reign of Edward III because he was involved in the Hundred Years ' War and needed finances . During his conduct of the war , Edward tried to circumvent parliament as much as possible , which caused this edict to be passed . The Commons came to act with increasing boldness during this period . During the Good Parliament ( 1376 ) , the Presiding Officer of the lower chamber , Sir Peter de la Mare , complained of heavy taxes , demanded an accounting of the royal expenditures , and criticised the king 's management of the military . The Commons even proceeded to impeach some of the king 's ministers . The bold Speaker was imprisoned , but was soon released after the death of Edward III . During the reign of the next monarch , Richard II , the Commons once again began to impeach errant ministers of the Crown . They insisted that they could not only control taxation , but also public expenditure . Despite such gains in authority , however , the Commons still remained much less powerful than the House of Lords and the Crown . This period also saw the introduction of a franchise which limited the number of people who could vote in elections for the House of Commons . From 1430 onwards , the franchise was limited to Forty Shilling Freeholders , that is men who owned freehold property worth forty shillings or more . The Parliament of England legislated the new uniform county franchise , in the statute 8 Hen. 6 , c. 7 . The Chronological Table of the Statutes does not mention such a 1430 law , as it was included in the Consolidated Statutes as a recital in the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 ( 10 Hen. 6 , c. 2 ) , which amended and re-enacted the 1430 law to make clear that the resident of a county had to have a forty shilling freehold in that county to be a voter there . King , Lords and Commons ( edit ) During the reign of the Tudor monarchs the modern structure of the English Parliament began to be created . The Tudor monarchy was powerful , and there were often periods of several years when parliament did not sit at all . However the Tudor monarchs were astute enough to realise that they needed parliament to legitimise many of their decisions , mostly out of a need to raise money through taxation legitimately without causing discontent . Thus they consolidated the state of affairs whereby monarchs would call and close parliament as and when they needed it . By the time Henry Tudor ( Henry VII ) came to the throne in 1485 the monarch was not a member of either the Upper Chamber or the Lower Chamber . Consequently , the monarch would have to make his or her feelings known to Parliament through his or her supporters in both houses . Proceedings were regulated by the presiding officer in either chamber . From the 1540s the presiding officer in the House of Commons became formally known as the `` Speaker '' , having previously been referred to as the `` prolocutor '' or `` parlour '' ( a semi-official position , often nominated by the monarch , that had existed ever since Peter de Montfort had acted as the presiding officer of the Oxford Parliament of 1258 ) . This was not an enviable job . When the House of Commons was unhappy it was the Speaker who had to deliver this news to the monarch . This began the tradition whereby the Speaker of the House of Commons is dragged to the Speaker 's Chair by other members once elected . A member of either chamber could present a `` bill '' to parliament . Bills supported by the monarch were often proposed by members of the Privy Council who sat in parliament . In order for a bill to become law it would have to be approved by a majority of both Houses of Parliament before it passed to the monarch for royal assent or veto . The royal veto was applied several times during the 16th and 17th centuries and it is still the right of the monarch of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms to veto legislation today , although it has not been exercised since 1707 ( today such exercise would presumably precipitate a constitutional crisis ) . When a bill was enacted into law , this process gave it the approval of each estate of the realm : the King , Lords , and Commons . In reality , this was not a democratic process . The Parliament of England was far from being a democratically representative institution in this period . It was possible to assemble the entire peerage and senior clergy of the realm in one place to form the estate of the Upper Chamber . However , the voting franchise for the House of Commons was small ; some historians estimate that it was as little as three per cent of the adult male population ; and there was no secret ballot . This meant that elections could be controlled by local grandees , because in many boroughs a majority of voters were in some way dependent on a powerful individual , or else could be bought by money or concessions . If these grandees were supporters of the incumbent monarch , this gave the Crown and its ministers considerable influence over the business of parliament . Many of the men elected to parliament did not relish the prospect of having to act in the interests of others . So a law was enacted , still on the statute book today , whereby it became unlawful for members of the House of Commons to resign their seat unless they were granted a position directly within the patronage of the monarchy ( today this latter restriction leads to a legal fiction allowing de facto resignation despite the prohibition , but nevertheless it is a resignation which needs the permission of the Crown ) . However , it must be emphasised that while several elections to parliament in this period were in some way corrupt by modern standards , many elections involved genuine contests between rival candidates , even though the ballot was not secret . It was in this period that the Palace of Westminster was established as the seat of the English Parliament . In 1548 , the House of Commons was granted a regular meeting place by the Crown , St Stephen 's Chapel . This had been a royal chapel . It was made into a debating chamber after Henry VIII became the last monarch to use the Palace of Westminster as a place of residence and following the suppression of the college there . This room became the home of the House of Commons until it was destroyed by fire in 1834 , although the interior was altered several times up until then . The structure of this room was pivotal in the development of the Parliament of England . While most modern legislatures sit in a circular chamber , the benches of the British Houses of Parliament are laid out in the form of choir stalls in a chapel , simply because this is the part of the original room that the members of the House of Commons utilised when they were granted use of St Stephen 's Chapel . This structure took on a new significance with the emergence of political parties in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , as the tradition began whereby the members of the governing party would sit on the benches to the right of the Speaker and the opposition members on the benches to the left . It is said that the Speaker 's chair was placed in front of the chapel 's altar . As Members came and went they observed the custom of bowing to the altar and continued to do so , even when it had been taken away , thus then bowing to the Chair , as is still the custom today . The numbers of the Lords Spiritual diminished under Henry VIII , who commanded the Dissolution of the Monasteries , thereby depriving the abbots and priors of their seats in the Upper House . For the first time , the Lords Temporal were more numerous than the Lords Spiritual . Currently , the Lords Spiritual consist of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York , the Bishops of London , Durham and Winchester , and twenty - one other English diocesan bishops in seniority of appointment to a diocese . The Laws in Wales Acts of 1535 -- 42 annexed Wales as part of England and this brought Welsh representatives into the Parliament of England , first elected in 1542 . Rebellion and Revolution ( edit ) Parliaments of England 1604 -- 1705 Parliament Date Blessed Parliament 1604 Addled Parliament 1614 3rd Parliament of King James I 1621 Happy Parliament 1624 Useless Parliament 1625 2nd Parliament of King Charles I 1626 3rd Parliament of King Charles I 1628 Short Parliament 1640 Apr Long Parliament ( 1 ) 1640 Nov Oxford Parliament 1644 Long Parliament ( 2 ) 1645 Rump Parliament ( 1 ) 1648 Barebone 's Parliament 1653 First Protectorate Parliament 1654 Second Protectorate Parliament 1656 Third Protectorate Parliament 1659 Rump Parliament ( 2 ) 1659 Long Parliament ( 3 ) 1660 Convention Parliament 1660 Cavalier Parliament 1661 Habeas Corpus Parliament 1679 Exclusion Bill Parliament 1680 Oxford Parliament 1681 Loyal Parliament 1685 Convention Parliament 1689 2nd Parliament of William and Mary 1690 3rd Parliament of King William III 1695 4th Parliament of King William III 1698 5th Parliament of King William III 1701 6th Parliament of King William III 1701 Dec 1st Parliament of Queen Anne 1702 2nd Parliament of Queen Anne 1705 List of Parliaments of England Parliament had not always submitted to the wishes of the Tudor monarchs . But parliamentary criticism of the monarchy reached new levels in the 17th century . When the last Tudor monarch , Elizabeth I , died in 1603 , King James VI of Scotland came to power as King James I , founding the Stuart monarchy . In 1628 , alarmed by the arbitrary exercise of royal power , the House of Commons submitted to Charles I the Petition of Right , demanding the restoration of their liberties . Though he accepted the petition , Charles later dissolved parliament and ruled without them for eleven years . It was only after the financial disaster of the Scottish Bishops ' Wars ( 1639 -- 1640 ) that he was forced to recall Parliament so that they could authorise new taxes . This resulted in the calling of the assemblies known historically as the Short Parliament of 1640 and the Long Parliament , which sat with several breaks and in various forms between 1640 and 1660 . The Long Parliament was characterised by the growing number of critics of the king who sat in it . The most prominent of these critics in the House of Commons was John Pym . Tensions between the king and his parliament reached boiling point in January 1642 when Charles entered the House of Commons and tried , unsuccessfully , to arrest Pym and four other members for their alleged treason . The five members had been tipped off about this , and by the time Charles came into the chamber with a group of soldiers they had disappeared . Charles was further humiliated when he asked the Speaker , William Lenthall , to give their whereabouts , which Lenthall famously refused to do . From then on relations between the king and his parliament deteriorated further . When trouble started to brew in Ireland , both Charles and his parliament raised armies to quell the uprisings by native Catholics there . It was not long before it was clear that these forces would end up fighting each other , leading to the English Civil War which began with the Battle of Edgehill in October 1642 : those supporting the cause of parliament were called Parliamentarians ( or Roundheads ) . Battles between Crown and Parliament would continue throughout the 17th and 18th centuries , but parliament was no longer subservient to the English monarchy . This change was symbolised in the execution of Charles I in January 1649 . It is somewhat ironic that this event was not instigated by the elected representatives of the realm . In Pride 's Purge of December 1648 , the New Model Army ( which by then had emerged as the leading force in the parliamentary alliance ) purged Parliament of members that did not support them . The remaining `` Rump Parliament '' , as it was later referred to by critics , enacted legislation to put the king on trial for treason . This trial , the outcome of which was a foregone conclusion , led to the execution of the king and the start of an 11 - year republic . The House of Lords was abolished and the purged House of Commons governed England until April 1653 , when army chief Oliver Cromwell dissolved it following disagreements over religious policy and how to carry out elections to parliament . Cromwell later convened a parliament of religious radicals in 1653 , commonly known as Barebone 's Parliament , followed by the unicameral First Protectorate Parliament that sat from September 1654 to January 1655 and the Second Protectorate Parliament that sat in two sessions between 1656 and 1658 , the first session was unicameral and the second session was bicameral . Although it is easy to dismiss the English Republic of 1649 - 60 as nothing more than a Cromwellian military dictatorship , the events that took place in this decade were hugely important in determining the future of parliament . First , it was during the sitting of the first Rump Parliament that members of the House of Commons became known as `` MPs '' ( Members of Parliament ) . Second , Cromwell gave a huge degree of freedom to his parliaments , although royalists were barred from sitting in all but a handful of cases . His vision of parliament appears to have been largely based on the example of the Elizabethan parliaments . However , he underestimated the extent to which Elizabeth I and her ministers had directly and indirectly influenced the decision - making process of her parliaments . He was thus always surprised when they became troublesome . He ended up dissolving each parliament that he convened . Yet it is worth noting that the structure of the second session of the Second Protectorate Parliament of 1658 was almost identical to the parliamentary structure consolidated in the Glorious Revolution Settlement of 1689 . In 1653 Cromwell had been made head of state with the title Lord Protector of the Realm . The Second Protectorate Parliament offered him the crown . Cromwell rejected this offer , but the governmental structure embodied in the final version of the Humble Petition and Advice was a basis for all future parliaments . It proposed an elected House of Commons as the Lower Chamber , a House of Lords containing peers of the realm as the Upper Chamber , and a constitutional monarchy , subservient to parliament and the laws of the nation , as the executive arm of the state at the top of the tree , assisted in carrying out their duties by a Privy Council . Oliver Cromwell had thus inadvertently presided over the creation of a basis for the future parliamentary government of England . In 1657 he had the Parliament of Scotland unified with the English Parliament . In terms of the evolution of parliament as an institution , by far the most important development during the republic was the sitting of the Rump Parliament between 1649 and 1653 . This proved that parliament could survive without a monarchy and a House of Lords if it wanted to . Future English monarchs would never forget this . Charles I was the last English monarch ever to enter the House of Commons . Even to this day , a Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is sent to Buckingham Palace as a ceremonial hostage during the State Opening of Parliament , in order to ensure the safe return of the sovereign from a potentially hostile parliament . During the ceremony the monarch sits on the throne in the House of Lords and signals for the Lord Great Chamberlain to summon the House of Commons to the Lords Chamber . The Lord Great Chamberlain then raises his wand of office to signal to the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod , who has been waiting in the central lobby . Black Rod turns and , escorted by the doorkeeper of the House of Lords and an inspector of police , approaches the doors to the chamber of the Commons . The doors are slammed in his face -- symbolising the right of the Commons to debate without the presence of the Queen 's representative . He then strikes three times with his staff ( the Black Rod ) , and he is admitted . Parliament from the restoration to the Act of Settlement ( edit ) The revolutionary events that occurred between 1620 and 1689 all took place in the name of parliament . The new status of parliament as the central governmental organ of the English state was consolidated during the events surrounding the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 . Following the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658 , his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him as Lord Protector , summoning the Third Protectorate Parliament in the process . When this parliament was dissolved following pressure from the army in April 1659 , the Rump Parliament was recalled at the insistence of the surviving army grandees . This in turn was dissolved in a coup led by army general John Lambert , leading to the formation of the Committee of Safety , dominated by Lambert and his supporters . When the breakaway forces of George Monck invaded England from Scotland where they had been stationed -- without Lambert 's supporters putting up a fight -- Monck temporarily recalled the Rump Parliament and reversed Pride 's Purge by recalling the entirety of the Long Parliament . They then voted to dissolve themselves and call new elections , which were arguably the most democratic for 20 years although the franchise was still very small . This led to the calling of the Convention Parliament which was dominated by royalists . This parliament voted to reinstate the monarchy and the House of Lords . Charles II returned to England as king in May 1660 . The Anglo - Scottish parliamentary union that Cromwell had established was dissolved in 1661 when the Scottish Parliament resumed its separate meeting place in Edinburgh . The Restoration began the tradition whereby all governments looked to parliament for legitimacy . In 1681 Charles II dissolved parliament and ruled without them for the last four years of his reign . This followed bitter disagreements between the king and parliament that had occurred between 1679 and 1681 . Charles took a big gamble by doing this . He risked the possibility of a military showdown akin to that of 1642 . However he rightly predicted that the nation did not want another civil war . Parliament disbanded without a fight . Events that followed ensured that this would be nothing but a temporary blip . Charles II died in 1685 and he was succeeded by his brother James II . During his lifetime Charles had always pledged loyalty to the Protestant Church of England , despite his private Catholic sympathies . James was openly Catholic . He attempted to lift restrictions on Catholics taking up public offices . This was bitterly opposed by Protestants in his kingdom . They invited William of Orange , a Protestant who had married Mary , daughter of James II and Anne Hyde to invade England and claim the throne . William assembled an army estimated at 15,000 soldiers ( 11,000 foot and 4000 horse ) and landed at Brixham in southwest England in November , 1688 . When many Protestant officers , including James 's close adviser , John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough , defected from the English army to William 's invasion force , James fled the country . Parliament then offered the Crown to his Protestant daughter Mary , instead of his son ( James Francis Edward Stuart ) . Mary refused the offer , and instead William and Mary ruled jointly , with both having the right to rule alone on the other 's death . As part of the compromise in allowing William to be King -- called the Glorious Revolution -- Parliament was able to have the 1689 Bill of Rights enacted . Later the 1701 Act of Settlement was approved . These were statutes that lawfully upheld the prominence of parliament for the first time in English history . These events marked the beginning of the English constitutional monarchy and its role as one of the three elements of parliament . Union : the parliament of Great Britain ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Great Britain Following the Treaty of Union in 1707 , Acts of Parliament passed in the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved both parliaments , replacing them with a new Parliament of Great Britain based in the former home of the English parliament . The Parliament of Great Britain later became the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1801 when the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed through the Act of Union 1800 . Places where Parliament has been held other than London ( edit ) York , various Lincoln , various Oxford , 1258 ( Mad Parliament ) , 1681 Kenilworth , 1266 Acton Burnell Castle , 1283 Shrewsbury , 1283 ( trial of Dafydd ap Gruffydd ) , 1397 ( ' Great ' Parliament ) Lincoln , 1301 Carlisle , 1307 Northampton 1328 New Sarum ( Salisbury ) , 1330 Winchester , 1332 , 1449 Leicester , 1414 ( Fire and Faggot Parliament ) , 1426 ( Parliament of Bats ) Reading Abbey , 1453 Coventry , 1459 ( Parliament of Devils ) Representation on the English parliament outside the British isles ( edit ) Two European cities , both annexed from and later ceded to the Kingdom of France were represented in the Parliament as borough constituencies while they were English possessions : Calais , between 1372 and 1558 . Tournai between 1513 and 1519 . ( Now in Belgium . ) See also ( edit ) History of democracy History of local government in England List of Parliaments of England List of Acts of the Parliament of England to 1483 List of Acts of the Parliament of England , 1485 -- 1601 List of Acts of the Parliament of England , 1603 -- 1641 Witenagemot Magnum Concilium References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief Chronology of the House of Commons '' , Factsheet G3 , General Series , August 2010 , House of Commons Information Office Jump up ^ Wouter Troost , William III the Stadholder - King : A Political Biography ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5071 - 5 p 191 Jump up ^ Troost , pp 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Virtual Shropshire Archived 30 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Sources ( edit ) Blackstone , Sir William . ( 1765 ) . Commentaries on the Laws of England . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Davies , M. ( 2003 ) . Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords , 19th ed . Farnborough , Thomas Erskine , 1st Baron. ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third , 11th ed. vol 1 online ; vol 2 online Maddicott , John . The Origins of the English Parliament , 924 - 1327 . Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 2010 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 958550 - 4 . Paul Brand . `` Review of Maddicott , John Robert , _The Origins of the English Parliament , 924 - 1327_ . '' in H - Albion , H - Net Reviews . September , 2011 . online Sayles , G.O. The King 's Parliament of England ( 1974 ) , brief survey `` Parliament . '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed . London : Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parliament of England . Birth of the English Parliament . UK Parliament Parliament and People . British Library Origins and growth of Parliament . National Archives <Th_colspan="3"> Parliament of England Preceded by Curia Regis 1066 -- c. 1215 Parliament of England c. 1215 -- 1707 Succeeded by Parliament of Great Britain 1707 -- 1801 <Th_colspan="2"> Kingdom of England History Timeline Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Anglo - Normans The Anarchy Angevin Empire England in the Late Middle Ages Economy in the Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period English Reformation Elizabethan era English Renaissance Stuart period Union of the Crowns Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Union with Scotland Overseas possessions Maritime history Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics Law Witenagemot Curia regis Parliament House of Lords House of Commons Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament : to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 1642 -- 1660 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Military Anglo - Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo - Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag ( list ) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal badges Royal supporters Royal standards Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George 's Day <Td_colspan="2"> Articles on the history of England <Th_colspan="2"> Parliament of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&oldid=848967662 '' Categories : Parliament of England 1707 disestablishments in Great Britain Defunct bicameral legislatures Historical legislatures Westminster system parliaments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from December 2010 Use dmy dates from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Македонски मराठी Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 15 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Parliament of England
2. Feudal system
3. Magna Carta
4. English Civil War
5. Act of Union 1707
|
527,510,741,729,495,700 |
who is the captain of chennai super king
|
Chennai Super Kings - wikipedia Chennai Super Kings Jump to : navigation , search Chennai Super Kings <Td_colspan="2"> சென்னை சூப்பர் கிங்ஸ் <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) The Super Kings , The King of IPL , Lions , Yellow Brigade <Th_colspan="2"> Personnel Captain MS Dhoni Coach Stephen Fleming Owner Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd <Th_colspan="2"> Team information City Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India Colours Founded 2008 Home ground M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Secondary home ground ( s ) JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi <Th_colspan="2"> History Indian Premier League wins 2 ( 2010 , 2011 ) CLT20 wins 2 ( 2010 , 2014 ) Official website : chennaisuperkings.com The Chennai Super Kings ( abbreviated as CSK ) are a franchise cricket team based in Chennai , Tamil Nadu ( India ) , which plays in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . Founded in 2008 , the team played its home matches at the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai . On 14 July 2015 , the Supreme Court appointed RM Lodha committee which suspended the Super Kings from the IPL for a period of two years for the alleged involvement of their owners in the 2013 Indian Premier League betting case . Prior to the suspension , the team was captained by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and coached by Stephen Fleming . The Super Kings had won the title twice in succession ( 2010 and 2011 ) . In 2010 , they won the Champions League Twenty20 for the first time and repeated the feat in 2014 . They have played 8 Final in Total including CLT - 20 and IPL. They have reached IPL playoffs each and every time . They held the record of most wins as a T20 Side till 2017 even after being banned for 2 years. They are regarded as the Best IPL Team of all . The leading run - scorer of the team is Suresh Raina , while the leading wicket - taker is Ravichandran Ashwin . The brand value of the Super Kings in 2015 was estimated at $67 million , making them the third most valuable franchise in the IPL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Team history 2.1 2008 -- 2009 : First seasons 2.2 2010 : IPL and CLT20 double 2.3 2011 -- 2015 3 Home ground 4 Players 5 Team identity 5.1 Team name and logo design 5.2 Jersey colours 5.3 Sponsors 5.4 Star ambassadors 5.5 Theme song 6 Rivalries 7 Financial worth 8 Controversies 9 Seasons 10 IPL 2015 squad 11 Administration and support staff 12 Fixtures and results 12.1 Overall results in IPL 12.1. 1 Result summary 12.2 2015 season 12.3 Overall results in CLT20 13 Awards and achievements 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) In September 2007 , the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) announced the establishment of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008 . In January 2008 , the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city - based franchises . The Chennai franchise was sold to the India Cements for $91 million , making it the fourth most expensive team in the league behind Mumbai , Bangalore and Hyderabad . India Cements acquired the rights to the franchise for 10 years . Former ICC Chairman N. Srinivasan was the de facto owner of the Chennai Super Kings , by means of his position as the vice-chairman and managing director of India Cements Ltd . The franchisee was transferred to a separate entity named Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd. , after the Supreme Court of India struck down the controversial amendment to the BCCI constitution 's clause 6.2. 4 that allowed board officials to have a commercial interest in the IPL and the Champions League T20 on January 22 , 2015 . Team history ( edit ) 2008 -- 2009 : first seasons ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings in 2008 and 2009 Chennai Super Kings playing the Kolkata Knight Riders at the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in the 2008 Indian Premier League . During the first player auctions for the inaugural IPL season conducted in January 2008 , the Chennai franchise bought a number of contemporary star cricketers such as Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Matthew Hayden , Stephen Fleming , Muttiah Muralitharan and Michael Hussey . Dhoni became the costliest player of the auction , as the Chennai franchise bought him for $1.5 million . The franchise named Dhoni as the captain of the team and appointed Kepler Wessels as the head coach . They played their first game on 19 April 2008 against Kings XI Punjab at Mohali . The Super Kings won the game by 33 runs after posting 240 / 5 in 20 overs , which was the highest total of the tournament , a record surpassed by themselves in 2010 . The Super Kings ended the league stage with eight wins from 14 games and finished third on the points table . They beat the Kings XI Punjab by 9 wickets in the semifinal . The Super Kings faced the Rajasthan Royals in the final of the IPL at Mumbai . Batting first , the Super Kings scored 163 / 5 in 20 overs and lost the game by 3 wickets off the final delivery of the match . They also earned a spot in the inaugural Champions League Twenty20 along with Rajasthan , but the tournament was cancelled due to the 2008 Mumbai Attacks and the Super Kings , along with Rajasthan , received $5 million each as compensation . Fleming , who had decided to retire from all forms of the game after the first season of the IPL , took over as the coach of the Super Kings team from Wessels for the next season which was to be held in South Africa . For the 2009 season , the Super Kings bought English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff for $1.55 million at the auction making him the highest - paid IPL cricketer along with English teammate Kevin Pietersen who was bought for the same amount by Royal Challengers Bangalore . However , Flintoff played only 3 matches for them before suffering a knee injury that ruled him out of the season . The Super Kings were also without the services of Hussey who had decided to skip the IPL season to focus on The Ashes . The Super Kings finished with 17 points from 14 matches and earned a second place at the league table . However , at the semi-finals , their hopes of entering the final for a second time were crushed by the Royal Challengers who beat them by 6 wickets . The Super Kings opener Matthew Hayden , who scored 572 runs in 12 innings with 5 half - centuries at an average of 52 and strike - rate of 145 , won the Orange Cap for the leading run - scorer of the season and was also adjudged Player of the Tournament . 2010 : IPL and CLT20 double ( edit ) Main article : Chennai Super Kings in 2010 In 2010 , the Super Kings struggled in the first half of the regular season , winning only two matches out of seven . They won four of their next five games in the season mainly due to the efforts of Murali Vijay and Suresh Raina . After a defeat at home to the Delhi Daredevils , the Super Kings were left with a must - win match against Kings XI Punjab at Dharamsala . The Super Kings won the match by six wickets as they chased down the target of 193 with two balls to spare with skipper Dhoni scoring an unbeaten 54 from 29 balls . Thus , with seven wins from 14 matches , Chennai finished with the same number of points as three other teams with two semi-final spots at stake . Chennai got the third place as they had the better net run rate of the four teams which finished on 14 points . In the semifinal , the Super Kings scored a modest 142 / 7 in 20 overs against the defending champions Deccan Chargers . But an inspired bowling spell from Doug Bollinger ( 4 / 13 in four overs ) did the most damage as the Chargers were bowled out for 104 . This gave the Super Kings a 38 - run victory that took them to the final . The Super Kings faced the tournament favorites Mumbai Indians at their home ground in the final . Suresh Raina 's 57 ( 35 ) helped the Super Kings recover from 68 / 3 after 12 overs to put up 168 / 5 at the end of their 20 overs . Then , their spin duo of Ravichandran Ashwin and Muralitharan conceded only 41 runs in the 8 overs bowled between them to help the Super Kings won the game by 22 runs and secure their first ever IPL title . With this , the Super Kings also qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 that was held in South Africa . At the Champions League , the Super Kings were placed in Group A along with champions of Twenty20 competitions from Australia , South Africa , New Zealand and Sri Lanka . The Super Kings topped the Group table with three wins and a Super Over defeat to the Victorian Bushrangers . In the semi-final at Durban , the Super Kings comprehensively defeated IPL rivals Royal Challengers Bangalore by 52 runs . Raina won the Man of the match for his unbeaten 94 off 48 balls . The Super Kings played their first CLT20 final at Johannesburg where they beat the Chevrolet Warriors by 8 wickets , becoming the first IPL team to win the CLT20 . Murali Vijay won not only the Man of the Match in the final for his 58 but also the Golden Bat for scoring the most runs in the tournament and Ashwin , who was the leading wicket - taker , was adjudged the Player of the Series . At the end of the season , Matthew Hayden decided to retire from the IPL . 2011 -- 2015 ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 Suresh Raina is the leading run - scorer for the Super Kings In 2011 , as two new teams were added to the IPL , the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their squad , only three of whom can be Indian players , and the rest of the international players would be put in the mega-auction . The Chennai franchise , keen to have the same set of core players , retained captain MS Dhoni , vice-captain Suresh Raina , Murali Vijay and all - rounder Albie Morkel for a total of $4.5 million . The retention left them with the power of spending only $4.5 million at the mega-auction . At the auction , they bought back some of their star players of previous seasons such as Hussey , Ashwin , Bollinger and Subramaniam Badrinath . In the 2011 IPL , they lost three of their first five games which placed them at the bottom of the ten - team points table . But then , they went on to win seven of their next eight games to finish second and register a spot in the knockout stages . They faced the top - ranked team Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Qualifying final which they won by 6 wickets thanks to an unbeaten 73 from Suresh Raina . In the final , they faced the same opponents again , which was held at their home ground Chepauk . Vijay and Hussey put on a 133 - run first - wicket partnership that helped the Super Kings to post a total of 205 / 5 . Their bowlers , then , restricted Bangalore to only 147 to take the Super Kings to second consecutive title in the IPL . Vijay was awarded Man of the Match for his match - winning innings of 95 . CSK also won all their home games that season becoming the first team in IPL to achieve the feat . However at the Champions League later that year , they won only one out of their four group matches and finished at the bottom . In 2012 , the franchise signed up Indian all - rounder Ravindra Jadeja for $2 million at the players ' auction . They got off to a rather slow start in the regular season , winning only five of their first 12 games which put them in doubt of qualifying for the Playoffs . Then they won three of their last four matches and qualified for the Playoffs with a better net run rate than the Royal Challengers who also finished with the same number of points . In the Eliminator , they beat the Mumbai Indians by 38 runs before comprehensively beating the table - toppers Delhi Daredevils in the Qualifying final by 86 runs . Murali Vijay , who struck his second IPL hundred ( 113 off 58 balls ) , won the Man of the Match . At the final , the Super Kings were defeated by 5 wickets by the Kolkata Knight Riders who chased down the target of 191 with two balls to spare , thus denying the Super Kings a hat - trick of titles in the IPL . At the Champions League , once again they could not progress past the group stage with two wins and two defeats . In 2013 , the Super Kings strengthened their bowling attack by signing up five overseas and five Indian bowlers . In the IPL season , they finished first in the points table with 11 wins from 16 matches and qualified for the Playoffs and 2013 CLT20 . This was the first time in six seasons that the Super Kings had topped the league table of the IPL . During the season , they also equaled Royal Challengers Bangalore 's 2011 record for most wins in succession in the IPL ( 7 wins on trot ) . In the first Qualifier at Delhi against Mumbai Indians , the Super Kings posted 192 / 1 in 20 overs riding on unbeaten half - centuries from Hussey ( 86 * off 58 balls ) and Raina ( 82 * off 42 balls ) before bowling out their opponents for 144 . Thus they entered the final of the IPL for the fourth time in succession where they would play the same opponents , Mumbai Indians , at Kolkata . At the final , batting first , the Mumbai Indians made 148 / 9 in their 20 overs . In reply , the Super Kings were reduced to 39 / 6 at one stage before an unbeaten half - century from skipper Dhoni took them close to the target . However , Mumbai Indians won the match by 23 runs to win their first ever IPL title . Super Kings opening batsman Michael Hussey , who scored 733 runs that season at an average of 52 , won the Orange Cap for the most runs in the season while all - rounder Dwayne Bravo won the Purple Cap for bagging the most wickets ( 32 ) . The Super Kings gained direct qualification for the 2013 CLT20 which was held in India in September -- October . They were placed in Group B alongside Brisbane Heat , Sunrisers Hyderabad , Titans and Trinidad & Tobago . They won their first three games before losing the final group match against Trinidad & Tobago . With 12 points from four matches , the Super Kings progressed to the semifinals where they suffered a 14 - run defeat at the hands of the Rajasthan Royals at Jaipur . In 2014 , before the players ' mega-auction , Chennai retained Dhoni , Raina , Jadeja , Ashwin and Bravo . The retention left them with a purse of ₹ 21 crores to spend at the auction . At the auction , the franchise bought the likes of Brendon McCullum , Dwayne Smith , Faf du Plessis , Ashish Nehra , Mohit Sharma among others . The first phase of the IPL season , as it coincided with the general elections , was held in UAE . The second phase returned to India , but the Super Kings ' home matches were shifted from Chennai , due to `` a deadlock between stadium authorities and the state administration '' , to JSCA International Stadium in Ranchi . The Super Kings started the season with a defeat in the opening match , after which they went on to win eight of their next nine matches to take the first spot in the points table . However , they suffered a loss of form towards the end of the regular season which resulted in three consecutive defeats . They won their last league fixture and finished third in the points table and qualified for the Eliminator against the fourth - placed Mumbai Indians . They won the Eliminator at Mumbai by 7 wickets and qualified for the Qualifier . At the Qualifier against Kings XI Punjab , the Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . Punjab went on to score 226 / 6 in their 20 overs . The Super Kings , in reply , could manage only 202 / 7 despite a 25 - ball 87 from Raina . They crashed out of the IPL , but , on account of finishing third , qualified for the main event of the 2014 CLT20 . In the group stage of the CLT20 , the Super Kings won two matches , lost one while another match was a no result . Thus with 10 points they finished second in the group table and qualified for the semifinal where they met the unbeaten team of the other group , Kings XI Punjab . After being put in to bat , the Super Kings posted 182 / 7 in 20 overs thanks to Bravo who scored a 39 - ball 67 . Then their bowlers reduced Punjab to 34 / 6 in the eighth over , and Punjab were eventually bowled out for 117 . At the final in Bangalore , the Super Kings faced the IPL champions Kolkata Knight Riders who set them a target of 181 in 20 overs . Raina guided the run - chase with an unbeaten 109 off 62 balls , helping the team to an eight - wicket win and their second CLT20 title . Super Kings spinner Pawan Negi who took 5 / 22 during Kolkata 's innings won the Man of the Match , and Raina , who finished as the highest run - getter of the tournament , was awarded Man of the Tournament . In 2015 , before the players ' auction , Chennai Super Kings gave away Ben Hilfenhaus , John Hastings , Vijay Shankar and David Hussey . At the auction they bought back Michael Hussey for a price of Rs. 1.5 crores . They also bought Kyle Abbott , Irfan Pathan , Andrew Tye , Eklavya Dwivedi , Ankush Bains , Pratyush Singh and Rahul Sharma . In the final , they lost against Mumbai . Home ground ( edit ) <Td_colspan="6"> Home record of the Super Kings Matches Wins Losses Tie / NR Success Rate In IPL 39 26 13 0 66.67 % In CLT20 0 75 % Overall 43 29 14 0 67.44 % Main article : M.A. Chidambaram Stadium The home ground of the Super Kings is the historic M.A. Chidambaram Stadium ( commonly called `` The Chepauk '' ) located in Chennai . The stadium is named after former BCCI President M.A. Chidambaram . It is the oldest stadium in India which is in continuous use . The stadium is owned by the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association and has a seating capacity of 50,000 as of May 2013 . In 2010 , the stadium underwent a major renovation for hosting some of the matches of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup . The seating capacity was increased from 36,000 to 50,000 and three new stands were established during this renovation . The Super Kings have a 67.44 % win record at this venue , which is often referred to as `` Fortress Chepauk '' and `` Lions ' den '' . In the 2011 season , the Super Kings won all their home games ( 8 matches ) including the final against Royal Challengers Bangalore . The Super Kings thus became the first team to win all their home games in a season and also the first team to win the tournament at home . In 2014 , Chennai Super Kings played all their home matches at Ranchi due to issues with Government of Tamil Nadu . Panoramic view of the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2012 . Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Chennai Super Kings cricketers Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the first Indian captain to win the IPL . Mahendra Singh Dhoni , who was the captain of the Indian limited - overs team in 2008 , was bought by the Super Kings for $1.5 million at the 2008 players ' auction . He was the most expensive player in the IPL until 2009 when the Super Kings signed up English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff for $1.55 million , he is not a part of the team now . Dhoni is the most successful captain in the IPL having led the team to Six finals ( Runners up 2008 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 ) , winning two ( 2010 , 2011 ) . He has a success rate of 61.05 % as captain which is the best among all captains in the IPL who have captained in at least 20 games . The vice-captain of the team since the first season is Suresh Raina . Raina is the most capped player in the history of IPL and has not missed a single match for the Super Kings till date . He is currently the highest run - scorer in the history of IPL and the only player to have scored more than 400 runs till 2014 . He also holds the record for most catches in IPL . Australian batsman Michael Hussey has the best batting average for the Super Kings . He was the first batsman from the Super Kings to score a century in the IPL . After Matthew Hayden 's retirement in 2010 , Hussey took over his place of opening batsman and was the team 's leading run - scorer in 2011 and 2013 seasons . Murali Vijay , who played for the team from 2009 to 2013 , is the only Indian batsman to have scored two centuries in the IPL . Super Kings ' spinner Ravichandran Ashwin has the third best economy rate in IPL ( 6.53 ) and is the leading wicket - taker for the team . Team identity ( edit ) Team name and logo design ( edit ) The Chennai franchise named the team as Chennai Super Kings to honor the rulers of the Tamil empire . The word `` super '' is used commonly in southern India especially in Tamil Nadu . The team name also derives from India Cements ' brand `` Coromandel King '' . The team logo features the head of a roaring lion in orange and the team name rendered in blue . The crown above the team name is the same as that used in the logo of the brand Coromandel King . According to the logo designers , since lion is the king of the jungle , the roaring lion logo reflects the team name . The details of the logo signifies various qualities such as youth , vibrancy , solid performance orientation and fiery spirit . Jersey colours ( edit ) The team 's primary colour is yellow with blue and orange stripes on either sides of the jersey . The jersey also incorporates the roaring lion logo in the center of the shirt below the logo of the main sponsor Aircel . The basic look of the jersey has remained same from the first season with no changes except for the sponsor placement . The kit manufacturer until 2014 was Reebok and from 2015 , Australian Apparel and Sports Gear manufacturer Spartan manufactures kits for the team . Sponsors ( edit ) Telecom service provider Aircel became the team 's first shirt sponsor after they signed a three - year deal in 2008 . They acquired branding rights on the players uniform including shirts and hats during IPL , rights for in - stadia branding , and sponsoring man - of - the - match awards for matches played in Chennai . In 2011 , Aircel renewed its sponsorship contract by paying more than ₹ 850 million . According to The Economic Times , it is the most expensive sponsorship deal in IPL . Besides Aircel , the team also has sponsorship deals with Gulf Oil , Pepsi , Reebok and Usha . In 2013 , they signed up Nissan Motors and VGN as associate sponsors . In April 2014 , the team signed up UST Global as its principal sponsor for a three - year period . Year Kit Manufacturers Shirt Sponsor ( Chest ) Shirt Sponsor ( Back ) 2008 Reebok Aircel India Cements 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Spartan Star ambassadors ( edit ) Actor Vijay and Actress Nayanthara are the star ambassadors . Theme song ( edit ) The title song , composed by Melody Brahma `` Manisharma '' which comes in the stadium gained the much popularity. And the theme song is the famous Whistle Podu designed by Aravind - Shankar ( duo of Aravind Murali and Jaishankar Iyer ) . Although the track was created only for YouTube in 2008 , it gained popularity during the 2009 season and later became the team 's theme song . The video of the song represents the street dance form of dappangutthu which is very popular among certain communities in Tamil Nadu . It is also a folk dance and music genre employed in Tamil cinema . The recordings of some of the Super Kings players whistling were used in the video . Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Chennai Super Kings -- Mumbai Indians rivalry and Chennai Super Kings - Royal Challengers Bangalore rivalry The Chennai Super Kings have active rivalries with the Mumbai Indians and the Royal Challengers Bangalore . The Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have played against each other more number of times than any other two teams in the IPL . They are the two most successful IPL teams and often termed as `` big spenders '' at the players auction . The two sides have met each other at the final of the IPL thrice , with Mumbai winning two of them and Chennai winning once . The rivalry with Royal Challengers Bangalore stems from the Kaveri River water dispute between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu . The rivalry is also called `` Kaveri derby '' and `` South Indian derby '' . The Super Kings beat the Royal Challengers in the final of the 2011 IPL , the only meeting between the two teams at an IPL final . Financial worth ( edit ) The Economic Times commissioned UK - based Brand Finance to carry out brand evaluation of the IPL and also each of the eight franchise teams ( that was increased to 10 in 2011 ) . Chennai Super Kings was rated as the `` most valuable team '' in the Indian Premier League in 2010 -- 11 , with a brand value of $100 million ( app ₹ 2.24 billion ) . In February 2013 , London based Brand Finance evaluated the top 150 most valuable teams in the world , in which Chennai Super Kings is placed in the 147th place valued at $46 million just behind the Mumbai Indians . Controversies ( edit ) Until September 2008 , BCCI regulation , Clause 6.2. 4 stated that `` No administrator could have , directly or indirectly , any commercial interest in the matches or events conducted by the board '' . However , N. Srinivasan , who was then the treasurer and vice-chairman of BCCI , became the de facto owner of the Chennai Super Kings since he was the Managing Director of India Cements . Former BCCI President A.C. Muthiah wrote to the BCCI regarding the violation of this clause in 2008 but the BCCI did not respond . In September 2008 , Muthiah went to the Madras High Court to restrain BCCI from allowing Srinivasan to participate in the general body meeting where the election was to be held . However , the suit was dismissed by the High Court and the following day , Srinivasan was elected as the Secretary of BCCI . The clause was amended as `` No administrator shall have , directly or indirectly , any commercial interest in any of the events of the BCCI , excluding IPL , Champions League and Twenty20 '' . Muthiah then moved to the Supreme Court which gave a split verdict in April 2011 . Later in August 2011 , Muthiah filed another petition to stop Srinivasan from taking over as the BCCI President but the Supreme Court rejected the petition , and Srinivasan was elected the President of BCCI . In 2011 , the owners of other teams were concerned about the possible rigging that could have taken place in the IPL auctions . Nita Ambani , the owner of Mumbai Indians questioned the changing the order of players just before the auction began . Former IPL chairman Lalit Modi accused Srinivasan of arm - twisting him and rigging the 2009 IPL auction to ensure that English all - rounder Andrew Flintoff was bought by the Chennai Super Kings while it was refuted by Srinivasan . In May 2013 , Gurunath Meiyappan , son - in - law of Srinivasan , was arrested by Mumbai Police on charges of placing bets on IPL matches Meiyappan , who was the Team Principal of the Super Kings , was issued a summons by the Mumbai Police and on interrogation it was found that Meiyappan was in contact with bookies through actor Vindu Dara Singh . Following this , Srinivasan , on 2 June 2013 , decided to step aside as BCCI President temporarily until the inquiry into the betting case completed . In February 2014 , the three member panel appointed by the Supreme Court of India enquired into the betting case indicted Meiyappan for illegal betting during the 2013 IPL . On 25 March 2014 , the Supreme Court of India issued an ultimatum to the BCCI demanding that Srinivasan either step down as President or be removed from his position . On 14 July 2015 , the Supreme Court appointed RM Lodha committee suspended the owners of Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings from the Indian Premier League for a period of two years . On 24 February 2016 , the Supreme Court of India agreed to hear a plea for lifting the ban on the Chennai Super Kings . Seasons ( edit ) Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20 2008 Runners - up Cancelled ( Q ) 2009 Semifinalists DNQ Champions Champions 2011 Champions Group stage 2012 Runners - up Group stage 2013 Runners - up Semifinalists 2014 Semifinalists Champions 2015 Runners - up Tournament Defunt Year <Th_colspan="2"> Indian Premier League 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Suspended 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Suspended 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Returns IPL 2015 squad ( edit ) Players with international caps are listed in bold . * denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection . * denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season . No . Name Nat . Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes <Th_colspan="9"> Batsmen Suresh Raina ( 1986 - 11 - 27 ) 27 November 1986 ( age 30 ) Left - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 95 million ( US $1.5 million ) Vice-captain 12 Mithun Manhas ( 1979 - 10 - 12 ) 12 October 1979 ( age 37 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 13 Faf du Plessis ( 1984 - 07 - 13 ) 13 July 1984 ( age 33 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2014 ₹ 47.5 million ( US $740,000 ) Overseas 42 Brendon McCullum ( 1981 - 09 - 27 ) 27 September 1981 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2014 ₹ 32.5 million ( US $510,000 ) Overseas 48 Michael Hussey ( 1975 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1975 ( age 42 ) Left - handed Right - arm medium 2015 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) Overseas <Th_colspan="9"> All - rounders 5 Baba Aparajith ( 1994 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) 8 Ravindra Jadeja ( 1988 - 12 - 06 ) 6 December 1988 ( age 28 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2014 ₹ 75 million ( US $1.2 million ) 47 Dwayne Bravo ( 1983 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1983 ( age 33 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 40 million ( US $620,000 ) Overseas 50 Dwayne Smith ( 1983 - 04 - 12 ) 12 April 1983 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 45 million ( US $700,000 ) Overseas 56 Irfan Pathan ( 1984 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1984 ( age 32 ) Left - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2015 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) 68 Andrew Tye ( 1986 - 12 - 12 ) 12 December 1986 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2015 ₹ 2 million ( US $31,000 ) Overseas <Th_colspan="9"> Wicket - keepers Eklavya Dwivedi ( 1988 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 7 MS Dhoni ( 1981 - 07 - 07 ) 7 July 1981 ( age 36 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2014 ₹ 125 million ( US $1.9 million ) Captain 9 Ankush Bains ( 1995 - 12 - 06 ) 6 December 1995 ( age 21 ) Right - handed 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) <Th_colspan="9"> Bowlers 6 Pawan Negi ( 1993 - 01 - 06 ) 6 January 1993 ( age 24 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 15 Ishwar Pandey ( 1989 - 08 - 15 ) 15 August 1989 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) 18 Mohit Sharma ( 1988 - 09 - 18 ) 18 September 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 30 million ( US $470,000 ) 19 Pratyush Singh ( 1994 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2015 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 21 Matt Henry ( 1991 - 12 - 14 ) 14 December 1991 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 22 Ronit More ( 1992 - 02 - 11 ) 11 February 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) 27 Rahul Sharma ( 1986 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1986 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break googly 2015 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) 64 Ashish Nehra ( 1979 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1979 ( age 38 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2014 ₹ 20 million ( US $310,000 ) 77 Samuel Badree ( 1981 - 03 - 09 ) 9 March 1981 ( age 36 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2014 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 87 Kyle Abbott ( 1987 - 06 - 18 ) 18 June 1987 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2015 ₹ 3 million ( US $47,000 ) Overseas 99 Ravichandran Ashwin ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1986 ( age 31 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2014 ₹ 55 million ( US $860,000 ) Administration and support staff ( edit ) Owner -- Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd Coach -- Stephen Fleming Bowling coach -- Andy Bichel Fielding coach -- Steve Rixon Physical trainer -- Gregory King Physio -- Tommy Simsek Team manager -- Radha Krishnan High Performance analyst -- Lakshmi Narayanan Team Doctor - Dr. Madhu Thottappillil Fixtures and results ( edit ) Overall results in IPL ( edit ) <Td_colspan="9"> Performance summary in Indian Premier League Year Matches Wins Losses No Result Tied Success Rate Position Summary 2008 16 9 7 0 0 56.25 % 2nd Runners - up 2009 15 8 6 0 53.33 % 4th Semi-finalists 16 9 7 0 0 56.25 % 1st Champions 2011 16 11 5 d 0 68.75 % 1st Champions 2012 20 11 8 0 57.89 % 2nd Runners - up 2013 18 12 6 0 0 61.11 % 2nd Runners - up 2014 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % 3rd Playoffs 2015 17 10 7 0 0 58.8 % 2nd Runners - up 2016 <Td_colspan="8"> Suspended 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> Suspended 2018 <Td_colspan="8"> TBD Total 132 79 51 0 59.84 Result summary ( edit ) By opposition Opposition Span Mat Won Lost Tied NR Success Rate Deccan Chargers 2008 -- 2012 10 6 0 0 60 % Delhi Daredevils 2008 -- 2015 16 12 0 0 75.00 % Kings XI Punjab 2008 -- 2015 16 9 5 0 56.25 % Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011 0 0 50 % Kolkata Knight Riders 2008 -- 2015 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % Mumbai Indians 2008 -- 2015 22 10 12 0 0 45.45 % Pune Warriors India 2011 -- 2013 6 0 0 66.67 % Rajasthan Royals 2008 -- 2015 16 10 6 0 0 62.50 % Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008 -- 2015 21 13 7 0 61.90 % Sunrisers Hyderabad 2013 - 2015 6 0 0 66.67 % Total 2008 -- 2015 128 86 41 67.18 % 2015 season ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Indian Premier League Chennai Super Kings 2014 IPL Fixtures No . Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard Link 000000002015 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 2015 Delhi Daredevils Chennai Won by 1 Run , MoM -- Ashish Nehra 3 / 25 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Chennai Won by 45 Runs , MoM - Brendon McCullum 100 * ( 56 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2015 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 6 wickets , MoM - Ashish Nehra 3 / 23 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2015 Rajasthan Royals Ahmedabad Lost by 8 Wickets Scorecard 5 000000002015 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 27 Runs , MoM - Suresh Raina 62 ( 32 ) Scorecard 6 000000002015 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2015 Kings XI Punjab Chennai Won by 97 Runs , MoM - Brendon McCullum 66 ( 44 ) Scorecard 7 000000002015 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Chennai Won by 2 Runs , MoM - Dwayne Bravo 3 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002015 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 9 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Lost by 22 runs Scorecard 10 000000002015 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai Won by 24 Runs , MoM -- Suresh Raina 52 ( 46 ) Scorecard 11 000000002015 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2015 Mumbai Indians Chennai Lost by 6 Wickets Scorecard 12 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2015 Rajasthan Royals Chennai Won by 12 Runs , MoM - Ravindra Jadeja 4 / 11 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 13 000000002015 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2015 Delhi Daredevils Raipur Lost by 6 Wickets Scorecard 14 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2015 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 7 Wickets MoM - Pawan Negi 2 / 25 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 15 000000002015 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2015 Mumbai Indians ( Qualifier 1 ) Mumbai Lost by 25 Runs Scorecard 16 000000002015 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore ( Qualifier 2 ) Ranchi Won by 3 Wickets , MoM - Ashish Nehra 3 / 28 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 17 000000002015 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2015 Mumbai Indians ( Final ) Kolkata Lost by 41 runs Overall results in CLT20 ( edit ) Performance summary in Champions League Year Matches Wins Losses No Result Success Rate Summary 2008 <Th_colspan="6"> Cancelled 6 5 0 83.33 % Champions 2011 0 25 % Group stage 2012 0 50 % Group stage 2013 5 0 60 % Semifinalists 2014 6 66.66 % Champions Total 25 15 9 60.00 % Awards and achievements ( edit ) 2008 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2008 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Highest total of the tournament ( 240 / 5 ) Centuries : ( Michael Hussey 116 * ) Hat - tricks : ( Lakshmipathy Balaji and Makhaya Ntini ) 2009 Indian Premier League Semi-finalists of 2009 Indian Premier League Winner of Orange Cap ( Matthew Hayden ) Player of the Tournament ( Matthew Hayden ) 2010 Indian Premier League Champions of the 2010 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Highest team total of the tournament ( 246 / 5 ) Best bowling figures of the tournament ( Doug Bollinger ) Highest score in the tournament ( Murali Vijay 127 ) Centuries ( Murali Vijay 127 ) IPL Awards : Best Fielder ( Suresh Raina ) IPL Awards : Most Economical Bowler ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) 2010 Champions League Champions of 2010 Champions League Twenty20 Winner of Golden Bat ( Murali Vijay ) Highest individual score ( Suresh Raina 94 * ) Winner of Golden Wicket ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) Best bowling figures of the tournament ( Ravichandran Ashwin 4 / 18 ) Player of the Tournament ( Ravichandran Ashwin ) 2011 Indian Premier League Champions of the 2011 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Won all home matches 2012 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2012 Indian Premier League Highest team total of the tournament ( 222 / 5 ) Best bowling figure of the tournament ( Ravindra Jadeja 5 / 16 ) Centuries : ( Murali Vijay 113 ) 1st player to score 2000 runs in IPL ( Suresh Raina ) 2013 Indian Premier League Runners - up of 2013 Indian Premier League 1st team to register 50 wins in IPL Fair Play Award Winner Centuries : ( Suresh Raina 100 * ) Winner of Orange Cap ( Michael Hussey ) Winner of Purple Cap ( Dwayne Bravo ) 2014 Indian Premier League Semi-Finalists Fair Play Award Winner First Team to play 100 games in IPL Suresh Raina becomes the first player to play 100 games and score 3000 runs in IPL Winner of Purple Cap ( Mohit Sharma ) 2014 Champions League Champions of 2014 Champions League Twenty20 Centuries : ( Suresh Raina 109 * ) Player of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) Leading Run - Scorer of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) Best Bowling Figures of the Tournament : ( Pawan Negi ) Maximum Sixes of the Tournament : ( Suresh Raina ) 2015 Indian Premier league Runners Up of 2015 Indian Premier League Fair Play Award Winner Centuries : ( Brendon McCullum 100 * ) Best Bowling Figures : ( Ashish Nehra ) 4 / 10 ( 4 Overs ) Winner of Purple Cap : ( Dwayne Bravo ) 26 wickets Best catch of the season : ( Dwayne Bravo ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India cements transfers CSK to new subsidiary with effect from jan 1 '' . CNN - IBN. 11 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CSK , RR owners suspended for two years '' . ESPNCricinfo.com. 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings again the team to beat '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL fever : KKR beats CSK in brand value race '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Franchises for board 's new Twenty20 league '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court struck down controversial amendment '' . Espncricinfo . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IPL Auction : Players ' worth '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni snapped up for 1.5 million dollars at IPL auction '' . Sify . Jump up ^ `` Kepler Wessels to coach Chennai Super Kings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 Kings XI Punjab v Chennai Super Kings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inspired Chennai send Punjab packing '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI sanctions $5 million for IPL teams in 2008 Champions League '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flintoff and Pietersen most expensive buys '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worn down Hussey wo n't play in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Efficient Bangalore outplay Chennai Royal Challengers Bangalore v Chennai Super Kings , IPL semi-final Report Cricket News '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni blasts Chennai to semi-finals Punjab v Chennai , IPL 2010 , Dharamsala Report Cricket News '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / 10 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bollinger charges Chennai into final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - round strength gives Mumbai the edge '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raina , Dhoni star in Chennai triumph '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CLT20 : Ruthless Raina takes Chennai to final Bangalore v Chennai , CLT20 , 1st semi-final , Durban Report Cricket News ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors v Chennai : Dominant Chennai seal title Warriors v Chennai , CLT20 2010 , Johannesburg Report Cricket News ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ 2011 ; view = pointstable Indian Premier League , 2011 / Points table Jump up ^ `` Raina stuns Bangalore to power Chennai into final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vijay stars in Chennai 's successful title defence '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia Champions League T20 , 2011 / 12 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millions for Jadeja , Jayawardene and Vinay '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Points Table - Indian Premier League - ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Vijay century overpowers Delhi '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata take title after Bisla blitz '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2012 / 13 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings sign five uncapped bowlers '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raina ton makes it seven in seven for Chennai '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CSK crush Mumbai to reach fifth final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aggressive Mumbai end title drought '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Final Chennai Super Kings v Mumbai Indians '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2013 / 14 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Semi-Final : Rajasthan Royals v Chennai Super Kings at Jaipur , Oct 4 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings Set to Play All ' Home ' Indian Premier League Matches in Ranchi '' . NDTV . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ranchi to host Chennai Super Kings ` remaining home matches '' . Zee News . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warner keeps Sunrisers in the race '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifier 2 : Chennai Super Kings v Kings XI Punjab at Mumbai , May 30 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2014 / 15 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2nd Semi-Final : Kings XI Punjab v Chennai Super Kings at Hyderabad ( Deccan ) , Oct 2 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raina century leads CSK to title '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , Final : Chennai Super Kings v Kolkata Knight Riders at Bangalore , Oct 4 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IPL final : Chennai Super Kings lost because they are stuck in the past '' . Firstpost . Jump up ^ `` MA Chidambaram Stadium '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore face Chennai challenge at Chepauk '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Warriors hope to survive Lions ' den '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most matches as captain '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most catches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Batting averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2011 - Chennai Super Kings / Records / Batting and bowling averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 - Chennai Super Kings / Records / Batting and bowling averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Best economy rates '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Bowling averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings '' . Cricket Circle . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Logos of IPL -- The Indian Premier League '' . LogosDesignNext . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aircel to sponsor Chennai Super Kings '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aircel signs most expensive sponsorship deal in IPL with Dhoni 's Chennai Super Kings '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings takes Nissan , VGN on board '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UST Global signs three - year sponsorship deal with CSK '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with the creators of Whistle Podu '' . mPower . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL : Familiar foes , Mumbai Indians and Chennai Super Kings , face off in virtual quarterfinal '' . DNA India . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2014 : Chennai Super Kings Team Profile '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big spenders still searching for returns '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The battle of the Kaveri '' . Cricbuzz . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bitter rivals square off in marquee southern derby '' . Cricbuzz . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings face royal challenge '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official We97 - 91 - 051044bsite of Chennai Super Kings -- CHAMPIONS 2011 '' . Chennaisuperkings.com. 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brand Finance : Top 150 most valuable teams by Financial Express '' . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI top brass feels fixing heat '' . Times of India . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` N Srinivasan 's rise in the BCCI '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Srinivasan faces petition against BCCI presidency '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` N Srinivasan becomes BCCI president '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Was IPL auction fair ? '' . Times of India . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flintoff sale rigged at 2009 IPL auction -- Modi '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gurunath Meiyappan arrested in Mumbai '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meiyappan placed heavy bets on IPL matches , say Mumbai Police '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Srinivasan steps aside temporarily ; Dalmiya to run BCCI affairs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL spot - fixing : Gurunath Meiyappan guilty of betting , CSK faces uncertain future '' . Economic Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Srinivasan must step down '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Court Agrees To Hear Plea For Lifting Ban On Chennai Super Kings '' . NDTV . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Website of Chennai Super Kings '' . Chennai Super Kings . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / List of match results ( by season ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Records / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 - Chennai Super Kings / Records / List of match results ( by season ) '' . ESPNcricnfo . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ than says : ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` IPL 2008 Fair Play Standings '' . Cricket Xtra . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 / Records / Highest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 31st match : Chennai Super Kings v Kings XI Punjab at Chennai , May 10 , 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 41st match : Kolkata Knight Riders v Chennai Super Kings at Kolkata , 18 May 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings 2010 Performance '' . IPLCricketNow.com . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / 10 / Records / Highest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / 10 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai Super Kings performance 2010 '' . IPLCricketnow.com . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Records / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2010 / 11 / Records / Best bowling figures in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final : Warriors v Chennai Super Kings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2011 Kingfisher Fair Play Award '' . Contentcarry. 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai v Kochi : Determined Chennai surge to top spot Chennai v Kochi , IPL 2011 , Chennai Report Cricket News '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / Highest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / Best bowling figures in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 / Records / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Chennai Super Kings Website Chennai Super Kings at IPL official site <Th_colspan="3"> Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Awards List of awards Fair Play Award Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player <Td_colspan="3"> Book Portal Commons WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Chennai Super Kings Lists Players Records Home ground M.A. Chidambaram Stadium JSCA International Stadium Complex Captains MS Dhoni Suresh Raina Coaches Kepler Wessels ( 2008 ) Stephen Fleming ( 2009 -- 2015 ) Honours 2010 Indian Premier League 2010 Champions League Twenty20 2011 Indian Premier League 2014 Champions League Twenty20 Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rivalries Mumbai Indians rivalry Royal Challengers Bangalore rivalry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai_Super_Kings&oldid=801236737 '' Categories : Sport in Chennai Cricket clubs established in 2008 Sports clubs in India Indian Premier League teams Cricket in Chennai Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Pages using infobox cricket team with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Chennai Super Kings - franchise cricket team
2. Indian Premier League (IPL) - cricket tournament
3. MS Dhoni - captain of Chennai Super Kings
4. M.A. Chidambaram Stadium - home ground of Chennai Super Kings
5. IPL and CLT20 wins - achievements of Chennai Super Kings
|
4,300,042,477,864,120,000 |
where does ryan go to college in the oc
|
Ryan Atwood - Wikipedia Ryan Atwood Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ryan Atwood <Td_colspan="2"> The O.C. character <Td_colspan="2"> Benjamin McKenzie as Ryan Atwood First appearance `` Premiere '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` The End 's Not Near , It 's Here '' ( episode 4.16 ) Created by Josh Schwartz Portrayed by Benjamin McKenzie <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Ryan Francis Atwood Nickname ( s ) Chino ( by Luke ) Atwood ( by Summer ) Kid ( by Sandy ) Ry ( by Trey ) Gender Male Occupation Architect High school student ( at the Harbor School ; graduated ) College student ( at UC Berkeley ; graduated ) Family Francis `` Frank '' Atwood ( biological father ) Dawn Atwood ( biological mother ) Sanford `` Sandy '' Cohen ( adoptive father ) Kirsten Cohen ( adoptive mother ) Trey Atwood ( biological older brother ) Cooper Atwood ( paternal half - brother ) Seth Cohen ( adoptive brother ) Sophie Rose Cohen ( adoptive sister ) Sophie Cohen ( adoptive paternal grandmother ) Caleb and Rose Nichol ( adoptive grandparents ; deceased ) Hailey Nichol ( adoptive maternal aunt ) Lindsay Gardner ( adoptive maternal half - aunt ) Significant other ( s ) Theresa Diaz ( ex-girlfriend ) Marissa Cooper ( ex-girlfriend , first love , deceased ) Gabrielle ( fling ) Lindsay Gardner ( ex-girlfriend ) Sadie Campbell ( ex-girlfriend ) Chloe ( one - night stand ) Taylor Townsend ( girlfriend , undefined ) Relatives Summer Roberts ( sister - in - law , via Seth ) Residence Newport Beach , California Formerly : Chino , California Ryan Francis Atwood is a fictional character on the FOX television series The O.C. , portrayed by Benjamin McKenzie . a troubled teenager from Chino , California , he is an outcast who is given a second chance when the wealthy Cohen family takes him in . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 1.1 Casting 2 Characterization 2.1 Background 2.2 Personality 3 Character arc 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.4. 1 Series finale 4 References Concept and creation ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) `` When Benjamin ( McKenzie ) came in , he was n't physically what Josh ( Schwartz ) had envisioned , but he inhabited the character unlike anyone we had seen . I think that the character of Ryan is a kid that always seems a little lost and has a sense of mystery and danger ; Benjamin has all those qualities . '' -- Patrick Rush on the casting of Benjamin McKenzie as Ryan Casting director Patrick Rush found the role of Ryan Atwood particularly hard to cast for The O.C. . Chad Michael Murray turned the role down to play Lucas Scott on One Tree Hill . Rush invited Benjamin McKenzie to audition after Warner Bros. made him aware of the young actor after an unsuccessful audition for a UPN sitcom . McKenzie , who had spent two years in New York and Los Angeles seeking acting work , lacked experience and later described his selection as `` a tremendous leap of faith '' on the producers ' part . Show creator Josh Schwartz said in 2014 , `` ( McKenzie ) took it really seriously , and brought just a lot of integrity , and integrity is not always required in a Fox teen drama . '' Characterization ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Ryan was physically abused by his biological father Frank and some of his mother Dawn 's boyfriends . He has a complicated , love - hate relationship with his older brother Trey . Both parents struggled with alcohol -- Frank became physically abusive while Dawn neglected and verbally abused him -- and it left a deep impression on him , as shown by his aversion to strong alcoholic drinks . By his own statements , Ryan never had a father figure for much of his life , due to Frank being in prison and his mother 's revolving door of boyfriends , prior to being adopted by the Cohens . The Atwoods used to live in Fresno but moved to Chino after Frank was imprisoned . In season 4 , it is stated that Ryan had not seen Frank in eight years . In regards to his biological family , a major recurring theme was Ryan being abandoned -- Dawn abandoned him twice , Trey left for Las Vegas without telling him and their dad left them and their mom `` with nothing '' after being imprisoned -- which contrasts his adopted family , the Cohens , who have stood by him despite his juvenile record , vocal criticisms and disdain from the other `` Newpsies '' about his adoption and his multiple attempts to run away from them . Although he does not address Sandy and Kirsten as Dad or Mom , he has made it clear that he considers them to be his parents , rather than Frank and Dawn . He generally dislikes speaking about his biological family and has hinted during Christmas and Thanksgiving that the holidays brought up painful memories for him . During his first Chrismukkah in Newport , he tells the Cohens that his holidays mainly consisted of him `` getting ( his ) ass kicked '' and sums up his Christmas memories in three words : drinking , crying and cops . Personality ( edit ) Born and raised in a working class family , Ryan knows the lifestyle and attitudes of people from his neighborhood of Chino , California and the dangers that occur if outsiders are influenced by its environment . His abusive past is reflected by the fact that he has an extremely high pain threshold and displays an impassive expression after being physically beat up . He is tough , cynical and quick - tempered , yet compassionate and empathetic toward people in trouble and those less fortunate than himself . During his first months in Newport , he had the tendency to physically express his anger at the incessant teasing from his schoolmates by punching them , which led them intentionally goad him even more , but he gradually calmed down , after some serious lecturing from Sandy and being sent to anger management counseling . He at times appears burdened by an almost - compulsive need to rescue others at the expense of his own well - being , however , and is overly protective of Marissa and Theresa , his main love interests on the show . The product of an abusive household , he has difficulty trusting or getting close to people emotionally , which could also be due to the fact that his mother Dawn refused to get help for her alcoholism and brother Trey continuously broke his promises to stay out of trouble . He is extremely loyal to his family , both biological and adopted , and those he cares about . The fact that he rarely smiles or says much is something of a running joke among other members of the Cohen household ; early in the first season when he first moves in with the Cohens , he often looks down and avoids making eye contact , likely a habit of self - preservation born out of his upbringing in an unstable home and would stiffen when hugged ; by the final season , he becomes more open to his adoptive family . Despite his reticent nature and emotionless exterior , Ryan can be quite transparent , often `` convey ( ing ) everything with just a look '' , and is virtually incapable of lying , as Sandy proved in the episode `` The O. Sea '' when he caught Ryan trying to cover - up for Seth and Ryan 's `` guilty face '' gave it away . Compared to his adoptive brother , Ryan is the opposite of the socially awkward , sheltered and sometimes naïve Seth ; he is street - savvy , which often results in him having to constantly bail Seth out of trouble during the first two seasons , athletic and charismatic , albeit in a more understated way . Seth often joked about he had known Summer and Marissa since they were in elementary but they never talked to one another while Ryan was invited to the annual charity fashion by Marissa barely twenty four hours after setting foot in Newport Beach . Inside the classroom , he has been described as highly intelligent despite his history of behavior problems ( he was suspended multiple times for fighting and truancy ) . In the pilot episode , it is revealed that he had taken his SATs despite being only a sophomore and scored in the 98th percentile . According to Dawn , Ryan had always been `` the smart one , the good one '' in the family . Ryan 's favorite fruit is peaches , and his favorite band is Journey . He suffers from acrophobia , the fear of heights . He is athletic and played football ( safety ) and soccer ( striker ) in school ; a soccer ball is sometimes seen in the Cohen 's pool house . Despite the generosity of his adoptive family , Ryan repeatedly demonstrates he can earn his own keep by taking paying jobs around town , such as a busboy at the Crab Shack , a construction worker , an intern at the Newport Group , and a barback position . He used to smoke , like both Frank and Dawn , but stopped after Sandy tells him on the first night that smoking was n't allowed in the house . Of the characters in the show , Ryan is closest to his adoptive brother Seth , Summer and Marissa -- this `` core four '' group of friends is the basis of Seth 's Atomic County comic series . Ryan and Seth are often able to finish each other 's sentences , according to Summer , `` like they 're composing a lie on the spot '' and read each other 's body language and facial expressions . Character arc ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) When Ryan and his brother Trey are caught attempting to steal a car , his mother Dawn kicks him out . His attorney , Sandy Cohen , takes him into his home in Newport Beach , California , despite objections from Sandy 's wife , Kirsten . Sandy takes note of Ryan 's high test scores in spite of his poor grades , which was more likely due to inconsistent attendance rather than Ryan 's lack of intelligence . Initially Kirsten is wary of him and insisted Sandy take him back to juvie but , after witnessing him being physically assaulted in juvie for defending her from an unruly inmate , she takes him home . She subsequently welcomes him to stay permanently upon seeing that Dawn was incapable of adequately caring for Ryan due to her alcohol problem . In the episode `` The Debut '' , Sandy and Kirsten become his legal guardians , after Dawn leaves him at the Cohens ' in the previous episode . Ryan becomes part of the Cohen family , living in their pool house , and becomes a brother to Sandy and Kirsten 's son , Seth Cohen ; even Sandy and Kirsten consider him their second son , referring to him as such rather than the more legally accurate term `` ward '' . However , even though he is accepted by the immediate Cohen family , he still feels like and is seen by other characters as an outsider , a recurring theme throughout the season . In particular , Harbor School dean Dr. Kim , water polo team captain Luke Ward , Kirsten 's father Caleb Nichol and the Cohens ' neighbor Julie Cooper had reservations about Ryan . Shortly after meeting her , he begins a relationship with Marissa Cooper , Julie 's daughter . Initially Ryan has trouble fitting in at Harbor School , the local private school most `` Newpsies '' attend . He joins the soccer team , only to find that Luke was also on the team . The fact that Luke , his rival for Marissa 's affections and the water polo team captain , was there exacerbated the problem . Ryan takes it out on Luke with a rash tackle during soccer practice , earning him a suspension and a stern reminder from Sandy that they ( the Cohens ) were `` always one mistake away from someone taking you from us '' . He and Luke become friends in the aftermath of the discovery that Luke 's father was gay and is the first person Luke vents his frustration and anger to . Luke becomes unlikely friends with Ryan and his circle of `` outcasts '' : Marissa , who was ostracized by other girls following her parents ' divorce and suicide attempt , and the socially awkward Seth , whom he and other jocks used to bully . Ryan 's relationship with Marissa is interrupted by Oliver Trask , a deeply disturbed boy Marissa meets in therapy who becomes obsessed with her . Ryan becomes suspicious , which brings significant trust issues between the couple , eventually resulting in a breakup , although they remain friends . At the same time , Theresa Diaz , Ryan 's childhood sweetheart , comes to Newport , resulting in a rekindled romance between them . However , Theresa leaves Newport after her fiancé Eddie , one of Ryan 's friends in Chino , convinces her to return to Chino with him . Ryan and Marissa resume their relationship shortly after , but this is complicated when Theresa returns after suffering domestic abuse by Eddie . Theresa reveals she is pregnant but does not know whether the father is Ryan or Eddie . She decides to keep the baby and return home to Chino to be with her mother . Feeling compelled to help her bring up the child , Ryan decides to go with Theresa , leaving Marissa , the Cohens , and everything else in his life behind . Season 2 ( edit ) Having quit school and working in construction , Ryan lives with Theresa , but she realizes he is unhappy and encourages him to visit Seth in Portland , Oregon , where he ran away following Ryan 's departure . He hesitantly goes , hoping to convince his friend to go home to his parents before the fall semester starts , but while he stays in Portland , Theresa notifies him through the telephone she has miscarried . Although Ryan is devastated and wants to return to her , Theresa tells him he needs to go back to Newport with Seth . Ryan returns to school and is still uncertain about his plans beyond high school . By chance , he catches Sandy and Kirsten 's contractor cutting corners and quickly points out discrepancies in the floor plan and finished product . The school counselor discovers some technical drawings and sketches of the lower floor of the Cohens ' home in his notebook and advises him to consider architecture as a career . As part of Seth 's idea of a reunion of the `` Fab Four '' ( consisting of Ryan , Marissa , Seth and his girlfriend Summer Roberts ) , Ryan and Marissa are pulled closer together . When he overhears Marissa admitting to Summer that Ryan is the only one she ever loved and she misses him every day , he confesses his own lingering feelings for her . The two get back together , just as Ryan 's brother Trey is released from jail . Ryan , along with the Cohens and Marissa , attempts to get Trey back onto his feet . However , during his trip to Florida with Sandy and Seth to pay Sandy 's mother a visit , Trey tries to rape Marissa while intoxicated on drugs . Marissa does not tell anyone , causing tension with Ryan , who suspects she cheated on him with Trey . After he questions his brother , who hides at a bar in Chino and blames a drunken Marissa , Ryan bumps into Theresa and confides his problems . She tells him that out of the two , Marissa would never hurt him and she would be the one to trust . Following Theresa 's advice , Ryan makes up with Marissa . Meanwhile , Sandy becomes concerned with Kirsten 's alcoholism and decides to stage an intervention . Ryan reassures Sandy he is doing the right thing . Ryan takes part , stating that , having lost his mother to alcoholism , he would not be able to bear it if he lost someone else he loved to the bottle . Following similar statements of love from the rest of the Cohens , Kirsten gives in and checks herself into rehab . When Marissa tells Summer about Trey 's attempted rape , Summer informs Seth . Seth , knowing he can not lie to Ryan , tells him , who prompts a confrontation with his brother . The brothers fight , and Trey almost kills Ryan . Marissa turns up and shoots Trey in the back with his own gun . Season 3 ( edit ) Marissa 's death in `` The Graduates '' ( episode 3.25 ) Trey survives the gunshot but remains in a coma . When he regains consciousness , Marissa 's mother Julie blackmails him to place the blame on Ryan so Marissa 's innocence will clear her reputation in society , but following Ryan 's initial arrest , Marissa convinces him to tell the truth . With Ryan 's charges dropped , Trey flees Newport , leaving Marissa expelled from Harbor High to instead attend public school . When she befriends amateur surfer Johnny Harper , Ryan becomes suspicious of their closeness , fueling their on and off relationship . After Johnny dies in an accident , Ryan questions Marissa 's true feelings towards Johnny , ending their relationship . Following their split , Marissa begins spiraling down a disastrous relationship with Kevin Volchok , Johnny 's former surfing rival , while Ryan develops his own rivalry against Volchok , including instances of blackmail , extortion and violence . In the season finale , Ryan , Marissa , Seth and Summer graduate from high school , following their prospective futures . Ryan became the first in his family to graduate from high school and is accepted by the University of California , Berkeley , Sandy and Kirsten 's alma mater . Volchok attempts to blackmail Ryan , threatening to inform the authorities of Ryan 's earlier involvement in a robbery which he was forced to assist him with . In an effort to fulfill Volchok 's ransom , Marissa gives Ryan her mother 's graduation gift : pearls he can pawn for the money . Volchok does n't accept the money , demanding more , including a talk with Marissa , which she refuses , instead staying with Ryan . While Ryan drives Marissa to the airport , Volchok , drunk and furious , attempts to crash Ryan 's car . In a blind rage , he sideswipes Ryan 's vehicle , knocking it over a barrier to roll down an embankment . Ryan manages to pull an unconscious Marissa out of the wreckage before the car exploded due to the leaking gas tank . Marissa dies of her injuries in his arms minutes later . Season 4 ( edit ) Following Marissa 's death , Ryan moves into a storage closet at a bar where he works while avoiding the Cohens and starts cage fighting , which becomes an outlet for his anger and grief . The Cohens repeatedly call him up to check up on him and ask him to come over for dinner and Sandy even goes to the bar to look for Ryan himself but Ryan continues to elude them on purpose . Meanwhile , a desperate Seth calls Summer , who is away at Brown University in Rhode Island , to come back and hopefully convince Ryan to return home with the Cohens . Sandy , Kirsten and Seth finally convince him to return home after they reveal to him , through Seth 's Atomic County comic strips , how he has changed their family for the better . Julie , finding any way necessary to cope with her grief , hires a private investigator to dig up evidence of Volchok 's whereabouts , in hopes of exacting her revenge . She passes the information to Ryan , the only person who can truly understand the pain she feels , and suggests he do with Volchok whatever he wishes , as giving the police the information is too valuable a deal to pass up . Ryan heads to Mexico to finish the job , but Seth tags along to ensure Ryan does n't ruin his life by committing murder . Seth calls Sandy and Kirsten , who have driven to Mexico to find the boys , then warns Volchok to leave town before Ryan gets to him and advises that he take advantage of his lawyer father . His plan fools Ryan , who returns home ; his relationship with Seth is severely compromised , however . Heeding Seth 's advice , Volchok contacts Sandy to be his defense attorney , although Ryan discovers it . Sandy , knowing Ryan would never kill anyone , drives him to the hotel where he 's housed Volchok . Inside , Ryan puts a broken bottle against Volchok 's throat ; he spares Volchok 's life , however , leaving him for the police . Ryan settles back down to life in Newport , determined to have an uneventful summer , until Taylor Townsend returns from France trapped in a loveless marriage , seeking a divorce . Ryan is reluctantly drawn in and , during a heart - to - heart conversation with Sandy , he is reminded that he 's always been the one to help people when they need it the most . Ryan kisses Taylor in front of her husband 's lawyer , who can grant a divorce only if one member was unfaithful and agrees that their kiss was heartfelt . Seth warns Ryan that Taylor is unstable and clings to anyone who shows her kindness ; while Ryan appreciates the notion , he admits that he is not yet over Marissa and decides to confront Taylor ; she initially denies her own feelings but later confesses that she is attracted to him . Following a second kiss , the idea being to discover if it sparks any feelings , he admits he does like her , except that he does not want anything too serious . During Chrismukkah ( a combination of Christmas and Hanukkah celebrated at the Cohen house ) , Ryan discovers a letter in the mail from Marissa but gets distracted by Kirsten . While he 's hanging decorations on the house roof , Taylor arrives with her gift to him ; he is preoccupied by Marissa 's letter , however , and acts coldly towards her . When she climbs the ladder he 's working on to angrily give him his present , the ladder falls , along with the two of them , knocking them both unconscious . While in the hospital , Ryan and Taylor dream of being in an alternate dream universe of Newport , as if Ryan had never been adopted by the Cohen family . When Taylor misunderstands a conversation with a housekeeper from this world , she informs Ryan that Marissa is alive ; Ryan says he never wants to wake up so he can be with her again . When he finds out about her arrival at an airport from Berkeley and goes to meet her , he finds this world 's version of Marissa 's sister Kaitlin , who tells him that Marissa had died of the overdose he had saved her from . In the real world , Kirsten shows Julie Marissa 's letter to Ryan , which she had written to Ryan before she left for Greece . In the letter , Marissa states that she had to leave because , even though she still loved him , they could not be together . After Julie sets the note beside an unconscious Ryan , it appears for him to read in his dream , during which he realizes he has to forgive himself for Marissa 's death and to move on . Moments later , he regains consciousness . He finally gathers the courage to visit Marissa 's grave , where he bumps into Julie , who consoles him with the knowledge that at least Marissa did not die alone . Since her daughter 's death , Julie has softened towards Ryan after realizing that he sincerely cared for Marissa . Days later , Ryan finds out from Sandy that his biological father , Frank Atwood , is out of jail and wishes to see him . Ryan is hesitant , recalling the abuse he suffered at Frank 's hands , but Frank convinces him by claiming that he has lung cancer . However , following dinner with the Cohens , an already - suspicious Sandy reveals that Frank lied about the cancer after checking up with his contacts in the prison system . Frank leaves Newport , although he returns apologetically and with help from Taylor forms a tentative relationship with his son . The situation becomes even more awkward when Frank begins dating Julie and stays at her house . They remain on friendly terms but Ryan has made it clear that even though he addresses Frank as `` dad '' , he considers Sandy to be his father figure . Meanwhile , Taylor 's ex-husband Henri - Michel comes to Newport on a book tour for his best - selling novel about their marriage . Feeling insecure about Taylor 's exotic life in France , Ryan breaks up with her , claiming they are `` too different '' . A week later , Ryan decides he was wrong but discovers it might be too late as Taylor is already considering a reconciliation with Henri , who still loves her . Ryan upstages a poetry reading by Henri at a book store with a poem of his own , where he confesses he can grow to love Taylor , given time . Series finale ( edit ) To make up for giving a pocket dictionary for her nineteenth birthday , Ryan gives Taylor his original present of a bound book full of love poems that she translated . He admits he loves her , but as they reconcile , an earthquake hits Newport . The two survive , but Ryan is injured while protecting Taylor and is brought to the hospital for recovery . Six months later , Ryan and Taylor spend time together before she leaves Newport for college in Paris . Ryan thanks her for saving him from self - destruction , and he and the Cohens depart from their Newport home , damaged beyond repair , to Sandy and Kirsten 's old home in Berkeley , California , while Seth leaves for RISD . In a flashforward , Ryan attends UC Berkeley , where Sandy is now a law professor . At Seth and Summer 's wedding , he is best man and shares a smile with Taylor , the maid of honor ( their relationship status is left ambiguous ) . Ryan achieves his dream of becoming an architect . As he walks away from a construction site , he notices a teenager down on his luck , seemingly in the same situation Ryan was when he was kicked out of his home . As he offers the youth help , Ryan 's story comes full circle . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage Pass - Production Notes '' . The OC Insider . Warner Bros. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Banks , Andrew ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Top movie role reversals '' . News.com.au . News Digital Media . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Katner , Ben ( 2003 - 08 - 12 ) . `` The 411 on The O.C. 's MVP '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Sometimes , Old - Fashioned Pays Off '' . The New York Times . pp. AR19 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Brothers Grim '' . The O.C. Season 2 . Episode 17 . March 24 , 2005 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ex-Factor '' . The O.C. Season 2 . Episode 9 . January 20 , 2005 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret '' . The O.C. Season 1 . Episode 12 . November 26 , 2003 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gamble '' . The O.C. Season 1 . Episode 3 . August 19 , 2003 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` My Two Dads '' . The O.C. Season 4 . Episode 9 . January 4 , 2007 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Mallpisode '' . The O.C. Season 2 . Episode 15 . March 10 , 2005 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Road Warrior '' . The O.C. Season 3 . Episode 16 . March 9 , 2006 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Best Chrismukkah Ever '' . The O.C. Season 1 . Episode 13 . December 3 , 2003 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Night Moves '' . The O.C. Season 4 . Episode 15 . February 15 , 2007 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Heights '' . The O.C. Season 1 . Episode 9 . November 5 , 2003 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Perfect Storm '' . The O.C. Season 3 . Episode 5 . November 3 , 2005 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Growing Up Is Hard To Do : ' The O.C. ' and How Ryan Atwood Learned to Let Himself Be Taken Care Of '' . Indiewire . July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Christmukkah Bar Mitz - vahkkah '' . The O.C. Season 3 . Episode 10 . December 15 , 2005 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Distance '' . The O.C. Season 2 . Episode 1 . November 4 , 2004 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Way We Were '' . The O.C. Season 2 . Episode 2 . November 11 , 2004 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Game Plan '' . The O.C. Season 3 . Episode 8 . December 1 , 2005 . Fox . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The O.C. Characters Main Sandy Cohen Kirsten Cohen Ryan Atwood Marissa Cooper Seth Cohen Luke Ward Jimmy Cooper Julie Cooper Summer Roberts Taylor Townsend Kaitlin Cooper Recurring Trey Atwood Anna Stern Theresa Diaz Hailey Nichol Zach Stevens Alex Kelly Johnny Harper Kevin Volchok Episodes Season 1 `` Premiere '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Related Awards and nominations Music on The O.C. Chrismukkah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Atwood&oldid=819077052 '' Categories : The O.C. characters Fictional adoptees Fictional architects Fictional kickboxers Fictional characters from Orange County , California Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Fictional victims of child abuse Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2007 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 08 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Ryan Atwood - fictional character
2. Troubled teenager from Chino, California
3. Adopted by the wealthy Cohen family
4. Relationships with Marissa Cooper and Theresa Diaz
5. Tragic death of Marissa and Ryan's struggle with grief
|
-4,642,187,306,032,592,000 |
who are the finalists in the eurovision song contest
|
Eurovision Song Contest 2018 - wikipedia Eurovision Song Contest 2018 `` Eurovision 2018 '' redirects here . For the Junior Contest , see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> All Aboard ! <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Dates Semi-final 1 8 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) Semi-final 2 10 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) Final 12 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 12 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Host Venue Altice Arena , Lisbon , Portugal Presenter ( s ) Sílvia Alberto Daniela Ruah Catarina Furtado Filomena Cautela ( green room ) Executive supervisor Jon Ola Sand Executive producer João Nuno Nogueira Host broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( RTP ) Opening act Final : Fado performances by Ana Moura ( `` Fado Loucura '' ) and Mariza ( `` Barco Negro '' ) , Flag parade introducing the 26 finalist countries with live music by scratching duo Beatbombers Interval act Final : `` Mano a mano '' and `` Amar pelos dois '' ( together with Caetano Veloso ) performed by Salvador Sobral Electronic music performances by Branko featuring Sara Tavares ( `` Ter Peito e Espaço '' ) , Dino D'Santiago ( `` Nova Lisboa '' ) and Mayra Andrade ( `` Reserva Pra Dois '' ) <Th_colspan="2"> Participants Number of entries 43 Debuting countries None Returning countries Russia Withdrawing countries None <Td_colspan="2"> Participation map ( hide ) Participating countries Did not qualify from the semi final Countries that participated in the past but not in 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Vote Voting system Each country awards two sets of 12 , 10 , 8 -- 1 points to their 10 favourite songs : one from their professional jury and the other from televoting . Nul points None Winning song Israel `` Toy '' <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2017 Eurovision Song Contest 2019 → The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 was the 63rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place for the first time in Portugal following the country 's first victory at the 2017 contest in Kiev , Ukraine with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' , performed by Salvador Sobral . The contest was held at the Altice Arena in Lisbon , and consisted of two semi-finals on 8 and 10 May , and the final on 12 May 2018 . The three live shows were hosted by Filomena Cautela , Sílvia Alberto , Daniela Ruah and Catarina Furtado . Forty - three countries participated in the contest , equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions . Russia returned after their absence from the previous edition , and for the first time since 2011 , no country withdrew from the contest . The winner was Israel with the song `` Toy '' , performed by Netta . This was Israel 's fourth victory in the contest , following their wins in 1978 , 1979 , and 1998 , and their first top five placing in more than a decade . This edition also saw Cyprus and the Czech Republic achieve the best placing in their Eurovision history , coming in second and sixth place , respectively . Portugal finished in the last place , making this the third time that the host country ranked in the bottom five since 2015 . For the first time since the introduction of the semi-finals in 2004 , Azerbaijan , Romania , and Russia failed to qualify for the final . No countries in the Caucasus region participated in the final for the first time since 2005 . The EBU reported that the contest had a worldwide audience of around 186 million viewers , surpassing the 2017 edition by over 4 million . Contents 1 Location 1.1 Venue 1.2 Bidding phase and host city selection 1.3 Other sites 2 Format 2.1 Visual design 2.2 Presenters 2.3 Semi-final allocation draw 2.4 Opening and interval acts 3 Participating countries 3.1 Returning artists 3.2 Semi-final 1 3.3 Semi-final 2 3.4 Final 4 Scoreboard 4.1 Semi-final 1 4.1. 1 12 points 4.1. 1.1 Jury 4.1. 1.2 Televoting 4.2 Semi-final 2 4.2. 1 12 points 4.2. 1.1 Jury 4.2. 1.2 Televoting 4.3 Final 4.3. 1 12 points 4.3. 1.1 Jury 4.3. 1.2 Televoting 5 Other countries 5.1 Active EBU members 5.2 Associate EBU members 5.3 Non-EBU members 6 Commentators and spokespersons 6.1 Spokespersons 6.2 Commentators 6.2. 1 Non-participating countries 7 Incidents 7.1 Accusations of cultural appropriation 7.2 Belarusian song submission 7.3 Czech rehearsal injuries 7.4 Mango TV censorship 7.5 United Kingdom stage invasion 8 Other awards 8.1 Marcel Bezençon Awards 8.2 OGAE 8.3 Barbara Dex Award 9 Official album 9.1 Charts 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Location The contest took place for the first time in Portugal , following the country 's victory in the 2017 edition with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' , performed by Salvador Sobral . Venue The venue of the contest , Altice Arena in Lisbon , Portugal The Altice Arena in Lisbon is a multi-purpose indoor arena built for the Expo ' 98 and has a capacity of 20,000 attendees , making it the largest indoor venue in Portugal and among the largest in Europe . It is located in the Parque das Nações ( Park of Nations ) riverside district in the northeast of Lisbon , which was completely renovated to host the 1998 world 's fair . It is connected by metro to the nearby international airport and by train ( Oriente Station ) to the rest of the country and Europe . Bidding phase and host city selection Lisbon Guimarães Gondomar Santa Maria da Feira Braga Location of the host city ( blue ) and other candidate cities ( red ) On the day of the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 final , it was reported that Portuguese broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( RTP ) would accept the challenge of organising the 2018 contest in case of a victory . Following Sobral 's triumph , the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) 's Executive Supervisor for the Eurovision Song Contest , Jon Ola Sand , issued the hosting invitation to RTP during the winner 's press conference . The following day , the director - general of RTP , Nuno Artur Silva , confirmed that the broadcaster would organise the contest in 2018 and mentioned MEO Arena ( later renamed Altice Arena ) in Lisbon as a likely venue to host the contest . On 15 May 2017 , RTP appeared to have confirmed Lisbon as the host city , but clarified the following day that no final decision had been taken regarding both the host city and venue . The basic requirements to select a host city were set out in a document presented by the EBU to RTP following their win in Kiev : A suitable venue that can accommodate around 10,000 spectators . An international press centre for 1,500 journalists with adequate facilities for all the delegates . A good distribution of hotel rooms , at different price categories , able to accommodate at least 2,000 delegates , accredited journalists and spectators . An efficient transport infrastructure , including a nearby international airport with readily available connections with the city , venue , and hotels . Besides Lisbon , other cities signalled their interest in bidding to host the 2018 contest : Braga , Espinho , Faro , Gondomar , Guimarães , and Santa Maria da Feira . The mayor of Porto , Rui Moreira , declared he would not be interested in `` spending millions of euros '' to host the contest , but he would support a bid from the Metropolitan Area of Porto ( Espinho , Gondomar , and Santa Maria da Feira ) . On 13 June 2017 , RTP representatives met with the Eurovision Song Contest Reference Group at the EBU headquarters in Geneva . During the meeting , RTP officials attended a workshop covering several topics related with hosting the Eurovision Song Contest and learned from the experience of the Ukrainian broadcaster UA : PBC . They also had the opportunity to present their first plans for the 2018 contest , including multiple proposals for the host city and venue . On 25 July 2017 , the EBU and RTP announced that Lisbon had been selected as the host city , overcoming confirmed bids from Braga , Gondomar , Guimarães , and Santa Maria da Feira . In addition , RTP indicated the Parque das Nações , where Altice Arena is located , as the site for the shows . Key : Host venue City Venue Capacity Notes Braga Braga Exhibition Park 15,000 ( after renovation ) Agro-industrial park inaugurated in 1981 and further expanded in 1987 with a 6,500 m ( 70,000 sq ft ) exhibition hall able to hold 3,000 people , and in 1990 with a congress centre and auditorium for 1,200 people . Renovation works starting in 2017 and ending in the first trimester of 2018 would increase the exhibition hall capacity to 15,000 . Gondomar Multiusos de Gondomar Coração de Ouro 8,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2007 , with a total capacity for 8,000 people ( 4,400 seats ) . Hosted the 2007 UEFA Futsal Championship final tournament . Guimarães Multiusos de Guimarães 10,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2001 , with a total capacity for 10,000 people ( 3,000 seats ) . Selected by RTP to host the final of the national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 , the Festival da Canção , on 4 March 2018 . Lisbon Altice Arena 20,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 1998 , it is the country 's largest indoor venue with a total capacity for 20,000 people . Hosted the Expo ' 98 , the 1999 FIBA Under - 19 World Championship , the 2000 ATP Finals , the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships , the 2003 World Men 's Handball Championship , the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards , the UEFA Futsal Cup Final Four ( 2001 -- 02 , 2009 -- 10 and 2014 -- 15 ) , and since 2016 ( for a three - year period , renewable ) the Web Summit . Santa Maria da Feira Europarque 11,000 Largest convention centre in the Porto Metropolitan Area , inaugurated in 1995 . Hosted the European Council of June 2000 , the Festival da Canção final in 2001 , and the UEFA Euro 2004 final tournament draw . It was the option supported by the Metropolitan Council of Porto . Other sites Altice Arena Eurovision Village and EuroClub Airport Opening Ceremony Location of host venue ( red ) and other contest - related sites and events ( blue ) The Eurovision Village was the official Eurovision Song Contest fan and sponsors area during the event weeks , where it was possible to watch performances by contest participants and local artists , as well as the live shows broadcast from the main venue . It was located in Lisbon 's downtown Praça do Comércio ( also called Terreiro do Paço ) , a large central square open to the Tagus river . The EuroClub was the venue for the official after - parties and private performances by contest participants . Unlike the Eurovision Village , access to the EuroClub was restricted to accredited fans , delegations , and press . It was located at the `` Ministerium '' club , next to the Eurovision Village . The `` Blue Carpet '' event , where all the contestants and their delegations are presented before the accredited press and fans , took place on 6 May 2018 at the Museum of Art , Architecture and Technology ( MAAT ) in Lisbon 's Belém district . This preceded the official Opening Ceremony of the 2018 contest , which took place at the nearby Electricity Museum . Format Visual design The twelve supplemental emblems for the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest . The theme for the contest , All Aboard ! , was unveiled on 7 November 2017 in a press conference held at the Lisbon Oceanarium . Its visual design features oceanic motifs that allude to Lisbon and Portugal 's location on the Atlantic coast and to the country 's seafaring history . Alongside the main emblem , which depicts a stylised seashell , twelve supplemental emblems were designed to symbolise different aspects of a marine ecosystem . The contest 's Executive Supervisor Jon Ola Sand remarked that the theme and logos `` resonate with Lisbon 's history and underscore Eurovision 's core values , including diversity , very well . The Ocean connects all of us and its variety can provide good inspiration for each of the participating broadcasters that we look forward to seeing in Lisbon next May . '' Presenters Presenters Daniela Ruah , Sílvia Alberto , Catarina Furtado , and Filomena Cautela On 8 January 2018 , RTP and EBU announced that the contest would be hosted for the first time by four female presenters , consisting of RTP hosts Sílvia Alberto , Filomena Cautela , and Catarina Furtado , together with actress Daniela Ruah . It will be the first time since 2015 that the contest does not feature a male presenter , and the second consecutive year that the presenters are all the same gender . It was confirmed on 4 May 2018 that Cautela would host the green room . The Blue Carpet opening ceremony was hosted by actress Cláudia Semedo , radio host Inês Lopes Gonçalves , actor / TV host Pedro Granger , and actor / director Pedro Penim . Granger and Penim moderated the press conferences , as well . Semi-final allocation draw The draw to determine the allocation of the participating countries into their respective semi-finals took place on 29 January 2018 at 13 : 00 CET , at Lisbon 's City Hall . The thirty - seven semi-finalists had been allocated into six pots , based on historical voting patterns as calculated by the contest 's official televoting partner Digame . Drawing from different pots helps to reduce the chance of so - called `` bloc voting '' and increase suspense in the semi-finals . The draw also determined which semi-final would be broadcast and voted by each of the six automatic finalist countries ( hosts Portugal and Big Five countries France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and the United Kingdom ) . The ceremony was hosted by contest presenters Sílvia Alberto and Filomena Cautela , and included the passing of a Eurovision insignia from Vitali Klitschko , the Mayor of Kiev ( host city of the previous contest ) , to Fernando Medina , the Mayor of Lisbon . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Pot 5 Pot 6 Albania Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Switzerland Denmark Finland Iceland Ireland Norway Sweden Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Russia Ukraine Bulgaria Cyprus Greece Hungary Moldova Romania Australia Austria Czech Republic Israel Malta San Marino Belgium Estonia Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Opening and interval acts RTP released the first details regarding the opening and interval acts for the final on 12 March 2018 . The opening act featured Portuguese fado singers Ana Moura and Mariza performing `` Fado Loucura '' and `` Barco Negro '' , respectively , which was followed by a parade of flags introducing the 26 finalist participants , with live music by Portuguese scratching duo Beatbombers . The interval acts included Salvador Sobral , who performed his new single `` Mano a mano '' and his Eurovision - winning song `` Amar pelos dois '' ( the latter in a duet with Brazilian singer Caetano Veloso ) , and electronic music performances by Branko featuring Sara Tavares ( Portuguese representative in 1994 ) , Mayra Andrade and Dino D'Santiago . Participating countries Participating countries in the first semi-final Pre-qualified for the final but also voting in the first semi-final Participating countries in the second semi-final Pre-qualified for the final but also voting in the second semi-final The EBU announced on 7 November 2017 that forty - two countries would participate in the contest . Russia confirmed their return after withdrawing from the previous edition , while Macedonia 's participation was provisionally blocked by the EBU due to unpaid debts by its national broadcaster . However , ten days later , the EBU announced that Macedonia would be allowed to enter the contest , raising the number of participating countries to forty - three , equaling the highest number of participants with the 2008 and 2011 editions . Returning artists The contest featured two representatives who also previously performed as lead vocalists for the same countries . Alexander Rybak won for Norway in 2009 performing `` Fairytale '' and Waylon placed second for the Netherlands in 2014 as part of The Common Linnets performing `` Calm After the Storm '' . The contest also featured Jessica Mauboy , representing Australia , after taking part in 2014 as the interval act for the second semi-final , performing `` Sea of Flags '' . In addition , the contest featured four lead singers previously participating as backing vocalists , two of them for the same countries . Lea Sirk backed for Slovenia in 2014 and off - stage in 2016 , and Equinox member Vlado Mihailov backed for Bulgaria in 2017 . Cesár Sampson , representing Austria , backed for Bulgaria in 2016 ( also as a dancer ) and off - stage in 2017 . SuRie , representing the United Kingdom , backed for Belgium in 2015 ( also as a dancer ) and was the musical director again for Belgium in 2017 . Semi-final 1 The first semi-final took place on 8 May 2018 at 20 : 00 WEST ( 21 : 00 CEST ) . Nineteen countries participated in the first semi-final . Those countries , plus Portugal , Spain , and the United Kingdom voted in this semi-final . The highlighted countries qualified for the final . Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 01 Azerbaijan Aisel `` X My Heart '' English 11 94 02 Iceland Ari Ólafsson `` Our Choice '' English 19 15 03 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 8 162 04 Belgium Sennek `` A Matter of Time '' English 12 91 05 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 232 06 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We 're Old '' English 9 119 07 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 283 08 Belarus Alekseev `` Forever '' English 16 65 09 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 5 201 10 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 7 177 11 Macedonia Eye Cue `` Lost and Found '' English 18 24 12 Croatia Franka `` Crazy '' English 17 63 13 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 231 14 Greece Yianna Terzi `` Oniro mou '' ( Όνειρό μου ) Greek 14 81 15 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 10 108 16 Armenia Sevak Khanagyan `` Qami '' ( Քամի ) Armenian 15 79 17 Switzerland ZiBBZ `` Stones '' English 13 86 18 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 6 179 19 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 262 Semi-final 2 The second semi-final took place on 10 May 2018 at 20 : 00 WEST ( 21 : 00 CEST ) . Eighteen countries participated in the second semi-final . Those countries , plus France , Germany and Italy voted in this semi-final . With the approval from the Reference Group , Italy broadcast and voted in the second semi-final following a request from the broadcaster RAI , as the date of the first semi-final coincided with the scheduled final of the fifth season of The Voice of Italy . The highlighted countries qualified for the final . Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 01 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That 's How You Write a Song '' English 266 02 Romania The Humans `` Goodbye '' English 11 107 03 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' ( Нова деца ) Serbian 9 117 04 San Marino Jessika feat . Jenifer Brening `` Who We Are '' English 17 28 05 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 5 204 06 Russia Julia Samoylova `` I Wo n't Break '' English 15 65 07 Moldova DoReDoS `` My Lucky Day '' English 235 08 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 7 174 09 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 212 10 Georgia Ethno - Jazz Band Iriao `` For You '' Georgian 18 24 11 Poland Gromee feat . Lukas Meijer `` Light Me Up '' English 14 81 12 Malta Christabelle `` Taboo '' English 13 101 13 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 10 111 14 Latvia Laura Rizzotto `` Funny Girl '' English 12 106 15 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 254 16 Montenegro Vanja Radovanović `` Inje '' Montenegrin 16 40 17 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala , ne ! '' Slovene 8 132 18 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 6 179 Final The final took place on 12 May 2018 at 20 : 00 WEST ( 21 : 00 CEST ) . Twenty - six countries participated in the final , with all 43 participating countries eligible to vote . The running order for the final was revealed after the press conference of the second semi-final qualifiers on 10 May . Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 01 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 17 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130 02 Spain Amaia & Alfred `` Tu canción '' Spanish 23 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 03 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala , ne ! '' Slovene 22 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 04 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We 're Old '' English 12 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 05 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 06 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 8 7002245000000000000 ♠ 245 07 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That 's How You Write a Song '' English 15 7002144000000000000 ♠ 144 08 Portugal Cláudia Pascoal `` O jardim '' Portuguese 26 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 09 United Kingdom SuRie `` Storm '' English 24 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 10 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' ( Нова деца ) Serbian 19 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 11 Germany Michael Schulte `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' English 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 12 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 11 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184 13 France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' French 13 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 14 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 6 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 15 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 9 7002226000000000000 ♠ 226 16 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 20 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 17 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 25 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 18 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 14 7002166000000000000 ♠ 166 19 Moldova DoReDoS `` My Lucky Day '' English 10 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 20 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 7 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274 21 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 21 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 22 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 7002529000000000000 ♠ 529 23 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 18 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121 24 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 16 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136 25 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 7002436000000000000 ♠ 436 26 Italy Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' Italian 5 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308 Scoreboard Semi-final 1 <Th_colspan="7"> show Semi-final 1 Place Televoting Points Jury Points Cyprus 173 Israel 167 Czech Republic 134 Austria 115 Estonia 120 Albania 114 Israel 116 Bulgaria 107 5 Austria 116 Czech Republic 98 6 Ireland 108 Cyprus 89 7 Finland 73 Estonia 81 8 Bulgaria 70 Ireland 71 9 Lithuania 62 Belgium 71 10 Greece 53 Switzerland 59 11 Albania 48 Lithuania 57 12 Azerbaijan 47 Azerbaijan 47 13 Belarus 45 Croatia 46 14 Armenia 41 Armenia 38 15 Switzerland 27 Finland 35 16 Belgium 20 Greece 28 17 Croatia 17 Belarus 20 18 Macedonia 6 Macedonia 18 19 Iceland 0 Iceland 15 <Td_colspan="2"> Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote <Th_colspan="44"> Voting results ( Jury vote ) Televoting Score Azerbaijan Iceland Albania Belgium Czech Republic Lithuania Israel Belarus Estonia Bulgaria Macedonia Croatia Austria Greece Finland Armenia Switzerland Ireland Cyprus Portugal Spain United Kingdom Azerbaijan 94 47 5 10 7 12 10 Iceland 15 0 7 Albania 162 48 7 12 5 12 6 10 6 8 6 5 7 5 7 Belgium 91 20 10 8 12 7 5 6 10 Czech Republic 232 134 5 10 5 10 7 8 10 8 7 8 7 Lithuania 119 62 10 10 8 7 12 Israel 283 116 10 10 7 12 7 6 5 5 12 12 12 12 5 10 12 12 8 Belarus 65 45 12 7 Estonia 201 120 6 10 8 12 8 5 8 6 6 Bulgaria 177 70 6 7 5 7 12 6 6 10 6 6 7 12 Macedonia 24 6 6 8 Croatia 63 17 5 6 8 6 5 5 Austria 231 116 7 12 10 12 12 8 8 6 7 6 8 10 Greece 81 53 10 8 Finland 108 73 7 5 5 Armenia 79 41 6 5 10 Switzerland 86 27 8 6 6 8 5 5 Ireland 179 108 8 5 8 12 6 7 5 10 Cyprus 262 173 8 12 8 7 7 10 12 10 <Td_colspan="2"> Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote <Th_colspan="44"> Voting results ( Televoting vote ) Jury Score Azerbaijan Iceland Albania Belgium Czech Republic Lithuania Israel Belarus Estonia Bulgaria Macedonia Croatia Austria Greece Finland Armenia Switzerland Ireland Cyprus Portugal Spain United Kingdom Azerbaijan 94 47 7 10 5 5 5 7 Iceland 15 15 Albania 162 114 12 10 10 5 Belgium 91 71 8 Czech Republic 232 98 8 12 8 7 12 8 7 6 10 10 6 7 7 7 Lithuania 119 57 6 10 12 6 12 Israel 283 167 10 8 12 10 7 6 10 8 5 8 7 5 Belarus 65 20 12 6 6 10 5 Estonia 201 81 6 6 5 5 12 7 6 8 12 5 10 6 12 Bulgaria 177 107 5 5 8 5 7 10 8 6 Macedonia 24 18 5 Croatia 63 46 10 Austria 231 115 5 7 10 6 10 8 8 8 7 8 6 12 8 5 Greece 81 28 10 10 8 12 Finland 108 35 10 8 6 12 5 6 6 7 Armenia 79 38 6 8 12 6 5 Switzerland 86 59 8 Ireland 179 71 6 12 5 8 12 6 6 8 12 10 Cyprus 262 89 7 5 12 7 7 5 10 7 12 7 12 7 12 5 12 7 7 10 10 8 12 points Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points ( 12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting ) to the specified entrant . Jury Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country 's professional jury in the first semi-final : N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 7 Israel Armenia , Austria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Finland , Spain Austria Belgium , Estonia , Israel Albania Belarus , Iceland Bulgaria Macedonia , United Kingdom Cyprus Albania , Ireland Azerbaijan Greece Belarus Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Estonia Switzerland Ireland Lithuania Lithuania Portugal Televoting Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country 's televote in the first semi-final : N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 5 Cyprus Albania , Armenia , Bulgaria , Croatia , Greece Estonia Finland , Lithuania , Portugal Ireland Austria , Belgium , Spain Czech Republic Iceland , Israel Lithuania Ireland , United Kingdom Albania Macedonia Armenia Belarus Austria Switzerland Belarus Azerbaijan Finland Estonia Greece Cyprus Israel Czech Republic Semi-final 2 <Th_colspan="7"> show Semi-final 2 Place Televoting Points Jury Points Denmark 164 Sweden 171 Moldova 153 Norway 133 Norway 133 Australia 130 Ukraine 114 Netherlands 127 5 Hungary 88 Malta 93 6 Sweden 83 Latvia 92 7 Australia 82 Moldova 82 8 Serbia 72 Romania 67 9 Slovenia 65 Slovenia 67 10 Poland 60 Ukraine 65 11 Russia 51 Serbia 45 12 Netherlands 47 Denmark 40 13 Romania 40 Hungary 23 14 Montenegro 17 Montenegro 23 15 Latvia 14 Poland 21 16 San Marino 14 San Marino 14 17 Georgia 13 Russia 14 18 Malta 8 Georgia 11 <Td_colspan="2"> Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote <Th_colspan="44"> Voting results ( Jury vote ) Televoting Score Norway Romania Serbia San Marino Denmark Russia Moldova Netherlands Australia Georgia Poland Malta Hungary Latvia Sweden Montenegro Slovenia Ukraine France Germany Italy Norway 266 133 8 7 6 10 10 8 5 12 7 5 12 6 7 5 12 Romania 107 40 12 6 12 8 6 Serbia 117 72 6 6 7 6 12 San Marino 28 14 5 5 Denmark 204 164 5 6 8 5 10 Russia 65 51 7 Moldova 235 153 12 10 12 10 6 5 5 Netherlands 174 47 8 8 10 5 5 10 10 8 8 6 10 12 8 7 Australia 212 82 10 6 12 10 8 7 10 12 10 6 12 8 7 Georgia 24 13 8 Poland 81 60 5 Malta 101 8 6 10 8 8 7 7 8 6 6 8 Hungary 111 88 5 6 Latvia 106 14 7 5 7 7 5 8 7 7 10 10 10 Sweden 254 83 12 12 12 10 8 12 12 12 12 10 10 12 7 7 12 6 Montenegro 40 17 7 7 5 Slovenia 132 65 5 6 8 5 8 5 5 Ukraine 179 114 6 8 6 7 7 6 5 10 <Td_colspan="2"> Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote <Th_colspan="44"> Voting results ( Televoting vote ) Jury Score Norway Romania Serbia San Marino Denmark Russia Moldova Netherlands Australia Georgia Poland Malta Hungary Latvia Sweden Montenegro Slovenia Ukraine France Germany Italy Norway 266 133 6 6 7 12 8 6 10 6 5 7 6 8 10 5 10 8 Romania 107 67 12 8 8 12 Serbia 117 45 6 10 12 12 10 6 San Marino 28 14 12 Denmark 204 40 12 8 12 7 12 12 8 8 12 7 12 8 10 5 10 7 Russia 65 14 7 8 6 12 8 Moldova 235 82 5 12 5 6 6 12 7 10 12 10 8 5 6 12 12 5 10 Netherlands 174 127 7 7 5 6 Australia 212 130 8 7 8 5 10 7 6 7 Georgia 24 11 5 5 Poland 81 21 6 5 7 8 7 7 12 Malta 101 93 7 Hungary 111 23 10 12 8 8 10 5 8 6 Latvia 106 92 7 Sweden 254 171 10 5 10 5 6 8 5 7 6 6 Montenegro 40 23 10 7 Slovenia 132 67 8 6 5 10 6 5 Ukraine 179 65 5 10 5 10 7 5 10 12 6 10 7 8 12 points Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points ( 12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting ) to the specified entrant . Jury Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country 's professional jury in the second semi-final : N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 9 Sweden Australia , Georgia , Germany , Netherlands , Norway , Poland , San Marino , Serbia , Slovenia Australia Denmark , France , Latvia Norway Italy , Malta , Sweden Moldova Romania , Russia Romania Hungary , Moldova Netherlands Ukraine Serbia Montenegro Televoting Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country 's televote in the second semi-final : N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 6 Denmark Australia , Hungary , Netherlands , Norway , San Marino , Sweden 5 Moldova France , Georgia , Romania , Russia , Ukraine Romania Italy , Moldova Serbia Montenegro , Slovenia Hungary Serbia Norway Denmark Poland Germany Russia Latvia San Marino Malta Ukraine Poland Final <Th_colspan="7"> show Final Place Televoting Points Jury Points Israel 317 Austria 271 Cyprus 253 Sweden 253 Italy 249 Israel 212 Czech Republic 215 Germany 204 5 Denmark 188 Cyprus 183 6 Germany 136 Estonia 143 7 Ukraine 119 Albania 126 8 Moldova 115 France 114 9 Estonia 102 Bulgaria 100 10 Lithuania 91 Moldova 94 11 Norway 84 Lithuania 90 12 Serbia 75 Australia 90 13 Austria 71 Netherlands 89 14 Bulgaria 66 Ireland 74 15 Hungary 65 Czech Republic 66 16 Ireland 62 Norway 60 17 France 59 Italy 59 18 Albania 58 Spain 43 19 Netherlands 32 Slovenia 41 20 United Kingdom 25 Denmark 38 21 Finland 23 Serbia 38 22 Slovenia 23 Hungary 28 23 Sweden 21 United Kingdom 23 24 Spain 18 Finland 23 25 Portugal 18 Portugal 21 26 Australia 9 Ukraine 11 <Td_colspan="2"> Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote <Th_colspan="45"> Voting results ( Jury vote ) Televoting Score Ukraine 130 119 6 5 Spain 61 18 6 10 7 7 6 Slovenia 64 23 5 6 5 7 Lithuania 181 91 5 7 12 6 10 10 5 8 6 Austria 342 71 7 10 10 8 8 8 12 10 7 5 12 5 12 12 8 7 7 5 12 12 8 10 7 12 12 12 10 8 Estonia 245 102 5 12 10 7 6 8 7 12 8 5 6 10 5 12 Norway 144 84 8 5 5 12 6 7 Portugal 39 18 6 7 United Kingdom 48 25 6 8 Serbia 113 75 10 8 12 Germany 340 136 10 12 7 7 10 12 6 8 6 5 12 8 10 10 6 10 5 6 12 5 10 5 Albania 184 58 12 7 6 7 7 6 10 6 7 7 10 10 7 10 France 173 59 12 8 6 5 10 7 6 7 5 5 5 10 5 Czech Republic 281 215 6 5 7 5 6 8 Denmark 226 188 8 12 6 Australia 99 9 10 8 6 7 6 10 7 7 5 7 Finland 46 23 5 6 Bulgaria 166 66 5 6 6 8 6 8 7 10 8 7 10 7 Moldova 209 115 7 7 8 7 5 10 10 10 8 12 6 Sweden 274 21 6 8 8 7 7 12 8 12 8 5 8 10 5 12 5 12 12 12 8 12 8 10 5 10 6 8 12 Hungary 93 65 8 6 Israel 529 317 10 12 5 6 10 12 10 7 5 10 7 12 8 10 6 12 6 8 6 12 8 6 Netherlands 121 32 8 5 5 8 10 6 7 5 8 7 Ireland 136 62 5 10 5 8 6 5 Cyprus 436 253 12 6 10 12 12 5 12 10 12 5 6 5 8 7 12 6 7 7 8 Italy 308 249 10 12 8 8 <Td_colspan="2"> Voting procedure used : 100 % Televoting 100 % Jury vote <Th_colspan="45"> Voting results ( Televoting vote ) Jury Score Ukraine 130 11 8 12 5 8 12 10 8 7 8 7 12 Spain 61 43 5 12 Slovenia 64 41 7 8 6 Lithuania 181 90 5 7 12 7 12 12 12 12 6 Austria 342 271 10 5 8 6 6 5 Estonia 245 143 6 10 5 7 6 12 8 12 7 Norway 144 60 7 10 8 8 5 5 7 5 5 5 Portugal 39 21 8 10 United Kingdom 48 23 10 6 Serbia 113 38 10 8 12 7 12 12 12 Germany 340 204 12 6 6 12 5 8 8 8 6 6 8 Albania 184 126 12 12 10 10 7 France 173 114 7 5 6 8 5 6 5 Czech Republic 281 66 10 6 5 10 6 5 10 12 6 5 5 7 10 6 5 5 8 8 7 8 8 5 12 8 8 Denmark 226 38 8 7 6 8 5 12 5 7 12 5 10 10 8 12 10 7 6 10 7 Australia 99 90 6 Finland 46 23 6 10 Bulgaria 166 100 7 7 5 6 6 5 12 5 Moldova 209 94 6 6 7 12 6 6 10 5 8 12 10 6 Sweden 274 253 7 Hungary 93 28 10 12 5 8 7 Israel 529 212 12 12 8 12 10 8 12 12 7 7 10 8 6 6 8 10 7 12 10 7 12 7 12 7 10 10 10 6 10 10 7 10 5 10 Netherlands 121 89 5 12 5 Ireland 136 74 10 7 8 7 Cyprus 436 183 10 7 5 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 5 7 8 7 7 5 7 10 12 12 12 7 5 6 8 6 6 5 Italy 308 59 5 5 8 7 6 12 5 7 10 6 12 10 6 8 6 10 7 6 7 6 8 6 8 12 6 6 8 5 5 7 10 10 12 points Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points ( 12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting ) to the specified entrant . Jury N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 9 Austria Belgium , Bulgaria , Estonia , Iceland , Israel , Lithuania , Romania , Poland , United Kingdom 8 Sweden Armenia , Australia , Cyprus , Georgia , Germany , Latvia , Serbia , Slovenia 6 Cyprus Belarus , Greece , Ireland , Malta , Spain , Sweden 5 Israel Austria , Czech Republic , France , Finland , San Marino Germany Denmark , Netherlands , Norway , Switzerland Estonia Macedonia , Moldova , Portugal Albania Azerbaijan Denmark Hungary France Ukraine Italy Albania Lithuania Croatia Moldova Russia Norway Italy Serbia Montenegro Televoting N . Contestant Nation ( s ) giving 12 points 8 Israel Australia , Azerbaijan , France , Georgia , Moldova , San Marino , Spain , Ukraine 5 Lithuania Estonia , Ireland , Latvia , Norway , United Kingdom Serbia Croatia , Montenegro , Slovenia , Switzerland Cyprus Armenia , Bulgaria , Greece Denmark Hungary , Iceland , Sweden Italy Albania , Germany , Malta Ukraine Belarus , Czech Republic , Poland Albania Italy , Macedonia Czech Republic Austria , Israel Estonia Finland , Lithuania Germany Denmark , Netherlands Moldova Romania , Russia Bulgaria Cyprus Hungary Serbia Netherlands Belgium Spain Portugal Other countries Further information : List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Eligibility for participation in the Eurovision Song Contest requires a national broadcaster with active EBU membership , or a special invitation from the EBU as in the case of Australia . Active EBU members Andorra -- The Director General of Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra ( RTVA ) announced on 14 May 2017 that Andorra would not participate in the contest , due to financial difficulties and the restructuring of the company . Bosnia and Herzegovina -- On 18 September 2017 , BHRT confirmed that Bosnia and Herzegovina would not return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2018 . Luxembourg -- Steve Schmit , the Director of Programming at the Luxembourgish broadcaster ( RTL ) , explained last year the reasons against participating in the Eurovision Song Contest . He also underlined that Luxembourg 's chance for success in the contest is limited : `` I believe that ( with ) the enlargement of Eurovision , the days ( of victory ) are gone . With the new voting system , it is very unlikely that Luxembourg is successful . Small countries are somewhat more troubled now '' . Luxembourg last participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1993 . Monaco -- On 31 August 2017 , Monegasque broadcaster TMC confirmed that Monaco would not participate in the 2018 contest . Slovakia -- Eríka Rusnáková , press spokesperson of the Slovak broadcaster Radio and Television of Slovakia ( RTVS ) , confirmed on 11 September 2017 to Czech Eurovision website Eurocontest.cz that the country would not participate in the 2018 contest . Turkey -- On 12 July 2017 , Sertab Erener , who won for Turkey in 2003 , announced on an Instagram live chat that Turkey would return and wished luck to the next representative . maNga , the 2010 Turkish representatives , and Hadise , the 2009 Turkish representative , also expressed their interests for Turkey returning to the contest . Despite these statements , on 7 August 2017 , the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey , Bekir Bozdağ , issued a statement saying that there were no plans for a return . The same day , TRT confirmed their non-participation in the 2018 contest . Associate EBU members Kazakhstan -- Khabar Agency became an associate member of the EBU on 1 January 2016 , opening up the possibility of future participation . They broadcast all the shows in 2017 . Furthermore , the winner of the Turkvision Song Contest 2014 , Zhanar Dugalova , said she would be interested in representing Kazakhstan in the contest . However , on 25 September , Khabar Agency told Esctoday that : `` We have no information about Kazakshtan 's participation in Eurovison 2018 yet '' , maintaining the possibility of the country being invited by the EBU , as it is entirely at the EBU 's discretion to extend an invitation like in the case of Australia . The EBU however , chose not to invite Kazakhstan , as seen in the list of participants . On 22 December 2017 , it was claimed that Channel 31 had finalised negotiations with the EBU , allowing Kazakhstan to debut in 2019 , however , on 23 December 2017 , the EBU told Esctoday that : `` Channel 31 Kazakhstan has indeed expressed interest in becoming a Member of the EBU and hence participate in the Eurovision Song Contest . However , since Channel 31 is outside the European Broadcasting Area and is also not a member of the Council of Europe , it is not eligible to become an active Member of the EBU '' . Non-ebu members Kosovo -- Kosovar media reported that RTK was hopeful that they would debut in the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest in Portugal . In an article published by RTK the Director of Television at the Kosovar broadcaster stated that he had received the support of national broadcasters across the Balkans to participate in the competition . However , both Bosnia - Herzegovina and Serbia had opposed such participation . The EBU then sent a letter to RTK explaining that Kosovo can not participate in the ESC , because it is not a UN member and it is not a fully recognised state . Liechtenstein -- On 1 September 2017 , 1 FL TV , the national broadcaster of the Principality of Liechtenstein confirmed that the country would not debut in 2018 . However , on 4 November 2017 , 1 FL TV announced that they are planning a debut in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2019 . Commentators and spokespersons Spokespersons The spokespersons announced the 12 - point score from their respective country 's national jury in the following order : Ukraine -- Natalia Zhyzhchenko Azerbaijan -- Tural Asadov Belarus -- Naviband ( Belarusian representative in 2017 ) San Marino -- John Kennedy O'Connor Netherlands -- O'G3NE ( Dutch representatives in 2017 ) Macedonia -- Jana Burčeska ( Macedonian representative in 2017 ) Malta -- Lara Azzopardi Georgia -- Tamara Gachechiladze ( Georgian representative in 2017 ) Spain -- Nieves Álvarez Austria -- Kati Bellowitsch Denmark -- Ulla Essendrop United Kingdom -- Mel Giedroyc Sweden -- Felix Sandman Latvia -- Dagmāra Legante Albania -- Andri Xhahu Croatia -- Uršula Tolj Ireland -- Nicky Byrne ( Irish representative in 2016 ) Romania -- Sonia Argint - Ionescu Czech Republic -- Radka Rosická Iceland -- Edda Sif Pálsdóttir Moldova -- Djulieta Ardovan Belgium -- Danira Boukhriss Terkessidis Norway -- Aleksander Walmann and JOWST ( Norwegian representatives in 2017 ) France -- Élodie Gossuin Italy -- Giulia Valentina Palermo Australia -- Ricardo Gonçalves Estonia -- Ott Evestus Serbia -- Dragana Kosjerina Cyprus -- Hovig ( Cypriot representative in 2017 ) Armenia -- Arsen Grigoryan Bulgaria -- Joanna Dragneva ( Bulgarian representative in 2008 ) Greece -- Olina Xenopoulou Hungary -- Bence Forró Montenegro -- Nataša Šotra Germany -- Barbara Schöneberger Finland -- Anna Abreu Russia -- Alsou ( Russian representative in 2000 and host of the final in 2009 ) Switzerland -- Letícia Carvalho Israel -- Lucy Ayoub Poland -- Mateusz Szymkowiak Lithuania -- Eglė Daugėlaitė Slovenia -- Maja Keuc ( Slovenian representative in 2011 ) Portugal -- Pedro Fernandes Commentators Most countries sent commentators to Lisbon or commented from their own country , in order to add insight to the participants and , if necessary , the provision of voting information . Albania -- Andri Xhahu ( RTSH , RTSH Muzikë , Radio Tirana , all shows ) Armenia -- Avet Barseghyan and Felix Khachatryan ( Armenia 1 and Public Radio of Armenia , all shows ) Australia -- Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey ( SBS , all shows ) Austria -- Andi Knoll ( ORF eins , all shows ) Azerbaijan -- Azer Suleymanli ( İTV , all shows ) Belarus -- Evgeny Perlin ( Belarus - 1 and Belarus 24 , all shows ) Belgium -- Dutch : Peter Van de Veire ( één , all shows ) ; French : Maureen Louys and Jean - Louis Lahaye ( La Une , all shows ; second semi-final 90 - minute - delayed , first semi-final and final live ) Bulgaria -- Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev ( BNT 1 , all shows ) Croatia -- Duško Ćurlić ( HRT 1 and HR 2 , all shows ) Cyprus -- Costas Constantinou and Vaso Komninou ( CyBC , all shows ) Czech Republic -- Libor Bouček ( ČT2 , semi-finals and ČT1 , final ) Denmark -- Ole Tøpholm ( DR 1 , all shows ) Estonia -- Estonian : Marko Reikop ( ETV , all shows ) ; Mart Juur and Andrus Kivirähk ( Raadio 2 , first semi-final and final ) ; Russian : Aleksandr Hobotov , Julia Kalenda ( ETV+ , all shows ) Finland -- Finnish : Mikko Silvennoinen ( with Saara Aalto in the second semi-final ) ; Swedish : Johan Lindroos and Eva Frantz ( Yle TV2 , Yle X3M , all shows ) ; Anna Keränen ( Yle Radio Suomi , semi-finals ) ; Anna Keränen , Aija Puurtinen , Sami Sykkö ( Yle Radio Suomi , final ) France -- Christophe Willem and André Manoukian ( France 4 , semi-finals ) ; Stéphane Bern , Christophe Willem and Alma ( France 2 , final ) Georgia -- Demetre Ergemlidze ( GPB First Channel , all shows ) Germany -- Peter Urban ( One , semi-finals and Das Erste , final ) Greece -- Alexandros Lizardos and Daphne Skalioni ( ERT1 , ERT HD , ERA 2 , Voice of Greece , all shows ) Hungary -- Krisztina Rátonyi and Freddie ( Duna , all shows ) Iceland -- Gísli Marteinn Baldursson ( RÚV , all shows ) Ireland -- Marty Whelan ( RTÉ 2 , semi-finals and RTÉ One , final ) ; Neil Doherty and Zbyszek Zalinski ( RTÉ Radio 1 , first semi-final and final ) Israel -- Asaf Liberman and Shir Reuven ( Kan 11 , first semi-final ) ; Itai Herman and Goel Pinto ( Kan 11 , second semi-final ) ; Erez Tal and Idit Hershkowitz ( Kan 11 , final ) Italy -- Carolina Di Domenico and Saverio Raimondo ( Rai 4 , semi-finals ) ; Serena Rossi and Federico Russo ( Rai 1 , final ) ; Carolina Di Domenico and Ema Stokholma ( Rai Radio 2 , final ) Latvia -- Toms Grēviņš ( LTV , all shows ) Magnuss Eriņš ( final ) Lithuania -- Darius Užkuraitis and Gerūta Griniūtė ( LRT televizija , LRT Radijas , all shows ) Macedonia -- Karolina Petkovska ( MRT 1 , MRT 2 , Macedonian radio , all shows ) Malta -- No commentary Moldova -- Djulieta Ardovan ( Moldova 1 , Radio Moldova , Radio Moldova Muzical , Radio Moldova Tineret , semi-finals ) ; Doina Stimpovschii ( Moldova 1 , Radio Moldova , Radio Moldova Muzical , Radio Moldova Tineret , final ) Montenegro -- Dražen Bauković and Tijana Mišković ( TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT , all shows ) Netherlands -- Cornald Maas and Jan Smit ( NPO 1 , all shows ) Norway -- Olav Viksmo - Slettan ( NRK1 , all shows ) ; Ronny Brede Aase , Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby ( NRK3 , final ) ; Ole Christian Øen ( NRK P1 , final ) Poland -- Artur Orzech ( TVP1 , TVP Polonia , all shows ) Portugal -- Nuno Galopim and Hélder Reis ( RTP1 , RTP África , RTP Internacional , all shows ) Romania -- Liliana Ștefan and Radu Andrei Tudor ( TVR1 , TVR HD , TVRi , all shows ) Russia -- Yuriy Aksuta and Yana Churikova ( Channel One , all shows ; first semi-final 110 - minute - delayed , second semi-final and final live ) San Marino -- Lia Fiorio and Gigi Restivo ( San Marino RTV and Radio San Marino , all shows ) Serbia -- Silvana Grujić and Tamara Petković ( RTS1 , RTS HD , RTS Svet , RTS Planeta , first semi-final ) ; Duška Vučinić ( RTS1 , RTS HD , RTS Svet , RTS Planeta , second semi-final and final ) Slovenia -- Andrej Hofer ( TV Slovenija 2 , semi-finals and TV Slovenija 1 , final ) Spain -- Tony Aguilar and Julia Varela ( La 2 , semi-finals ; La 1 , final ) Sweden -- Sanna Nielsen and Edward af Sillén ( SVT1 , all shows ) Switzerland -- German : Sven Epiney ( SRF zwei , semi-finals and SRF 1 , final ) ; Italian : Clarissa Tami ( RSI La 2 , semi-finals and RSI La 1 , final ) ; French : Jean - Marc Richard and Nicolas Tanner ( RTS Deux , semi-finals and RTS Un , final ) Ukraine -- Serhiy Prytula ( STB , all shows ) ; Timur Miroshnychenko ( UA : First , all shows ) ; Mariya Yaremchuk ( UA : First , first semi-final ) ; Alyosha ( UA : First , second semi-final ) ; Jamala ( UA : First , final ) United Kingdom -- Scott Mills and Rylan Clark - Neal ( BBC Four , semi-finals ) ; Graham Norton ( BBC One , final ) ; Ken Bruce ( BBC Radio 2 , final ) Non-participating countries China -- Duan Yixuan and Hei Nan ( Mango TV , semi-final 1 9 - hour - delay ) Kazakhstan -- Kaldybek Zhaysanbay and Diana Snegina ( Khabar TV , all shows ) Kosovo -- Alma Bektashi and Agron Krasniqi ( RTK , all shows ) Slovakia -- Daniel Baláž , Pavol Hubinák , Juraj Malíček , Ela Tolstová and Celeste Buckingham ( Radio FM , final ) United States -- English : Ross Mathews and Shangela ( Logo TV , final ) ; Ewan Spence and Lisa - Jayne Lewis ( WJFD - FM radio , final ) ; Portuguese : Ana Filipa Rosa ( WJFD - FM radio , final ) Incidents Accusations of cultural appropriation Following Israel 's Netta Barzilai 's performance of her song `` Toy '' , critics of the song accused Netta of culturally appropriating Japanese culture , with several users taking to social media such as Twitter to call the performance `` offensive '' . The accusations were made after she wore a kimono and buns , as well as Maneki - nekos being shown during the performance . The topic was debated on British morning show Good Morning Britain on 14 May 2018 in response , with television presenters Trisha Goddard and Piers Morgan defending Netta by stating that she was simply implementing elements of Japanese culture due to her own appreciation of it . English journalist Rebecca Reid disagreed , arguing `` It 's not a beautiful , loving representation of real Japanese culture . It 's a costume '' . Belarusian Song submission On 10 January 2018 , it had emerged on Russian networking site VK that Ukrainian singer Alekseev had performed a Russian - language version of his EuroFest entry `` Forever '' ( as Navsegda ) in May 2017 in Stavropol -- before 1 September 2017 , the submission deadline set by the EBU , potentially violating the rules of the contest . Six artists threatened to withdraw from the selection if it were allowed to compete , with Sofi Lapina actually doing so . Alekseev was ultimately allowed to compete by BTRC following a melodic revamp of the song , and went on to win the selection , thus representing Belarus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . However , on 23 February 2018 , it was reported that the EBU had given Alekseev permission to perform his original English - language version of the song at the contest , and he would opt to sing that version of the song in May . A few weeks after that announcement , on 28 March 2018 Alekseev premiered a new official version of his Eurovision entry with a lighter intro and additional choir at the end of the track . He also confirmed that this version would be the one performed in Lisbon . Czech rehearsal injuries On 29 April 2018 , during the first rehearsal of the Czech Republic 's performance , singer Mikolas Josef reportedly sustained injuries to his back while rehearsing and was subsequently rushed to hospital . The singer updated his fans on Instagram , stating `` I can confirm that I got injured during the rehearsal and the situation got worse after several hours . I ca n't even walk now . Got back from the first hospital and I am now heading to another one '' . He stated that he would , however , `` perform no matter what '' . Josef performed in the first semi-final on 8 May with a slightly altered performance , owing to his injuries , and ultimately finished 6th in the Grand Final on 12 May , achieving Czech Republic 's best result to date . He was also the second Czech contestant to qualify for the Grand Final , the other being Gabriela Gunčíková in 2016 . Mango TV censorship During the Chinese broadcast of the first semi-final on Mango TV , both Albania and Ireland were edited out of the show , along with their snippets in the recap of all 19 entries . Albania was skipped due to a ban on television performers displaying tattoos that took effect in January 2018 , while Ireland was censored due to its representation of a homosexual couple on - stage . In addition , the LGBT flag and tattoos on other performers were also blurred out from the broadcast . As a result , the EBU has terminated its partnership with Mango TV , citing that censorship `` is not in line with the EBU 's values of universality and inclusivity and its proud tradition of celebrating diversity through music , '' which led to a ban on televising the second semi-final and the grand final in the country . A spokesperson for the broadcaster 's parent company Hunan TV said they `` were n't aware '' of the edits made to the programme . Ireland 's representative , Ryan O'Shaughnessy told the BBC in an interview , `` they have n't taken this lightly and I think it 's a move in the right direction , so I 'm happy about it . '' United Kingdom stage invasion The performance of SuRie , representing the United Kingdom , in the final was disrupted by a man who rushed onto the stage and grabbed her microphone , reportedly shouting `` Modern Nazis of the UK media , we demand freedom ! War is not peace . '' The man , later identified as ' Dr ACactivism ' , a political activist from London , climbed into a camera run to get access to the stage . SuRie was able to complete her performance , and after the song the broadcast cut to an unscheduled interview in the green room . The EBU offered SuRie and her team the opportunity to perform again , but she declined . SuRie later revealed that she had suffered several bruises on her right hand . For official release on YouTube , Eurovision edited out the interrupted performance and substituted SuRie 's Jury Night performance from the previous evening . The official video retains the unscheduled green room interview with the Ukrainian delegation that followed the stage invasion . The official DVD release also replaces the grand final performance with the previous evening 's jury show performance . Other Awards In addition to the main winner 's trophy , the Marcel Bezençon Awards and the Barbara Dex Award will be contested during the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . Additionally , the OGAE voting poll took place before the final . Marcel Bezençon Awards Further information : Marcel Bezençon Awards The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn , Estonia , honouring the best competing songs in the final . Founded by Christer Björkman ( Sweden 's representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 and the current Head of Delegation for Sweden ) and Richard Herrey ( a member of the Herreys and the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden ) , the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition , Marcel Bezençon . The awards are divided into three categories : Press Award , Artistic Award , and Composer Award . The winners are revealed shortly before the Eurovision final . Category Country Song Performer ( s ) Composer ( s ) Artistic Award Cyprus `` Fuego '' Eleni Foureira Alex Papaconstantinou , Geraldo Sandell , Viktor Svensson , Anderz Wrethov Didrick Composer Award Bulgaria `` Bones '' Equinox Borislav Milanov , Trey Campbell , Joacim Persson , Dag Lundberg Press Award France `` Mercy '' Madame Monsieur Émilie Satt , Jean - Karl Lucas OGAE Further information : OGAE Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision ( more commonly known as OGAE ) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna , Finland by Jari - Pekka Koikkalainen . The organisation consists of a network of over 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond , and is a non-governmental , non-political , and non-profit company . In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs , a voting poll took place before the main Eurovision Song Contest allowing members from over 40 clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the contest . Country Performer ( s ) Song OGAE result Israel Netta `` Toy '' 456 France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' 352 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' 226 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' 202 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' 181 * Table reflects the 2018 voting results from all 44 OGAE clubs . Barbara Dex Award Further information : Barbara Dex Award The Barbara Dex Award is a fan award originally awarded by House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016 , and since 2017 by songfestival.be . This is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest , and was named after the Belgian artist , Barbara Dex , who came last in the 1993 , in which she wore her own self - designed dress . Place Country Performer ( s ) Macedonia Eye Cue Australia Jessica Mauboy Belgium Sennek Montenegro Vanja Radovanović 5 Israel Netta Official album <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Compilation album by Eurovision Song Contest Released 20 April 2018 Genre Pop Length 66 : 03 ( CD 1 ) 62 : 39 ( CD 2 ) Label Universal <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest : Kyiv 2017 ( 2017 ) ' ' Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 ' ' ( 2018 ) Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 is the official compilation album of the contest , put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by Universal Music Group digitally on 6 April 2018 and physically on 20 April 2018 . The album features all 43 participating entries , including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify for the grand final . <Th_colspan="4"> CD 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Mall '' ( Albania ) Eugent Bushpepa 3ː07 2 . `` Qami '' ( Armenia ) Sevak Khanagyan 2ː57 3 . `` We Got Love '' ( Australia ) Jessica Mauboy 3ː04 4 . `` Nobody but You '' ( Austria ) Cesár Sampson 3ː03 5 . `` X My Heart '' ( Azerbaijan ) Aisel 3ː01 6 . `` A Matter of Time '' ( Belgium ) Sennek 3ː00 7 . `` Bones '' ( Bulgaria ) Equinox 2ː59 8 . `` Forever '' ( Belarus ) Alekseev 3ː00 9 . `` Stones '' ( Switzerland ) Zibbz 2ː57 10 . `` Fuego '' ( Cyprus ) Eleni Foureira 3ː03 11 . `` Lie to Me '' ( Czech Republic ) Mikolas Josef 2ː50 12 . `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' ( Germany ) Michael Schulte 2ː57 13 . `` Higher Ground '' ( Denmark ) Rasmussen 3ː03 14 . `` Tu canción '' ( Spain ) Amaia and Alfred 2ː59 15 . `` La forza '' ( Estonia ) Elina Nechayeva 3ː04 16 . `` Monsters '' ( Finland ) Saara Aalto 3ː00 17 . `` Mercy '' ( France ) Madame Monsieur 3ː02 18 . `` Storm '' ( United Kingdom ) SuRie 2ː57 19 . `` For You '' ( Georgia ) Iriao 2ː59 20 . `` Oniro mou '' ( Greece ) Gianna Terzi 3ː04 21 . `` Crazy '' ( Croatia ) Franka 3ː00 22 . `` Viszlát nyár '' ( Hungary ) AWS 2ː57 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 66ː03 <Th_colspan="4"> CD 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Together '' ( Ireland ) Ryan O'Shaughnessy 2ː54 2 . `` Our Choice '' ( Iceland ) Ari Ólafsson 2ː59 3 . `` Toy '' ( Israel ) Netta 3ː00 4 . `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' ( Italy ) Ermal Meta and Fabrizio Moro 3ː02 5 . `` When We 're Old '' ( Lithuania ) Ieva Zasimauskaitė 3ː00 6 . `` Funny Girl '' ( Latvia ) Laura Rizzotto 3ː03 7 . `` My Lucky Day '' ( Moldova ) DoReDoS 3ː02 8 . `` Lost and Found '' ( Macedonia ) Eye Cue 3ː03 9 . `` Taboo '' ( Malta ) Christabelle 3ː01 10 . `` Inje '' ( Montenegro ) Vanja Radovanović 3ː00 11 . `` Outlaw in ' Em '' ( Netherlands ) Waylon 2ː54 12 . `` That 's How You Write a Song '' ( Norway ) Alexander Rybak 3ː00 13 . `` Light Me Up '' ( Poland ) Gromee and Lukas Meijer 3ː00 14 . `` O jardim '' ( Portugal ) Cláudia Pascoal 2ː38 15 . `` Goodbye '' ( Romania ) The Humans 2ː58 16 . `` I Wo n't Break '' ( Russia ) Julia Samoylova 2ː59 17 . `` Who We Are '' ( San Marino ) Jessika and Jenifer Brening 3ː00 18 . `` Nova deca '' ( Serbia ) Sanja Ilić and Balkanika 3ː07 19 . `` Hvala , ne ! '' ( Slovenia ) Lea Sirk 3ː00 20 . `` Dance You Off '' ( Sweden ) Benjamin Ingrosso 3ː00 21 . `` Under the Ladder '' ( Ukraine ) Mélovin 2ː59 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 62ː39 Charts Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 14 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 22 German Compilation Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 9 See also Eurovision Asia Song Contest 2018 Eurovision Young Musicians 2018 Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Turkvision Song Contest 2018 Notes ^ Jump up to : Contains two lines in Lithuanian . ^ Jump up to : Contains several words in Hebrew and Japanese ( citation needed ) . ^ Jump up to : Although the lyrics are in English , the Spanish title ' Fuego ' is repeated throughout the song . ^ Jump up to : Contains some phrases in the Torlakian dialect . ^ Jump up to : Contains a phrase repeated twice in Icelandic . Jump up ^ Although the title is in English , the song itself is entirely in Georgian . ^ Jump up to : Contains some phrases in Portuguese . Jump up ^ `` O jardim '' features uncredited vocals from Portuguese singer Isaura . Jump up ^ Mango TV was banned from transmitting the second semi-final and grand final due to its censorship of the first semi-final . References Jump up ^ Mikheev , Andy . `` ESCKAZ -- Eurovision 2018 -- Event page / Организация конкурса '' . esckaz.com . ESCKAZ . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest ! '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Groot , Evert ( 23 May 2018 ) . `` 186 million viewers for the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Escudero , Victor M ; Jordan , Paul ; Kryvinchuk , Yulia ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Winner 's Press Conference with Portugal 's Salvador Sobral '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MEO Arena -- History '' . MEO Arena . Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MEO Arena -- Location '' . MEO Arena . Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Costa , Nelson ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` ESC2017 : Organização da Eurovisão falou com a RTP na hipótese de vitória '' . escportugal.pt . ESC Portugal . Archived from the original on 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Granger , Anthony ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` ESC'18 organisers suggest MEO Arena as venue '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RTP vai organizar o próximo Festival da Eurovisão '' ( RTP will organise the next Eurovision Song Contest ) ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 15 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Lisbon confirmed as host city of Eurovision 2018 '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andrade , Sérgio ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` RTP ainda não escolheu palco para o Festival Eurovisão 2018 '' ( RTP has not yet chosen the venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 ) . Público ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ; Zwart , Josianne ( 30 July 2017 ) . `` What does it take to become a Eurovision host city ? '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afinal onde se vai realizar o festival da Eurovisão 2018 ? '' ( Where is the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 be held ? ) . SIC Notícias ( in Portuguese ) . 16 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Espinho entra na corrida para receber Festival Eurovisão em 2018 '' ( Espinho joins the race to host Eurovision Song Contest in 2018 ) . SAPO Notícias ( in Portuguese ) . 31 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESC2018 : Braga quer conhecer caderno de encargos da Eurovisão '' ( ESC 2018 : Braga wants to know the terms and conditions to host Eurovision ) . escportugal.pt.vu ( in Portuguese ) . 5 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` A new chapter : Portuguese delegation meets the Reference Group '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest ! '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2018 vai decorrer no Parque das Nações '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEP -- Braga Exhibition Park '' . InvestBraga . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gualtieri , Fernando ( 5 June 2017 ) . `` Câmara de Braga em conversações com RTP para acolher Festival da Eurovisão '' ( in Portuguese ) . Press Minho . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Multiusos de Gondomar Coração de Ouro '' ( in Portuguese ) . Câmara Municipal de Gondomar ( Gondomar City Hall ) . Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Multiusos Gondomar Coração de Ouro '' . UEFA. 6 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Multiusos de Guimarães '' . tempolivre.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal : Guimarães to host Festival da Canção 2018 '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoixdate = 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nash , Elizabeth ( 30 January 1998 ) . `` Expo 98 : Lisbon dreams of turning wasteland into lasting beauty '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 6 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ FIBA Archives ( 25 July 1999 ) . `` 1999 World Championship for Junior Men '' . FIBA . Archived from the original on 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Hugo ( 5 November 2010 ) . `` Masters Lisboa 2000 deixou imagem forte '' . dn.pt . Diário de Notícias . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Norberto ( 23 February 2000 ) . `` Atletismo à porta do Pavilhão Atlântico '' . Record . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Hugo ( 2 February 2003 ) . `` Andebol : Croácia Campeã do Mundo '' . cmjornal.pt . Correio da Manhã . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ NME ( 8 December 2004 ) . `` MTV Europe Music Awards announce 2005 venue '' . NME . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Benfica organiza final da Taça UEFA de futsal '' . sicnoticias.sapo.pt . SIC Notícias . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting organiza final four da UEFA Futsal Cup '' . Record.pt . Record . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Temperton , James ( 23 September 2015 ) . `` Web Summit ditches Dublin for Lisbon '' . Wired UK . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Village -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EuroClub -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jiandani , Sanjay ( 12 January 2018 ) . `` Eurovision 2018 : RTP reveals Opening Ceremony and Welcome Reception venue '' . esctoday.com . ESCToday . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ESC 2018 : RTP anuncia amanhã novidades sobre a Eurovisão '' ( ESC 2018 : RTP announces tomorrow more details about Eurovision ) . escportugal.pt ( in Portuguese ) . ESC Portugal . 6 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Aboard ! Lisbon welcomes 42 countries to Eurovision 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here come the girls ! Presenters of Eurovision 2018 revealed ! '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Farren , Neil ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` Eurovision 2018 : Four Women to Host '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 4 May 2018 ) . `` Eurovision'18 : Filomena Cautela Revealed as Green Room Host '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision 2018 : They will host the Blue Carpet ! -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest. 23 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 12 January 2018 ) . `` All Aboard for the Semi-final Allocation Draw '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Laura ( 12 March 2018 ) . `` Eurovisión 2018 : Salvador Sobral , Ana Moura , Mariza , Branko y Beatbombers actuarán en la Gran Final '' . formulatv - com ( in Spanish ) . Fórmula TV . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Sobral , Ana Moura e Mariza na final da Eurovisão '' . mag.sapo.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Sapomag. 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Carrilho , Nuno ( 12 March 2018 ) . `` ESC2018 : Conheça os artistas confirmados na Grande Final do Festival Eurovisão 2018 '' . escportugal.pt ( in Portuguese ) . ESC Portugal . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salvador Sobral to perform with Caetano Veloso in the Grand Final '' . Eurovision Song Contest. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Branko , Sara Tavares , Mayra Andrade e Dino D ` Santiago juntos para uma viagem pelo novo som da cidade '' . rtp.pt . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mano a Mano `` : Salvador Sobral estreia nova música '' ( in Portuguese ) . Observador. 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Emily ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` FYR Macedonia : MRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2018 As Things Stand -- Eurovoix '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Countries will participate '' . Eurovision Song Contest. 17 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Waylon will represent The Netherlands at the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest ! '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Storvik - Green , Simon ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` Australian superstar to sing at Eurovision '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McCaig , Ewan ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Slovenia : Lea Sirk to Include English or Portuguese in Hvala , ne ! for Eurovision '' . eurovix.com . Eurovoix . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 12 March 2018 ) . `` EQUINOX release ' Bones ' for Bulgaria -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Earl , Samantha ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` SHE 'S BACK . Who is SuRie ? Eurovision : You Decide hopeful performing her song Storm and Blanche 's backing singer in 2017 '' . The Sun . United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurovision Song Contest 2018 : Lisbon '' . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Paul ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Which Countries Will Perform in Which Semi-final at Eurovision 2018 ? '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lisbon 2018 -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Voice of Italy 2018 , finale l'8 maggio : sarà scontro con Eurovision '' ( in Italian ) . eurofestivalnews.com. 25 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lisbon 2018 -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Everything you need to know about Eurovision -- and its decades of glorious camp '' . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Eurovision Song Contest . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision 2018 : This is the running order of the Grand Final ! '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lisbon 2018 - Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . eurovision.tv . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 First Semi-final Scoreboard '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Second Semi-final Scoreboard '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Grand Final Scoreboard '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Which countries ? GFAQs '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Andorra : No Return To The Eurovision Song Contest in 2018 '' . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Emily ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Bosnia & Herzegovina : BHRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2018 '' . eurovoix.com . Archived from the original on 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Luxembourg : Will not participate in Eurovision 2018 '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jiandani , Sanjay ( Sergio ) ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Monaco : TMC confirms non participation in Eurovision 2018 '' . esctoday.com . Esctoday . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Farren , Neil ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Slovakia : No Return to Eurovision in 2018 '' . eurovoix.com . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey will return to Eurovision in 2018 announces former winner Sertab '' . Ryan Cobb . 13 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Jiandani , Sanjay ( Sergio ) ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Turkey : Is Turkey returning to Eurovision with maNga ? '' . esctoday.com . ESCToday . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Belgeli , Burak ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` '' IS TURKEY COMING BACK ? '' -- TURKISH VICE PRIME MINISTER ANSWERS `` . escrazzi.com . ESCrazzi . Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jiandani , Sanjay ( Sergio ) ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Turkey : TRT confirms non participation in Eurovision 2018 '' . esctoday.com . ESCToday . Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ten Veen , Renske ( 30 January 2016 ) . `` Should Dimash Kudaibergen sing for Kazakhstan at Eurovision 2017 ? '' . Wiwibloggs . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan : Turkvision Winner Zhanar Dugalova Would Compete at Eurovision -- Eurovoix World '' , Eurovoix World , 28 April 2017 , https://eurovoix-world.com/kazakhstan-turkvision-winner-zhanar-dugalova-compete-eurovision/ . Retrieved 16 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan : Will Khabar Agency debut in Eurovision 2018 ? '' . 25 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Paul ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` All Aboard ! Lisbon welcomes 42 countries to Eurovision 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kazakhstan 's Channel 31 claims : `` We will participate in Eurovision 2019 ! '' `` . ESCXTRA. 22 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The EBU 's statement regarding Channel 31 and Kazakhstan 's participation in Eurovision '' . ESCToday. 23 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ago , Anthony Granger 1 hour ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` Kosovo : RTK Hopeful Of Eurovision Debut in 2018 '' . Eurovoix . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jiandani , Sanjay ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` Kosovo : RTK 's statement about Kosovo 's debut in Eurovision 2018 '' . esctoday.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jiandani , Sanjay ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Liechtenstein : 1 FL TV will not debut in Eurovision 2018 '' . esctoday.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Liechtenstein : 1 FLTV Plans Eurovision Debut in 2019 '' . eurovoix.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` May we have your votes please ? '' . Eurovision Song Contest. 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Սեւակ Խանաղյանը չանցավ `` Եվրատեսիլ 2018 '' - ի եզրափակիչ փուլ `` . Armenpress. 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia confirmed for 2018 ! Who will fly the flag in Lisbon ? '' . EBU. 24 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Van de Veire : `` Als ik een voetballer was , zou ik iedereen onderuit schoppen '' `` . nieuwsblad.be . Jump up ^ Croatia , HRT , Hrvatska Radio televizija . `` Pjesma Eurovizije 2018 . -- Prijenos 1 . polufinalne večeri '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Croatia , HRT , Hrvatska Radio televizija . `` Pjesma Eurovizije 2018 . -- Prijenos 2 . polufinalne večeri '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Croatia , HRT , Hrvatska Radio televizija . `` Pjesma Eurovizije 2018 . -- Prijenos finalne večeri '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus : CyBC Reveals Commentary Team For Eurovision 2018 -- Eurovoix '' . 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danske experten tror på svensksuccé i Eurovision '' . 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovisiooni lauluvõistlus 2018 : 1 . poolfinaal '' . 30 April 2018 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovisiooni poolfinaal '' . r2.err.ee ( in Estonian ) . Raadio2. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovisiooni lauluvõistlus 2018 : Финал '' . 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Euroviisut Ylen kanavilla -- kannusta Saaraa supertiistaina 8.5 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Emily ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` France : Christophe Willem and Alma Join Stéphane Bern as Eurovision 2018 Commentators '' . Eurovoix . Jump up ^ DRS2G ( 20 March 2018 ) . `` FRANCE 2018 : Christophe Willem et André Manoukian , commentateurs des demi - finales sur France 4 '' . Eurovision-fr.net . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` Georgia : Demetre Ergemlidze Revealed As Commentator '' . Eurovoix . Jump up ^ `` Alle Teilnehmer und Länder in Lissabon '' . eurovision.de . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESC - Kommentator : Wer ist eigentlich dieser Peter Urban ? '' . tz.de. 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ο Αλέξανδρος Λιζάρδος και η Δάφνη Σκαλιώνη σχολιαστές της Ελλάδας στην Eurovision '' . infegreece.gr . Jump up ^ `` Hungary : A Dal 2018 Participants Announced '' . eurovoix.com. 6 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ DELFI ( 19 April 2018 ) . `` Zināms , kas komentēs ' Eirovīzijas ' tiešraides '' . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 8 April 2018 ) . `` FYR Macedonia : Karolina Petkovska Returns To Commentary Booth for Tenth Eurovision Song Contest '' . Eurovoix . Jump up ^ `` Since 2012 she has been the Macedonian commentator for # ESC ... And this year wo n't be an exception ! Karolina Petkoska will be the Macedonian commentator for # Eurovision 2018 ! # Macedonia '' . Twitter . 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . Semi-finala I , partea II - a ( Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . First semi-final , part II ) ( in Romanian ) . TeleRadio - Moldova. 8 May 2018 . Event occurs at 1 : 05 : 35 . Jump up ^ `` Urmărește ÎN DIRECT de la Lisabona prima semi-finală Eurovision 2018 '' ( Watch the first Eurovision 2018 semi-final LIVE from Lisbon ) ( in Romanian ) . TeleRadio - Moldova. 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cine va prezenta punctele oferite de Moldova la Eurovision 2018 '' ( in Romanian ) . TeleRadio - Moldova. 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lisabon -- Evrovizija 2018 '' . rtcg.me ( in Montenegrin ) . RTCG. 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 9 BN'ers die bewijzen dat Duits helemaal niet moeilijk is '' . rtlboulevard.nl. 17 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NRK TV -- Eurovision Song Contest : Semifinale 1 '' . NRK . Jump up ^ `` NRK TV -- P3morgens store Eurovisions-fest '' . NRK . Jump up ^ `` NRK Radio -- Eurovision Song Contest : Helaften '' . NRK . Jump up ^ `` Energetyczni Gromee i Lukas Meijer wystąpią w drugim półfinale 63 . Konkursu Eurowizji '' ( in Polish ) . Telewizja Polska. 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Humans , în această seară pe scena Eurovision '' ( The Humans , tonight on the Eurovision stage ) ( in Romanian ) . TVR. 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lombardini , Emanuele ( 28 April 2018 ) . `` Eurovision 2018 , San Marino : commento a Lia Fiorio - Gigi Restivo , per i voti John Kennedy O'Connor '' . Eurofestival News ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Serbia , RTS , Radio - televizija Srbije , Radio Television of . `` Песма Евровизије 2018 , полуфинале 1 , пренос '' ( in Serbian ) . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Serbia , RTS , Radio - televizija Srbije , Radio Television of . `` Песма Евровизије 2018 , полуфинале 2 , пренос '' ( in Serbian ) . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Serbia , RTS , Radio - televizija Srbije , Radio Television of . `` Песма Евровизије 2018 , финале , пренос '' ( in Serbian ) . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Aguilar comentará junto a Julia Varela Eurovisión 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . RTVE. 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amaia y Alfred , preparados para enamorar a Europa con ' Tu canción ' en Eurovisión 2018 '' . rtve.es ( in Spanish ) . 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sanna Nielsen kommenterar Eurovision '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest '' . srf.ch . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2018 '' . rsi.ch . Jump up ^ Jiandani , Sanjay ( 31 March 2018 ) . `` Ukraine : STB to broadcast Eurovision 2018 ; Serhiy Prytula to commentate '' . esctoday.com . Jump up ^ `` Meet our commentators , that will join Timur Miroshnychenko in the live broadcast on UA : PBC '' . uapbc. 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You Decide is back with a new co-host and a new venue ! '' . Eurovision Song Contest. 16 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 presenter line - up revealed '' . BBC . 29 March 2018 . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 7 April 2018 ) . `` China : Hunan TV to Broadcast Eurovision 2018 Live Online '' . Eurovoix . ^ Jump up to : Royston , Benny ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` EBU bans Chinese Broadcaster '' . Metro . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 4 May 2018 ) . `` Kazakhstan : Khabar To Broadcast Eurovision 2018 '' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Granger , Anthony ( 7 May 2018 ) . `` Kosovo : RTK To Broadcast Eurovision 2018 '' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovízia v Rádiu_FM '' . RTVS. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Logo to air Eurovision 2018 Grand Final live in the United States -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 '' . Eurovision Song Contest . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCaig , Ewan ( 6 May 2018 ) . `` United States : Eurovision 2018 To Be Broadcast On Radio '' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's Eurovision winner Netta Barzilai accused of cultural appropriation '' . SBS News . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision 2018 winner Netta has been accused of cultural appropriation '' . The Independent . 13 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision favourite Netta : ' I do n't sing beautifully ' '' . The Independent . 7 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/gmb/status/995906589784707072?lang=en-gb Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONx-QvKAc1Q Jump up ^ Adams , William Lee ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Forever ( and Before ) : Should Belarus disqualify Alekseev over earlier performances of song submission ? '' . wiwibloggs . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists threaten to withdraw if Alekseev is allowed in national final '' . wiwibloggs. 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sofi Lapina withdraws from Belarus ' national selection over Alekseev '' . wiwibloggs. 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus : Alekseev wins Eurofest 2018 with `` Forever '' wiwibloggs `` . wiwibloggs. 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus : EBU Allows Alekseev to Perform `` Forever '' At Eurovision 2018 -- Eurovoix `` . Eurovoix. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Forever -- Single артиста ALEKSEEV ( in Russian ) , 28 March 2018 , retrieved 9 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Mikolas Josef ( Czech Republic ) : `` I will perform no matter what '' -- Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 `` . Eurovision Song Contest . Jump up ^ Park , Andrea ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` China censors Ireland 's gay - themed Eurovision performance '' . CBS News . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Avelino , Gerry ( 9 May 2018 ) . `` China : Ireland and Albania removed from semi-final 1 broadcast '' . Eurovoix . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` China channel barred from airing Eurovision '' . BBC News . 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statement 10 May : EBU terminates this year 's partnership with Mango TV '' . Eurovision Song Contest. 10 May 2018 . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Washington , Jessica ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` China banned from broadcasting Eurovision after censoring same - sex dance '' . SBS News . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stage stormed during UK 's Eurovision song '' . BBC News . 12 May 2018 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision final 2018 : Israel 's Netta Barzilai wins , after stage - invader interrupts UK song '' . MSN . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Joseph ( 12 May 2018 ) . `` Identity of Eurovision stage invader who snatched mic revealed '' . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44102158 Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 13 May 2018 ) . `` SuRie 's Eurovision performance interrupted by stage invader '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Heidi ( 12 May 2018 ) . `` Eurovision song contest 2018 -- live ! '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44111436 Jump up ^ `` Marcel Bezençon Award -- an introduction '' . Poplight.se . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ OGAE ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Eurovision Fanclub Network '' . ogae.net . OGAE . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klubi - info : Mikä ihmeen OGAE ? '' ( The club info : What on Earth is OGAE ? ) ( in Finnish ) . OGAE Finland . 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` OGAE POLL 2018 -- Results '' . OGAE International . 28 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018 , Amazon . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 21 May 2018 . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eri Esittäjiä : Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Lisbon '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2018 '' . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2018 '' . ifpi.gr . IFPI Greece . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . External links Official website Media related to Eurovision Song Contest 2018 at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Countries <Td_colspan="2"> Finalists ( by final results ) Israel ( winner ) Cyprus Austria Germany Italy Czech Republic Sweden Estonia Denmark Moldova Albania Lithuania France Bulgaria Norway Ireland Ukraine Netherlands Serbia Australia Hungary Slovenia Spain United Kingdom Finland Portugal Semi-final 1 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Croatia Greece Iceland Macedonia Switzerland Semi-final 2 Georgia Latvia Malta Montenegro Poland Romania Russia San Marino <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Artists <Td_colspan="2"> Finalists ( by final results ) Netta Barzilai Eleni Foureira Cesár Sampson Michael Schulte Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro Mikolas Josef Benjamin Ingrosso Elina Nechayeva Rasmussen DoReDoS Eugent Bushpepa Ieva Zasimauskaitė Madame Monsieur Equinox Alexander Rybak Ryan O'Shaughnessy Mélovin Waylon Sanja Ilić & Balkanika Jessica Mauboy AWS Lea Sirk Amaia & Alfred SuRie Saara Aalto Cláudia Pascoal Semi-final 1 Aisel Alekseev Ari Ólafsson Eye Cue Franka Gianna Terzi Sennek Sevak Khanagyan Zibbz Semi-final 2 Christabelle Gromee feat . Lukas Meijer Iriao Jessika feat . Jenifer Brening Julia Samoylova Laura Rizzotto The Humans Vanja Radovanović <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Songs <Td_colspan="2"> Finalists ( by final results ) `` Toy '' `` Fuego '' `` Nobody but You '' `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' `` Lie to Me '' `` Dance You Off '' `` La forza '' `` Higher Ground '' `` My Lucky Day '' `` Mall '' `` When We 're Old '' `` Mercy '' `` Bones '' `` That 's How You Write a Song '' `` Together '' `` Under the Ladder '' `` Outlaw in ' Em '' `` Nova deca '' `` We Got Love '' `` Viszlát nyár '' `` Hvala , ne ! '' `` Tu canción '' `` Storm '' `` Monsters '' `` O jardim '' Semi-final 1 `` A Matter of Time '' `` Crazy '' `` Forever '' `` Lost and Found '' `` Oneiro Mou '' `` Our Choice '' `` Qami '' `` Stones '' `` X My Heart '' Semi-final 2 `` For You '' `` Funny Girl '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Wo n't Break '' `` Inje '' `` Light Me Up '' `` Taboo '' `` Who We Are '' <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest <Td_colspan="2"> Entries History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 1994 1995 2017 2018 2019 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia -- Azerbaijan Russia -- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018&oldid=852449317 '' Categories : 2018 in Portugal 2018 song contests Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Eurovision Song Contest by year May 2018 events in Europe Events in Lisbon Music in Lisbon Censorship of broadcasting Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2018 CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with input errors Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Mirandés Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 02 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Eurovision Song Contest 2018
2. Host city selection
3. Participating countries
4. Opening and interval acts
5. Returning artists
|
2,072,850,687,107,484,000 |
what is the role of department of education
|
United States Department of Education - wikipedia United States Department of Education For the earlier incarnation with the same name , established in 1867 , see Office of Education . United States Department of Education <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the U.S. Department of Education <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the U.S. Department of Education <Td_colspan="2"> Lyndon Baines Johnson Building , Department Headquarters <Th_colspan="2"> Department overview Formed October 17 , 1979 ; 39 years ago ( 1979 - 10 - 17 ) Preceding agencies Department of Health , Education , and Welfare Office of Education Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Lyndon Baines Johnson Building 400 Maryland Avenue Southwest , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 11.5 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 7.9 '' W / 38.886528 ° N 77.018861 ° W / 38.886528 ; - 77.018861 Employees 3912 ( 2018 ) Annual budget $68 billion ( 2016 ) Department executives Betsy DeVos , Secretary Mick Zais , Deputy Secretary Vacant , Under Secretary Carlos G. Muñiz , General Counsel Key document Department of Education Organization Act Website www.ed.gov The United States Department of Education ( ED or DoED ) , also referred to as the ED for ( the ) Education Department , is a Cabinet - level department of the United States government . It began operating on May 4 , 1980 , having been created after the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare was split into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services by the Department of Education Organization Act , which President Jimmy Carter signed into law on October 17 , 1979 . The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education . It has under 4,000 employees ( 2018 ) and an annual budget of $68 billion ( 2016 ) . Its official abbreviation is `` ED '' ( `` DOE '' refers to the United States Department of Energy ) and is also often abbreviated informally as `` DoEd '' . Contents 1 Functions 2 Budget 3 History 3.1 Establishment 3.2 Early history 3.3 Later history 4 Organization 5 See also 5.1 Related legislation 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Functions ( edit ) The primary functions of the Department of Education are to `` establish policy for , administer and coordinate most federal assistance to education , collect data on US schools , and to enforce federal educational laws regarding privacy and civil rights . '' The Department of Education does not establish schools or colleges . Unlike the systems of most other countries , education in the United States is highly decentralized , and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards ( with the recent exception of the No Child Left Behind Act ) . This has been left to state and local school districts . The quality of educational institutions and their degrees is maintained through an informal private process known as accreditation , over which the Department of Education has no direct public jurisdictional control . The Department of Education is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness , and works with federal partners to ensure proper education for homeless and runaway youth in the United States . Opposition to the Department of Education mainly stems from conservatives , who see the department as an undermining of states rights , and libertarians who believe it results in a state - imposed leveling towards the bottom and low value for taxpayers ' money . Budget ( edit ) The U.S. Department of Education provides a service to the education system that acts as like a government for schooling around the country . This is the place where the rules are made that exist in our school system today . `` Since the Department of Education ( Education ) began operations in fiscal year 1980 , its mission has included promoting student achievement and ensuring equal access to educational opportunity . To do so , Education partners with state and local governments , which provide most of the resources to school districts for K - 12 programs '' . Civil Rights and Equal Opportunity is one of the most forefront issues that is discussed about within the U.S. Department of Education 's four walls . The goal of this agency is to make sure that every student in primary and secondary education has the tools that they need to succeed . Not all of their ideas always work out in the best favor of the students . Throughout recent history , the educational system has not always been focused on furthering the development of all students ( in regards to race and gender ) . However , coming out of the 20 century this ideal has been turned around and many new legislations have been put in place to break down these invisible walls that were surrounding the people who were affected by this hindrance . `` The U.S. , like other countries in the 21st century , is increasingly operating in an interconnected world . New structures require that teachers and our next generations of students prepare and expand ideas about their responsibilities as citizens '' . Pell Grants : $28.856 B ( 33.0 % ) Federal Direct Student Loan Program : $23.661 B ( 27.1 % ) Title I Grants : $14.41 B ( 16.5 % ) Special education : $12.522 B ( 14.3 % ) Other : $7.92 B ( 9.1 % ) Budget of the Department of Education for FY 2015 , showing its largest components Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal For 2006 , the ED discretionary budget was $56 billion and the mandatory budget contained $23 billion . In 2009 it received additional ARRA funding of $102 billion . As of 2011 , the discretionary budget is $70 billion . History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) A previous Department of Education was created in 1867 but was soon demoted to an Office in 1868 . As an agency not represented in the president 's cabinet , it quickly became a relatively minor bureau in the Department of the Interior . In 1939 , the bureau was transferred to the Federal Security Agency , where it was renamed the Office of Education . In 1953 , the Federal Security Agency was upgraded to cabinet - level status as the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare . In 1979 , President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet - level Department of Education . Carter 's plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare 's education - related functions to the Department of Education . Carter also planned to transfer the education - related functions of the departments of Defense , Justice , Housing and Urban Development , and Agriculture , as well as a few other federal entities . Among the federal education - related programs that were not proposed to be transferred were Headstart , the Department of Agriculture 's school lunch and nutrition programs , the Department of the Interior 's Native Americans ' education programs , and the Department of Labor 's education and training programs . Upgrading Education to cabinet level status in 1979 was opposed by many in the Republican Party , who saw the department as unconstitutional , arguing that the Constitution does n't mention education , and deemed it an unnecessary and illegal federal bureaucratic intrusion into local affairs . However , many see the department as constitutional under the Commerce Clause , and that the funding role of the Department is constitutional under the Taxing and Spending Clause . The National Education Association supported the bill , while the American Federation of Teachers opposed it . As of 1979 , the Office of Education had 3,000 employees and an annual budget of $12 billion . Congress appropriated to the Department of Education an annual budget of $14 billion and 17,000 employees when establishing the Department of Education . During the 1980 presidential campaign , Gov. Reagan called for the total elimination of the U.S. Department of Education , severe curtailment of bilingual education , and massive cutbacks in the federal role in education . Once in office , President Reagan significantly reduced its budget . Early history ( edit ) The Republican Party platform of 1980 called for the elimination of the Department of Education created under Carter and President Ronald Reagan promised during the 1980 presidential election to eliminate it as a cabinet post , but he was not able to do so with a Democratic House of Representatives . In the 1982 State of the Union Address , he pledged : `` The budget plan I submit to you on Feb. 8 will realize major savings by dismantling the Department of Education . '' By 1984 the GOP had dropped the call for elimination from its platform , and with the election of President George H.W. Bush the Republican position evolved in almost lockstep with that of the Democrats , with Goals 2000 a virtual joint effort . After the Newt Gingrich - led `` revolution '' in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress , federal control of and spending on education soared . That trend continued unabated despite the fact that the Republican Party made abolition of the Department a cornerstone of 1996 platform and campaign promises , calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local , state , and family affairs . The GOP platform read : `` The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place . This is why we will abolish the Department of Education , end federal meddling in our schools , and promote family choice at all levels of learning . '' In 2000 , the Republican Liberty Caucus passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education . Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the George W. Bush administration , which made reform of federal education a key priority of the President 's first term . In 2008 and 2012 , presidential candidate Ron Paul campaigned in part on an opposition to the Department . Later history ( edit ) A construction project to repair and update the building façade at the Department of Education headquarters in 2002 resulted in the installation of structures at all of the entrances to protect employees and visitors from falling debris . ED redesigned these protective structures to promote the No Child Left Behind Act . The structures were temporary and were removed in 2008 . Source : U.S. Department of Education , Under President George W. Bush , the Department primarily focused on elementary and secondary education , expanding its reach through the No Child Left Behind Act . The Department 's budget increased by $14 billion between 2002 and 2004 , from $46 billion to $60 billion . In the time after George W. Bush 's presidency and towards the end of President Barack Obama 's presidency , there was an extremely noticeable problem within the education system that was excluding many children from receiving the striving opportunities that they should have been given throughout their schooling careers . So , In December of 2015 President Barack Obama had instituted the Every Student Succeeds Act , which reauthorized the Elementary Secondary Education Act . `` In December 2015 , the Every Student Succeeds Act ( ESSA ) was signed into law , reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) and replacing the No Child Left Behind Act ( NCLB ) . ESEA , the federal law that authorizes federal funding for K - 12 schools , represents the nation 's commitment to equal educational opportunity for all students and has influenced the education of millions of children . '' March 23 , 2007 , President George W. Bush signed into law H.R. 584 , which designates the ED Headquarters building as the Lyndon B. Johnson Department of Education Building . On February 7 , 2017 , Representative Thomas Massie ( R - KY ) introduced H.R. 899 , a bill to abolish the department . Massie 's bill , which is one sentence long , states , `` The Department of Education shall terminate on December 31 , 2018 . '' Organization ( edit ) Department of Education structure <Th_colspan="2"> Program Secretary of Education Office of Communications and Outreach Office of the General Counsel Office of Inspector General Office of Legislation and Congressional Affairs Office for Civil Rights Office of Educational Technology Institute of Education Sciences * National Center for Education Statistics * * National Assessment of Educational Progress * * Education Resources Information Center Office of Innovation and Improvement Office of the Chief Financial Officer Office of Management Office of the Chief Information Officer Office of Planning , Evaluation and Policy Development * Budget Service Risk Management Service Deputy Secretary of Education Office of Elementary and Secondary Education * Education Facilities Clearinghouse * Office of Migrant Education * Office of Safe and Healthy Students * Student Achievement and School Accountability Programs * White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders * White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics * White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education * White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans Office of English Language Acquisition Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services * National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research * Office of Special Education Programs * Rehabilitation Services Administration Office of Innovation and Improvement Under Secretary of Education Office of Postsecondary Education Office of Career , Technical , and Adult Education Office of Federal Student Aid President 's Advisory Board on Tribal Colleges and Universities President 's Advisory Board on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Associated federal organizations Advisory Councils and Committees National Assessment Governing Board ( NAGB ) ( 1 ) National Advisory Council on Indian Education Federal Interagency Committee on Education Advisory Commission on Accessible Instructional Materials in Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities National Board for Education Sciences National Board of the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education Federally aided organizations Gallaudet University Howard University National Technical Institute for the Deaf See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Education portal Council for Higher Education Accreditation Educational attainment in the United States Free Application for Federal Student Aid FICE code Federal Student Aid National Diffusion Network School Improvement Grant Title 34 of the Code of Federal Regulations Related legislation ( edit ) 1965 : Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) 1965 : Higher Education Act of 1965 ( HEA ) ( Pub . L. No. 89 - 329 ) 1974 : Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act ( FERPA ) 1974 : Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 ( EEOA ) 1975 : Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( EHA ) ( Pub . L. No. 94 - 142 ) 1978 : Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment 1980 : Department of Education Organization Act ( Pub . L. No. 96 - 88 ) 1984 : Equal Access Act 1990 : The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act ( Clery Act ) 1994 : Improving America 's Schools Act of 1994 2001 : No Child Left Behind Act ( NCLB ) 2004 : Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) 2005 : Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 ( HERA ) ( Pub . L. No. 109 - 171 ) 2006 : Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act 2007 : America COMPETES Act 2008 : Higher Education Opportunity Act ( HEOA ) ( Pub . L. No. 110 - 315 ) 2009 : Race to the Top 2009 : Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act 2010 : Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2015 : Every Student Succeeds Act ( ESSA ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stratford , Michael ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Education Department goes into shutdown mode '' . Politico . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview and Mission Statement - U.S. Department of Education '' . www2.ed.gov . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 96 -- 88 , S. 210 , 93 Stat. 668 , enacted October 17 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` Department of Education Organization Act , 1979 '' . wordpress.com. 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ What We Do . ED.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education , p. 2 '' . United States Department of Education . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Education Member Agency United States Interagency Council on Homelessness ( USICH ) '' . Usich.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Laissez - faire - learning '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` BGSU EZProxy '' . ezproxy.bgsu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Janie ; Swain , Holly Hilboldt ( 2017 - 07 ) . `` Using the U.S. Civil Rights Movement to explore social justice education with K - 6 pre-service teachers '' . The Journal of Social Studies Research . 41 ( 3 ) : 217 -- 233 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jssr. 2016.09. 002 . ISSN 0885 - 985X . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ED History '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Education . 2015 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview '' . U.S. Department of Education Budget Office . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . archive.org. 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Act to Establish a Federal Department of Education , 1867 '' . wordpress.com. 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Chap . CLVIII. 14 Stat. 434 from `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . Library of Congress , Law Library of Congress . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Education Outlined '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , via Google News . Associated Press . February 9 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` House Narrowly Passes Department of Education Bill '' . Spokane , Washington : The Spokesman - Review , via Google News . The New York Times . July 12 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hechinger , Fred M ( September 3 , 1979 ) . `` Federal Education Branch Is Foundering , Leaderless '' . Lexington , North Carolina : The Dispatch , via Google News . New York Times News Service . Jump up ^ `` Education Department Created '' . The Palm Beach Post , via Google News . United Press International . October 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Educational Horizons : `` The Educational Legacy of Ronald Reagan '' , Summer 2004 v. 82 n . 4 p. 256 Jump up ^ `` Online Backgrounders : The Department of Education '' . PBS . Fall 1996 . Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Veronique de Rugy and Marie Gryphon ( 2004 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Elimination Lost : What happened to abolishing the Department of Education ? '' . Cato Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . This article originally appeared in National Review Online on February 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Education '' . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stossel , John ( 2007 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Ron Paul Unplugged '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paige Fields Team to Leave No Child Behind '' . United States Department of Education . April 11 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Young , Michelle D. ; Winn , Kathleen M. ; Reedy , Marcy A. ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) . `` The Every Student Succeeds Act : Strengthening the Focus on Educational Leadership '' . Educational Administration Quarterly . 53 ( 5 ) : 705 -- 726 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013161x17735871 . ISSN 0013 - 161X . Jump up ^ `` President Bush Signs H.R. 584 , Designates U.S. Department of Education as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Federal Building '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2007 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Massie Introduces Bill to Abolish Federal Department of Education '' . house.gov. 7 February 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Radin , Beryl A. , and Willis D. Hawley ( 1988 ) . Politics of Federal Reorganization : Creating the U.S. Department of Education , ISBN 978 - 0080339771 Heffernan , Robert V. ( 2001 ) . Cabinetmakers : Story of the Three - Year Battle to Establish the U.S. Department of Education , ISBN 978 - 0595158706 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Education . Official website Department of Education in the Federal Register ERIC Digests -- Informational digests on educational topics produced by the U.S. Department of Education before 1983 . Works by United States Department of Education at Project Gutenberg Works by or about United States Department of Education at Internet Archive United States Government Manual , Department of Education <Th_colspan="3"> Agencies under the United States Department of Education <Td_colspan="3"> Headquarters : 400 Maryland Avenue SW ( Education Department Building ) Betsy DeVos , Secretary of Education Mick Zais , Deputy Secretary of Education Secretary of Education Office for Civil Rights Institute of Education Sciences Deputy Secretary of Education Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools Office of Innovation and Improvement Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services Office of English Language Acquisition Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Under Secretary of Education Office of Federal Student Aid Office of Career , Technical , and Adult Education Office of Postsecondary Education White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Programs National Center for Education Statistics National Library of Education National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Office of Migrant Education Education Resources Information Center National Assessment of Educational Progress Independent organizations Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance National Institute for Literacy National Assessment Governing Board National Board for Education Sciences White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Universities White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics <Th_colspan="2"> Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Education&oldid=866523448 '' Categories : United States Department of Education 1979 establishments in the United States Education ministries Government agencies established in 1979 United States federal executive departments Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. United States Department of Education
2. Cabinet-level department
3. Federal assistance to education
4. Education policy and coordination
5. Budget and funding for education
|
-7,788,505,274,121,469,000 |
who won the most superbowls in the nfl
|
List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pasadena , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Pasadena , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium Santa Clara , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Pasadena , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Pasadena , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Glendale , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! ALLTEL Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Glendale , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . The following eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl , but not since 1995 , meaning their droughts are longer than Jacksonville 's and Houston 's . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . Qualcomm Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium and San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 - The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . Associated Press . National Football League . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters <Th_colspan="2"> Super Bowl champions <Td_colspan="2"> I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots <Th_colspan="2"> Super Bowl <Td_colspan="2"> NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) <Td_colspan="2"> People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings <Td_colspan="2"> Super Bowl Sunday Curse <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs <Td_colspan="2"> 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=802192951 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Super Bowl champions
2. NFL playoffs
3. AFC vs NFC
4. Most Super Bowl wins
5. Super Bowl records
|
-2,846,081,519,554,545,000 |
who sang backup vocals on ride like the wind
|
Ride Like the Wind - wikipedia Ride Like the Wind <Th_colspan="2"> `` Ride Like the Wind '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Christopher Cross <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Christopher Cross B - side `` Minstrel Gigolo '' Released February 15 , 1980 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1979 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 30 ( Album Version ) 3 : 56 ( Single Version ) Label Warner Bros. Records Songwriter ( s ) Christopher Cross Producer ( s ) Michael Omartian <Th_colspan="2"> Christopher Cross singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( 1980 ) `` Sailing '' ( 1980 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( 1980 ) `` Sailing '' ( 1980 ) `` Ride Like the Wind '' is a song written and recorded by American singer - songwriter Christopher Cross . It was released in February 1980 as the lead single from his Grammy - winning self - titled debut album . It reached number 2 on the US charts for four consecutive weeks , behind Blondie 's `` Call Me '' . On the album 's inner sleeve , Christopher Cross dedicated this song to Lowell George , formerly of the band Little Feat , who had died in 1979 . It features backing vocals by Michael McDonald and a guitar solo by Cross . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart history 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 East Side Beat version 3.1 Formats 3.2 Charts 4 Laurent Wery version 4.1 Music video 4.2 Track listing 4.3 Chart performance 4.4 Release history 5 Other versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( Edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song tells the story of a condemned criminal on the run to Mexico . Told from a first - person point of view , it describes how an outlaw and convicted multiple murderer , on the run from a death - by - hanging sentence , has to `` ride like the wind '' to reach `` the border of Mexico , '' where , presumably , the posse apparently in pursuit of him will not be able to reach him . Cross was on acid when he wrote the lyrics . `` We were living in Houston at the time , and on the way down to Austin to record the songs , it was just a beautiful Texas day . I took acid . So I wrote the words on the way down from Houston to Austin . '' In 1999 , the satirical newspaper The Onion published a story with the headline , `` Christopher Cross Finally Reaches Mexican Border '' ; the headline was a reference to the song , and the three - sentence story made several specific allusions to the lyrics . Cross appreciated the honor . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 25 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 69 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 24 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank Canada Top Singles 21 US Billboard Hot 100 17 East Side Beat version ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Ride Like the Wind '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by East Side Beat Released November 29 , 1991 Format 7 '' single , CD Recorded 1991 Genre Dance , house Length various Label FFRR Records Songwriter ( s ) Christopher Cross Producer ( s ) Dave Seaman , Phil Kelsey <Th_colspan="2"> East Side Beat singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( 1991 ) `` Alive and Kicking '' ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( 1991 ) `` Alive and Kicking '' ( 1992 ) In 1991 , Italian dance music group East Side Beat remixed `` Ride Like the Wind '' in a style typical of early 1990s dance music . There are five remixes in total . Two versions are found on the 7 '' single and an additional three are on the CD single . The Factory Edit was included in FFRR Records ' `` Only for the Headstrong '' compilation album released in 1992 . Formats ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( Factory Edit ) -- 3 : 58 `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( Subway Mix ) -- 4 : 09 CD single `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( Factory Edit ) -- 3 : 58 `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( Factory Mix ) -- 5 : 51 `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( piano version ) -- 5 : 32 `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( Oceanic Remix ) -- 5 : 22 `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( Subway Mix ) -- 4 : 00 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 / 1992 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 29 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 23 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) Laurent Wery version ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Ride Like the Wind '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Laurent Wéry featuring Joss Mendosah Released March 30 , 2013 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Dance , house Length 2 : 53 Label La Musique du Beau Monde Songwriter ( s ) Christopher Cross Producer ( s ) Laurent Wéry <Th_colspan="2"> Laurent Wéry singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Going In '' ( 2012 ) `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( 2013 ) `` Up 2 the Sky '' ( 2013 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Going In '' ( 2012 ) `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( 2013 ) `` Up 2 the Sky '' ( 2013 ) Belgian DJ Laurent Wéry released a cover version of the song , which features vocals from Joss Mendosah . The song was produced by Laurent Wery . It was released in Belgium as a digital download on March 30 , 2013 . The song peaked at number 26 in Belgium . Music video ( Edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Ride Like the Wind '' was first released on YouTube on April 8 , 2013 at a total length of two minutes and fifty - four seconds . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( Original Extended ) ( feat . Joss Mendosah ) 4 : 38 2 . `` Ride Like the Wind '' ( Original Radio Mix ) ( feat . Joss Mendosah ) 2 : 53 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 26 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Belgium March 30 , 2013 Digital download La Musique du Beau Monde Other versions ( Edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other artists who have covered the song include : Freddie Hubbard on his 1982 album Ride Like the Wind Taka Boom on her 1983 album Boomerang German producer Pit Bailay , who recorded 5 versions for his 2005 album Ride Like the Wind British heavy metal band Saxon on their 1988 album Destiny Norwegian heavy metal singer Jorn on his 2012 album Bring Heavy Rock to the Land Robin Thicke and Will Ferrell ( in character as Ron Burgundy ) for the 2013 film Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues and its soundtrack ( which also includes the original version ) . The song was also heard at the beginning of the film . In promotion of the film , Cross and Ferrell sang the song together on Jimmy Kimmel Live . See also ( Edit ) Break Like the Wind , a 1992 album by the semi-fictional band Spinal Tap . References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg ( 2014 ) . `` Interview : Christopher Cross , Songwriter '' . Songfacts , LLC . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Cross Finally Reaches Mexican Border '' . The Onion . February 10 , 1999 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Christopher Cross -- Ride Like the Wind '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles ( 1980 ) '' . RPM . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Singles '' Billboard December 20 , 1980 : TIA - 10 Jump up ^ `` Various - Only For The Headstrong '' . Discogs.com. 2014 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- East Side Beat -- Ride Like the Wind '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- East Side Beat -- Ride Like the Wind '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- East Side Beat -- Ride Like the Wind '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- East Side Beat Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- East Side Beat '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- East Side Beat -- Ride Like the Wind '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Laurent Wery feat . Joss Mendosah - Ride Like the Wind ( Official Video ) . YouTube Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Laurent Wery feat . Joss Mendosah -- Ride Like The Wind '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - Ride Like the Wind ( feat . Joss Mendosah ) - Single by Laurent Wery Jump up ^ `` ' Anchorman 2 ' Ron Burgundy , Christopher Cross ' Ride like the Wind ' ( Video ) Jimmy Kimmel Live Dec. 19 , 2013 '' . External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> hide Christopher Cross Studio albums Christopher Cross Another Page Every Turn of the World Back of My Mind Rendezvous ( 1993 ) Window ( 1995 ) Walking in Avalon Red Room ( 2000 ) A Christopher Cross Christmas ( 2007 ) The Café Carlyle Sessions ( 2008 ) Christmas Time Is Here ( 2010 ) Doctor Faith ( 2011 ) A Night in Paris ( 2013 ) Secret Ladder ( 2014 ) Singles `` Ride Like the Wind '' `` Sailing '' `` Never Be the Same '' `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' `` All Right '' `` Think of Laura '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Christopher Cross <Th_colspan="2"> hide Laurent Wéry Albums Ready for the Night ( 2010 ) Singles `` My Sound '' `` Looking At Me ( J'aime regarder ) '' `` On the Dancefloor '' `` Nagasaki '' `` Get Down '' `` Ready for the Night '' `` Salva Mea '' `` Hey Hey Hey ( Pop Another Bottle ) '' `` I 'm Going In '' `` Ride Like the Wind '' `` Up 2 The Sky '' Related articles Belgium Dev Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ride_Like_the_Wind&oldid=846151939 '' Categories : 1980 singles 1991 singles Christopher Cross songs Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers Songs written by Christopher Cross Song recordings produced by Michael Omartian Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs inspired by deaths 1979 songs Warner Bros. Records singles FFRR Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for New Zealand Duration without hAudio microformat Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Swiss Articles needing additional references from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Română Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 17 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "Ride Like the Wind" - Christopher Cross's song and its various versions
2. Christopher Cross - American singer-songwriter and his debut album
3. Chart history - the song's performance on various charts
4. East Side Beat version - a remix of "Ride Like the Wind" by Italian dance music group
5. Laurent Wery version - a cover version of the song by Belgian DJ Laurent Wéry featuring Joss Mendosah
|
6,043,036,552,476,900,000 |
what is the year round weather in houston texas
|
Climate of Houston - wikipedia Climate of Houston Houston Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 3.4 63 43 3.2 66 47 3.4 73 53 3.3 80 59 5.1 86 68 5.9 91 73 3.8 94 75 3.8 95 75 4.1 90 70 5.7 82 61 4.3 73 52 3.7 64 45 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches <Td_colspan="12"> Source : NOAA <Th_colspan="12"> show Metric conversion J J J O 86 17 6 81 19 8 87 23 11 84 26 15 129 30 20 151 33 23 96 34 24 96 35 24 105 32 21 145 28 16 110 23 11 95 18 7 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm The climate of Houston is classified as humid subtropical , although it has a strong influence from the tropics . August normally ranks as the warmest month at 84.6 ° F ( 29.2 ° C ) and January the coldest month at 53.1 ° F ( 11.7 ° C ) . The normal annual precipitation measures 49.77 inches ( 1,264 mm ) . Occasional severe weather of Houston mostly takes the form of flooding . Supercell thunderstorms sometimes bring tornadoes to the area , most commonly during spring . Houston sometimes experiences tropical cyclones during the Atlantic hurricane season , which can bring heavy rain and significant damage to the city . The last hurricane to hit was Hurricane Harvey in 2017 . Contents 1 Seasonal observation 1.1 Summer 1.2 Autumn 1.3 Winter 1.4 Spring 2 Precipitation 3 Extreme weather 3.1 Hurricanes and tropical storms 3.2 Flooding 3.3 Tornadoes 3.4 Winter storms 4 El Niño 5 Environmental issues 5.1 Air pollution 5.2 Water pollution 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Seasonal observation ( edit ) <Th_colspan="14"> show Climate data for Houston ( Intercontinental Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1888 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 84 ( 29 ) 91 ( 33 ) 96 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 109 ( 43 ) 109 ( 43 ) 99 ( 37 ) 89 ( 32 ) 85 ( 29 ) 109 ( 43 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 78.4 ( 25.8 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 84.8 ( 29.3 ) 88.9 ( 31.6 ) 93.6 ( 34.2 ) 97.0 ( 36.1 ) 98.4 ( 36.9 ) 100.4 ( 38 ) 96.9 ( 36.1 ) 91.8 ( 33.2 ) 85.0 ( 29.4 ) 80.0 ( 26.7 ) 101.0 ( 38.3 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 62.9 ( 17.2 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) 86.3 ( 30.2 ) 91.4 ( 33 ) 93.7 ( 34.3 ) 94.5 ( 34.7 ) 89.7 ( 32.1 ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 64.3 ( 17.9 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 56.4 ( 13.6 ) 62.7 ( 17.1 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 82.4 ( 28 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 71.5 ( 21.9 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) 54.4 ( 12.4 ) 69.9 ( 21.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 46.5 ( 8.1 ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) 67.6 ( 19.8 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) 74.8 ( 23.8 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 60.9 ( 16.1 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 60.0 ( 15.6 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 26.7 ( − 2.9 ) 29.5 ( − 1.4 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 42.0 ( 5.6 ) 53.3 ( 11.8 ) 65.2 ( 18.4 ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 55.7 ( 13.2 ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 27.5 ( − 2.5 ) 23.5 ( − 4.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 5 ( − 15 ) 6 ( − 14 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 42 ( 6 ) 52 ( 11 ) 62 ( 17 ) 54 ( 12 ) 45 ( 7 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 7 ( − 14 ) 5 ( − 15 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.38 ( 85.9 ) 3.20 ( 81.3 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 3.31 ( 84.1 ) 5.09 ( 129.3 ) 5.93 ( 150.6 ) 3.79 ( 96.3 ) 3.76 ( 95.5 ) 4.12 ( 104.6 ) 5.70 ( 144.8 ) 4.34 ( 110.2 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 49.77 ( 1,264.2 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 9.2 8.8 6.8 8.0 10.6 9.1 8.3 8.0 7.9 8.2 9.5 104.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 74.7 73.4 72.7 73.1 75.0 74.6 74.4 75.1 76.8 75.4 76.0 75.5 74.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 143.4 155.0 192.5 209.8 249.2 281.3 293.9 270.5 236.5 228.8 168.3 148.7 2,577.9 Percent possible sunshine 44 50 52 54 59 67 68 66 64 64 53 47 58 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1969 -- 1990 , sun 1961 -- 1990 ) <Th_colspan="14"> show Climate data for Houston ( William P. Hobby Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1941 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 85 ( 29 ) 87 ( 31 ) 96 ( 36 ) 94 ( 34 ) 100 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 108 ( 42 ) 96 ( 36 ) 90 ( 32 ) 84 ( 29 ) 108 ( 42 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 78.8 ( 26 ) 85.4 ( 29.7 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 92.6 ( 33.7 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 78.9 ( 26.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 45.1 ( 7.3 ) 48.5 ( 9.2 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 60.9 ( 16.1 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 75.5 ( 24.2 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 53.9 ( 12.2 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 61.5 ( 16.4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 10 ( − 12 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 36 ( 2 ) 44 ( 7 ) 56 ( 13 ) 64 ( 18 ) 64 ( 18 ) 50 ( 10 ) 33 ( 1 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 9 ( − 13 ) 9 ( − 13 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.87 ( 98.3 ) 3.21 ( 81.5 ) 3.20 ( 81.3 ) 3.25 ( 82.6 ) 4.75 ( 120.7 ) 7.10 ( 180.3 ) 4.66 ( 118.4 ) 5.06 ( 128.5 ) 5.21 ( 132.3 ) 5.99 ( 152.1 ) 4.32 ( 109.7 ) 4.03 ( 102.4 ) 54.65 ( 1,388.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.2 9.0 8.0 7.1 7.3 9.9 9.1 9.8 9.1 7.6 8.5 9.1 103.7 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : NOAA ( sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Summer ( edit ) June through August in Houston is very hot and humid , often with scattered afternoon showers and thunderstorms . At George Bush Intercontinental Airport , the normal daily high temperature peaks at 95.0 ° F ( 35.0 ° C ) on 5 -- 12 August , with a normal of 102.4 days per year at or above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and 3.5 days per year at or above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . The average relative humidity ranges from over 90 percent in the morning to around 60 percent in the afternoon . Summer temperatures in Houston are very similar to average temperatures seen in tropical climates , such as in the Philippines and Central America . The value of relative humidity results in a heat index higher than the actual temperature . The highest temperature ever recorded at George Bush Intercontinental Airport was 109 ° F ( 43 ° C ) on September 4 , 2000 and on August 27 , 2011 . On June 29 , 2013 , the temperature at George Bush Intercontinental Airport reached 107 ° F ( 42 ° C ) , the highest ever recorded in June . Heat stroke can strike people who stay outdoors for long periods of time during the summer , making hydration essential for outdoor work and recreational activity . The 2014 summer season did not yield 100 + degree weather in response to the monsoon-esque rainfall during late June to August during a period where the Pacific Coast off Central America was heating up which evolved into the 2014 - 16 El Nino event - this cycle one existed between 1971 - 76 during post-El Nino cycles . Heat and humidity in Houston make air conditioning important in day - to - day life . Most indoor workers spend the hottest part of the day in air conditioning . After World War II , air conditioning stimulated the growth of Houston , called the most air - conditioned city in the world in 1950 . For construction workers , landscapers , and others who must work outdoors , there is little relief from the summer heat and humidity . Industrial workers , automobile mechanics and others who usually work in non-air conditioned indoor spaces often rely on large electric fans to provide some relief . Autumn ( edit ) Autumn in Houston is warm , with temperatures averaging in the upper 60s to lower 80s ° F ( 20 - 28 ° C ) during the day and in the 50s to lower 60s ° F ( 10 - 17 ° C ) at night . Cool fronts that move through the region during the fall can bring rain . Hurricanes can move into the area from the Gulf of Mexico , bringing heavy rains and high winds . However , most years see little or no significant hurricane activity . Flooding most frequently occurs in October and November . Most of these flood events result from remnants of Eastern Pacific cyclones interacting with upper - level boundaries ; October 2015 was the latest example of such an occurrence , wherein the remnants of Hurricane Patricia brought over 9 inches of rain to the city . The latest hurricane to reach Texas was Hurricane Harvey in August 2017 . Winter ( edit ) Winters in Houston are relatively mild and temperate compared to most areas of the United States . Houston winters are , on average , colder than South Florida and Southern California but warmer than Dallas , Atlanta , San Antonio , Austin and other inland southern cities . The average high in January , the coldest month , is 62.9 ° F ( 17.2 ° C ) and the low 43.2 ° F ( 6.2 ° C ) . George Bush Intercontinental Airport sees an average of 9.6 days per year of freezing temperatures . Cold fronts during the winter can drop nighttime lows into the 30s but usually above freezing . The coldest weather of the season often includes temperatures in the low 30s to mid-40s at night . Hard freezes are quite uncommon ; however , George Bush Intercontinental Airport has recorded at least one freeze every winter since it opened in 1969 , although areas in the central or southern parts of the metro area are consistently several degrees warmer on the coldest winter nights . Areas south of Interstate 10 can go for entire winters without a freeze . The coldest temperature ever recorded at George Bush Intercontinental Airport was 7 ° F ( − 14 ° C ) on December 23 , 1989 . Elsewhere , the temperature in Houston dropped to 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) on January 18 , 1930 . The all - time record low at Houston 's Hobby Airport , closer to the city , is 9 ° F ( − 13 ° C ) . In December , southward - moving cold fronts can bring cold rain , low wind chills , and , rarely , frozen precipitation . Early January is the coldest time of the year , with temperatures moderating slightly by February . Spring ( edit ) Spring comes with a gradual warm up from winter , lasting from March 20 through May . Temperatures are generally not hot yet , averaging from 75 -- 82 ° F ( 23.9 -- 27.8 ° C ) in the day and 56 -- 64 ° F ( 13.3 -- 17.8 ° C ) at night . Spring thunderstorms are common , often with spectacular lightning shows . This rainfall prompts Houston 's 10 - month - long `` growing season '' to begin . April sees the return of many types of insects , including butterflies and mosquitoes , to Houston 's warm climate . Precipitation ( edit ) Rainfall is the most common form of precipitation in Houston . The wettest month is June , with an average of 5.93 inches ( 151 mm ) of rain . Houston normally receives 49.77 inches ( 1,264 mm ) of precipitation on 104.0 days annually . The most precipitation to fall in one year was 83.02 inches ( 2,108.7 mm ) which occurred in 1979 . Houston has received less than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain only once : 17.66 inches in 1917 . Flash flood warnings are common all year , and due to the flat landscape , heavy rains often threaten life and property in the city . Sea breeze showers which are monsoon - like ( especially during the summer months from a mesoscale convective cycle where the polar jet stream usually forms an omega block ) are common throughout the Texas Gulf Coast area ( from Brownsville to the Florida Peninsula ) which has a similar climate to areas like Mumbai and Kolkata - locals refer to the sea breeze showers as the Gulf Coast Monsoon ( also called the Gulf of Mexico or the Texas Monsoon ) , despite Houston being 50 feet above sea level . The sea breeze showers are also a contributor to the North American Monsoon . Sleet , snow , and ice rarely occur during most winters . Hail can accumulate , but only in small quantities . Extreme weather ( edit ) Houston has occasional severe weather , mostly flooding . Hurricanes that have the potential to landfall bring severe damage to the area . Seven major hurricanes have hit the Galveston and Houston areas in the past 100 years . Four have done significant damage to Houston . Hurricanes and tropical storms ( edit ) Because Houston is on the Gulf of Mexico , the city has a small chance of being hit by hurricanes or tropical storms every hurricane season ( June through November ) . In 1837 the Racer 's Storm passed just to the south of the town , raising water levels four feet . The Great Hurricane of 1900 destroyed the nearby ( and then much bigger ) city of Galveston , which is situated on a barrier island 50 mi ( 80 km ) southeast of downtown Houston . That hurricane weakened to a tropical storm by the time it reached Houston . The periphery of Hurricane Carla hit the city in 1961 , causing major damage to Houston . At the time of landfall , Carla was the most powerful tropical system to hit the Texas coast in over 40 years . In 1983 , the city was struck squarely by Hurricane Alicia , causing one billion dollars of damage to the city during a down period in the city 's economy . Tropical Storm Allison dumped up to 37 inches ( 940 mm ) of rain on parts of the city over a five - day period in 2001 , and was the most destructive and costly natural disaster in Houston history prior to Hurricane Harvey . Area flooding was catastrophic and widespread . The storm completely overwhelmed the flood control system and caused 22 deaths in Houston and $6.05 billion ( 2006 USD ) in damage . It is the only tropical storm in history to have its name retired . Tropical Storm Erin made landfall in August 2007 with strong rains . A total of 9 inches ( 230 mm ) of rain fell elsewhere than George Bush Intercontinental Airport on August 16 , and many roads and neighborhoods were flooded . Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County , Texas , halted its light rail and bus services in view of the effects . Four deaths in the city were attributed to the storm . The Houston Fire Department reported 72 rescue operations . Hurricane Ike made landfall near Galveston , Texas in September 2008 . Although only a category 2 storm ( out of 5 ) , Ike brought moderate rain but high winds for an unusually long duration ( upwards of nine hours ) . The roof of Reliant Stadium ( home of the Houston Texans NFL team ) was damaged and windows were blown out of several high - rise buildings in downtown Houston . Storm surge affected areas around Galveston Bay , stripping some coastal islands of homes . Devastated Galveston Island much resembled a war zone . Authorities prohibited non-emergency access to the island for many weeks . Hurricane Ike left ninety percent of people in the Houston Area without power . Never before had the city experienced such widespread or long - term power outage : no air conditioning , no refrigeration , no lights , and no phones . Day - to - day business slowed immensely . Area grocery stores were stripped bare and sold water and ice for cash by flashlight . Trucks from around the country brought in emergency supplies , especially water and ice . Most of the city was without power for a week -- some for 2 to 3 weeks . Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Rockport , Texas on August 25 , 2017 . By August 30 , Houston was flooded due to heavy rainfall from the hurricane . Flooding ( edit ) Flooding is a recurring problem in Houston . It is especially severe in low - lying areas on the far east end of town along the San Jacinto River . The flat wetlands and paved - over coastal prairie around Houston drain slowly and easily flood . The area is drained by a network of bayous ( small , slow - moving rivers , often dredged and enlarged to increase volume ) and man - made drainage ditches , which are usually dry most of the year . In fall , cool fronts bring in rainstorms and flooding is not uncommon . This might flood certain low - lying intersections , but does n't generally affect citizens or the business of the city . However , occasionally very heavy thunderstorms dump so much water on the city that widespread congestion and even property damage in low - lying areas result . Tropical Storm Allison in 2001 was so severe that many parts of town that had never flooded before were flooded seriously . Interstate 10 near downtown , which is below grade , was covered by over 10 ft ( 3.0 m ) of water . Another storm happened in June 2015 ( Tropical Storm Bill ) that had a similar impact on Houston , causing several highways to be closed due to the bayou overflowing ; this event followed flooding from May 24 - 26 . Another similar storm in April 2016 resulted in widespread , severe flooding across Houston and surrounding suburbs in an event later known as the `` Tax Day Floods '' . On August 25 , 2017 , Hurricane Harvey flooded Houston causing severe widespread damage and at least 14 deaths . Tornadoes ( edit ) Unlike Dallas , Houston is not in Tornado Alley , however smaller tornadoes can occur during severe weather . They are most likely to be found along frontal boundaries of an air mass during the spring months . Tornadoes in Houston usually measure a weak F1 on the older Fujita scale and cause light to moderate damage to well - constructed buildings . The strongest recorded tornado in Houston history was an F4 on November 21 , 1992 , part of a large outbreak of tornadoes in Harris County . Winter storms ( edit ) There are usually a few days of freezing ( < 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) ) temperatures each year , though the average low in January , the coldest month , is still only 43 ° F ( 6 ° C ) or 24 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) . Snow falls infrequently in the Magnolia City . When it does occur , it almost invariably melts immediately on the ground with light accumulation on roofs and raised surfaces . Since 1895 , it has snowed 38 times in Houston at an average of about once every 10 years , though some decades have several instances of recorded snowfall while others have only one each ( e.g. , the 1930s and 1950s ) . The last recorded snowfall in Houston was on January 16 , 2018 . There were more incidences of snow in the 1980s on average than any other decade recorded , but the 2000s also witnessed more frequent and record - breaking snows . February 14 -- February 15 , 1895 : 20 inches ( 51 cm ) of snow , its largest snowfall from one storm on record . February 12 , 1960 : 4.4 inches ( 11 cm ) of snow . January 11 , 1973 : 2.0 inches ( 5.1 cm ) of snow . December 22 , 1989 : 1.7 inches ( 4.3 cm ) of snow with a record low of 7 ° F ( − 14 ° C ) on December 23 . December 10 , 2008 : Tied the earliest snowfall record . December 4 , 2009 : Broke the earliest snowfall record . December 7 , 2017 : 0.7 inches ( 2 cm ) of snow . The December 21 -- 24 , 2004 North American winter storm brought a white Christmas to the region . The average has the lowest recorded temperature for that month , 24 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) . The 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm brought a never - before - seen white Christmas to the region . Average annual snowfall is very , very little above zero , being less than the measurable amount of 0.1 inches ( 2.5 mm ) . In descending order of frequency , the most snow has fallen in January , followed by February , December , and finally a single occurrence on March 10 , 1932 , which was also the lowest recorded temperature for that month , 22 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) . December 24 snowstorm , shown on satellite Occurrences of freezing rain , also known as ice storms , are slightly less rare than snow in Houston . Some of the most recent ice storms occurred in 1997 , 2007 , February 4 , 2011 , and January 16 , 2018 . An overnight event occurred from January 23 , 2014 to January 24 , another significant icing occurred a few days later on January 28 , and a third event took place on March 4 . These storms can be very disruptive since road crews are not equipped to handle such rare events over the city 's expansive size . When ice occurs , roads and schools are usually closed . The city 's Office of Emergency Management encourages driver 's to `` avoid driving unless absolutely necessary ... if roadways are at risk of icing . '' Typically , such ice storms affect mainly the northern / western areas of the metro , while the southern / eastern areas are left with just cold rain. The ice storm that occurred on January 16 , 2018 started as cold rain for several hours before changing to wintry mix and then eventually sleet and snow , Temps started in the low - mid 30s and quickly dropped to the 20s in the afternoon and then the teens by the evening / overnight hours which caused all the rain to turn to ice and thickness up to 1 ' on some roads , bridges and overpasses making it one of the worst winter storms in history . El Nino ( edit ) During El Niño , Houston winters are cooler and wetter than normal due to a stronger southern jet stream . Increased clouds during El Nino winters are what keep the temperatures from warming up . La Niña is where the jet stream is further north resulting in a warmer and drier winter . The chance of damage from tropical storms and hurricanes also goes up during La Niña events due to decreased Atlantic wind shear . Post-El Niño weather during the spring usually result in increased rainfall , as demonstrated with the Memorial Day 2015 and Tax Day / Memorial Day / early June 2016 flood events where the Houston Metro area ( and the rest of the state ) experienced a climate similar to the South Asian summer monsoon ( in this case with the state of Texas where a stalled low pressure system ( usually from an upper level low from the northeast Pacific Ocean which migrates east where the northern polar jet stream form the usual omega blocks ) originates over the Four Corners region or the Sierra Madre Occidental / Sierra Madre Oriental mountain ranges in northern Mexico ) . Environmental Issues ( edit ) Houston has had a troubled past with pollution of many types . This is due to the fact that Houston has been the home for the oil and gas industry since its inception in the early 1900s when there was little environmental regulation . Harris County , where the bulk of the city has been historically located , is home to 15 Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites , more than any other area in Texas . The list contains numerous companies , streets and waterways that have been considered hazardous to humans in various ways . Air pollution ( edit ) Houston is well known for its oil and petrochemical industries , which are leading contributors to the city 's economy . The industries located along the ship channel , coupled with a growing population , have caused a considerable increase in air pollution for the city each year . Houston has excessive ozone levels and is ranked among the most ozone - polluted cities in the United States . Ground - level ozone , or smog , is Houston 's predominant air pollution problem . In 2011 , Houston was ranked as the 17th most polluted city in the US , according to the American Lung Association . A 2007 assessment found the following twelve air pollutants to be definite risks to health in Houston : ozone - respiratory and cardiovascular effects particulates less than 2.5 μm in diameter ( PM ) - respiratory and cardiopulmonary effects diesel particulate matter ( DPM ) - cancer 1 , 3 - butadiene - cancer and reproductive effects hexavalent chromium - cancer benzene - cancer ethylene dibromide - cancer acrylonitrile - cancer formaldehyde - cancer and respiratory effects acrolein - respiratory effects chlorine - respiratory effects hexamethylene diisocyanate - pulmonary and respiratory effects The State of Texas concluded that , since 2000 , the Manchester neighborhood in eastern Houston had the highest annual averages of 1 , 3 - Butadiene of any area in Texas . Houston 's air quality has often been compared to Los Angeles and Beijing . Houston has introduced many programs since the 2000 federal order to reduce air pollution in the city . The most notable project was the METRORail light rail system constructed in 2004 . The light rail system was designed to encourage Houstonians to utilize public transportation instead of their automobiles . It should be noted , however , that pollution rankings from the EPA and ALA are administered in terms of peak - based standards , focusing strictly on the worst days of the year ; on average , ozone levels in Houston are lower than those seen in many other cities of the country , due to dominant winds off the Gulf that ensure clean , marine air . Water pollution ( edit ) Houston has also seen recent improvements to the city 's waterways . The banks of Buffalo Bayou have been cleaned of garbage and have been turned into jogging trails and parks . Since the mid-1990s , Houston has seen a great increase in wildlife along the bayou due to many successful cleaning attempts . The Port of Houston has not seen any major cleaning attempts . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Houston were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from July 1888 to May 1969 , and at Intercontinental since June 1969 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : NOAA 1981 - 2010 normals Jump up ^ ThreadEx ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : TX HOUSTON INTERCONT AP '' . National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for HOUSTON / INTERCONTINENTAL , TX 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Department of Meteorology at the University of Utah . National Relative Humidity . Archived December 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Your Florida Backyard . The Heat Index . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Weather Underground . History for Houston Intercontinental , Texas on Monday , September 4 , 2000 . Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2011/08/heat-watch-houston-ties-all-time-record-high/ Jump up ^ http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hgx/?n=climate_iah Jump up ^ Texas Medical Center News . Temperature Rising ? Could be Heat Stroke . Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Old House Web How Air Conditioning Changed America . Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Houston Geological Auxiliary . A Short History . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Greater Houston Partnership . Information / Data -- All About Houston . Retrieved on 2006 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Weather Research Center . Significant Houston Area Floods . Jump up ^ Reuters. ( 1 ) Retrieved on 2006 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Jump up ^ TSHA Handbook of Texas . Blue Norther . Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Severe Thunderstorms . National Weather Service Forecast Office Houston / Galveston , Texas , Retrieved on March 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Houston 's Annual Top 10 List . National Weather Service , Houston / Galveston , Texas . January 30 , 2006 . Last accessed January 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/txearly19hur.php Early Texas Hurricane History , 1800 - 1850 , Retrieved on March 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Remembering the Great Hurricane , September 8 , 1900 . Galveston County Daily News , Retrieved on March 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Hurricane Carla , September 9 - 12 , 1961 . National Weather Service , Retrieved on March 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Tropical Storm Allison Floods June 5 - 9 , 2001 . National Weather Service Forecast Office Houston / Galveston , Texas , Retrieved on March 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6000312.html Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in Texas '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Summary Number 17 for Tropical Storm Harvey '' . National Centers for Environmental Prediction . Jump up ^ `` NASA shows how Harvey saturated Texas '' . Jump up ^ `` KTRK coverage of the aftermath of the November 1992 tornado outbreak '' . 22 November 1992 . Berger , Eric ( 29 May 2008 ) . `` Houston 's top five weather events since 1992 : No. 3 '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.wxresearch.com/snowhou.htm Jump up ^ `` Snow in Houston : It Happens More Than You Think '' . KTRK - TV . December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remember When : Houston 's huge snow storm of 1960 '' . KTRK - TV . December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred Years of Southeast Texas Weather ( 1900 - 2000 ) '' . National Weather Service . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Jump up ^ Berger , Eric ; Latson , Jennifer ; Leahy , Jennifer ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Snow surprises Houston - area residents '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ George , Mike ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Houston Snow Sets All Kinds of Records '' . KBTX - TV . Jump up ^ http://www.wxresearch.com/snowhou.htm/ Jump up ^ http://preview.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USTX0617?role =/ Jump up ^ `` Houston paralyzed by ice storm - Disaster News Network '' . www.disasternews.net . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Drivers urged to stay home during Houston 's icy mess '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cold and icy , Texas and Louisiana deal with winter - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mayor 's Office Office of Emergency Management houstonoem.org ( 2015 ) . Disaster Preparedness Guide . http://www.houstonoem.org/external/content/document/4027/2168878/1/COH-DPG2015-ENG-WEB.pdf : Office of Emergency Management . p. 20 . Jump up ^ http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=hgx Jump up ^ The EPA 's Superfund list for Texas ^ Jump up to : `` Summary of the Issues Archived June 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Citizens League for Environmental Action Now , 2004 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved on 2006 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Air 2005 , National and Regional Analysis Archived May 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , American Lung Association , 2005 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved on 2006 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.citymayors.com/environment/polluted_uscities.html Jump up ^ Sexton K , Linder SH , Marko D , Bethel H , Lupo PJ ( 2007 ) . `` Comparative Assessment of Air Pollution -- Related Health Risks in Houston '' . Environ Health Perspect. 115 ( 10 ) : 1388 -- 93 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 10043 . PMC 2022677 . PMID 17938725 . Jump up ^ `` State Results : Pollution Glance . '' Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Czader , Beata ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` The paradox of peak - based ozone air pollution standards '' . The Conversation . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Texas Monthly Guide to Houston Edition 1996 ISBN 0 - 87719 - 272 - 3 Pg. 9 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Weather Averages for Houston Comparison with month average and actual temps <Th_colspan="3"> City of Houston <Td_colspan="3"> Nickname : Space City Topics Architecture Climate Culture Demographics Economy Geography History Timeline Media Newspapers Transportation Sister cities Attractions Art Car Parade Bayou Place Comicpalooza Discovery Green Downtown Aquarium Free Press Summer Fest The Galleria Hermann Park Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Zoo Kemah Boardwalk Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark Memorial Park Museum District The Orange Show San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site Space Center Houston Splashtown Texas Medical Center Theater District Waterwall Park Business Districts Downtown Uptown Texas Medical Center Greenway Plaza Energy Corridor Westchase Memorial City Greenspoint See also : List of companies in Houston Communities Acres Homes Addicks Alief Almeda Bordersville Boulevard Oaks Braeburn Braeswood Place Brays Oaks Blue Ridge Chinatown Clear Lake City Denver Harbor East Downtown East End East Houston Fairbanks Forum Park Genoa Glenbrook Valley Gulfton Harrisburg Hiram Clarke Houston Heights Independence Heights Inwood Forest Kingwood Link Valley Lower Westheimer Magnolia Park Mahatma Gandhi District Maplewood Memorial Meyerland Midtown Montrose District Museum District Neartown Near Northwest North Shore Northside Oak Forest River Oaks Riverside Terrace Southwest Management District South Park Spring Branch Sunnyside Upper Kirby Historic wards First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Education State universities University of Houston University of Houston -- Clear Lake University of Houston -- Downtown Texas Southern University Private universities Houston Baptist University Rice University University of St. Thomas Community colleges Houston Community College Lone Star College San Jacinto College Lee College K - 12 school districts Houston ISD Aldine ISD Alief ISD Spring Branch ISD Clear Creek ISD Cy - Fair ISD Fort Bend ISD Galena Park ISD Humble ISD Katy ISD Pasadena ISD Spring ISD Huffman ISD New Caney ISD See : List of colleges and universities in Houston Government City Council Fire Mayors Police Politics Neighborhoods Afton Oaks Brentwood Briargrove Park Briarhills Broadacres City Park Clinton Park Cloverland Corinthian Pointe Cottage Grove Crestwood / Glen Cove Eastwood Garden Oaks Glenshire Highland Village Houston Gardens Idylwood Kashmere Gardens Knollwood Village Lakes of Parkway Larchmont Magnolia Grove Montrose Morningside Place Near North Side Nottingham Forest Old Braeswood Parkway Villages Pecan Park Port Houston Rice Military Richmond Strip Robindell Royal Oaks Country Club Sagemont Scenic Woods Settegast Shadyside Sharpstown Shenandoah Somerset Green Southampton Southbelt / Ellington Southcrest Southgate Stablewood St. George Place ( Lamar Terrace ) Sunset Terrace / Montclair Tanglewood University Oaks Village at Glen Iris Walnut Bend Westbury West End West Oaks Westwood ( subdivision ) Westmoreland Willow Meadows Willowbend Windsor Village Woodland Heights Sports Houston Astros Houston Dash Houston Dynamo Houston Rockets Houston SaberCats Houston Texans <Td_colspan="3"> Harris County Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Metro Texas United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Houston&oldid=852713323 '' Categories : Houston Climate of Texas Climate by city in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 21 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Climate classification of Houston
2. Seasonal observations in Houston
3. Extreme weather in Houston
4. Hurricanes and tropical storms in Houston
5. Precipitation patterns in Houston
|
2,422,996,281,951,184,000 |
which country borders papua new guinea on its west side
|
Papua New Guinea - Wikipedia Papua New Guinea For the single by The Future Sound of London , see Papua New Guinea ( song ) . Coordinates : 6 ° S 147 ° E / 6 ° S 147 ° E / - 6 ; 147 <Th_colspan="2"> Independent State of Papua New Guinea Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini Papua Niu Gini <Td_colspan="2"> Flag National emblem <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : `` Unity in diversity '' <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : O Arise , All You Sons <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Papua New Guinea ( green ) <Td_colspan="2"> Capital and largest city Port Moresby 9 ° 30 ′ S 147 ° 07 ′ E / 9.500 ° S 147.117 ° E / - 9.500 ; 147.117 Official languages English Hiri Motu PNG Sign Language Tok Pisin Demonym Papua New Guinean Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy <Td_colspan="2"> Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General Bob Dadae Prime Minister Peter O'Neill <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature National Parliament <Th_colspan="2"> Independence from Australia <Td_colspan="2"> Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 1 July 1949 Declared and recognised 16 September 1975 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 462,840 km ( 178,700 sq mi ) ( 54th ) Water ( % ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population 2016 census preliminary estimate 8,084,999 ( 101st ) 2000 census 5,190,783 Density 15 / km ( 38.8 / sq mi ) ( 201st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $32 billion ( 139th ) Per capita $3,789 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $26 billion ( 115th ) Per capita $3,123 Gini ( 1996 ) 50.9 high HDI ( 2017 ) 0.544 low 153rd Currency Papua New Guinean kina ( PGK ) Time zone UTC + 10 , + 11 ( AEST ) Driving side left Calling code + 675 ISO 3166 code PG Internet TLD . pg Papua New Guinea ( PNG ; UK : / ˈpæp ( j ) uə ... ˈɡɪni , ˈpɑː - / , US : / ˈpæpjuə , pɑːˈpuːə / ; Tok Pisin : Papua Niugini ; Hiri Motu : Papua Niu Gini ) , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea , is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia , a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia . Its capital , located along its southeastern coast , is Port Moresby . The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua . At the national level , after being ruled by three external powers since 1884 , Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975 . This followed nearly 60 years of Australian administration , which started during World War I. It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right . Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world . It is also one of the most rural , as only 18 per cent of its people live in urban centres . There are 852 known languages in the country , of which 12 now have no known living speakers . Most of the population of more than 8 million people lives in customary communities , which are as diverse as the languages . The country is one of the world 's least explored , culturally and geographically . It is known to have numerous groups of uncontacted peoples , and researchers believe there are many undiscovered species of plants and animals in the interior . Papua New Guinea is classified as a developing economy by the International Monetary Fund . Strong growth in Papua New Guinea 's mining and resource sector led to the country becoming the sixth - fastest - growing economy in the world in 2011 . Growth was expected to slow once major resource projects came on line in 2015 . Mining remains a major economic factor , however . Local and national governments are discussing the potential of resuming mining operations at the Panguna mine in Bougainville Province , which has been closed since the civil war in the 1980s -- 1990s . Nearly 40 per cent of the population lives a self - sustainable natural lifestyle with no access to global capital . Most of the people still live in strong traditional social groups based on farming . Their social lives combine traditional religion with modern practices , including primary education . These societies and clans are explicitly acknowledged by the Papua New Guinea Constitution , which expresses the wish for `` traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society '' and protects their continuing importance to local and national community life . Contents 1 History 2 Government and politics 2.1 Law 2.2 Foreign policy 2.3 Military 2.4 Human rights 2.5 Administrative divisions 3 Geography 3.1 Borders 3.2 Ecology 3.3 Environmental issues 3.4 2018 earthquake 4 Economy 4.1 Land tenure 5 Demographics 5.1 Urbanisation 5.2 Languages 5.3 Health 5.4 Religion 6 Culture 6.1 Sport 7 Education 8 Science and technology 9 Transport 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Papua New Guinea Kerepunu women at the marketplace of Kalo , British New Guinea , 1885 Female gable image , Sawos people , Oceanic art in the Bishop Museum . British annexation of southeast New Guinea in 1884 Archaeological evidence indicates that humans first arrived in Papua New Guinea around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago . They were descendants of migrants out of Africa , in one of the early waves of human migration . Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands around 7000 BC , making it one of the few areas in the world where people independently domesticated plants . A major migration of Austronesian - speaking peoples to coastal regions of New Guinea took place around 500 BC . This has been correlated with the introduction of pottery , pigs , and certain fishing techniques . In the 18th century , traders brought the sweet potato to New Guinea , where it was adopted and became part of the staples . Portuguese traders had obtained it from South America and introduced it to the Moluccas . The far higher crop yields from sweet potato gardens radically transformed traditional agriculture and societies . Sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple , taro , and resulted in a significant increase in population in the highlands . Although by the late 20th century headhunting and cannibalism had been practically eradicated , in the past they were practised in many parts of the country as part of rituals related to warfare and taking in enemy spirits or powers . In 1901 , on Goaribari Island in the Gulf of Papua , missionary Harry Dauncey found 10,000 skulls in the island 's long houses , a demonstration of past practices . According to Marianna Torgovnick , writing in 1991 , `` The most fully documented instances of cannibalism as a social institution come from New Guinea , where head - hunting and ritual cannibalism survived , in certain isolated areas , into the Fifties , Sixties , and Seventies , and still leave traces within certain social groups . '' Little was known in Europe about the island until the 19th century , although Portuguese and Spanish explorers , such as Dom Jorge de Menezes and Yñigo Ortiz de Retez , had encountered it as early as the 16th century . Traders from Southeast Asia had visited New Guinea beginning 5,000 years ago to collect bird - of - paradise plumes . The country 's dual name results from its complex administrative history before independence . The word papua is derived from an old local term of uncertain origin . `` New Guinea '' ( Nueva Guinea ) was the name coined by the Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez . In 1545 , he noted the resemblance of the people to those he had earlier seen along the Guinea coast of Africa . Guinea , in its turn , is etymologically derived from the Portuguese word Guiné . The name is one of several toponyms sharing similar etymologies , ultimately meaning `` land of the blacks '' or similar meanings , in reference to the dark skin of the inhabitants . New Guinea from 1884 to 1919 . Germany and Britain controlled the eastern half of New Guinea . In the nineteenth century , Germany ruled the northern half of the country for some decades , beginning in 1884 , as a colony named German New Guinea . In 1914 after the outbreak of World War I , Australian forces landed and captured German New Guinea in a small military campaign and occupied it throughout the war . After the war , in which Germany and the Central Powers were defeated , the League of Nations authorised Australia to administer this area as a League of Nations mandate territory . The southern half of the country had been colonised in 1884 by the United Kingdom as British New Guinea . With the Papua Act 1905 , the UK transferred this territory to the newly formed Commonwealth of Australia , which took on its administration . Additionally , from 1905 , British New Guinea was renamed as the Territory of Papua . In contrast to establishing an Australian mandate in former German New Guinea , the League of Nations determined that Papua was an External Territory of the Australian Commonwealth ; as a matter of law it remained a British possession . The difference in legal status meant that until 1949 , Papua and New Guinea had entirely separate administrations , both controlled by Australia . These conditions contributed to the complexity of organising the country 's post-independence legal system . Australian forces attack Japanese positions during the Battle of Buna -- Gona , 7 January 1943 . During World War II , the New Guinea campaign ( 1942 -- 1945 ) was one of the major military campaigns and conflicts between Japan and the Allies . Approximately 216,000 Japanese , Australian , and US servicemen died . After World War II and the victory of the Allies , the two territories were combined into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea . This was later referred to as `` Papua New Guinea '' . The natives of Papua appealed to the United Nations for oversight and independence . The nation established independence from Australia on 16 September 1975 , becoming a Commonwealth realm , continuing to share Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state . It maintains close ties with Australia , which continues to be its largest aid donor . Papua New Guinea was admitted to membership in the United Nations on 10 October 1975 . Australian patrol officer in 1964 A secessionist revolt in 1975 -- 76 on Bougainville Island resulted in an eleventh - hour modification of the draft Constitution of Papua New Guinea to allow for Bougainville and the other eighteen districts to have quasi-federal status as provinces . A renewed uprising on Bougainville started in 1988 and claimed 20,000 lives until it was resolved in 1997 . Bougainville had been the chief mining region of the country , generating 40 % of the national budget . The native peoples felt they were bearing the adverse environmental effects of the mining , which poisoned the land , water and air , without gaining a fair share of the profits . The government and rebels negotiated a peace agreement that established the Bougainville Autonomous District and Province . The autonomous Bougainville elected Joseph Kabui as president in 2005 , who served until his death in 2008 . He was succeeded by his deputy John Tabinaman as acting president while an election to fill the unexpired term was organised . James Tanis won that election in December 2008 and served until the inauguration of John Momis , the winner of the 2010 elections . As part of the current peace settlement , a referendum on independence is planned to be held in Bougainville sometime before mid-2020 . Preparations were underway in 2015 . Numerous Chinese have worked and lived in Papua New Guinea , establishing Chinese - majority communities . Chinese merchants became established in the islands before European exploration . Anti-Chinese rioting involving tens of thousands of people broke out in May 2009 . The initial spark was a fight between ethnic Chinese and Papua New Guinean workers at a nickel factory under construction by a Chinese company . Native resentment against Chinese ownership of numerous small businesses and their commercial monopoly in the islands led to the rioting . The Chinese have long been merchants in Papua New Guinea . In the same year , Papua New Guinea asked various Southeast Asian nations for their support for Papua New Guinea 's full membership bid in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . Indonesia supported the bid after Papua New Guinea supported Indonesia 's hold on West Papua . However , the Christian - majority Philippines and Buddhist - majority Thailand , Vietnam , and Cambodia have expressed displeasure over Papua New Guinea 's anti-LGBT laws , stating that equality - friendly Timor - Leste would most likely be a more feasible ASEAN member state in the future . In 2012 , despite a refugee crisis at the border of Papua New Guinea and West Papua , the country was steadfast in its support of Indonesia , which promised Papua New Guinea a greater role in ASEAN in the future . By 2017 , the Indonesian - led genocide against West Papuan natives peaked with almost 25 % of the native population killed within a 50 - year period . The realisation caused massive backlash from Oceanian nations against Papua New Guinea 's policy on West Papua . In January 2017 , Papua New Guinea gave citizenship to 138 West Papuan refugees in a bid to calm tensions . In September 2017 , Papua New Guinea rejected the West Papuan Independence Petition in the United Nations General Assembly , to the pleasure of Indonesia . From March to April 2018 , a chain of earthquakes hit Papua New Guinea , causing various damage . Various nations from Oceania , Australia , the Philippines and Timor - Leste immediately sent aid to the country . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm . Queen Elizabeth II is its sovereign and head of state . The constitutional convention , which prepared the draft constitution , and Australia , the outgoing metropolitan power , had thought that Papua New Guinea would not remain a monarchy . The founders , however , considered that imperial honours had a cachet . The monarch is represented by the Governor - General of Papua New Guinea , currently Bob Dadae . Papua New Guinea ( and the Solomon Islands ) are unusual among Commonwealth realms in that governors - general are elected by the legislature , rather than chosen by the executive branch . The Prime Minister heads the cabinet , which consists of 31 MPs from the ruling coalition , which make up the government . The current prime minister is Peter O'Neill . The unicameral National Parliament has 111 seats , of which 22 are occupied by the governors of the 22 provinces and the National Capital District ( NCD ) . Candidates for members of parliament are voted upon when the prime minister asks the governor - general to call a national election , a maximum of five years after the previous national election . In the early years of independence , the instability of the party system led to frequent votes of no confidence in parliament , with resulting changes of the government , but with referral to the electorate , through national elections only occurring every five years . In recent years , successive governments have passed legislation preventing such votes sooner than 18 months after a national election and within 12 months of the next election . In December 2012 , the first two ( of three ) readings were passed to prevent votes of no confidence occurring within the first 30 months . This restriction on votes of no confidence has arguably resulted in greater stability , although perhaps at a cost of reducing the accountability of the executive branch of government . Elections in PNG attract numerous candidates . After independence in 1975 , members were elected by the first - past - the - post system , with winners frequently gaining less than 15 % of the vote . Electoral reforms in 2001 introduced the Limited Preferential Vote system ( LPV ) , a version of the Alternative Vote . The 2007 general election was the first to be conducted using LPV . Prime Minister Peter O'Neill This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2012 ) In 2011 there was a constitutional crisis between the parliament - elect Prime Minister , Peter O'Neill ( voted into office by a large majority of MPs ) , and Sir Michael Somare , who was deemed by the supreme court ( in a December Opinion , 3 : 2 ) to retain office . The stand - off between parliament and the supreme court continued until the July 2012 national elections , with legislation passed effectively removing the chief justice and subjecting the supreme court members to greater control by the legislature , as well as a series of other laws passed , for example limiting the age for a prime minister . The confrontation reached a peak , with the Deputy Prime Minister entering the supreme court during a hearing , escorted by some police , ostensibly to arrest the Chief Justice . There was strong pressure among some MPs to defer the national elections for a further six months to one year , although their powers to do that were highly questionable . The parliament - elect prime minister and other cooler - headed MPs carried the votes for the writs for the new election to be issued , slightly late , but for the election itself to occur on time , thereby avoiding a continuation of the constitutional crisis . The crisis was tense at times , but largely restricted to the political and legal fraternity , plus some police factions . The public and public service ( including most police and military ) stood back . It was a period when , with increased telecommunication access and use of social media ( notably Facebook and mobile phones ) , the public and students played some part in helping maintain restraint and demanding the leadership to adhere to constitutional processes . They insisted on having the elections so that the people could say who should be their legitimate representatives for the next five years . Under a 2002 amendment , the leader of the party winning the largest number of seats in the election is invited by the governor - general to form the government , if he can muster the necessary majority in parliament . The process of forming such a coalition in PNG , where parties do not have much ideology , involves considerable horsetrading right up until the last moment . Peter O'Neill emerged as Papua New Guinea 's prime minister after the July 2012 election , and formed a government with Leo Dion , the former Governor of East New Britain Province , as deputy prime minister . Law ( edit ) The Parliament building of Papua New Guinea in Port Moresby Main article : Law of Papua New Guinea The unicameral Parliament enacts legislation in the same manner as in other jurisdictions that have `` cabinet , '' `` responsible government , '' or `` parliamentary democracy '' : it is introduced by the executive government to the legislature , debated and , if passed , becomes law when it receives royal assent by the Governor - General . Most legislation is regulation implemented by the bureaucracy under enabling legislation previously passed by Parliament . All ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be consistent with the Constitution . The courts have jurisdiction to rule on the constitutionality of statutes , both in disputes before them and on a reference where there is no dispute but only an abstract question of law . Unusual among developing countries , the judicial branch of government in Papua New Guinea has remained remarkably independent , and successive executive governments have continued to respect its authority . The `` underlying law '' ( Papua New Guinea 's common law ) consists of principles and rules of common law and equity in English common law as it stood on 16 September 1975 ( the date of Independence ) , and thereafter the decisions of PNG 's own courts . The courts are directed by the Constitution and , latterly , the Underlying Law Act , to take note of the `` custom '' of traditional communities . They are to determine which customs are common to the whole country and may be declared also to be part of the underlying law . In practice , this has proved extremely difficult and has been largely neglected . Statutes are largely adapted from overseas jurisdictions , primarily Australia and England . Advocacy in the courts follows the adversarial pattern of other common - law countries . This national court system , used in towns and cities , is supported by a village court system in the more remote areas . The law underpinning the village courts is ' customary law ' . Foreign policy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In foreign policy , Papua New Guinea is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , Pacific Islands Forum , and the Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) of countries . It was accorded Observer status within ASEAN in 1976 , followed later by Special Observer status in 1981 . It is also a member of APEC and an ACP country , associated with the European Union . The country has a low - key initiative when it comes to the Indonesia - sponsored genocide in West Papua due to its application in ASEAN , where the headquarters is in Jakarta . Papua New Guinea has positive ties with Australia and countries in Oceania . It also has good ties with fellow - Christian country , the Philippines , especially in the education sector . The country 's policy has been focusing on ties with Southeast Asia in recent years due to its application in ASEAN , which is supported by the Philippines and co-observer Timor - Leste . Military ( edit ) Main article : Papua New Guinea Defence Force The Papua New Guinea Defence Force ( PNGDF ) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Papua New Guinea . Human rights ( edit ) Papua New Guinean children , men and women show their support for putting an end to violence against women during a White Ribbon Day march Main article : Human rights in Papua New Guinea See also : Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is often ranked as likely the worst place in the world for violence against women . A 2013 study in The Lancet found that 27 % of men on Bougainville Island , Papua New Guinea , reported having raped a non-partner , while 14.1 % reported having committed gang rape . According to UNICEF , nearly half of reported rape victims are under 15 years of age and 13 % are under 7 years of age . A report by ChildFund Australia , citing former Parliamentarian Dame Carol Kidu , claimed 50 % of those seeking medical help after rape are under 16 , 25 % are under 12 , and 10 % are under 8 . The 1976 Sorcery Act imposed a penalty of up to 2 years in prison for the practice of `` black '' magic , until the Act was repealed in 2013 . An estimated 50 -- 150 alleged witches are killed each year in Papua New Guinea . There are also no protections given to LGBT citizens in the country . Homosexual acts are prohibited by law in Papua New Guinea ; it is one of the very few Christian countries in present time to criminalise homosexuality . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Regions of Papua New Guinea , Provinces of Papua New Guinea , and Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions , which are not the primary administrative divisions but are quite significant in many aspects of government , commercial , sporting and other activities . The nation has 22 province - level divisions : twenty provinces , the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and the National Capital District . Each province is divided into one or more districts , which in turn are divided into one or more Local - Level Government areas . Provinces are the primary administrative divisions of the country . Provincial governments are branches of the national government -- Papua New Guinea is not a federation of provinces . The province - level divisions are as follows : Central Chimbu ( Simbu ) Eastern Highlands East New Britain East Sepik Enga Gulf Madang Manus Milne Bay Morobe New Ireland Northern ( Oro Province ) Bougainville ( autonomous region ) Southern Highlands Western Province ( Fly ) Western Highlands West New Britain West Sepik ( Sandaun ) National Capital District ( Port Moresby ) Hela Jiwaka Provinces of Papua New Guinea . In 2009 , Parliament approved the creation of two additional provinces : Hela Province , consisting of part of the existing Southern Highlands Province , and Jiwaka Province , formed by dividing Western Highlands Province . Jiwaka and Hela officially became separate provinces on 17 May 2012 . The declaration of Hela and Jiwaka is a result of the largest liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) project in the country that is situated in both provinces . The government set 15 June 2019 as the voting date for an independence referendum in the Bougainville ( autonomous region ) . The Australian Strategic Policy Institute has said that there is a wide expectation Bougainville will vote to become independent . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Papua New Guinea Map of Papua New Guinea At 462,840 km ( 178,704 sq mi ) , Papua New Guinea is the world 's fifty - fourth - largest country . Including all its islands , it lies between latitudes 0 ° and 12 ° S , and longitudes 140 ° and 160 ° E . Located north of the Australian mainland , the country 's geography is diverse and , in places , extremely rugged . A spine of mountains , the New Guinea Highlands , runs the length of the island of New Guinea , forming a populous highlands region mostly covered with tropical rainforest , and the long Papuan Peninsula , known as the ' Bird 's Tail ' . Dense rainforests can be found in the lowland and coastal areas as well as very large wetland areas surrounding the Sepik and Fly rivers . This terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure . Some areas are accessible only on foot or by aeroplane . The highest peak is Mount Wilhelm at 4,509 metres ( 14,793 ft ) . Papua New Guinea is surrounded by coral reefs which are under close watch , in the interests of preservation . The country is situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire , at the point of collision of several tectonic plates . There are a number of active volcanoes , and eruptions are frequent . Earthquakes are relatively common , sometimes accompanied by tsunamis . The mainland of the country is the eastern half of New Guinea island , where the largest towns are also located , including Port Moresby ( capital ) and Lae ; other major islands within Papua New Guinea include New Ireland , New Britain , Manus and Bougainville . Papua New Guinea is one of the few regions close to the equator that experience snowfall , which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland . Borders ( edit ) The border between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia was confirmed by treaty with Australia before independence in 1974 . Maritime boundaries with Australia were confirmed by a treaty in 1978 . Ecology ( edit ) See also : Conservation in Papua New Guinea Mount Tavurvur Papua New Guinea 's highlands Papua New Guinea is part of the Australasia ecozone , which also includes Australia , New Zealand , eastern Indonesia , and several Pacific island groups , including the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu . Geologically , the island of New Guinea is a northern extension of the Indo - Australian tectonic plate , forming part of a single land mass which is Australia - New Guinea ( also called Sahul or Meganesia ) . It is connected to the Australian segment by a shallow continental shelf across the Torres Strait , which in former ages lay exposed as a land bridge , particularly during ice ages when sea levels were lower than at present . Consequently , many species of birds and mammals found on New Guinea have close genetic links with corresponding species found in Australia . One notable feature in common for the two landmasses is the existence of several species of marsupial mammals , including some kangaroos and possums , which are not found elsewhere . Papua New Guinea is a megadiverse country . Many of the other islands within PNG territory , including New Britain , New Ireland , Bougainville , the Admiralty Islands , the Trobriand Islands , and the Louisiade Archipelago , were never linked to New Guinea by land bridges . As a consequence , they have their own flora and fauna ; in particular , they lack many of the land mammals and flightless birds that are common to New Guinea and Australia . A tree - kangaroo in Papua New Guinea Australia and New Guinea are portions of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana , which started to break into smaller continents in the Cretaceous era , 66 -- 130 million years ago . Australia finally broke free from Antarctica about 45 million years ago . All the Australasian lands are home to the Antarctic flora , descended from the flora of southern Gondwana , including the coniferous podocarps and Araucaria pines , and the broadleafed southern beech ( Nothofagus ) . These plant families are still present in Papua New Guinea . As the Indo - Australian Plate ( which includes landmasses of India , Australia , and the Indian Ocean floor in between ) drifts north , it collides with the Eurasian Plate . The collision of the two plates pushed up the Himalayas , the Indonesian islands , and New Guinea 's Central Range . The Central Range is much younger and higher than the mountains of Australia , so high that it is home to rare equatorial glaciers . New Guinea is part of the humid tropics , and many Indomalayan rainforest plants spread across the narrow straits from Asia , mixing together with the old Australian and Antarctic floras . PNG includes a number of terrestrial ecoregions : Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests -- forested islands to the north of the mainland , home to a distinct flora . Central Range montane rain forests Green tropical rainforest of Papua New Guinea bears a sharp contrast to nearby arid Australia . Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Louisiade Archipelago rain forests New Britain - New Ireland lowland rain forests New Britain - New Ireland montane rain forests New Guinea mangroves Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests Northern New Guinea montane rain forests Solomon Islands rain forests ( includes Bougainville Island and Buka ) Southeastern Papuan rain forests Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Trobriand Islands rain forests Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Three new species of mammals were discovered in the forests of Papua New Guinea by an Australian - led expedition . A small wallaby , a large - eared mouse and shrew - like marsupial were discovered . The expedition was also successful in capturing photographs and video footage of some other rare animals such as the Tenkile tree kangaroo and the Weimang tree kangaroo . Environmental issues ( edit ) Main article : Environmental issues in Papua New Guinea At current rates of deforestation , more than half of Papua New Guinea 's forests could be lost or seriously degraded by 2021 , according to a new satellite study of the region . Nearly one quarter of Papua New Guinea 's rainforests were damaged or destroyed between 1972 and 2002 . 2018 earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Papua New Guinea earthquake On February 25 , 2018 , an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 and depth of 35 kilometres struck the middle of Papua New Guinea . The worst of the damage was centred around the Southern Highlands region . As of March 1 there were 31 reported deaths , and that number was expected to rise . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 's central business district Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources , including mineral and renewable resources , such as forests , marine ( including a large portion of the world 's major tuna stocks ) , and in some parts agriculture . The rugged terrain -- including high mountain ranges and valleys , swamps and islands -- and high cost of developing infrastructure , combined with other factors ( including serious law and order problems in some centres and the system of customary land title ) makes it difficult for outside developers . Local developers are handicapped by years of deficient investment in education , health , ICT and access to finance . Agriculture , for subsistence and cash crops , provides a livelihood for 85 % of the population and continues to provide some 30 % of GDP . Mineral deposits , including gold , oil , and copper , account for 72 % of export earnings . Oil palm production has grown steadily over recent years ( largely from estates and with extensive outgrower output ) , with palm oil now the main agricultural export . In households participating , coffee remains the major export crop ( produced largely in the Highlands provinces ) , followed by cocoa and coconut oil / copra from the coastal areas , each largely produced by smallholders and tea , produced on estates and rubber . The Iagifu / Hedinia Field was discovered in 1986 in the Papuan fold and thrust belt . Former Prime Minister Sir Mekere Morauta tried to restore integrity to state institutions , stabilise the kina , restore stability to the national budget , privatise public enterprises where appropriate , and ensure ongoing peace on Bougainville following the 1997 agreement which ended Bougainville 's secessionist unrest . The Morauta government had considerable success in attracting international support , specifically gaining the backing of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the World Bank in securing development assistance loans . Significant challenges face Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare , including gaining further investor confidence , continuing efforts to privatise government assets , and maintaining the support of members of Parliament . In March 2006 , the United Nations Development Programme Policy called for Papua New Guinea 's designation of developing country to be downgraded to least - developed country because of protracted economic and social stagnation . However , an evaluation by the IMF in late 2008 found that `` a combination of prudent fiscal and monetary policies , and high global prices for mineral commodity exports , have ( sic ) underpinned Papua New Guinea 's recent buoyant economic growth and macroeconomic stability . By 2012 PNG had enjoyed a decade of positive economic growth , at over 6 % since 2007 , even during the Global Financial Crisis years of 2008 / 9 . PNG 's Real GDP growth rate as at 2011 was 8.9 % , '' and 9.2 % for 2012 , according to the Asian Development Bank . This economic growth has been primarily attributed to strong commodity prices , particularly mineral but also agricultural , with the high demand for mineral products largely sustained even during the crisis by the buoyant Asian markets , a booming mining sector , and particularly since 2009 by a buoyant outlook and the construction phase for natural gas exploration , production , and exportation in liquefied form ( liquefied natural gas or `` LNG '' ) by LNG tankers ( LNG carrier ) , all of which will require multibillion - dollar investments ( exploration , production wells , pipelines , storage , liquefaction plants , port terminals , LNG tanker ships ) . The first major gas project was the PNG LNG joint venture . ExxonMobil is operator of the joint venture , also comprising PNG company Oil Search , Santos , Kumul Petroleum Holdings ( Papua New Guinea 's national oil and gas company ) , JX Nippon Oil and Gas Exploration , the PNG government 's Mineral Resources Development Company and Petromin PNG Holdings . The project is an integrated development that includes gas production and processing facilities in the Hela , Southern Highlands and Western Provinces of Papua New Guinea , including liquefaction and storage facilities ( located northwest of Port Moresby ) with capacity of 6.9 million tonnes per year . There are over 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) of pipelines connecting the facilities . It is the largest private - sector investment in the history of PNG . A second major project is based on initial rights held by the French oil and gas major Total S.A. and the US company InterOil Corp . ( IOC ) , which have partly combined their assets after Total agreed in December 2013 to purchase 61.3 % of IOC 's Antelope and Elk gas field rights , with the plan to develop them starting in 2016 , including the construction of a liquefaction plant to allow export of LNG . Total S.A. has separately another joint operating agreement with Oil Search . Further gas and mineral projects are proposed ( including the large Wafi - Golpu copper - gold mine ) , with extensive exploration ongoing across the country . Economic ' development ' based on the extractive industries carries difficult consequences for local communities . There has been much contention around river tailings in the vast Fly River , submarine tailings from the new Ramu - Nickel - cobalt mine , commencing exports in late 2012 ( after a delay from landowner - led court challenges ) , and from proposed submarine mining in the Bismarck Sea ( by Nautilus Minerals ) . One major project conducted through the PNG Department for Community Development suggested that other pathways to sustainable development should be considered . The PNG government 's long - term Vision 2050 and shorter - term policy documents , including the 2013 Budget and the 2014 Responsible Sustainable Development Strategy , emphasise the need for a more diverse economy , based upon sustainable industries and avoiding the effects of Dutch disease from major resource extraction projects undermining other industries , as has occurred in many countries experiencing oil or other mineral booms , notably in Western Africa , undermining much of their agriculture sector , manufacturing and tourism , and with them broad - based employment prospects . Measures have been taken to mitigate these effects , including through the establishment of a sovereign wealth fund , partly to stabilise revenue and expenditure flows , but much will depend upon the readiness to make real reforms to effective use of revenue , tackling rampant corruption and empowering households and businesses to access markets , services and develop a more buoyant economy , with lower costs , especially for small to medium - size enterprises . The Institute of National Affairs , a PNG independent policy think tank , provides a report on the business and investment environment of Papua New Guinea every five years , based upon a survey of large and small , local and overseas companies , highlighting law and order problems and corruption , as the worst impediments , followed by the poor state of transport , power and communications infrastructure . Land tenure ( edit ) The Ok Tedi Mine in southwestern Papua New Guinea The PNG legislature has enacted laws in which a type of tenure called `` customary land title '' is recognised , meaning that the traditional lands of the indigenous peoples have some legal basis to inalienable tenure . This customary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the country ( some 97 % of total land area ) ; alienated land is either held privately under state lease or is government land . Freehold title ( also known as fee simple ) can only be held by Papua New Guinean citizens . Only some 3 % of the land of Papua New Guinea is in private hands ; this is privately held under 99 - year state lease , or it is held by the State . There is virtually no freehold title ; the few existing freeholds are automatically converted to state lease when they are transferred between vendor and purchaser . Unalienated land is owned under customary title by traditional landowners . The precise nature of the seisin varies from one culture to another . Many writers portray land as in the communal ownership of traditional clans ; however , closer studies usually show that the smallest portions of land whose ownership can not be further divided are held by the individual heads of extended families and their descendants or their descendants alone if they have recently died . This is a matter of vital importance because a problem of economic development is identifying the membership of customary landowning groups and the owners . Disputes between mining and forestry companies and landowner groups often devolve on the issue of whether the companies entered into contractual relations for the use of land with the true owners . Customary property -- usually land -- can not be devised by will . It can only be inherited according to the custom of the deceased 's people . The Lands Act was amended in 2010 along with the Land Group Incorporation Act , intended to improve the management of state land , mechanisms for dispute resolution over land , and to enable customary landowners to be better able to access finance and possible partnerships over portions of their land , if they seek to develop it for urban or rural economic activities . The Land Group Incorporation Act requires more specific identification of the customary landowners than hitherto and their more specific authorisation before any land arrangements are determined ; ( a major issue in recent years has been a land grab , using , or rather misusing , the Lease - Leaseback provision under the Land Act , notably using ' Special Agricultural and Business Leases ' ( SABLs ) to acquire vast tracts of customary land , purportedly for agricultural projects , but in an almost all cases as a back - door mechanism for securing tropical forest resources for logging -- circumventing the more exacting requirements of the Forest Act , for securing Timber Permits ( which must comply with sustainability requirements and be competitively secured , and with the customary landowners approval ) . Following a national outcry , these SABLs have been subject to a Commission of Inquiry , established in mid-2011 , for which the report is still awaited for initial presentation to the Prime Minister and Parliament . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Papua New Guinea Huli wigman from the Southern Highlands <Th_colspan="4"> Population Year Million 1950 1.7 2000 5.6 2016 8.1 Papua New Guinea is one of the most heterogeneous nations in the world . There are hundreds of ethnic groups indigenous to Papua New Guinea , the majority being from the group known as Papuans , whose ancestors arrived in the New Guinea region tens of thousands of years ago . The other indigenous peoples are Austronesians , their ancestors having arrived in the region less than four thousand years ago . There are also numerous people from other parts of the world now resident , including Chinese , Europeans , Australians , Indonesians , Filipinos , Polynesians , and Micronesians ( the last four belonging to the Austronesian family ) . Around 40,000 expatriates , mostly from Australia and China , were living in Papua New Guinea in 1975 . Urbanisation ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Largest cities and towns in Papua New Guinea www.geonames.org/PG/largest-cities-in-papua-new-guinea.html Rank Name Province Pop . Port Moresby Lae Port Moresby National capital district 283,733 Lae Morobe 76,255 Arawa Bougainville 40,266 Mount Hagen Western Highlands 33,623 5 Popondetta Northern Province 28,198 6 Madang Madang 27,419 7 Kokopo East New Britain 26,273 8 Mendi Southern Highlands 26,252 9 Kimbe West New Britain 18,847 10 Goroka Eastern Highlands 18,503 Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Papua New Guinea The language families in Ross 's conception of the Trans - New Guinea language family Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country , with over 820 indigenous languages , representing 12 % of the world 's total , but most have fewer than 1,000 speakers . The most widely spoken indigenous language is Enga , with about 200,000 speakers , followed by Melpa and Huli . Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups , Austronesian languages and non-Austronesian , or Papuan , languages . There are four official languages in Papua New Guinea : English , `` sign language '' ( which in practice means Papua New Guinean Sign Language ) , Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu . English is the language of government and the education system , but it is not spoken widely . The primary lingua franca of the country is Tok Pisin ( commonly known in English as New Guinean Pidgin or Melanesian Pidgin ) , in which much of the debate in Parliament is conducted , many information campaigns and advertisements are presented , and until recently a national newspaper , Wantok , was published . The only area where Tok Pisin is not prevalent is the southern region of Papua , where people often use the third official language , Hiri Motu . Although it lies in the Papua region , Port Moresby has a highly diverse population which primarily uses Tok Pisin , and to a lesser extent English , with Motu spoken as the indigenous language in outlying villages . With an average of only 7,000 speakers per language , Papua New Guinea has a greater density of languages than any other nation on earth except Vanuatu . Health ( edit ) Government expenditure health in 2014 accounted for 9.5 % of total government spending , with total health expenditure equating to 4.3 % of GDP . There were five physicians per 100,000 people in the early 2000s . Malaria is the leading cause of illness and death in New Guinea . In 2003 , the most recently reported year , 70,226 cases of laboratory - confirmed malaria were reported , along with 537 deaths . A total of 1,729,697 cases were probable . Papua New Guinea has the highest incidence of HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region and is the fourth country in the Asia Pacific region to fit the criteria for a generalised HIV / AIDS epidemic . Lack of HIV / AIDS awareness is a major problem , especially in rural areas . The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Papua New Guinea was 250 . This is compared with 311.9 in 2008 and 476.3 in 1990 . The under - 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births is 69 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under - 5s ' mortality is 37 . In Papua New Guinea , the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 94 . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Papua New Guinea Citizen population in Papua New Guinea by religion , based on the 2011 census Roman Catholic ( 26 % ) Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea ( 18.4 % ) Seventh - day Adventist ( 12.9 % ) Pentecostal ( 10.4 % ) United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands ( 10.3 % ) Evangelical Alliance Papua New Guinea ( 5.9 % ) Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea ( 3.2 % ) Baptist ( 2.8 % ) Salvation Army ( 0.4 % ) Kwato Church ( 0.2 % ) Other Christian ( 5.1 % ) Non Christian ( 1.4 % ) Not stated ( 3.1 % ) The courts and government practice uphold the constitutional right to freedom of speech , thought , and belief , and no legislation to curb those rights has been adopted . The 2011 census found that 95.6 % of citizens identified themselves as members of a Christian church , 1.4 % were not Christian , 3.1 % did not answer this census question . These who stated no religion accounted for , approximately , 0 % . Many citizens combine their Christian faith with some traditional indigenous religious practices . Christianity in Papua New Guinea is predominantly made up of Protestants , who collectively constitute roughly 70 % of the total population . They are mostly represented by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea , the Seventh - day Adventist Church , diverse Pentecostal denominations , the United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands , the Evangelical Alliance Papua New Guinea , and the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea . Apart from Protestants , there is a notable Roman Catholic minority with approximately 25 % of the population . There are approximately 2,000 Muslims in the country . The majority belong to the Sunni group , while a small number are Ahmadi . Non-traditional Christian churches and non-Christian religious groups are active throughout the country . The Papua New Guinea Council of Churches has stated that both Muslim and Confucian missionaries are active , and foreign missionary activity in general is high . Traditional religions are often animist . Some also tend to have elements of veneration of the dead , though generalisation is suspect given the extreme heterogeneity of Melanesian societies . Prevalent among traditional tribes is the belief in masalai , or evil spirits , which are blamed for `` poisoning '' people , causing calamity and death , and the practice of puripuri ( sorcery ) . Culture ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of Papua New Guinea , Music of Papua New Guinea , and Papua New Guinean cuisine Bilum bag from Goroka , Eastern Highlands Province A resident of Boga - Boga , a village on the southeast coast of mainland Papua New Guinea Asaro Mudmen A 20th - century wooden Abelam ancestor figure ( nggwalndu ) It is estimated that more than a thousand cultural groups exist in Papua New Guinea . Because of this diversity , many styles of cultural expression have emerged . Each group has created its own expressive forms in art , dance , weaponry , costumes , singing , music , architecture and much more . Most of these cultural groups have their own language . People typically live in villages that rely on subsistence farming . In some areas people hunt and collect wild plants ( such as yam roots and karuka ) to supplement their diets . Those who become skilled at hunting , farming and fishing earn a great deal of respect . On the Sepik river , there is a tradition of wood carving , often in the form of plants or animals , representing ancestor spirits . Seashells are no longer the currency of Papua New Guinea , as they were in some regions -- sea shells were abolished as currency in 1933 . This tradition is still present in local customs . In some cultures , to get a bride , a groom must bring a certain number of golden - edged clam shells as a bride price . In other regions , the bride price is paid in lengths of shell money , pigs , cassowaries or cash . Elsewhere , it is brides who traditionally pay a dowry . People of the highlands engage in colourful local rituals that are called `` sing sings '' . They paint themselves and dress up with feathers , pearls and animal skins to represent birds , trees or mountain spirits . Sometimes an important event , such as a legendary battle , is enacted at such a musical festival . The country possesses one ( 1 ) UNESCO World Heritage site , namely , Kuk Early Agricultural Site , which was inscribed in 2008 . The country , however , has no elements inscribed yet in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists , despite having one of the widest array of intangible cultural heritage elements in the world . Sport ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Papua New Guinea Sport is an important part of Papua New Guinean culture and rugby league is by far the most popular sport . In a nation where communities are far apart and many people live at a minimal subsistence level , rugby league has been described as a replacement for tribal warfare as a way of explaining the local enthusiasm for the game ( a matter of life or death ) . Many Papua New Guineans have become instant celebrities by representing their country or playing in an overseas professional league . Even Australian rugby league players who have played in the annual State of Origin series , which is celebrated feverishly every year in PNG , are among the most well - known people throughout the nation . State of Origin is a highlight of the year for most Papua New Guineans , although the support is so passionate that many people have died over the years in violent clashes supporting their team . The Papua New Guinea national rugby league team usually plays against the Australian Prime Minister 's XIII ( a selection of NRL players ) each year , normally in Port Moresby . Although not as popular , Australian rules football is more significant in another way , as the national team is ranked second , only after Australia . Other major sports which have a part in the Papua New Guinea sporting landscape are association football , rugby union , basketball and , in eastern Papua , cricket . The capital city , Port Moresby , hosted the Pacific Games in 2015 . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Papua New Guinea A large proportion of the population is illiterate , with women predominating in this area . Much of the education in PNG is provided by church institutions . This includes 500 schools of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea . Papua New Guinea has six universities apart from other major tertiary institutions . The two founding universities are the University of Papua New Guinea , based in the National Capital District , and the Papua New Guinea University of Technology , based outside of Lae , in Morobe Province . The four other universities which were once colleges were established recently after gaining government recognition . These are the University of Goroka in the Eastern Highlands province , Divine Word University ( run by the Catholic Church 's Divine Word Missionaries ) in Madang Province , Vudal University in East New Britain Province and Pacific Adventist University ( run by the Seventh - day Adventist Church ) in the National Capital District . Science and technology ( edit ) Papua New Guinea 's National Vision 2050 was adopted in 2009 . This has led to the establishment of the Research , Science and Technology Council . At its gathering in November 2014 , the Council re-emphasised the need to focus on sustainable development through science and technology . Vision 2050 's medium - term priorities are : emerging industrial technology for downstream processing ; infrastructure technology for the economic corridors ; knowledge - based technology ; Science and engineering education ; and to reach the target of investing 5 % of GDP in research and development by 2050 . ( There is no recent data for this indicator . ) According to Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science , Papua New Guinea had the largest number of publications ( 110 ) among Pacific Island states in 2014 , followed by Fiji ( 106 ) . Nine out of ten scientific publications from Papua New Guinea focused on immunology , genetics , biotechnology and microbiology . Nine out of ten were also co-authored by scientists from other countries , mainly Australia , the United States of America , United Kingdom , Spain and Switzerland . Forestry is an important economic resource for Papua New Guinea but the industry uses low and semi-intensive technological inputs . As a result , product ranges are limited to sawed timber , veneer , plywood , block board , moulding , poles and posts and wood chips . Only a few limited finished products are exported . Lack of automated machinery , coupled with inadequately trained local technical personnel , are some of the obstacles to introducing automated machinery and design . Policy - makers need to turn their attention to eliminating these barriers , in order for forestry to make a more efficient and sustainable contribution to national economic development . In Papua New Guinea , renewable energy sources represent two - thirds of the total electricity supply . In 2015 , the Secretariat of the Pacific Community observed that , ' while Fiji , Papua New Guinea and Samoa are leading the way with large - scale hydropower projects , there is enormous potential to expand the deployment of other renewable energy options such as solar , wind , geothermal and ocean - based energy sources ' . The European Union has funded the Renewable Energy in Pacific Island Countries Developing Skills and Capacity programme ( EPIC ) . Since its inception in 2013 , the programme has developed a master 's programme in renewable energy management at the University of Papua New Guinea and helped to establish a Centre of Renewable Energy at the same university . Papua New Guinea is one of the 15 beneficiaries of a programme on Adapting to Climate Change and Sustainable Energy worth € 37.26 million . The programme resulted from the signing of an agreement in February 2014 between the European Union and the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat . The other beneficiaries are the Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , Niue , Palau , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Papua New Guinea Transport in Papua New Guinea is heavily limited by the country 's mountainous terrain . As a result , air travel is the single most important form of transport for human and high density / value freight . Aeroplanes made it possible to open up the country during its early colonial period . Even today the two largest cities , Port Moresby and Lae , are only directly connected by planes . Port Moresby is not linked by road to any of the other major towns , and many remote villages can only be reached by light aircraft or on foot . Jacksons International Airport is the major international airport in Papua New Guinea , located 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) from Port Moresby . In addition to two international airfields , Papua New Guinea has 578 airstrips , most of which are unpaved . See also ( edit ) Papua New Guinea portal Outline of Papua New Guinea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Somare , Michael ( 6 December 2004 ) . `` Stable Government , Investment Initiatives , and Economic Growth '' . Keynote address to the 8th Papua New Guinea Mining and Petroleum Conference . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Never more to rise '' . The National . 6 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papua New Guinea '' . The World Factbook . Langley , Virginia : Central Intelligence Agency . 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sign language becomes an official language in PNG '' . Radio New Zealand . 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea Population ( 2016 ) '' . worldbank.org . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papua New Guinea '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GINI index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2018 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach ; James Hartmann ; Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 3 - 12 - 539683 - 8 Jump up ^ `` World Bank data on urbanisation '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 15 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Papua New Guinea , Ethnologue ^ Jump up to : James , Paul ; Nadarajah , Yaso ; Haive , Karen ; Stead , Victoria ( 2012 ) . Sustainable Communities , Sustainable Development : Other Paths for Papua New Guinea . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Jump up ^ Gelineau , Kristen ( 26 March 2009 ) . `` Spiders and frogs identified among 50 new species '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ World Economic Outlook Database , October 2015 , International Monetary Fund . Database updated on 6 October 2015 . Accessed on 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raising the profile of PNG in Australia '' . Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Asian Development Outlook 2015 : Financing Asia 's Future Growth . Asian Development Bank ( March 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Bougainville Copper Limited '' . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ World Bank . 2010 . World Development Indicators . Washington DC . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( consol. to amendment # 22 ) '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , J.F. , and J. Allen . `` Pre-LGM Sahul ( Australia - New Guinea ) and the archaeology of early modern humans , '' Rethinking the human revolution : new behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin and dispersal of modern humans ( 2007 ) : 395 -- 410 . Jump up ^ Diamond , J. ( March 1997 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03891 - 2 . Jump up ^ Swadling , p. 282 Jump up ^ Knauft , Bruce M. ( 1999 ) From Primitive to Postcolonial in Melanesia and Anthropology . University of Michigan Press . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06687 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Cannibalism Normal For Early Humans ? '' . National Geographic News . 10 April 2003 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Laurence ( 1999 ). The Anthropology of Cannibalism . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 89789 - 596 - 7 Jump up ^ Torgovnick , Marianna ( 1991 ) . Gone Primitive : Savage Intellects , Modern Lives , University of Chicago Press . p. 258 ISBN 0 - 226 - 80832 - 7 Jump up ^ Swadling : `` Such trade links and the nominal claim of the Sultan of Ceram over New Guinea constituted the legal basis for the Netherlands ' claim over West New Guinea and ultimately that of Indonesia over what is new West Papua . '' Jump up ^ Pickell , David & Müller , Kal ( 2002 ) . Between the Tides : A Fascinating Journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea . Tuttle Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7946 - 0072 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Damien . `` '' How many died ? ( QnA ) `` '' . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Australian War Memorial . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Official Document '' . www.un.org . Jump up ^ `` New report doubles death toll on Bougainville to 20,000 '' . Radio Australia . 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's interest in Bougainville 's independence is far from locals ' wishes '' , The Guardian . 20 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Bougainville makes first preparations for referendum '' . Radio New Zealand . 17 April 2015 Jump up ^ Callick , Rowan ( 23 May 2009 ) . `` Looters shot dead amid chaos of Papua New Guinea 's anti-Chinese riots '' . The Australian . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas and under siege '' , The Economist , 11 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid News GMA News Online '' . Gmanetwork.com. 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea keen to join ASEAN The Brunei Times '' . bt.com.bn . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PNG resettles hundreds of West Papuan asylum seekers '' . 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Namorong , Martyn ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Can the next # PNG Government do better on West Papua ? '' . Jump up ^ `` PNG grants citizenship to 138 West Papuan refugees '' . 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Ben ; Lamb , Kate ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` West Papua independence petition is rebuffed at UN '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Roy , Eleanor Ainge ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Papua New Guinea earthquake : UN pulls out aid workers from violence - hit region '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Roy , Eleanor Ainge ( 8 March 2018 ) . `` Papua New Guinea earthquake : anger grows among ' forgotten victims ' '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Bradford , Sarah ( 1997 ) . Elizabeth : A Biography of Britain 's Queen . Riverhead Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57322 - 600 - 4 . Jump up ^ Papua New Guinea Constitution Schedule 2.2. 2 Jump up ^ Davidson , Helen ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Médecins Sans Frontières opens Papua New Guinea clinic for abuse victims '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Helen ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` Papua New Guinea : a country suffering spiralling violence '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jewkes , Rachel ; Fulu , Emma ; Roselli , Tim ; Garcia - Moreno , Claudia ( 2013 ) . `` Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration : findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific '' . The Lancet . 323 ( 4 ) : e208 . doi : 10.1016 / S2214 - 109X ( 13 ) 70069 - X . PMID 25104346 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF strives to help Papua New Guinea break cycle of violence '' . UNICEF. 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiseman H ( August 2013 ) . `` Stop Violence Against Women and Children in Papua New Guinea '' ( PDF ) . ChildFund . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PNG repeals sorcery law and expands death penalty '' . BBC News . 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea 's ' Sorcery Refugees ' : Women Accused of Witchcraft Flee Homes to Escape Violence '' . Vice News . 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The state of gay rights around the world '' . The Washington Post 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The Constitution of Papua New Guinea sets out the names of the 19 provinces at the time of Independence . Several provinces have changed their names ; such changes are not strictly speaking official without a formal constitutional amendment , though `` Oro , '' for example , is universally used in reference to that province . Jump up ^ Kolo , Pearson ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` Jiwaka , Hela set to go ! '' . Postcourier.com.pg . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hela , Jiwaka declared '' . The National ( Papua New Guinea ) . 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ LNG Jump up ^ Australian Associated Press , `` PNG leader apologises to Bougainville for bloody 1990s civil war '' , 29 January 2014 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/29/papua-new-guinea-apologises-bougainville-civil-war Jump up ^ `` Agreement between Australia and Indonesia concerning Certain Boundaries between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia ( 1974 ) ATS 26 '' . www3.austlii.edu.au . Austraasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea concerning Sovereignty and Maritime Boundaries in the area between the two Countries , including the area known as Torres Strait , and Related Matters ( 1985 ) ATS 4 '' . www3.austlii.edu.au . Austraasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian Geographic ( July 2014 ) . `` New and rare species found in remote PNG '' . Jump up ^ `` Satellite images show Papua New Guinea deforestation at critical level '' , Guardian , 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite images uncover rapid PNG deforestation '' . ABC News . 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Major earthquake strikes Papua New Guinea '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State of Emergency declared as PNG earthquake toll rises to 31 '' . SBS News . Sydney , NSW. 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Matzke , R.H. , Smith , J.G. , and Foo , W.K. , 1992 , Iagifu / Hedinia Field , In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0 - 89181 - 333 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Review of the status of least - developed countries '' . Overcoming economic vulnerability and creating employment ( PDF ) . Committee for Development Policy . 20 -- 24 March 2006 . p. 29 . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GDP -- Real Growth Rate '' . cia.gov. 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Maierbrugger , Arno ( 31 March 2013 ) . `` Asia - Pacific : PNG , East Timor grew fastest '' . Inside Investor . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papua New Guinea '' . ExxonMobil . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voters in Papua New Guinea head to the polls '' . The Economist. 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project Overview '' . pnglng.com . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ James , P. ; Nadarajah , Y. ; Haive , K. and Stead , V. ( 2012 ) Sustainable Communities , Sustainable Development : Other Paths for Papua New Guinea , Honolulu , University of Hawaii Press . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Institute of National Affairs ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Armitage , Lynne . `` Customary Land Tenure in Papua New Guinea : Status and Prospects '' ( PDF ) . Queensland University of Technology . Retrieved 15 July 2005 . Jump up ^ HBW International Inc. ( 10 September 2003 ) . `` Facilitating Foreign Investment through Property Lease Options '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ James Fearon ( 2003 ) . `` Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Growth . 8 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 222 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024419522867 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese targeted in PNG riots -- report '' . News.com.au. 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ `` Seven decades after Independence , many small languages in India face extinction threat '' . Jump up ^ `` Languages on Papua vanish without a whisper '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . AFP via dawn.com ( 21 July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Translations , Pangeanic . `` The country with the highest level of language diversity : Papua New Guinea -- Pangeanic Translations '' . Pangeanic.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2009 '' . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea Overview of malaria control activities and programme results '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2009 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HIV / AIDS in Papua New Guinea '' . Australia 's Aid Program ( AusAID ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 16 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The State of the World 's Midwifery -- Papua New Guinea '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Population Fund . Jump up ^ http://sdd.spc.int/en/resources/document-library?view=preview&format=raw&fileId=218 Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . International Religious Freedom Report 2003 . US Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Islam in Papua New Guinea '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Salak , Kira ( 2004 ) . Four Corners : A Journey into the Heart of Papua New Guinea . National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7922 - 7417 - 9 . Jump up ^ puripuri . coombs.anu.edu.au ( 26 January 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea -- culture '' . Datec Pty Ltd . Archived from the original on 10 February 1999 . Retrieved 16 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` Kuk Early Agricultural Site '' . whc.unesco.org . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO '' . ich.unesco.org . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 8 October 1995 ) . `` Island gods high in a dream world '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Three dead in PNG after State of Origin violence '' . BrisbaneTimes.com.au. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papua New Guinea HDI Rank -- 145 '' . 2007 / 2008 Human Development Report , Hdrstats.undp.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kichte-in-not.de '' . Kirche-in-not.de. 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Evangelisch - Lutherische Kirche in Papua - Neuguinea '' . NMZ-mission.de . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Vahau , Alfred ( 5 January 2007 ) . `` University of Papua New Guinea '' . Upng.ac.pg . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . Paris : UNESCO . 2015 . pp. 693 -- 731 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific - first centre of excellence for renewable energy and energy efficiency takes shape '' . Secretariat of Pacific Community press release . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , 535 -- 555 , UNESCO , UNESCO Publishing . To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles , please see Wikipedia : Adding open license text to Wikipedia . For information on reusing text from Wikipedia , please see the terms of use . Further reading ( edit ) Biskup , Peter , B. Jinks and H. Nelson . A Short History of New Guinea ( 1970 ) Connell , John . Papua New Guinea : The Struggle for Development ( 1997 ) online Gash , Noel . A Pictorial History of New Guinea ( 1975 ) Golson , Jack . 50,000 years of New Guinea history ( 1966 ) Griffin , James . Papua New Guinea : A political history ( 1979 ) James , Paul ; Nadarajah , Yaso ; Haive , Karen ; Stead , Victoria ( 2012 ) . Sustainable Communities , Sustainable Development : Other Paths for Papua New Guinea . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Knauft , Bruce M. South Coast New Guinea Cultures : History , Comparison , Dialectic ( 1993 ) excerpt and text search McCosker , Anne . Masked Eden : A History of the Australians in New Guinea ( 1998 ) Mckinnon , Rowan , et al. Papua New Guinea & Solomon Islands ( Country Travel Guide ) ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Swadling , Pamela ( 1996 ) . Plumes from Paradise . Papua New Guinea National Museum . ISBN 978 - 9980 - 85 - 103 - 1 . Waiko . John . Short History of Papua New Guinea ( 1993 ) Waiko , John Dademo . Papua New Guinea : A History of Our Times ( 2003 ) Zimmer - Tamakoshi , Laura . Modern Papua New Guinea ( 1998 ) online Primary sources Jinks , Brian , ed . Readings in New Guinea history ( 1973 ) Tim Flannery Throwim ' Way Leg : Tree - Kangaroos , Possums , and Penis Gourds ( 2000 ) memoir excerpt and text search Malinowski , Bronislaw . Argonauts of the Western Pacific : An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea ( 2002 ) famous anthropological account of the Trobriand Islanders ; based on field work in 1910s online Visser , Leontine , ed . Governing New Guinea : An Oral History of Papuan Administrators , 1950 -- 1990 ( 2012 ) Whitaker , J.L. et al. eds . Documents and readings in New Guinea history : Pre-history to 1889 ( 1975 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPapua New Guineaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea Government Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea General information `` Papua New Guinea '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Papua New Guinea at UCB Libraries GovPubs . Papua New Guinea at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea travel guide from Wikivoyage Geographic data related to Papua New Guinea at OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="3"> Papua New Guinea articles History Headhunting Colonial governors British New Guinea German New Guinea North Solomon Islands New Guinea campaign Bougainville campaign Australian mandate Territorial merger Bougainville history Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Cities and towns Conservation Deforestation Earthquakes Geology Kuk Swamp Lakes Mount Wilhelm New Guinea Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions regions provinces districts Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Governor - General Human rights LGBT LGBT history Law enforcement Military Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Kina ( currency ) Mining Postage and postal history Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports Society <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem Cinema National emblem Culture Demographics Education Ethnic groups Flag Homelessness International rankings Languages List of Papua New Guineans Literature Melanesia Music Religion Sing - sing ( gathering ) Sports Visual art <Td_colspan="3"> Outline Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Islands of Papua New Guinea <Td_colspan="2"> Admiralty Islands Ambitle Aua Auriroa Baudisson Bougainville Bagabag Bagaman Babase Baluan Barahun Basilaki Big Ndrova Bipi Bismarck Archipelago Blup Blup Boagis Boang Bonvouloir Islands Brumer Buka Calvados Chain Carteret Islands Conflict Group D'Entrecasteaux Islands Daloloia Group Dart Reefs Daru Deboyne Islands Dobu Duchateau Islands Duke of York Island / Duke of York Islands Dyaul East Emirau Feni Islands Fergusson Goaribari Gonubalabala Island Goodenough Green Islands Gulowa Hastings Hemenahei Hermit Islands Kabakon Kaniet Islands Karkar Kadovar Kerawara Kiriwina Kiwai Kui Kuwanak Lihir Island / Lihir Group Lif Little Ndrova Long Los Negros Lou Louisiade Archipelago Lunn Island Madau Mailu Malendok Makada Manam Manne Manus Marshall Bennett Mioko Misima Motorina Mualim Mussau Mut Mut New Britain New Hanover New Guinea New Ireland Ninigo Islands Nissan Normanby North Solomon Islands Nuakata Nubara Nukumanu Nusam Pak Pam Islands Panapompom Islands Pana Tinani Panaeati Panarairai Island Panatinane Pana Wina Island Patio Pinipel Pocklington Reef Purdy Purutu Rambutyo Renard Islands Ritter Rossel ( Yela ) Sae Sakar Samarai Sanaroa Schouten Islands Selapiu Sideia Simberi Sirot St. Andrews Islands St Matthias Islands Strathord Islands Sudest Tabar Group Tabar Takuu Tanga Islands Tatau Tefa Tong Trobriands Tsoilaunung Ulu Umboi Utian Vanatinai Vial Vitu Islands Wabuda Wagifa Western Islands Woodlark Wuvulu Yeina Yule <Th_colspan="2"> Related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Pacific Islands Forum ( PIF ) Members Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associate members French Polynesia New Caledonia Observers Commonwealth of Nations East Timor Tokelau United Nations Wallis and Futuna Guam American Samoa Northern Mariana Islands Asian Development Bank Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission ( WCPFC ) Dialogue partners Canada China Cuba European Union France India Indonesia Italy Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Spain Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Meetings 45th <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Association of Southeast Asian Nations Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Charter Customs union Date of Establishment Organisations Secretariat Treaty of Amity and Cooperation Visa policies Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Hymn Membership <Td_colspan="2"> Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Observer and Candidate for Member Papua New Guinea East Timor Events Summits ASEAN Summit East Asia Summit Other ASEAN Plus Three Asian Monetary Unit ASEAN Regional Forum Asia -- Europe Meeting Chiang Mai Initiative Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Competitions SEA Games ASEAN University Games ASEAN School Games ASEAN Para Games ASEAN Football Championship ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet Related ASEAN Football Federation ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN -- China Free Trade Area ASEAN -- India Free Trade Area Common Time Economy <Th_colspan="2"> East Asia Summit ( EAS ) <Td_colspan="2"> First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth <Td_colspan="2"> Australia Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Laos Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Thailand United States Vietnam <Th_colspan="2"> Non-Aligned Movement Members List of members of Non-Aligned Movement India and the Non-Aligned Movement Structure Organizations NAM News Network Principles Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Summits Bandung Conference Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement Founders Josip Broz Tito ( Yugoslavia ) Sukarno ( Indonesia ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( India ) Kwame Nkrumah ( Ghana ) Gamal Abdel Nasser ( Egypt ) People Houari Boumediene Fidel Castro Nelson Mandela Mohamed Morsi Nicolás Maduro <Th_colspan="2"> Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Nations Australia Brunei Canada Chile China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan 1 Thailand United States Vietnam Summits 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Other APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Chinese Taipei '' Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) 11th ( 2017 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . <Th_colspan="2"> Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Sovereign states ( Members ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica eSwatini ( Swaziland ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Dependencies of Members Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States <Th_colspan="2"> Commonwealth realms and dominions Current Antigua and Barbuda ( monarchy ) Australia ( monarchy ) Bahamas ( monarchy ) Barbados ( monarchy ) Belize ( monarchy ) Canada ( monarchy ) Grenada ( monarchy ) Jamaica ( monarchy ) Realm of New Zealand Cook Islands New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea ( monarchy ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( monarchy ) Saint Lucia ( monarchy ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( monarchy ) Solomon Islands ( monarchy ) Tuvalu ( monarchy ) United Kingdom ( monarchy ) Former Ceylon Fiji ( monarchy ) The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Ireland ( monarchy ) Kenya Malawi Malta ( monarchy ) Mauritius Newfoundland Nigeria Pakistan Rhodesia Sierra Leone South Africa ( monarchy ) Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda <Td_colspan="2"> Annexed by Canada in 1949 Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 , but this was not recognised internationally . Declared itself a republic in 1970 . <Th_colspan="3"> Melanesia Sovereign states Fiji Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu Other political units West Papua ( region ) Papua ( province ) West Papua ( province ) New Caledonia Culture People Languages Music Mythology Universities Geography Region Island Melanesia New Guinea Louisiade archipelago Bismarck Archipelago Santa Cruz Islands Loyalty Islands Lau Islands d'Entrecasteaux Islands Raja Ampat Islands Schouten Islands Torres Strait Islands Trobriand Islands Woodlark Island Organizations Melanesian Spearhead Group Melanesia 2000 Sports Melanesia Cup Melanesian Super Cup Politics Political parties United Liberation Movement for West Papua <Td_colspan="3"> Commons Category <Th_colspan="3"> Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia West Papua Papua Japan Bonin Islands Minami - Tori - Shima United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island New Zealand Tokelau France French Polynesia New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Countries of the Malay Archipelago <Td_colspan="2"> Brunei East Timor Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Papua New Guinea WorldCat Identities BNE : XX454068 BNF : cb10133671v ( data ) GND : 4044569 - 0 ISNI : 0000 0001 2296 5717 LCCN : n81034915 NARA : 10045255 NDL : 00569039 NKC : ge130367 NLA : 35408370 SELIBR : 156257 VIAF : 151781392 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papua_New_Guinea&oldid=866468443 '' Categories : Papua New Guinea 1975 establishments in Oceania 1975 establishments in Papua New Guinea Commonwealth realms Countries in Australasia Countries in Melanesia English - speaking countries and territories Island countries Maritime Southeast Asia Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Member states of the United Nations New Guinea Small Island Developing States States and territories established in 1975 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Tok Pisin - language text Articles containing Hiri Motu - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Free - content attribution Free content from UNESCO Publishing Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 179 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Papua New Guinea - country in Oceania
2. Cultural diversity in Papua New Guinea
3. Economy and mining in Papua New Guinea
4. Independence and political history of Papua New Guinea
5. Challenges and issues in Papua New Guinea
|
-4,467,641,983,444,224,000 |
who went home on america's next top model episode 8
|
America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 24 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 24 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 24 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Cycle 24 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 15 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network VH1 Original release January 9 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) -- April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Ashley Graham Drew Elliott Law Roach No. of contestants 15 Winner Kyla Coleman <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cycle chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Cycle 23 The twenty - fourth cycle of America 's Next Top Model premiered on January 9 , 2018 and was the second season to air on VH1 . Continuing from cycle 23 , this cycle featured an all - female cast . However , in a first for the series , the maximum age limit was removed , allowing contestants of all ages to enter the contest . Top Model franchise creator Tyra Banks returned as the show 's host after being replaced for one cycle by singer Rita Ora . The judging panel , consisting of model Ashley Graham , Paper magazine chief creative officer Drew Elliott , and celebrity stylist Law Roach , remained otherwise unchanged . The prizes for this cycle included a contract with Next Model Management , fashion spread in Paper magazine , a cash prize of US $100,000 from Pantene , and a featured avatar in the new America 's Next Top Model Mobile Game . The winner of the competition was 20 year - old Kyla Coleman from Lacey , Washington . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Episodes 2.1 The Boss Is Back 2.2 Beauty Is Los Angeles 2.3 Beauty Is a Trademark 2.4 Beauty Is Drama 2.5 Beauty Is Unconventional 2.6 Beauty Is Pride 2.7 Beauty Is Raw 2.8 Beauty Is Social 2.9 Beauty Is Movement 2.10 Beauty Is Real 2.11 Behind The Beauty 2.12 Beauty Is Personality 2.13 Beauty Is a Comeback 2.14 Beauty Is Commercial 2.15 Next Level Fierce 3 Summaries 3.1 Results 3.2 Photo shoot guide 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages stated are at start of contest . ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Maggie Keating 20 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Surry , Maine Episode 2 15 Ivana Thomas 23 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Durham , North Carolina Episode 3 14 Liz Woodbury 24 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Greenville , Massachusetts Episode 4 13 ( quit ) Rhiyan Carreker 20 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Orange County , California 12 Coura Fall 24 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Eastvale , California Episode 5 11 Liberty Netuschil 20 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Lava Hot Springs , Idaho Episode 6 10 Christina McDonald 34 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Jenkintown , Pennsylvania Episode 7 9 Sandra Shehab 22 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Cliffside Park , New Jersey Episode 8 8 Brendi K Seiner 22 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Nashville , Tennessee Episode 9 7 ( quit ) Erin Green 42 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Riverside , California Episode 10 6 Rio Summers 23 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Detroit , Michigan Episode 13 5 Shanice Carroll 25 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Murfreesboro , Tennessee Episode 15 Khrystyana Kazakova 32 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) New York , New York Jeana Turner 24 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Minneapolis , Minnesota Kyla Coleman 20 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Lacey , Washington Episodes ( edit ) The boss is back ( edit ) Original air date : January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) The semi-finalists were introduced to the judges for the first time , and were made aware of the new casting process in which any of them could be eliminated at any point during casting week ( as opposed to the mass - eliminations in previous cycles ) , to gradually reduce the pool of contestants . The models then had one - on - one auditions with the judges , which saw several semi-finalists leave the competition . The surviving models later met with judge Drew Elliot and fashion director Nicola Formichetti for an Avant - garde photo shoot and runway challenge . The remaining 18 contestants moved into the model house , and at the end of the week , host Tyra Banks selected the finalized cast of 14 contestants . Immediately afterwards , Banks announced that one of the semifinalists who 'd missed the final cut , Erin Green , would also be allowed to move on to the main competition , bringing the final number of contestants to 15 . Featured photographer : Renata Raksha Special guests : Nicola Formichetti Beauty is Los Angeles ( edit ) Original air date : January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) The finalists moved into the model home . They later met runway coach Stacey McKenzie for a catwalk lesson in preparation for an upcoming runway challenge at Venice Beach skate park , where the contestants had to model designs from Baja East and avoid skateboarders as they navigated across a skating ramp . As the winner of the challenge , Khrystyana was chosen to walk in a show for the label during New York fashion week . On set , the models had a bohemian pregnancy photo shoot with photographer Charlotte Rutherford , inspired by Hollywood 's latest baby boom fashion trends . At elimination , Coura received best picture . Brendi K and Maggie landed in the bottom two , and Maggie was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Charlotte Rutherford Special guests : Stacey McKenzie Beauty is a trademark ( edit ) Original air date : January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) The models arrived back at the house and immediately received a Tyra Mail alluding to the fact that makeovers would be taking place soon . After the makeovers were administered , the models met Director X for a video shoot meant to showcase their new trademark looks in a room full of mirrors . At elimination , Liberty was deemed to be the best performer for the shoot . Shanice and Ivana landed in the bottom two , and Ivana was eliminated from the competition . Featured director : Director X Special guests : Leanne Citrone Beauty is drama ( edit ) Original air date : January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) The remaining models received scripts for a screen test challenge with actor Kevin Phillips , which was judged by director Anthony Hemingway and Stacey McKenzie . Khrystyana was ultimately chosen as the challenge winner . Later on , the models were taken to a mansion for a photo shoot inspired by American Horror Story . After a heart to heart conversation with Tyra , Liz decided to quit the competition . At elimination , Khrystyana received best photo . Coura and Rhiyan landed in the bottom two , and Rhiyan was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Ekaterina Belinskaya Special guests : B. Akerlund , Anthony Hemingway , Stacey McKenzie , Kevin Phillips Beauty is unconventional ( edit ) Original air date : February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) The remaining 11 models had to work with renowned YouTuber Patrick Starr to shoot a beauty vlog which required them to use unconventional items as beauty tools . Sandra was chosen as the challenge winner , and was rewarded with a guest appearance on Starr 's channel . On set , the models were stacked on top of one another to have their beauty shots taken . At elimination , Rio received best picture . Christina and Coura landed in the bottom two , and Coura was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tatiana Gerusova Special guests : Patrick Starr Beauty is pride ( edit ) Original air date : February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) The remaining 10 contestants celebrated pride week at Micky 's Bar , and took part in a self styled popup runway challenge for designer Christian Cowan which was won by Khrystyana . The models later had a photo shoot posing alongside former Drag Race contestants Manila Luzon , Valentina and Katya Zamolodchikova . Khrystyana won best picture at elimination . Kyla and Liberty landed in the bottom two , and Liberty was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Katie Levine Special guests : Valentina , Christian Cowan , Manila Luzon , Stacey McKenzie , Katya Zamolodchikova Beauty is raw ( edit ) Original air date : February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) The remaining nine contestants were challenged with the task of creating an anti-bullying PSA for the National Crime Prevention Council under the direction of Director X . As the winners of the challenge , Khrystyana , Kyla , and Sandra were chosen to have their video used as part of a national digital campaign for NCPC . On set , the models were stripped to their barest essentials and had their photographs taken by Tyra . At elimination Brendi K , Jeana , Khrystyana , Kyla , Rio , Sandra , and Shanice received a joint first call - out as a group . Christina and Erin landed in the bottom two , and Christina was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Yoko Sakakura , Shigeko Taylor , Director X , Stacey McKenzie Beauty is social ( edit ) Original air date : February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) The remaining models received a visit from Tyra , and learned about effective techniques for taking a selfie . They were later introduced to model Jourdan Dunn in time for a selfie challenge in which they had to advertise Jourdan 's clothing brand , LonDunn . Jeana was chosen as the winner of the challenge . On set the contestants were photographed by Tyra in a photo shoot where they had to pose with plus - sized male models covered in gold body paint . At elimination , Kyla received best photo . Khrystyana and Sandra landed in bottom two , and Sandra was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Jourdan Dunn , Zach Miko , Miles Dausuel , Kevin Rivers , Michael Guest judge : Jourdan Dunn Beauty is movement ( edit ) Original air date : March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) The seven remaining models met with Ashley Graham and movement coach Jermaine Browne for a motion shoot challenge , which was won by Jeana . They later had a couture photo shoot in the desert while posing with a parachute . Brendi K decided to quit the competition at panel . Shanice received best photo during elimination , while Jeana and Kyla landed in the bottom two . As a result of Brendi K 's departure earlier in the episode , both of them were allowed to stay . Featured photographer : Pieter Henket Special guests : Jermaine Browne Beauty is real ( edit ) Original air date : March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) The six remaining contestants attended castings in Los Angeles for Chris Mena and Maggie Barry . Kyla and Rio were chosen as the winners of the challenge , and were given the opportunity to walk in a runway show for the designers as part of their reward . On set , the models had a cover try photo shoot for Paper magazine . At elimination , Rio received best photo . Erin and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Erin was eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Pieter Henket Special guests : Chris Mena , Barbara Strasmore , Maggie Barry Behind the beauty ( edit ) Original air date : March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) This episode featured behind the scenes and never before seen footage of the cycle , and highlighted each contestants journey to the top five . Beauty is personality ( edit ) Original air date : March 20 , 2018 The remaining finalists had a challenge in which they had to create personalized avatars for the new America 's Next Top Model mobile game . Khrystyana was chosen as the winner , and received an assortment of clothes styled by Law Roach . The models were later taken to a mansion in order to shoot a music video with Maejor and Tyra Banks under the direction of Director X . At elimination , Khrystyana received best performance . Jeana and Rio landed in the bottom two , and Jeana was eliminated from the competition . Featured director : Director X Special guests : Maejor , David Ortis Guest judge : Director X Beauty is a comeback ( edit ) Original air date : March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) The final four took part in a throwback America 's Next Top Model challenge inspired by the bubble runway from cycle 16 . It was revealed that the models would be walking alongside the formerly eliminated contestants , one of whom would be replacing that week 's eliminee at panel . Erin was chosen as the challenge winner , and along with Liberty , Christina , and Jeana , moved back into the model house for the opportunity to possibly return . On set , the contestants had a photo shoot in pairs with cycle 3 winner Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas , shot by former judge Nigel Barker . At elimination , Kyla received best picture . Rio and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Rio was eliminated from the competition . Out of the four comeback contestants , Jeana was chosen to return . Featured photographer : Nigel Barker Special guests : Stacey McKenzie , Eva Marcille Beauty is commercial ( edit ) Original air date : April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) The remaining four models took part in a challenge for Pantene in which they had to style their own hair and makeup . Khrystyana was chosen as the winner . On set , the contestants had to shoot an advertising campaign for Pantene , which required them to embody several different products from the brand . At elimination , Kyla won best photo . Jeana and Shanice landed in the bottom two , and Jeana was eliminated from the competition . In a shocking turn of events , she was saved from elimination by guest judge Philipp Plein , joining the other three models in the finale . Featured photographer : Torkil Gudnason Special guests : Kelly Vanasse , Danilo , Philipp Plein Guest judge : Philipp Plein Next level fierce ( edit ) Original air date : April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) The finalists attended a fitting for Philipp Plein after which Shanice was eliminated from the competition . The remaining three contestants took part in a photo shoot for the winner 's spread to be published in Paper magazine . They later reunited with the formerly eliminated contestants for the final runway show . Immediately following the runway show , Khrystyana was eliminated based on the results from the photo shoot that had taken place earlier that week . The judges deliberated over the body of work of the remaining two finalists , and at the end of the night , Kyla was crowned as the winner . Featured photographer : Vijat Mohindra Special guests : Philipp Plein , Mickey Boardman , Stacey McKenzie Summaries ( edit ) Results ( edit ) Order <Th_colspan="14"> Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 Coura Liberty Khrystyana Rio Khrystyana Brendi K . Jeana Khrystyana Kyla Rio Sandra Shanice Kyla Shanice Rio Khrystyana Kyla Kyla Kyla Rio Jeana Jeana Khrystyana Shanice Jeana Khrystyana Khrystyana Kyla Khrystyana Khrystyana Jeana Erin Brendi K . Christina Shanice Jeana Shanice Erin Jeana Shanice Shanice Shanice Khrystyana Jeana Rio Liberty Sandra Christina Erin Rio Kyla Rio Rio Jeana Shanice 5 Khrystyana Kyla Brendi K . Kyla Erin Brendi K . Jeana Kyla Shanice Jeana <Td_colspan="3"> 6 Christina Christina Erin Brendi K . Sandra Rio Erin <Td_colspan="5"> 7 Liz Liz Shanice Jeana Rio Khrystyana Brendi K . <Td_colspan="7"> 8 Kyla Coura Kyla Erin Brendi K . Erin Sandra <Td_colspan="8"> 9 Ivana Erin Rio Liberty Kyla Christina <Td_colspan="9"> 10 Rhiyan Khrystyana Sandra Christina Liberty <Td_colspan="10"> 11 Liberty Sandra Coura Coura <Td_colspan="11"> 12 Shanice Rhiyan Rhiyan <Td_colspan="12"> 13 Sandra Shanice Liz <Td_colspan="13"> 14 Brendi K . Ivana <Td_colspan="14"> 15 Maggie <Td_colspan="15"> The contestant was eliminated from the competition The contestant quit the competition The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant was originally eliminated but was saved The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel The contestant won the competition Jump up ^ In Episode 4 , Liz quit the competition before that week 's panel and elimination . Jump up ^ In Episode 7 , Brendi K. , Jeana , Khrystyana , Kyla , Rio , Sandra , and Shanice shared a 7 - way tie for first call - out . Jump up ^ In Episode 9 , Brendi K. quit the competition during panel . As a result , no one was eliminated . Jump up ^ Jeana returned to the competition after Rio 's elimination in episode 13 . She was originally eliminated once again in episode 14 when she landed in the bottom two with Shanice , but was saved . Jump up ^ In episode 15 , Shanice was eliminated outside of judging panel after a fitting that took place before the final runway . Khrystyana was eliminated after the first deliberation at the final judging . Following the final deliberation , Kyla was crowned as the winner . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Avant - garde couture in a garden ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Bohemian maternity editorial Episode 3 video shoot : Trademark style in a mirrored room Episode 4 photo shoot : American Horror Story in a haunted mansion Episode 5 photo shoot : Stacked beauty shots in groups Episode 6 photo shoot : Princesses with former RuPaul 's Drag Race contestants Episode 7 photo shoot : Unretouched natural beauty in lingerie Episode 8 photo shoot : Dripping in gold with plus - size male models Episode 9 photo shoot : Parachute couture in the desert Episode 10 photo shoot : Paper magazine cover tries Episode 12 music video : Mansion madness with Maejor Episode 13 photo shoot : Posing in pairs with Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas Episode 14 photo shoot : Pantene ad campaigns Episode 15 photo shoot : Paper magazine spreads Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in cycle Episode Air date Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rating / share Ref . 305 `` The Boss Is Back '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 0.86 0.45 306 `` Beauty Is Los Angeles '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 0.96 0.40 307 `` Beauty Is a Trademark '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 0.88 0.42 308 `` Beauty Is Drama '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.79 0.37 309 5 `` Beauty Is Unconventional '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.78 0.38 310 6 `` Beauty Is Pride '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 0.79 0.32 311 7 `` Beauty Is Raw '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 0.86 0.40 312 8 `` Beauty Is Social '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.83 0.39 313 9 `` Beauty Is Movement '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.67 0.30 314 10 `` Beauty Is Real '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.73 0.35 315 11 `` Behind The Beauty '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.41 0.18 316 12 `` Beauty Is Personality '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 0.78 0.35 317 13 `` Beauty Is a Comeback '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 0.74 0.35 318 14 `` Beauty Is Commercial '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 0.83 0.36 319 15 `` Next Level Fierce '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 0.86 0.35 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the fiercely - aged America 's Next Top Model cycle 24 cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' winner on disrupting fashion standards : ' Times are changing ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the Models Competing For the Title of America 's Next Top Model on Cycle 24 '' . VH1 News . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Orbey , Eren ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` The Enduring Miracle of Tyra Banks on `` America 's Next Top Model '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Season 24 premiere : Tyra Banks and experts determine the Top 15 models '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Maggie Keating after contestants pose pregnant for photo shoot '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' eliminates Ivana Thomas after shocking makeovers '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' recap : Liz Harlan leaves the show , Rhiyan Carreker gets eliminated '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Coura Fall and determines Top 10 finalists '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pro-Trump model gets ousted on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : The Women Expose Themselves and Khrystyana Brings Everyone to Tears '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' ousts Sandra Shehab after sexy photo shoot with `` big , brawny '' men `` . Reality TV World . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : An Injury Occurs On Set and Another Woman Quits '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : Shanice Upsets Drew at the Photo Shoot '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' Recap : Jeana Gets Pushy at the Photo Shoot '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Recap : Eliminated Contestants Return for a Second Chance '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lind - Westbrook , Jennifer ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Recap : Which Contestants Make It to the Finals ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowen Yang and Matt Rogers ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Next Top Model Season - Finale Recap : Hangar in There '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.20. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2018 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_24)&oldid=843559409 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from December 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 23 : 03 . About Wikipedia
|
1. America's Next Top Model Cycle 24
2. All-female cast
3. Tyra Banks returns as host
4. Contestants from various locations
5. Elimination and challenges throughout the season
|
-3,246,825,758,433,371,000 |
when did the first dynasty in ancient egypt begin
|
First Dynasty of Egypt - wikipedia First Dynasty of Egypt Jump to : navigation , search Dynasties of Ancient Egypt All years are BC Early ( show ) First Dynasty c. 3150 -- 2890 Second Dynasty II 2890 -- 2686 Old Kingdom ( show ) Third Dynasty III 2686 -- 2613 Fourth Dynasty IV 2613 -- 2498 Fifth Dynasty V 2498 -- 2345 Sixth Dynasty VI 2345 -- 2181 First Intermediate ( show ) Seventh Dynasty VII spurious Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181 -- 2160 Ninth Dynasty IX 2160 -- 2130 Tenth Dynasty X 2130 -- 2040 Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134 -- 2061 Middle Kingdom ( show ) Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061 -- 1991 Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991 -- 1803 Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803 -- 1649 Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705 -- 1690 Second Intermediate ( show ) Fifteenth Dynasty XV 1674 -- 1535 Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660 -- 1600 Abydos Dynasty 1650 -- 1600 Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580 -- 1549 New Kingdom ( show ) Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549 -- 1292 Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292 -- 1189 Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189 -- 1077 Third Intermediate ( show ) Twenty - first Dynasty XXI 1069 -- 945 Twenty - second Dynasty XXII 945 -- 720 Twenty - third Dynasty XXIII 837 -- 728 Twenty - fourth Dynasty XXIV 732 -- 720 Twenty - fifth Dynasty XXV 732 -- 653 Late Period ( show ) Twenty - sixth Dynasty XXVI 672 -- 525 Twenty - seventh Dynasty ( 1st Persian Period ) XXVII 525 -- 404 Twenty - eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404 -- 398 Twenty - ninth Dynasty XXIX 398 -- 380 Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380 -- 343 Thirty - first Dynasty ( 2nd Persian Period ) XXXI 343 -- 332 Ptolemaic ( Hellenistic ) ( show ) Argead Dynasty 332 -- 305 Ptolemaic Kingdom 305 -- 30 The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt ( Dynasty I ) covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt . It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt , possibly by Narmer , and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period , a time at which power was centered at Thinis . The date of this period is subject to scholarly debate about the Egyptian chronology . It falls within the early Bronze Age and is variously estimated to have begun anywhere between the 34th and the 30th centuries BC . In a 2013 study based on radiocarbon dates , the beginning of the First Dynasty -- the accession of Hor - Aha -- was placed at 3100 BC give or take a century ( 3218 -- 3035 , with 95 % confidence ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rulers 2 Human sacrifice 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Bibliography Rulers ( edit ) Known rulers in the history of Egypt for the First Dynasty are as follows : Name <Th_colspan="2"> Reign Notes Span Dates Narmer Uncertain Late 32nd century ( ? ) Usually identified as Menes , uniter of Upper and Lower Egypt . Probable successor of the protodynastic Naqada kings Scorpion or Ka . Succeeded by Hor - Aha . Hor - Aha Uncertain but long From late 32nd century or early 31st Sometimes identified as Menes . Father of Djer , possibly by Neithhotep or a wife , only attested much later , named Khenthap . Succeeded by the regency of Neithhotep . Neithhotep 1 year ( ? ) ( ? ) Female . Regent for her son or grandson and successor Djer . Djer 40 -- 41 years fl. 3000 BC Father of Merneith . Succeeded by Djet , his probable son . Djet c. 10 years From c. 2980 BC Succeeded by his wife and probable sister Merneith . Father of Den . Merneith ( ? ) From c. 2970 BC Female . Regent for her son and successor Den and possible pharaoh in her own right . Probably daughter of Djer and senior wife of Djet . Den 42 years From c. 2970 BC <Td_colspan="4;"> Possible gap Anedjib 8 - 10 years From c. 2930 BC Grandson of Djet and Merneith , possibly son of Den . <Td_colspan="4;"> Possible gap Semerkhet 81⁄2 years From c. 2920 BC Formerly believed to be a usurper but legitimate and possible son of Den . Succeeded by Qa'a . Qa'a 26 -- 33 years From c. 2910 BC Last pharaoh of Dynasty I Information about this dynasty is derived from a few monuments and other objects bearing royal names , the most important being the Narmer Palette and Narmer Macehead , as well as Den and Qa'a king lists . No detailed records of the first two dynasties have survived , except for the terse lists on the Palermo Stone . The account in Manetho 's Aegyptiaca contradicts both the archeological evidence and the other historical records : Manetho names nine rulers of the First Dynasty , only one of whose names matches the other sources , and offers information for only four of them . Egyptian hieroglyphs were fully developed by then , and their shapes would be used with little change for more than three thousand years . Large tombs of pharaohs at Abydos and Naqada , in addition to cemeteries at Saqqara and Helwan near Memphis , reveal structures built largely of wood and mud bricks , with some small use of stone for walls and floors . Stone was used in quantity for the manufacture of ornaments , vessels , and occasionally , for statues . Tamarix ( `` tamarisk '' or `` salt cedar '' ) was used to build boats such as the Abydos boats . One of the most important indigenous woodworking techniques was the fixed mortise and tenon joint . A fixed tenon was made by shaping the end of one timber to fit into a mortise ( hole ) that is cut into a second timber . A variation of this joint using a free tenon eventually became one of the most important features in Mediterranean and Egyptian shipbuilding . It creates a union between two planks or other components by inserting a separate tenon into a cavity ( mortise ) of the corresponding size cut into each component . '' Calcite dish . From Royal Tomb `` U '' , Semerkhet , at Abydos . Necklaces with different types of beads . Carnelian , coral , and garnet . Pottery jar with integral strainer . Human sacrifice ( edit ) Human sacrifice was practiced as part of the funerary rituals associated with all of the pharaohs of the first dynasty . It is clearly demonstrated as existing during this dynasty by retainers being buried near each pharaoh 's tomb as well as animals sacrificed for the burial . The tomb of Djer is associated with the burials of 338 individuals . The people and animals sacrificed , such as donkeys , were expected to assist the pharaoh in the afterlife . For unknown reasons , this practice ended with the conclusion of the dynasty . See also ( edit ) Dynasties of ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period ( Egypt ) Predynastic Egypt References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kuhrt ( 1995 ) , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Dee , M. ; Wengrow , D. ; Shortland , A. ; Stevenson , A. ; Brock , F. ; Girdland Flink , L. ; Bronk Ramsey , C. ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 469 ( 2159 ) : 20130395 -- 20130395 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 2013.0395 . Jump up ^ Dee et al. ( 2013 ) note : `` For this study , we take the foundation date to refer to the accession of king Aha of the First Dynasty , although his predecessor , Narmer , most probably held political control over the whole state . Historical foundation dates vary widely and recent estimates range from 3400 to 2900 BCE . '' Jump up ^ Dee et al. 2013 provide the date 3080 BC within a margin of error of 30 years ( p = 0.32 ) . `` Our analysis generates a chronometric date for the foundation of Egypt ( accession of king Aha ) of 3111 -- 3045 BCE ( 68 % hpd range ; median 3085 BCE ) or 3218 -- 3035 BCE ( 95 % hpd range ) . '' Jump up ^ In accordance with the `` double death '' and interregnum recorded on the Palermo Stone following the reign of Hor - Aha . Jump up ^ `` Qa'a and Merneith lists '' , Xoomer , IT : Virgilio . Jump up ^ The Narmer Catalog http://narmer.org/inscription/1553 Jump up ^ The Narmer Catalog http://narmer.org/inscription/4048 Jump up ^ Manetho , Fr. 6 , 7a , 7b . Text and translation in Manetho , translated by W.G. Waddell ( Cambridge : Harvard University , 1940 ) , pp. 27 -- 35 Jump up ^ `` Early ship construction -- Khufu 's solar boat '' , Egypt ( Timeline ) , IL : Reshafim , January 2001 , retrieved October 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw ( 2000 ) , p. 68 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kuhrt , Amélie ( 1995 ) , The Ancient Near East : c. 3000 -- 330 BC , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 01353 - 6 . Shaw , Ian ( 2000 ) , The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280458 - 8 Preceded by New creation Dynasty of Egypt c. 3100 -- 2890 BC E Succeeded by Second dynasty <Th_colspan="3"> Ancient Egypt topics <Td_colspan="3"> Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing <Td_colspan="2"> Egyptology Egyptologists Museums <Td_colspan="3"> Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt Pharaohs Menes / Narmer Hor - Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Regents Neithhotep Merneith Queen consorts Benerib Herneith Penebui Nakhtneith ( Khenthap ) Semat Serethor Seshemetka Betrest Officials Amka Hemaka Sabef Meriiti Other people Ahaneith Artefacts and monuments Narmer macehead Narmer palette Tomb of Anedjib Den seal impressions Abydos boats MacGregor plaque Mastabas S3503 and S3504 Capital Thinis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Dynasty_of_Egypt&oldid=804268952 '' Categories : First Dynasty of Egypt Dynasties of ancient Egypt 31st century BC in Egypt 30th century BC in Egypt 29th century BC in Egypt 4th - millennium BC establishments 3rd - millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt 4th millennium BC in Egypt 3rd millennium BC in Egypt Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 21 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. First Dynasty of Egypt
2. Ancient Egyptian dynasties
3. Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
4. Early Dynastic Period
5. Pharaohs of the First Dynasty
|
9,223,115,813,559,131,000 |
city in the us with the smallest population
|
List of United States cities by population - wikipedia List of United States cities by population `` List of largest cities in the United States '' redirects here . For a list of largest cities by area , see List of United States cities by area . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 174 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 389 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States . As defined by the United States Census Bureau , an `` incorporated place '' includes a variety of designations , including city , town , village , borough , and municipality . A few exceptional Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) are also included in the Census Bureau 's listing of incorporated places . Consolidated city - counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county , or county equivalent . Some consolidated city - counties , however , include multiple incorporated places . This list presents only that portion ( or `` balance '' ) of such consolidated city - counties that are not a part of another incorporated place . This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits ; the populations of other municipalities considered `` suburbs '' of a central city are listed separately , and unincorporated areas within urban agglomerations are not included . Therefore , a different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metropolitan area populations . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Distribution 1.2 Gallery 2 Puerto Rico 3 Census - designated places 4 Cities formerly over 100,000 people 5 Locations of 50 most populous cities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links United States Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The ten most populous cities of the United States 1 . New York 2 . Los Angeles 3 . Chicago 4 . Houston 5 . Phoenix 6 . Philadelphia 7 . San Antonio 8 . San Diego 9 . Dallas 10 . San Jose The following table lists the 311 incorporated places in the United States with a population of at least 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital , and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state . Five states -- Delaware , Maine , Vermont , West Virginia and Wyoming -- do not have cities with populations of 100,000 or more . The table below contains the following information : The city rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city name The name of the state in which the city lies The city population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The city land area as of January 1 , 2016 The city population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per unit of land area ) The city latitude and longitude coordinates State capital State largest city State capital and largest city Federal capital 2017 rank City State 2017 estimate Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 population density Location New York New York 8,622,698 8,175,133 7000547471215453010 ♠ + 5.47 % 301.5 sq mi 780.9 km 28,317 / sq mi 10,933 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W / 40.6635 ° N 73.9387 ° W / 40.6635 ; - 73.9387 ( 1 New York City ) Los Angeles California 3,999,759 3,792,621 7000546160557566920 ♠ + 5.46 % 468.7 sq mi 1,213.9 km 8,484 / sq mi 3,276 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 34.0194 ° N 118.4108 ° W / 34.0194 ; - 118.4108 ( 2 Los Angeles ) Chicago Illinois 2,716,450 2,695,598 6999773557481493900 ♠ + 0.77 % 227.3 sq mi 588.7 km 11,900 / sq mi 4,600 / km 41 ° 50 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.8376 ° N 87.6818 ° W / 41.8376 ; - 87.6818 ( 3 Chicago ) Houston Texas 2,312,717 2,100,263 7001101155902855980 ♠ + 10.12 % 637.5 sq mi 1,651.1 km 3,613 / sq mi 1,395 / km 29 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 95 ° 23 ′ 27 '' W / 29.7866 ° N 95.3909 ° W / 29.7866 ; - 95.3909 ( 4 Houston ) 5 Phoenix Arizona 1,626,078 1,445,632 7001124821531344080 ♠ + 12.48 % 517.6 sq mi 1,340.6 km 3,120 / sq mi 1,200 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 05 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5722 ° N 112.0901 ° W / 33.5722 ; - 112.0901 ( 6 Phoenix ) 6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,580,863 1,526,006 7000359480893259920 ♠ + 3.59 % 134.2 sq mi 347.6 km 11,683 / sq mi 4,511 / km 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0094 ° N 75.1333 ° W / 40.0094 ; - 75.1333 ( 5 Philadelphia ) 7 San Antonio Texas 1,511,946 1,327,407 7001139022168784710 ♠ + 13.90 % 461.0 sq mi 1,194.0 km 3,238 / sq mi 1,250 / km 29 ° 28 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 30 '' W / 29.4724 ° N 98.5251 ° W / 29.4724 ; - 98.5251 ( 7 San Antonio ) 8 San Diego California 1,419,516 1,307,402 7000857532725206169 ♠ + 8.58 % 325.2 sq mi 842.3 km 4,325 / sq mi 1,670 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 55 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 06 '' W / 32.8153 ° N 117.1350 ° W / 32.8153 ; - 117.1350 ( 8 San Diego ) 9 Dallas Texas 1,341,075 1,197,816 7001119600172313610 ♠ + 11.96 % 340.9 sq mi 882.9 km 3,866 / sq mi 1,493 / km 32 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 96 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W / 32.7933 ° N 96.7665 ° W / 32.7933 ; - 96.7665 ( 9 Dallas ) 10 San Jose California 1,035,317 945,942 7000944825369842969 ♠ + 9.45 % 177.5 sq mi 459.7 km 5,777 / sq mi 2,231 / km 37 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 08 '' W / 37.2967 ° N 121.8189 ° W / 37.2967 ; - 121.8189 ( 10 San Jose ) 11 Austin Texas 950,715 790,390 7001202842900340340 ♠ + 20.28 % 312.7 sq mi 809.9 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 30 ° 18 ′ 14 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W / 30.3039 ° N 97.7544 ° W / 30.3039 ; - 97.7544 ( 11 Austin ) 12 Jacksonville Florida 892,062 821,784 7000855188224642970 ♠ + 8.55 % 747.4 sq mi 1,935.8 km 1,178 / sq mi 455 / km 30 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 81 ° 39 ′ 42 '' W / 30.3369 ° N 81.6616 ° W / 30.3369 ; - 81.6616 ( 12 Jacksonville ) 13 San Francisco California 884,363 805,235 7000982669655442200 ♠ + 9.83 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 18,569 / sq mi 7,170 / km 37 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 37.7272 ° N 123.0322 ° W / 37.7272 ; - 123.0322 ( 13 San Francisco ) 14 Columbus Ohio 879,170 787,033 7001117068788729320 ♠ + 11.71 % 218.5 sq mi 565.9 km 3,936 / sq mi 1,520 / km 39 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 59 ′ 05 '' W / 39.9852 ° N 82.9848 ° W / 39.9852 ; - 82.9848 ( 15 Columbus ) 15 Fort Worth Texas 874,168 741,206 7001179386027636040 ♠ + 17.94 % 342.9 sq mi 888.1 km 2,491 / sq mi 962 / km 32 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W / 32.7815 ° N 97.3467 ° W / 32.7815 ; - 97.3467 ( 16 Fort Worth ) 16 Indianapolis Indiana 863,002 820,445 7000518706311818590 ♠ + 5.19 % 361.5 sq mi 936.3 km 2,366 / sq mi 914 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 45 '' W / 39.7767 ° N 86.1459 ° W / 39.7767 ; - 86.1459 ( 14 Indianapolis ) 17 Charlotte North Carolina 859,035 731,424 7001174469254495340 ♠ + 17.45 % 305.4 sq mi 791.0 km 2,757 / sq mi 1,064 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 49 ′ 52 '' W / 35.2078 ° N 80.8310 ° W / 35.2078 ; - 80.8310 ( 17 Charlotte ) 18 Seattle Washington 724,745 608,660 7001190722242302760 ♠ + 19.07 % 83.8 sq mi 217.0 km 8,405 / sq mi 3,245 / km 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 03 '' W / 47.6205 ° N 122.3509 ° W / 47.6205 ; - 122.3509 ( 20 Seattle ) 19 Denver Colorado 704,621 600,158 7001174059164420040 ♠ + 17.41 % 153.3 sq mi 397.0 km 4,521 / sq mi 1,746 / km 39 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W / 39.7619 ° N 104.8811 ° W / 39.7619 ; - 104.8811 ( Denver ) 20 Washington District of Columbia 693,972 601,723 7001153308083619870 ♠ + 15.33 % 61.1 sq mi 158.2 km 11,148 / sq mi 4,304 / km 38 ° 54 ′ 15 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W / 38.9041 ° N 77.0172 ° W / 38.9041 ; - 77.0172 ( Washington , D.C. ) 21 Boston Massachusetts 685,094 617,594 7001109295103255540 ♠ + 10.93 % 48.3 sq mi 125.1 km 13,938 / sq mi 5,381 / km 42 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 01 ′ 13 '' W / 42.3320 ° N 71.0202 ° W / 42.3320 ; - 71.0202 ( Boston ) 22 El Paso Texas 683,577 649,121 7000530810126309270 ♠ + 5.31 % 256.8 sq mi 665.1 km 2,660 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 50 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W / 31.8484 ° N 106.4270 ° W / 31.8484 ; - 106.4270 ( 19 El Paso ) 23 Detroit Michigan 673,104 713,777 2999430172168618490 ♠ − 5.70 % 138.8 sq mi 359.5 km 4,847 / sq mi 1,871 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 06 ′ 08 '' W / 42.3830 ° N 83.1022 ° W / 42.3830 ; - 83.1022 ( 18 Detroit ) 24 Nashville Tennessee 667,560 601,222 7001110338610363560 ♠ + 11.03 % 475.9 sq mi 1,232.6 km 1,388 / sq mi 536 / km 36 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W / 36.1718 ° N 86.7850 ° W / 36.1718 ; - 86.7850 ( Nashville ) 25 Memphis Tennessee 652,236 646,889 6999826571482897380 ♠ + 0.83 % 317.4 sq mi 822.1 km 2,056 / sq mi 794 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 89 ° 58 ′ 39 '' W / 35.1028 ° N 89.9774 ° W / 35.1028 ; - 89.9774 ( Memphis ) 26 Portland Oregon 647,805 583,776 7001109680767965800 ♠ + 10.97 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 4,793 / sq mi 1,851 / km 45 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W / 45.5370 ° N 122.6500 ° W / 45.5370 ; - 122.6500 ( Portland ) 27 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 643,648 579,999 7001109739844379040 ♠ + 10.97 % 606.3 sq mi 1,570.3 km 1,053 / sq mi 407 / km 35 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 49 '' W / 35.4671 ° N 97.5137 ° W / 35.4671 ; - 97.5137 ( Oklahoma City ) 28 Las Vegas Nevada 641,676 583,756 7000992195369298129 ♠ + 9.92 % 134.4 sq mi 348.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 36 ° 13 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 36 '' W / 36.2292 ° N 115.2601 ° W / 36.2292 ; - 115.2601 ( Las Vegas ) 29 Louisville Kentucky 621,349 597,337 7000401984139606290 ♠ + 4.02 % 263.5 sq mi 682.5 km 2,339 / sq mi 903 / km 38 ° 09 ′ 55 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 38.1654 ° N 85.6474 ° W / 38.1654 ; - 85.6474 ( Louisville ) 30 Baltimore Maryland 611,648 620,961 2999850022787260390 ♠ − 1.50 % 80.9 sq mi 209.5 km 7,598 / sq mi 2,934 / km 39 ° 18 ′ 00 '' N 76 ° 36 ′ 38 '' W / 39.3000 ° N 76.6105 ° W / 39.3000 ; - 76.6105 ( Baltimore ) 31 Milwaukee Wisconsin 595,351 594,833 6998870832653870890 ♠ + 0.09 % 96.2 sq mi 249.2 km 6,186 / sq mi 2,388 / km 43 ° 03 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 00 '' W / 43.0633 ° N 87.9667 ° W / 43.0633 ; - 87.9667 ( Milwaukee ) 32 Albuquerque New Mexico 558,545 545,852 7000232535559089280 ♠ + 2.33 % 188.2 sq mi 487.4 km 2,972 / sq mi 1,147 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 35.1056 ° N 106.6474 ° W / 35.1056 ; - 106.6474 ( Albuquerque ) 33 Tucson Arizona 535,677 520,116 7000299183259119120 ♠ + 2.99 % 230.8 sq mi 597.8 km 2,299 / sq mi 888 / km 32 ° 09 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 52 ′ 14 '' W / 32.1531 ° N 110.8706 ° W / 32.1531 ; - 110.8706 ( Tucson ) 34 Fresno California 527,438 494,665 7000662529186419090 ♠ + 6.63 % 114.4 sq mi 296.3 km 4,563 / sq mi 1,762 / km 36 ° 47 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7836 ° N 119.7934 ° W / 36.7836 ; - 119.7934 ( Fresno ) 35 Sacramento California 501,901 466,488 7000759140642417380 ♠ + 7.59 % 97.9 sq mi 253.6 km 5,059 / sq mi 1,953 / km 38 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 07 '' W / 38.5666 ° N 121.4686 ° W / 38.5666 ; - 121.4686 ( Sacramento ) 36 Mesa Arizona 496,401 439,041 7001130648390469230 ♠ + 13.06 % 137.9 sq mi 357.2 km 3,514 / sq mi 1,357 / km 33 ° 24 ′ 07 '' N 111 ° 43 ′ 03 '' W / 33.4019 ° N 111.7174 ° W / 33.4019 ; - 111.7174 ( Mesa ) 37 Kansas City Missouri 488,943 459,787 7000634119711953580 ♠ + 6.34 % 315.0 sq mi 815.8 km 1,528 / sq mi 590 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 30 '' N 94 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W / 39.1251 ° N 94.5510 ° W / 39.1251 ; - 94.5510 ( Kansas City , MO ) 38 Atlanta Georgia 486,290 420,003 7001157825063154310 ♠ + 15.78 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 3,539 / sq mi 1,366 / km 33 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 84 ° 25 ′ 22 '' W / 33.7629 ° N 84.4227 ° W / 33.7629 ; - 84.4227 ( Atlanta ) 39 Long Beach California 469,450 462,257 7000155606080600190 ♠ + 1.56 % 50.3 sq mi 130.3 km 9,347 / sq mi 3,609 / km 33 ° 48 ′ 33 '' N 118 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 33.8092 ° N 118.1553 ° W / 33.8092 ; - 118.1553 ( Long Beach ) 40 Omaha Nebraska 466,893 408,958 7001141664914245470 ♠ + 14.17 % 133.2 sq mi 345.0 km 3,356 / sq mi 1,296 / km 41 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 96 ° 02 ′ 42 '' W / 41.2644 ° N 96.0451 ° W / 41.2644 ; - 96.0451 ( Omaha ) 41 Raleigh North Carolina 464,758 403,892 7001150698701633110 ♠ + 15.07 % 145.1 sq mi 375.8 km 3,163 / sq mi 1,221 / km 35 ° 49 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W / 35.8306 ° N 78.6418 ° W / 35.8306 ; - 78.6418 ( Raleigh ) 42 Colorado Springs Colorado 464,474 416,427 7001115379166096340 ♠ + 11.54 % 195.6 sq mi 506.6 km 2,378 / sq mi 918 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 02 '' N 104 ° 45 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8673 ° N 104.7607 ° W / 38.8673 ; - 104.7607 ( Colorado Springs ) 43 Miami Florida 463,347 399,457 7001159942121429840 ♠ + 15.99 % 36.0 sq mi 93.2 km 12,599 / sq mi 4,865 / km 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W / 25.7752 ° N 80.2086 ° W / 25.7752 ; - 80.2086 ( Miami ) 44 Virginia Beach Virginia 450,435 437,994 7000284044986917630 ♠ + 2.84 % 244.7 sq mi 633.8 km 1,850 / sq mi 710 / km 36 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 76 ° 01 ′ 31 '' W / 36.7800 ° N 76.0252 ° W / 36.7800 ; - 76.0252 ( Virginia Beach ) 45 Oakland California 425,195 390,724 7000882234006613360 ♠ + 8.82 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 7,514 / sq mi 2,901 / km 37 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W / 37.7698 ° N 122.2257 ° W / 37.7698 ; - 122.2257 ( Oakland ) 46 Minneapolis Minnesota 422,331 382,578 7001103908222636950 ♠ + 10.39 % 54.0 sq mi 139.9 km 7,660 / sq mi 2,960 / km 44 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 44.9633 ° N 93.2683 ° W / 44.9633 ; - 93.2683 ( Minneapolis ) 47 Tulsa Oklahoma 401,800 391,906 7000252458497700980 ♠ + 2.52 % 196.8 sq mi 509.7 km 2,048 / sq mi 791 / km 36 ° 07 ′ 40 '' N 95 ° 54 ′ 08 '' W / 36.1279 ° N 95.9023 ° W / 36.1279 ; - 95.9023 ( Tulsa ) 48 Arlington Texas 396,394 365,438 7000847093077348280 ♠ + 8.47 % 95.8 sq mi 248.1 km 4,100 / sq mi 1,600 / km 32 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 97 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W / 32.7007 ° N 97.1247 ° W / 32.7007 ; - 97.1247 ( Arlington ) 49 New Orleans Louisiana 393,292 343,829 7001143859302153110 ♠ + 14.39 % 169.4 sq mi 438.7 km 2,311 / sq mi 892 / km 30 ° 03 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 04 '' W / 30.0534 ° N 89.9345 ° W / 30.0534 ; - 89.9345 ( New Orleans ) 50 Wichita Kansas 390,591 382,368 7000215054607080090 ♠ + 2.15 % 160.4 sq mi 415.4 km 2,431 / sq mi 939 / km 37 ° 41 ′ 27 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W / 37.6907 ° N 97.3459 ° W / 37.6907 ; - 97.3459 ( Wichita ) 51 Cleveland Ohio 385,525 396,815 2999715484545695100 ♠ − 2.85 % 77.7 sq mi 201.2 km 4,965 / sq mi 1,917 / km 41 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W / 41.4785 ° N 81.6794 ° W / 41.4785 ; - 81.6794 ( Cleveland ) 52 Tampa Florida 385,430 335,709 7001148107438287330 ♠ + 14.81 % 113.4 sq mi 293.7 km 3,326 / sq mi 1,284 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 47 '' W / 27.9701 ° N 82.4797 ° W / 27.9701 ; - 82.4797 ( Tampa ) 53 Bakersfield California 380,874 347,483 7000960939096301110 ♠ + 9.61 % 148.8 sq mi 385.4 km 2,529 / sq mi 976 / km 35 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 06 '' W / 35.3212 ° N 119.0183 ° W / 35.3212 ; - 119.0183 ( Bakersfield ) 54 Aurora Colorado 366,623 325,078 7001127800097207440 ♠ + 12.78 % 153.5 sq mi 397.6 km 2,356 / sq mi 910 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 17 '' N 104 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W / 39.6880 ° N 104.6897 ° W / 39.6880 ; - 104.6897 ( Aurora ) 55 Anaheim California 352,497 336,265 7000482714525746060 ♠ + 4.83 % 50.0 sq mi 129.5 km 7,021 / sq mi 2,711 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W / 33.8555 ° N 117.7601 ° W / 33.8555 ; - 117.7601 ( Anaheim ) 56 Honolulu Hawaii 350,395 337,256 7000389585359489530 ♠ + 3.90 % 60.5 sq mi 156.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 21 ° 19 ′ 27 '' N 157 ° 50 ′ 51 '' W / 21.3243 ° N 157.8476 ° W / 21.3243 ; - 157.8476 ( Honolulu ) 57 Santa Ana California 334,136 324,528 7000296060740521620 ♠ + 2.96 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 12,333 / sq mi 4,762 / km 33 ° 44 ′ 11 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W / 33.7363 ° N 117.8830 ° W / 33.7363 ; - 117.8830 ( Santa Ana ) 58 Riverside California 327,728 303,871 7000785102889054900 ♠ + 7.85 % 81.2 sq mi 210.3 km 3,999 / sq mi 1,544 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 36 '' W / 33.9381 ° N 117.3932 ° W / 33.9381 ; - 117.3932 ( Riverside ) 59 Corpus Christi Texas 325,605 305,215 7000668053667087140 ♠ + 6.68 % 174.6 sq mi 452.2 km 1,866 / sq mi 720 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 97 ° 10 ′ 24 '' W / 27.7543 ° N 97.1734 ° W / 27.7543 ; - 97.1734 ( Corpus Christi ) 60 Lexington Kentucky 321,959 295,803 7000884237144315640 ♠ + 8.84 % 283.6 sq mi 734.5 km 1,123 / sq mi 434 / km 38 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 84 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 38.0407 ° N 84.4583 ° W / 38.0407 ; - 84.4583 ( Lexington ) 61 Stockton California 310,496 291,707 7000644105215164530 ♠ + 6.44 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 4,977 / sq mi 1,922 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W / 37.9763 ° N 121.3133 ° W / 37.9763 ; - 121.3133 ( Stockton ) 62 St. Louis Missouri 308,626 319,294 2999665887865102380 ♠ − 3.34 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 5,023 / sq mi 1,939 / km 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 38.6357 ° N 90.2446 ° W / 38.6357 ; - 90.2446 ( St. Louis ) 63 Saint Paul Minnesota 306,621 285,068 7000756065219526570 ♠ + 7.56 % 52.0 sq mi 134.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 44 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W / 44.9489 ° N 93.1041 ° W / 44.9489 ; - 93.1041 ( Saint Paul ) 64 Henderson Nevada 302,539 257,729 7001173864795967860 ♠ + 17.39 % 104.7 sq mi 271.2 km 2,798 / sq mi 1,080 / km 36 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W / 36.0097 ° N 115.0357 ° W / 36.0097 ; - 115.0357 ( Henderson ) 65 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 302,407 305,704 2999892150577028760 ♠ − 1.08 % 55.4 sq mi 143.5 km 5,481 / sq mi 2,116 / km 40 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 79 ° 58 ′ 36 '' W / 40.4398 ° N 79.9766 ° W / 40.4398 ; - 79.9766 ( Pittsburgh ) 66 Cincinnati Ohio 301,301 296,943 7000146762173211690 ♠ + 1.47 % 77.4 sq mi 200.5 km 3,860 / sq mi 1,490 / km 39 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 21 '' W / 39.1402 ° N 84.5058 ° W / 39.1402 ; - 84.5058 ( Cincinnati ) 67 Anchorage Alaska 294,356 291,826 6999866954966315550 ♠ + 0.87 % 1,706.6 sq mi 4,420.1 km 175 / sq mi 68 / km 61 ° 10 ′ 27 '' N 149 ° 17 ′ 03 '' W / 61.1743 ° N 149.2843 ° W / 61.1743 ; - 149.2843 ( Anchorage ) 68 Greensboro North Carolina 290,222 269,666 7000762276297345610 ♠ + 7.62 % 128.3 sq mi 332.3 km 2,237 / sq mi 864 / km 36 ° 05 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 37 '' W / 36.0951 ° N 79.8270 ° W / 36.0951 ; - 79.8270 ( Greensboro ) 69 Plano Texas 286,143 259,841 7001101223440488610 ♠ + 10.12 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 3,990 / sq mi 1,540 / km 33 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 96 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W / 33.0508 ° N 96.7479 ° W / 33.0508 ; - 96.7479 ( Plano ) 70 Newark New Jersey 285,154 277,140 7000289167929566290 ♠ + 2.89 % 24.1 sq mi 62.4 km 11,691 / sq mi 4,514 / km 40 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 74 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W / 40.7242 ° N 74.1726 ° W / 40.7242 ; - 74.1726 ( Newark ) 71 Lincoln Nebraska 284,736 258,379 7001102009064204130 ♠ + 10.20 % 92.1 sq mi 238.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 40 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 49 '' W / 40.8105 ° N 96.6803 ° W / 40.8105 ; - 96.6803 ( Lincoln ) 72 Orlando Florida 280,257 238,300 7001176067981535880 ♠ + 17.61 % 105.2 sq mi 272.5 km 2,635 / sq mi 1,017 / km 28 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 81 ° 16 ′ 25 '' W / 28.4166 ° N 81.2736 ° W / 28.4166 ; - 81.2736 ( Orlando ) 73 Irvine California 277,453 212,375 7001306429664508530 ♠ + 30.64 % 65.6 sq mi 169.9 km 4,057 / sq mi 1,566 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 33.6784 ° N 117.7713 ° W / 33.6784 ; - 117.7713 ( Irvine ) 74 Toledo Ohio 276,491 287,208 2999626855797888640 ♠ − 3.73 % 80.7 sq mi 209.0 km 3,451 / sq mi 1,332 / km 41 ° 39 ′ 51 '' N 83 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W / 41.6641 ° N 83.5819 ° W / 41.6641 ; - 83.5819 ( Toledo ) 75 Jersey City New Jersey 270,753 247,597 7000935229425235360 ♠ + 9.35 % 14.8 sq mi 38.3 km 17,848 / sq mi 6,891 / km 40 ° 42 ′ 41 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.7114 ° N 74.0648 ° W / 40.7114 ; - 74.0648 ( Jersey City ) 76 Chula Vista California 270,471 243,916 7001108869446858749 ♠ + 10.89 % 49.6 sq mi 128.5 km 5,387 / sq mi 2,080 / km 32 ° 37 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 00 ′ 55 '' W / 32.6277 ° N 117.0152 ° W / 32.6277 ; - 117.0152 ( Chula Vista ) 77 Durham North Carolina 267,743 228,330 7001172614198747430 ♠ + 17.26 % 109.8 sq mi 284.4 km 2,395 / sq mi 925 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 52 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 10 '' W / 35.9811 ° N 78.9029 ° W / 35.9811 ; - 78.9029 ( Durham ) 78 Fort Wayne Indiana 265,904 253,691 7000481412426928820 ♠ + 4.81 % 110.6 sq mi 286.5 km 2,391 / sq mi 923 / km 41 ° 05 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W / 41.0882 ° N 85.1439 ° W / 41.0882 ; - 85.1439 ( Fort Wayne ) 79 St. Petersburg Florida 263,255 244,769 7000755242698217500 ♠ + 7.55 % 61.8 sq mi 160.1 km 4,223 / sq mi 1,631 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 38 ′ 39 '' W / 27.7620 ° N 82.6441 ° W / 27.7620 ; - 82.6441 ( St. Petersburg ) 80 Laredo Texas 260,654 236,091 7001104040391205090 ♠ + 10.40 % 101.1 sq mi 261.8 km 2,544 / sq mi 982 / km 27 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 99 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W / 27.5604 ° N 99.4892 ° W / 27.5604 ; - 99.4892 ( Laredo ) 81 Buffalo New York 258,612 261,310 2999896750985419620 ♠ − 1.03 % 40.4 sq mi 104.6 km 6,359 / sq mi 2,455 / km 42 ° 53 ′ 33 '' N 78 ° 51 ′ 35 '' W / 42.8925 ° N 78.8597 ° W / 42.8925 ; - 78.8597 ( Buffalo ) 82 Madison Wisconsin 255,214 233,209 7000943574218833750 ♠ + 9.44 % 77.0 sq mi 199.4 km 3,280 / sq mi 1,270 / km 43 ° 05 ′ 16 '' N 89 ° 25 ′ 48 '' W / 43.0878 ° N 89.4299 ° W / 43.0878 ; - 89.4299 ( Madison ) 83 Lubbock Texas 253,888 229,573 7001105914022990510 ♠ + 10.59 % 124.6 sq mi 322.7 km 2,027 / sq mi 783 / km 33 ° 33 ′ 56 '' N 101 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W / 33.5656 ° N 101.8867 ° W / 33.5656 ; - 101.8867 ( Lubbock ) 84 Chandler Arizona 253,458 236,123 7000734151268618470 ♠ + 7.34 % 64.9 sq mi 168.1 km 3,813 / sq mi 1,472 / km 33 ° 16 ′ 58 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 18 '' W / 33.2829 ° N 111.8549 ° W / 33.2829 ; - 111.8549 ( Chandler ) 85 Scottsdale Arizona 249,950 217,385 7001149803344296980 ♠ + 14.98 % 183.9 sq mi 476.3 km 1,341 / sq mi 518 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 03 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W / 33.6843 ° N 111.8611 ° W / 33.6843 ; - 111.8611 ( Scottsdale ) 86 Reno Nevada 248,853 225,221 7001104928048450190 ♠ + 10.49 % 107.3 sq mi 277.9 km 2,286 / sq mi 883 / km 39 ° 32 ′ 57 '' N 119 ° 51 ′ 00 '' W / 39.5491 ° N 119.8499 ° W / 39.5491 ; - 119.8499 ( Reno ) 87 Glendale Arizona 246,709 226,721 7000881612201781040 ♠ + 8.82 % 59.1 sq mi 153.1 km 4,161 / sq mi 1,607 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 112 ° 11 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5331 ° N 112.1899 ° W / 33.5331 ; - 112.1899 ( Glendale ) 88 Norfolk Virginia 244,703 242,803 6999782527398755370 ♠ + 0.78 % 53.3 sq mi 138.0 km 4,599 / sq mi 1,776 / km 36 ° 55 ′ 23 '' N 76 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 36.9230 ° N 76.2446 ° W / 36.9230 ; - 76.2446 ( Norfolk ) 89 Winston -- Salem North Carolina 244,605 229,617 7000652739126458410 ♠ + 6.53 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,828 / sq mi 706 / km 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W / 36.1027 ° N 80.2610 ° W / 36.1027 ; - 80.2610 ( Winston - Salem ) 90 North Las Vegas Nevada 242,975 216,961 7001119901733491270 ♠ + 11.99 % 98.0 sq mi 253.8 km 2,436 / sq mi 941 / km 36 ° 17 ′ 09 '' N 115 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 36.2857 ° N 115.0939 ° W / 36.2857 ; - 115.0939 ( North Las Vegas ) 91 Gilbert Arizona 242,354 208,453 7001162631384532720 ♠ + 16.26 % 68.0 sq mi 176.1 km 3,487 / sq mi 1,346 / km 33 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 35 '' W / 33.3103 ° N 111.7431 ° W / 33.3103 ; - 111.7431 ( Gilbert ) 92 Chesapeake Virginia 240,397 222,209 7000818508701267730 ♠ + 8.19 % 338.5 sq mi 876.7 km 703 / sq mi 271 / km 36 ° 40 ′ 46 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 06 '' W / 36.6794 ° N 76.3018 ° W / 36.6794 ; - 76.3018 ( Chesapeake ) 93 Irving Texas 240,373 216,290 7001111345878219060 ♠ + 11.13 % 67.0 sq mi 173.5 km 3,557 / sq mi 1,373 / km 32 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W / 32.8577 ° N 96.9700 ° W / 32.8577 ; - 96.9700 ( Irving ) 94 Hialeah Florida 239,673 224,669 7000667826892005570 ♠ + 6.68 % 21.5 sq mi 55.7 km 10,995 / sq mi 4,245 / km 25 ° 52 ′ 12 '' N 80 ° 18 ′ 10 '' W / 25.8699 ° N 80.3029 ° W / 25.8699 ; - 80.3029 ( Hialeah ) 95 Garland Texas 238,002 226,876 7000490400042313859 ♠ + 4.90 % 57.0 sq mi 147.6 km 4,122 / sq mi 1,592 / km 32 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 96 ° 37 ′ 49 '' W / 32.9098 ° N 96.6303 ° W / 32.9098 ; - 96.6303 ( Garland ) 96 Fremont California 234,962 214,089 7000974968354282560 ♠ + 9.75 % 77.5 sq mi 200.7 km 3,008 / sq mi 1,161 / km 37 ° 29 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 28 '' W / 37.4945 ° N 121.9412 ° W / 37.4945 ; - 121.9412 ( Fremont ) 97 Richmond Virginia 227,032 204,214 7001111735728206690 ♠ + 11.17 % 59.8 sq mi 154.9 km 3,732 / sq mi 1,441 / km 37 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 34 '' W / 37.5314 ° N 77.4760 ° W / 37.5314 ; - 77.4760 ( Richmond ) 98 Boise Idaho 226,570 205,671 7001101613742336060 ♠ + 10.16 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 2,718 / sq mi 1,049 / km 43 ° 36 ′ 01 '' N 116 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W / 43.6002 ° N 116.2317 ° W / 43.6002 ; - 116.2317 ( Boise ) 99 Baton Rouge Louisiana 225,374 229,493 2999820517401402220 ♠ − 1.79 % 85.9 sq mi 222.5 km 2,651 / sq mi 1,024 / km 30 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 91 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 30.4422 ° N 91.1309 ° W / 30.4422 ; - 91.1309 ( Baton Rouge ) 100 Des Moines Iowa 217,521 203,433 7000692513014112750 ♠ + 6.93 % 88.9 sq mi 230.2 km 2,424 / sq mi 936 / km 41 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 41.5726 ° N 93.6102 ° W / 41.5726 ; - 93.6102 ( Des Moines ) 101 Spokane Washington 217,108 208,916 7000392119320683910 ♠ + 3.92 % 68.7 sq mi 177.9 km 3,144 / sq mi 1,214 / km 47 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 00 '' W / 47.6669 ° N 117.4333 ° W / 47.6669 ; - 117.4333 ( Spokane ) 102 San Bernardino California 216,995 209,924 7000336836188334830 ♠ + 3.37 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 3,516 / sq mi 1,358 / km 34 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 117 ° 17 ′ 37 '' W / 34.1416 ° N 117.2936 ° W / 34.1416 ; - 117.2936 ( San Bernardino ) 103 Modesto California 214,221 201,165 7000649019461635970 ♠ + 6.49 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,934 / sq mi 1,905 / km 37 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 121 ° 00 ′ 11 '' W / 37.6375 ° N 121.0030 ° W / 37.6375 ; - 121.0030 ( Modesto ) 104 Tacoma Washington 213,418 198,397 7000757118303200150 ♠ + 7.57 % 49.7 sq mi 128.7 km 4,251 / sq mi 1,641 / km 47 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 47.2522 ° N 122.4598 ° W / 47.2522 ; - 122.4598 ( Tacoma ) 105 Fontana California 211,815 196,069 7000803084628370620 ♠ + 8.03 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,876 / sq mi 1,883 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 32 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 46 '' W / 34.1090 ° N 117.4629 ° W / 34.1090 ; - 117.4629 ( Fontana ) 106 Santa Clarita California 210,888 176,320 7001196052631578950 ♠ + 19.61 % 52.8 sq mi 136.8 km 3,446 / sq mi 1,331 / km 34 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 15 '' W / 34.4030 ° N 118.5042 ° W / 34.4030 ; - 118.5042 ( Santa Clarita ) 107 Birmingham Alabama 210,710 212,237 3000280521304013909 ♠ − 0.72 % 146.1 sq mi 378.4 km 1,452 / sq mi 561 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 56 '' W / 33.5274 ° N 86.7990 ° W / 33.5274 ; - 86.7990 ( Birmingham ) 108 Oxnard California 210,037 197,899 7000613343170000860 ♠ + 6.13 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,729 / sq mi 2,984 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 08 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 17 '' W / 34.2023 ° N 119.2046 ° W / 34.2023 ; - 119.2046 ( Oxnard ) 109 Fayetteville North Carolina 209,889 200,564 7000464938872379890 ♠ + 4.65 % 147.7 sq mi 382.5 km 1,386 / sq mi 535 / km 35 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W / 35.0828 ° N 78.9735 ° W / 35.0828 ; - 78.9735 ( Fayetteville ) 110 Rochester New York 208,046 210,565 2999880369482107660 ♠ − 1.20 % 35.8 sq mi 92.7 km 5,835 / sq mi 2,253 / km 43 ° 10 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 01 '' W / 43.1699 ° N 77.6169 ° W / 43.1699 ; - 77.6169 ( Rochester ) 111 Moreno Valley California 207,226 193,365 7000716830863910220 ♠ + 7.17 % 51.3 sq mi 132.9 km 4,006 / sq mi 1,547 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 12 ′ 21 '' W / 33.9233 ° N 117.2057 ° W / 33.9233 ; - 117.2057 ( Moreno Valley ) 112 Glendale California 203,054 191,719 7000591229872886880 ♠ + 5.91 % 30.4 sq mi 78.7 km 6,606 / sq mi 2,551 / km 34 ° 10 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W / 34.1814 ° N 118.2458 ° W / 34.1814 ; - 118.2458 ( Glendale ) 113 Yonkers New York 202,019 195,976 7000308354084173570 ♠ + 3.08 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 11,156 / sq mi 4,307 / km 40 ° 56 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 40.9459 ° N 73.8674 ° W / 40.9459 ; - 73.8674 ( Yonkers ) 114 Huntington Beach California 201,874 189,992 7000625394753463300 ♠ + 6.25 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,459 / sq mi 2,880 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 26 '' N 118 ° 00 ′ 33 '' W / 33.6906 ° N 118.0093 ° W / 33.6906 ; - 118.0093 ( Huntington Beach ) 115 Aurora Illinois 200,965 197,899 7000154927513529630 ♠ + 1.55 % 44.9 sq mi 116.3 km 4,479 / sq mi 1,729 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 49 '' N 88 ° 17 ′ 24 '' W / 41.7635 ° N 88.2901 ° W / 41.7635 ; - 88.2901 ( Aurora ) 116 Salt Lake City Utah 200,544 186,440 7000756490023600080 ♠ + 7.56 % 111.2 sq mi 288.0 km 1,742 / sq mi 673 / km 40 ° 46 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 52 '' W / 40.7769 ° N 111.9310 ° W / 40.7769 ; - 111.9310 ( Salt Lake City ) 117 Amarillo Texas 199,826 190,695 7000478827446970290 ♠ + 4.79 % 101.4 sq mi 262.6 km 1,968 / sq mi 760 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 101 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W / 35.1999 ° N 101.8302 ° W / 35.1999 ; - 101.8302 ( Amarillo ) 118 Montgomery Alabama 199,518 205,764 2999696448358313410 ♠ − 3.04 % 159.8 sq mi 413.9 km 1,252 / sq mi 483 / km 32 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W / 32.3472 ° N 86.2661 ° W / 32.3472 ; - 86.2661 ( Montgomery ) 119 Grand Rapids Michigan 198,829 188,040 7000573760901935760 ♠ + 5.74 % 44.4 sq mi 115.0 km 4,424 / sq mi 1,708 / km 42 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W / 42.9612 ° N 85.6556 ° W / 42.9612 ; - 85.6556 ( Grand Rapids ) 120 Little Rock Arkansas 198,606 193,524 7000262603087989089 ♠ + 2.63 % 118.7 sq mi 307.4 km 1,673 / sq mi 646 / km 34 ° 43 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 21 ′ 31 '' W / 34.7254 ° N 92.3586 ° W / 34.7254 ; - 92.3586 ( Little Rock ) 121 Akron Ohio 197,846 199,110 3000365175028878510 ♠ − 0.63 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 3,188 / sq mi 1,231 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W / 41.0805 ° N 81.5214 ° W / 41.0805 ; - 81.5214 ( Akron ) 122 Augusta Georgia 197,166 195,844 6999675027062355760 ♠ + 0.68 % 302.5 sq mi 783.5 km 652 / sq mi 252 / km 33 ° 21 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 04 ′ 24 '' W / 33.3655 ° N 82.0734 ° W / 33.3655 ; - 82.0734 ( Augusta ) 123 Huntsville Alabama 194,585 180,105 7000803975458760169 ♠ + 8.04 % 213.4 sq mi 552.7 km 905 / sq mi 349 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 86 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 34.6990 ° N 86.6730 ° W / 34.6990 ; - 86.6730 ( Huntsville ) 124 Columbus Georgia 194,058 189,885 7000219764594359739 ♠ + 2.20 % 216.4 sq mi 560.5 km 913 / sq mi 353 / km 32 ° 30 ′ 37 '' N 84 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W / 32.5102 ° N 84.8749 ° W / 32.5102 ; - 84.8749 ( Columbus ) 125 Grand Prairie Texas 193,837 175,396 7001105139227804510 ♠ + 10.51 % 72.3 sq mi 187.3 km 2,637 / sq mi 1,018 / km 32 ° 41 ′ 13 '' N 97 ° 01 ′ 16 '' W / 32.6869 ° N 97.0211 ° W / 32.6869 ; - 97.0211 ( Grand Prairie ) 126 Shreveport Louisiana 192,036 199,311 2999634992549332450 ♠ − 3.65 % 107.1 sq mi 277.4 km 1,820 / sq mi 700 / km 32 ° 28 ′ 01 '' N 93 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 32.4669 ° N 93.7922 ° W / 32.4669 ; - 93.7922 ( Shreveport ) 127 Overland Park Kansas 191,278 173,372 7001103280806589300 ♠ + 10.33 % 75.1 sq mi 194.5 km 2,516 / sq mi 971 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 26 '' W / 38.8890 ° N 94.6906 ° W / 38.8890 ; - 94.6906 ( Overland Park ) 128 Tallahassee Florida 191,049 181,376 7000533312014820039 ♠ + 5.33 % 100.4 sq mi 260.0 km 1,901 / sq mi 734 / km 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 30.4551 ° N 84.2534 ° W / 30.4551 ; - 84.2534 ( Tallahassee ) 129 Mobile Alabama 190,265 195,111 2999751628560152940 ♠ − 2.48 % 139.4 sq mi 361.0 km 1,384 / sq mi 534 / km 30 ° 40 ′ 06 '' N 88 ° 06 ′ 01 '' W / 30.6684 ° N 88.1002 ° W / 30.6684 ; - 88.1002 ( Mobile ) 130 Port St. Lucie Florida 189,344 164,603 7001150307102543700 ♠ + 15.03 % 118.9 sq mi 307.9 km 1,557 / sq mi 601 / km 27 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 80 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 27.2806 ° N 80.3883 ° W / 27.2806 ; - 80.3883 ( Port St. Lucie ) 131 Knoxville Tennessee 187,347 178,874 7000473685387479450 ♠ + 4.74 % 98.5 sq mi 255.1 km 1,891 / sq mi 730 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 57 '' W / 35.9707 ° N 83.9493 ° W / 35.9707 ; - 83.9493 ( Knoxville ) 132 Worcester Massachusetts 185,677 181,045 7000255847993592750 ♠ + 2.56 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 4,933 / sq mi 1,905 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 71 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 42.2695 ° N 71.8078 ° W / 42.2695 ; - 71.8078 ( Worcester ) 133 Tempe Arizona 185,038 161,719 7001144194559699230 ♠ + 14.42 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,562 / sq mi 1,761 / km 33 ° 23 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 54 '' W / 33.3884 ° N 111.9318 ° W / 33.3884 ; - 111.9318 ( Tempe ) 134 Cape Coral Florida 183,365 154,305 7001188328310813000 ♠ + 18.83 % 105.6 sq mi 273.5 km 1,703 / sq mi 658 / km 26 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W / 26.6432 ° N 81.9974 ° W / 26.6432 ; - 81.9974 ( Cape Coral ) 135 Brownsville Texas 183,299 175,023 7000472852139433099 ♠ + 4.73 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,387 / sq mi 536 / km 25 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 97 ° 27 ′ 18 '' W / 25.9991 ° N 97.4550 ° W / 25.9991 ; - 97.4550 ( Brownsville ) 136 McKinney Texas 181,330 131,117 7001382963307580250 ♠ + 38.30 % 63.0 sq mi 163.2 km 2,735 / sq mi 1,056 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 05 '' W / 33.1985 ° N 96.6680 ° W / 33.1985 ; - 96.6680 ( McKinney ) 137 Providence Rhode Island 180,393 178,042 7000132047494411430 ♠ + 1.32 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 9,740 / sq mi 3,760 / km 41 ° 49 ′ 23 '' N 71 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W / 41.8231 ° N 71.4188 ° W / 41.8231 ; - 71.4188 ( Providence ) 138 Fort Lauderdale Florida 180,072 165,521 7000879102953703760 ♠ + 8.79 % 34.6 sq mi 89.6 km 5,166 / sq mi 1,995 / km 26 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 48 '' W / 26.1412 ° N 80.1467 ° W / 26.1412 ; - 80.1467 ( Fort Lauderdale ) 139 Newport News Virginia 179,388 180,719 3000263497473978929 ♠ − 0.74 % 69.1 sq mi 179.0 km 2,631 / sq mi 1,016 / km 37 ° 04 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W / 37.0762 ° N 76.5220 ° W / 37.0762 ; - 76.5220 ( Newport News ) 140 Chattanooga Tennessee 179,139 167,674 7000683767310376090 ♠ + 6.84 % 143.1 sq mi 370.6 km 1,241 / sq mi 479 / km 35 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 14 ′ 54 '' W / 35.0660 ° N 85.2484 ° W / 35.0660 ; - 85.2484 ( Chattanooga ) 141 Rancho Cucamonga California 177,452 165,269 7000737161839183390 ♠ + 7.37 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,413 / sq mi 1,704 / km 34 ° 07 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W / 34.1233 ° N 117.5642 ° W / 34.1233 ; - 117.5642 ( Rancho Cucamonga ) 142 Frisco Texas 177,286 116,989 7001515407431467920 ♠ + 51.54 % 67.7 sq mi 175.3 km 2,417 / sq mi 933 / km 33 ° 09 ′ 19 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 21 '' W / 33.1554 ° N 96.8226 ° W / 33.1554 ; - 96.8226 ( Frisco ) 143 Sioux Falls South Dakota 176,888 153,888 7001149459347057600 ♠ + 14.95 % 75.4 sq mi 195.3 km 2,312 / sq mi 893 / km 43 ° 32 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 43.5383 ° N 96.7320 ° W / 43.5383 ; - 96.7320 ( Sioux Falls ) 144 Oceanside California 176,193 167,086 7000545048657577540 ♠ + 5.45 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,249 / sq mi 1,641 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 117 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W / 33.2245 ° N 117.3062 ° W / 33.2245 ; - 117.3062 ( Oceanside ) 145 Ontario California 175,841 163,924 7000726983236133820 ♠ + 7.27 % 49.9 sq mi 129.2 km 3,471 / sq mi 1,340 / km 34 ° 02 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W / 34.0394 ° N 117.6042 ° W / 34.0394 ; - 117.6042 ( Ontario ) 146 Vancouver Washington 175,673 161,791 7000858020532662510 ♠ + 8.58 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 3,728 / sq mi 1,439 / km 45 ° 38 ′ 06 '' N 122 ° 35 ′ 45 '' W / 45.6349 ° N 122.5957 ° W / 45.6349 ; - 122.5957 ( Vancouver ) 147 Santa Rosa California 175,269 167,815 7000444179602538510 ♠ + 4.44 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,241 / sq mi 1,637 / km 38 ° 26 ′ 48 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W / 38.4468 ° N 122.7061 ° W / 38.4468 ; - 122.7061 ( Santa Rosa ) 148 Garden Grove California 174,226 170,883 7000195630928764130 ♠ + 1.96 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 9,714 / sq mi 3,751 / km 33 ° 46 ′ 44 '' N 117 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W / 33.7788 ° N 117.9605 ° W / 33.7788 ; - 117.9605 ( Garden Grove ) 149 Elk Grove California 171,844 153,015 7001123053295428550 ♠ + 12.31 % 42.2 sq mi 109.3 km 4,022 / sq mi 1,553 / km 38 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 23 ′ 06 '' W / 38.4146 ° N 121.3850 ° W / 38.4146 ; - 121.3850 ( Elk Grove ) 150 Pembroke Pines Florida 170,712 154,019 7001108382732000600 ♠ + 10.84 % 33.0 sq mi 85.5 km 5,109 / sq mi 1,973 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 25 '' W / 26.0210 ° N 80.3404 ° W / 26.0210 ; - 80.3404 ( Pembroke Pines ) 151 Salem Oregon 169,798 154,637 7000980425124646750 ♠ + 9.80 % 48.6 sq mi 125.9 km 3,445 / sq mi 1,330 / km 44 ° 55 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W / 44.9237 ° N 123.0232 ° W / 44.9237 ; - 123.0232 ( Salem ) 152 Eugene Oregon 168,916 156,185 7000815123091205940 ♠ + 8.15 % 44.1 sq mi 114.2 km 3,777 / sq mi 1,458 / km 44 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 58 '' W / 44.0567 ° N 123.1162 ° W / 44.0567 ; - 123.1162 ( Eugene ) 153 Peoria Arizona 168,181 154,065 7000916236653360590 ♠ + 9.16 % 175.7 sq mi 455.1 km 934 / sq mi 361 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 10 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 29 '' W / 33.7862 ° N 112.3080 ° W / 33.7862 ; - 112.3080 ( Peoria ) 154 Corona California 167,836 152,374 7001101474004751470 ♠ + 10.15 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 4,222 / sq mi 1,630 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 43 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 56 '' W / 33.8620 ° N 117.5655 ° W / 33.8620 ; - 117.5655 ( Corona ) 155 Springfield Missouri 167,376 159,498 7000493924688710830 ♠ + 4.94 % 82.3 sq mi 213.2 km 2,033 / sq mi 785 / km 37 ° 11 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W / 37.1942 ° N 93.2913 ° W / 37.1942 ; - 93.2913 ( Springfield ) 156 Jackson Mississippi 166,965 173,514 2999622566478785570 ♠ − 3.77 % 111.0 sq mi 287.5 km 1,524 / sq mi 588 / km 32 ° 18 ′ 57 '' N 90 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 32.3158 ° N 90.2128 ° W / 32.3158 ; - 90.2128 ( Jackson ) 157 Cary North Carolina 165,904 135,234 7001226792078915070 ♠ + 22.68 % 56.5 sq mi 146.3 km 2,873 / sq mi 1,109 / km 35 ° 46 ′ 51 '' N 78 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 35.7809 ° N 78.8133 ° W / 35.7809 ; - 78.8133 ( Cary ) 158 Fort Collins Colorado 165,080 143,986 7001146500354201100 ♠ + 14.65 % 55.8 sq mi 144.5 km 2,943 / sq mi 1,136 / km 40 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.5482 ° N 105.0648 ° W / 40.5482 ; - 105.0648 ( Fort Collins ) 159 Hayward California 160,500 144,186 7001113145520369520 ♠ + 11.31 % 45.5 sq mi 117.8 km 3,493 / sq mi 1,349 / km 37 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 09 '' W / 37.6287 ° N 122.1024 ° W / 37.6287 ; - 122.1024 ( Hayward ) 160 Lancaster California 160,316 156,633 7000235135635530190 ♠ + 2.35 % 94.3 sq mi 244.2 km 1,698 / sq mi 656 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 34.6936 ° N 118.1753 ° W / 34.6936 ; - 118.1753 ( Lancaster ) 161 Alexandria Virginia 160,035 139,966 7001143384822028210 ♠ + 14.34 % 15.0 sq mi 38.8 km 10,387 / sq mi 4,010 / km 38 ° 49 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 03 '' W / 38.8201 ° N 77.0841 ° W / 38.8201 ; - 77.0841 ( Alexandria ) 162 Salinas California 157,596 150,441 7000475601730911119 ♠ + 4.76 % 23.6 sq mi 61.1 km 6,662 / sq mi 2,572 / km 36 ° 41 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W / 36.6902 ° N 121.6337 ° W / 36.6902 ; - 121.6337 ( Salinas ) 163 Palmdale California 157,519 152,750 7000312209492635020 ♠ + 3.12 % 106.0 sq mi 274.5 km 1,484 / sq mi 573 / km 34 ° 35 ′ 28 '' N 118 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W / 34.5910 ° N 118.1054 ° W / 34.5910 ; - 118.1054 ( Palmdale ) 164 Lakewood Colorado 154,958 142,980 7000837739543992170 ♠ + 8.38 % 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 3,599 / sq mi 1,390 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 07 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6989 ° N 105.1176 ° W / 39.6989 ; - 105.1176 ( Lakewood ) 165 Springfield Massachusetts 154,758 153,060 7000110936887495100 ♠ + 1.11 % 31.9 sq mi 82.6 km 4,830 / sq mi 1,860 / km 42 ° 06 ′ 56 '' N 72 ° 32 ′ 24 '' W / 42.1155 ° N 72.5400 ° W / 42.1155 ; - 72.5400 ( Springfield ) 166 Sunnyvale California 153,656 140,081 7000969082173885110 ♠ + 9.69 % 22.0 sq mi 57.0 km 6,944 / sq mi 2,681 / km 37 ° 23 ′ 09 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 35 '' W / 37.3858 ° N 122.0263 ° W / 37.3858 ; - 122.0263 ( Sunnyvale ) 167 Hollywood Florida 153,627 140,768 7000913488861104800 ♠ + 9.13 % 27.3 sq mi 70.7 km 5,568 / sq mi 2,150 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 53 '' W / 26.0310 ° N 80.1646 ° W / 26.0310 ; - 80.1646 ( Hollywood ) 168 Pasadena Texas 153,520 149,043 7000300383110914300 ♠ + 3.00 % 43.5 sq mi 112.7 km 3,525 / sq mi 1,361 / km 29 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 09 ′ 02 '' W / 29.6586 ° N 95.1506 ° W / 29.6586 ; - 95.1506 ( Pasadena ) 169 Clarksville Tennessee 153,205 132,929 7001152532554972960 ♠ + 15.25 % 98.3 sq mi 254.6 km 1,529 / sq mi 590 / km 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 87 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5664 ° N 87.3452 ° W / 36.5664 ; - 87.3452 ( Clarksville ) 170 Pomona California 152,939 149,058 7000260368447181630 ♠ + 2.60 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,630 / sq mi 2,560 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W / 34.0585 ° N 117.7611 ° W / 34.0585 ; - 117.7611 ( Pomona ) 171 Kansas City Kansas 152,938 145,786 7000490582086071360 ♠ + 4.91 % 124.8 sq mi 323.2 km 1,216 / sq mi 470 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 94 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W / 39.1225 ° N 94.7418 ° W / 39.1225 ; - 94.7418 ( Kansas City ) 172 Macon Georgia 152,663 91,351 7001671169445326270 ♠ + 67.12 % 249.3 sq mi 645.7 km 612 / sq mi 236 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 39 '' W / 32.8088 ° N 83.6942 ° W / 32.8088 ; - 83.6942 ( Macon ) 173 Escondido California 151,969 143,911 7000559929400810220 ♠ + 5.60 % 37.1 sq mi 96.1 km 4,087 / sq mi 1,578 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W / 33.1331 ° N 117.0740 ° W / 33.1331 ; - 117.0740 ( Escondido ) 174 Paterson New Jersey 148,678 146,199 7000169563403306450 ♠ + 1.70 % 8.4 sq mi 21.8 km 17,500 / sq mi 6,800 / km 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W / 40.9148 ° N 74.1628 ° W / 40.9148 ; - 74.1628 ( Paterson ) 175 Joliet Illinois 148,462 147,433 6999697944150902450 ♠ + 0.70 % 64.4 sq mi 166.8 km 2,302 / sq mi 889 / km 41 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 88 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W / 41.5177 ° N 88.1488 ° W / 41.5177 ; - 88.1488 ( Joliet ) 176 Naperville Illinois 147,682 141,853 7000410918345047340 ♠ + 4.11 % 38.7 sq mi 100.2 km 3,802 / sq mi 1,468 / km 41 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 88 ° 09 ′ 43 '' W / 41.7492 ° N 88.1620 ° W / 41.7492 ; - 88.1620 ( Naperville ) 177 Rockford Illinois 147,051 152,871 2999619286849696800 ♠ − 3.81 % 63.5 sq mi 164.5 km 2,325 / sq mi 898 / km 42 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 89 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 42.2588 ° N 89.0646 ° W / 42.2588 ; - 89.0646 ( Rockford ) 178 Torrance California 146,758 145,438 6999907603239868540 ♠ + 0.91 % 20.5 sq mi 53.1 km 7,180 / sq mi 2,770 / km 33 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W / 33.8350 ° N 118.3414 ° W / 33.8350 ; - 118.3414 ( Torrance ) 179 Bridgeport Connecticut 146,579 144,229 7000162935332006740 ♠ + 1.63 % 16.1 sq mi 41.7 km 9,064 / sq mi 3,500 / km 41 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 73 ° 11 ′ 45 '' W / 41.1874 ° N 73.1958 ° W / 41.1874 ; - 73.1958 ( Bridgeport ) 180 Savannah Georgia 146,444 136,286 7000745344349382910 ♠ + 7.45 % 103.6 sq mi 268.3 km 1,417 / sq mi 547 / km 32 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W / 32.0025 ° N 81.1536 ° W / 32.0025 ; - 81.1536 ( Savannah ) 181 Killeen Texas 145,482 127,921 7001137280040024700 ♠ + 13.73 % 53.5 sq mi 138.6 km 2,680 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 04 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 31.0777 ° N 97.7320 ° W / 31.0777 ; - 97.7320 ( Killeen ) 182 Bellevue Washington 144,444 122,363 7001180454876065480 ♠ + 18.05 % 33.5 sq mi 86.8 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 47 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 122 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W / 47.5979 ° N 122.1565 ° W / 47.5979 ; - 122.1565 ( Bellevue ) 183 Mesquite Texas 143,949 139,824 7000295013731548230 ♠ + 2.95 % 47.2 sq mi 122.2 km 3,045 / sq mi 1,176 / km 32 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 96 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W / 32.7629 ° N 96.5888 ° W / 32.7629 ; - 96.5888 ( Mesquite ) 184 Syracuse New York 143,396 145,170 2999877798443204520 ♠ − 1.22 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 5,735 / sq mi 2,214 / km 43 ° 02 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 37 '' W / 43.0410 ° N 76.1436 ° W / 43.0410 ; - 76.1436 ( Syracuse ) 185 McAllen Texas 142,696 129,877 7000987010787129360 ♠ + 9.87 % 58.4 sq mi 151.3 km 2,435 / sq mi 940 / km 26 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 98 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W / 26.2322 ° N 98.2464 ° W / 26.2322 ; - 98.2464 ( McAllen ) 186 Pasadena California 142,647 137,122 7000402925861641460 ♠ + 4.03 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,176 / sq mi 2,385 / km 34 ° 09 ′ 38 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W / 34.1606 ° N 118.1396 ° W / 34.1606 ; - 118.1396 ( Pasadena ) 187 Orange California 140,560 136,416 7000303776683087030 ♠ + 3.04 % 25.4 sq mi 65.8 km 5,532 / sq mi 2,136 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 33.7870 ° N 117.8613 ° W / 33.7870 ; - 117.8613 ( Orange ) 188 Fullerton California 140,392 135,161 7000387019924386470 ♠ + 3.87 % 22.4 sq mi 58.0 km 6,282 / sq mi 2,425 / km 33 ° 53 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W / 33.8857 ° N 117.9280 ° W / 33.8857 ; - 117.9280 ( Fullerton ) 189 Dayton Ohio 140,371 141,527 3000183194726094670 ♠ − 0.82 % 55.7 sq mi 144.3 km 2,522 / sq mi 974 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 39.7774 ° N 84.1996 ° W / 39.7774 ; - 84.1996 ( Dayton ) 190 Miramar Florida 140,328 122,041 7001149843085520440 ♠ + 14.98 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 25 ° 58 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 09 '' W / 25.9770 ° N 80.3358 ° W / 25.9770 ; - 80.3358 ( Miramar ) 191 Olathe Kansas 137,472 125,872 7000921571119867799 ♠ + 9.22 % 60.9 sq mi 157.7 km 2,225 / sq mi 859 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 94 ° 49 ′ 10 '' W / 38.8843 ° N 94.8195 ° W / 38.8843 ; - 94.8195 ( Olathe ) 192 Thornton Colorado 136,978 118,772 7001153285286094370 ♠ + 15.33 % 35.7 sq mi 92.5 km 3,829 / sq mi 1,478 / km 39 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W / 39.9194 ° N 104.9428 ° W / 39.9194 ; - 104.9428 ( Thornton ) 193 Waco Texas 136,436 124,805 7000931933816754140 ♠ + 9.32 % 89.0 sq mi 230.5 km 1,510 / sq mi 580 / km 31 ° 33 ′ 36 '' N 97 ° 11 ′ 10 '' W / 31.5601 ° N 97.1860 ° W / 31.5601 ; - 97.1860 ( Waco ) 194 Murfreesboro Tennessee 136,372 108,755 7001253937749988510 ♠ + 25.39 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 2,360 / sq mi 910 / km 35 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 86 ° 24 ′ 58 '' W / 35.8522 ° N 86.4160 ° W / 35.8522 ; - 86.4160 ( Murfreesboro ) 195 Denton Texas 136,268 113,383 7001201838018045029 ♠ + 20.18 % 93.4 sq mi 241.9 km 1,433 / sq mi 553 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 29 '' W / 33.2166 ° N 97.1414 ° W / 33.2166 ; - 97.1414 ( Denton ) 196 West Valley City Utah 136,170 129,480 7000516682113067650 ♠ + 5.17 % 35.5 sq mi 91.9 km 3,847 / sq mi 1,485 / km 40 ° 41 ′ 19 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 42 '' W / 40.6885 ° N 112.0118 ° W / 40.6885 ; - 112.0118 ( West Valley City ) 197 Midland Texas 136,089 111,147 7001224405517018000 ♠ + 22.44 % 74.4 sq mi 192.7 km 1,809 / sq mi 698 / km 32 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 102 ° 06 ′ 49 '' W / 32.0246 ° N 102.1135 ° W / 32.0246 ; - 102.1135 ( Midland ) 198 Carrollton Texas 135,710 119,097 7001139491338992590 ♠ + 13.95 % 36.3 sq mi 94.0 km 3,674 / sq mi 1,419 / km 32 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W / 32.9884 ° N 96.8998 ° W / 32.9884 ; - 96.8998 ( Carrollton ) 199 Roseville California 135,329 118,788 7001139248072195840 ♠ + 13.92 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 3,085 / sq mi 1,191 / km 38 ° 46 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 08 '' W / 38.7690 ° N 121.3189 ° W / 38.7690 ; - 121.3189 ( Roseville ) 200 Warren Michigan 135,022 134,056 6999720594378468700 ♠ + 0.72 % 34.4 sq mi 89.1 km 3,928 / sq mi 1,517 / km 42 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 30 '' W / 42.4929 ° N 83.0250 ° W / 42.4929 ; - 83.0250 ( Warren ) 201 Charleston South Carolina 134,875 120,083 7001123181466152580 ♠ + 12.32 % 109.0 sq mi 282.3 km 1,233 / sq mi 476 / km 32 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W / 32.8179 ° N 79.9590 ° W / 32.8179 ; - 79.9590 ( Charleston ) 202 Hampton Virginia 134,669 137,436 2999798669926365730 ♠ − 2.01 % 51.5 sq mi 133.4 km 2,629 / sq mi 1,015 / km 37 ° 02 ′ 53 '' N 76 ° 17 ′ 50 '' W / 37.0480 ° N 76.2971 ° W / 37.0480 ; - 76.2971 ( Hampton ) 203 Surprise Arizona 134,085 117,517 7001140983857654640 ♠ + 14.10 % 107.9 sq mi 279.5 km 1,230 / sq mi 470 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 14 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W / 33.6706 ° N 112.4527 ° W / 33.6706 ; - 112.4527 ( Surprise ) 204 Columbia South Carolina 133,114 129,272 7000297202797202800 ♠ + 2.97 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 1,006 / sq mi 388 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 53 '' W / 34.0291 ° N 80.8980 ° W / 34.0291 ; - 80.8980 ( Columbia ) 205 Coral Springs Florida 133,037 121,096 7000986077161921120 ♠ + 9.86 % 23.8 sq mi 61.6 km 5,465 / sq mi 2,110 / km 26 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 '' W / 26.2707 ° N 80.2593 ° W / 26.2707 ; - 80.2593 ( Coral Springs ) 206 Visalia California 133,010 124,442 7000688513524372800 ♠ + 6.89 % 37.5 sq mi 97.1 km 3,495 / sq mi 1,349 / km 36 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 44 '' W / 36.3273 ° N 119.3289 ° W / 36.3273 ; - 119.3289 ( Visalia ) 207 Sterling Heights Michigan 132,631 129,699 7000226061881741570 ♠ + 2.26 % 36.5 sq mi 94.5 km 3,628 / sq mi 1,401 / km 42 ° 34 ′ 52 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 49 '' W / 42.5812 ° N 83.0303 ° W / 42.5812 ; - 83.0303 ( Sterling Heights ) 208 Gainesville Florida 132,249 124,354 7000634881065345710 ♠ + 6.35 % 62.3 sq mi 161.4 km 2,112 / sq mi 815 / km 29 ° 40 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 46 '' W / 29.6788 ° N 82.3461 ° W / 29.6788 ; - 82.3461 ( Gainesville ) 209 Cedar Rapids Iowa 132,228 126,326 7000467203901018000 ♠ + 4.67 % 70.8 sq mi 183.4 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 41 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 91 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W / 41.9670 ° N 91.6778 ° W / 41.9670 ; - 91.6778 ( Cedar Rapids ) 210 New Haven Connecticut 131,014 129,779 6999951617750175290 ♠ + 0.95 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 6,948 / sq mi 2,683 / km 41 ° 18 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 55 ′ 30 '' W / 41.3108 ° N 72.9250 ° W / 41.3108 ; - 72.9250 ( New Haven ) 211 Stamford Connecticut 130,824 122,643 7000667058046525280 ♠ + 6.67 % 37.6 sq mi 97.4 km 3,434 / sq mi 1,326 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W / 41.0799 ° N 73.5460 ° W / 41.0799 ; - 73.5460 ( Stamford ) 212 Elizabeth New Jersey 130,215 124,969 7000419784106458400 ♠ + 4.20 % 12.3 sq mi 31.9 km 10,459 / sq mi 4,038 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 59 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W / 40.6664 ° N 74.1935 ° W / 40.6664 ; - 74.1935 ( Elizabeth ) 213 Concord California 129,783 122,067 7000632111872987790 ♠ + 6.32 % 30.5 sq mi 79.0 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W / 37.9722 ° N 122.0016 ° W / 37.9722 ; - 122.0016 ( Concord ) 214 Thousand Oaks California 128,995 126,683 7000182502782535940 ♠ + 1.83 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,335 / sq mi 902 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 36 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 27 '' W / 34.1933 ° N 118.8742 ° W / 34.1933 ; - 118.8742 ( Thousand Oaks ) 215 Kent Washington 128,458 92,411 7001390072610403520 ♠ + 39.01 % 33.7 sq mi 87.3 km 3,784 / sq mi 1,461 / km 47 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 47.3880 ° N 122.2127 ° W / 47.3880 ; - 122.2127 ( Kent ) 216 Santa Clara California 127,134 116,468 7000915788027612729 ♠ + 9.16 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 6,845 / sq mi 2,643 / km 37 ° 21 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 04 '' W / 37.3646 ° N 121.9679 ° W / 37.3646 ; - 121.9679 ( Santa Clara ) 217 Simi Valley California 126,878 124,237 7000212577573508700 ♠ + 2.13 % 41.5 sq mi 107.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 44 ′ 55 '' W / 34.2669 ° N 118.7485 ° W / 34.2669 ; - 118.7485 ( Simi Valley ) 218 Lafayette Louisiana 126,848 120,623 7000516070732778989 ♠ + 5.16 % 53.8 sq mi 139.3 km 2,372 / sq mi 916 / km 30 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 92 ° 01 ′ 43 '' W / 30.2074 ° N 92.0285 ° W / 30.2074 ; - 92.0285 ( Lafayette ) 219 Topeka Kansas 126,587 127,473 3000304950852337359 ♠ − 0.70 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 2,062 / sq mi 796 / km 39 ° 02 ′ 05 '' N 95 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W / 39.0347 ° N 95.6962 ° W / 39.0347 ; - 95.6962 ( Topeka ) 220 Athens Georgia 125,691 115,452 7000886862072549630 ♠ + 8.87 % 116.4 sq mi 301.5 km 1,060 / sq mi 410 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 22 ′ 12 '' W / 33.9496 ° N 83.3701 ° W / 33.9496 ; - 83.3701 ( Athens ) 221 Round Rock Texas 123,678 99,887 7001238179142430950 ♠ + 23.82 % 35.6 sq mi 92.2 km 3,396 / sq mi 1,311 / km 30 ° 31 ′ 31 '' N 97 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W / 30.5252 ° N 97.6660 ° W / 30.5252 ; - 97.6660 ( Round Rock ) 222 Hartford Connecticut 123,400 124,775 2999889801642957320 ♠ − 1.10 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 7,083 / sq mi 2,735 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 57 '' N 72 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.7659 ° N 72.6816 ° W / 41.7659 ; - 72.6816 ( Hartford ) 223 Norman Oklahoma 122,843 110,925 7001107441965291860 ♠ + 10.74 % 178.8 sq mi 463.1 km 683 / sq mi 264 / km 35 ° 14 ′ 26 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 35.2406 ° N 97.3453 ° W / 35.2406 ; - 97.3453 ( Norman ) 224 Victorville California 122,441 115,903 7000564092387599970 ♠ + 5.64 % 73.3 sq mi 189.8 km 1,668 / sq mi 644 / km 34 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 21 ′ 13 '' W / 34.5277 ° N 117.3536 ° W / 34.5277 ; - 117.3536 ( Victorville ) 225 Fargo North Dakota 122,359 105,549 7001159262522619830 ♠ + 15.93 % 49.3 sq mi 127.7 km 2,450 / sq mi 950 / km 46 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 44 '' W / 46.8652 ° N 96.8290 ° W / 46.8652 ; - 96.8290 ( Fargo ) 226 Berkeley California 122,324 112,580 7000865517853970510 ♠ + 8.66 % 10.5 sq mi 27.2 km 11,547 / sq mi 4,458 / km 37 ° 52 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 37.8670 ° N 122.2991 ° W / 37.8670 ; - 122.2991 ( Berkeley ) 227 Vallejo California 122,105 115,942 7000531558882889720 ♠ + 5.32 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 3,951 / sq mi 1,525 / km 38 ° 06 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W / 38.1079 ° N 122.2640 ° W / 38.1079 ; - 122.2640 ( Vallejo ) 228 Abilene Texas 121,885 117,063 7000411914951778099 ♠ + 4.12 % 106.7 sq mi 276.4 km 1,146 / sq mi 442 / km 32 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 44 ′ 17 '' W / 32.4545 ° N 99.7381 ° W / 32.4545 ; - 99.7381 ( Abilene ) 229 Columbia Missouri 121,717 108,500 7001121815668202760 ♠ + 12.18 % 65.0 sq mi 168.3 km 1,856 / sq mi 717 / km 38 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 38.9473 ° N 92.3264 ° W / 38.9473 ; - 92.3264 ( Columbia ) 230 Ann Arbor Michigan 121,477 113,934 7000662049958748050 ♠ + 6.62 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 4,298 / sq mi 1,659 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 51 '' W / 42.2761 ° N 83.7309 ° W / 42.2761 ; - 83.7309 ( Ann Arbor ) 231 Allentown Pennsylvania 121,283 118,032 7000275433780669650 ♠ + 2.75 % 17.5 sq mi 45.3 km 6,882 / sq mi 2,657 / km 40 ° 35 ′ 37 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 42 '' W / 40.5936 ° N 75.4784 ° W / 40.5936 ; - 75.4784 ( Allentown ) 232 Pearland Texas 119,940 91,252 7001314382150528210 ♠ + 31.44 % 46.3 sq mi 119.9 km 2,453 / sq mi 947 / km 29 ° 33 ′ 21 '' N 95 ° 19 ′ 23 '' W / 29.5558 ° N 95.3231 ° W / 29.5558 ; - 95.3231 ( Pearland ) 233 Beaumont Texas 119,114 118,296 6999691485764522890 ♠ + 0.69 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 1,441 / sq mi 556 / km 30 ° 05 ′ 06 '' N 94 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W / 30.0849 ° N 94.1453 ° W / 30.0849 ; - 94.1453 ( Beaumont ) 234 Wilmington North Carolina 119,045 106,476 7001118045381118750 ♠ + 11.80 % 51.6 sq mi 133.6 km 2,278 / sq mi 880 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 53 ′ 09 '' W / 34.2092 ° N 77.8858 ° W / 34.2092 ; - 77.8858 ( Wilmington ) 235 Evansville Indiana 118,930 117,429 7000127821917924870 ♠ + 1.28 % 47.3 sq mi 122.5 km 2,526 / sq mi 975 / km 37 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W / 37.9877 ° N 87.5347 ° W / 37.9877 ; - 87.5347 ( Evansville ) 236 Arvada Colorado 118,807 106,433 7001116260934108779 ♠ + 11.63 % 38.6 sq mi 100.0 km 3,043 / sq mi 1,175 / km 39 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W / 39.8337 ° N 105.1503 ° W / 39.8337 ; - 105.1503 ( Arvada ) 237 Provo Utah 117,335 112,488 7000430890406087760 ♠ + 4.31 % 41.7 sq mi 108.0 km 2,803 / sq mi 1,082 / km 40 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 111 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 40.2453 ° N 111.6448 ° W / 40.2453 ; - 111.6448 ( Provo ) 238 Independence Missouri 117,306 116,830 6999407429598562010 ♠ + 0.41 % 77.8 sq mi 201.5 km 1,504 / sq mi 581 / km 39 ° 05 ′ 08 '' N 94 ° 21 ′ 08 '' W / 39.0855 ° N 94.3521 ° W / 39.0855 ; - 94.3521 ( Independence ) 239 Lansing Michigan 116,986 114,297 7000235264267653569 ♠ + 2.35 % 39.1 sq mi 101.3 km 2,967 / sq mi 1,146 / km 42 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 33 ′ 33 '' W / 42.7143 ° N 84.5593 ° W / 42.7143 ; - 84.5593 ( Lansing ) 240 Odessa Texas 116,861 99,940 7001169311586952170 ♠ + 16.93 % 45.2 sq mi 117.1 km 2,608 / sq mi 1,007 / km 31 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 102 ° 20 ′ 28 '' W / 31.8838 ° N 102.3411 ° W / 31.8838 ; - 102.3411 ( Odessa ) 241 Richardson Texas 116,783 99,223 7001176975096499800 ♠ + 17.70 % 28.6 sq mi 74.1 km 3,963 / sq mi 1,530 / km 32 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W / 32.9723 ° N 96.7081 ° W / 32.9723 ; - 96.7081 ( Richardson ) 242 Fairfield California 116,266 105,321 7001103920395742540 ♠ + 10.39 % 40.9 sq mi 105.9 km 2,806 / sq mi 1,083 / km 38 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 38.2593 ° N 122.0321 ° W / 38.2593 ; - 122.0321 ( Fairfield ) 243 El Monte California 116,109 113,475 7000232121612690020 ♠ + 2.32 % 9.6 sq mi 24.9 km 12,063 / sq mi 4,658 / km 34 ° 04 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 01 ′ 45 '' W / 34.0746 ° N 118.0291 ° W / 34.0746 ; - 118.0291 ( El Monte ) 244 Rochester Minnesota 115,733 106,769 7000839569537974500 ♠ + 8.40 % 54.6 sq mi 141.4 km 2,088 / sq mi 806 / km 44 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 92 ° 28 ′ 38 '' W / 44.0154 ° N 92.4772 ° W / 44.0154 ; - 92.4772 ( Rochester ) 245 Clearwater Florida 115,513 107,685 7000726935042020710 ♠ + 7.27 % 25.9 sq mi 67.1 km 4,415 / sq mi 1,705 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W / 27.9789 ° N 82.7666 ° W / 27.9789 ; - 82.7666 ( Clearwater ) 246 Carlsbad California 115,330 105,328 7000949605043293330 ♠ + 9.50 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 3,023 / sq mi 1,167 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W / 33.1239 ° N 117.2828 ° W / 33.1239 ; - 117.2828 ( Carlsbad ) 247 Springfield Illinois 114,868 116,250 2999881118279569889 ♠ − 1.19 % 60.1 sq mi 155.7 km 1,925 / sq mi 743 / km 39 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 89 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 39.7911 ° N 89.6446 ° W / 39.7911 ; - 89.6446 ( Springfield ) 248 Temecula California 114,327 100,097 7001142162102760320 ♠ + 14.22 % 37.3 sq mi 96.6 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 33 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 117 ° 07 ′ 54 '' W / 33.4931 ° N 117.1317 ° W / 33.4931 ; - 117.1317 ( Temecula ) 249 West Jordan Utah 113,905 103,712 7000982817803147180 ♠ + 9.83 % 32.3 sq mi 83.7 km 3,520 / sq mi 1,360 / km 40 ° 36 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 03 '' W / 40.6024 ° N 112.0008 ° W / 40.6024 ; - 112.0008 ( West Jordan ) 250 Costa Mesa California 113,825 109,960 7000351491451436890 ♠ + 3.51 % 15.7 sq mi 40.7 km 7,186 / sq mi 2,775 / km 33 ° 39 ′ 57 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 44 '' W / 33.6659 ° N 117.9123 ° W / 33.6659 ; - 117.9123 ( Costa Mesa ) 251 Miami Gardens Florida 113,750 107,167 7000614274916718770 ♠ + 6.14 % 18.2 sq mi 47.1 km 6,212 / sq mi 2,398 / km 25 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W / 25.9489 ° N 80.2436 ° W / 25.9489 ; - 80.2436 ( Miami Gardens ) 252 Cambridge Massachusetts 113,630 105,162 7000805233829710350 ♠ + 8.05 % 6.4 sq mi 16.6 km 17,289 / sq mi 6,675 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 07 '' W / 42.3760 ° N 71.1187 ° W / 42.3760 ; - 71.1187 ( Cambridge ) 253 College Station Texas 113,564 93,857 7001209968356116220 ♠ + 21.00 % 51.0 sq mi 132.1 km 2,199 / sq mi 849 / km 30 ° 35 ′ 07 '' N 96 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W / 30.5852 ° N 96.2964 ° W / 30.5852 ; - 96.2964 ( College Station ) 254 Murrieta California 113,326 103,466 7000952970057796759 ♠ + 9.53 % 33.6 sq mi 87.0 km 3,324 / sq mi 1,283 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W / 33.5721 ° N 117.1904 ° W / 33.5721 ; - 117.1904 ( Murrieta ) 255 Downey California 113,092 111,772 7000118097555738470 ♠ + 1.18 % 12.4 sq mi 32.1 km 9,134 / sq mi 3,527 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 18 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 33.9382 ° N 118.1309 ° W / 33.9382 ; - 118.1309 ( Downey ) 256 Peoria Illinois 112,883 115,007 2999815315589485860 ♠ − 1.85 % 48.2 sq mi 124.8 km 2,371 / sq mi 915 / km 40 ° 45 ′ 05 '' N 89 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W / 40.7515 ° N 89.6174 ° W / 40.7515 ; - 89.6174 ( Peoria ) 257 Westminster Colorado 112,812 106,114 7000631207946171100 ♠ + 6.31 % 31.7 sq mi 82.1 km 3,592 / sq mi 1,387 / km 39 ° 52 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 52 '' W / 39.8822 ° N 105.0644 ° W / 39.8822 ; - 105.0644 ( Westminster ) 258 Elgin Illinois 112,456 108,188 7000394498465633900 ♠ + 3.94 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 2,998 / sq mi 1,158 / km 42 ° 02 ′ 23 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 18 '' W / 42.0396 ° N 88.3217 ° W / 42.0396 ; - 88.3217 ( Elgin ) 259 Antioch California 111,674 102,372 7000908646895635530 ♠ + 9.09 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 3,772 / sq mi 1,456 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W / 37.9791 ° N 121.7962 ° W / 37.9791 ; - 121.7962 ( Antioch ) 260 Palm Bay Florida 111,657 103,190 7000820525244694250 ♠ + 8.21 % 65.7 sq mi 170.2 km 1,676 / sq mi 647 / km 27 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W / 27.9856 ° N 80.6626 ° W / 27.9856 ; - 80.6626 ( Palm Bay ) 261 High Point North Carolina 111,513 104,371 7000684289697329720 ♠ + 6.84 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,015 / sq mi 778 / km 35 ° 59 ′ 24 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 26 '' W / 35.9900 ° N 79.9905 ° W / 35.9900 ; - 79.9905 ( High Point ) 262 Lowell Massachusetts 111,346 106,519 7000453158591425000 ♠ + 4.53 % 13.6 sq mi 35.2 km 8,129 / sq mi 3,139 / km 42 ° 38 ′ 20 '' N 71 ° 19 ′ 16 '' W / 42.6390 ° N 71.3211 ° W / 42.6390 ; - 71.3211 ( Lowell ) 263 Manchester New Hampshire 111,196 109,565 7000148861406471040 ♠ + 1.49 % 33.1 sq mi 85.7 km 3,339 / sq mi 1,289 / km 42 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 71 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W / 42.9849 ° N 71.4441 ° W / 42.9849 ; - 71.4441 ( Manchester ) 264 Pueblo Colorado 111,127 106,595 7000425160654814950 ♠ + 4.25 % 53.6 sq mi 138.8 km 2,058 / sq mi 795 / km 38 ° 16 ′ 12 '' N 104 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W / 38.2699 ° N 104.6123 ° W / 38.2699 ; - 104.6123 ( Pueblo ) 265 Gresham Oregon 111,053 105,594 7000516980131446860 ♠ + 5.17 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,786 / sq mi 1,848 / km 45 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 45.5023 ° N 122.4416 ° W / 45.5023 ; - 122.4416 ( Gresham ) 266 North Charleston South Carolina 110,861 97,471 7001137374193349820 ♠ + 13.74 % 73.7 sq mi 190.9 km 1,483 / sq mi 573 / km 32 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 80 ° 03 ′ 54 '' W / 32.9178 ° N 80.0650 ° W / 32.9178 ; - 80.0650 ( North Charleston ) 267 Ventura California 110,790 106,433 7000409365516334220 ♠ + 4.09 % 21.8 sq mi 56.5 km 5,027 / sq mi 1,941 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 04 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 15 '' W / 34.2678 ° N 119.2542 ° W / 34.2678 ; - 119.2542 ( Ventura ) 268 Inglewood California 110,598 109,673 6999843416337658320 ♠ + 0.84 % 9.1 sq mi 23.6 km 12,160 / sq mi 4,700 / km 33 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W / 33.9561 ° N 118.3443 ° W / 33.9561 ; - 118.3443 ( Inglewood ) 269 Pompano Beach Florida 110,473 99,845 7001106444989734090 ♠ + 10.64 % 24.0 sq mi 62.2 km 4,558 / sq mi 1,760 / km 26 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 02 '' W / 26.2416 ° N 80.1339 ° W / 26.2416 ; - 80.1339 ( Pompano Beach ) 270 Centennial Colorado 110,250 100,377 7000983591858692729 ♠ + 9.84 % 29.5 sq mi 76.4 km 3,727 / sq mi 1,439 / km 39 ° 35 ′ 26 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 39.5906 ° N 104.8691 ° W / 39.5906 ; - 104.8691 ( Centennial ) 271 West Palm Beach Florida 110,222 99,919 7001103113521952780 ♠ + 10.31 % 55.1 sq mi 142.7 km 1,963 / sq mi 758 / km 26 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 80 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 26.7464 ° N 80.1251 ° W / 26.7464 ; - 80.1251 ( West Palm Beach ) 272 Everett Washington 110,079 103,019 7000685310476708180 ♠ + 6.85 % 33.3 sq mi 86.2 km 3,275 / sq mi 1,264 / km 47 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 29 '' W / 47.9566 ° N 122.1914 ° W / 47.9566 ; - 122.1914 ( Everett ) 273 Richmond California 110,040 103,701 7000611276651141260 ♠ + 6.11 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,648 / sq mi 1,409 / km 37 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W / 37.9523 ° N 122.3606 ° W / 37.9523 ; - 122.3606 ( Richmond ) 274 Clovis California 109,691 95,631 7001147023454737480 ♠ + 14.70 % 24.2 sq mi 62.7 km 4,404 / sq mi 1,700 / km 36 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 119 ° 41 ′ 06 '' W / 36.8282 ° N 119.6849 ° W / 36.8282 ; - 119.6849 ( Clovis ) 275 Billings Montana 109,642 104,170 7000525295190553900 ♠ + 5.25 % 43.7 sq mi 113.2 km 2,525 / sq mi 975 / km 45 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 00 '' W / 45.7885 ° N 108.5499 ° W / 45.7885 ; - 108.5499 ( Billings ) 276 Waterbury Connecticut 108,629 110,366 2999842614573328740 ♠ − 1.57 % 28.5 sq mi 73.8 km 3,799 / sq mi 1,467 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W / 41.5585 ° N 73.0367 ° W / 41.5585 ; - 73.0367 ( Waterbury ) 277 Broken Arrow Oklahoma 108,303 98,850 7000956297420333840 ♠ + 9.56 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 1,741 / sq mi 672 / km 36 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 95 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 36.0365 ° N 95.7810 ° W / 36.0365 ; - 95.7810 ( Broken Arrow ) 278 Lakeland Florida 108,054 97,422 7001109133460614650 ♠ + 10.91 % 65.9 sq mi 170.7 km 1,615 / sq mi 624 / km 28 ° 03 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 18 '' W / 28.0555 ° N 81.9549 ° W / 28.0555 ; - 81.9549 ( Lakeland ) 279 West Covina California 107,598 106,098 7000141378725329410 ♠ + 1.41 % 16.0 sq mi 41.4 km 6,740 / sq mi 2,600 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 36 '' W / 34.0559 ° N 117.9099 ° W / 34.0559 ; - 117.9099 ( West Covina ) 280 Boulder Colorado 107,125 97,385 7001100015402782770 ♠ + 10.00 % 24.8 sq mi 64.2 km 4,358 / sq mi 1,683 / km 40 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 105 ° 15 ′ 07 '' W / 40.0270 ° N 105.2519 ° W / 40.0270 ; - 105.2519 ( Boulder ) 281 Daly City California 107,074 101,123 7000588491243337320 ♠ + 5.88 % 7.6 sq mi 19.7 km 14,009 / sq mi 5,409 / km 37 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 54 '' W / 37.7009 ° N 122.4650 ° W / 37.7009 ; - 122.4650 ( Daly City ) 282 Santa Maria California 107,014 99,553 7000749450041686340 ♠ + 7.49 % 22.8 sq mi 59.1 km 4,662 / sq mi 1,800 / km 34 ° 56 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W / 34.9332 ° N 120.4438 ° W / 34.9332 ; - 120.4438 ( Santa Maria ) 283 Hillsboro Oregon 106,894 91,611 7001166824944602720 ♠ + 16.68 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 4,207 / sq mi 1,624 / km 45 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W / 45.5280 ° N 122.9357 ° W / 45.5280 ; - 122.9357 ( Hillsboro ) 284 Sandy Springs Georgia 106,739 93,853 7001137299819931170 ♠ + 13.73 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 2,804 / sq mi 1,083 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 53 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W / 33.9315 ° N 84.3687 ° W / 33.9315 ; - 84.3687 ( Sandy Springs ) 285 Norwalk California 106,084 105,549 6999506873584780520 ♠ + 0.51 % 9.7 sq mi 25.1 km 10,946 / sq mi 4,226 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 05 ′ 01 '' W / 33.9076 ° N 118.0835 ° W / 33.9076 ; - 118.0835 ( Norwalk ) 286 Jurupa Valley California 106,028 0 0000000000000000000 ♠ NA 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 2,414 / sq mi 932 / km 34 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 28 ′ 03 '' W / 34.0026 ° N 117.4676 ° W / 34.0026 ; - 117.4676 ( Jurupa Valley ) 287 Lewisville Texas 106,021 95,290 7001112614125301710 ♠ + 11.26 % 36.7 sq mi 95.1 km 2,852 / sq mi 1,101 / km 33 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W / 33.0466 ° N 96.9818 ° W / 33.0466 ; - 96.9818 ( Lewisville ) 288 Greeley Colorado 105,448 92,889 7001135204383726810 ♠ + 13.52 % 47.8 sq mi 123.8 km 2,176 / sq mi 840 / km 40 ° 24 ′ 55 '' N 104 ° 46 ′ 11 '' W / 40.4153 ° N 104.7697 ° W / 40.4153 ; - 104.7697 ( Greeley ) 289 Davie Florida 105,149 91,992 7001143023306374470 ♠ + 14.30 % 34.9 sq mi 90.4 km 2,919 / sq mi 1,127 / km 26 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W / 26.0791 ° N 80.2850 ° W / 26.0791 ; - 80.2850 ( Davie ) 290 Green Bay Wisconsin 105,116 104,057 7000101771144661100 ♠ + 1.02 % 45.4 sq mi 117.6 km 2,316 / sq mi 894 / km 44 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W / 44.5207 ° N 87.9842 ° W / 44.5207 ; - 87.9842 ( Green Bay ) 291 Tyler Texas 104,991 96,900 7000834984520123840 ♠ + 8.35 % 56.6 sq mi 146.6 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 02 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 21 '' W / 32.3173 ° N 95.3059 ° W / 32.3173 ; - 95.3059 ( Tyler ) 292 League City Texas 104,903 83,560 7001255421254188610 ♠ + 25.54 % 51.2 sq mi 132.6 km 1,992 / sq mi 769 / km 29 ° 29 ′ 24 '' N 95 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W / 29.4901 ° N 95.1091 ° W / 29.4901 ; - 95.1091 ( League City ) 293 Burbank California 104,834 103,340 7000144571317979480 ♠ + 1.45 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 6,003 / sq mi 2,318 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 34.1901 ° N 118.3264 ° W / 34.1901 ; - 118.3264 ( Burbank ) 294 San Mateo California 104,748 97,207 7000775767177260900 ♠ + 7.76 % 12.1 sq mi 31.3 km 8,592 / sq mi 3,317 / km 37 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W / 37.5603 ° N 122.3106 ° W / 37.5603 ; - 122.3106 ( San Mateo ) 295 Wichita Falls Texas 104,747 104,553 6999185551825390000 ♠ + 0.19 % 72.2 sq mi 187.0 km 1,450 / sq mi 560 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 33 '' W / 33.9067 ° N 98.5259 ° W / 33.9067 ; - 98.5259 ( Wichita Falls ) 296 El Cajon California 103,894 99,478 7000443917248034740 ♠ + 4.44 % 14.5 sq mi 37.6 km 7,156 / sq mi 2,763 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 06 '' N 116 ° 57 ′ 37 '' W / 32.8017 ° N 116.9604 ° W / 32.8017 ; - 116.9604 ( El Cajon ) 297 Rialto California 103,562 99,171 7000442770568008790 ♠ + 4.43 % 22.3 sq mi 57.8 km 4,633 / sq mi 1,789 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 34.1118 ° N 117.3883 ° W / 34.1118 ; - 117.3883 ( Rialto ) 298 Lakewood New Jersey 102,682 92,843 7001105974602285580 ♠ + 10.60 % 24.7 sq mi 64.0 km 4,079 / sq mi 1,575 / km 40 ° 04 ′ 38 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0771 ° N 74.2004 ° W / 40.0771 ; - 74.2004 ( Lakewood ) 299 Edison New Jersey 102,450 99,967 7000248381966048800 ♠ + 2.48 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,389 / sq mi 1,309 / km 40 ° 30 ′ 14 '' N 74 ° 20 ′ 58 '' W / 40.5040 ° N 74.3494 ° W / 40.5040 ; - 74.3494 ( Edison ) 300 Davenport Iowa 102,320 99,685 7000264332647840700 ♠ + 2.64 % 62.9 sq mi 162.9 km 1,631 / sq mi 630 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 15 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 14 '' W / 41.5541 ° N 90.6040 ° W / 41.5541 ; - 90.6040 ( Davenport ) 301 South Bend Indiana 102,245 101,168 7000106456587063100 ♠ + 1.06 % 41.4 sq mi 107.2 km 2,457 / sq mi 949 / km 41 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 41.6769 ° N 86.2690 ° W / 41.6769 ; - 86.2690 ( South Bend ) 302 Woodbridge New Jersey 101,965 99,585 7000238991816036550 ♠ + 2.39 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,351 / sq mi 1,680 / km 40 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 17 ′ 34 '' W / 40.5607 ° N 74.2927 ° W / 40.5607 ; - 74.2927 ( Woodbridge ) 303 Las Cruces New Mexico 101,712 97,618 7000419389866622960 ♠ + 4.19 % 76.9 sq mi 199.2 km 1,323 / sq mi 511 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 47 ′ 23 '' W / 32.3264 ° N 106.7897 ° W / 32.3264 ; - 106.7897 ( Las Cruces ) 304 Vista California 101,568 93,834 7000824221497538209 ♠ + 8.24 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 5,436 / sq mi 2,099 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W / 33.1895 ° N 117.2386 ° W / 33.1895 ; - 117.2386 ( Vista ) 305 Renton Washington 101,379 90,927 7001114949354977070 ♠ + 11.49 % 23.4 sq mi 60.6 km 4,314 / sq mi 1,666 / km 47 ° 28 ′ 34 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 31 '' W / 47.4761 ° N 122.1920 ° W / 47.4761 ; - 122.1920 ( Renton ) 306 Sparks Nevada 100,888 90,264 7001117699193476910 ♠ + 11.77 % 35.9 sq mi 93.0 km 2,810 / sq mi 1,080 / km 39 ° 33 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 44 ′ 08 '' W / 39.5544 ° N 119.7356 ° W / 39.5544 ; - 119.7356 ( Sparks ) 307 Clinton Michigan 100,712 96,796 7000404562171990580 ♠ + 4.05 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 3,573 / sq mi 1,380 / km 42 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W / 42.5903 ° N 82.9170 ° W / 42.5903 ; - 82.9170 ( Clinton ) 308 Allen Texas 100,685 84,246 7001195130926097380 ♠ + 19.51 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 3,715 / sq mi 1,434 / km 33 ° 05 ′ 59 '' N 96 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W / 33.0997 ° N 96.6631 ° W / 33.0997 ; - 96.6631 ( Allen ) 309 Tuscaloosa Alabama 100,287 90,468 7001108535614803020 ♠ + 10.85 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 1,399 / sq mi 540 / km 33 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W / 33.2065 ° N 87.5346 ° W / 33.2065 ; - 87.5346 ( Tuscaloosa ) 310 San Angelo Texas 100,119 93,200 7000742381974248930 ♠ + 7.42 % 59.9 sq mi 155.1 km 1,681 / sq mi 649 / km 31 ° 26 ′ 28 '' N 100 ° 27 ′ 02 '' W / 31.4411 ° N 100.4505 ° W / 31.4411 ; - 100.4505 ( San Angelo ) 311 Vacaville California 100,032 92,428 7000822694421603839 ♠ + 8.23 % 29.0 sq mi 75.1 km 3,449 / sq mi 1,332 / km 38 ° 21 ′ 14 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 22 '' W / 38.3539 ° N 121.9728 ° W / 38.3539 ; - 121.9728 ( Vacaville ) Distribution For cities with populations of 100,000 or more , the following distributions hold . Smaller incorporated places are not included . The mean density is 4,128.21 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,593.91 / km ) . The median is 3,160.85 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,220.41 / km ) . Population Number of municipal governments 1,000,000 + 10 300,000 -- 999,999 56 200,000 -- 299,999 50 100,000 -- 199,999 195 Total 311 State Number of cities CA 74 TX 39 FL 22 CO 12 AZ 10 NC 9 IL , WA 8 GA , MI , NJ , VA 7 OH , TN 6 AL , CT , KS , MA , MO , NV , NY , OR 5 IN , LA , OK , UT IA , MN , PA , SC , WI KY , NE , NM AK , AR , DC , HI , ID , MD , MS , MT , ND , NH , RI , SD DE , ME , VT , WV , WY 0 Gallery 1 . New York , New York 2 . Los Angeles , California 3 . Chicago , Illinois 4 . Houston , Texas 5 . Phoenix , Arizona 6 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 7 . San Antonio , Texas 8 . San Diego , California 9 . Dallas , Texas 10 . San Jose , California 11 . Austin , Texas 12 . Jacksonville , Florida 13 . San Francisco , California 14 . Columbus , Ohio 15 . Fort Worth , Texas 16 . Indianapolis , Indiana 17 . Charlotte , North Carolina 18 . Seattle , Washington 19 . Denver , Colorado 20 . Washington , District of Columbia 21 . Boston , Massachusetts 22 . El Paso , Texas 23 . Detroit , Michigan 24 . Nashville , Tennessee 25 . Memphis , Tennessee 26 . Portland , Oregon 27 . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 28 . Las Vegas , Nevada 29 . Louisville , Kentucky 30 . Baltimore , Maryland 31 . Milwaukee , Wisconsin 32 . Albuquerque , New Mexico 33 . Tucson , Arizona 34 . Fresno , California 35 . Sacramento , California 36 . Mesa , Arizona 37 . Kansas City , Missouri 38 . Atlanta , Georgia 39 . Long Beach , California 40 . Omaha , Nebraska 41 . Raleigh , North Carolina 42 . Colorado Springs , Colorado 43 . Miami , Florida 44 . Virginia Beach , Virginia 45 . Oakland , California 46 . Minneapolis , Minnesota 47 . Tulsa , Oklahoma 48 . Arlington , Texas 49 . New Orleans , Louisiana 50 . Wichita , Kansas Puerto Rico Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX 1 . San Juan , Puerto Rico The following table lists the five municipalities ( municipios ) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . The table below contains the following information : The municipio rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio The municipio population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The municipio percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The municipio land area as of January 1 , 2016 The municipio population density as of July 1 , 2017 ( residents per land area ) The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates 2017 rank Municipio 2017 estimate 2010 Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 population density Location San Juan 337,288 395,326 2998853189519535779 ♠ − 14.68 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 8,539 / sq mi 3,297 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 23 '' N 66 ° 03 ′ 50 '' W / 18.4064 ° N 66.0640 ° W / 18.4064 ; - 66.0640 ( San Juan ) Bayamón 179,565 208,116 2998862812085567660 ♠ − 13.72 % 27.0 sq mi 69.9 km 6,651 / sq mi 2,568 / km 18 ° 22 ′ 48 '' N 66 ° 09 ′ 48 '' W / 18.3801 ° N 66.1633 ° W / 18.3801 ; - 66.1633 ( Bayamón ) Carolina 154,489 176,762 2998873994410563360 ♠ − 12.60 % 20.7 sq mi 53.6 km 7,463 / sq mi 2,881 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 65 ° 58 ′ 47 '' W / 18.4120 ° N 65.9798 ° W / 18.4120 ; - 65.9798 ( Carolina ) Ponce 140,859 166,327 2998846879941320410 ♠ − 15.31 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 4,588 / sq mi 1,771 / km 17 ° 59 ′ 15 '' N 66 ° 36 ′ 35 '' W / 17.9874 ° N 66.6097 ° W / 17.9874 ; - 66.6097 ( Ponce ) 5 Caguas 129,604 142,893 2999070003429139289 ♠ − 9.30 % 10.9 sq mi 28.2 km 11,890 / sq mi 4,590 / km 18 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 66 ° 02 ′ 20 '' W / 18.2321 ° N 66.0390 ° W / 18.2321 ; - 66.0390 ( Caguas ) Census - Designated places Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The following table lists U.S. census - designated places ( CDPs ) with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2010 Census . A CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes . CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places such as cities , towns and villages . CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government , but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places . Unlike the incorporated cities in the main list , the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs . The table below contains the following information : The city The state The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city population as of April 1 , 2000 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2000 , to April 1 , 2010 The city land area as of January 1 , 2010 The city population density as of April 1 , 2010 ( residents per land area ) The city ANSI INCITS 446 -- 2008 geographic code The city latitude and longitude coordinates City State 2010 Census 2000 Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2010 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2010 population density ANSI Location Paradise Nevada 223,167 186,070 7001199371204385450 ♠ + 19.94 % 46.717 sq mi 120.996 km 4,777 / sq mi 1,844 / km 02409023 36 ° 04 ′ 51 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 12 '' W / 36.08073 ° N 115.1368 ° W / 36.08073 ; - 115.1368 ( Paradise ) Arlington Virginia 207,627 189,453 7000959288055612739 ♠ + 9.59 % 25.98 sq mi 67.288 km 7,992 / sq mi 3,086 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 59 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.183 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.183 ( Arlington ) Sunrise Manor Nevada 189,372 156,120 7001212990007686400 ♠ + 21.30 % 33.352 sq mi 86.381 km 5,678 / sq mi 2,192 / km 02410035 36 ° 10 ′ 43 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 56 '' W / 36.1785 ° N 115.0490 ° W / 36.1785 ; - 115.0490 ( Sunrise Manor ) Spring Valley Nevada 178,395 117,390 7001519677996422180 ♠ + 51.97 % 33.226 sq mi 86.055 km 5,369 / sq mi 2,073 / km 02408797 36 ° 05 ′ 55 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 43 '' W / 36.0987 ° N 115.2619 ° W / 36.0987 ; - 115.2619 ( Spring Valley ) Metairie Louisiana 138,481 146,136 2999476172880056930 ♠ − 5.24 % 23.222 sq mi 60.145 km 5,963 / sq mi 2,302 / km 02403282 29 ° 59 ′ 52 '' N 90 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W / 29.9978 ° N 90.1779 ° W / 29.9978 ; - 90.1779 ( Metairie ) East Los Angeles California 126,496 124,283 7000178061359960740 ♠ + 1.78 % 7.448 sq mi 19.290 km 16,984 / sq mi 6,558 / km 02408711 34 ° 01 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 07 '' W / 34.0315 ° N 118.1686 ° W / 34.0315 ; - 118.1686 ( East Los Angeles ) Enterprise Nevada 108,481 14,676 7002639172799127830 ♠ + 639.17 % 46.513 sq mi 120.468 km 2,332 / sq mi 900 / km 02408084 36 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 115 ° 12 ′ 55 '' W / 36.0182 ° N 115.2154 ° W / 36.0182 ; - 115.2154 ( Enterprise ) Brandon Florida 103,483 77,895 7001328493484819310 ♠ + 32.85 % 33.101 sq mi 85.731 km 3,126 / sq mi 1,207 / km 02402711 27 ° 56 ′ 10 '' N 82 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 27.9360 ° N 82.2993 ° W / 27.9360 ; - 82.2993 ( Brandon ) Cities formerly over 100,000 people The following table lists U.S. cities that , in past censuses , have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city . The table below contains the following information : Name of city Name of state The city population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city 's peak population based on highest official enumeration recorded by the Census ( and the year of that particular Census ) The numeric decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2017 . The percent decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2017 . Any additional notes of significant importance . City State 2017 estimated population Peak population ( year ) Numeric decline from peak population Percent decline from peak population Notes Albany New York 7004982510000000000 ♠ 98,251 7005134995000000000 ♠ 134,995 ( 1950 ) - 36,744 - 27.22 % 2.30 % from 2000 to 2010 Allegheny Pennsylvania N / A 7005129896000000000 ♠ 129,896 ( 1900 ) -- -- annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 Brooklyn New York N / A 7005806343000000000 ♠ 806,343 ( 1890 ) -- -- consolidated with New York City in 1898 Camden New Jersey 7004745320000000000 ♠ 74,532 7005124555000000000 ♠ 124,555 ( 1950 ) - 50,023 - 40.16 % Canton Ohio 7004709090000000000 ♠ 70,909 7005116912000000000 ♠ 116,912 ( 1950 ) - 46,003 - 39.35 % Dearborn Michigan 7004944910000000000 ♠ 94,491 7005112007000000000 ♠ 112,007 ( 1960 ) - 17,516 - 15.64 % 9.93 % from 1990 to 2010 Duluth Minnesota 7004860660000000000 ♠ 86,066 7005107312000000000 ♠ 107,312 ( 1960 ) - 21,246 - 19.80 % Erie Pennsylvania 7004973690000000000 ♠ 97,369 7005138440000000000 ♠ 138,440 ( 1960 ) - 41,071 - 29.67 % Fall River Massachusetts 7004894200000000000 ♠ 89,420 7005120485000000000 ♠ 120,485 ( 1920 ) - 31,065 - 25.78 % Flint Michigan 7004964480000000000 ♠ 96,448 7005196940000000000 ♠ 196,940 ( 1960 ) - 100,492 - 51.03 % Gary Indiana 7004760080000000000 ♠ 76,008 7005178320000000000 ♠ 178,320 ( 1960 ) - 102,312 - 57.38 % Hammond Indiana 7004766180000000000 ♠ 76,618 7005111698000000000 ♠ 111,698 ( 1960 ) - 35,080 - 31.41 % Kenosha Wisconsin 7004998770000000000 ♠ 99,877 7005100150000000000 ♠ 100,150 ( 2012 est ) * - 273 - 0.27 % * Only recorded instance of surpassing 100,000 was July 1 , 2012 estimate Livonia Michigan 7004941050000000000 ♠ 94,105 7005110109000000000 ♠ 110,109 ( 1970 ) - 16,004 - 14.53 % Lynn Massachusetts 7004940630000000000 ♠ 94,063 7005102320000000000 ♠ 102,320 ( 1930 ) - 8,257 - 8.07 % 15.11 % from 1980 to 2010 New Bedford Massachusetts 7004951200000000000 ♠ 95,120 7005121217000000000 ♠ 121,217 ( 1920 ) - 26,097 - 21.53 % 1.39 % from 2000 to 2010 Niagara Falls New York 7004484600000000000 ♠ 48,460 7005102394000000000 ♠ 102,394 ( 1960 ) - 53,934 - 52.67 % Parma Ohio 7004791670000000000 ♠ 79,167 7005100216000000000 ♠ 100,216 ( 1970 ) - 21,049 - 21.00 % Portsmouth Virginia 7004945720000000000 ♠ 94,572 7005114773000000000 ♠ 114,773 ( 1960 ) - 20,201 - 17.60 % Reading Pennsylvania 7004884230000000000 ♠ 88,423 7005111171000000000 ♠ 111,171 ( 1930 ) - 22,748 - 20.46 % 12.38 % from 1990 to 2010 Roanoke Virginia 7004998370000000000 ♠ 99,837 7005100220000000000 ♠ 100,220 ( 1980 ) - 383 - 0.38 % 2.23 % from 2000 to 2010 Scranton Pennsylvania 7004776050000000000 ♠ 77,605 7005143333000000000 ♠ 143,333 ( 1930 ) - 65,728 - 45.86 % 1.6 % from 2010 to 2016 Somerville Massachusetts 7004813600000000000 ♠ 81,360 7005103908000000000 ♠ 103,908 ( 1930 ) - 22,548 - 21.70 % St. Joseph Missouri 7004764420000000000 ♠ 76,442 7005102979000000000 ♠ 102,979 ( 1900 ) - 26,537 - 25.77 % 6.86 % from 1990 to 2010 Trenton New Jersey 7004849640000000000 ♠ 84,964 7005128009000000000 ♠ 128,009 ( 1950 ) - 43,045 - 33.63 % Utica New York 7004606350000000000 ♠ 60,635 7005101740000000000 ♠ 101,740 ( 1930 ) - 41,105 - 40.40 % 2.61 % from 2000 to 2010 Wilmington Delaware 7004711060000000000 ♠ 71,106 7005112504000000000 ♠ 112,504 ( 1940 ) - 41,398 - 36.80 % Youngstown Ohio 7004646040000000000 ♠ 64,604 7005170002000000000 ♠ 170,002 ( 1930 ) - 105,398 - 62.00 % Locations of 50 most populous cities New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Austin Jacksonville San Francisco Indianapolis Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Seattle Denver El Paso Detroit Washington Boston Memphis Nashville Portland Oklahoma City Las Vegas Baltimore Louisville Milwaukee Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Kansas City Long Beach Mesa Atlanta Colorado Springs Virginia Beach Raleigh Omaha Miami Oakland Minneapolis Tulsa Wichita New Orleans Arlington Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States See also Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U.S. states and territories by population List of metropolitan areas of the United States List of United States counties and county equivalents United States Office of Management and Budget The OMB has defined 1098 statistical areas comprising 388 MSAs , 541 μSAs , and 169 CSAs Primary statistical area -- List of the 574 PSAs Combined Statistical Area -- List of the 169 CSAs Core Based Statistical Area -- List of the 929 CBSAs Metropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 388 MSAs Micropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 541 μSAs Largest cities in the United States by population by decade List of U.S. states ' largest cities by population List of cities proper by population ( most populous cities in the world ) List of United States cities by area List of United States cities by population density Lists of populated places in the United States Shrinking cities in the United States Largest cities in the United States by population by decade References Jump up ^ Towns in New England , while incorporated on a level similar to cities in other states , are considered minor civil divisions by the Census Bureau and are not included in its list of incorporated places . A detailed discussion on this subject can be found at New England town # Census treatment of the New England town system . ^ Jump up to : The State of Hawai ʻi has no incorporated municipalities other than the City and County of Honolulu , which comprises the entire Island of Oʻahu . In accordance with Hawaiian law , the United States Census Bureau defines the state 's `` cities '' and `` towns '' as Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) . The Census Bureau defines the Urban Honolulu CDP as the portion of the City and County of Honolulu that is coextensive with the Judicial District of Honolulu . The Urban Honolulu CDP is what is generally thought of as the `` city '' of Honolulu , and its population is used here and in other population comparisons . The Urban Honolulu CDP is currently the most populous Census Designated Place in the United States . The Honolulu , HI Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the entire City and County of Honolulu . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More , Ranked by July 1 , 2017 Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . U.S. Gazetteer Files . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Or federal district in the case of Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Since 1898 , the City of New York , New York , has comprised five boroughs with consolidated borough -- county governments : The Borough of Brooklyn and Kings County ( pop . 2,648,771 ) The Borough of Queens and Queens County ( pop . 2,358,582 ) The Borough of Manhattan and New York County ( pop . 1,664,727 ) The Borough of the Bronx and Bronx County ( pop . 1,471,160 ) The Borough of Staten Island and Richmond County ( pop . 479,458 ) Jump up ^ City wins census appeal ; count adjusted -- Houston Chronicle . Chron.com ( December 3 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The City of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Jacksonville , Florida , and Duval County , Florida , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Jacksonville comprises all of Duval County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City and County of San Francisco , California has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Marion County , Indiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Indianapolis comprises all of Marion County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Indianapolis ( balance ) . Jump up ^ The City and County of Denver , Colorado , has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Washington was consolidated with the District of Columbia in 1871 . Jump up ^ Nashville is a consolidated city - county . The population given is for the entire city - county , excluding other incorporated places lying within the city - county limits . ( See Nashville - Davidson ( balance ) , Tennessee ) . As of 2010 , the population of the city - county including other incorporated places was 626,681 . Jump up ^ The City of Louisville , Kentucky , and Jefferson County , Kentucky , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Louisville comprises all of Jefferson County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Louisville / Jefferson County metro government ( balance ) , Kentucky . ^ Jump up to : This is an independent city that is not part of any county . Jump up ^ The City of New Orleans , Louisiana , and Orleans Parish , Louisiana , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . Jump up ^ The City of Lexington , Kentucky , and Fayette County , Kentucky , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Municipality of Anchorage , Alaska , is a unified home rule municipality that functions as both a city and a borough . Jump up ^ The Town of Gilbert , Arizona , is currently the most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ Officially listed in US Census Bureau records as Boise City Jump up ^ The City of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and East Baton Rouge Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Baton Rouge has retained its own city limits within East Baton Rouge Parish . Jump up ^ The City of Augusta , Georgia , and Richmond County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Augusta comprises all of Richmond County except the two other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City of Columbus , Georgia , and Muscogee County , Georgia , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Town of Cary , North Carolina , is currently the second most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ Kansas City , Kansas , and Wyandotte County , Kansas , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Kansas City comprises all of Wyandotte County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ After approval by local voters in a 2012 referendum , the City of Macon , Georgia merged with most of unincorporated Bibb County , Georgia on January 1 , 2014 . The new consolidated government is officially `` Macon - Bibb County . '' Jump up ^ The City of Lafayette , Louisiana , and Lafayette Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Lafayette comprises all of Lafayette Parish except the other incorporated municipalities within the parish . Jump up ^ The City of Athens , Georgia , and Clarke County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Athens comprises all of Clarke County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ Official name is San Buenaventura Jump up ^ Jurupa Valley was incorporated as a city on July 1 , 2011 from various portions of unincorporated territory in Riverside County , California . Because of this , there is no official 2010 Census population . Jump up ^ The Town of Davie , Florida , is currently the third most populous incorporated town in the United States . ^ Jump up to : In the state of New Jersey , townships are full - fledged municipalities on par with any town , city , borough , or village . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ In the state of Michigan , charter townships are municipalities on par with any other incorporated city . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Governments '' ( PDF ) . Government Organization . U.S. Census Bureau . December 2002 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . April 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The population of all North Side neighborhoods of Pittsburgh ( 41,120 ) , plus Census Tract 4270 Blocks 2 & 3 , which are the sections of Millvale , Pennsylvania that were formally part of Allegheny City . ( an additional 2,301 ) , which totals to 43,421 . All data from the 2010 Census . Jump up ^ The population for Brooklyn in the 2010 Census was 2,504,700 . However , since Brooklyn is now a borough of the City of New York and thus no longer its own separate city , for the purposes of this chart , its current population will be regarded as negligible . External links Find more aboutUnited Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity United States Government United States Census Bureau 2010 United States Census USCB population estimates United States Office of Management and Budget Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_population&oldid=846300640 '' Categories : Cities in the United States Lists of cities in the United States by population United States demography - related lists Demographics by city in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 20 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. United States cities by population
2. Largest cities in the United States
3. Census-designated places
4. Consolidated city-counties
5. Metropolitan areas
|
-1,670,578,291,229,683,200 |
where is the black box located in a plane
|
Flight recorder - wikipedia Flight recorder Soviet MS - 61 Cockpit Voice Recorder An example of a flight data recorder ; the underwater locator beacon is the small cylinder on the far right . ( Translation of warning message in French : `` FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN '' . ) The warning appears in English on the other side . A flight recorder is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents . Flight recorders are also known by the misnomer black box -- they are in fact bright orange to aid in their recovery after accidents . There are two different flight recorder devices : the flight data recorder ( FDR ) preserves the recent history of the flight through the recording of dozens of parameters collected several times per second ; the cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit , including the conversation of the pilots . The two devices may be combined in a single unit . Together , the FDR and CVR give an accurate testimony , narrating the aircraft 's flight history , to assist in any later investigation . The two flight recorders are required by international regulation , overseen by the International Civil Aviation Organization , to be capable of surviving the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident . For this reason , they are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3400 g and temperatures of over 1,000 ° C ( 1,830 ° F ) , as required by EUROCAE ED - 112 . They have been a mandatory requirement in commercial aircraft in the United States since 1967 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early designs 1.2 Australia 1.3 United States 2 Terminology 3 Components 3.1 Flight data recorder 3.2 Cockpit voice recorder 3.3 Combined units 3.4 Additional equipment 4 Specifications 5 Regulation 5.1 Proposed requirements 5.1. 1 Deployable recorders 5.1. 2 Image recorders 5.2 After Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 5.3 After Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Play media 1985 ABC news report interviewing David Warren about his invention Cockpit voice recorder ( on display in the Deutsches Museum ) . This is a magnetic tape unit built to an old standard TSO C84 as shown on the nameplate . The text on the side in French says `` flight recorder do not open '' Early designs ( edit ) One of the earliest and proven attempts was made by François Hussenot and Paul Beaudouin in 1939 at the Marignane flight test center , France , with their `` type HB '' flight recorder ; they were essentially photograph - based flight recorders , because the record was made on a scrolling eight meters long by 88 millimeters wide photographic film . The latent image was made by a thin ray of light deviated by a mirror tilted according to the magnitude of the data to record ( altitude , speed , etc . ) . A pre-production run of 25 `` HB '' recorders was ordered in 1941 and HB recorders remained in use in French test centers well into the seventies . In 1947 , Hussenot founded the Société Française des Instruments de Mesure with Beaudouin and another associate , so as to market his invention , which was also known as the `` hussenograph '' . This company went on to become a major supplier of data recorders , used not only aboard aircraft but also trains and other vehicles . SFIM is today part of the Safran group and is still present on the flight recorder market . The advantage of the film technology was that it could be easily developed afterwards and provides a durable , visual feedback of the flight parameters without needing any playback device . On the other hand , unlike magnetic bands or later flash memory - based technology , a photographic film can not be erased and recycled , and so it must be changed periodically . As such , this technology was reserved for one - shot uses , mostly during planned test flights ; and it was not mounted aboard civilian aircraft during routine commercial flights . Also , the cockpit conversation was not recorded . Another form of flight data recorder was developed in the UK during World War II . Len Harrison and Vic Husband developed a unit that could withstand a crash and fire to keep the flight data intact . This unit used copper foil as the recording medium with various styli indicating various instruments / aircraft controls which indented the copper foil . The copper foil was periodically advanced at set periods of time therefore giving a history of the instruments / control settings of the aircraft . This unit was developed at Farnborough for the Ministry of Aircraft Production . At the war 's end the Ministry got Harrison and Husband to sign over their invention to them and the Ministry patented it under British patent 19330 / 45 . This unit was the forerunner of today 's black boxes being able to withstand conditions that aircrew could not . The first modern flight recorder , called `` Mata Hari '' , was created in 1942 by Finnish aviation engineer Veijo Hietala . This black high - tech mechanical box was able to record all important aviation details during test flights of World War II fighter aircraft that the Finnish army repaired or built in their main aviation factory in Tampere , Finland . Australia ( edit ) In 1953 , Australian engineer David Warren conceived a device that would record not only the instruments reading , but also the cockpit voices , when working with the Australian Research Laboratories . He built the first prototype in 1958 . Warren , when working with the Defence Science and Technology Organisations ' Aeronautical Research Laboratory ( Melbourne , Australia ) , published a 1954 report entitled `` A Device for Assisting Investigation into Aircraft Accidents '' and built a prototype FDR called `` The ARL Flight Memory Unit '' in 1957 . The first coupled FDR / CVR prototype designed with civilian aircraft in mind , for explicit post-crash examination purposes , was produced in 1958 . However , aviation authorities from around the world were largely uninterested . This changed in 1958 when Sir Robert Hardingham , the Secretary of the British Air Registration Board , visited the ARL and was introduced to Warren . The Aeronautical Research Laboratory allocated Warren an engineering team to develop the prototype to airborne stage . The team , consisting of electronics engineers Lane Sear , Wally Boswell and Ken Fraser developed a working design incorporating a fire and shockproof case , a reliable system for encoding and recording aircraft instrument readings and voice on one wire , and a ground - based decoding device . The ARL system became the `` Red Egg '' , made by the British firm of S. Davall & Sons , Ltd. , of Greenford , Middlesex . The `` Red Egg '' got its name from its shape and bright red color . In 1965 the units were redesigned and moved to the rear of airplanes to improve the probability of successful data retrieval after a crash . United States ( edit ) NTSB investigators recover flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder from UPS Airlines Flight 1354 The `` Flight Recorder '' was invented and patented in the United States by Professor James J. `` Crash '' Ryan , a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota from 1931 to 1963 . Ryan 's `` Flight Recorder '' patent was filed in August 1953 and approved on November 8 , 1960 ; see US Patent 2,959,459 . A second patent by Ryan for a `` Coding Apparatus For Flight Recorders and the Like '' is US Patent 3,075,192 dated January 22 , 1963 . An early prototype of the Ryan Flight Data Recorder is described in the January 2013 Aviation History Magazine article `` Father of the Black Box '' by Scott M. Fisher . Ryan , also the inventor of the retractable safety seat belt now required in automobiles , began working on the idea of a flight recorder in 1946 , and invented the device in response to the 1948 request from the Civil Aeronautics Board for development of a flight recorder as a means of accumulating data that could be used to get information useful in arriving at operating procedures designed to reduce air mishaps . The original device was known as the `` General Mills Flight Recorder '' . The benefits of the flight recorder and the coding apparatus for flight recorders were outlined by Ryan in his study entitled `` Economies in Airline Operation with Flight Recorders '' which was entered into the Congressional Record in 1956 . Ryan 's Flight Recorder maintained a continuing recording of aircraft flight data such as engine exhaust , temperature , fuel flow , aircraft velocity , altitude , control surfaces positions , and rate of descent . A `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( CSR ) was independently invented and patented by Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. , an aeronautical engineer at Lockheed Aircraft Corporation . He originally filed with the US Patent Office on February 2 , 1961 , as an `` Aircraft Cockpit Sound Recorder '' . The 1961 invention was viewed by some as an `` invasion of privacy '' . Subsequently Boniface filed again on February 4 , 1963 for a `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( US Patent 3,327,067 ) with the addition of a spring - loaded switch which allowed the pilot to erase the audio / sound tape recording at the conclusion of a safe flight and landing . Boniface 's participation in aircraft crash investigations in the 1940s and in the accident investigations of the loss of one of the wings at cruise altitude on each of two Lockheed Electra turboprop powered aircraft ( Flight # 542 operated by Braniff Airlines in 1959 and Flight # 710 operated by Northwest Orient Airlines in 1961 ) led to his wondering what the pilots may have said just prior to the wing loss and during the descent as well as the type and nature of any sounds or explosions that may have preceded or occurred during the wing loss . His patent was for a device for recording audio of pilot remarks and engine or other sounds to be `` contained with the in - flight recorder within a sealed container that is shock mounted , fireproofed and made watertight '' and `` sealed in such a manner as to be capable of withstanding extreme temperatures during a crash fire '' . The CSR was an analog device which provided a progressive erasing / recording loop ( lasting 30 or more minutes ) of all sounds ( explosion , voice , and the noise of any aircraft structural components undergoing serious fracture and breakage ) which could be overheard in the cockpit . Terminology ( edit ) GEE airborne equipment , with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A ' black box ' on the right . The origin of the term `` black box '' is uncertain . In a systems engineering context ( since the 1960s when the term was spreading ) , the meaning is that the aircraft is modeled as a black box , and its behaviour can be understood from its recorded inputs , such as pilot instructions , and outputs , such as flight level data . The term `` black box '' is almost never used within the flight safety industry or aviation , which prefers the term `` flight recorder '' . The recorders are not permitted to be black in color , and must be bright orange , as they are intended to be spotted and recovered after incidents . The term `` black box '' has been popularised by the media in general . One explanation for popularization of the term `` black box '' comes from the early film - based design of flight data recorders , which required the inside of the recorder to be perfectly dark to prevent light leaks from corrupting the record , as in a photographer 's darkroom . Another possible origin of the term is World War II RAF jargon . Prior to the end of the war in 1945 , new electronic innovations , such as Oboe , GEE and H2S , were added to bombers on a regular basis . The prototypes were roughly covered in hand - made metal boxes , painted black to prevent reflections . After a time any piece of `` new '' electronics was referred to as the `` box - of - tricks '' ( as illusionist box ) or the `` black box '' . The first recorded use of the term `` black box '' in reference to flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders was by Mr E. Newton of the AAIB at a meeting of the Aeronautical Research Council in August 1958 . Components ( edit ) Flight data recorder ( edit ) A typical flight recorder Cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder , each with an underwater locator beacon on the front An underwater locator beacon , with a ballpoint pen to provide scale A Cockpit Voice and Data Recorder ( CVDR ) , with its attached ULB visible on the left side of the unit A flight data recorder and a cockpit voice recorder installed on their mounting trays in the rear fuselage of an aircraft A flight data recorder ( FDR ; also ADR , for accident data recorder ) is an electronic device employed to record instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft . The data recorded by the FDR are used for accident and incident investigation . Due to their importance in investigating accidents , these ICAO - regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire . Contrary to the popular term `` black box '' , the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat - resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage , and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft 's tail section , where it is more likely to survive a severe crash . Following an accident , the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body , as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors . Modern day FDRs receive inputs via specific data frames from the Flight Data Acquisition Units ( FDAU ) . They record significant flight parameters , including the control and actuator positions , engine information and time of day . There are 88 parameters required as a minimum under current US federal regulations ( only 29 were required until 2002 ) , but some systems monitor many more variables . Generally each parameter is recorded a few times per second , though some units store `` bursts '' of data at a much higher frequency if the data begin to change quickly . Most FDRs record approximately 17 -- 25 hours of data in a continuous loop . It is required by regulations that an FDR verification check ( readout ) is performed annually in order to verify that all mandatory parameters are recorded . Modern FDRs are typically double wrapped in strong corrosion - resistant stainless steel or titanium , with high - temperature insulation inside . Modern FDRs are accompanied by an underwater locator beacon that emits an ultrasonic `` ping '' to aid in detection when submerged . These beacons operate for up to 30 days and are able to operate while immersed to a depth of up to 6,000 meters ( 20,000 ft ) . Cockpit voice recorder ( edit ) Both side views of a cockpit voice recorder , one type of flight recorder A cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flight deck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents . This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots ' headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of the cockpit . The current applicable FAA TSO is C123b titled Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment . Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and uses digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere . As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of two hours . A standard CVR is capable of recording 4 channels of audio data for a period of 2 hours . The original requirement was for a CVR to record for 30 minutes , but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases , significant parts of the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation having occurred more than 30 minutes before the end of the recording . The earliest CVRs used analog wire recording , later replaced by analog magnetic tape . Some of the tape units used two reels , with the tape automatically reversing at each end . The original was the ARL Flight Memory Unit produced in 1957 by Australian David Warren and an instrument maker named Tych Mirfield . Other units used a single reel , with the tape spliced into a continuous loop , much as in an 8 - track cartridge . The tape would circulate and old audio information would be overwritten every 30 minutes . Recovery of sound from magnetic tape often proves difficult if the recorder is recovered from water and its housing has been breached . Thus , the latest designs employ solid - state memory and use digital recording techniques , making them much more resistant to shock , vibration and moisture . With the reduced power requirements of solid - state recorders , it is now practical to incorporate a battery in the units , so that recording can continue until flight termination , even if the aircraft electrical system fails . Like the FDR , the CVR is typically mounted in the rear of the airplane fuselage to maximize the likelihood of its survival in a crash . Combined units ( edit ) With the advent of digital recorders , the FDR and CVR can be manufactured in one fireproof , shock proof , and waterproof container as a combined digital Cockpit Voice and Data Recorder ( CVDR ) . Currently , CVDRs are manufactured by L - 3 Communications , as well as by other manufacturers . Solid state recorders became commercially practical in 1990 , having the advantage of not requiring scheduled maintenance and making the data easier to retrieve . This was extended to the two - hour voice recording in 1995 . Additional equipment ( edit ) Since the 1970s , most large civil jet transports have been additionally equipped with a `` quick access recorder '' ( QAR ) . This records data on a removable storage medium . Access to the FDR and CVR is necessarily difficult because of the requirement that they survive an accident . They also require specialized equipment to read the recording . The QAR recording medium is readily removable and is designed to be read by equipment attached to a standard desktop computer . In many airlines , the quick access recordings are scanned for ' events ' , an event being a significant deviation from normal operational parameters . This allows operational problems to be detected and eliminated before an accident or incident results . Many modern aircraft systems are digital or digitally controlled . Very often , the digital system will include Built - In Test Equipment which records information about the operation of the system . This information may also be accessed to assist with the investigation of an accident or incident . Specifications ( edit ) Cockpit voice recorder memory module of PR - GTD , a Gol Transportes Aéreos Boeing 737 - 8EH SFP , found in the Amazon in Mato Grosso , Brazil . After the crash of Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 , Brazilian Air Force personnel show the recovered flight data recorder The design of today 's FDR is governed by the internationally recognized standards and recommended practices relating to flight recorders which are contained in ICAO Annex 6 which makes reference to industry crashworthiness and fire protection specifications such as those to be found in the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment documents EUROCAE ED55 , ED56 fiken A and ED112 ( Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems ) . In the United States , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) regulates all aspects of US aviation , and cites design requirements in their Technical Standard Order , based on the EUROCAE documents ( as do the aviation authorities of many other countries ) . Currently , EUROCAE specifies that a recorder must be able to withstand an acceleration of 3400 g ( 33 km / s2 ) for 6.5 milliseconds . This is roughly equivalent to an impact velocity of 270 knots ( 310 mph ; 500 km / h ) and a deceleration or crushing distance of 45 cm . Additionally , there are requirements for penetration resistance , static crush , high and low temperature fires , deep sea pressure , sea water immersion , and fluid immersion . EUROCAE ED - 112 ( Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems ) defines the minimum specification to be met for all aircraft requiring flight recorders for recording of flight data , cockpit audio , images and CNS / ATM digital messages and used for investigations of accidents or incidents . When issued in March 2003 ED - 112 superseded previous ED - 55 and ED - 56A that were separate specifications for FDR and CVR . FAA TSOs for FDR and CVR reference ED - 112 for characteristics common to both types . In order to facilitate recovery of the recorder from an aircraft accident site they are required to be coloured bright yellow or orange with reflective surfaces . All are lettered `` FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN '' on one side in English and the same in French on the other side . To assist recovery from submerged sites they must be equipped with an underwater locator beacon which is automatically activated in the event of an accident . Regulation ( edit ) In the investigation of the 1960 crash of Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 at Mackay ( Queensland ) , the inquiry judge strongly recommended that flight recorders be installed in all Australian airliners . Australia became the first country in the world to make cockpit - voice recording compulsory . The Digital Flight Data Recorder from West Air Sweden Flight 294 . All data was collected , even though the rest of the aircraft was heavily fragmented The United States ' first CVR rules were passed in 1964 , requiring all turbine and piston aircraft with four or more engines to have CVRs by March 1 , 1967 . As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the CVR recording duration is a minimum of two hours , following the NTSB recommendation that it should be increased from its previously - mandated 30 - minute duration . As of 2014 , the United States requires flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders on aircraft that have 20 or more passenger seats , or those that have six or more passenger seats , are turbine - powered , and require two pilots . For US air carriers and manufacturers , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) is responsible for investigating accidents and safety - related incidents . The NTSB also serves in an advisory role for many international investigations not under its formal jurisdiction . The NTSB does not have regulatory authority , but must depend on legislation and other government agencies to act on its safety recommendations . In addition , 49 USC Section 1114 ( c ) prohibits the NTSB from making the audio recordings public except by written transcript . The ARINC Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee ( AEEC ) . The 700 Series of standards describe the form , fit , and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft . The FDR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 747 . The CVR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 757 . Proposed requirements ( edit ) Deployable recorders ( edit ) The NTSB recommended in 1999 that operators be required to install two sets of CVDR systems , with the second CVDR set being `` deployable or ejectable '' . The `` deployable '' recorder combines the cockpit voice / flight data recorders and an emergency locator transmitter ( ELT ) in a single unit . The `` deployable '' unit would depart the aircraft before impact , activated by sensors . The unit is designed to `` eject '' and `` fly '' away from the crash site , to survive the terminal velocity of fall , to float on water indefinitely , and would be equipped with satellite technology for immediate location of crash impact site . The `` deployable '' CVDR technology has been used by the US Navy since 1993 . The recommendations would involve a massive retrofit program . However , government funding would negate cost objections from manufacturers and airlines . Operators would get both sets of recorders for free : they would not have to pay for the one set they are currently required by law to carry . The cost of the second `` deployable / ejectable CVDR '' ( or `` Black Box '' ) was estimated at US $30 million for installation in 500 new aircraft ( about $60,000 per new commercial plane ) . In the United States , the proposed SAFE Act calls for implementing the NTSB 1999 recommendations . However , so far the SAFE ACT legislation has failed to pass Congress , having been introduced in 2003 ( H.R. 2632 ) , in 2005 ( H.R. 3336 ) , and in 2007 ( H.R. 4336 ) . Originally the `` Safe Aviation Flight Enhancement ( SAFE ) Act of 2003 '' was introduced on June 26 , 2003 by Congressman David Price ( NC ) and Congressman John Duncan ( Tennessee ) in a bipartisan effort to ensure investigators have access to information immediately following commercial accidents . On July 19 , 2005 , a revised SAFE Act was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the US House of Representatives . The bill was referred to the House Subcommittee on Aviation during the 108th , 109th , and 110th Congresses . Image recorders ( edit ) The NTSB has asked for the installation of cockpit image recorders in large transport aircraft to provide information that would supplement existing CVR and FDR data in accident investigations . They have recommended that image recorders be placed into smaller aircraft that are not required to have a CVR or FDR . The rationale is that what is seen on an instrument by the pilots of an aircraft is not necessarily the same as the data sent to the display device . This is particularly true of aircraft equipped with electronic displays ( CRT or LCD ) . A mechanical instrument is likely to preserve its last indication , but this is not the case with an electronic display . Such systems , estimated to cost less than $8,000 installed , typically consist of a camera and microphone located in the cockpit to continuously record cockpit instrumentation , the outside viewing area , engine sounds , radio communications , and ambient cockpit sounds . As with conventional CVRs and FDRs , data from such a system is stored in a crash - protected unit to ensure survivability . Since the recorders can sometimes be crushed into unreadable pieces , or even located in deep water , some modern units are self - ejecting ( taking advantage of kinetic energy at impact to separate themselves from the aircraft ) and also equipped with radio emergency locator transmitters and sonar underwater locator beacons to aid in their location . After Malaysia Airlines flight 370 ( edit ) On March 12 , 2014 , in response to the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 , David Price re-introduced the SAFE Act in the US House of Representatives . The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 demonstrated the limits of the contemporary flight recorder technology , namely how physical possession of the flight recorder device is necessary to help investigate the cause of an aircraft incident . Considering the advances of modern communication , technology commentators called for flight recorders to be supplemented or replaced by a system that provides `` live streaming '' of data from the aircraft to the ground . Furthermore , commentators called for the underwater locator beacon 's range and battery life to be extended , as well as the outfitting of civil aircraft with the deployable flight recorders typically used in military aircraft . Previous to MH370 , the investigators of the 2009 Air France Flight 447 urged to extend the battery life as `` rapidly as possible '' after the crash 's flight recorders went unrecovered for over a year . After Indonesia AirAsia flight 8501 ( edit ) On December 28 , 2014 , Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 , en route from Surabaya , Indonesia , to Singapore , crashed in bad weather , killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board . On January 12 and 13 , 2015 , following the recovery of the flight recorders , an anonymous ICAO representative said : `` The time has come that deployable recorders are going to get a serious look . '' Unlike military recorders , which jettison away from an aircraft , signaling their location to search and rescue bodies , recorders on commercial aircraft remain inside the fuselage . A second ICAO official said that public attention had `` galvanized momentum in favour of ejectable recorders on commercial aircraft '' . Cultural references ( edit ) The artwork for the band Rammstein 's album Reise , Reise is made to look like a CVR ; it also includes a recording from a crash . The recording is from the last 1 -- 2 minutes of the CVR of Japan Airlines Flight 123 , which crashed on August 12 , 1985 , killing 520 people ; JAL 123 is the deadliest single - aircraft disaster in history . Members of the performing arts collective Collective : Unconscious made a theatrical presentation of a play called Charlie Victor Romeo with a script based on transcripts from CVR voice recordings of nine aircraft emergencies . The play features the famous United Airlines Flight 232 that landed in a cornfield near Sioux City , Iowa after suffering a catastrophic failure of one engine and most flight controls . Survivor , a novel by Chuck Palahniuk , is about a cult member who dictates his life story to a flight recorder before the plane runs out of fuel and crashes . See also ( edit ) Aviation portal Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics Black box theory Data logger Emergency locator beacon Emergency position - indicating radiobeacon station Event data recorder Flight operations quality assurance Korean Air Lines Flight 007 List of unrecovered flight recorders Quick access recorder Train event recorder Voyage data recorder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jean - Claude Fayer , Vols d'essais : Le Centre d'Essais en Vol de 1945 à 1960 , published by E.T.A.I. ( Paris ) , 2001 , 384 pages , ISBN 2 - 7268 - 8534 - 9 Jump up ^ Page 206 and 209 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin Jump up ^ `` Mata - Hari or Black Box '' . Museums of Tampere. 1946 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian Research Laboratories Jump up ^ A Brief History of Black Boxes , Time Magazine , July 20 , 2009 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Dave Warren -- Inventor of the black box flight recorder '' . Defence Science and Technology Organisation . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Research Laboratories '' . Apc-online.com . February 9 , 2000 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Black Boxes '' . Time Magazine . No . July 20 . 2009 . p. 22 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( US Patent 2,959,459 for Flight Recorder by James J. Ryan ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=02959459 ) Jump up ^ ( US Patent 3,075,192 for Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders by James J. Ryan ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=03075192 ) Jump up ^ `` Aviation History - Books , Facts , News , Photos / Art Gallery '' . aviationhistory.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' . Google Patents . Google Inc . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airplane ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder Technology , How it Works '' . Slyck News , March 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Why Are Cockpit Voice Recorders Painted Orange and Called a Black Box ? '' . Guardian Liberty Voice , By Jerry Nelson on March 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( American Aviation Historical Society Fall - Winter 2014 Journal http://www.aahs-online.org/journals/journal_template.php?vol_no=v59n34 ) Jump up ^ `` The Flight Data Recorder '' . Aviation Digest , May 11 , 2015 , page 58 . Jump up ^ US Patent 3,327,067 for Cockpit Sound Recorder by Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=03327067 Jump up ^ `` France to resume ' black box ' hunt '' . BBC News . December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ page 210 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Black Box '' . IEEE Spectrum . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` radar -- 1946 -- 0844 -- Flight Archive '' . flightglobal.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Flight Data Recorder Systems '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . April 10 , 2007 . Section 3 Point B. Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Data Recorder OSA '' . Jump up ^ `` SSFDR Solid State Flight Data Recorder , ARINC 747 - TSO C 124 - ED 55 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Aviation Regulation Sec . 121.359 ( h ) ( i ) ( 2 ) , amendment 338 and greater -- Cockpit voice recorders '' . Risingup.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Aviation Regulation Sec . 23.1457 -- Cockpit voice recorders '' . Risingup.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` L - 3 Aviation Recorders '' . l-3ar.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Flight Recorders '' . L3 Flight Recorders . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Luftfahrt . `` European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment '' . Eurocae.net . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSO - C124a FAA Regs '' . Airweb.faa.gov . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black box flight recorders '' . ATSB. April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dave Warren - Inventor of the black box flight recorder '' . Defence Science and Technology Organisation . March 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil . `` The Evolution of Flight Data Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Australian Society of Air Safety Investigators conference , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nick Komos ( August 1989 ) . Air Progress : 76 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 Most Wanted List Page . Recorders . '' NTSB Archived August 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ > U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` 14 CFR 91.609 '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell Law School . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ > `` History of the NTSB '' . NTSB Official Site . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/process/Documents/CVR_Handbook.pdf Jump up ^ `` ARINC Store , 700 series '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Aviation Today '' . aviationtoday.com . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act of 2005 ( 2005 ; 109th Congress H.R. 3336 ) - GovTrack.us '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act - ( ( SAFE ) Act of 2003 ) '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 -- via govtrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 108th Congress ( 2003 - 2004 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 109th Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 110th Congress ( 2007 - 2008 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NTSB -- Most Wanted '' . Ntsb.gov . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Bart . `` Lawmaker urges ' black boxes ' that eject from planes '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 makes it clear : we need to rethink black boxes Stephen Trimble Comment is free '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 : Why airlines do n't live - stream black box data '' . Technology & Science . CBC News . August 4 , 2005 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yu , Yijun . `` If we 'd used the cloud , we might know where MH370 is now '' , The Conversation ( website ) , London , March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved on August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 : Expert demands better black box technology '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia QZ8501 : More bad weather hits AirAsia search '' . BBC News . January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia crash makes case for ejectable black boxes '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Collective : Unconscious '' . Charlievictorromeo.com . July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) American Aviation Historical Society , Volume 59 , Fall - Winter 2014 , `` Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. : Inventing the Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( Extraordinary ) , `` Extraordinary Inventor '' , U of A Engineer Magazine , Winter 2005 ( Survivors ) , `` Saving Survivors by Finding Fallen Aircrafts ( sic ) '' , NRC , 2008 - 03 - 05 Jeremy Sear , `` The ARL ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder '' , University of Melbourne , October 2001 Siegel , Greg ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 3 . Black Boxes '' . Forensic Media : Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity . Duke University Press . pp. 89 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 7623 - 1 . Wyatt , David ; Mike Tooley ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 18 . Flight data and cockpit voice recorders '' . Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems . Routledge . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 44435 - 7 . Ben Hargreaves ( Apr 13 , 2017 ) . `` Flight Data Recorder Evolution : Where Next ? '' . MRO - network . Aviation Week . Could flight data recorders evolve to be useful in preventative maintenance as well ? . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cockpit voice recorders . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flight data recorders . ' The ARL ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder ' : Melbourne University history honours thesis on the development of the first cockpit voice recorder by David Warren Finnish Mata - Hari Flight Recorder in Museums of Tampere City `` Beyond the Black Box : Instead of storing flight data on board , aircraft could easily send the information in real time to the ground , '' by Krishna M. Kavi , IEEE Spectrum , August 2010 `` A crash course in transportation safety '' . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . David Warren interview transcript 2002 , ABC TV ( Australia ) David Warren interview transcript 2003 , ABC TV ( Australia ) etep , Flight Recorder designer Heavy Vehicle EDR information site for black box technology How Black Boxes Work at HowStuffWorks IRIG 106 Chapter 10 : Flight data recorder digital recorder standard Public domain photos of recorders Cockpit Voice Recorder Database Popular Mechanics , March 19 , 2008 `` His Crashes Helped Make Ours Less Dangerous '' US 3075192 James J. Ryan : `` Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders and the Like '' First modern flight recorder `` Mata Hari '' at display in Tampere museum Vapriikki . <Th_colspan="2"> Aircraft components and systems Airframe structure Aft pressure bulkhead Cabane strut Canopy Cruciform tail Dope Empennage Fabric covering Fairing Flying wires Former Fuselage Hardpoint Interplane strut Jury strut Leading edge Lift strut Longeron Nacelle Rib Ring tail Spar Stabilizer Stressed skin Strut T - tail Tailplane Trailing edge Triple tail Twin tail Vertical stabilizer V - tail Y - tail Wing root Wing tip Wingbox Flight controls Aileron Airbrake Artificial feel Autopilot Canard Centre stick Deceleron Dive brake Electro - hydraulic actuator Elevator Elevon Flaperon Flight control modes Fly - by - wire Gust lock Rudder Servo tab Side - stick Spoiler Spoileron Stabilator Stick pusher Stick shaker Trim tab Wing warping Yaw damper Yoke Aerodynamic and high - lift devices Active Aeroelastic Wing Adaptive compliant wing Blown flap Channel wing Dog - tooth Droop Flap Gouge flap Gurney flap Krueger flap Leading edge cuff LEX Slats Slot Stall strips Strake Variable - sweep wing Vortex generator Vortilon Wing fence Winglet Avionic and flight instrument systems ACAS Air data computer Airspeed indicator Altimeter Annunciator panel Attitude indicator Compass Course deviation indicator EFIS EICAS Flight management system Glass cockpit GPS Heading indicator Horizontal situation indicator INS Pitot - static system Radar altimeter TCAS Transponder Turn and slip indicator Vertical Speed Indicator Yaw string Propulsion controls , devices and fuel systems Autothrottle Drop tank FADEC Fuel tank Gascolator Inlet cone Intake ramp NACA cowling Self - sealing fuel tank Splitter plate Throttle Thrust lever Thrust reversal Townend ring Wet wing Landing and arresting gear Aircraft tire Arrestor hook Autobrake Conventional landing gear Drogue parachute Landing gear Landing gear extender Oleo strut Tricycle landing gear Tundra tire Escape systems Ejection seat Escape crew capsule Other systems Aircraft lavatory Auxiliary power unit Bleed air system Deicing boot Emergency oxygen system Flight data recorder Entertainment system Environmental control system Hydraulic system Ice protection system Landing lights Navigation light Passenger service unit Ram air turbine Weeping wing <Th_colspan="2"> Jet engines and aircraft gas turbines Gas turbines and jet propulsion Types Propfan Turbofan Turbojet Turboprop Turboshaft Ramjet Rocket Mechanical components Accessory drive Air intake Afterburner ( reheat ) Axial compressor Centrifugal compressor Combustor Constant speed drive Propelling nozzle Turbine blade Principles Aircraft engine starting Bleed air Brayton cycle Bypass ratio Compressor stall Engine pressure ratio ( EPR ) Flameout Jet engine performance Overall pressure ratio Propulsive efficiency Specific impulse Thrust Thrust lapse Thrust specific fuel consumption Thrust to weight ratio Variable cycle engine Windmill restart Propellers Components Propeller governor Propeller speed reduction unit Principles Autofeather Blade pitch Constant - speed Contra - rotating Counter-rotating Proprotor Scimitar Variable - pitch Engine instruments Annunciator panel Electronic centralised aircraft monitor ( ECAM ) Electronic flight instrument system ( EFIS ) Engine - indicating and crew - alerting system ( EICAS ) Flight data recorder Glass cockpit Engine controls Autothrottle Full Authority Digital Engine / Electronics ( FADEC ) Thrust lever Thrust reversal Fuel and induction systems Jet fuel Other systems Air - start system Auxiliary power unit ( APU ) Bleed air system Hydraulic system Ice protection system <Th_colspan="2"> Commercial air travel Airlines Airline codes Airline holding companies Charter airlines Low - cost airlines Passenger airlines Regional airlines Alliances Oneworld SkyTeam Star Alliance Value Alliance Vanilla Alliance U-FLY Alliance Trade groups International ACO ATAG IATA IATAN ISTAT United States A4A RAA Europe A4E AEA EBAA ELFAA ERA Other regions AACO AAPA AFRAA RAAA Aircrew Captain First Officer Second Officer Third Officer Flight attendant Flight engineer Loadmaster Pilot Purser Deadheading Airliner Travel class First class ( aviation ) First class travel Business Premium economy Economy Aircraft cabin Aircraft lavatory Aircraft seat map Airline meal Airline seat Buy on board Crew rest compartment In - flight entertainment Inflight smoking Galley Sickness bag Airport Aerodrome Airline hub Airport check - in Airport lounge Airport rail link Airport terminal Airstair Boarding Domestic airport Gate International airport Jet bridge Low cost carrier terminal Runway Transit hotel Customs / Immigration Arrival card ( Landing card ) Border control Departure card Passport Timatic Travel document Visa Environmental impact Hypermobility Impact on environment Law Air transport agreement Bermuda Agreement ( UK - US , 1946 - 78 ) Bermuda II Agreement ( UK - US , 1978 - 2008 ) China - US Cross-Strait charter ( China - Taiwan ) Beijing Convention Cape Town Treaty Chicago Convention Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives European Common Aviation Area Flight permit Freedoms of the air Hague Hijacking Convention Hague Protocol ICAO Montreal Convention Open skies ( EU -- US Open Skies Agreement ) Paris Convention of 1919 Rome Convention Sabotage Convention Tokyo Convention Warsaw Convention Luggage Bag tag Baggage allowance Baggage carousel Baggage cart Baggage reclaim Baggage handler Baggage handling system Checked baggage Hand luggage Lost luggage Luggage lock Safety Air Navigation and Transport Act Air rage Air traffic control ( ATC ) Aircraft safety card Airport authority Airport crash tender Airport police Airport security Brace position Evacuation slide Flight recorder National aviation authority Overwing exits Pre-flight safety demonstration Sky marshal Ticketing Airline booking ploys Airline reservations system Airline ticket Airline timetable Bereavement flight Boarding pass Codeshare agreement Continent pass Electronic ticket Fare basis code Flight cancellation and delay Frequent - flyer program Government contract flight One - way travel Open - jaw ticket Passenger name record Red - eye flight Round - the - world ticket Standby Tracking Travel agency Travel website Groundcrew Aircraft maintenance technician Aircraft ground handler Baggage handler Flight dispatcher Miscellaneous Mile high club This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_recorder&oldid=854565143 '' Categories : Aircraft recorders Australian inventions Aviation safety Avionics Defence Science and Technology Organisation Vehicle design Aircraft emergency systems Beacons Rescue equipment Aircraft components Recording devices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Transportation Safety Board Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 08 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Flight data recorder
2. Cockpit voice recorder
3. Black box
4. Aviation accidents
5. Investigation of accidents and incidents
|
1,301,168,526,611,564,300 |
can a foreign born us citizen be president
|
Natural - born - citizen clause - wikipedia Natural - born - citizen clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President . This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence . The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' , and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning . The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars , together with relevant case law , is that natural - born citizens include , subject to exceptions , those born in the United States . Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at the moment of birth '' , regardless of place of birth , are also natural - born citizens . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States ; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil . The natural - born - citizen clause has been mentioned in passing in several decisions of the United States Supreme Court , and by some lower courts that have addressed eligibility challenges , but the Supreme Court has never directly addressed the question of a specific presidential or vice-presidential candidate 's eligibility as a natural - born citizen . Many eligibility lawsuits from the 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 election cycles were dismissed in lower courts due to the challengers ' difficulty in showing that they had standing to raise legal objections . Additionally , some experts have suggested that the precise meaning of the natural - born - citizen clause may never be decided by the courts because , in the end , presidential eligibility may be determined to be a non-justiciable political question that can be decided only by Congress rather than by the judicial branch of government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional provisions 2 History 2.1 Antecedents in Britain 2.2 Between 1776 and 1789 2.3 Constitutional Convention 2.4 Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause 2.5 Proposed constitutional amendments 3 Rationale 4 Interpretations of the clause 4.1 Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795 4.2 Government officials ' interpretations 4.2. 1 1800s 4.2. 2 1900s 4.3 Interpretations by the courts 4.3. 1 1800s 4.3. 2 1900s 4.3. 3 2000s 4.4 Academic interpretations 4.4. 1 1800s 4.4. 2 1900s 4.4. 3 2000s 4.4. 3.1 Foreign soil & territories 4.4. 3.2 American soil 5 Eligibility challenges 5.1 1800s 5.1. 1 Chester A. Arthur 5.1. 2 Christopher Schürmann 5.2 1900s 5.2. 1 Charles Evans Hughes 5.2. 2 Barry Goldwater 5.2. 3 George Romney 5.2. 4 Lowell Weicker 5.3 2000s 5.3. 1 John McCain 5.3. 2 Barack Obama 5.3. 3 Ted Cruz 5.3. 4 Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal 5.4 Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible 5.4. 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Part of the constitutional provision as it appeared in 1787 Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States , under clause 5 ( emphasis added ) : No Person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . The Twelfth Amendment states , `` No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States . '' The Fourteenth Amendment does not use the phrase natural - born citizen . It does provide , `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . '' Under Article One , representatives and senators are required to be U.S. citizens , but there is no requirement that they be natural born . History ( edit ) Antecedents in Britain ( edit ) The use of the term `` natural born '' was not without precedent . An early recorded mention was in Calvin 's Case ( 1608 ) , in terms of birth within the jurisdiction of the sovereignty of the King . Statutes in Britain prior to American independence used the phrase `` natural born subject '' . For example , clause III of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 provided : That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever The Act was repealed ( except for the quoted clause III regarding foreign - born children ) by the Tories in 1711 by the statute 10 Anne c. 5 . Subsequently , the British Nationality Act 1730 provided : for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act ... ( t ) hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance , whose Fathers were or shall be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively ... are hereby declared to be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain , to all Intents , Constructions and Purposes whatsoever . Another use is in the Plantation Act 1740 : ( A ) ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty , His Heirs , or Successors , who have ... or shall inhabit or reside for ... seven years or more in any of His Majesty 's colonies in America ... shall be deemed , adjudged , and taken to be His Majesty 's natural - born subjects of this Kingdom . Jurist William Blackstone wrote in 1765 that `` Natural - born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England '' . Blackstone added that offspring who are not inhabitants may also be natural born subjects : But by several more modern statutes ... all children , born out of the king 's ligeance , whose fathers were natural - born subjects , are now natural - born subjects themselves , to all intents and purposes , without any exception ; unless their said fathers were attainted , or banished beyond sea , for high treason ; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain . In 1775 , however , Blackstone reversed his opinion and explained that the children `` are now deemed to be natural - born subjects '' rather than `` are now natural - born subjects . '' Similarly , Francis Plowden initially explained that an early English statute made foreign - born children of English parents `` in fact and law ... true native subjects '' and that the eighteenth century British statutes made persons natural born subjects by statute law just as others were natural born subjects by the common law . However , after further consideration he also reversed his opinion and concluded in 1785 that the statutes did not make the children natural born subjects -- rather , there remained a `` relict of alienage in them . '' Prior to Blackstone , Edward Coke offered a narrower opinion in Calvin 's Case . According to Coke : `` ( I ) f any of the King 's ambassadors in foreign nations , have children there of their wives , being English women , by the common laws of England they are natural - born subjects , and yet they are born out - of the King 's dominions . '' The term `` natural born '' has often been used synonymously with `` native born '' . The English lexicographer Samuel Johnson wrote in 1756 that the word `` natural '' means `` native , '' and that the word `` native '' may mean either an `` inhabitant '' or an `` offspring '' . Between 1776 and 1789 ( edit ) From the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) to the ratification of the Constitution ( 1789 ) , the thirteen states were independent of Britain , and during much of this time the Articles of Confederation tied together the country . The phrase `` natural born citizen '' was sometimes used during this period . An example occurred in 1784 when the Maryland General Assembly conferred citizenship on the ( French - born ) Marquis de Lafayette : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland -- that the Marquis de laFayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be entitled to all the Immunities , Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof ... Constitutional Convention ( edit ) The Constitution does not explain the meaning of `` natural born '' . On June 18 , 1787 , Alexander Hamilton submitted to the Convention a sketch of a plan of government . The sketch provided for an executive `` Governour '' but had no eligibility requirements . At the close of the Convention , Hamilton conveyed a paper to James Madison he said delineated the Constitution that he wished had been proposed by the Convention ; he had stated its principles during the deliberations . Max Farrand wrote that it `` was not submitted to the Convention and has no further value than attaches to the personal opinions of Hamilton . '' Article IX , section 1 of Hamilton 's draft constitution provided : `` No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States , or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States . '' On July 25 , 1787 , John Jay wrote to George Washington , presiding officer of the Convention : Permit me to hint , whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government , and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to , nor devolve on , any but a natural born Citizen . While the Committee of Detail originally proposed that the President must be merely a citizen , as well as a resident for 21 years , the Committee of Eleven changed `` citizen '' to `` natural born citizen '' , and the residency requirement to 14 years , without recorded explanation after receiving Jay 's letter . The Convention accepted the change without further recorded debate . Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause ( edit ) In 2012 , Abdul Karim Hassan filed several unsuccessful lawsuits that claimed the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had superseded the natural - born - citizen clause ; he had argued natural - born citizenship was a form of discrimination based on national origin . Proposed constitutional amendments ( edit ) More than two dozen proposed constitutional amendments have been introduced in Congress to relax the restriction . Two of the more well known were introduced by Representative Jonathan Bingham in 1974 , with the intent to allow German - born Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( otherwise fourth in the line of succession ) to become eligible , and the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment by Senator Orrin Hatch in 2003 , intending to allow eligibility for Austrian - born Arnold Schwarzenegger . The Bingham amendment would have also made clear the eligibility of those born abroad to U.S. parents , while the Hatch one would have allowed those who have been naturalized citizens for twenty years to be eligible . Rationale ( edit ) St. George Tucker , an early federal judge , wrote in his 1803 edition of William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , perhaps the leading authority for the delegates to the Constitutional Convention for the terms used in the Constitution , that the natural born citizen clause is `` a happy means of security against foreign influence '' and that `` ( t ) he admission of foreigners into our councils , consequently , can not be too much guarded against . '' In a footnote , Tucker wrote that naturalized citizens have the same rights as the natural - born except `` they are forever incapable of being chosen to the office of president of the United States . '' In a speech before the Senate , delegate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney gave the rationale , `` to insure experience and attachment to the country . '' Professor Akhil Amar of Yale Law School claimed that there had been a perception on the part of those drafting the constitution that a member of the European aristocracy could immigrate and buy his way into power . Interpretations of the clause ( edit ) Naturalization acts of 1790 and 1795 ( edit ) Because of the large number of Framers who went on to serve in Congress , laws passed by the early sessions of Congress have often been looked to as evidence of the Framers ' intent . The Naturalization Act of 1790 stated that `` the children of citizens of the United States , that may be born beyond sea , or out of the limits of the United States , shall be considered as natural born citizens : Provided , That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States . '' This act was repealed by the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which removed the characterization of such children as `` natural born '' , stating that `` the children of citizens of the United States , born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States , shall be considered as citizens of the United States '' while retaining the same residency restrictions as the 1790 act . Government officials ' interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) John Bingham , an American lawyer and politician , held to the belief that natural born should be interpreted as born in the United States . In 1862 , in the House of Representatives he stated : The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject . The words `` natural born citizen of the United States '' appear in it , and the other provision appears in it that , `` Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization . '' To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship . Who are natural born citizens but those born within the Republic ? Those born within the Republic , whether black or white , are citizens by birth -- natural born citizens . He reiterated his statement in 1866 : Every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is , in the language of your Constitution itself , a natural - born citizen ; but , sir , I may be allowed to say further that I deny that the Congress of the United States ever had the power , or color of power to say that any man born within the jurisdiction of the United States , not owing a foreign allegiance , is not and shall not be a citizen of the United States . Citizenship is his birthright and neither the Congress nor the States can justly or lawfully take it from him . Edward Bates also held to the belief that `` natural born '' should be interpreted as `` born in the United States '' . He also indicated that those born in the United States to alien parents , even if they reside elsewhere , are still considered natural born . In 1862 , Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase sent a query to Attorney General Edward Bates asking whether or not `` colored men '' can be citizens of the United States . The question arose because the Coast Guard had detained a schooner commanded by a free `` colored man '' who claimed he was a citizen of the United States . If he were a U.S. citizen the boat could be released , but otherwise -- the Civil War then being fought -- it would be confiscated . No information about the man 's birth or parentage was provided . Bates responded on November 29 , 1862 , with a 27 - page opinion -- considered of such importance that the government published it not only in the official volumes of Attorney - General opinions but also as a separate booklet -- concluding , I conclude that the free man of color , mentioned in your letter , if born in the United States , is a citizen of the United States . ( italics in original ) In the course of that opinion , Bates commented at some length on the nature of citizenship , and wrote , ... our constitution , in speaking of natural born citizens , uses no affirmative language to make them such , but only recognizes and reaffirms the universal principle , common to all nations , and as old as political society , that the people born in a country do constitute the nation , and , as individuals , are natural members of the body politic . ( italics in original ) In another opinion , dated September 1 , 1862 , Bates dealt with a question from the Secretary of State , of whether a person born in the U.S. to two non-citizens , who is taken with them back to their country , could , years later , re-enter the United States as of right , as a U.S. citizen . Bates wrote : I am quite clear in the opinion that children born in the United States of alien parents , who have never been naturalized , are native - born citizens of the United States , and , of course , do not require the formality of naturalization to entitle them to the rights and privileges of such citizenship . I might sustain this opinion by a reference to the well - settled principle of the common law of England on this subject ; to the writings of many of the earlier and later commentators on our Constitution and laws ; ... and lastly to the dicta and decisions of many of our national and state tribunals . But all this has been well done by Assistant Vice Chancellor Sandford , in the case of Lynch vs. Clarke , and I forbear . I refer to his opinion for a full and clear statement of the principle , and of the reasons and authorities for its support . Unlike Edward Bates , U.S. Secretary of State William Learned Marcy was equivocal about whether those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens . In 1854 Marcy wrote John Y. Mason , the U.S. Minister to France : In reply to the inquiry ... whether `` the children of foreign parents born in the United States , but brought to the country of which the father is a subject , and continuing to reside within the jurisdiction of their father 's country , are entitled to protection as citizens of the United States '' , I have to observe that it is presumed that , according to the common law , any person born in the United States , unless he be born in one of the foreign legations therein , may be considered a citizen thereof until he formally renounces his citizenship . There is not , however any United States statute containing a provision upon this subject , nor , so far as I am aware , has there been any judicial decision in regard to it . U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont , however , shared Edward Bates ' opinion that those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens , and he added that they should be entitled to be president of the United States , if elected . In 1875 Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State , Hamilton Fish . A young man , named Arthur Steinkauler , had been born in Missouri in 1855 , a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen . When he was four years old , his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since . The father had relinquished his U.S. citizenship and the young man was now 20 years old and about to be drafted into the Imperial German army . The question was asked `` What was this young man 's situation as a native - born American citizen ? '' After studying the relevant legal authorities , Pierrepont wrote : Under the treaty ( of 1868 with Germany ) , and in harmony with American doctrine , it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject ( his son being yet a minor ) , and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality . It is equally clear that the son , by birth , has American nationality , and hence he has two nationalities , one natural , the other acquired ... Young Steinkauler is a native - born American citizen . There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright . He can return to America at the age of 21 , and in due time , if the people elect , he can become President of the United States ... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth , with its duties and privileges , or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father . 1900s ( edit ) Frederick van Dyne , the Assistant Solicitor of the U.S. Department of State ( 1900 -- 1907 ) indicated that children of citizens born outside the United States are also considered citizens . In 1904 , he published a textbook , Citizenship of the United States , in which he wrote : There is no uniform rule of international law covering the subject of citizenship . Every nation determines for itself who shall , and who shall not , be its citizens ... By the law of the United States , citizenship depends , generally , on the place of birth ; nevertheless the children of citizens , born out of the jurisdiction of the United States , are also citizens ... The Constitution of the United States , while it recognized citizenship of the United States in prescribing the qualifications of the President , Senators , and Representatives , contained no definition of citizenship until the adoption of the 14th Amendment , in 1868 ; nor did Congress attempt to define it until the passage of the civil rights act , in 1866 ... Prior to this time the subject of citizenship by birth was generally held to be regulated by the common law , by which all persons born within the limits and allegiance of the United States were deemed natural - born citizens . It appears to have been assumed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Murray v . The Charming Betsy ( 1804 ) 2 Cranch ( 6 U.S. ) 64 , 119 , 2 L. Ed . 208 , 226 , that all persons born in the United States were citizens thereof ... In M'Creery v. Somerville ( 1824 ) 9 Wheat . ( 22 U.S. ) 354 , 6 L. Ed . 109 , which concerned the title to land in the state of Maryland , it was assumed that children born in that state to an alien were native - born citizens of the United States ... The Federal courts have almost uniformly held that birth in the United States , of itself , confers citizenship . Interpretations by the courts ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) Although eligibility for the Presidency was not an issue in any 19th - century litigation , there have been a few cases that shed light on the definitions of natural born and native born citizen . The leading case , Lynch v. Clarke of 1844 , indicated that citizens born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' are citizens regardless of parental citizenship . This case dealt with a New York law ( similar to laws of other states at that time ) that only a U.S. citizen could inherit real estate . The plaintiff , Julia Lynch , had been born in New York while her parents , both British , were briefly visiting the U.S. , and shortly thereafter all three left for Britain and never returned to the U.S. The New York Chancery Court determined that , under common law and prevailing statutes , she was a U.S. citizen by birth and nothing had deprived her of that citizenship , notwithstanding that both her parents were not U.S. citizens or that British law might also claim her through her parents ' nationality . In the course of the decision , the court cited the Constitutional provision and said : Suppose a person should be elected president who was native born , but of alien parents ; could there be any reasonable doubt that he was eligible under the Constitution ? I think not . The position would be decisive in his favor , that by the rule of the common law , in force when the Constitution was adopted , he is a citizen . And further : Upon principle , therefore , I can entertain no doubt , but that by the law of the United States , every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , is a natural born citizen . It is surprising that there has been no judicial decision upon this question . The decision in Lynch was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases , and reinforced the interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' meant born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' regardless of parental citizenship . For example , in an 1884 case , In re Look Tin Singg , the federal court held , that despite laws preventing naturalization of Chinese visitors , Chinese persons born in the United States were citizens by birth , and remained such despite any long stay in China . Citing Lynch , Justice Stephen J. Field wrote : After an exhaustive examination of the law , the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , was a natural - born citizen , and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession , and the universal impression of the public mind . The Lynch case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) , which similarly held a child born in the United States of two Chinese parents became `` at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States '' . 1900s ( edit ) Consistent with the earlier decisions , in 1939 , the U.S. Supreme Court stated in its decision in Perkins v. Elg that a person born in America and raised in another country was a natural born citizen , and specifically stated that they could `` become President of the United States '' . The case was regarding a young woman , born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen . However , when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them , and they stayed in Sweden . At age 20 , she contacted the American embassy in Sweden and , shortly after her 21st birthday , returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen . Years later , while she was still in America , her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship , and , because of that , the Department of Labor ( then the location of the Immigration & Naturalization Service ) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her . The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth . She won at the trial level , and at the circuit court -- where she was repeatedly described as `` a natural born citizen '' -- and finally in the U.S. Supreme Court , where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney General 's opinion in Steinkauler 's Case ( mentioned above ) including the comment that a person born in America and raised in another country could yet `` become President of the United States '' . Some federal cases argued for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment , according to which U.S. citizens were necessarily either born or naturalized in the United States , and any citizen who was not born in the United States must have been naturalized by operation of law , even if such naturalization was `` automatic '' at birth . In this view , such a person should not be considered a natural born citizen , but rather a `` naturalized '' citizen who is not eligible for the Presidency . In 1951 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted in Zimmer v. Acheson that `` ( t ) here are only two classes of citizens of the United States , native - born citizens and naturalized citizens '' , quoting a dictum by Justice Gray from United States v. Wong Kim Ark and Elk v. Wilkins . The court ruled that Zimmer , who was born abroad in 1905 to a U.S. citizen father and a noncitizen mother , was himself a citizen under the nationality law in force at the time of his birth , but `` his status as a citizen was that of a naturalized citizen and not a native - born citizen '' . In the 1956 case of Wong Kam Wo v. Dulles , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit quoted Zimmer v. Acheson and United States v. Wong Kim Ark in support of a ruling that the statute that was in effect prior to 1940 granting citizenship to foreign - born children of U.S. citizens was a naturalization law rather than a provision for nationality at birth . In 1940 , however , the federal law was amended to explicitly define `` naturalization '' as conferring nationality after birth . In 1961 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Montana v. Kennedy that an individual who was born in 1906 in Italy to a U.S. citizen mother and a noncitizen father was not a U.S. citizen by birth under the nationality laws in force at the time of his birth . It observed that automatic citizenship was granted to children of U.S. citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers by an 1855 act of Congress , but the reverse situation was only addressed , non-retroactively , in 1934 . In 1971 , the Court encountered a similar situation in Rogers v. Bellei , where the individual in question was born after 1934 and so was granted automatic U.S. citizenship , though subject to residence requirements and was subject to expatriation . The Court `` appeared to assume or imply that such persons became citizens at birth by way of naturalization '' . More recent cases , particularly Nguyen v. INS and Robinson v. Bowen , relaxed this view , suggesting that the Fourteenth Amendment merely establishes a `` floor '' for birthright citizenship , and this category may be expanded by Congress . 2000s ( edit ) In 2009 in Ankeny v. Governor , the Indiana Court of Appeals reaffirmed that persons born within the borders of the United States are `` natural born Citizens '' , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . The court referred to the case of Wong Kim Ark , and provides a compilation of the arguments pertaining to this topic . A clarification to this interpretation was made in 2010 , where a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that natural born citizens can lose their citizenship if their territory of birth later ceases to be U.S. territory . The case involved a Philippine - born litigant who could not claim U.S. citizenship on the basis of his parents , who lived all their lives in the Philippines , because they were born while the Philippines was U.S. territory prior to being given its independence . The Courts for the Second , Third , and Ninth Circuits have also held that birth in the Philippines at a time when the country was a territory of the United States does not constitute birth `` in the United States '' under the Citizenship Clause , and thus did not give rise to United States citizenship . In a 2012 New York case , Strunk v. N.Y. State Board of Elections , the pro se plaintiff challenged Barack Obama 's presence on the presidential ballot , based on his own interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' required the president `` to have been born on United States soil and have two United States born parents '' ( emphasis added ) . To this the Court responded , `` Article II , section 1 , clause 5 does not state this . No legal authority has ever stated that the Natural Born Citizen clause means what plaintiff Strunk claims it says ... Moreover , President Obama is the sixth U.S. President to have had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil '' . The opinion then listed Andrew Jackson , James Buchanan , Chester A. Arthur , Woodrow Wilson , and Herbert Hoover . Academic interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) William Rawle , formerly the U.S. Attorney for Pennsylvania ( 1791 -- 1799 ) defined natural born citizen as every person born within the United States , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . In an 1825 treatise , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America , he wrote : The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted ... ( He ) who was subsequently born the citizen of a State , became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States . Therefore every person born within the United States , its territories or districts , whether the parents are citizens or aliens , is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution , and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity ... Under our Constitution the question is settled by its express language , and when we are informed ... no person is eligible to the office of President unless he is a natural born citizen , the principle that the place of birth creates the relative quality is established as to us . James F. Wilson agreed with Rawle 's opinion , but added the exclusion of visiting foreign diplomats . During an 1866 House debate , he quoted Rawle 's opinion , and also referred to the `` general law relating to subjects and citizens recognized by all nations '' , saying : ... and that must lead us to the conclusion that every person born in the United States is a natural - born citizen of such States , except it may be that children born on our soil to temporary sojourners or representatives of foreign Governments , are native - born citizens of the United States . Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel disagreed with this position and considered natural born citizen as every person born of citizen parents within the United States . In 1857 , in a concurring opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford , he quoted an English - language translation of Emerich de Vattel 's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations ( Le Droit des gens ) , stating that `` The natives , or natural - born citizens , are those born in the country of parents who are citizens '' . This was quoted again in 1898 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller in his dissenting opinion in United States v. Wong Kim Ark . However , two paragraphs later , Justice Vattel disagrees and states , `` § 214 ... there are states , as , for instance , England , where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner . '' Joseph Story , an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court , believed that the term native citizen is synonymous with natural born citizen , though he does not define either term . In his 1840 guidebook to the Constitution , A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States , about the natural - born - citizen clause he wrote `` It is not too much to say that no one , but a native citizen , ought ordinarily to be ( e ) ntrusted with an office so vital to the safety and liberties of the people . '' This same wording also appeared in his 1834 work The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . 1900s ( edit ) Alexander Porter Morse , the lawyer who represented Louisiana in Plessy v. Ferguson , considered this connection between native born and natural born to signify that only a child of citizens should be allowed to run for President . In the Albany Law Journal , he wrote : If it was intended that anybody who was a citizen by birth should be eligible , it would only have been necessary to say , `` no person , except a native - born citizen '' ; but the framers thought it wise , in view of the probable influx of European immigration , to provide that the president should at least be the child of citizens owing allegiance to the United States at the time of his birth . It may be observed in passing that the current phrase `` native - born citizen '' is well understood ; but it is pleonasm and should be discarded ; and the correct designation , `` native citizen '' should be substituted in all constitutional and statutory enactments , in judicial decisions and in legal discussions where accuracy and precise language are essential to intelligent discussion . 2000s ( edit ) Black 's Law Dictionary ( 9th Edition ) defines `` Natural Born Citizen '' as `` A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government '' . Foreign soil & territories ( edit ) In 2000 , the Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) , in one of its reports , wrote that most constitutional scholars interpret the natural born citizen clause to include citizens born outside the United States to parents who are U.S. citizens . This same CRS report also asserts that citizens born in the District of Columbia , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands , are legally defined as `` natural born '' citizens and are , therefore , also eligible to be elected President . This opinion was reaffirmed in a 2009 CRS report , which stated : Considering the history of the constitutional qualifications provision , the common use and meaning of the phrase `` natural - born subject '' in England and in the Colonies in the 1700s , the clause 's apparent intent , the subsequent action of the first Congress in enacting the Naturalization Act of 1790 ( expressly defining the term `` natural born citizen '' to include a person born abroad to parents who are United States citizens ) , as well as subsequent Supreme Court dicta , it appears that the most logical inferences would indicate that the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' or `` by birth '' . The interpretation of natural born being the equivalent of a citizen at birth was repeated in a 2011 CRS report and a 2016 CRS report . The 2011 report stated : The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term `` natural born '' citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` by birth '' or `` at birth , '' either by being born `` in '' the United States and under its jurisdiction , even those born to alien parents ; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen - parents ; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' . Such term , however , would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth , and who was thus born an `` alien '' required to go through the legal process of `` naturalization '' to become a U.S. citizen . The 2016 report similarly stated : Although the eligibility of U.S. born citizens has been settled law for more than a century , there have been legitimate legal issues raised concerning those born outside of the country to U.S. citizens . From historical material and case law , it appears that the common understanding of the term `` natural born '' in England and in the American colonies in the 1700s included both the strict common law meaning as born in the territory ( jus soli ) , as well as the statutory laws adopted in England since at least 1350 , which included children born abroad to British fathers ( jus sanguinis , the law of descent ) . Legal scholars in the field of citizenship have asserted that this common understanding and legal meaning in England and in the American colonies was incorporated into the usage and intent of the term in the U.S. Constitution to include those who are citizens at birth . Gabriel J. Chin , Professor of Law at UC Davis School of Law , held the opinion that the term `` natural born '' is ambiguous and citizenship - granting authority has changed over the years . He notes that persons born outside the United States to U.S. - citizen parents have not always been born citizens . For example , foreign - born children of persons who became citizens between April 14 , 1802 and 1854 were aliens . He also believed that children born in the Panama Canal Zone to at least one U.S. then - citizen before August 4 , 1937 , when Congress granted citizenship to all such persons , were born without American citizenship . Congress possesses the authority either to grant not only citizenship ( as is undisputed ) but the more specific status of a `` natural born '' citizen , with an affirmative answer raising the question of whether it can also act to remove that status ( and thereby disqualify individuals from the Presidency through action short of stripping them of their citizenship ) , or to issue `` declarations '' regarding the meaning of preexisting law ( in this case , U.S. citizenship law between the aforementioned dates ) and having binding authority , a claim likely to violate separation of powers given the Constitution 's provisions in Article III that `` ( t ) he judicial Power of the United States ( ) shall be vested in one supreme Court ( ) and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish '' ( Section 1 ) and that `` ( t ) he judicial power shall extend to all cases , in law and equity , arising under this Constitution , the laws of the United States , and treaties made , or which shall be made , under their authority '' ( Section 2 ) and the statute ( currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) ) -- which states only that `` any person ( fitting the above description ) is declared to be a citizen of the United States '' and neither expressly claims that its declaration ( whether a grant or an interpretation ) has retroactive rather than merely prospective effect ( contrast the locution `` to have been a citizen of the United States ( from birth ) '' ) nor in any way mentions `` natural born '' status ( instead conferring or recognizing the preexistence only of `` citizen ( ship ) '' generally ) -- in fact grants or recognizes citizenship from birth , let alone status as a natural born citizen ( to whatever extent the requirements of that status exceed those for citizenship from birth ) . In 2009 , G. Edward `` Ted '' White , Professor of Law at the University of Virginia , stated the term refers to anyone born on U.S. soil or anyone born on foreign soil to American citizen parents . Unlike Chin and White , Mary McManamon , Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law , has argued in the Catholic University Law Review that , aside from children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , a natural born citizen must be born in the United States . She claims that common law provides an exception for the children of U.S. ambassadors born abroad and the children of American soldiers while engaged in hostilities . Thus , with these two limited exceptions , she equates `` natural born '' with `` native born '' . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard Law School agrees with Professor McManamon that `` natural born '' means `` native born '' and therefore the wording of the Constitution `` does not permit his ( Ted Cruz 's ) candidacy , '' referring to a candidate who was born in Canada to one U.S. citizen parent . Professor Robert Clinton at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is also of the opinion that `` natural born citizen '' means `` born in the United States . '' University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner also concludes that `` natural born citizen '' means a `` person born in the ( United States ) '' . Former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals , Sol Wachtler , concludes the same . Their conclusion is consistent with the position that the eighteenth century legal usage of the term `` shall be considered as natural born '' in the Naturalization Act of 1790 merely naturalized persons or granted them limited rights of the natural born . American soil ( edit ) There is consensus among academics that those born on American soil , except children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , are natural born citizens , or jus soli , regardless of parental citizenship status . In a 2008 article published by the Michigan Law Review , Lawrence Solum , Professor of Law at the University of Illinois , stated that `` there is general agreement on the core of ( the ) meaning ( of the Presidential Eligibility Clause ) . Anyone born on American soil whose parents are citizens of the United States is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . In April 2010 , Solum republished the same article as an online draft , in which he clarified his original statement so that it would not be misunderstood as excluding the children of one citizen parent . In a footnote he explained , `` based on my reading of the historical sources , there is no credible case that a person born on American soil with one American parent was clearly not a ' natural born citizen ' . '' He further extended natural born citizenship to all cases of jus soli as the `` conventional view '' . Although Solum stated elsewhere that the two - citizen - parents arguments were not `` crazy '' , he believes `` the much stronger argument suggests that if you were born on American soil that you would be considered a natural born citizen . '' Ronald Rotunda , Professor of Law at Chapman University , has remarked `` There 's ( sic ) some people who say that both parents need to be citizens . That 's never been the law . '' Polly Price , Professor of Law at Emory University , has commented `` It 's a little confusing , but most scholars think it 's a pretty unusual position for anyone to think the natural born citizen clause would exclude someone born in the U.S. '' Chin concurred with that assessment , stating , `` there is agreement that ' natural born citizens ' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment . '' Similarly , Eugene Volokh , Professor of Law at UCLA , found `` quite persuasive '' the reasoning employed by the Indiana Court of Appeals , which had concluded `` that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents '' . Daniel Tokaji , Professor of Law at Ohio State University , agrees the citizenship status of a U.S. - born candidate 's parents is irrelevant . Eligibility challenges ( edit ) Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have standing to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election ballot . Alternatively , there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the president - elect of the United States to take office may be challenged in Congress . Some legal scholars assert that , even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts , and are not undertaken in Congress , there are other avenues for adjudication , such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or born in the United States ; of the former group , all except one had two parents with citizenship in what would become the U.S. ( Andrew Jackson ) . Of those in the latter group , every president except two ( Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama ) had two U.S. - citizen parents . Further , four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S. - citizen parents not born on U.S. soil ( James Buchanan , Woodrow Wilson , Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump ) . Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S. - citizen parents . In addition , one U.S. vice president ( Al Gore ) was born in Washington , D.C. , and another ( Charles Curtis ) was born in the Kansas Territory . This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible , only that there was some controversy about their eligibility , which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility . 1800s ( edit ) Chester a Arthur ( edit ) Chester A. Arthur , who was sworn in as president when James A. Garfield died after being shot , was rumored to have been born in Canada . Chester A. Arthur was born in Vermont on October 5 , 1829 to a Vermont - born mother and a father from Ireland ( who later became a U.S. citizen , 14 years after Chester A. Arthur was born ) . His mother , Malvina Stone Arthur , was a native of Berkshire , Vermont , who moved with her family to Quebec , where she met and married the future president 's father , William Arthur , on April 12 , 1821 . After the family had settled in Fairfield , Vermont , somewhere between 1822 and 1824 , William Arthur traveled with his eldest daughter to East Stanbridge , Canada , in October 1830 and commuted to Fairfield on Sundays to preach . `` It appears that he traveled regularly between the two villages , both of which were close to the Canada -- US border , for about eighteen months , holding two jobs '' , which may well explain the confusion about Chester A. Arthur 's place of birth , as perhaps did the fact that he was born in Franklin County , and thus within a day 's walk of the Vermont -- Quebec border . Moreover , Chester A. Arthur himself added a bit of confusion into the record by sometimes reporting his birth year as 1830 . No evidence of his having been born in Canada was ever demonstrated by his Democratic opponents , although Arthur Hinman , an attorney who had investigated Chester A. Arthur 's family history , raised the allegation as an objection during his vice-presidential campaign and , after the end of his presidency , published a book on the subject . Christopher Schürmann ( edit ) Christopher Schürmann ( born in New York City ) entered the Labor primaries during the 1896 presidential election . His eligibility was questioned in a New York Tribune article , because he was born to parents of German nationality . It was stated that `` various Attorney - Generals ( sic ) of the United States have expressed the opinion that a child born in this country of alien parents , who have not been naturalized , is , by the fact of birth , a native - born citizen entitled to all rights and privileges as such . '' But due to a lack of any statute on the subject , Schürmann 's eligibility was `` at best an open question , and one which should have made ( his ) nomination under any circumstances an impossibility '' , because questions concerning his eligibility could have been raised after the election . 1900s ( edit ) Charles Evans Hughes ( edit ) The eligibility of Charles Evans Hughes was questioned in an article written by Breckinridge Long , one of Woodrow Wilson 's campaign workers , and published on December 7 , 1916 in the Chicago Legal News -- a full month after the U.S. presidential election of 1916 , in which Hughes was narrowly defeated by Woodrow Wilson . Long claimed that Hughes was ineligible because his father was not yet naturalized at the time of his birth and was still a British citizen ( in fact , both his parents were British citizens and never became U.S. citizens ) . Observing that Hughes , although born in the United States , was also ( according to British law ) a British subject and therefore `` enjoy ( ed ) a dual nationality and owe ( d ) a double allegiance '' , Long argued that a native born citizen was not natural born without a unity of U.S. citizenship and allegiance and stated : `` Now if , by any possible construction , a person at the instant of birth , and for any period of time thereafter , owes , or may owe , allegiance to any sovereign but the United States , he is not a ' natural - born ' citizen of the United States . '' Barry Goldwater ( edit ) Barry Goldwater was born in Phoenix , in what was then the incorporated Arizona Territory of the United States . During his presidential campaign in 1964 , there was a minor controversy over Goldwater 's having been born in Arizona three years before it became a state . George Romney ( edit ) George W. Romney , who ran for the Republican party presidential nomination in 1968 , was born in Mexico to U.S. parents . Romney 's grandfather , a member of the LDS Church , had emigrated to Mexico in 1886 with his three wives and their children , after the U.S. federal government outlawed polygamy . However Romney 's parents ( monogamous under new church doctrine ) retained their U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States with him and his siblings in 1912 . Romney 's eligibility for President became moot when Richard Nixon was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate . Lowell Weicker ( edit ) Lowell P. Weicker entered the race for the Republican party nomination of 1980 but dropped out before voting in the primaries began ; he was also suggested as a possible vice-presidential nominee in 1976 , to replace retiring Vice President Nelson Rockefeller under the Republican ticket of incumbent President Gerald Ford . However Senator Bob Dole from Kansas was later chosen as the nominee . He was born in Paris , France , to parents who were U.S. citizens . His father was an executive for E.R. Squibb & Sons and his mother was born in India , the daughter of a British general . 2000s ( edit ) John McCain ( edit ) John McCain was born in 1936 at Coco Solo , Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone . McCain 's eligibility was not challenged during his 2000 campaign , but it was challenged during his 2008 campaign . McCain never released his birth certificate to the press or independent fact - checking organizations , but in 2008 one was shown to Washington Post reporter Michael Dobbs , who wrote , `` ( A ) senior official of the McCain campaign showed me a copy of ( McCain 's ) birth certificate issued by the ' family hospital ' in the Coco Solo submarine base . '' A lawsuit filed by Fred Hollander in 2008 alleged McCain was actually born in a civilian hospital in Colón , Panama . Dobbs wrote that in his autobiography , Faith of My Fathers , McCain wrote that he was born `` in the Canal Zone '' at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Coco Solo , which was under the command of his grandfather , John S. McCain Sr . `` The senator 's father , John S. McCain Jr. , was an executive officer on a submarine , also based in Coco Solo . His mother , Roberta McCain , has said that she has vivid memories of lying in bed listening to raucous celebrations of her son 's birth from the nearby officers ' club . The birth was announced days later in the English - language Panamanian American newspaper . '' The former unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone and its related military facilities were not regarded as United States territory at the time , but 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , which became law in 1937 , retroactively conferred citizenship on individuals born within the Canal Zone on or after February 26 , 1904 , and on individuals born in the Republic of Panama on or after that date who had at least one U.S. citizen parent employed by the U.S. government or the Panama Railway Company ; 8 U.S.C. § 1403 was cited in Judge William Alsup 's 2008 ruling , described below . A March 2008 paper by former Solicitor General Ted Olson and Harvard Law Professor Laurence H. Tribe opined that McCain was eligible for the Presidency . In April 2008 , the U.S. Senate approved a non-binding resolution recognizing McCain 's status as a natural - born citizen . In September 2008 , U.S. District Judge William Alsup stated obiter in his ruling that it is `` highly probable '' that McCain is a natural - born citizen from birth by virtue of 8 U.S.C. § 1401 , although he acknowledged the alternative possibility that McCain became a natural - born citizen retroactively , by way of 8 U.S.C. § 1403 . These views have been criticized by Chin , who argues that McCain was at birth a citizen of Panama and was only retroactively declared a born citizen under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , because at the time of his birth and with regard to the Canal Zone the Supreme Court 's Insular Cases overruled the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which would otherwise have declared McCain a U.S. citizen immediately at birth . The U.S. State Department 's Foreign Affairs Manual states that children born in the Panama Canal Zone at certain times became U.S. nationals without citizenship . In Rogers v. Bellei , the Supreme Court ruled that children `` born abroad of American parents '' are not citizens within the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment but did not elaborate on their natural - born status . Similarly , legal scholar Lawrence Solum concluded in an article on the natural born citizen clause that the question of McCain 's eligibility could not be answered with certainty , and that it would depend on the particular approach of `` constitutional construction '' . The urban legend fact checking website Snopes.com considers McCain 's eligibility `` undetermined '' . Arguments over McCain 's eligibility became moot after he lost the United States presidential election in 2008 . Barack Obama ( edit ) Main article : Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Barack Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu , Hawaii ( which had become a U.S. state in 1959 ) . His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a British subject from British Kenya . Before and after the 2008 presidential election , arguments were made that Obama was not a natural - born citizen . On June 12 , 2008 , the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a smear campaign by his opponents , including conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility . The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in several lawsuits that he was not actually born in Hawaii . The Supreme Court declined without comment to hear two lawsuits in which the plaintiffs argued it was irrelevant whether Obama was born in Hawaii . Most of the cases were dismissed because of the plaintiff 's lack of standing ; however , several courts have given guidance on the question . In Ankeny v. Governor , a three - member Indiana Court of Appeals stated , Based upon the language of Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 and the guidance provided by Wong Kim Ark , we conclude that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . Administrative Law Judge Michael Malihi in Georgia decided a group of eligibility challenge cases by saying , `` The Indiana Court rejected the argument that Mr. Obama was ineligible , stating that the children born within the United States are natural born citizens , regardless of the citizenship of their parents ... This Court finds the decision and analysis of Ankeny persuasive . '' Federal District Judge John A. Gibney , Jr. wrote in his decision in the case of Tisdale v. Obama : The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a `` natural born citizen '' of the United States ... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens . See , e.g. United States v. Ark ( sic ) ... On October 31 , 2008 , Hawaii Health Director Chiyome Fukino issued a statement saying , I ... have personally seen and verified that the Hawai'i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama 's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures . On July 27 , 2009 , Fukino issued an additional statement : I ... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural - born American citizen . Attempts to prevent Obama from participating in the 2012 Democratic primary election in several states failed . Ted Cruz ( edit ) Ted Cruz announced on March 22 , 2015 , that he was running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Cruz was born in Calgary , Canada . Cruz 's mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was born in Cuba , but his father eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005 . This gave Cruz dual Canadian - American citizenship , as he was granted U.S. citizenship at the time of his birth by the virtue of his mother 's citizenship , and Canada grants birthright citizenship to every person born in Canada . Cruz applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14 , 2014 . Former Solicitor General Paul Clement , former Acting Solicitor General Neal Katyal , University of California , Irvine School of Law Dean Erwin Chemerinsky , Professor Chin ( see above ) , Temple University Law School Professor Peter Spiro , Professor Akhil Amar , Georgetown University Law Center Professor Randy Barnett , Yale Law School Professor Jack Balkin , and University of San Diego Professor Michael Ramsey believe Cruz meets the constitutional requirements to be eligible for the presidency . Similarly , Bryan Garner , the editor of Black 's Law Dictionary , believes the U.S. Supreme Court would find Cruz to be eligible , and Case Western Reserve University School of Law professor Jonathan H. Adler agrees that no court will rule against Cruz 's eligibility . Laurence Tribe of Harvard , however , described Cruz 's eligibility as `` murky and unsettled '' . Harvard Law Professor Cass Sunstein believes that Cruz is eligible , but agrees with Ramsey that Cruz 's eligibility is not `` an easy question '' . Sunstein believes concerns over standing and the political - question doctrine make it unlikely that courts would rule against Cruz . Mary McManamon ( see above ) writing in the Catholic University Law Review believes that Cruz is not eligible because he was not born in the United States . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard , Professor Robert Clinton of Arizona State University , University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner , former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals Sol Wachtler , and Professor Victor Williams of Catholic University of America 's law school agree that Cruz is not eligible . Alan Grayson , a Democratic Member of Congress from Florida , does not believe Cruz is a natural - born citizen , and stated he would have filed a lawsuit if Cruz had become the Republican nominee . Orly Taitz , Larry Klayman , and Mario Apuzzo , who each filed multiple lawsuits challenging Obama 's eligibility , have also asserted that Cruz is not eligible . Cruz 's eligibility was questioned by some of his primary opponents , including Donald Trump , Mike Huckabee , Rick Santorum , Carly Fiorina , and Rand Paul . Marco Rubio , however , believes Cruz is eligible . Two November 2015 ballot challenges in New Hampshire alleging that Cruz was not a natural - born citizen were unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , similar lawsuits were unsuccessfully filed in Texas and Utah , and two similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Illinois . In February , two similar unsuccessful lawsuits were filed in Pennsylvania and one was filed in Arkansas ; a similar lawsuit was filed in Alabama ; similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Indiana ; and similar ballot challenges and an unsuccessful similar lawsuit were also filed in New York . In March , a similar lawsuit was filed in New York . In April , a similar ballot challenge was unsuccessfully filed in New Jersey . No lawsuit or challenge has been successful , and in February 2016 , the Illinois Board of Elections ruled in Cruz 's favor , stating , `` The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth . '' The question of Cruz 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his campaign on May 3 , 2016 . Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal ( edit ) Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal both announced in 2015 that they were running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Taitz and Apuzzo each have claimed neither Rubio nor Jindal is eligible because both were born ( albeit in the United States ) to parents who were not U.S. citizens at the time of their respective births . The question of Jindal 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in November 2015 . Nonetheless , a lawsuit filed in December 2015 in Vermont and a ballot challenge filed in February 2016 in New York challenged Jindal 's eligibility . A November 2015 ballot challenge in New Hampshire alleging that Rubio was not a natural - born citizen was unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , a similar unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Illinois . In February , a similar unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Arkansas ; a similar ballot challenge was filed in New York ; and an unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Indiana . The question of Rubio 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in March 2016 . Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger was reported as considering challenging the prevailing interpretation of the clause . In 2003 , Senator Orrin Hatch unsuccessfully put forth the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment , intending to allow eligibility for Arnold Schwarzenegger . In October 2013 , the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger -- who is originally from Austria and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1983 , also retaining Austrian citizenship -- was exploring a future run for the American presidency . He reportedly lobbied legislators about a possible constitutional change , or filing a legal challenge to the provision . Cornell University law professor Michael C. Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger 's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , `` The law is very clear , but it 's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process '' . Schwarzenegger subsequently denied that he was running . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Jus sanguinis United States nationality law United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker , St. George ( 1803 ) . `` St. George Tucker , Blackstone 's Commentaries 1 : App . 316 -- s25 , 328 -- 29 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pete ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Natural Born ' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away '' . NBC News . The emerging consensus of the legal experts , however , is that being ' natural born ' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth , as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization ... ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . In addition to historical and textual analysis , numerous holdings and references in federal ( and state ) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction ( i.e. , not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces ) , even to alien parents , are citizens ' at birth ' or ' by birth , ' and are ' natural born , ' as opposed to ' naturalized , ' U.S. citizens . There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one 's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President . ^ Jump up to : `` Strunk v New York State Bd. of Elections : : 2012 : : New York Other Courts Decisions : : New York Case Law : : New York Law : : U.S. Law : : Justia '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pilon , Mary ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Immigrant Mother '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Tokaji , Daniel ( 2008 ) . `` The Justiciability of Eligibility : May Courts Decide Who Can Be President ? '' . Michigan Law Review , First Impressions. 107 : 31 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Charles ( 1968 ) . `` Who can be President of the United States : The Unresolved Enigma '' . Maryland Law Review . Baltimore Maryland : Maryland Law Review , Inc . University of Maryland School of Law . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Curtis A. ; Siegel , Neil ( April 2015 ) . `` CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT '' . Duke Law Journal . 64 ( 7 ) : 1243 ( footnote 130 ) . Jump up ^ A Duke Law Journal article has noted , `` Because of the placement of the commas , this clause , if read literally , suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president . For purposive and consequentialist reasons , however , the clause never has been read that way . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators Jump up ^ Coke , Edward ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` The reports of Sir Edward Coke , knt. ( 1572 - 1617 ). In thirteen parts . A new ed. , with additional notes and references , and with abstracts of the principal points : '' . London : . Jump up ^ Great Britain , Statutes of the Realm , Vol. 9 , p. 63 ( London , Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822 , reprinted 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Piggott , Francis . Nationality and Naturalization , pp. 48 - 50 ( W. Clowes and Sons , 1907 ) . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary . `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood '' , Catholic University Law Review , v. 64 , no . 2 ( 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 363 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ Biglieri , Ezio ; Prati , G. ( 2014 ) . Enclyclopedia of Public International Law . Elsevier . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 9477 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act , 1730 '' . United Settlement . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Elizabeth . `` Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States '' , Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy , Vol. 8 , p. 67 n . 59 ( 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blackstone , William . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 354 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie . `` Yes , Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada . So What ? '' , NBC News ( March 26 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Blackstone , William . `` Commentaries on the Laws of England '' , Vol. 1 , p. 373 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press , 7th ed. 1775 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , pp. 74 , 161 - 62 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1784 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , p. 134 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1785 ) . Jump up ^ 7 Coke Report 1a , 77 ER 377 ( 1608 ) , Opinion of Edward Coke . Jump up ^ Edwards , F.B. `` Natural - Born British Subjects at Common Law '' , Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation , Vol. 14 , p. 318 ( 1914 ) . Jump up ^ Maskell , Jack . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' , CRS Report for Congress , pp. 31 - 32 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Samuel . A Dictionary Of The English Language : In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals , And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers , To Which Are Prefixed , A History of the Language , And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes , Volume 2 , pp. 180 -- 181 ( Knapton , 1756 ) . Jump up ^ Speare , Morris . `` Lafayette , Citizen of America '' , New York Times ( September 7 , 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Riley , Elihu . `` The Ancient City '' : A History of Annapolis , in Maryland , 1649 - 1887 , p. 198 ( Record Printing Office 1887 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Thomas . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' natural born Citizen ' ? Not if you 're a constitutional originalist '' , Los Angeles Times ( January 10 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Jill A . `` The Natural - Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility : An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' . 97 Yale Law Journal 881 , 889 ( 1988 ) http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf ; Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Madison Debates - June 18 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Jump up ^ 3 M. Farrand , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 619 . Jump up ^ 3 Farrand , at 629 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Digital Library Collections '' . wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu . Jump up ^ Heard , Alexander ; Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection , Duke University Press . p. 123 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ( the word born is underlined in the quoted letter ) Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , pp. 462 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Other Democratic Candidate '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf , Martin ( December 2 , 2004 ) . `` Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold ? '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` President Kissinger ? '' . Time . March 4 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Commentaries , Vol. II , Ch. 10 , 1803 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . `` Charles Pinckney in the United States Senate '' . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Vol 3 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( March -- April 2004 ) . `` NATURAL BORN KILLJOY Why the Constitution wo n't let immigrants run for president , and why that should change '' . Legal Affairs . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . rs6.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 37.2 ( 1862 ) , p. 1639 . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 39.1 ( 1866 ) p. 1291 . Stated again during a House debate in 1872 ; cf . Congressional Globe 42.2 ( 1872 ) , p. 2791 . Jump up ^ 10 Opinions of the U.S. Atty. Gen. ( pages ) 382 -- 413 , and separately as Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship ( 1863 , Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office ) 27 pages . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship of children born in the United States of alien parents '' , 10 Op . US Atty - Gen. 328 . Jump up ^ Letter from Marcy to Mason , June 6 , 1854 , quoted from the manuscript , reprinted ( with the emphasis shown ) in John Bassett Moore , A Digest of International Law ( of the United States ) , vol. 3 , sec. 373 , pp. 276 -- 277 ( US House of Representatives , 56th Congress , 2d Session , Document no . 551 ; Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office , 1906 ) . Jump up ^ His first name is not given in the Opinion itself but is found in the correspondence seeking the opinion , in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States ( US House of Representatives , 44th Congress , 1st Session , December 6 , 1875 ) Exec . Doct. 1 , part 1 , page 563 . Jump up ^ Steinkauler 's Case , 15 Opinions of the US Attorneys - General 15 at 17 -- 18 ( June 26 , 1875 ) . Jump up ^ van Dyne , Frederick , Citizenship of the United States ( 1904 , Rochester , NY , Lawyers Co-operative Publ'g Co . ) pp. 3 -- 12 . With regard to the last sentence in the quotation , van Dyne discusses some peripheral court decisions , none dealing with conventional U.S. citizenship , but with the nationality of the child of a foreigner and a member of an independent American Indian tribe whose members were not ordinarily regarded as U.S. citizens . Jump up ^ NY Chanc. Ct. , November 5 , 1844 ; 1 Sandf.Ch. 583 , 3 NY Leg. Obs. 236 , 7 NY Ch . Ann . 443 , 1844 WL 4804 , 1844 N.Y. Misc . LEXIS 1 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sandf . at 656 , Leg. Obs . at 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Sandf . at 663 , Leg. Obs . at 250 Jump up ^ `` The Federal reporter : with key - number annotations ... Permanent ed ... v. 21 . '' HathiTrust . Jump up ^ Fed at 909 , Sawyer at 359 -- 360 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) 169 U.S. 649 , 42 L. Ed . 890 , 18 S. Ct. 456 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Similarly , in a 1999 Circuit Court decision , the U.S. - born children of two non-citizen parents were spoken of as `` natural born citizens '' . Mustata v. US Dept. of Justice ( 6th Cir. 1999 ) 179 F. 3d 1017 at 1019 . ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Perkins v. Elg ( 1939 ) 307 U.S. 325 at 329 , 83 L. Ed . 1320 at 1324 , 59 S. Ct. 884 at 888 . ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Perkins v. Elg ( D.C. Cir. 1938 ) 69 U.S. App. D.C. 175 , 99 F. 2d 408 '' . ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the `` Natural Born '' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement `` . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` Zimmer v Acheson , 191 F. 2d 209 ( 10th Cir. 1951 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Montana v. Kennedy , 366 U.S. 308 ( 1961 ) '' . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Nolos v. Holder ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) 611 F. 3d 279 , 62 ALR - Fed. 2d 777 , ( 5 ) ; also Sean Morrison , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : American Samoa and the Last U.S. Nationals , 41 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 71 ( fall 2013 ) ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Philadelphia , Carey & Lea . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1144771858 . Jump up ^ James F. Wilson in : Congressional Globe , House of Representatives , 39th Congress , 1st Session , Washington 1866 , p. 1117 . Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. 393 , 476 ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Book 1 , § 212 Jump up ^ United States v. Wong Kim Ark , 169 U.S. 649 , 708 ( 1898 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1840 ) . A familiar exposition of the Constitution of the United States : containing a brief commentary on every clause , explaining the true nature , reasons , and objects thereof : designed for the use of school libraries and general readers : with an appendix , containing important public documents , illustrative of the Constitution . Marsh , Capen , Lyon and Webb . pp. 167 § 269 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1834 ) . The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . Hilliard , Gray & Company . pp. 115 § 190 . Jump up ^ Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) . Jump up ^ A.P. Morse , `` Natural - Born Citizen of the United States : Eligibility for the Office of President '' , Albany Law Journal , vol. 66 ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . April 17 , 2000 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 41131059 MoC Memo What to Tell Your Constituents in Answer to Obama Eligibility - United States Nationality Law - United States Constitution '' . Scribd . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` A Citizen , but ' Natural Born ' ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 1 Jump up ^ White , G. Edward ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Re-examining the Constitution 's Presidential Eligibility Clause '' . University of Virginia School of Law . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary ( 2015 ) , `` The Natural Born Citizens Clause as Originally Understood '' , 64 Catholic University Law Review 317 Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor : Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Opinion : Cruz not really ' natural born citizen ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not A ' Natural Born ' Citizen '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Wachtler , Sol ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Constitutional history shows Cruz ineligible for White House '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Vlahoplus , John ( April 5 , 2017 ) . On the Meaning of `` Considered as Natural Born '' . Wake Forest L. Rev. Online . Jump up ^ Solum , Lawrence B. ( 2008 ) , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 22 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , revised draft version , April 18 , 2010 ( SSRN ) , p. 1 , n . 3 . However , other passages of his revised draft still imply U.S. citizenship of both parents ; cf . i.a. pp. 3 , 9 , 11 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Birthers say Marco Rubio is not eligible to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Chapman Constitutional Scholar Rebuffs Orly Taitz 's Overtures '' . OC Weekly . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Who 's really eligible to be president ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Court of Appeals Rejects Claim That ' Because His Father Was a Citizen of the United Kingdom , President Obama Is Not a Natural Born Citizen and Therefore Constitutionally Ineligible to Assume the Office of the President ' '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana , 916 NE 2d 678 ( Ind . Ct. of Appeals November 12 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Rathgeber , Bob ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Now , ' birthers ' have eye on Marco Rubio '' . News - Press . ^ Jump up to : E.g. see Robinson v. Bowen , 567 F. Supp . 2d 1144 ( N.D. Cal. 2008 ) ; Hollander v. McCain , 2008 WL 2853250 ( D.N.H. 2008 ) ; Berg v. Obama , 08 - 04083 ( E.D. Pa. 2008 ) . Jump up ^ See 3 U.S.C. ch. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Hulse ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's Canal Zone Birth Prompts Queries About Whether That Rules Him Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter . `` McCain 's Citizenship and Constitutional Method '' , Michigan Law Review , Volume 107 , p. 208 ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Can Be President ? '' , Voice of America News ( July 29 , 2008 ) . Archived February 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. `` The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur 's Birthplace '' , Vermont History 38 , Montpelier : Vermont Historical Society , p. 295 Jump up ^ DeGregorio , William A . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Random House : 1993 , pp. 307 -- 08 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 08244 - 6 Jump up ^ Thomas C. Reeves , Gentleman Boss . The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur ( Newtown 1991 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Arthur P. ( 1884 ) . How a British Subject became President of the United States . Jump up ^ `` Is Mr. Schürmann eligible ? '' , New York Tribune , October 2 , 1896 , in : Anonymous ( ed . ) , The Presidential Campaign of 1896 . A Scrap - Book Chronicle , New York 1925 : Funk & Wagnalls , p. 130 sq . ( Note : The year of publication is given as 1888 , though the election was eight years later . However , the author 's introduction is dated 1925 . ) Jump up ^ Breckinridge Long ( 1916 ) , `` Is Mr. Charles Evans Hughes a ' Natural Born Citizen ' within the Meaning of the Constitution ? '' , Chicago Legal News vol. 49 , pp. 146 -- 148 ( December 7 , 1916 ) . It does not appear that this issue was raised before the election day , which may indicate that the majority of voters or of legal authorities felt it was not an impediment to Hughes 's eligibility . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( 2009 ) . The Citizen 's Constitution : An Annotated Guide . ( Basic Books ) . p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Heard , Alexander and Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection . ( Duke University Press ) p. 127 . Jump up ^ Ken Rudin ( July 9 , 1998 ) . `` Citizen McCain 's Panama Problem ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( August 14 , 1976 ) . `` Weicker May Not Be Eligible to Serve in High Position '' , Nashua Telegraph . United Press International . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen. , U.S. Senate , April 30 , 2008 , OpenCongress . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` John McCain Biography '' , Biography.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dobbs , Michael ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` John McCain 's Birthplace '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parish , Matt ( 2010 ) , `` How Old Is John McCain ? '' , Politics Daily , AOL . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Profile : John McCain '' . Online NewsHour . PBS . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Kevin ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` McCain : A profile in courage and adaptation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Hollander v. McCain et al , Justia Dockets & Filings Jump up ^ Dr. Conspiracy ( April 24 , 2010 ) , `` John McCain 's fake birth certificate '' , Obama Conspiracy Theories . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( May 2 , 2008 ) , `` McCain 's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate : His Eligibility for Presidency Is Questioned '' , The Washington Post Jump up ^ Article II of Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama states : `` ... the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities , which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described , shall not be included within this grant '' . Jump up ^ A book written by the U.S. Navy includes the same reference : Bakenhus , Reuben Edwin ; Knapp , Harry Shepard ; Johnson , Emory Richard ( 1915 ) . The Panama Canal : Comprising Its History and Construction , and Its Relation to the Navy , International Law and Commerce . J. Wiley & sons , Incorporated . p. 192 . Jump up ^ This map clearly shows Colon is not part of the Canal Zone . Colon Hospital can be seen on the map at the North end of the island . ( Source : http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/ ) Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1110 Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship by Birth in the United States '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . 7 FAM 1113 ( c ) ( 1 ) : `` Despite widespread popular belief , U.S. military installations abroad and U.S. diplomatic facilities are not part of the United States within the meaning of the 14th Amendment . A child born on the premises of such a facility is not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of birth . '' Jump up ^ `` Lawyers Conclude McCain Is `` Natural Born '' , CBS News , Associated Press , March 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen ; sponsors : Sen. Claire McCaskill , Sen. Barack Obama et al. ; page S2951 notes Chairman Patrick Leahy as agreeing to Secretary Michael Chertoff 's `` assumption and understanding '' that a citizen is a natural - born citizen , if he or she was `` born of American parents '' . Jump up ^ Cf . William Alsup , Robinson v. Bowen : Order denying preliminary injunction and dismissing action , September 16 , 2008 , p. 2 ; Alsup ruled that McCain was either a natural - born citizen by birth under 8 U.S.C. § 1401c or retroactively under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) . ( See also : `` Judge says McCain is a ' natural - born citizen ' '' . Associated Press . September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . , and `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ) Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , Michigan Law Review First Impressions , Vol. 107 , No. 1 , ( Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 08 - 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SCOTUS 401 U.S. 815 , 828 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , Michigan Law Review : First Impressions 107 , September 2008 Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Is John McCain a natural - born citizen ? '' Snopes.com , July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Kenyan Citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British nationality by virtue of citizenship '' . British Nationality Act 1948 . Her Majesty 's Government . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK and Colonies '' . Home Office . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About Barack 's Birth Certificate ( archived web cache ) '' . Fight the Smears ( Obama for America ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . ( Retrieved March 9 , 2011 ) , quoting in excerpts from : `` Does Barack Obama have Kenyan citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org ( Annenberg Foundation ) . August 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . ; see also : `` Obama hits back at Internet slanders '' . Agence France - Presse . June 12 , 2008 . ; in a written oath to the State of Arizona , Obama further stated that he is a natural - born citizen ( cf . Candidate Nomination Paper , State of Arizona , November 30 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Leo C. Donofrio v. Nina Mitchell Wells ( SCOTUS 08A407 ) and Cort Wrotnowski v. Susan Bysiewicz ( SCOTUS 08A469 ) Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( Ind. App. , 12 NOV 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Farrar v. Obama ( Office of State Administrative Hearings State of Georgia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Tisdale v. Obama ( United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino , Department of Health , October 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Hawaii reasserts Obama ' natural - born ' citizen '' , MSNBC , July 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hanna , Maddie ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Birther ' bid to derail Obama blocked '' . Concord Monitor . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Velasco , Eric ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Suit to keep President Barack Obama off Alabama primary ballots dismissed by Jefferson County judge '' . Alabama : al.com . Jump up ^ Allen v. Obama ( Arizona Superior Court , Pima County February 24 , 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Secretary of State Kemp Issues Final Decision on Challenge to President Barack Obama 's Eligibility and Qualifications , ( February 7 , 2012 ) , Press Office of the Georgia Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Haberman , Maggie ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Hopes Early Campaign Entry Will Focus Voters ' Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz , Rafael Edward ( Ted ) , ( 1970 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . ^ Jump up to : Chin , Gabriel ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Opinion : Ted Cruz can be president , probably '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ted Cruz says he 's hired lawyers to renounce Canadian citizenship '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` No , Canada : Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Legal experts : Cruz 's Canadian birth wo n't keep him out of the Oval Office '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Neal Katyal ; Paul Clement ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` On the Meaning of ' Natural Born Citizen ' '' . Harvard Law Review . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky , Erwin ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' Natural Born Citizen ' ? '' . Opinio Juris . , Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Why Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Randy ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tribe v. Balkin on whether Ted Cruz is a `` natural born citizen '' `` . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Memorandum : Is Ted Cruz Eligible for the Presidency ? '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yes , Ted Cruz is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Harvard scholar : Ted Cruz 's citizenship , eligibility for president ' unsettled ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sunstein , Cass ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Is Cruz ' Natural Born ' ? Well ... Maybe '' . Bloomberg View . Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to run for president : A Harvard law professor close - reads the Constitution '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is n't a ' Natural Born ' Citizen : According to the Constitution , because Sen. Ted Cruz was not born in the United States , he is not eligible to run for president '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Jonathan ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor runs for president in order to challenge Ted Cruz 's eligibility '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Grayson : I 'll File A Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz If He 's The Nominee '' . FOX News . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Steven ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Inherits ' Birthers ' With Presidential Bid '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Birther 2.0 : Can Ted Cruz Run For President ? ' He 's Even Worse Than Obama , ' Citizenship Skeptic Says '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Cruz clash over eligibility , ' New York values ' at GOP debate '' . Fox News . January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Huckabee joins the Republicans with questions about Cruz 's eligibility '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Brody , Ben ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Few Colleagues Defend Cruz as White House Eligibility Is Questioned '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Mielke , Brad ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Some Voters Trying to Kick Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders Off NH Ballot '' . ABC News . ^ Jump up to : Tuohy , Dan ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` BLC upholds Sanders , Trump on primary ballots '' . Union Leader . ^ Jump up to : Blaisdell , Eric ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Vermonter tries to keep names off presidential ballot '' . Rutland Herald . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio seeks to dismiss court challenge to his eligibility to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Broward judge tosses case seeking to remove Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz from Florida ballot '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Calkins , Laurel Brubaker ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's ' Natural - Born Citizen ' Status Tested in Birther Suit '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz asks judge to dismiss Texas lawsuit on presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Banks , Gabrielle ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Judge tosses birther lawsuit against Ted Cruz '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Ben Winslow and Max Roth ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Utah man suing Ted Cruz claiming he 's not a natural - born citizen '' . KSTU . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Utah judge dismisses 5th challenge this month to Cruz 's presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Kopan , Tal ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz not the only one with a birther challenge '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gregory , John ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's Birthplace Challenged in Illinois '' . WBGZ . ^ Jump up to : Farias , Cristian ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is A ' Natural Born Citizen , ' Board Of Election Finds '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Case against Ted Cruz 's eligibility to be heard in Illinois on Friday '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fiona ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois judge dismisses Cruz eligibility complaint '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Delano , Jon ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Pa . Attorney Challenging Ted Cruz 's Right To Run In State 's Republican Primary '' . KDKA - TV . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Kasich , Cruz ballot paperwork challenged in Pennsylvania '' . WPXI . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's citizenship case may go to Pennsylvania Supreme Court '' . WHTM - TV . Jump up ^ Passarella , Gina ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Appeal of Cruz 's Ballot Eligibility Fast - Tracked '' . The Legal Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirms Cruz 's eligibility to be president '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Lanning , Curt ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lawsuit : Remove Cruz and Rubio from Ark . Ballot '' . KARK - TV . ^ Jump up to : Manley , Marci ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Judge Dismisses Suit Requesting Cruz , Rubio Be Deemed Ineligible for Presidential Election '' . KARK - TV . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama residents ' lawsuit claims Ted Cruz ineligible to run for president '' . The Birmingham News . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tony ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio presidential candidacies face citizenship challenges in Indiana '' . The Indianapolis Star . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio remain eligible for Indiana presidential ballots '' . Indianapolis Business Journal . Jump up ^ Ross , Barbara ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Yorkers seek court order to keep Ted Cruz off the ballot in state Republican presidential primaries because he was born in Canada '' . Daily News ( New York ) . ^ Jump up to : Seiler , Casey ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` State BOE receives flurry of ' natural - born ' objections to Rubio , Cruz '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Seiler , Casey ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Challenge to Cruz 's ' natural born ' status dismissed due to blown deadlines '' . Times Union . ^ Jump up to : Pinciaro , Joseph ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz ballot eligibility challenged in federal court by Calverton man '' . Suffolk Times . Jump up ^ Terkel , Amanda ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Jersey Judge Rejects Birther Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Merda , Chad ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois election board : Ted Cruz is a natural - born citizen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth , '' the board said . It pointed out that Cruz `` did not have to take any steps to go through a naturalization process at some point after birth '' and therefore `` further discussion on this issue is unnecessary . Jump up ^ Katie Glueck and Shane Goldmacher ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Ashley Parker and Alan Rappeport ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal Announces Run for President '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Tom LoBianco and Jeff Zeleny ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Emily ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Arnold lobbies for White House run '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Schwarzenegger denies he 's aiming for president '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) John Yinger , Essay on the Presidential Eligibility clause and on the origins and interpretation of natural born citizen . Jill A. Pryor , `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause and the Presidential Eligibility Clause ; Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 97 , 1988 , pp. 881 -- 899 . Sarah P. Herlihy , `` Amending the Natural Born Citizen Requirement : Globalization as the Impetus and the Obstacle '' , Chicago - Kent Law Review , Vol. 81 , 2006 , pp. 275 -- 300 . Lawrence Friedman , `` An Idea Whose Time has Come - The Curious History , Uncertain Effect , and Need for Amendment of the ' Natural Born Citizen ' Requirement for the Presidency '' , St. Louis Univ . Law Journal , Vol. 52 , 2007 , pp. 137 -- 150 . U.S. Constitution Online , Constitutional Topic : Citizenship . Presidential Eligibility Constitution Society <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&oldid=842313933 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution United States nationality law Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Magyar Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 17 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Natural-born citizen clause
2. Eligibility requirements for President or Vice President
3. Protection from foreign influence
4. Interpretations of natural-born citizen
5. Eligibility challenges for presidential candidates
|
-6,994,875,845,421,754,000 |
does non dairy creamer need to be refrigerated
|
Non-dairy creamer - wikipedia Non-dairy creamer Jump to : navigation , search A cup of coffee with a sachet of sugar and a plastic sachet of Coffee - Mate non-dairy creamer Non-dairy creamers or coffee whiteners are liquid or granular substances intended to substitute for milk or cream as an additive to coffee , tea , hot chocolate or other beverages . They do not contain lactose and therefore are commonly described as not being dairy products , although many contain casein , a milk - derived protein . Dry granular products do not need to be refrigerated and can be used and stored in locations which do not have a refrigerator . Liquid non-dairy creamers should be tightly capped and refrigerated after opening . Some non-dairy creamers contain sweeteners and flavours , such as vanilla , hazelnut or Irish cream . As with other processed food products , low calorie and low fat versions are available for non-dairy creamers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ingredients 3 Advertising 4 Non-food uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Various creamers at a typical grocery store Holton `` Rex '' Diamond , an employee of Rich Products , did experiments from 1943 to 1945 with using a `` ( g ) elationous form of soybean protein '' to make a `` soy cream '' that would not form curds when mixed with coffee . Diamond 's experiments are the first English - language reference to a non-dairy creamer for coffee . Frank S. Mitchell , another Rich Products Corp employee , and Diamond developed a non-dairy whip topping for their employer in 1946 . Mitchell also developed a non-dairy coffee creamer , Perx , which was successful in the market . In 1950 , Melvin Morse and Dick Borne of Presto Foods developed `` Mocha Mix Coffee Creamer '' , which was the first commercial non-dairy creamer and the first product with the term `` Coffee Creamer '' in the name . Another early commercial powdered creamer was `` Pream , '' first marketed in 1952 and made from dehydrated cream and sugar . It did not dissolve easily because of the protein in the milk . Six years later , in 1958 , the Carnation Company developed a product that easily dissolved in hot liquid because it replaced most of the milk fat with vegetable oil , and reduced the milk protein . The new product was marketed under the Carnation label with the brand name Coffee - Mate . Borden followed suit by launching Cremora non-dairy creamer in 1963 , by which time CoffeeRich had been introduced to the marketplace . Ingredients ( edit ) A plastic container of `` Coffee Fresh '' , a liquid non-dairy creamer sold in Japan . 3 packs of French Vanilla and Hazelnut liquid Coffee - Mate To replicate the mouthfeel of milk fats , nondairy creamers often contain hydrogenated vegetable - based fats , although nonfat nondairy creamers / whiteners also exist . Other common ingredients include solidified corn syrup and other sweeteners or / and flavourings ( such as French vanilla , hazelnut and Irish cream ) ; as well as sodium caseinate , a milk protein derivative ( from casein ) that does not contain lactose . The use of a milk derivative prompts some individuals and organisations - such as vegans and Jewish dietary law authorities - to classify the product as `` dairy '' rather than nondairy . Those who rely on this classification will either not consume the product ( e.g. vegans ) or will not use or consume it in conjunction with any meat products ( e.g. observant Jews ) . As with other processed food products , low calorie and low fat versions are available for non-dairy creamers . People with milk allergy need to be aware that `` '' non-dairy creamer '' may contain sodium caseinate , a milk protein . It will be in the ingredient list . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has stated that products with sodium caseinate may contain low levels of lactose . For a normal serving , the amounts are too small to trigger lactose intolerance . Advertising ( edit ) A song with the words `` You 're the Pream in my coffee '' was used to sell that product . CoffeeRich was marketed with a successful series of national ads featuring George Burns : `` its sales soared , particularly among Jews who kept kosher and were forbidden to put cream in their coffee while eating meat . '' Non-food uses ( edit ) As with many other powders , large amounts of powdered non-dairy creamer powder are susceptible to dust explosion when suspended in air . Amateur filmmakers and pyrotechnicians have taken advantage of this property to produce several types of fireball effects . Individuals using powdered non-dairy creamer in the ordinary amounts used in a cup of coffee do not face a risk of dust explosion . Coffee creamer powder has also been used for creating fake snow in television and movies . See also ( edit ) Food portal Coffee break Half and half List of dried foods Whipped topping Whipped cream References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 7 things you need to know about non-dairy coffee creamer '' . Canoe.com C Health . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SoyInfo Center '' . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Holton W. 1945 . Excerpts from `` Cumulative Work Report , '' George Washington Carver Laboratory . June 1943 to September , 1945 . Dearborn , Michigan . 5 p . Jump up ^ 32 . Mitchell , Frank ; Olendorf , H.A. ; Valance , E.H. ; Johnson , J.E. 1945 . `` Research supports the soybean '' . Soybean Digest . Nov. p. 8 - 11 , 21 . Jump up ^ Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985 . `` Brief history of Presto Food Products and Mocha Mix . '' In : Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams : The Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert Industry and Market . Vol. 1 . See p. 30 , 49 , 103 , 108 - 09 , 113 , 117 , 131 . ^ Jump up to : Carolyn Wyman . Better than homemade : amazing foods that changed the way we eat . Quirk Books , 2004 . p. 61 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rich Products Corp. 1946 . A new frozen food ! Whip Topping ( Ad ) . Quick Frozen Foods 8 ( 6 ) : 99 . Jan . Jump up ^ `` Wired 15.01 : START '' . www.wired.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pream was the first powdered coffee creamer , and it lasted a long time . `` You 're the Pream in my coffee '' . Jump up ^ `` Hmmm , I do n't remember that Nescafe jingle , but I remember a non-dairy coffee creamer called `` Pream '' using You 're the Cream in My Coffee ( Lyrics and Music by B.G. De Sylva , Lew Brown and Ray Henderson - Originally published in 1923 ) , changing the lyric to You 're the Pream in My Coffee . `` Let 's Have Another Cup of Coffee '' . Jump up ^ `` Food : The Nondairy Dairy Man '' . NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Detonation Films - Why Coffee Creamer ? '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How to Make Coffee Creamer Fireballs '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) FDA - https://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm094550.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-dairy_creamer&oldid=819992385 '' Categories : Milk substitutes Coffee Tea American inventions Imitation foods Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 ไทย 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 13 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Non-dairy creamer substitutes for milk or cream in beverages
2. Ingredients in non-dairy creamer include hydrogenated vegetable fats and milk protein derivatives
3. History of non-dairy creamer development and commercialization
4. Non-dairy creamer may contain sweeteners and flavors like vanilla or hazelnut
5. Non-food uses of non-dairy creamer, such as in pyrotechnics or creating fake snow
|
-1,477,908,506,914,429,000 |
what happened in the 1990s in the world
|
1990s - wikipedia 1990s `` The Nineties '' redirects here . For the CNN documentary , see The Nineties ( miniseries ) . From left , clockwise : The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the earth after it was launched in 1990 ; American F - 16s and F - 15s fly over burning oil fields in Operation Desert Storm , also known as the 1991 Gulf War ; The signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993 ; The World Wide Web gains a public face during the start of decade and as a result gains massive popularity worldwide ; Boris Yeltsin and followers stand on a tank in defiance to the August Coup , which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991 ; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell ; The funeral procession of Diana , Princess of Wales , who dies in 1997 from a car crash in Paris , and is mourned by millions ; Hundreds of thousands of Tutsi people are killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994 . Millennium : 2nd millennium Centuries : 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades : 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years : 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 Categories : Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments The 1990s ( pronounced `` nineteen - nineties '' and abbreviated as the nineties ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1990 , and ended on December 31 , 1999 . Contents 1 Overview 2 Politics and wars 2.1 Wars 2.1. 1 International wars 2.1. 2 Civil Wars and guerrilla wars 2.2 Coups 2.3 Terrorist attacks 2.4 Decolonization and independence 2.5 Prominent political events 2.5. 1 Africa 2.5. 1.1 South Africa 2.5. 2 North America 2.5. 2.1 Canada 2.5. 2.2 Haiti 2.5. 2.3 United States 2.5. 3 Asia 2.5. 3.1 Middle East 2.5. 3.2 Far East 2.5. 4 Europe 2.5. 5 South America 2.5. 5.1 Peru 2.6 Notable world leaders 3 Assassinations and attempts 4 Disasters 4.1 Natural disasters 4.2 Non-natural disasters 5 Economics 6 Technology and science 6.1 Technology 6.1. 1 Electronics and communications 6.1. 2 Software 6.1. 3 Eurostars 6.1. 4 Automobiles 6.2 Science 7 Environment 8 Society 8.1 Third - wave feminism 9 Additional significant worldwide events 10 Popular culture 10.1 Film 10.1. 1 Award winners 10.1. 2 Highest - grossing 10.2 Music 10.3 Television 10.4 Fashion 10.5 Video games 10.6 Internet 10.7 Architecture 10.8 Sports 10.9 Literature 11 See also 11.1 Timeline 12 References 13 Further reading Overview ( edit ) Culturally , the 1990s are characterized by the rise of multiculturalism and alternative media , which continued into the 2000s . Movements such as grunge , the rave scene and hip hop spread around the world to young people during that decade , aided by then - new technology such as cable television and the World Wide Web . In the absence of world communism , which collapsed in the first two years of the decade , the 1990s was politically defined by a movement towards the right - wing , including increase in support for far - right parties in Europe as well as the advent of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party and cuts in social spending in the United States , Canada , New Zealand , and the UK . The United States also saw a massive revival in the use of the death penalty in the 1990s , which reversed in the early 21st century . During the 1990s the character of the European Union and Euro were formed and codified in treaties . A combination of factors , including the continued mass mobilization of capital markets through neo-liberalism , the thawing of the decades - long Cold War , the beginning of the widespread proliferation of new media such as the Internet from the middle of the decade onwards , increasing skepticism towards government , and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a realignment and reconsolidation of economic and political power across the world and within countries . The dot - com bubble of 1997 -- 2000 brought wealth to some entrepreneurs before its crash between 2000 and 2001 . The 1990s saw extreme advances in technology , with the World Wide Web , the first gene therapy trial , and the first designer babies all emerging in 1990 and being improved and built upon throughout the decade . New ethnic conflicts emerged in Africa , the Balkans , and the Caucasus , the former two which led to the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides , respectively . Signs of any resolution of tensions between Israel and the Arab world remained elusive despite the progress of the Oslo Accords , though The Troubles in Northern Ireland came to a standstill in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement after 30 years of violence . Politics and wars ( edit ) Wars ( edit ) Main article : List of wars 1990 -- 2002 The most prominent armed conflicts of the decade include : International wars ( edit ) The Congo wars break out in the 1990s : The First Congo War takes place in Zaire from 1996 to 1997 , resulting in Zairian dictator Mobutu Sese Seko being overthrown from power on 16 May 1997 , ending 32 years of his rule . Zaire is renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Second Congo War starts in 1998 in central Africa and includes 50 different cultures and 7 different nations . It continued until 2003 . The Gulf War . The Gulf War -- Iraq was left in severe debt after the 1980s war with Iran . President Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of flooding the market with oil and driving down prices . As a result , on 2 August 1990 , Iraqi forces invaded and conquered Kuwait . The UN immediately condemned the action , and a coalition force led by the United States was sent to the Persian Gulf . Aerial bombing of Iraq began in January 1991 ( see also Gulf War ) , and a month later , the UN forces drove the Iraqi army from Kuwait in just four days . In the aftermath of the war , the Kurds in the north of Iraq and the Shiites in the south rose up in revolt , and Saddam Hussein barely managed to hold onto power . Until the US invasion in 2003 , Iraq was cut off from much of the world . The Chechen wars break out in the 1990s : The First Chechen War ( 1994 -- 1996 ) -- the conflict was fought between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria . After the initial campaign of 1994 -- 1995 , culminating in the devastating Battle of Grozny , Russian federal forces attempted to seize control of the mountainous area of Chechnya but were set back by Chechen guerrilla warfare and raids on the flatlands in spite of Russia 's overwhelming manpower , weaponry , and air support . The resulting widespread demoralization of federal forces , and the almost universal opposition of the Russian public to the conflict , led Boris Yeltsin 's government to declare a ceasefire in 1996 and sign a peace treaty a year later . The Second Chechen War ( 1999 -- ongoing ) -- the war was launched by the Russian Federation starting 26 August 1999 , in response to the Invasion of Dagestan and the Russian apartment bombings which were blamed on the Chechens . During the war Russian forces largely recaptured the separatist region of Chechnya . The campaign largely reversed the outcome of the First Chechen War , in which the region gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria . The Kargil War ( 1999 ) -- In May 1999 , Pakistan sent troops covertly to occupy strategic peaks in Kashmir . A month later the Kargil War with India results in a political fiasco for Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif , followed by a Pakistani military withdrawal to the Line of Control . The incident leads to a military coup in October , in which Sharif is ousted by Army Chief Pervez Musharraf . This conflict remains the only war fought between two declared nuclear powers . Bosnian parliament building burns after being hit by Bosnian Serb artillery . The Yugoslav Wars ( 1991 -- 1995 ) -- The breakup of Yugoslavia beginning on 25 June 1991 after the republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia which was followed by the subsequent Yugoslav wars . The Yugoslav Wars would become notorious for numerous war crimes and human rights violations such as ethnic cleansing and genocide committed by all sides . Ten - Day War ( 1991 ) -- a brief military conflict between Slovenian TO ( Slovenian Territorial Defence ) and the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) following Slovenia 's declaration of independence . Croatian War of Independence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) -- the war fought in hegh town Croatia between the Croatian government , having declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , and both the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) and Serb forces , who established the self - proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) within Croatia . Bosnian War ( 1992 -- 1995 ) -- the war involved several ethnically defined factions within Bosnia and Herzegovina : Bosniaks , Serbs and Croats as well as a smaller Bosniak faction led by Fikret Abdić . The Siege of Sarajevo ( 1992 -- 1995 ) marked the most violent urban warfare in Europe since World War II at that time as Serb forces bombard and attack Bosniak controlled and populated areas of the city . War crimes occur including ethnic cleansing and destruction of civilian property . The final fighting in Croatian and Bosnian wars ends in 1995 with the success of Croatian military offensives against Serb forces and the mass exodus of Serbs from Croatia in 1995 ; Serb losses to Croat and Bosniak forces ; and finally the signing of the Dayton Agreement which internally partitioned Bosnia and Herzegovina into a Republika Srpska and a Bosniak - Croat federation . Kosovo War ( 1998 -- 1999 ) - the war between Albanian separatists and Yugoslav military and Serb paramilitary forces in Kosovo begins in 1996 and escalates in 1998 with increasing reports of atrocities taking place . In 1999 , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) led by the United States launched air attacks against Yugoslavia ( then composed of only Serbia and Montenegro ) to pressure the Yugoslav government to end its military operations against Albanian separatists in Kosovo due to accusations of war crimes being committed by Yugoslav military forces working alongside nationalist Serb paramilitary groups . After weeks of bombing , Yugoslavia submits to NATO 's demands and NATO forces occupy Kosovo and later UN peacekeeping forces to take control of Kosovo . Civil wars and guerrilla wars ( edit ) Rwandan Genocide : Genocide victims in Murambi Technical School . Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan Genocide as high as 800,000 people . The Rwandan Genocide -- between 6 April 1994 until mid-July 1994 a mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda 's Tutsis and Hutu political moderates occurred by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideology . Over the course of approximately 100 days , at least 500,000 people were killed . Estimates of the death toll have ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000 , or as much as 20 % of the total population of the country . It resulted in serious criticism of the United Nations and major countries for failing to stop the genocide . In Algeria a long period of violence in the north African country starts by the cancellation of the first ever held democratic elections by a group of high - ranking army officers . The Ethiopian Civil War ends in 1991 , ending over twenty years of internal conflict . The end of the war coincides with the establishment of a coalition government of various factions . Oka Crisis takes place in 1990 involving an armed standoff between people of the Mohawk nation ( North American indigenous peoples in Canada ) , and the Canadian military over a dispute involving land held via treaty to the Mohawk people . A large number of the Zapatista indigenous people of Mexico join the Zapatista Army of National Liberation that begins armed conflict with the Mexican government in 1994 and continues through the 1990s . The Taliban seize control of Afghanistan in 1996 . The 1992 Los Angeles riots occurred , with 53 deaths and 5,500 property fires in a 100 - square - mile ( 260 km ) riot zone . The riots were a result of the state court acquittal of three White and one Hispanic L.A. police officers by an all - white jury in a police brutality case involving motorist Rodney King , but in 1993 , all four officers were convicted in a federal civil rights case . The Somali Civil War ( 1991 -- present ) and the Battle of Mogadishu . Severe political deadlock between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Soviet ( Russia 's parliament at this time ) result in Yeltsin ordering the controversial shelling of the Russian parliament building by tanks in 1993 . The Tajikistan civil war , which pits the Tajikistan government against the United Tajik Opposition , lasts from 1992 until 1997 and results in the death of 50,000 to 100,000 people . After over 30 years of fighting , The Troubles in Northern Ireland end on 10 April 1998 when the Good Friday Agreement is signed . Coups ( edit ) Main article : List of coups d'état and coup attempts § 1990 -- 1999 Terrorist attacks ( edit ) Main article : List of terrorist incidents § 1970s -- 2000s Oklahoma City bombing . The 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the Oklahoma City bombing leads to awareness in United States of domestic and international terrorism as a potential threat . Markale market massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994 involving soldiers of the Army of Republika Srpska deliberately targeting Bosniak ( then known as `` Bosnian Muslims '' ) civilians . Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995 involving soldiers of the Army of Republika Srpska and members of Serbia 's Scorpions paramilitary group committing mass murder of Bosniak civilians . The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 , the bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , killed 168 . Bombing suspect Timothy McVeigh claimed he bombed the building in retaliation for the 1993 Waco massacre . After the bombings of United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania by Al - Qaeda militants , United States naval military forces launch cruise missile attacks against Al - Qaeda bases in Afghanistan in 1998 . The Omagh bombing in Omagh , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland which killed 29 civilians and injured hundreds more . Ahmed Ressam , an Islamist militant associated with Al - Qaeda is arrested when attempting to cross from Canada to the United States at the Canada - United States border on 14 December 1999 ; it is discovered that he intended to bomb Los Angeles International Airport during millennium celebrations . This is the first major attempted terrorist attack by Al Qaeda on United States soil since the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and marked the beginning of a series of attempted terrorist attacks by Al Qaeda against the United States that would continue into the 21st century . AMIA bombing - On 18 July 1994 an unknown terrorist targeting Argentina 's Jewish community plants a car - bomb in the AMIA Headquarters in Buenos Aires , Argentina killing 85 people and injuring hundreds , making it the first ethnically targeted and deadliest bombing in Argentine history on 15 June 1996 , the IRA set off a bomb in Manchester , England . The bomb , placed in a van on Corporation Street in the city centre , targeted the city 's infrastructure and economy and caused widespread damage , estimated by insurers at £ 700 million ( £ 1 billion as of 2011 ) . Two hundred and twelve people were injured , but there were no fatalities . Decolonization and independence ( edit ) Namibia gains independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 . Walvis Bay , initially retained by South Africa , joins Namibia in 1994 . The republics of Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia . The Slovak Republic adopts the Declaration of Independence from the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic ( Czechoslovakia ) . Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia ( 1993 ) . Palau gains independence from the United Nations Trusteeship Council . United Kingdom hands sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People 's Republic of China on 1 July 1997 . East Timor breaks away from Indonesian control in 1999 , merely a year after the fall of Suharto from power , ending a 24 - year guerrilla war and genocide with more than 200,000 casualties . The UN deploys a peace keeping force , spearheaded by the Australian armed forces . The United States deploys police officers to serve with the International Police element , to help train and equip an East Timorese police force . Portugal hands sovereignty of Macau to the People 's Republic of China on 20 December 1999 . The republics of Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , and Uzbekistan declared independence from the USSR . Prominent political events ( edit ) The 1990s was an era of spreading capitalism . The former countries of the Warsaw Pact moved from single - party socialist states to multi-party states with private sector economies . The same wave of political liberalisation occurred in capitalist countries , such as Taiwan , Chile , South Africa , and Indonesia . Market reforms made great changes to the economies of socialist countries like China and Vietnam . The ethnic tensions and violence in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s create a greater sense of ethnic identity of the nations in the new countries , especially involving increased popularity of nationalism . Africa ( edit ) South Africa ( edit ) Nelson Mandela . The release of African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela from jail in February 1990 after thirty years of imprisonment for opposing apartheid and white - minority rule in South Africa . This would resolve with the end of Apartheid in South Africa in 1994 . Nelson Mandela is elected President of South Africa in 1994 , becoming the first black President in South African history ending a long legacy of apartheid white - rule in the country . North America ( edit ) Play media During the late 90s a move was made to oust the American president Bill Clinton following the Clinton -- Lewinsky scandal . This attempt did not succeed and Clinton continued to serve as the president until the end of his term in January 2001 . Canada ( edit ) Canadian politics is radically altered in the 1993 federal election with the collapse of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada , ( a major political party in Canada since 1867 ) from being in government to only 2 seats and the New Democratic Party collapsing from 44 seats to 9 . The Liberal Party of Canada is the only genuine national political party that remains while the regionally based parties such as the Quebec - based Bloc Québécois and the almost entirely Western Canada - based Reform Party of Canada rise from political insignificance to being major political parties . After the collapse of the Meech Lake constitutional accord in 1990 , the province of Quebec in Canada experienced a rekindled wave of separatism by francophone Québécois nationalists , who sought for Quebec to become an independent country . In 1995 , during a referendum on Quebec sovereignty , Quebec voters narrowly reject the vote for independence . The 1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty is held in the predominantly francophone province of Quebec in Canada , a majority anglophone country . If accepted Quebec would become an independent country with an economic association with Canada . The proposal is narrowly rejected by Quebec 's voters by 50.4 % no , and 49.6 % yes . Haiti ( edit ) Jean - Bertrand Aristide becomes the first democratically elected President of Haiti in 1990 . United States ( edit ) United States President Bill Clinton was a dominant political figure in international affairs during the 1990s known especially for his attempts to negotiate peace in the Middle East and end the ongoing wars occurring in the former Yugoslavia ; his promotion of international action to decrease human - created climate change ; and his endorsement of advancing free trade in the Americas . Lewinsky scandal -- US president Bill Clinton was caught in a media - frenzied scandal involving inappropriate relations with a White House intern Monica Lewinsky , first announced on 21 January 1998 . After the United States House of Representatives impeached Clinton on 19 December 1998 for perjury under oath , following an investigation by federal prosecutor Kenneth Starr , the Senate acquitted Clinton of the charges on 12 February 1999 and he finished his second term . California voters passed Proposition 215 in 1996 , to legalize cannabis for medicinal purposes . The debate over legalization of marijuana in the United States goes on today . The enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) on 1 January 1994 , creating a North American free trade zone consisting of Canada , Mexico , and the United States . Asia ( edit ) Middle East ( edit ) Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin , United States President Bill Clinton , and Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) Chairman Yasser Arafat during the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993 . In 1990 , the ending of the civil war and the return to political normalcy in Lebanon began . With the peace among all factions in Lebanon , the rebuilding of Lebanon and its capital , Beirut , started . Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian Prime Minister Yasser Arafat agree to the Israeli -- Palestinian peace process at the culmination of the Oslo Accords , negotiated by the United States President Bill Clinton on 13 September 1993 . By signing the Oslo accords , the Palestine Liberation Organization recognize Israel 's right to exist , while Israel permitted the creation of an autonomous Palestinian National Authority consisting of the Gaza Strip and West Bank which was implemented in 1994 . Israeli military forces withdraw from the Palestinian territories in compliance with the accord , which marked the end of the First Intifada ( a period of violence between Palestinian Arab militants and Israeli armed forces from 1987 to 1993 ) . The Palestinian National Authority is created in 1994 in accordance with the Oslo Accords , giving Palestinian Arab people official autonomy over the Gaza Strip and West Bank , though not official independence from Israel . In 1994 , a peace treaty is signed between Israel and Jordan . North Yemen and South Yemen merge to form Yemen in 1991 . Far East ( edit ) Lee Kuan Yew relinquished prime - ministership of Singapore on 28 November 1990 , a position he held since 1959 , to Goh Chok Tong . He remained in the cabinet as Senior Minister . In July 1994 , North Korean leader Kim Il - sung died , having ruled the country since its founding in 1948 . His son Kim Jong - il succeeded him , taking over a nation on the brink of complete economic collapse . Famine caused a great number of deaths in the late ' 90s , and North Korea would gain a reputation for being a large source of money laundering , counterfeiting , and weapons proliferation . The country 's ability to produce and sell nuclear weapons became a focus of concern in the international community . Aung San Suu Kyi 's National League for Democracy in Burma wins a majority of seats in the first free elections in 30 years in 1990 , yet the Burmese military junta refuses to relinquish power , beginning an ongoing peaceful struggle throughout the 1990s to the present by Aung San Suu Kyi and her supporters to demand the end of military rule in Burma . In the Philippines two Presidents were elected , Fidel V. Ramos in 1992 and Joseph Estrada in 1998 . Indonesian president Suharto resigned after ruling for 32 years ( 1966 -- 1998 ) . Europe ( edit ) The improvement in relations between the countries of NATO and the former members of the Warsaw Pact ended the Cold War both in Europe and other parts of the world . German reunification -- Germany reunified on 3 October 1990 as a result of the fall of the Berlin Wall and after integrating the economic structure and provincial governments , focused on modernization of the former communist East . People who were brought up in a socialist culture became integrated with those living in capitalist western Germany . Margaret Thatcher who had been the United Kingdom 's Prime Minister since 1979 resigned as Prime Minister on 22 November 1990 after being challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Michael Heseltine because of widespread opposition to the introduction of the controversial Community Charge and the fact that her key allies such as Nigel Lawson and Geoffrey Howe resigned over the deeply sensitive issues of the Maastricht Treaty and Margaret Thatcher 's resistance to Britain joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism . Less than two years later on the infamous Black Wednesday of September 1992 , the pound sterling crashed out of the system after the pound fell below the agreed exchange rate with the Deutsche Mark . John Major replaces Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister in 1990 . The restructuring of the Soviet Union destabilizes , as nationalist and separatist demagogues gain popularity . Boris Yeltsin , then chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia , resigns from the Communist Party and becomes the opposition leader against Mikhail Gorbachev . The Communist Party loses its status as the governing force of the country and is banned after a coup attempt by Communist hardliners attempted to revert the effects of Gorbachev 's policies . Yeltsin 's counter-revolution is victorious on 25 December 1991 with the resignation of Gorbachev from presidency and the dissolution of the USSR . Yeltsin became president of the successor Russian Federation and presided over a period of political unrest , economic crisis , and social anarchy . On 31 December 1999 , Yeltsin resigned leaving Vladimir Putin as acting president . The European Union forms in 1992 under the Maastricht Treaty . The Downing Street Declaration 15 December 1993 by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , John Major , and the Taoiseach of Ireland , Albert Reynolds at the British Prime Minister 's office in 10 Downing Street . It affirmed both the right of the people of Ireland to self - determination , and that Northern Ireland would be transferred to the Republic of Ireland from the United Kingdom only if a majority of its population was in favour of such a move . It included , as part of the prospective of the so - called `` Irish dimension '' , the principle of consent that the people of the island of Ireland , had the exclusive right to solve the issues between North and South by mutual consent . The latter statement , which later would become one of the points of the Good Friday Agreement , was key to produce a positive change of attitude by the republicans towards a negotiated settlement . The joint declaration also pledged the governments to seek a peaceful constitutional settlement , and promised that parties linked with paramilitaries ( such as Sinn Féin ) could take part in the talks , so long as they abandoned violence . The IRA agreed to a truce in 1994 . This marked the beginning of the end of 25 years of violence between the IRA and the United Kingdom , and the start of political negotiations . Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister in 1997 following the United Kingdom general election , 1997 . The Belfast Agreement ( a.k.a. the Good Friday Agreement ) is signed by U.K. and Irish politicians on 10 April 1998 , declaring a joint commitment to a peaceful resolution of the territorial dispute between Ireland and the United Kingdom over Northern Ireland . The Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum , 1998 was held on 22 May 1998 . There was a large majority of ' Yes ' . A total of 1,738 ballots were spoiled . Turnout , at 81.1 % was very high for a developed country where voting is not compulsory . Turnout in the equivalent referendum in the Republic of Ireland was average for a constitutional referendum but returned almost universal approval ( 94.39 % ) . The National Assembly for Wales established following the Welsh devolution referendum , 1997 was held on 18 September 1997 in which voters approved the creation of the National Assembly for Wales by a majority of 6,712 votes , or 50.3 % of the vote . The following year the Government of Wales Act was passed by the United Kingdom parliament , establishing the Assembly The Scottish Parliament established following a referendum in September 1997 , the 1997 Scottish devolution referendum was put to the Scottish electorate and secured a majority in favour of the establishment of a new devolved Scottish Parliament , with tax - varying powers , in Edinburgh . An election was held on 6 May 1999 , and on 1 July of that year power was transferred from Westminster to the new Parliament . South America ( edit ) Peru ( edit ) Due to the Internal conflict in Peru and the economic crisis , Alberto Fujimori rises to power in Peru and remains in office for eleven years . His administration is marked by economic development but also by numerous human rights violations ( La Cantuta massacre , Barrios Altos massacre ) , and a rampant corruption network set up by Vladimiro Montesinos . Notable world leaders ( edit ) Note : Names of world leaders shown below in bold remained in power continuously throughout the decade . Bill Clinton George H.W. Bush Boris Yeltsin Mikhail Gorbachev Jiang Zemin Deng Xiaoping Chen Yun Helmut Kohl John Major Tony Blair François Mitterrand Jacques Chirac Pope John Paul II Carlos Menem Bob Hawke John Howard Paul Keating Jean - Luc Dehaene Fernando Henrique Cardoso Itamar Franco Jean Chrétien Eduardo Frei Ruiz - Tagle Fidel Castro Václav Havel Hosni Mubarak Hussein of Jordan Abdullah II of Jordan Atal Bihari Vajpayee P.V. Narasimha Rao B.J. Habibie Suharto Ali Khamenei Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Mohammad Khatami Saddam Hussein Benjamin Netanyahu Shimon Peres Yitzhak Rabin Lamberto Dini Massimo D'Alema Romano Prodi Keizō Obuchi Ryutaro Hashimoto Toshiki Kaifu Kim Il - sung Kim Jong - il Kim Dae - jung Kim Young - sam Roh Tae - woo Muammar Gaddafi Mahathir Mohamad Joaquim Chissano Ruud Lubbers Yasser Arafat Fidel Ramos Joseph Estrada Aleksander Kwaśniewski Lech Wałęsa Emil Constantinescu Ion Iliescu François Couchepin Goh Chok Tong Wim Kok Girija Prasad Koirala Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Frederik Willem de Klerk Nelson Mandela Felipe González José María Aznar Carl Bildt Ingvar Carlsson Lee Teng - hui Anand Panyarachun Chuan Leekpai Süleyman Demirel Tansu Çiller Võ Văn Kiệt Slobodan Milošević Assassinations and attempts ( edit ) Prominent assassinations , targeted killings , and assassination attempts include : Yitzhak Rabin . 9 September 1990 -- Samuel Doe , the President of Liberia , is captured by rebels and is tortured and murdered . The spectacle was videotaped and seen on news reports around the world . 19 September 1990 -- The Provisional Irish Republican Army tries to assassinate Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Terry at his home near Stafford , England . Hit by at least 9 bullets , the former Governor of Gibraltar survives . 21 May 1991 -- In Sriperumbudur , India , former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated . 7 August 1991 -- Shapour Bakhtiar , former prime minister of Iran , is assassinated . 23 May 1992 -- A remote car bomb causes the death of Judge Giovanni Falcone , a hero in the fight against organized crime . Less than two months later , on 19 July , Falcone 's co-worker and friend , magistrate Paolo Borsellino was killed by a car bomb in via D'Amelio , Palermo , in front of his mother 's house . 29 June 1992 -- A bodyguard assassinates President Mohamed Boudiaf of Algeria . April 1993 -- The Kuwaiti government claims to uncover an Iraqi assassination plot against former United States President George H.W. Bush shortly after his visit to Kuwait . Two Iraqi nationals confess to driving a car - bomb into Kuwait on behalf of the Iraqi Intelligence Service . 1 May 1993 -- A Tamil Tigers suicide bomber assassinates President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka . 21 October 1993 -- Burundian President Melchior Ndadaye is killed during an attempted military coup . 2 December 1993 -- Pablo Escobar also known as `` The King of Cocaine '' was killed by Members of Colonel Hugo Martínez 's Search Bloc in Medellín , Colombia 23 March 1994 -- Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta was assassinated at a campaign rally in Tijuana during the Mexican Presidential campaign of 1994 . 6 April 1994 -- The airplane carrying Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira is shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali , Rwanda , sparking the Rwandan Genocide and eventually , the First Congo War . The perpetrators have never been identified . 2 July 1994 -- Colombian football player Andrés Escobar was shot by Humberto Castro Muñoz in Medellín , Colombia 29 August 1995 -- Eduard Shevardnadze , the Georgian head of state , survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi . 4 November 1995 -- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated at a peace rally in Tel Aviv by a radical Jewish militant who opposed the Oslo Accords . 31 March 1995 -- Tejano pop singer Selena is shot by fan club president Yolanda Saldívar over financial problems and missing records . 2 weeks after death , her birthday is named Selena Day in Texas . 21 April 1996 -- Dzhokhar Dudayev , the President of Chechnya , is killed by two laser - guided missiles , after his location was detected by a Russian reconnaissance aircraft , which intercepted his phone call . 2 October 1996 -- The former prime minister of Bulgaria , Andrei Lukanov , is assassinated . 13 September 1996 -- Rapper / Actor Tupac Shakur was shot multiple times in a drive - by shooting on September 7 , 1996 , at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas , Nevada . He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , where he died six days later . 9 March 1997 -- Rapper Christopher Wallace also known as The Notorious B.I.G. was killed by an unknown assailant in a drive - by shooting in Los Angeles . Wallace 's SUV stopped at a red light at the corner of Wilshire Blvd & South Fairfax Ave 50 yards ( 46 m ) from the museum . A dark colored Chevrolet Impala SS pulled up alongside Wallace 's SUV . The driver of the Impala , a black male dressed in a blue suit and bow tie , rolled down his window , drew a 9mm blue - steel pistol and fired at the SUV . Four bullets hit Wallace . 15 July 1997 Gianni Versace was shot dead , aged 50 , on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk on Ocean Drive . He was murdered by Andrew Cunanan , who used the same gun to commit suicide on a boat several days later . Police have said they do not know why Versace was killed . 9 February 1998 -- Eduard Shevardnadze , the Georgian head of state , survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi . 16 February 1999 -- In Uzbekistan , an apparent assassination attempt against President Islam Karimov takes place at government headquarters . 23 March 1999 -- Gunmen assassinate Paraguay 's Vice President Luis María Argaña . 9 April 1999 -- Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara , president of Niger , is assassinated . Disasters ( edit ) Natural disasters ( edit ) See also : Category : 1990 natural disasters The 1999 İzmit earthquake which occurred in the northwestern of Turkey killed 17,217 and injured 43,959 . The most prominent natural disasters of the decade include : Hurricane Andrew striking South Florida in August 1992 , the crippling super storm of March 1993 along the Eastern Seaboard , the devastating 1994 Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles , the Great Hanshin earthquake in Kobe , Japan in January 1995 , the Blizzard of 1996 in the eastern United States , the US drought of 1999 , the deadly Hurricane Mitch which struck Central America in October 1998 , and the destructive Oklahoma tornado outbreak in May 1999 , the August 1999 İzmit earthquake in Turkey , and the September 1999 Chi - Chi earthquake in Taiwan . A magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit the Philippines on 16 July 1990 and killed around 1000 people in Baguio City . After 600 years of inactivity the Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was erupted and vasted Zambales and Pampanga on June 1991 . July 1995 -- Midwestern United States heat wave -- An unprecedented heat wave strikes the Midwestern United States for most of the month . Temperatures peak at 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , and remain above 94 ° F ( 34 ° C ) in the afternoon for 5 straight days . At least 739 people died in Chicago alone . Hurricane Georges made landfall in at least seven different countries ( Antigua and Barbuda , St. Kitts and Nevis , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , Cuba and the United States ) and Puerto Rico , a Commonwealth of the United States -- more than any other hurricane since Hurricane Inez of the 1966 season . The total estimated costs were in the $60 billion ( present day $100 billion ) . September 1996 -- Hurricane Fran made landfall in North Carolina causing significant damage throughout the whole state . Hurricane Iniki hits the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands on 11 September 1992 , making it one of the costliest hurricanes on record in the eastern Pacific . A flood hits the Red River Valley in 1997 becoming the most severe flood since 1826 . In December 1999 , torrential rains and flash floods killed tens of thousands of Venezuelans living in the state of Vargas , in a natural disaster known as the Vargas tragedy . Non-natural disasters ( edit ) The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992 . Gulf War oil spill -- Resulting from actions taken during the Gulf War in 1991 by the Iraq military , the oil spill caused considerable damage to wildlife in the Persian Gulf especially in areas surrounding Kuwait and Iraq . On 11 July 1991 , a Nationair Douglas DC - 8 , chartered by Nigeria Airways , caught fire and crashed in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , killing 261 . On 15 December 1991 , The Egyptian ferry Salem Express sinks in the Red Sea , killing more than 450 . On 4 October 1992 -- El Al Flight 1862 , a Boeing 747 cargo airplane heading to Tel Aviv , suffered physical engine separation of both right - wing engines ( # 3 and # 4 ) just after taking off from Schiphol and crashed into an apartment building in the Bijlmer neighbourhood of Amsterdam while attempting to return to the airport . A total of 43 people were killed , including the plane 's crew of three and a `` non revenue passenger '' . Several others were injured . On 26 July 1993 , Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashed into Mt . Ungeo in Haenam , South Korea killing 68 . On 26 April 1994 , China Airlines Flight 140 , an Airbus A300 , crashed just as it was about to land at Nagoya Airfield , Japan , killing 264 and leaving only 7 survivors . On 8 September 1994 , USAir Flight 427 crashed near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , killing 132 . On 28 September 1994 -- The car ferry MS Estonia sinks in the Baltic Sea , killing 852 . On 29 June 1995 , the Sampoong Department Store collapses in Seoul , South Korea , killing 502 . On 20 December 1995 , American Airlines Flight 965 , a Boeing 757 , hit a mountain in Colombia at night , killing 159 . On 17 July 1996 Trans World Airlines Flight 800 , a Boeing 747 -- 131 , exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches , New York , killing 230 . On 12 November 1996 a Saudia Boeing 747 and a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il - 76 collided over the town of Charkhi Dadri , outside New Delhi , India , killing 349 . On 6 August 1997 , Korean Air Flight 801 , a Boeing 747 - 300 , crashed into a hill on the island of Guam , killing 228 . On 26 September 1997 , Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashed in bad weather , killing 234 . On 2 September 1998 , Swissair Flight 111 , a McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 , crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off Nova Scotia near the towns of Peggys Cove and Bayswater , killing 229 . On 31 October 1999 , EgyptAir Flight 990 , a Boeing 767 , crashed off the coast of Nantucket , Massachusetts , killing 217 . Economics ( edit ) Many countries , institutions , companies , and organizations were prosperous during the 1990s . High - income countries such as the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Japan , Singapore , Hong Kong , Taiwan , South Korea , and those in Western Europe experienced steady economic growth for much of the decade . However , in the former Soviet Union GDP decreased as their economies restructured to produce goods they needed and some capital flight occurred . GATT update and creation of the World Trade Organization and other global economic institutions , but opposition by anti-globalization activists showed up in nearly every GATT summit , like the demonstrations in Seattle in December 1999 . The anti-globalization protests at the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 in Seattle , Washington began on 30 November 1999 . This marks the beginning of a steady increase in anti-globalization protests which occurred in the first decade of the 21st century as well as increasing hostility to neoliberalism . North America The Dow Jones Index of the 1990s . The decade is seen as a time of great prosperity in the United States , largely due to the unexpected advent of the Internet and the explosion of technology industries that came with it . The United States economy experiences its longest period of peace time economic expansion during the decade beginning in 1991 . Personal incomes doubled from the recession in 1990 , and there was higher productivity overall . The Wall Street stock exchange stayed over the 10,500 mark from 1999 to 2001 . After the 1992 booming of the US stock market , Alan Greenspan coined the phrase `` irrational exuberance '' . The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , which phases out trade barriers between the United States , Mexico , and Canada is signed into law by U.S. President Bill Clinton . Asia The government of the People 's Republic of China announces major privatization of state - owned industries in September 1997 . China entered the ' 90s in a turbulent period , shunned by much of the world after the Tiananmen Square Massacre and controlled by hard line politicians who reigned in private enterprise and attempted to revive old - fashioned propaganda campaigns . Relations with the United States deteriorated sharply , and the Chinese leadership was further embarrassed by the disintegration of communism in Europe . In 1992 , Deng Xiaoping travelled to southern China in his last major public appearance to revitalize faith in market economics and stop the country 's slide back into Maoism . Afterwards , China recovered , and would experience explosive economic growth during the rest of the decade . In spite of this , dissent continued to be suppressed , and CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin launched a brutal crackdown against the Falun Gong religious sect in 1999 . Deng Xiaoping himself died in 1997 at the age of 93 . Relations with the US deteriorated again in 1999 after the bombing of the Chinese embassy during the bombing of Serbia by NATO forces , which caused three deaths , and allegations of Chinese espionage at the Los Alamos Nuclear Facility . Financial crisis hits East and Southeast Asia in 1997 and 1998 after a long period of phenomenal economic development , which continues by 1999 . This crisis begins to be felt by the end of the decade . In Japan , after three decades of economic growth put them in second place in the world 's economies , the situation worsened after 1993 . The recession went on into the early first decade of the 21st century , bringing an end to the seemingly unlimited prosperity that the country had hitherto enjoyed . Less affluent nations such as India , Malaysia , and Vietnam also saw tremendous improvements in economic prosperity and quality of life during the 1990s . Restructuring following the end of the Cold War was beginning . However , there was also the continuation of terrorism in Third World regions that were once the `` frontlines '' for American and Soviet foreign politics , particularly in Asia . Boris Yeltsin and Bill Clinton share a laugh in October 1995 . Europe By 1990 , Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev 's reforms were causing major inflation and economic chaos . A coup attempt by hard - liners in August 1991 failed , marking the effective end of the Soviet Union . All its constituent republics declared their independence in 1991 , and on Christmas , Gorbachev resigned from office . After 73 years , the Soviet Union had ceased to exist . The new Russian Federation was headed by Boris Yeltsin , and would face severe economic difficulty . Oligarchs took over Russia 's energy and industrial sectors , reducing almost half the country to poverty . With a 3 % approval rating , Yeltsin had to buy the support of the oligarchs to win reelection in 1996 . Economic turmoil and devaluation of the ruble continued , and with heart and alcohol troubles , he stepped down from office on the last day of 1999 , handing power to Vladimir Putin . Russian financial crisis in the 1990s results in mass hyperinflation and prompts economic intervention from the International Monetary Fund and western countries to help Russia 's economy recover . The first McDonald 's restaurant opens in Moscow in 1990 with then - President of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR and future Russian President Boris Yeltsin attending , symbolizing Russia 's transition towards a capitalist free market economy and a move towards adopting elements of western culture . Oil and gas were discovered in many countries in the former Soviet bloc , leading to economic growth and wider adoption of trade between nations . These trends were also fueled by inexpensive fossil energy , with low petroleum prices caused by a glut of oil . Political stability and decreased militarization due to the winding down of the Cold War led to economic development and higher standards of living for many citizens . Most of Europe enjoyed growing prosperity during the ' 90s . However , problems including the massive 1995 general strikes in France following a recession and the difficulties associated with German reunification lead to sluggish growth in these countries . However , both the French and German economies improve in the latter half of the decade . Meanwhile , the economies of particularly Spain , Scandinavia and former Eastern Bloc countries accelerate at rapid speed during the decade although unemployment being mild due to many having experienced a deep recession for the start of the decade . After the early 1990s recession , the United Kingdom and Ireland experience rapid economic growth and falling unemployment that continues throughout the decade . Economic growth would continue until the Late 2000s recession marking the longest uninterrupted period of economic growth in history . Some Eastern European economies struggled after the fall of communism , but Poland , Hungary , Czech Republic , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania saw healthy economic growth rates in the late 1990s . With the creation of the EU there is freedom of movement between member states , such as the 1992 and 1995 free trade agreements . The Euro is adopted by the European Union on 1 January 1999 , which begins a process of phasing out national currencies of EU countries . South America The sluggish economies of Brazil , by a new emphasis on free markets for all their citizens , and Mexico , under economist president Ernesto Zedillo elected in 1994 , were in their best shape by the late 1990s . Technology and science ( edit ) Main article : 1990s in science and technology Technology ( edit ) See also : Timeline of computing 1990 -- 1999 The 1990s were a revolutionary decade for digital technology . Between 1990 and 1997 , individual personal computer ownership in the US rose from 15 to 35 % . Cell phones of the early - 1990s and earlier ones were very large , lacked extra features , and were used by only a few percent of the population of even the wealthiest nations . Only a few million people used online services in 1990 , and the World Wide Web had only just been invented . The first web browser went online in 1993 and by 2001 , more than 50 % of some Western countries had Internet access , and more than 25 % had cell phone access . Electronics and communications ( edit ) The `` historical '' World Wide Web project logo designed by Robert Cailliau . The logo created by The President 's Council on the Year 2000 Conversion , for use on Y2K.gov On August 6 , 1991 , CERN , a pan European organization for particle research , publicized the new World Wide Web project . Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades , the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s . Driven by mass adoption , consumer personal computer specifications increased dramatically during the 1990s , from 512 KB RAM 12 MHz Turbo XTs in 1990 , to 25 -- 66 MHz 80486 - class processor at the start of the popularization of the World Wide Web mid-decade , to over 1 GHz CPUs with close to a gigabyte of RAM by 2000 . Y2K spread fear throughout the United States and eventually the world in the last half of the decade , particularly in 1999 , about possible massive computer malfunctions on January 1 , 2000 . As a result , many people stocked up on supplies for fear of a worldwide disaster . After significant effort to upgrade systems on the part of software engineers , no failures occurred when the clocks rolled over into 2000 . Advancements in computer modems , ISDN , cable modems , and DSL lead to faster connections to the Internet . The first Pentium microprocessor is introduced and developed by the Intel Corporation . Email becomes popular ; as a result , Microsoft acquires the popular Hotmail webmail service . Instant messaging and the buddy list feature becomes popular . AIM and ICQ are two early protocols . Businesses start to build e-commerce websites ; e-commerce - only companies such as Amazon.com , eBay , AOL , and Yahoo ! grow rapidly . The introduction of affordable , smaller satellite dishes and the DVB - S standard in the mid-1990s expanded satellite television services that carried up to 500 television channels . The first MP3 player , the MPMan , is released in late spring of 1998 . It came with 32 MB of flash memory expandable to 64 MB . By the mid-2000s , the MP3 player would overtake the CD player in popularity . The first GSM network is launched in Finland in 1991 . Digital single - lens reflex cameras and regular digital cameras become commercially available . They would replace film cameras by the mid-2000s . IBM introduces the 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) wide Microdrive hard drive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities . Apple in 1998 introduces the iMac all - in - one computer , initiating a trend in computer design towards translucent plastics and multicolor case design , discontinuing many legacy technologies like serial ports , and beginning a resurgence in the company 's fortunes that continues to this day . CD burner drives are introduced . The CD - ROM drive became standard for most personal computers during the decade . The DVD media format is developed and popularized along with a plethora of Flash memory card standards in 1994 . Pagers are initially popular but ultimately are replaced by mobile phones by the early - 2000s . Hand - held satellite phones are introduced towards the end of the decade . The 24 - hour news cycle becomes popular with the Gulf War between late 1990 and early 1991 and CNN 's coverage of Desert Storm and Desert Shield . Though CNN had been running 24 - hour newscasts since 1980 , it was not until the Gulf War that the general public took large notice and others imitated CNN 's non-stop news approach . Portable CD players , introduced during the late 1980s , became very popular and had a profound impact on the music industry and youth culture during the 1990s . A typical early 1990s Personal Computer An early portable CD player , a Sony Discman model D121 Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade . Pagers became widely popular Software ( edit ) Microsoft Windows operating systems become virtually ubiquitous on IBM PC compatibles . Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1 , Windows 95 , and Windows 98 to the market , which gain immediate popularity . Macintosh System 7 was released in 1991 . For much of the decade , Apple would struggle to develop a next - generation operating system , starting with Copland and culminating in its December 1996 buyout of NeXT and the 1999 release of Mac OS X Server 1.0 . The development of web browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer makes surfing the World Wide Web easier and more user friendly . The Java programming language is developed by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle ) . In 1991 , development of the free Linux kernel is started by Linus Torvalds in Finland . Eurostars ( edit ) The opening of the Channel Tunnel between France and the United Kingdom saw the commencement by the three national railway companies of Belgium , France and the United Kingdom , respectively SNCB / NMBS , SNCF and British Rail of the joint Eurostar service . Eurostar logo 1994 -- 2011 On 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London , Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels South in Brussels . In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end - to - end speed of 171.5 km / h ( 106.6 mph ) between London and Paris . On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened . Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of HSL 1 on 14 December 1997 . A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International since moved to St Pancras International railway station . The trains are based on the TGV and are British Rail Class 373 . Automobiles ( edit ) The 1990s began with another recession that dampened car sales . General Motors continued to suffer huge losses thanks to an inefficient structure , stale designs , and poor quality . Sales improved with the economy by the mid-1990s , but GM 's US market share gradually declined to less than 40 % ( from a peak of 50 % in the 1970s ) . While the new Saturn division fared well , Oldsmobile declined sharply , and attempts to remake the division as a European - style luxury car were unsuccessful . Cars in the 1990s had a rounder , more streamlined shape than those from the 1970s and 1980s ; this style would continue early into the 2000s and to a lesser extent later on . Chrysler ran into financial troubles again as the 1990s started . Like GM , the company too had a stale model lineup ( except for the best - selling minivans ) that was largely based on the aging K - car platform . In 1992 , chairman Lee Iacocca retired , and the company began a remarkable revival , introducing the new LH platform and `` Cab - Forward '' styling , along with a highly successful redesign of the full - sized Dodge Ram in 1994 . Chrysler 's minivans continued to dominate the market despite increasing competition . In 1998 , Daimler - Benz ( the parent company of Mercedes - Benz ) merged with Chrysler . The following year , it was decided to retire Plymouth , which had been on a long decline since the 1970s . Ford continued to fare well in the 1990s , with the second and third generations of the Ford Taurus being named the best selling car in the United States from 1992 to 1996 . However , the Taurus would be outsold and dethroned by the Toyota Camry starting in 1997 , which became the best selling car in the United States for the rest of the decade and into the 2000s . Ford also introduced the Ford Explorer , 1991 being the first model year . Fords Explorer became the best selling SUV on the market ; out selling both the Chevy Blazer and Jeep Cherokee Japanese cars continued to be highly successful during the decade . The Honda Accord vied with the Taurus most years for being the best - selling car in the United States during the early part of the decade . Although launched in 1989 , the luxury brands Lexus and Infiniti began car sales of 1990 model year vehicles and saw great success . Lexus would go on to outsell Mercedes - Benz and BMW in the United States by 1991 , and would outsell Cadillac and Lincoln by the end of the decade . SUVs and trucks became hugely popular during the economic boom in the second half of the decade . Many makes that had never built a truck before started selling SUVs . Car styling during the 1990s became gradually more round and ovoid , the third - generation Taurus and Mercury Sable being some of the more extreme examples . Safety features such as airbags and shoulder belts became mandatory equipment on new cars . Science ( edit ) Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell . Hubble Space Telescope . Physicists develop M - theory . Detection of extrasolar planets orbiting stars other than the sun . In the United Kingdom , the first cloned mammal , Dolly the sheep was confirmed by the Roslin Institute , and was reported by global media on 26 February 1997 . Dolly would trigger a raging controversy on cloning and bioethical concerns regarding possible human cloning continue to this day . Human Genome Project begins . DNA identification of individuals finds wide application in criminal law . Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 and revolutionized astronomy . Unfortunately , a flaw in its main mirror caused it to produce fuzzy , distorted images . This was corrected by a shuttle repair mission in 1993 . Protease inhibitors introduced allowing HAART therapy against HIV ; drastically reduces AIDS mortality . NASA 's spacecraft Pathfinder lands on Mars and deploys a small roving vehicle , Sojourner , which analyzes the planet 's geology and atmosphere . The Hale -- Bopp comet swings past the sun for the first time in 4,200 years in April 1997 . Development of biodegradable products , replacing products made from styrofoam ; advances in methods for recycling of waste products ( such as paper , glass , and aluminum ) . Genetically engineered crops are developed for commercial use . Discovery of dark matter , dark energy , brown dwarfs , and first confirmation of black holes . The Galileo probe orbits Jupiter , studying the planet and its moons extensively . Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ( formally designated D / 1993 F2 , nicknamed String of Pearls for its appearance ) was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994 , providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of solar system objects ... The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) becomes fully operational . Proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem is discovered by Andrew Wiles . Construction started in 1998 on the International Space Station . Environment ( edit ) NASA satellite observation of deforestation in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil . The transformation from forest to farm is evident by the paler square shaped areas under development . At the beginning of the decade , sustainable development and environmental protection became serious issues for governments and the international community . In 1987 , the publication of the Brundtland Report by the United Nations had paved the way to establish an environmental governance . In 1992 the Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro , in which several countries committed to protect the environment , signing a Convention on Biological Diversity . The prevention of the destruction of the tropical rainforests of the world is a major environmental cause that first came into wide public concern in the early 1990s , and has continued and accelerated . The Chernobyl disaster had significant impact on public opinion at the end of the 1980s , and the fallout was still causing cancer deaths well into the 1990s and possibly even into the 21st century . All along the 1990s , several environmental NGOs helped improve environmental awareness among public opinion and governments . The most famous of these organizations during this decade was Greenpeace , which did not hesitate to lead illegal actions in the name of environmental preservation . These organizations also drawn attention on the large deforestion of the Amazon Rainforest during the period . Global warming as an aspect of climate change also became a major concern , and the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) after the Earth Summit helped coordinate efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere . From 1995 , the UNFCCC held annual summits on climate change , leading to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997 , a binding agreement signed by several developed countries . Society ( edit ) The 1990s represented continuing social liberalization in most countries , though coupled with an increase in the influence of capitalism , which would continue until the Great Recession of the late 2000s / early 2010s . Youth culture in the 1990s responded to this by embracing both environmentalism and entrepreneurship . Western world fashions reflected this by often turning highly individualistic and / or counter-cultural , which was influenced by Generation X and Generation Y / Millennials : tattoos and body piercing gained popularity , and `` retro '' styles inspired by fashions of the 1960s and 1970s were also prevalent . Some young people became increasingly involved in extreme sports and outdoor activities that combined embracing athletics with the appreciation of nature . Those born in the 1990s are usually considered part of the Millennial Generation , along with those born in the late 1970s and 1980s . However , dates vary , with many demographers considering those born from 1995 onward as part of Generation Z , the post-Millennial generation . The slacker and Valley Girl cultures were prevalent , and the decade was heavily influenced by Californian culture . In 1990 , the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from its list of diseases . Increasing acceptance of homosexuality occurred in the western world , slowly starting in the early 1990s . Third - wave feminism ( edit ) Women 's rights demonstration in Paris , November 1995 Anita Hill and other women testify before the United States Congress on being sexually harassed by Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas . Thomas was narrowly confirmed by the United States Senate , but Hill 's testimony , and the testimony of other harassed women , begins a national debate on the issue . Record numbers of women are elected to high office in the United States in 1992 , the `` Year of the Woman '' . Violence against women takes center stage as an important issue internationally . In the United States the Violence Against Women Act was passed , which greatly affected the world community through the United Nations . The law 's author , Joe Biden , and UN Ambassador and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright , and Hillary Clinton ( see below ) become vocal advocates of action against violence against women . Women reach great heights of power in the United States government . Hillary Clinton , leading policy proposals , traveling abroad as a State Department representative to 82 nations , advising her husband , and being elected a Senator ( in 2000 ) , is the most openly empowered and politically powerful First Lady in American history ; Madeleine Albright and Janet Reno take two of the cabinet 's top jobs as United States Secretary of State ( # 1 ) , and United States Attorney General ( # 4 ) , respectively . Sheila Widnall becomes head and Secretary of the Air Force and Ruth Bader Ginsburg joins Sandra Day O'Connor as the second woman on the U.S. Supreme Court . More nations than ever before are led by elected women Presidents and Prime Ministers . Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto 's 1988 victory in Pakistan makes women leaders in Muslim states unextraordinary . In Turkey , Tansu Çiller became the first female prime minister in 1993 ( till 1996 ) . In popular culture , pop group the Spice Girls also played a part in the feminist movement , boosting popularity with their slogan `` Girl Power ! '' , while country music superstar Shania Twain declared female dominance in her 1995 hit song `` Any Man of Mine . '' Additional significant worldwide events ( edit ) Worldwide New Year 's Eve celebrations on 31 December 1999 welcoming the year 2000 . Europe Funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales , 1997 . 1991 -- Soviet Union military troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius . Killed 14 people and wounding 1000 . In Paris , Diana , Princess of Wales and her friend , Dodi Al - Fayed , were killed in a car accident in August 1997 , when their chauffeured , hired Mercedes - Benz S - Class crashed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel . The chauffeur , Henri Paul died at the scene , as did Al - Fayed . Diana and an Al - Fayed bodyguard , Trevor Rees - Jones , survived the accident . The former Princess of Wales died at a Paris hospital hours later . The bodyguard , Rees - Jones , is the sole survivor of the now infamous accident . Mother Teresa , the Roman Catholic nun who won the Nobel Peace Prize , dies at age 87 . The birth of the `` Second Republic '' in Italy , with the Mani Pulite investigations of 1994 . The Channel Tunnel across the English Channel opens in 1994 , connecting France and England . As of 2007 it is the second - longest rail tunnel in the world , but with the undersea section of 37.9 km ( 23.5 mi ) being the longest undersea tunnel in the world . The resignation of President Boris Yeltsin on 31 December 1999 resulting in Prime Minister Vladimir Putin 's succession to the position . North America The Columbine High School massacre occurred on 20 April 1999 , in Columbine , Colorado , when Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 12 students and a teacher before committing suicide , making it the deadliest high school shooting in United States history . O.J. Simpson murder case -- O.J. Simpson 's trial , described in the United States media as the `` trial of the century '' and enormous United States media attention is focused on the trial . On 3 October 1995 , Simpson was found `` not guilty '' of double - murder of ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend , Ronald Goldman . With help from clinical fertility drugs , an Iowa mother , Bobbie McCaughey , gave birth to the first surviving septuplets in 1997 . There followed a media frenzy and widespread support for the family . John F. Kennedy , Jr. , his wife Carolyn Bessette and sister - in - law Lauren Bessette are killed when Kennedy 's private plane crashes off the coast of Martha 's Vineyard in July 1999 . Debate on assisted suicide highly publicized by Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian , charged with multiple counts of homicide of his terminally ill patients through the decade . Beer keg registration becomes popular public policy in United States The 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus ' discovery of the Americas in 1992 was popularly observed in the United States , despite controversy and protests against the victimization of Native Americans by Columbus ' expeditions . The holiday was labeled by some as racist , in view of Native American experiences of colonialism , slavery , genocide , and cultural destruction . Matthew Shepard is murdered near the University of Wyoming for being gay . This sparks intense national and international media attention and outrage . He becomes a major symbol in the LGBT rights movement and the fight against homophobia . Shanda Sharer was murdered on 11 January 1992 . She was lured away from her house and held captive by a group of teenage girls . She was tortured for hours and burned alive . She died from smoke inhalation . Those that were found guilty and sentenced to prison were Melinda Loveless , Laurie Tackett , Hope Rippey , and Toni Lawrence . According to Melinda , she was jealous of the relationship that her former partner Amanda Heavrin had with Shanda Sharer . This senseless murder shocked the nation . Karla Homolka was arrested with her husband , Paul Bernardo in 1993 . Both sexually tortured and killed their victims . Their first victim was Karla 's fifteen - year - old sister Tammy Homolka . The second and third victims were Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French . Karla told the investigators that she unwillingly did what Paul told her to do because he was abusive and was given a deal . She was sentenced to only 12 years in prison ( 10 years for Mahaffy and French but only 2 years for Tammy ) . Later , investigators discovered videotapes of the crimes which proved that Karla was a willing participant . But by that time the deal had already been made . In 1995 , Paul was sentenced to life in prison . Karla was released from prison in 2005 . Polly Klaas ( 3 January 1981 -- October 1993 ) was kidnapped by Richard Allen Davis from her home during a sleepover party . She was later strangled to death . After her death , her father , Marc Klaas , established the KlaasKids Foundation . Jonbenet Ramsey ( 6 August 1990 -- 25 December 1996 ) was a child beauty pageant contestant who was missing and found dead in her Boulder , Colorado , home . The crime horrified the nation and the world . Her parents were initially considered to be suspects in her death but were cleared in 2003 when DNA from her clothes were tested . To this day , her murderer has not been found and brought to justice . Lorena Bobbitt was charged with malicious wounding for severing husband John Bobbitt 's penis after she was repeatedly sexually assaulted by Bobbitt , in which he was charged with sexual assault . Both parties were acquitted of their respective charges . Scandal rocked the sport of figure skating when skater Nancy Kerrigan was attacked during practice by an assailant hired by Jeff Gillooly , husband of skater Tonya Harding . The attack was carried out in attempt to injure Kerrigan 's leg to the point of being unable to compete in the upcoming 1994 Winter Olympics , thereby securing Harding a better spot to win a gold medal . Asia Massive immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel -- With the end of the Soviet Union , Israel faced a mass influx of Russian Jews , many of whom had high expectations the country was unable to meet . Israel also came under Iraqi missile attack during the Gulf War , but acquiesced to US pressure not to militarily retaliate , which could have disrupted the US - Arab alliance . The US and Netherlands then rushed anti-missile batteries to Israel to defend the country against missile attacks . Vizconde massacre -- On June 30 , 1991 Three members of the Vizconde Family : Estrellita , Carmela and Jennifer were found dead inside of their house in BF Homes , Parañaque City , Metro Manila , Philippines . it was described in the Philippines as the `` trial of the century '' . in 2010 Hubert Webb and his men were later acquitted by the Supreme Court for failure of the prosecution to prove their guilt beyond reasonable doubt . The Spratly Islands issue became one of the most controversial in Southeast Asia . The closing Mass of the X World Youth Day 1995 was held in Rizal Park on January 15 , 1995 , attended by more than 5 million people . This is the record gathering of the Roman Catholic Church . The Philippines celebrates the 100th Anniversary of Philippine Independence in 1998 with its theme : `` Kalayaan : Kayamanan ng Bayan '' . Popular culture ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : 1990s in film The highest - grossing film of the decade was Titanic ( 1997 ) Dogme 95 becomes an important European artistic motion picture movement by the end of the decade . The first full - length CGI movie , Pixar 's Toy Story , is released , revolutionizing animated films . Titanic becomes a cultural phenomenon throughout the world , and eventually becomes the highest - grossing film of all time , grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide . It would hold this record for over a decade until 2010 when director James Cameron had another one of his films take the title , that being Avatar . The films produced by the Walt Disney Animation Studios became popular once more when the studio returned to making traditionally animated musical family classics such as Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , and The Lion King . This era was known as the Disney Renaissance . Award winners ( edit ) Award 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 Academy Award for Best Picture winners Dances with Wolves The Silence of the Lambs Unforgiven Schindler 's List Forrest Gump Braveheart The English Patient Titanic Shakespeare in Love American Beauty Palme d'Or winners at the Cannes Film Festival Wild at Heart Barton Fink The Best Intentions Farewell My Concubine and The Piano Pulp Fiction Underground Secrets & Lies Taste of Cherry and The Eel Eternity and a Day Rosetta César Award for Best Film winners Cyrano de Bergerac Tous les matin du monde Savage Nights Smoking / No Smoking Wild Reeds La haine Ridicule Same Old Song The Dreamlife of Angels Venus Beauty Institute Highest - grossing ( edit ) The 25 highest - grossing films of the decade are ( in order from highest to lowest grossing ) : Titanic Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Jurassic Park Independence Day The Lion King Forrest Gump The Sixth Sense The Lost World : Jurassic Park Men in Black Armageddon Terminator 2 : Judgment Day Ghost Aladdin Twister Toy Story 2 Saving Private Ryan Home Alone Pretty Woman The Matrix Mission : Impossible Tarzan Mrs. Doubtfire Dances with Wolves The Mummy The Bodyguard . Music ( edit ) Main article : 1990s in music Spice Girls became one of the biggest global pop acts of the decade . Nirvana performing at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards . Mariah Carey at Edwards Air Force Base during the making of `` I Still Believe '' video in 1998 . The 1990s were a decade that saw marketing become more segmented , as MTV gradually shifted away from music videos beginning in 1992 and radio splintered into narrower formats aimed at different niches . However , they are perhaps best known for grunge , gangsta rap , R&B , teen pop ; eurodance , electronic dance music , the renewed popularity of punk rock mainly because of the band Green Day ( which would also help create a new genre pop punk ) and for being the decade that alternative rock became mainstream . U2 was one of the most popular 1990s bands , their groundbreaking Zoo TV and PopMart tours were the top selling tours of 1992 and 1997 . Glam metal dies out through its own accord in the music mainstream by 1991 . Grunge became popular in the early 90s due to the success of Nirvana 's Nevermind , Pearl Jam 's Ten , Alice in Chains ' Dirt , and Soundgarden 's Badmotorfinger . Pop punk also becomes popular with such artists as Green Day , Blink - 182 , Weezer , Social Distortion , The Offspring , Bad Religion , NOFX and Rancid . Other successful alternative acts included Red Hot Chili Peppers , R.E.M. , Nickelback , Creed , Radiohead , Gin Blossoms , Soul Asylum , Third Eye Blind , Stone Temple Pilots , Faith No More , The Smashing Pumpkins , Live , Everclear , Bush , Alice in Chains , Screaming Trees , and Ween . Dr. Dre 's 1992 album The Chronic provided a template for modern gangsta rap . Due to the success of Death Row Records , West Coast gangsta rap commercially dominated hip hop during the early 1990s , along with The Notorious B.I.G. on the East Coast . Hip hop became the best selling music genre by the mid-1990s . In the United Kingdom , the uniquely British alternative rock Britpop genre emerged as part of the more general Cool Britannia culture , with Blur , Oasis , The Verve , Supergrass , Pulp , Manic Street Preachers , Suede , Elastica , Ride and Shed Seven . The impact of boy band pop sensation Take That lead to the formation of other boy bands in the UK and Ireland such as East 17 and Boyzone . Female pop icons Spice Girls took the world by storm , becoming the most commercially successful British group since The Beatles , The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin . Their global success brought about a widespread scene of teen pop acts around the world such as All Saints , Backstreet Boys , Hanson , N Sync , Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera who came to prominence into the new millennium. 1991 also saw the death of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury from AIDS - related pneumonia . Contemporary R&B and quiet storm continued in popularity among adult audiences , which began during the 1980s . Popular American contemporary R&B artists included Celine Dion , Mariah Carey , D'Angelo , Lauryn Hill , Whitney Houston , Brandy , Sade , En Vogue , TLC , Destiny 's Child , Toni Braxton , Boyz II Men , Dru Hill , and Vanessa L. Williams . The Tibetan Freedom Concert brought 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for Tibet from China . Freddie Mercury , Kurt Cobain , Selena , Tupac Shakur , and The Notorious B.I.G. are the most publicized music - related deaths of the decade , in 1991 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 respectively . Richey Edwards of the Manic Street Preachers was publicized in the media in 1991 following an incident involving Steve Lamacq backstage after a live show , in which Edwards carved ' 4 Real ' into his arm . Edwards disappeared in 1995 , which was highly publicized . He is still missing , but was presumed dead in 2008 . Controversy surrounded The Prodigy with the release of the track `` Smack My Bitch Up '' . The National Organization for Women ( NOW ) claimed that the track was `` advocating violence against women '' due to the lyrics of that song . The music video ( directed by Jonas Åkerlund ) featured a first - person POV of someone going clubbing , indulging in drugs and alcohol , getting into fist fights , abusing women and picking up a prostitute . At the end of the video the camera pans over to a mirror , revealing the subject to be a woman . 1994 became a breakthrough year for punk rock in California , with the success of bands like Bad Religion , Social Distortion , Blink - 182 , Green Day , The Offspring , Rancid , and similar groups following . This success would continue to grow over the next decade , the 2000s . The 1990s also became the most important decade for ska punk / reggae rock , with the success of many bands like Buck - O - Nine , Goldfinger , Less Than Jake , The Mighty Mighty Bosstones , Murphy 's Law , No Doubt , Reel Big Fish , Save Ferris , Sublime and Sugar Ray . The rave movement that emerged in the late 1980s rose . Rave spawned genres such as Intelligent dance music and Drum and bass . The latter is an offshoot of jungle techno and breakbeat . Popular artists included Moby , Fatboy Slim , Björk , Aphex Twin , Orbital ( band ) , The Orb , Chemical Brothers , Basement Jaxx , Todd Terry , 808 State , Primal Scream , The Shamen , The KLF and The Prodigy . The rise of industrial music , somewhat a fusion of synthpop and heavy metal , rose to worldwide popularity with bands like Godflesh , Nine Inch Nails , Rammstein , Ministry and Marilyn Manson . Groove metal was born through the efforts of Pantera , whose seventh studio album Far Beyond Driven ( 1994 ) was notable for going number one on Billboard 200 . Another heavy metal subgenre called nu metal , which mixed metal with hip hop influences , becomes popular with bands like Korn , Slipknot and Limp Bizkit selling millions of albums worldwide . Metallica 's 1991 eponymous album Metallica is the best - selling album of the SoundScan era , while extreme metal acts such as Death , Mayhem , Darkthrone , Emperor , Cannibal Corpse and others experienced popularity throughout the decade . In the 1990s , country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to Billy Ray Cyrus , Shania Twain , and Garth Brooks . The latter enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history , breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade . The RIAA has certified his recordings at a combined ( 128 × platinum ) , denoting roughly 113 million United States shipments . Other artists that experienced success during this time included Clint Black , Sammy Kershaw , Aaron Tippin , Travis Tritt , Suzy Bogguss , Alan Jackson , Lorrie Morgan and the newly formed duo of Brooks & Dunn ; George Strait , whose career began in the 1980s , also continued to have widespread success in this decade and beyond . Female artists such as Reba McEntire , Faith Hill , Martina McBride , Deana Carter , LeAnn Rimes , and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum selling albums in the 1990s . The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s . Their 1998 debut album Wide Open Spaces went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album Fly went on to become 10x platinum . Television ( edit ) Main article : 1990s in television Friends which premiered on NBC in 1994 became one of the most popular sitcoms of all time . Seinfeld premiered on NBC in 1989 , becoming a commercial success and cultural phenomenon by 1993 . It is widely regarded as one of the greatest sitcoms of all time . TV shows , mostly sitcoms , were popular with the American audience . Series such as Roseanne , Coach , Empty Nest , Mr. Belvedere , 227 , Cheers , The Cosby Show , Growing Pains , Night Court , The Hogan Family , A Different World , Amen , ALF , Perfect Strangers , Family Matters , Charles in Charge , Saved by the Bell , My Two Dads , Newhart , Dear John , Designing Women , The Golden Girls , Who 's the Boss ? , Head of the Class , and Seinfeld , which premiered in the eighties , and Frasier , a spin - off of the 1980s hit Cheers were viewed throughout the 1990s . These sitcoms , along with Friends , That ' 70s Show , Ellen , The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , Full House , Nurses , The Parkers , Herman 's Head , Murphy Brown , The Wonder Years , Living Single , Step by Step , NewsRadio , Blossom , The Norm Show , The Hughleys , Love & War , Dave 's World , The King of Queens , Hearts Afire , Major Dad , Zoe , Duncan , Jack and Jane , Nick Freno : Licensed Teacher , Fired Up , Jesse , For Your Love , The Steve Harvey Show , The Larry Sanders Show , Sex and the City , Arliss , Dream On , Grace Under Fire , Mad About You , Sabrina the Teenage Witch , The Naked Truth , The Jeff Foxworthy Show , The Jamie Foxx Show , Smart Guy , The Wayans Bros. , Malcolm & Eddie , Clueless , Moesha , The Parent ' Hood , Unhappily Ever After , Roc , Martin , Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper , Sister , Sister , Boy Meets World , Ned and Stacey , Becker , Veronica 's Closet , Two Guys and a Girl , The Drew Carey Show , Wings , The John Larroquette Show , Caroline in the City , Sports Night , Home Improvement , Will & Grace , Married ... with Children , Evening Shade , Cosby , Spin City , The Nanny , 3rd Rock from the Sun , Suddenly Susan , Cybill , Just Shoot Me ! , Everybody Loves Raymond , and Dharma and Greg turned TV in new directions and defined the humor of the decade . In early 1993 , one of the last westerns ever to air on television was Walker , Texas Ranger , a crime drama which also starred Chuck Norris as the title character . Lasting for 9 seasons , the show tackled a wide variety of subjects , and was one of the few shows ever to perform karate . 1993 also saw its debut of the medical -- mystery drama , Diagnosis Murder , a comeback vehicle for Dick Van Dyke , who guest - starred on an episode of its sequel , Jake and The Fatman , where the show got off to a rocky start , and became one of television 's long - running mysteries , that lasted until its cancelation in 2001 . Medical dramas started to come into television in the ' 90s . One show stood out as a critical and ratings success for NBC . In 1994 , ER , which starred Anthony Edwards and George Clooney , was a domestic and international success , lasting until 2009 and spawning series such as Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) . It made NBC the most watched channel in the United States . This show launched the career of George Clooney . That same year , Chicago Hope , that starred Héctor Elizondo , Mandy Patinkin and Adam Arkin , was also a popular series for CBS , lasting between 1994 and 2000 . Beverly Hills , 90210 ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000 . It established the teen soap genre paving the way for Dawson 's Creek , Felicity , and other shows airing in later years . The show was then remade and renamed simply 90210 and premiered in 2008 . Beverly Hills , 90210 spun - off Melrose Place , a popular TV show that dominated throughout the ' 90s as well . Baywatch , a popular TV show that dominated throughout the ' 90s , became the most watched TV show in history and influenced pop culture . Sex and the City 's frank portrayal of relationships and sexuality caused controversy and acclaim , leading to a new generation of sexually progressive television shows that would be seen in the 2000s . Fantasy was popular on television , with CBS airing Touched By an Angel , beginning in 1994 . The series was intended as the comeback vehicle of Della Reese , and also launched the career of Roma Downey . It was n't an immediate hit , and was canceled the following year , but revived the following year , thanks to die hard fans who approached a letter - writing campaign , where it ran for 8 more seasons . Crime drama and police detective shows returned after soap - operas died down . After the successful debuts of Law & Order , NYPD Blue and Homicide : Life on the Street , Nash Bridges , a comeback vehicle for Don Johnson , lasting 6 seasons ( 1996 -- 2001 ) which also dealt with escapist entertainment , rather than tackling issues . Reality television began on MTV ; this would grow in importance in the western world into the next decade . During the mid-1990s , two of the biggest professional wrestling companies : World Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation were in a ratings battle that was dubbed the Monday Night Wars ( 1995 -- 2001 ) . Each company fought to draw more viewers to their respective Monday night wrestling show . The `` War '' ended in 2001 when WWE bought WCW . In November 2001 , there was a Winner Takes All match with both companies in a Pay - Per - View called Survivor Series . WWF won the match ; putting a final end to WCW . As an animated sitcom , The Simpsons , debuted in December 1989 , became a domestic and international success in the 1990s . The show has aired more than 600 episodes and has become an institution of pop culture . It has spawned the adult - oriented animated sitcom genre , inspiring racier shows such as Beavis and Butt - head ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Daria ( 1997 -- 2001 ) , along with South Park and Family Guy , the latter two of which began in 1997 and 1999 respectively and continue to air new episodes through the 2000s and into the 2010s . Anime was popular in the 1980s , and expanded to a worldwide audience by the 1990s , for its expansive spectrum of story subjects and themes not limited to comedy and superhero action found in the US , and well produced , and well written , visual and story content , that held emotional and intellectual depth and integrity to its viewers , and which also expanded to older and adult ages in the medium of animation . TV shows such as Sailor Moon , Digimon , Pokémon , Tenchi Muyo ! , Dragon Ball Z , Gundam Wing , Neon Genesis Evangelion , Ranma 1 / 2 , Dirty Pair , Slayers , Rurouni Kenshin , Gunsmith Cats , to anime movies such as Akira , Vampire Hunter D , My Neighbor Totoro , Princess Mononoke , Castle in the Sky , The Castle of Cagliostro , and imports by various distributors such as Viz , AnimEigo , Central Park Media , A.D. Vision , Pioneer Entertainment , Media Blasters , Manga Entertainment , and Celebrity , helped begin the mid to late 1990s and early to mid-1900s introductory anime craze in the US , and the Cartoon Network anime block Toonami in 1997 . Nickelodeon 's first animated series ( Doug , Rugrats , The Ren & Stimpy Show ) debuted in 1991 . One of Nickelodeon 's most popular and longest running series , SpongeBob SquarePants , started in 1999 and became a huge success . American animated children 's programs went through a renaissance during the decade with studios producing many critically acclaimed shows . Examples include Tiny Toon Adventures , Animaniacs , Phantom 2040 , Batman : The Animated Series , and Superman : The Animated Series . The late 90s also saw the evolution of a new TV genre : primetime game shows , popularized by the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , hosted by Regis Philbin on ABC , as well as other first - run game shows aired in primetime on the newly launched Game Show Network . Fashion ( edit ) Main article : 1990s in fashion Grunge - style flannel shirt and curtained hair Significant fashion trends of the 1990s include : The Rachel , Jennifer Aniston 's hairstyle on the hit show Friends , became a cultural phenomenon with millions of women copying it worldwide . The Curtained Haircut increased in popularity in fashion and culture among teenage boys and young men in the 1990s , mainly after it was popularized in the film Terminator 2 : Judgment Day by the actor Edward Furlong . The model 1300 Wonderbra style has a resurgence of popularity in Europe in 1992 which kicks off a multinational media sensation , the 1994 re-introduction of `` The Wonderbra '' brand , and a spike in push - up , plunge bras around the world . Additional fashion trends of the 1990s include the Tamagotchi , Rollerblades , Pogs and Dr. Martens shoes . Bleached Blond hair became very popular in the late ' 90s , as was men with short hair with the bangs `` flipped up '' . Beverly Hills 90210 sideburns also became popular in the early and mid-1990s . Slap bracelets were a popular fad among children , pre-teens and teenagers in the early 1990s and were available in a wide variety of patterns and colors . Also , popular among children were light - up sneakers , jelly shoes , and shoelace hair clips . The Grunge hype at the beginning of the decade popularized flannel shirts among both sexes during the 1990s . The handheld digital pet device Tamagotchi became an especially popular game among children around the world during the decade Pogs was an especially popular game among children around the world during the decade In the 90s Dr. Martens shoes became a popular fashionable item heavily influenced by the grunge scene and the prominent grunge musicians whom wore them Video games ( edit ) Main article : 1990s in video gaming Popular notable video games of the 1990s include : Metal Gear Solid , Super Mario World , Donkey Kong Country , Pokémon Red and Blue Versions , Pokémon Yellow Version , GoldenEye 007 , Super Mario 64 , The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time , Gran Turismo , Mario Kart 64 , Half - Life , Super Mario Kart , Star Fox ( series ) , Tomb Raider series , Final Fantasy , Sonic the Hedgehog series , Crash Bandicoot series , Resident Evil series , Street Fighter II , Spyro the Dragon series , Commander Keen series , Test Drive series , Monkey Island series , Dune series , Mortal Kombat series , Warcraft series , Duke Nukem 3D , Tekken series , and StarCraft . Sony 's PlayStation becomes the top selling game console and changes the standard media storage type from cartridges to compact discs in consoles . Crash Bandicoot is released on 9 September 1996 , becoming one of the most successful platforming series for the Sony PlayStation . Tomb Raider 's ( PlayStation ) Lara Croft became a video game sex symbol , becoming a recognizable figure in the entertainment industry throughout the late 1990s . 3 - D graphics become the standard by end of decade . Although FPSs had long since seen the transition to full 3D , other genres begin to copy this trend by the end of the decade . Most notable first shooter games in the 1990s are GoldenEye 007 and Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six . The console wars , primarily between Sega ( Mega Drive , marketed as the Sega Genesis in North America , introduced in 1988 ) and Nintendo ( Super NES , introduced in 1990 ) , sees the entrance of Sony with the PlayStation in 1994 , which becomes the first successful CD - based console ( as opposed to cartridges ) . By the end of the decade , Sega 's hold on the market becomes tenuous after the end of the Saturn in 1999 and the Dreamcast in 2002 . Mario as Nintendo 's mascot finds a rival in Sega 's Sonic the Hedgehog with the release of Sonic the Hedgehog on the Genesis in 1991 . Arcade games rapidly decrease in popularity . Fighting games like Capcom 's Street Fighter II , Sega 's futuristic Virtua Fighter , and especially the more violent Mortal Kombat from Midway prompted the video game industry to adopt a game rating system . Hundreds of knock - offs are widely popular in the mid-to - late 1990s . Doom ( 1993 ) bursts onto the world scene , and instantly popularizes the FPS genre , and even how games are played , as Doom is among the first games to feature multiplayer capabilities . It is n't until Quake ( 1996 ) , however , that game developers begin to take multiplayer features into serious consideration when making games . Half - Life ( 1998 ) features the next evolutionary step in the genre with continual progression of the game ( no levels in the traditional sense ) and an entirely in - person view , and becomes one of the most popular computer games in history . The real - time strategy ( RTS ) genre is introduced in 1992 with the release of Dune II . Warcraft : Orcs & Humans ( 1994 ) popularizes the genre , with Command & Conquer and Warcraft II : Tides of Darkness in 1995 , setting up the first major real - time strategy competition and popularizing multiplayer capabilities in RTS games . StarCraft in 1998 becomes the second best - selling computer game of all time . It remains among the most popular multiplayer RTS games to this day , especially in South Korea . Homeworld in 1999 becomes the first successful 3d RTS game . The rise of the RTS genre is often credited with the fall of the turn - based strategy ( TBS ) genre , popularized with Civilization in 1991 . Final Fantasy debuted ( in North America ) in 1990 for the NES , and remains among the most popular video game franchises , with many new titles to date and more in development , plus numerous spin - offs , sequels , films and related titles . Final Fantasy VII , released in 1997 , especially popularized the series . Massively multiplayer online role - playing games ( MMORPGs ) see their entrance into the computer game world with Ultima Online in 1997 , although they do n't gain widespread popularity until EverQuest and Asheron 's Call in 1999 . MMORPGs go on to become among the most popular genres in the first decade of the 21st century . Pokémon enters the world scene with the release of the original Game Boy Pokémon Red and Pokémon Green games in Japan in 1996 , later changed to Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue for worldwide release in 1998 . It soon becomes popular in the United States , spurring the term Pokémania and is adapted into a popular anime series and trading card game , among other media forms . Resident Evil is released in 1996 . It becomes the most popular survival - horror series in video gaming well into the next decade and inspires several films . Crash Bandicoot is released in September 1996 , becoming an innovative platformer for the PlayStation . Nintendo 's Game Boy was a popular handheld game console during the 1990s . The PlayStation was released in the mid-1990s and became the best - selling gaming console of its time . The game Tomb Raider , launched in 1996 , became particularly popular during the decade and as a result Lara Croft 's character eventually became a cultural icon in the video game industry Private LAN parties were at the peak of their popularity in the late 90s and early 2000s when broadband Internet access was unavailable or too expensive for most people Internet ( edit ) Prominent websites / apps launched during the decade : IMDB ( 1993 ) , EBay ( 1995 ) , Amazon ( 1994 ) , GeoCities ( 1994 ) , Netscape ( 1994 ) , Yahoo ! ( 1995 ) , AltaVista ( 1995 ) , ICQ ( 1996 ) , Hotmail ( 1996 ) , Google ( 1997 ) , Napster ( 1999 ) The pioneering peer - to - peer ( P2P ) file sharing internet service Napster , which was first launched in the fall of 1999 , was the first peer - to - peer software to become massively popular . While at the time it was possible to share files in other ways via the Internet ( such as IRC and USENET ) , Napster was the first software to focus exclusively on sharing MP3 files . Napster was eventually forced to shutdown in July 2001 to prevent further copyright violations . Architecture ( edit ) Further information : Category : 1990s architecture The Petronas Twin Towers were the world 's tallest buildings when completed in 1999 . The Petronas Twin Towers became two of the tallest man - made structures ever built after they officially opened on 31 August 1999 . Sports ( edit ) Fireworks in the SkyDome after Joe Carter 's World Series - winning home run , as the Canadian Toronto Blue Jays won their second straight World Series title in 1993 against the US ' Philadelphia Phillies . Major League Baseball players went on strike on 12 August 1994 , thus ending the season and canceling the World Series for the first time in 90 years . The players ' strike ended on 29 March 1995 when players and team owners came to an agreement . American NBA basketball player Michael Jordan became a major sports and pop culture icon idolized by millions worldwide . He revolutionized sports marketing through deals with companies such as Gatorade , Hanes , McDonald 's and Nike . His Chicago Bulls team won six NBA titles during the decade ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 and 1998 ) . He was loved outside basketball thanks to his self - portrayal in the film Space Jam with the Looney Tune characters . The National Hockey League would expand from 21 to 30 teams . During the expansion years , several teams would relocate to new cities : the Winnipeg Jets moved to Phoenix , Arizona and became the Phoenix Coyotes , the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver and became the Colorado Avalanche , the Hartford Whalers moved to Raleigh , North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes , and the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas and became the Dallas Stars . The NHL 's 1990s expansion saw new teams in cities that previously never had NHL hockey : San Jose ( San Jose Sharks ) , Anaheim ( Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ) , Nashville ( Nashville Predators ) , Miami ( Florida Panthers ) , and Tampa ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) . The NHL also returned to Atlanta with the expansion Atlanta Thrashers . Two of the NHL 's Original Six teams , the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings would end long Stanley Cup championship droughts ; the Rangers in 1994 after 54 years , and the Red Wings would win back to back Cups in 1997 and 1998 after 42 years . Canadian hockey star Mario Lemieux led the Pittsburgh Penguins , one of the original NHL expansion teams , to back - to - back Stanley Cup championships in 1991 and 1992 . In addition to the Pittsburgh Penguins , three other NHL expansion teams went on to earn their first Stanley Cup championships : the New Jersey Devils in 1995 , the Colorado Avalanche in 1996 , and the Dallas Stars in 1999 . Canadian hockey star Wayne Gretzky announced his retirement from the NHL in 1999 . Upon his final game on 18 April , he held forty regular - season records , fifteen playoff records , and six All - Star records . He is the leading point - scorer in NHL history , as well as the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season -- a feat he accomplished four times . In addition , he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons , 14 of them consecutive . He played for four teams during his NHL career : the Edmonton Oilers , the Los Angeles Kings , the St. Louis Blues , and the New York Rangers . American cyclist Lance Armstrong won his first Tour de France in 1999 , less than two years after battling testicular cancer . In professional wrestling , the boom period of the WWF from the late 1980s continued until 1993 , led by such stars as Hulk Hogan and The Ultimate Warrior . A second boom period of the decade was introduced during the Monday Night Wars between the WWF and WCW from the middle of the decade to spawn the WWF 's Attitude Era , home to some of the biggest names in Wrestling history such as The Undertaker , who would go on to have an undefeated streak at WrestleMania that would go on until WrestleMania XXX in April 2014 , Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock and the highly popular nWo group , along with Sting and Goldberg who brought WCW major success . Manchester United won an unprecedented treble of the Premier League , FA Cup and Champions League after defeating Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 in May 1999 . The United States hosted the 15th staging of the World Cup in 1994 . To this day , it holds the record for largest attendance per game during the World Cup finals ( even after the tournament 's expansion to 32 teams and 64 matches ) . Additionally , this led to the creation of the MLS . In motor racing , triple Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna is fatally injured in a crash at San Marino in 1994 . Michael Schumacher enters into the sport -- winning his first two championships in 1994 and 1995 . Dale Earnhardt wins the 1998 Daytona 500 and the NASCAR Winston Cup championship in 1990 , 1991 , 1993 and 1994 . Indy Car racing delves into an organizational `` Split '' . In the NFL , the San Francisco 49ers and the Washington Redskins showed promise of continuing their 80s glory by each team winning another Super Bowl at the beginning of the decade ; but it was the Dallas Cowboys who made a gradual return to dynasty status , winning three Super Bowls ( 1992 , 1993 and 1995 ) in a four - year span after a 14 - year NFL championship drought . The Nebraska Cornhuskers led by head coach Tom Osborne won three national championships in college football in a four - year span ( 1994 , 1995 , 1997 ) Led by head coach Jim Tressel , The Youngstown State Penguins claimed to be the `` team of the ' 90s '' by winning four national championships ( 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1997 ) in division I - AA college football The Ultimate Fighting Championship ( 1993 ) and Pride Fighting Championship ( 1997 ) debut and evolve into the modern sport of Mixed Martial Arts . Major League Baseball added four teams , Miami Marlins ( as Florida Marlins ) , Colorado Rockies , Tampa Bay Rays ( as Tampa Bay Devil Rays ) , and the Arizona Diamondbacks , and moved one ( Milwaukee Brewers ) into the National League . In 1998 , Canada wins gold metals for the first time in Disc ultimate at the WFDF World Ultimate Championship in Open , Mixed and Masters . Literature ( edit ) The hugely successful Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling debuted in 1997 . The series would go on to become the best - selling book series in world history with only seven main novels . John Grisham was the bestselling author in the United States in the 1990s , with over 60 million copies sold of novels such as The Pelican Brief , The Client , and The Firm . Other successful authors of the 1990s include Stephen King , Danielle Steel , Michael Crichton , and Tom Clancy . Goosebumps by R.L. Stine , the second highest - grossing book series in the world , debuted in 1992 and remained a dominant player in children 's literature throughout and after the decade . See also ( edit ) 1990s portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1990s . 1990s in music 1990s in fashion 1990s in television 1990s in science and technology 1990s in video gaming 1990s in literature Generation X -- Members of this generation would have been young adults or teenagers during this decade , while the oldest members were nearly 40 as the decade closed . Millennials -- Members of this generation were still being born throughout the 1990s , the older members would have been reaching their early 20s . History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Timeline ( edit ) The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade : 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merkl , Peter ; Leonard , Weinberg ( 2 August 2004 ) . Right - wing Extremism in the Twenty - first Century . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 76421 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` India -- The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism '' . Jump up ^ ROSEN , RUTH ( 27 December 1994 ) . `` Which of Us Is n't Taking ' Welfare ' ? : Poor children rank low in government largess ; why is the comfortable class so mean ? '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Séguin , Gilles . `` Provincial Welfare Reforms in the 1990s -- Canadian Social Research Links '' . Jump up ^ Maloney , Tim ( 1 May 2002 ) . `` Welfare Reform and Unemployment in New Zealand '' . Economica. 69 ( 274 ) : 273 -- 293 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0335.00283 -- via Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ `` Policy Exchange -- Shaping the Policy Agenda '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/19/report-us-executions-dipped-in-2013 Jump up ^ Handyside , AH ; Kontogianni , EH ; Hardy , K ; Winston , RM ( 1990 ) . `` Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y - specific DNA amplification '' . Nature . 344 ( 6268 ) : 768 -- 70 . doi : 10.1038 / 344768a0 . PMID 2330030 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2004 ) . The Roaring Nineties . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32618 - 5 . Jump up ^ GlobalSecurity.org , Second Chechnya War -- 1999 -- ? ? ? Jump up ^ Des Forges , Alison ( 1999 ) . Leave None to Tell the Story : Genocide in Rwanda . Human Rights Watch . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56432 - 171 - 8 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Rwanda : How the genocide happened , BBC , 1 April 2004 , which gives an estimate of 800,000 , and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide Archived 25 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Africa Recovery , Vol. 12 1 # 1 ( August 1998 ) , page 4 , which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of every 10 Tutsis were killed . ^ Jump up to : Sorin Antohi and Vladimir Tismăneanu , `` Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution '' in Between Past and Future : The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath , Central European University Press . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9116 - 71 - 9 . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Peatling , Gary ( 2004 ) . The failure of the Northern Ireland peace process . Irish Academic Press , p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 7165 - 3336 - 7 Jump up ^ Cox , Michael , Guelke , Adrian and Stephen , Fiona ( 2006 ) . A farewell to arms ? : beyond the Good Friday Agreement . Manchester University Press , p. 486 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 7115 - 1 Jump up ^ Clark , Desmond and Jones , Charles ( 1999 ) . The rights of nations : nations and nationalism in a changing world . Palgrave Macmillan , p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 22595 - 4 Jump up ^ Cox & Guelke , pp. 487 -- 488 Jump up ^ ARK : Northern Ireland Elections , The 1998 Referendums Jump up ^ Politics 97 by Joshua Rozenberg : BBC website . Retrieved 9 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Past Referendums -- Scotland 1997 '' . The Electoral Commission . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Bryn ( 8 October 1999 ) . `` House of Commons Research Paper -- Scottish Parliament Elections : 6 May 1999 '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2002 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Computer Ownership Up Sharply in the 1990s '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Did 1993 Change Everything ? -- New York Magazine '' . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( 31 March 2003 ) . `` How the Web Was Spun '' . Time Magazine . Archived from the original on 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Berners - Lee 's computer faithfully logged the exact second the site was launched : 2 : 56 : 20 pm , 6 August 1991 . Jump up ^ InfoWorld Jan 8 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Blast from the Past : Buying a Computer in 1995 '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Our history '' . Eurotunnel . Archived from the original on 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Waterloo ' Goodbye ' video , useful statistics and numbers shown '' . YouTube.com. 20 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Waterloo International : 1994 -- 2007 '' . The Guardian . London . 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Takagi , Ryo ( March 2005 ) . `` High - speed Railways : The last ten years '' ( PDF ) . Japan Railway & Transport Review ( 40 ) : 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostar celebrates 10 years at Ashford International '' ( Press release ) . Eurostar. 9 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Generations Defined Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Mark McCrindle Jump up ^ Dish , The Daily . `` What Happened In 1990 ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 22 May 1990 ) . `` David Lynch Film Takes the Top Prize At Cannes Festival '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 21 May 1991 ) . `` ' Barton Fink ' Wins the Top Prize And 2 Others at Cannes Festival '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 19 May 1992 ) . `` Swedish Film Is No. 1 at Cannes ; Tim Robbins Wins Acting Prize '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 25 May 1993 ) . `` Top Prize at Cannes Is Shared '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 24 May 1994 ) . `` A Dark Comedy Wins at Cannes '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 29 May 1995 ) . `` 2 Films on Strife in Balkans Win Top Prizes at Cannes '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 21 May 1996 ) . `` Secrets and Lies ' Wins the Top Prize at Cannes '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 19 May 1997 ) . `` Pensiveness , Not Glitz , Gets The Gold at Cannes Festival '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 25 May 1998 ) . `` Greek Director Wins Top Prize at Cannes Festival '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 24 May 1998 ) . `` A Belgian Film Wins Top Prize at the Cannes Festival '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( 22 August 2002 ) . `` ' Like , Omigod ! ' It 's the return of the ' 80s '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( 21 July 2005 ) . `` Return of the ' 90s '' . Return of the ' 90s . Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ DeCurtis , Anthony ( 5 October 1999 ) . `` The Ball Drops on the Music Industry '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Jeff ( 13 February 2005 ) . `` We Hate the 80s '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Chuch ( 10 November 2009 ) . `` MYTH No. 2 : Nirvana Killed Hair Metal '' . Spin . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 14 June 1992 ) . `` POP VIEW ; Nirvana - bes Awaiting Fame 's Call '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music Genres '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Wilson , Carl ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` My So Called Adulthood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ McGee , Allan ( 3 January 2008 ) . `` The missing link of hip - hop 's golden age '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( 9 November 2009 ) . `` MYTH No. 4 : Biggie & Tupac Are Hip - Hop 's Pillars '' . Spin . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Batey , Angus ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` The hip - hop heritage society '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` The music dies for once popular ' Guitar Hero ' video game '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Press Office -- New Spice Girls documentary on BBC One '' . Jump up ^ `` 1998 : Ginger leaves the Spice Girls '' . BBC News . 31 May 1998 . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Pop Music : A Guide '' . Archived from the original on 4 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Pop '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashthana , Anushka ( 25 May 2008 ) . `` They do n't live for work ... they work to live '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Country is No. 1 musical style '' . Reading Eagle . 19 August 1992 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Country music reflects the time '' . Herald - Journal . 27 September 1992 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Jack ( 25 November 1993 ) . `` Country music is making waves across the seas '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA.com '' . RIAA.com . Archived from the original on 2 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McCABE , HEATHER ( 25 April 1996 ) . `` With a New Beat and Attitude , the ' Vice ' Man Cometh '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Wolf , Mark J.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Arcade Games of the 1990s and Beyond '' . The video game explosion : a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33868 - 7 . OCLC 154776597 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . The decline of arcade video games would come back in the 1990s , despite attempts to redefine the arcade experience and attract players back to the arcade . Jump up ^ `` Football Traditions '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Grisham ranks as top - selling author of decade '' . CNN . 31 December 1999 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Ash , Timothy Garton . History of the Present : Essays , Sketches , and Dispatches from Europe in the 1990s ( 2009 ) excerpts Bender , Thomas . `` ' Venturesome and Cautious ' : American History in the 1990s . '' Journal of American History ( 1994 ) : 992 -- 1003 . in JSTOR Bentley , Nick , ed . British Fiction of the 1990s ( Routledge , 2007 ) Cornia , Giovanni Andrea , Ralph van der Hoeven , and Thandika Mkandawire . Africa 's recovery in the 1990s : from stagnation and adjustment to human development ( St. Martin 's Press , 1992 ) Harrison , Thomas ( 2011 ) . Music of the 1990s . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313379437 . O'Neill , William . A Bubble in Time : America During the Interwar Years , 1989 - 2001 ( 2009 ) Excerpt Parratt , Catriona M. `` About Turns : Reflecting on Sport History in the 1990s . '' Sport History Review ( 1998 ) 29 # 1 pp : 4 -- 17 . Sierz , Aleks . Modern British Playwriting : The 1990s : Voices , Documents , New Interpretations ( A&C Black , 2012 ) Stiglitz , Joseph E. The roaring nineties : A new history of the world 's most prosperous decade ( Norton , 2004 ) , economic history Turner , Alwyn . A Classless Society : Britain in the 1990s Aurum Press ( 2013 ) van der Hoeven , Arno . `` Remembering the popular music of the 1990s : dance music and the cultural meanings of decade - based nostalgia . '' International journal of heritage studies ( 2014 ) 20 # 3 pp : 316 -- 330 . Yoda , Tomiko , and Harry Harootunian , eds . Japan After Japan : Social and Cultural Life from the Recessionary 1990s to the Present ( 2006 ) <Th_colspan="2"> History of 20th century <Td_colspan="2"> Events Timeline Decades 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Topics Art theatre Christianity Literature Music classical Philosophy Science Lists State leaders : 1901 -- 1950 1951 -- 2000 Earthquakes Lunar eclipses Solar eclipses Volcanic eruptions <Td_colspan="2"> Category * Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990s&oldid=865079260 '' Categories : 1990s 20th century Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from February 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Авар Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Коми Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure La . lojban . Magyar Македонски Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 95 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 16 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. 1990s events and conflicts
2. Rise of multiculturalism and alternative media
3. Political shifts towards right-wing ideologies
4. Technological advancements and the internet boom
5. Wars and conflicts in various regions
|
-4,364,572,805,266,684,400 |
who dies in harry potter crabbe or goyle
|
Jamie Waylett - wikipedia Jamie Waylett Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Jamie Waylett <Td_colspan="2"> ( 1989 - 07 - 21 ) 21 July 1989 ( age 28 ) Kilburn , London , England Occupation Actor Years active 2001 -- 2009 Jamie Michael Waylett ( born 21 July 1989 ) is an English former actor . His only role is that of Vincent Crabbe in six of the eight Harry Potter films . In 2012 , he was imprisoned for his participation in the 2011 England riots . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Legal troubles 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Waylett was born in Kilburn , London , the youngest of four children . He lived in Camden , London . At the age of nine , he was hit by a car ; he was expected to die or suffer severe brain damage , but surprised doctors by apparently recovering full mental faculties . Career ( edit ) While Waylett was a student at Emmanuel Primary School , his photograph was taken as part of a general auditioning process for the Harry Potter films . Initially considered for the part of Dudley Dursley , he was cast as Vincent Crabbe after an audition in front of director Chris Columbus . In August 2009 , fellow Harry Potter star Joshua Herdman announced that Waylett would not return for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 , or for the final film in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 . The role of Waylett 's character in the plot was taken over by Herdman 's character . Legal troubles ( edit ) On 7 April 2009 , Waylett and a friend were pulled over by police after Waylett took a photograph of the officers ' car as they drove past . The officers then searched their vehicle , finding a knife and eight bags of cannabis . Other images on the camera led police to Waylett 's mother 's house , where additional cannabis plants were discovered being grown . Waylett was charged a month later for possession of the drug . He appeared in court on 16 July and pleaded guilty to growing the plants in his mother 's home , but claimed that they were for his personal use and not for distribution . On 21 July , he was sentenced to 120 hours of community service . He had previously been accused of using cocaine in October 2006 . On 14 October 2011 , Waylett was arrested for his participation in the 2011 England riots . The Metropolitan Police charged him with `` violent disorder , having an article with intent to destroy or damage property , and receiving stolen goods '' . He was specifically accused of possessing a Molotov cocktail while looting a chemist in Chalk Farm , London . He was also charged with growing cannabis after police found fifteen plants during a search of his home . On 20 March 2012 , he was sentenced to two years in prison for taking part in the riots . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Vincent Crabbe 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Births , Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales , 1916 -- 2005. ; at ancestry.com ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter actor jailed for two years for London riots disorder Waylett has a history of Violence Daily Mirror , 20 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` BBC News -- London riots : Harry Potter actor Jamie Waylett jailed . '' . Bbc.co.uk. 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Day with Jamie Waylett '' . 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Waylett wo n't return for Deathly Hallows '' . SnitchSeeker.com. 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua Herdman & Louis Cordice to reprise Goyle and Zabini roles for Deathly Hallows -- Snitchseeker.com Forums ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Harry Potter actor caught with cannabis plants after police see pictures of drugs on his camera '' . Daily Mail . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Simpson , By Aislinn . `` Harry Potter actor Jamie Waylett arrested over £ 2,000 bedroom cannabis ' farm ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Drug rap Harry Potter star is charged Jump up ^ `` Login '' . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Potter Actor to do Community Work Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - England - London - Drug charge for Potter film actor '' . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Celeb News , Entertainment News , and Celebrity Gossip '' . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter star Jamie Waylett arrested over ' cannabis farm ' Jump up ^ Harry Potter star Jamie Waylett 's ' bedroom pot farm ' Jump up ^ Slytherin 's Crabbe charged in London riots , Chicago Sun - Times , 14 October 2011 External links ( edit ) Official website Jamie Waylett on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Waylett&oldid=792076722 '' Categories : 1989 births Living people People from Kilburn , London Male actors from London English male film actors 2011 England riots English people convicted of drug offences 21st - century English criminals 21st - century English male actors English male child actors Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2013 Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 09 : 15 . About Wikipedia
|
1. Jamie Waylett - English former actor
2. Vincent Crabbe - Character in Harry Potter films
3. Legal troubles - Involvement in England riots and drug offenses
4. Filmography - Roles in Harry Potter films
5. Early life - Childhood and accident
|
-3,413,786,852,894,404,000 |
which describes what free soilers wanted for western lands
|
Free Soil Party - wikipedia Free Soil Party Jump to : navigation , search `` Free Soil '' redirects here . For the township in Michigan , see Free Soil Township , Michigan . <Th_colspan="2"> Free Soil Party <Td_colspan="2"> Martin Van Buren / Charles Francis Adams campaign banner Leader Martin Van Buren Salmon P. Chase John P. Hale Founded 1848 ( 1848 ) Dissolved 1854 ( 1854 ) Merger of Barnburner Democrats Conscience Whigs Liberty Party Merged into Republican Party Ideology Anti-slavery expansion Colors Old gold Slogan `` Free Soil , Free Speech , Free Labor , Free Men '' <Td_colspan="2"> Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Free Soil Party was a short - lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections as well as in some state elections . A single - issue party , its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the Western territories , arguing that free men on free soil constituted a morally and economically superior system to slavery . It also sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio . The party originated in New York after the state Democratic convention refused to endorse the Wilmot Proviso , a proposed law that would have banned slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican -- American War . A faction of New York Democrats known as the Barnburners objected to slavery in the territories and opposed the 1848 Democratic nominee Lewis Cass . The Barnburners and other anti-slavery Democrats joined with some anti-slavery Whigs and the Liberty Party to form the Free Soil Party . Salmon P. Chase , John P. Hale and other party leaders organized the 1848 Free Soil Convention , which nominated a ticket consisting of former President Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams Sr. In the 1848 presidential election , Van Buren won 10.1 % of the popular vote and Whig nominee Zachary Taylor defeated Cass . The Compromise of 1850 reduced tensions regarding slavery , but some remained in the party . In the 1852 presidential election , Hale won 4.9 % of the popular vote as the party 's nominee . Passage of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1854 revitalized the anti-slavery movement and the party membership ( including leaders such as Hale and Chase ) was largely absorbed by the Republican Party between 1854 and 1856 by way of the Anti-Nebraska movement . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Legacy 3 Positions 4 Noted Free Soilers 5 Electoral history 5.1 Presidential elections 5.2 Congressional election 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) 1848 cartoon for Van Buren In 1848 , the New York State Democratic convention did not endorse the Wilmot Proviso , an act that would have banned slavery in any territory conquered by the United States in the Mexican War . Almost half the members , known as `` Barnburners '' , walked out after denouncing the national platform . Lewis Cass , the Democratic Party 's 1848 presidential nominee , supported popular sovereignty ( local control ) for determining the status of slavery in the United States territories . This stance repulsed the New York State Democrats and encouraged them to join with anti-slavery Conscience Whigs and the majority of the Liberty Party to form the Free Soil Party , which was formalized in the summer of 1848 at conventions in Utica and Buffalo . The Free Soilers nominated former Democratic President Martin Van Buren for President , along with Charles Francis Adams for Vice President , at Lafayette Square in Buffalo , then known as Court House Park . The main party leaders were Salmon P. Chase of Ohio and John P. Hale of New Hampshire . The Free Soil candidates won 10 % of the popular vote in 1848 , but no electoral votes , in part because the nomination of Van Buren discouraged many anti-slavery Whigs from supporting them . The party distanced itself from abolitionism and avoided the moral problems implicit in slavery . Members emphasized instead the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and Northern businessmen in the new Western territories . Although abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison derided the party philosophy as `` white manism '' , the approach appealed to many moderate opponents of slavery . The 1848 platform pledged to promote limited internal improvements , work for a homestead law , work towards paying off the public debt and introduce a moderate tariff for revenue only . The Compromise of 1850 temporarily neutralized the issue of slavery and undercut the party 's no - compromise position . Most Barnburners returned to the Democratic Party while most of the Conscience Whigs returned to the Whig Party . This resulted in the Free Soil Party becoming dominated by ardent anti-slavery leaders . The party ran John P. Hale in the 1852 presidential election , but its share of the popular vote shrank to less than 5 % . However , two years later -- after enormous outrage over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 -- the remains of the Free Soil Party helped form the Republican Party . Legacy ( edit ) The Free Soil Party sent two Senators and fourteen Representatives to the thirty - first Congress , which convened from March 4 , 1849 to March 3 , 1851 . Since there were party members on the floor of Congress , they could carry far more weight in the government and in the debates that took place . The Free Soil Party presidential nominee in 1848 , Martin Van Buren , received 291,616 votes against Zachary Taylor of the Whigs and Lewis Cass of the Democrats , but Van Buren received no electoral votes . The party 's `` spoiler effect '' in 1848 may have helped Taylor into office in a narrowly contested election . However , the strength of the party was its representation in Congress as the sixteen elected officials had influence far beyond their numerical strength . The party 's most important legacy was as a route for anti-slavery Democrats to join the new Republican coalition . In August 1854 , an alliance was brokered at Ottawa , Illinois between the Free Soil Party and the Whigs ( in part based on the efforts of local newspaper publisher Jonathan F. Linton ) that gave rise to the new Republican Party which had been founded in March of that year . Free Soil Township , Michigan was named after the Free Soil party in 1848 . Positions ( edit ) In this 1850 political cartoon , the artist attacks abolitionist , Free Soil and other sectionalist interests of 1850 as dangers to the Union Free Soil candidates ran on a platform that declared : `` ( W ) e inscribe on our banner , ' Free Soil , Free Speech , Free Labor , and Free Men , ' and under it we will fight on , and fight forever , until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions '' . The party also called for a tariff for revenue only ( i.e. import taxes sufficient to meet federal government expenses without creating protectionist trade barriers ) and for a homestead act . The Free Soil Party 's main support came from areas of Ohio , upstate New York and western Massachusetts , although other northern states also had representatives . The party contended that slavery undermined the dignity of labor and inhibited social mobility and was therefore fundamentally undemocratic . Viewing slavery as an economically inefficient , obsolete institution , Free Soilers believed that slavery should be contained and that if contained it would ultimately disappear . Noted Free Soilers ( edit ) Jonathan Blanchard , President of Knox College Walter Booth , Congressman from Connecticut David C. Broderick , Senator from California William Cullen Bryant Salmon P. Chase , Senator from Ohio Oren B. Cheney , legislator from Maine and founder of Bates College Richard Henry Dana , Jr . Sidney Edgerton , Congressman from Ohio , Chief Justice of the Idaho Territorial Supreme Court and Territorial Governor of Montana John C. Frémont , Senator from California Leander F. Frisby , Wisconsin Attorney General Joshua Reed Giddings , Congressman from Ohio Francis Gillette , Senator from Connecticut James Harlan , Senator from Iowa Thomas Hoyne , future Mayor of Chicago Horace Mann , Congressman from Massachusetts and educational reformer J. Young Scammon , Chicago pioneer and state Whig leader who in 1848 ran on a `` Free Soil plank '' in the 4th Congressional District William B. Ogden , former Mayor of Chicago and President of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad Charles Sumner , Senator from Massachusetts Walt Whitman , member of the Free Soil Committee for Brooklyn and editor of the Brooklyn Freeman , a Free Soil newspaper John Greenleaf Whittier Henry Wilson Asa Walker Victor Willard , Wisconsin State Senator , 17th District , 1849 -- 1850 ; and Wisconsin Constitutional Convention Delegate , 1846 ( Democrat ) Willard Woodard , educator , publisher , Free Soil club co-founder and President Electoral History ( edit ) Presidential elections ( edit ) Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1848 Martin Van Buren Charles F. Adams 291,501 10.1 0 / 290 New party Lost 1852 John P. Hale George W. Julian 155,210 4.9 0 / 296 0 Lost Congressional election ( edit ) United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- House Speaker 1848 9 / 233 New party Howell Cobb 1850 4 / 233 5 Linn Boyd 1852 4 / 234 0 1854 37 / 234 33 Nathaniel P. Banks United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Senate President 1848 / 1849 2 / 62 New party Millard Fillmore 1850 / 1851 3 / 62 Vacant 1852 / 1853 4 / 62 William R. King 1854 / 1855 2 / 62 Vacant ^ a : Free Soilers ran under `` Anti-Nebraska '' label . ^ b : Office left vacant when Fillmore assumed the presidency on July 9 , 1850 . ^ c : Office left vacant after King 's death on April 18 , 1853 . See also ( edit ) Appeal of the Independent Democrats Anti-Nebraska movement Origins of the American Civil War Second Party System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( July 20 , 1998 ) . `` Free - Soil Party '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AMR Editors . `` Anti-slavery `` Free Soil Party '' showed strength during hard times `` . African American Registry . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( April 20 , 1995 ) . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195094978 . Jump up ^ Ohio History Central . `` Free Soil Party '' . Ohio History Connection . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Free - Soil Party The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History '' . www.gilderlehrman.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Old Court House '' . History of Buffalo . Chuck LaChiusa . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alcott , L.M. ; Elbert , S. ( 1997 ) . Louisa May Alcott on Race , Sex , and Slavery . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555533076 . Jump up ^ Mayfield , John . Rehearsal for Republicanism : Free Soil and the Politics of Anti-Slavery . Port Washington . NY . Kennikat. 1980 . Jump up ^ Taylor , William Alexander ( 1909 ) . `` Centennial history of Columbus and Franklin County , Ohio ; Vol. 2 '' . S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. pp. 161 -- 162 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boughner , Eliane Durnin ( June 25 , 1981 ) . `` Free Soil Gets History Write - up '' . Ludington Daily News . Ludington , MI . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties 1789 - 1905 by Thomas Hudson McKee ISBN 0 - 403 - 00356 - 3 p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : The Past and Present of Kane County , Illinois . Chicago , IL : William Le Baron , Jr. & Co. 1878 . p. 258 . Jump up ^ Harris , Norman Dwight ( 1904 ) . The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois . pp. 173 -- 174 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin for 1879 . Waukesha Democrat . December 5 , 1848 . Watertown Chronicle . December 5 , 1849 . Further reading ( edit ) JBlue , Frederick J. ( 1987 ) . Salmon P. Chase : A Life in Politics . Blue , Frederick J. ( 1973 ) The Free Soilers : Third Party Politics , 1848 - 54 . Brooks , Corey M. ( 2016 ) . M. Liberty Power : Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics . University of Chicago Press . 302 pp . Duberman , Martin ( 1968 ) . Charles Francis Adams , 1807 -- 1886 . Earle , Jonathan Halperin ( 2004 ) . Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil , 1824 -- 1854 . Foner , Eric ( 1995 ) ( 1970 ) . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509497 - 2 . Smith , T.C. Smith ( 1987 ) . Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest . New York . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Free Soil Party . Free Soil Banner -- Indianapolis Marion County Public Library American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists -- comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States , including the Free Soil Party Texts on Wikisource : `` Free - Soil Party '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` Free Soil Party '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Free - Soil Party , The '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) National political parties in the United States <Td_colspan="3"> List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller African People 's Socialist All - African People 's Revolutionary America 's American ( 1969 ) American Delta American Freedom American Party of Labor American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist ( 1973 ) Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Falangist American Nazi American Vegetarian Americans Elect Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National Socialist National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist ( 1901 ) Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International <Td_colspan="3"> Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Soil_Party&oldid=833133050 '' Categories : Defunct political parties in the United States Political parties established in 1848 1848 establishments in the United States Slavery in the United States Political parties disestablished in 1854 1854 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska اردو 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Free Soil Party: A short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections.
2. Anti-slavery expansion: The main purpose of the Free Soil Party was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the Western territories.
3. Martin Van Buren: Former President Martin Van Buren was nominated as the Free Soil Party's presidential candidate in 1848.
4. Legacy: The Free Soil Party played a significant role in the formation of the Republican Party and the anti-slavery movement.
5. Positions: The Free Soil Party advocated for free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men, and called for a tariff for revenue only and a homestead act.
|
5,556,786,621,045,582,000 |
who has the most grammys for a female
|
Grammy Award records - wikipedia Grammy Award records Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards , many significant records have been set . This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists . This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards , Trustees Awards , Technical Awards or Legend Awards . The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys ( known as the Craft & Production Fields ) that may have been presented to the artist ( s ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 Most Grammys won 1.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist 1.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist 1.4 Most Grammys won by a group 1.5 Most Grammys won by a producer 1.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer 1.7 Youngest winners 1.8 Youngest artists to win Album of the Year 1.9 Oldest winners 1.10 Most honored albums 1.11 Most Album of the Year wins 1.12 Most Record of the Year wins 1.13 Most Grammys won for consecutive albums 1.14 Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category 1.15 Artists who have won all four General Field awards 2 Single ceremony 2.1 Most Grammys won in one night 2.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night 2.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night 2.4 Most Grammys won by a group in one night 2.5 Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night 2.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night 2.7 Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony 2.8 Artists who have won Record , Album and Song of the Year in one night 2.9 Most Grammys won by an album in one night 2.10 Most posthumous Grammys won in one night 3 Nominations 3.1 Most Grammy nominations 3.2 Most nominations in one night 3.3 Most nominations without winning 3.4 Most nominations in one night without winning 3.5 Grammy nominations in the most fields 3.6 Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night 3.7 Youngest nominees 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) Most Grammys won ( edit ) The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti , a Hungarian - British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty - two years . He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Alison Krauss Pierre Boulez 26 5 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 7 John Williams 24 8 U2 22 Chick Corea Beyoncé 11 Jay - Z 21 Kanye West Vince Gill 14 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt Most Grammys won by a Male artist ( edit ) Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Pierre Boulez 26 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 6 John Williams 24 7 Chick Corea 22 8 Kanye West 21 Vince Gill Jay Z 11 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Al Schmitt Bruce Springsteen 15 Tony Bennett 18 Jimmy Sturr Yo - Yo Ma Paul McCartney Most Grammys won by a female artist ( edit ) Alison Krauss has , as a solo artist , collaborator and producer , won 27 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Alison Krauss 27 Beyoncé 22 Aretha Franklin 18 Adele 15 Alicia Keys 6 Ella Fitzgerald 13 Leontyne Price Emmylou Harris 9 CeCe Winans 12 10 Shirley Caesar 11 11 Chaka Khan 10 Bonnie Raitt Linda Ronstadt Taylor Swift 15 Mary J. Blige 9 Natalie Cole Sheryl Crow Norah Jones Hillary Scott Rihanna Most Grammys won by a Group ( edit ) U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group . They have won 22 awards . Rank Artists Awards U2 22 Alison Krauss and Union Station 14 Dixie Chicks 13 Foo Fighters 12 5 Pat Metheny Group 10 6 The Manhattan Transfer 9 The Beatles Emerson String Quartet Asleep At The Wheel 10 Blackwood Brothers 8 Metallica Santana Take 6 14 Coldplay 7 Kentucky Thunder Lady Antebellum Simon & Garfunkel Los Tigres del Norte Most Grammys won by a producer ( edit ) Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer ( and eleven of those were awarded for production duties . Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist ) . Some producers have also won awards as engineers , mixers and / or mastering engineers . Rank Producer Awards Quincy Jones 27 Kanye West 21 David Foster 16 James Mallinson David Frost 6 Steven Epstein 15 7 Phil Ramone 14 8 T Bone Burnett 13 Robert Woods Jay David Saks 11 Arif Mardin 11 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer ( edit ) Al Schmitt , with 20 awards , has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer . Youngest winners ( edit ) The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners , when they were credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? soundtrack , which won Album of the Year in 2002 . LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner . She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997 . She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 9 years Hannah Peasall 13 years Sarah Peasall 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 5 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 6 17 years , 81 days Lorde 7 18 years , 105 days Daya 8 18 years , 123 days Monica 9 19 years , 67 days Christina Aguilera 10 19 years , 112 days LaTavia Roberson Youngest artists to win Album of the Year ( edit ) Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year . She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless . Rank Age Artist 20 years , 49 days Taylor Swift 21 years , 242 days Alanis Morissette 22 years , 18 days Barbra Streisand 23 years , 274 days Lauryn Hill 5 23 years , 283 days Adele 6 23 years , 293 days Stevie Wonder 7 23 years , 330 days Norah Jones Oldest winners ( edit ) Pinetop Perkins is the oldest person to win a Grammy . In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age . Rank Age Artist 97 years , 221 days Pinetop Perkins 95 years , 31 days George Burns 91 years , 137 days Jimmy Carter 90 years , 52 days Elizabeth Cotten 5 90 years , 26 days Betty White Note : Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten , with some stating it as 1893 , while others say 1895 . The above information credits it as 1895 . With either year , Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner . Most honored albums ( edit ) Santana 's Supernatural and U2 's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards . Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards . Rank Albums and artists Awards How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 9 Supernatural -- Santana Come Away With Me -- Norah Jones 8 Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles Thriller -- Michael Jackson 6 All That You Ca n't Leave Behind -- U2 7 Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars 9 21 -- Adele 6 Back To Black -- Amy Winehouse The Blueprint 3 -- Jay Z Bridge Over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss The Return of Roger Miller -- Roger Miller Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks To Pimp a Butterfly -- Kendrick Lamar Toto IV -- Toto Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole Unplugged -- Eric Clapton Most Album of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most Album of the Year wins is four . Tom Coyne , mastering engineer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) Three recording artists , four record producers , two mastering engineers and three engineer / mixers have won the award three times . Frank Sinatra , artist -- Come Dance with Me ! ( 1960 ) , September of My Years ( 1966 ) , A Man and His Music ( 1967 ) Stevie Wonder , artist -- Innervisions ( 1974 ) , Fulfillingness ' First Finale ( 1975 ) , Songs in the Key of Life ( 1977 ) Paul Simon , artist -- Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1971 ) , Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , Graceland ( 1987 ) David Foster , producer -- Unforgettable ... with Love ( 1992 ) , The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album ( 1994 ) , Falling into You ( 1997 ) Phil Ramone , producer -- Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , 52nd Street ( 1980 ) , Genius Loves Company ( 2005 ) Daniel Lanois , producer -- The Joshua Tree ( 1988 ) , Time Out of Mind ( 1998 ) , How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ( 2006 ) Bob Ludwig , mastering engineer -- Babel ( 2013 ) , Random Access Memories ( 2014 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Ryan Tedder , producer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Serban Ghenea , engineer / mixer -- 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) John Hanes , engineer / mixer -- 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) , 24K Magic ( 2018 ) Most record of the Year wins ( edit ) Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four consecutive times as a mastering engineer . Most Grammys won for consecutive albums ( edit ) Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total , including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums . Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards : Best Jazz Fusion Performance ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1990 ) Best Instrumental Composition ( 1991 ) Best Contemporary Jazz Performance / Album ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Individual or Group ( 1998 , 2000 , 2013 ) Best Rock Instrumental Performance ( 1999 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ( 2001 ) Best New Age Album ( 2004 , 2012 ) Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category ( edit ) Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category . She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975 , for an eight - year winning streak . She also won in this category in 1982 , 1986 , and 1988 , giving her 11 wins in the category . After Franklin , Jimmy Sturr , Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category : Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album . He also won for three runs of four consecutive years ( 1996 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2004 , and 2006 -- 2009 . ) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985 . The award was discontinued in 2009 . Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) . Tom Coyne won Record of the Year four years in a row ( 2015 -- 2018 ) . Artists who have won all four General Field awards ( edit ) There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards . In 1981 , Christopher Cross won Record , Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist . Adele is the second artist to win all four , and the first female to do so . In 2009 , she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017 , she won Record , Album and Song of the Year . Single ceremony ( edit ) Most Grammys won in one night ( edit ) The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight . Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson 's record in 2000 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Santana ( 2000 ) Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Paul Simon ( 1971 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Beyoncé ( 2010 ) Adele ( 2012 ) Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Paul Simon ( 1971 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night ( edit ) The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six . Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012 , respectively . Rank Artist Awards Beyoncé ( 2010 ) 6 Adele ( 2012 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) 5 Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Beyoncé ( 2004 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Adele ( 2017 ) Most Grammys won by a Group in one night ( edit ) In 2000 , Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards . They won the awards for Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Rank Artists Awards Santana ( 2000 ) 8 Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) 5 U2 ( 2006 ) Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) Lady Antebellum ( 2011 ) Foo Fighters ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night ( edit ) The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five . Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks , Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year , Non Classical . Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night ( edit ) The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six . At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017 , Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Vocal Album , Best Engineered Album Non Classical , Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele 's ' 25 ' , David Bowie 's ' Blackstar ' and Cage The Elephant 's ' Tell Me I 'm Pretty ' . Artist who has won all four General Field awards at a single ceremony ( edit ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) received all four General Field awards in one night . Cross won the Record of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , Album of the Year ( `` Christopher Cross '' ) , Song of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony . Artists who have won record , Album and Song of the Year in one night ( edit ) The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Song of the Year . Seven artists have won all three in one night . Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice . Year Artist 1971 Paul Simon 1972 Carole King 1981 Christopher Cross 1993 Eric Clapton 2007 Dixie Chicks 2012 Adele 2017 2018 Bruno Mars Most Grammys won by an Album in one night ( edit ) The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine . In 2000 Santana 's Supernatural was awarded nine awards . It won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Most posthumous Grammys won in one night ( edit ) Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night . He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year . Nominations ( edit ) Most Grammy nominations ( edit ) Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79 . Rank Artist Nominations Quincy Jones 79 Paul McCartney 78 Georg Solti 74 Stevie Wonder Jay Z 6 Henry Mancini 72 7 Kanye West 68 8 Pierre Boulez 67 John Williams 10 Chick Corea 64 11 Leonard Bernstein 63 Beyoncé 13 Jay David Saks 53 14 Thomas Z . Shepard 50 Bruce Springsteen 16 Willie Nelson 49 James Mallinson Babyface Most nominations in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations . Rank Artist Nominations Year Michael Jackson 12 1984 Kendrick Lamar 11 2016 Lauryn Hill 10 1999 Kanye West 2005 Beyoncé Eminem 2011 7 Roger Miller 9 1966 Paul McCartney 1966 The Manhattan Transfer 1986 Jay Z 2014 Beyoncé 2017 Most nominations without winning ( edit ) The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 24 , held by Morten Lindberg . Rank Artist Nominations Morten Lindberg 24 Snoop Dogg 17 Brian McKnight Joe Satriani 15 5 Toshiko Akiyoshi 14 Martina McBride Dierks Bentley Björk 9 Katy Perry 13 Nas Spyro Gyra Musiq Soulchild 13 Diana Ross 12 Alan Parsons Busta Rhymes Ledisi Lenny Gomulka Fred Hersch Keith Jarrett Most nominations in one night without winning ( edit ) Rank Artist Nominations Paul McCartney ( 1966 ) 9 Kanye West ( 2017 ) 8 Rihanna ( 2017 ) Jay - Z ( 2018 ) 5 Stevie Wonder ( 1983 ) 7 India. Arie ( 2002 ) Kendrick Lamar ( 2014 ) 8 Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) 6 Thomas Z . Shepard ( 1970 ) Mariah Carey ( 1996 ) 50 Cent ( 2006 ) Bruno Mars ( 2012 ) 13 Robert M. Jones ( 1961 ) 5 Elvis Presley ( 1961 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1961 ) James Taylor ( 1971 ) Eugene Ormandy ( 1971 ) Paul McCartney ( 1983 ) Sting ( 1986 ) Jay David Saks ( 1986 ) Leonard Bernstein ( 1989 ) Joan Osborne ( 1996 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2003 ) 50 Cent ( 2004 ) Alicia Keys ( 2006 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2006 ) Prince ( 2007 ) James Blunt ( 2007 ) Jazmine Sullivan ( 2009 ) B.o.B ( 2011 ) Lil Wayne ( 2012 ) Drake ( 2014 , 2016 ) Khalid ( 2018 ) No I.D. ( 2018 ) SZA ( 2018 ) Grammy nominations in the most fields ( edit ) Rank Artist Number Fields Quincy Jones 15 Spoken word , arranging , music video / film , jazz , pop , rap , general field , r&b , children 's , musical theatre , disco , composition , gospel / contemporary christian music , music for visual media and production , non-classical Paul McCartney 11 General field , pop , arranging , rock , traditional , music for visual media , music video / film , spoken word , historical , alternative music and rap David Foster 10 R&b , arranging , composition , music for visual media , production , music video / film , pop , traditional , musical theatre and general field Bob Dylan Country , general field , gospel / contemporary christian music , rock , music video / film , music for visual media , folk pop , american roots , and traditional 5 Jack White 9 Rock , general field , alternative , country , pop , package , music video / film , american roots and engineered album Béla Fleck Country , pop , jazz , american roots , world music , classical , folk , spoken word , composition and arranging Janet Jackson General field , pop , r&b , rock , arranging , rap , music video / film , dance and production , non-classical 8 Cyndi Lauper 8 Rock , pop , general field , music video / film , disco , arranging , american roots and musical theatre Prince General field , pop , r&b , rock , engineered album , music video / film , music for visual media and production , non-classical Michael Jackson General field , pop , r&b , rock , disco , children 's , music video / film and production , non-classical Danger Mouse General field , pop , r&b , rock , rap , alternative , music video / film and production , non-classical Herbie Hancock General field , pop , r&b , rock , jazz , music video / film , music for visual media and composition Lionel Richie General field , pop , r&b , music for visual media , dance , arranging , gospel / contemporary christian music and production , non-classical Justin Timberlake General field , pop , r&b , country , rap , music for visual media , dance and music video / film Stevie Wonder General field , pop , r&b , arranging , composition , music for visual media , music video / film and production , non-classical Beyoncé General field , pop , r&b , rock , rap , music for visual media , surround sound and music video / film Pharrell Williams General field , pop , r&b , dance , rap , music for visual media , music video / film and production , non-classical Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night ( edit ) Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night . Year Artist 1968 Bobbie Gentry 1980 Christopher Cross 1985 Cyndi Lauper 1989 Tracy Chapman 1991 Mariah Carey 1998 Paula Cole 2002 India. Arie 2008 Amy Winehouse 2013 Fun . 2015 Sam Smith Youngest nominees ( edit ) Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee ( and winner ) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) in 2002 . Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination , for Best Soul / Gospel performance . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 8 years , 161 days Deleon Richards 9 years Hannah Peasall 12 years , 126 days Zac Hanson 5 12 years , 155 days Joey Alexander 6 12 years , 199 days Michael Jackson 7 12 years , 273 days Billy Gilman 8 13 years Sarah Peasall 9 14 years , 45 days Chris `` Daddy Mac '' Smith 10 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 11 14 years , 197 days Chris `` Mac Daddy '' Kelly 12 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 13 14 years , 348 days Taylor Hanson See also ( edit ) Latin Grammy Award records List of Academy Award records List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes 14 awards as part of Union Station Jump up ^ Includes 3 awards as part of Destiny 's Child Jump up ^ Includes 7 awards as part of Lady Antebellum Jump up ^ Includes 41 nominations as part of The Beatles Jump up ^ Includes 13 nominations as part of Destiny 's Child References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Georg Solti - Biography '' . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO ARE THE TOP GRAMMY WINNERS OF ALL TIME ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U2 dominates Grammy night '' , CBC News , February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past winners search 2001 '' . Grammy.Com . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jazz Legends Pat Metheny Group Improvise on Austin City Limits : : eJazzNews.com : The Number One Jazz News Resource On The Net : : Jazz News Daily Jump up ^ 2003 Grammy Awards Jump up ^ `` Adele To Michael Jackson : Who 's Won The Most GRAMMYs In A Night ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Virtual College of Grammy Knowledge '' , by Wook Kim , Entertainment Weekly , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NEA Jazz Master : Quincy Jones '' , National Endowment for the Arts , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Artist With The Most Grammy Nominations for 2017 '' . Billboard . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grammy Awards . Official Grammy Awards website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Grammy Award <Td_colspan="2"> Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Related Grammy Museum By Country American Argentine Australian Austrian Brazilian British Canadian Chinese Cuban French Indian Irish Italian Japanese Malian Mexican Nigerian New Zealand Peruvian Polish Senegalese South African Spanish <Td_colspan="2"> Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammy_Award_records&oldid=836553575 '' Categories : Grammy Awards Records Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Grammy Award records
2. Most Grammys won
3. Youngest winners
4. Most honored albums
5. Most Album of the Year wins
|
-87,116,307,575,111,120 |
who removed the 7 books from the bible
|
Luther 's canon - wikipedia Luther 's canon Jump to : navigation , search Luther 's 1534 Bible Luther 's canon is the biblical canon attributed to Martin Luther , which has influenced Protestants since the 16th - century Protestant Reformation . While the Lutheran Confessions specifically did not define a canon , it is widely regarded as the canon of the Lutheran Church . It differs from the 1546 Roman Catholic canon of the Council of Trent in that it rejects the Deuterocanonical books and questions the seven New Testament books , called `` Luther 's Antilegomena '' , four of which are still ordered last in German - language Luther Bibles to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Deuterocanonical books 2 Hebrews , James , Jude and Revelation 3 Sola fide doctrine 4 Similar canons of the time 5 Protestant laity and clergy 6 Modern Evangelical use 7 References Deuterocanonical books ( edit ) Main articles : Deuterocanonical books and Biblical apocrypha Luther did not include the deuterocanonical books in his Old Testament , terming them `` Apocrypha , that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures , but are useful and good to read . '' He also argued unsuccessfully for the relocation of the Book of Esther from the canon to the Apocrypha , because without the deuterocanonical additions to the Book of Esther , the text of Esther never mentions God . As a result , Protestants and Catholics continue to use different canons , which differ both in respect to the Old Testament and in the concept of the Antilegomena of the New Testament . Hebrews , James , Jude and Revelation ( edit ) Main article : Antilegomena Luther made an attempt to remove the books of Hebrews , James , Jude and Revelation from the canon ( notably , he perceived them to go against certain Protestant doctrines such as sola gratia and sola fide ) , but this was not generally accepted among his followers . However , these books are ordered last in the German - language Luther Bible to this day . `` If Luther 's negative view of these books were based only upon the fact that their canonicity was disputed in early times , 2 Peter might have been included among them , because this epistle was doubted more than any other in ancient times . '' However , the prefaces that Luther affixed to these four books makes it evident `` that his low view of them was more due to his theological reservations than with any historical investigation of the canon . '' In his book Basic Theology , Charles Caldwell Ryrie countered the claim that Luther rejected the Book of James as being canonical . In his preface to the New Testament , Luther ascribed to several books of the New Testament different degrees of doctrinal value : `` St. John 's Gospel and his first Epistle , St. Paul 's Epistles , especially those to the Romans , Galatians , Ephesians , and St. Peter 's Epistle - these are the books which show to thee Christ , and teach everything that is necessary and blessed for thee to know , even if you were never to see or hear any other book of doctrine . Therefore , St. James ' Epistle is a perfect straw - epistle compared with them , for it has in it nothing of an evangelic kind . '' Thus Luther was comparing ( in his opinion ) doctrinal value , not canonical validity . However , Ryrie 's theory is countered by other biblical scholars , including William Barclay , who note that Luther stated plainly , if not bluntly : `` I think highly of the epistle of James , and regard it as valuable although it was rejected in early days . It does not expound human doctrines , but lays much emphasis on God 's law . ... I do not hold it to be of apostolic authorship . '' Sola fide doctrine ( edit ) Main article : Sola fide In The Protestant Spirit of Luther 's Version , Philip Schaff asserts that : The most important example of dogmatic influence in Luther 's version is the famous interpolation of the word alone in Rom. 3 : 28 ( allein durch den Glauben ) , by which he intended to emphasize his solifidian doctrine of justification , on the plea that the German idiom required the insertion for the sake of clearness . But he thereby brought Paul into direct verbal conflict with James , who says ( James 2 : 24 ) , `` by works a man is justified , and not only by faith '' ( `` nicht durch den Glauben allein '' ) . It is well known that Luther deemed it impossible to harmonize the two apostles in this article , and characterized the Epistle of James as an `` epistle of straw , '' because it had no evangelical character ( `` keine evangelische Art '' ) . Martin Luther 's description of the Epistle of James changes . In some cases , Luther argues that it was not written by an apostle ; but in other cases , he describes James as the work of an apostle . He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God and describes James as `` a good book , because it sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God . '' Lutherans hold that the Epistle is rightly part of the New Testament , citing its authority in the Book of Concord , however it remains part of the Lutheran antilegomena . Lutheran teachings resolve James ' and Paul 's verbal conflict regarding faith and works in alternate ways from the Catholics and Orthodox : Paul was dealing with one kind of error while James was dealing with a different error . The errorists Paul was dealing with were people who said that works of the law were needed to be added to faith in order to help earn God 's favor . Paul countered this error by pointing out that salvation was by faith alone apart from deeds of the law ( Galatians 2 : 16 ; Romans 3 : 21 - 22 ) . Paul also taught that saving faith is not dead but alive , showing thanks to God in deeds of love ( Galatians 5 : 6 ( ' ... since in Christ Jesus it is not being circumcised or being uncircumcised that can effect anything - only faith working through love . ' ) ) . James was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they did n't need to show love by a life of faith ( James 2 : 14 - 17 ) . James countered this error by teaching that faith is alive , showing itself to be so by deeds of love ( James 2 : 18 , 26 ) . James and Paul both teach that salvation is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by deeds of love that express a believer 's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus . Similar canons of the time ( edit ) In his book Canon of the New Testament , Bruce Metzger notes that in 1596 Jacob Lucius published a Bible at Hamburg which labeled Luther 's four as `` Apocrypha '' ; David Wolder the pastor of Hamburg 's Church of St. Peter published in the same year a triglot Bible which labeled them as `` non canonical '' ; J. Vogt published a Bible at Goslar in 1614 similar to Lucius ' ; Gustavus Adolphus of Stockholm in 1618 published a Bible with them labeled as `` Apocr ( yphal ) New Testament . '' Protestant laity and clergy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is some evidence that the first decision to omit these books entirely from the Bible was made by Protestant laity rather than clergy . Bibles dating from shortly after the Reformation have been found whose tables of contents included the entire Roman Catholic canon , but which did not actually contain the disputed books , leading some historians to think that the workers at the printing presses took it upon themselves to omit them . However , Anglican and Lutheran Bibles usually still contained these books until the 20th century , while Calvinist Bibles did not . Several reasons are proposed for the omission of these books from the canon . One is the support for Catholic doctrines such as Purgatory and Prayer for the dead found in 2 Maccabees . Another is that the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1646 , during the English Civil War , actually excluded them from the canon . Luther himself said he was following Jerome 's teaching about the Veritas Hebraica . Modern evangelical use ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Evangelicals tend not to accept the Septuagint as the inspired Hebrew Bible , though many of them recognize its wide use by Greek - speaking Jews in the first century . Many modern Protestants point to four `` Criteria for Canonicity '' to justify the books that have been included in the Old and New Testament , which are judged to have satisfied the following : Apostolic Origin -- attributed to and based on the preaching / teaching of the first - generation apostles ( or their close companions ) . Universal Acceptance -- acknowledged by all major Christian communities in the ancient world ( by the end of the fourth century ) . Liturgical Use -- read publicly when early Christian communities gathered for the Lord 's Supper ( their weekly worship services ) . Consistent Message -- containing a theological outlook similar or complementary to other accepted Christian writings . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Luther 's Antilegomena at bible-researcher.com Jump up ^ `` Gedruckte Ausgaben der Lutherbibel von 1545 '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 05 - 14 . note order : ... Hebräer , Jakobus , Judas , Offenbarung Jump up ^ `` German Bible Versions '' . Jump up ^ The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary , Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms , Including Biographical , Geographical , Historical , Archæological and Doctrinal Themes , p. 521 , edited by Samuel Fallows et al , The Howard - Severance company , 1901 , 1910 . - Google Books Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . note order : ... Hebr � er , Jakobus , Judas , Offenbarung ; see also http://www.bible-researcher.com/links10.html Jump up ^ Ryrie , Charles Caldwell . Basic Theology . Jump up ^ Martin Luther , as quoted by William Barclay , The Daily Study Bible Series , The Letters of James and Peter , Revised Edition , Westminster John Knox Press , Louisville , KY , 1976 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` History of the Christian Church , book 7 , chapter 4 '' . Jump up ^ Die deutsche Bibel 41 : 578 - 90 Jump up ^ Luther 's Large Catechism , IV 122 - 24 Jump up ^ Luther 's Works ( American Edition ) 35 : 395 Jump up ^ The Lutheran Study Bible , Concordia Publishing House , 2009 , p2132 Jump up ^ Lutheran Cyclopedia : Antilegomena Jump up ^ `` Faith and Works '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 30 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce . Canon of the New Testament . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Martin Luther Works ( hymns ) Ninety - five Theses ( 1517 ) Sermon on Indulgences and Grace ( 1518 ) To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation ( 1520 ) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church ( 1520 ) On the Freedom of a Christian ( 1520 ) Against Henry , King of the English ( 1522 ) Luther Bible ( 1522 , 1534 ) The Adoration of the Sacrament ( 1523 ) Formula missae ( 1523 ) Hymns First Lutheran hymnal ( 1524 ) Erfurt Enchiridion ( 1524 ) Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn ( 1524 Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants ( 1525 ) On the Bondage of the Will ( 1525 ) The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ -- Against the Fanatics ( 1526 ) Deutsche Messe ( 1526 ) Confession Concerning Christ 's Supper ( 1528 ) On War Against the Turk ( 1529 ) Small Catechism ( 1529 ) Large Catechism ( 1529 ) `` A Mighty Fortress Is Our God '' ( 1531 ) Smalcald Articles ( 1537 ) On the Councils and the Church ( 1539 ) `` Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam '' ( 1543 ) On the Jews and Their Lies ( 1543 ) Vom Schem Hamphoras ( 1543 ) List of hymns by Martin Luther Luther 's Table Talk ( 1566 ) Weimar edition of Luther 's works Topics and events Reformation Lutheranism Heidelberg Disputation , 1518 Leipzig Debate , 1519 Exsurge Domine , 1520 Diet of Worms , 1521 Decet Romanum Pontificem , 1521 Marburg Colloquy , 1529 Augsburg Confession , 1530 Luther 's canon Theology of Martin Luther Theology of the Cross Universal priesthood Sola scriptura Two kingdoms Law and Gospel Marian theology Eucharist in Lutheranism Sacramental union Words of Institution Antisemitism Propaganda during the Reformation Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo ( 1537 edition ) People Hans and Margarethe Luther ( parents ) Katharina von Bora ( wife ) Magdalena Luther ( daughter ) Paul Luther ( son ) Albert of Brandenburg Bartholomaeus Arnoldi Erasmus Georg Rörer Johann Cochlaeus Johann von Staupitz Justus Jonas Karl von Miltitz Andreas Karlstadt Philip Melanchthon Pope Leo X Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor Frederick the Wise Luther sites All Saints ' Church , Wittenberg Lutherhaus Martin Luther 's Birth House Martin Luther 's Death House Melanchthonhaus ( Wittenberg ) St. Augustine 's Monastery Veste Coburg ( Fortress ) Wartburg Castle Film and theatre Martin Luther ( 1923 film ) Luther ( 1928 film ) Luther ( 1964 film ) Martin Luther ( 1953 film ) Luther ( 1973 film ) Martin Luther , Heretic ( 1983 film ) Luther ( 2003 film ) Luther ( 1961 play ) Related Martin Luther bibliography Book : Martin Luther Luther rose Theologia Germanica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther%27s_canon&oldid=791885822 '' Categories : Development of the Christian biblical canon Martin Luther Lutheran theology Christian terminology Luther 's Antilegomena Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 02 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Luther's biblical canon
2. Protestant Reformation
3. Deuterocanonical books
4. Sola fide doctrine
5. Protestant and Catholic canons
|
-8,094,117,579,298,657,000 |
who is the coach of ohio state football
|
List of Ohio State Buckeyes head Football coaches - wikipedia List of Ohio State Buckeyes head Football coaches Urban Meyer , current head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes The Ohio State Buckeyes college football team represents the Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference . The Buckeyes compete as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision . The program has had 24 coaches since it began play during the 1890 season . The Buckeyes have played over 1,200 games over 125 seasons . In those seasons , eight head coaches have led the Buckeyes to postseason bowl games : John Wilce , Wes Fesler , Woody Hayes , Earle Bruce , John Cooper , Jim Tressel , Luke Fickell , and Urban Meyer . Twelve coaches have won conference championships with the Buckeyes : Albert Herrnstein , John Richards , Wilce , Francis Schmidt , Paul Brown , Carroll Widdoes , Fesler , Hayes , Bruce , Cooper , Tressel , and Meyer . Four coaches led Buckeyes to NCAA championship victory Brown , Hayes , Tressel , and Meyer. national championships Hayes is the all - time leader in games coached and years coached with the Buckeyes , while also leading all coaches in victories ( 205 ) . Meyer currently holds the highest winning percentage of all Buckeye coaches (. 901 ) , with a current record of 73 -- 8 in six seasons . David Edwards holds the lowest winning percentage of any Buckeye head coach (. 167 ) , going 1 -- 7 -- 1 in the only season that he coached . Of the 24 Buckeye head coaches , Howard Jones , Wilce , Schmidt , Fesler , Hayes , Bruce , Cooper , and Tressel have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . The current head coach of the Buckeyes is Urban Meyer who was hired in November 2011 . Contents 1 Key 2 Coaches 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) General # Number of coaches DCs Divisional championships CCs Conference championships NCs National championships † Elected to the College Football Hall of Fame * Acting head coach Overall GC Games coached OW Wins OL Losses OT Ties O % Winning percentage Conference CW Wins CL Losses CT Ties C % Winning percentage Postseason PW Wins PL Losses PT Ties Coaches ( edit ) # Name Term GC OW OL OT O % CW CL CT C % PW PL CCs DCs NCs National awards Alexander Lilley 1890 -- 1891 8 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 . 375 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Frederick Ryder 1892 -- 1895 , 1898 46 22 22 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Charles Hickey 1896 11 5 5 . 500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- David Edwards 1897 9 7 . 167 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 John Eckstorm 1899 -- 1901 29 22 . 810 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 Perry Hale 1902 -- 1903 21 14 5 . 714 5 0 . 714 -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 Edwin Sweetland 1904 -- 1905 23 14 7 . 652 . 750 -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 Albert Herrnstein 1906 -- 1909 39 28 10 . 731 17 6 . 729 -- -- -- -- -- 9 Howard Jones † 1910 10 6 . 750 5 . 750 -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 Harry Vaughan 1911 10 5 . 600 . 714 -- -- -- -- -- -- 11 John Richards 1912 9 6 0 . 667 5 0 0 1.000 -- -- -- -- -- 12 John Wilce † 1913 -- 1928 120 78 33 9 . 688 37 30 . 549 0 -- -- -- 13 Sam Willaman 1929 -- 1933 41 26 10 5 . 695 14 8 . 615 -- -- -- -- -- -- 14 Francis Schmidt † 1934 -- 1940 56 39 16 . 705 30 9 . 763 -- -- -- -- -- 15 Paul Brown 1941 -- 1943 27 18 8 . 685 9 6 . 594 -- -- -- 1 -- 1942 -- 16 Carroll Widdoes 1944 -- 1945 18 16 0 . 889 11 0 . 846 -- -- -- -- AFCA Coach of the Year ( 1944 ) 17 Paul Bixler 1946 9 . 556 . 417 -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 Wes Fesler † 1947 -- 1950 37 21 13 . 608 13 10 . 560 0 -- -- -- 19 Woody Hayes † 1951 -- 1978 276 205 61 10 . 761 152 37 7 . 793 5 6 13 -- 5 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , 1970 AFCA Coach of the Year ( 1957 ) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year ( 1957 , 1968 , 1975 ) Walter Camp Coach of the Year ( 1968 ) 20 Earle Bruce † 1979 -- 1987 108 81 26 . 755 57 17 0 . 770 5 -- -- AFCA Coach of the Year ( 1979 ) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year ( 1979 ) Woody Hayes Trophy ( 1979 ) 21 John Cooper † 1988 -- 2000 158 111 43 . 715 70 30 . 692 8 -- -- -- 22 Jim Tressel † 2001 -- 2010 128 94 22 -- . 810 59 14 -- . 808 5 6 -- 1 -- 2002 AFCA Coach of the Year ( 2002 ) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year ( 2002 ) Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award ( 2002 ) Woody Hayes Trophy ( 2002 ) 23 Luke Fickell 2011 13 6 7 -- . 462 5 -- . 375 0 -- -- -- -- 24 Urban Meyer 2012 -- 2018 81 75 8 -- . 904 48 -- . 941 5 6 1 -- 2014 Woody Hayes Trophy ( 2012 ) -- Ryan Day * 2018 0 -- 1.000 0 -- 1.000 -- -- -- -- -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A running total of the number of coaches of the Buckeyes . Thus , any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is counted only once . Acting head coaches are not included in the count . Jump up ^ The Big Ten began divisional play in 2011 . From 2011 -- 2013 they were in the Leaders division , from 2014 on they have been in the East . Jump up ^ Ohio State did not join a conference until 1902 . Jump up ^ Overtime rules in college football were introduced in 1996 , making ties impossible in the period since . Jump up ^ When computing the win -- loss percentage , a tie counts as half a win and half a loss . Jump up ^ The Big Ten Conference began a conference championship game during the 2011 season and the results are included in the calculation of postseason wins and losses . Jump up ^ Charles Hickey was hired part - way through the 1896 season and student coached the team in several games . Jump up ^ Ohio State finished the 2010 season with an overall record of 12 -- 1 and a conference record of 7 -- 1 . Ohio State voluntarily vacated all victories during the season , as well as the conference championship and Sugar Bowl victory , as a result of NCAA infractions . Jump up ^ Luke Fickell was named interim head coach in May 2011 , following the resignation of Jim Tressel . Jump up ^ Ryan Day was named acting head coach during the three - game suspension of Urban Meyer at the beginning of the 2018 season . References ( edit ) General `` Ohio State Coaching Records '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . `` Ohio State Records -- Coaching Records '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes Coaching Records '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State football : Meyer signs contract '' . Colubus Dispatch . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Records -- Head Coaching Records '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Whiteside , Kelly ( 2006 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Overtime system still excites coaches '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Finder , Chuck ( 1987 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Big Plays Help Paterno to 200th '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference B1GChampionship was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` History of Ohio State Football '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Howard Jones '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : John Wilce '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Francis Schmidt '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFCA Coach of the Year Award -- Past Winners '' . American Football Coaches Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Wes Fesler '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Woody Hayes '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award Winners '' . SR / College Football . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award Winners '' . SR / College Football . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Earle Bruce '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Touchdown Club Trophies : : Touchdown Club of Columbus '' . www.tdccolumbus.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : John Cooper '' . National Football Foundation 's College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Jim Tressel '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State vacates all 2010 victories '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Coach of the Year Award Winners `` . SR / College Football . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Fickell Named Interim Ohio State Football Coach '' . 10TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Day was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Ohio State Buckeyes head football coaches <Td_colspan="2"> Alexander S. Lilley ( 1890 -- 1891 ) Frederick Bushnell `` Jack '' Ryder ( 1892 -- 1895 ) Charles A. Hickey ( 1896 ) David Farragut Edwards ( 1897 ) Frederick Bushnell `` Jack '' Ryder ( 1898 ) John B. Eckstorm ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Perry Hale ( 1902 -- 1903 ) Edwin Sweetland ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Albert E. Herrnstein ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Howard Jones ( 1910 ) Harry Vaughan ( 1911 ) John R. Richards ( 1912 ) John Wilce ( 1913 -- 1928 ) Sam Willaman ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Francis Schmidt ( 1934 -- 1940 ) Paul Brown ( 1941 -- 1943 ) Carroll Widdoes ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Paul Bixler ( 1946 ) Wes Fesler ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Woody Hayes ( 1951 -- 1978 ) Earle Bruce ( 1979 -- 1987 ) John Cooper ( 1988 -- 2000 ) Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Luke Fickell # ( 2011 ) Urban Meyer ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ryan Day # ( 2018 ) Urban Meyer ( 2018 -- ) # denotes interim / acting head coach <Th_colspan="2"> Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Michigan State Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War Media WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> National championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Current head football coaches of the Big Ten Conference East Division Tom Allen ( Indiana ) D.J. Durkin ( Maryland ) Jim Harbaugh ( Michigan ) Mark Dantonio ( Michigan State ) Urban Meyer ( Ohio State ) James Franklin ( Penn State ) Chris Ash ( Rutgers ) West Division Lovie Smith ( Illinois ) Kirk Ferentz ( Iowa ) P.J. Fleck ( Minnesota ) Scott Frost ( Nebraska ) Pat Fitzgerald ( Northwestern ) Jeff Brohm ( Purdue ) Paul Chryst ( Wisconsin ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_head_football_coaches&oldid=863868570 '' Categories : Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches Lists of college football head coaches Ohio sports - related lists Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 16 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. Ohio State Buckeyes head football coaches
2. Urban Meyer
3. Big Ten Conference
4. NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision
5. Postseason bowl games
|
3,374,447,310,904,756,000 |
what cut of meat is new york strip steak
|
Strip steak - Wikipedia Strip steak Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Strip steak <Td_colspan="2"> Beef Cuts Type Short loin cut of beef Grilled Kansas City strip steak topped with onions and mushrooms The strip steak is a cut of beef steaks from the short loin from a cow . It consists of a muscle that does little work , the longissimus , making the meat particularly tender ; although not as tender as the nearby psoas major or tenderloin . Fat content of the strip is somewhere between the two cuts . Unlike the tenderloin , the longissimus is a sizable muscle , allowing it to be cut into larger portions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other names 2 Related cuts 3 See also 4 References Other names ( edit ) A U.S. Prime raw strip steak with a high marbling content Raw strip steak According to the National Cattlemen 's Beef Association , the steak is marketed in the United States under various names , including Ambassador Steak , Boneless Club Steak , Hotel - Style Steak , Kansas City Steak , New York Steak , Top Loin , and Veiny Steak . In New Zealand and Australia , it is known as Porterhouse and Sirloin ( striploin steak ) and can be found in the Handbook of Australian Meat under codes 2140 to 2143 . In the UK and Ireland it is called sirloin . In Canada , most meat purveyors refer to this cut as a strip loin ; in French it is known as contre - filet . Delmonico 's Restaurant , an operation opened in New York City in 1827 , offered as one of its signature dishes a cut from the short loin called a Delmonico steak . Due to its association with the city , it is often referred to as a New York strip steak . Related Cuts ( edit ) When still attached to the bone , and with a piece of the tenderloin also included , the strip steak becomes a T - bone steak or a porterhouse steak , the difference being that the porterhouse has a larger portion of tenderloin included . The strip steak may be sold with or without the bone . Strip steaks may be substituted for most recipes calling for T - bone and porterhouse steaks , and sometimes for fillet and rib eye steaks . A bone - in strip steak with no tenderloin attached is sometimes referred to as a shell steak . See also ( edit ) Food portal British and American cuts of beef Entrecôte References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herbst , Sharon . `` Kansas City Strip Steak '' . Epicurious . Barron 's Educational Services . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Cuts '' . farmfreshbeef.org . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beef Cuts Chart '' ( PDF ) . australian-beef.com . Meat & Livestock Australia , Ltd . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Australian RFP Cut Code Reference 2016 Edition '' ( PDF ) . ausmeat.com.au . Aus - Meat , Ltd . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Beef - Meat Cuts Manual '' . inspection.gc.ca . Canadian Food Inspection Agency . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ goodtastebook.com Jump up ^ http://www.seriouseats.com/2011/03/the-four-high-end-steaks-you-should-know-ribeye-strip-tenderloin-t-bone.html <Th_colspan="3"> Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank <Th_colspan="2"> Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) This meat - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strip_steak&oldid=814921847 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Steak Meat stubs Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2016 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Strip steak
2. Short loin cut of beef
3. Tender and flavorful meat
4. Various names and cuts of strip steak
5. Substitutes for T-bone and porterhouse steaks
|
4,991,136,120,642,628,000 |
is defamation a criminal offence in the uk
|
English defamation law - Wikipedia English defamation law Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on common law English tort law Negligence Duty of care Bolam test Breach of duty Causation Breaking the chain Acts of the claimant Remoteness Professional negligence Psychiatric harm Loss of chance Loss of right Res ipsa loquitur Eggshell skull Trespass Occupiers ' liability Occupiers ' Liability Act 1957 Occupiers ' Liability Act 1984 Defamation Strict liability Vicarious liability Rylands v Fletcher Nuisance Modern libel and slander laws , as implemented in many ( but not all ) Commonwealth nations as well as in the United States and in the Republic of Ireland , are originally descended from English defamation law . The history of defamation law in England is somewhat obscure ; civil actions for damages seem to have been relatively frequent as far back as the reign of Edward I ( 1272 -- 1307 ) , though it is unknown whether any generally applicable criminal process was in place . The first fully reported case in which libel is affirmed generally to be punishable at common law was tried during the reign of James I ( 1603 - 1625 ) . Scholars frequently attribute the strict English defamation law to James I 's outlawing of dueling . From that time , we find both the criminal and civil remedies in full operation . English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements which are alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual ( s ) ( under English law companies are legal persons , and may bring suit for defamation ) in a manner which causes them loss in their trade or profession , or causes a reasonable person to think worse of him , her or them . Allowable defences are justification ( i.e. the truth of the statement ) , fair comment ( i.e. , whether the statement was a view that a reasonable person could have held ) , and privilege ( i.e. , whether the statements were made in Parliament or in court , or whether they were fair reports of allegations in the public interest ) . An offer of amends is a barrier to litigation . A defamatory statement is presumed to be false , unless the defendant can prove its truth . Furthermore , to collect compensatory damages , a public official or public figure must prove actual malice ( knowing falsity or reckless disregard for the truth ) . A private individual must only prove negligence ( not exercising due care ) to collect compensatory damages . In order to collect punitive damages , all individuals must prove actual malice . English defamation law puts the burden of proving the truth of allegedly defamatory statements on the defendant , rather than the plaintiff , and has been considered an impediment to free speech in much of the developed world . In many cases of libel tourism , plaintiffs sued in England to censor critical works when their home countries would reject the case outright . In the United States , the 2010 SPEECH Act makes foreign libel judgements unenforceable and unrecognizable by U.S. courts if they do n't comply with U.S. protections for freedom of speech and due process , and was made largely in response to the English laws . The Defamation Act 2013 substantially reformed English defamation law in recognition of these concerns , by strengthening the criteria ( including geographical relevance criteria ) for a successful claim , mandating evidence of actual or probable harm , curtailing sharply the scope for claims of continuing defamation ( in which republication or continued visibility comprises ongoing renewed defamation ) , and enhancing the scope of existing defences for website operators , public interest , and privileged publications , including peer reviewed scientific journals . The 2013 law applies to causes of action occurring after its commencement on 1 January 2014 ; old libel law will therefore still apply in many 2014 -- 2015 defamation cases where the events complained of took place before commencement . Northern Ireland is not subject to the Defamation Act 2013 and has not passed a similar reform . This has already caused controversy regarding the publishing of the book and broadcasting of the documentary Going Clear . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Volume of litigation 1.2 Criminal offence 2 Present law 2.1 Slander actionable per se 2.2 Publication in a permanent form 2.3 Burden of proof on the defendant 2.4 Defences 2.4. 1 Justification 2.4. 1.1 Where the words contain more than one charge 2.4. 1.2 Spent convictions 2.4. 2 Fair comment 2.4. 3 Absolute privilege 2.4. 4 Qualified privilege 2.4. 5 Innocent dissemination 2.4. 6 Apology and payment into court for newspaper libel 2.4. 7 Limitation 2.4. 8 Death of the plaintiff 2.5 Damages 2.5. 1 Mitigation of damages 2.6 Consolidation of actions 2.7 Reforms in 2013 3 Cases 3.1 Aldington v Tolstoy 3.2 The ' McLibel ' case 3.3 Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt 3.4 Funding Evil case 3.5 The Simon Singh case 3.6 Cycling and doping 4 Cases not in court 4.1 Child sexual abuse 5 Privacy 6 Proposals to amend the law 6.1 The Porter Committee 6.2 The Faulks Committee 6.3 The Libel Reform Campaign 6.4 Legal aid 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Modern libel and slander laws as implemented in many ( but not all ) Commonwealth nations as well as in the United States and in the Republic of Ireland , are originally descended from English defamation law . The earlier history of the English law of defamation is somewhat obscure ; civil actions for damages seem to have been tolerably frequent as far back as the reign of Edward I ( 1272 -- 1307 ) . There was no distinction drawn between written and spoken words , and when no pecuniary penalty was involved , such cases fell within the old jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts , which were only finally abolished in the eighteenth century . It seems uncertain whether or not any generally applicable criminal process was in place . The crime of scandalum magnatum ( spreading false reports about the magnates of the realm ) was established by the Statute of Westminster 1275 , c. 34 , but the first fully reported case in which libel is affirmed generally to be punishable at common law is one tried in the Star Chamber in the reign of James I. In that particular case , no English authorities are cited , except for a previous case of the same nature before the same tribunal ; the law and terminology appear to be taken directly from Roman sources , with the insertion that libels tended to cause a breach of the peace , and it seems probable that a not - too - scrupulous tribunal had simply found it convenient to adopt the very stringent Roman provisions regarding the libelli famosi without paying any regard to the Roman limitations . From that time , we find both the criminal and civil remedies in full operation . Volume of litigation ( edit ) An increase in defamation litigation has been noted in England from the early seventeenth century . In the south of England , this litigation rose most sharply in cases of sexual slander and were notable for the increasing number of women pursuing litigation in defence of their sexual reputation . In one respect , this pattern has been linked with increasing legal access for women . In another respect , however , it has been linked to the rise of `` middling '' traders in urban centres and an increasing concern with the defence of family reputation in which a woman 's sexual integrity was coterminous with the integrity of her household . A similar pattern has been noted in the northern English jurisdictions but this rise seems not to have occurred until the latter years of the seventeenth century . Criminal offence ( edit ) See defamatory libel . Present law ( edit ) English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements which are alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual ( or individuals ; under English law companies are legal persons , and allowed to bring suit for defamation ) in a manner which causes them loss in their trade or profession , or causes a reasonable person to think worse of him , her or them . A is liable for saying anything to C about B which would be apt to make the average citizen think worse of the latter . -- Tony Weir , Tort Law p. 162 A statement can include an implication ; for instance , a photograph of a particular politician accompanying a headline reading `` Corrupt Politicians '' could be held as an allegation that that politician was personally corrupt . Once it is shown that a statement was published , and that it has a defamatory meaning , that statement is presumed to be false unless the defendant is able to raise a defence to his defamatory act . Under English law , because companies are legal persons they can sue on the basis of libel the same as natural persons . Cases supporting this principle go as far back as the 19th century , such as South Hetton Coal Co. Ltd. v. North Eastern News Ass'n Ltd. ( 1894 ) , and extend to more recent cases such as Bognor Regis U.D.C. v. Campion ( 1972 ) and the McLibel case , when McDonald 's sued several protesters . The 2006 case of Keith - Smith v Williams confirmed that discussions on the Internet were public enough for libel to take place . Slander actionable per se ( edit ) The following are actionable without proof of special damage / actual damage : Words imputing a crime punishable with imprisonment Words imputing certain diseases Words disparaging a person in his office , calling or profession , see section 2 of the Defamation Act 1952 . Also at common law . In 1975 the Faulks Committee recommended that the distinction between libel and slander should be abolished , and that slander should be assimilated to libel . Publication in a permanent form ( edit ) As to what constitutes publication in a permanent form for the purpose of the law relating to libel , see section 166 ( 1 ) of the Broadcasting Act 1990 and sections 4 ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) and ( 7 ) of the Theatres Act 1968 . See formerly section 1 of the Defamation Act 1952 . Burden of proof on the defendant ( edit ) In the common law of libel , the claimant has the burden only of proving that the statement was made by the defendant , and that it was defamatory . These things are generally relatively easy to prove . The claimant is not required to prove that the statement was false . Instead , proving the truth of the statement is an affirmative defence available to the defendant . Because proving the truth or falsity of the statement is often extremely difficult ( and the defendant does not generally have the ability to force the claimant to disclose materials that might help prove it ) it is frequently said that the `` burden of proof '' in English defamation law falls upon the defendant . Defences ( edit ) Justification ( edit ) A claim of defamation is defeated if the defendant proves on the balance of probabilities that the statement was true . If the defence fails , a court may treat any material produced by the defence to substantiate it , and any ensuing media coverage , as factors aggravating the libel and increasing the damages . A statement quoting another person can not be justified merely by proving that the other person had also made the statement : the substance of the allegation must be proved . The Defamation Act 2013 replaced this defence with the defence of truth . Where the words contain more than one charge ( edit ) In an action for libel or slander in respect of words containing two or more distinct charges against the plaintiff , a defence of justification does not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved if the words not proved to be true do not materially injure the plaintiff 's reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges . In other words , to succeed in their defence of justification , the defendant need not prove every charge to be true , just enough of the charges so that the remaining charges do not on their own constitute a material injury to the plaintiff 's reputation . Spent convictions ( edit ) Section 8 ( 3 ) of the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 provides that nothing in section 4 ( 1 ) of that Act prevents the defendant in any action for libel or slander begun after the commencement of that Act by a rehabilitated person , and founded upon the publication of any matter imputing that the plaintiff has committed or been charged with or prosecuted for or convicted of or sentenced for an offence which was the subject of a spent conviction , from relying on any defence of justification which is available to him , or restrict the matters he may establish in support of any such defence . But a defendant in any such action is not , by virtue of the said section 8 ( 3 ) , entitled to rely upon the defence of justification if the publication is proved to have been made with malice . The Act does not apply to offences that warrant a 4 - year prison sentence or more , which can never be spent . Fair comment ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2009 ) Main article : Fair comment § United Kingdom This defence arises if the defendant shows that the statement was a view that a reasonable person could have held , even if they were motivated by dislike or hatred of the plaintiff . The fair comment defence is sometimes known as `` the critic 's defence '' as it is designed to protect the right of the press to state valid opinions on matters of public interest such as governmental activity , political debate , public figures and general affairs . It also defends comments on works of art in the public eye such as theatre productions , music , and literature . However , fair comment , and justification defences will fail if they are based on misstatements of fact . An example of this arose in London Artists Ltd v Littler ( 1969 ) . When a whole group of actors resigned from a play the director wrote a letter to each of them and to their agent company , accusing them of plotting against him . The case was decided to be a matter of public concern because of the general interest in entertainment . For an opinion to be fair comment it must be based upon facts , as highlighted in Kemsley v Foot ( 1952 ) A.C. 345 . The politician and journalist Michael Foot had printed an article in Tribune , a left - wing newspaper , condemning the London Evening Standard for unethically publishing a certain story . Lord Kemsley , who owned other newspapers , maintained that the article 's headline , `` Lower than Kemsley '' , impugned the standards of the Kemsley press . The defence of fair comment was allowed to stand . There is also no need for the perpetrator of the comment to actually believe in it as in court the comment will be measured according to an `` objective '' test . In Telnikoff v Matusevitch ( 1992 ) , Telnikoff wrote an article in the Daily Telegraph criticising the BBC Russian Service for over-recruiting people from ethnic minority groups . Matusevitch replied accusing the claimant of being a racist . The House of Lords held that he had to show that the comment was based around the article , which would make it fair comment as it was possible most people would not know why he was making such a statement . A defence of fair comment can fail if the defendant shows malice , as in Thomas v Bradbury , Agnew & Co. ( 1906 ) ; the defendant not only criticised the claimant 's book but made many personal slurs against the author , invalidating the defence . The Defamation Act 2013 replaced the common law defence of fair comment with the statutory defence of honest opinion . Absolute privilege ( edit ) Main article : Absolute privilege in English law Further information : Parliamentary privilege in the United Kingdom This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2009 ) If the defendant 's comments were made in Parliament , or under oath in a court of law , they are entitled to absolute privilege . This privilege is absolute : qualified privilege protects only the communication of the complained statement . There can be no investigation into whether remarks made in a situation of absolute privilege are defamatory . Qualified privilege ( edit ) Main article : Qualified privilege in English law There are several situations where the defence of qualified privilege applies . Reports and remarks of Parliamentary proceedings , as well as reports of judicial proceedings attract qualified privilege . These have to be `` fair and accurate '' ; as Lord Denning stated in Associated Newspaper Ltd v Dingle , if the writer `` garnishes '' and `` embellishes '' such reports with any form of circumstantial evidence , the defence can not apply . Additionally , where there is a mutual interest between two parties , statements deemed to be defamatory are protected where it can be proved there is a duty to impart them . The case of Watt v Longsdon exemplifies this principle , and the limitations of it . Here , the director of a company informed the chairman of alleged sexual misconduct involving Watt . This communication was deemed privilege , but the informing of such suspicion to the claimant 's wife was not . The defence has seen expansion recently in light of Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd , where the House of Lords -- drawing principally on Lord Nicholls ' judgement -- established that the mass media could be entitled to the defence , where criteria of `` responsible journalism '' ( further expanded upon in Loutchansky v Times Newspapers Ltd ) were met . This expansion was confirmed in the case of Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe , and has been described as giving newspapers protections similar to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . The defence used in Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd was abolished by the Defamation Act 2013 , Section 4 subsection 6 . This does not have an effect on the common law defence based on a reciprocity of duty or interest as between the maker of the statement and the recipient , See section 15 of , and Schedule 1 to , the Defamation Act 1996 . See also section 1 ( 5 ) of the Public Bodies ( Admission to Meetings ) Act 1960 , section 121 of the Broadcasting Act 1996 , section 79 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and section 72 of the Learning and Skills Act 2000 . Innocent dissemination ( edit ) Main article : Innocent dissemination In general , everyone involved in the dissemination of the defamation is liable as having published it . But it has been held that some forms of distribution are so mechanical that the actor ought not to be held liable unless he / she ought to have realized that there was defamation involved . The defence is known as innocent dissemination or mechanical distributor . Apology and payment into court for newspaper libel ( edit ) See section 2 of the Libel Act 1843 and the Libel Act 1845 . This defence has fallen into disuse . In 1975 , the Faulks Committee recommended that it be abolished . Limitation ( edit ) See section 4A ( a ) of the Limitation Act 1980 . Death of the plaintiff ( edit ) See the proviso to section 1 ( 1 ) of the Law Reform ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1934 . Damages ( edit ) See also : Measure of Damages ( under English law ) The level of damages awarded for defamation cases have been subject to sustained criticism from judges and academics . Some have commented that libel damages are high compared to the sums awarded for personal injuries . In a consultation considering personal injury damages the Law Commission commented that : The disparity between the sums of compensation awarded offends the proper relationship which ought to exist between pain , suffering and loss of amenity on the one hand and loss of reputation and injury to feelings on the other . A `` wrong scale of values '' is being applied . citing various awards including : £ 350,000 in John v MGN ( 1992 ) ; £ 200,000 Donovan v The Face Magazine ( 1993 ) ; and £ 600,000 Sutcliffe v Private Eye ( 1989 ) . And contrasting these with a payment `` in the region of £ 35,000 to £ 50,000 '' for `` a person who loses a leg through amputation '' . However , the commission goes on to note that defamation damages have a `` vindacatory element '' , and that notwithstanding comments from some judges ( McCarey v Associated Newspapers Ltd , 1965 ) , `` the prevailing English judicial approach is that a valid comparison can not be made between personal injury awards and damages for defamation '' . But concludes that , `` we do not believe that such counter-arguments can explain , or indeed justify , a practice `` whereby a plaintiff in an action for libel may recover a larger sum by way of damages for an injury to his reputation ... than the damages awarded for pain and suffering to the victim of an industrial accident who has last an eye ... '' In the ECHR case , Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. United Kingdom the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg added to the criticism of awards given by juries . Defamation is a curious part of the law of tort in this respect , because usually juries are present . The argument goes that juries , when deciding how much to award , will be told the awards in previous cases . They will have a tendency to push to the limits of what was awarded before , leading to a general upward drift of payouts . However , in John & MGN Ltd ( 1997 ) QB 586 , the Court of Appeal laid down rules to constrain the jury 's discretion , and give more comprehensive advice before juries decide . Mitigation of damages ( edit ) As to evidence of an apology , see section 1 of the Libel Act 1843 . As to evidence of other damages recovered by the plaintiff , see section 12 of the Defamation Act 1952 . Consolidation of actions ( edit ) As to consolidation of actions , see section 5 of the Law of Libel Amendment Act 1888 ( libel ) and section 13 of the Defamation Act 1952 ( slander ) . Reforms in 2013 ( edit ) On 25 April 2013 the Defamation Act 2013 was enacted . Among other things , it requires plaintiffs who bring actions in the courts of England and Wales alleging libel by defendants who do not live in Europe to demonstrate that the court is the most appropriate place to bring the action . In addition , it includes a requirement for claimants to show that they have suffered serious harm , which in the case of for - profit bodies is restricted to serious financial loss . It removes the current presumption in favour of a Jury trial . It introduces new statutory defences of truth , honest opinion , and `` publication on a matter of public interest '' , to replace the common law defences of justification , fair comment , and the Reynolds defence respectively , and a completely new defence applying to peer - reviewed publication in a scientific or academic journal . The removal of a right to trial by jury was enforced in the case Yeo MP v Times Newspapers Limited ( 2014 ) The judge in this case denied the defendant a right to trial by jury , despite various arguments from the defence including : public interest due to the subject matter of the case ; and the public role held by the claimant as a senior member of parliament , deeming arguments from case law ill - founded due to changes to underlying legislation . The judge argued that the Civil Procedure Rules encouraging `` saving expense '' and `` ensuring that a case was dealt with expeditiously '' supported a trial without jury . Cases ( edit ) Aldington v Tolstoy ( edit ) Main article : Aldington v Tolstoy In 1989 , Toby Low , 1st Baron Aldington initiated and won a record £ 1.5 million ( plus £ 500,000 costs ) in a libel case against Count Nikolai Tolstoy - Miloslavsky and Nigel Watts , who had accused him of war crimes in Austria during his involvement in the Betrayal of the Cossacks at Lienz , Austria , at the end of World War II . This award , which bankrupted Tolstoy , was overturned by the European Court of Human Rights in July 1995 as `` not necessary in a democratic society '' and a violation of Tolstoy 's right to freedom of expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights . This judgement significantly reduced the level of subsequent libel awards . The ' McLibel ' case ( edit ) Main article : McDonald 's Restaurants v Morris & Steel In 1990 , McDonald 's Restaurants sued David Morris and Helen Steel ( known as the `` McLibel Two '' ) for libel . The original case lasted seven years , making it the longest - running court action in English legal history . Beginning in 1986 , London Greenpeace , a small environmental campaigning group , distributed a pamphlet entitled What 's wrong with McDonald 's : Everything they do n't want you to know . The pamphlet claimed that the McDonald 's corporation sold unhealthy food , exploited its work force , practised unethical marketing of its products towards children , was cruel to animals , needlessly used up resources and created pollution with its packaging , and also was responsible for destroying the South American rain forests . Although McDonald 's won two hearings , the widespread public opinion against them turned the case into a matter of embarrassment for the company . McDonald 's announced that it has no plans to collect the £ 40,000 it was awarded by the courts , and offered to pay the defendants to drop the case . Steel and Morris in turn sued the UK government in the European Court of Human Rights , asserting that their rights to free speech and a fair trial had been infringed . Their most important claims were that English libel law was unfair to defendants , that it was unfair to require two people of modest means to defend themselves against a large company without legal aid , and that the damages were not justified . The court found partly in their favour , and ruled that : The denial of legal aid left Steel and Morris unable to defend themselves effectively Pressure groups should be permitted to report in good faith on matters of public interest , as journalists are It was no defence that the pamphlet repeated claims already published , or that the defendants believed them to be true It was reasonable to require the defendants to prove their claims A large multinational corporation should be allowed to sue for defamation , and need not prove the allegations were false The damages were disproportionate , considering the defendants ' income and that McDonald 's did not have to prove any financial loss In short , the lack of legal aid made the trial unfair ; the unfair trial and the excessive damages had denied the defendants ' freedom of expression . The court did uphold most features of English libel law it considered , particularly the burden of proof . Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt ( edit ) Main article : Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt On 5 September 1996 , Holocaust denier David Irving filed a libel suit concerning Deborah Lipstadt 's book Denying the Holocaust . He named in his suit Lipstadt and Penguin Books , whose division Plume had published a British edition of her book . He claimed that `` his reputation as an historian was defamed '' . Irving lost the case . He was liable to pay all of Penguin 's costs of the trial , estimated to be as much as £ 2 million ( US $3.2 million ) . He was forced into bankruptcy in 2002 and lost his home . Lipstadt spent five years defending herself . She described her story in History on Trial , published by Ecco in 2005 . Funding Evil case ( edit ) Main article : Funding Evil In 2003 Rachel Ehrenfeld published her book Funding Evil , which explained how terrorist groups receive funding . Khalid bin Mahfouz was accused of funding terrorist groups in the book . The book was not sold in British bookstores , but 23 copies were sold in Britain , which gave the United Kingdom jurisdiction . Mahfouz sued Ehrenfeld for libel , to which Ehrenfeld responded by calling this libel tourism , and refusing to recognize the legitimacy of the case . On a summary judgement in Mahfouz 's favor , after Ehrenfeld refused to appear in court , she counter-sued in U.S. courts claiming a violation of the First Amendment . While the New York courts ruled they did not have jurisdiction over Mahfouz as he was not in New York , the New York State Legislature passed `` The Libel Terrorism Protection Act '' and the U.S. Congress responded with the SPEECH act , which made foreign libel judgements unenforceable unless they meet the criteria set forth by the First Amendment . The Simon Singh case ( edit ) Further information : Simon Singh § Chiropractic lawsuit On 19 April 2008 , British author and journalist Simon Singh wrote an article in The Guardian , which resulted in him being sued for libel by the British Chiropractic Association ( BCA ) . The suit was dropped by the BCA on 15 April 2010 . Some commentators have suggested this ruling could set a precedent to restrict freedom of speech to criticise alternative medicine . The Wall Street Journal Europe has cited the case as an example of how British libel law `` chills free speech '' , commenting that : The U.S. Congress is considering a bill that would make British libel judgments unenforceable in the U.S. ... Mr. Singh is unlikely to be the last victim of Britain 's libel laws . Settling scientific and political disputes through lawsuits , though , runs counter the very principles that have made Western progress possible . `` The aim of science is not to open the door to infinite wisdom , but to set a limit to infinite error '' , Bertolt Brecht wrote in The Life of Galileo ... It is time British politicians restrain the law so that wisdom prevails in the land , and not errors . The charity Sense About Science has launched a campaign to draw attention to the case . They have issued a statement entitled `` The law has no place in scientific disputes '' , with myriad signatories representing science , journalism , publishing , arts , humanities , entertainment , skeptics , campaign groups , and law . As of 31 March 2011 , over 56,000 have signed . Many press sources have covered the issue . Cycling and doping ( edit ) Main article : History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations The cyclist Lance Armstrong employed English law firm Schillings to help him fight allegations of doping by using English libel law . Schilling 's Gideon Benaim and Matthew Himsworth worked on his cases . At one point , Schillings told `` every UK paper and broadcaster '' to not re-state allegations raised by the book L.A. Confidentiel . Armstrong sued London 's Sunday Times for libel in 2004 after it referenced the book . They settled out of court for an undisclosed sum in 2006 . After the USADA 2012 report on doping during Armstrong 's racing era , the Sunday Times stated it might attempt to recover the money it lost and might sue Armstrong for fraud . Emma O'Reilly , a masseuse who worked with Armstrong 's U.S. Postal cycling team , claimed that English libel law prevented her from speaking out about the doping she saw in cycling and the Tour de France . David Walsh , co-author of L.A. Confidentiel , told the Press Gazette in 2012 that if not for English libel law , `` Lance Armstrong might not have won the Tour De France seven times and the history of sport would be different and better '' . In 2013 , Armstrong admitted the doping on television . Cases not in court ( edit ) In addition to case law , there are numerous notable examples of authors and publishers refusing to print work out of fear of libel suits . Several novels have been cancelled or altered after threats of libel suits . UK Prime Ministor John Major sued several periodicals , including Simon Regan 's Scallywag , and New Statesman , over stories about an alleged affair with Clare Latimer ; Scallywag closed afterwards . It was later revealed that Major had a real affair with MP Edwina Currie , and Latimer later claimed Downing Street had used her as a decoy to confuse the press . Child sexual abuse ( edit ) After BBC television personality Jimmy Savile died it came to light that hundreds of people accused him of having abused them when they were children . The Sunday Mirror neglected to publish a story in 1994 regarding two of his alleged victims because its lawyers were worried about the costs of a libel trial . A British newspaper editor , Brian Hitchen , claimed he heard from a ship captain about Savile 's abuse decades beforehand , but noted that libel laws had prevented people from speaking up about Savile 's abuse . Privacy ( edit ) Main article : Privacy in English law Since the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 , the law of defamation has been subject to pressure for reform from two particular provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights : Article 10 ECHR guarantees freedom of expression , while Article 8 ECHR guarantees a right to respect for privacy and family life . The question is , therefore , whether the law of defamation strikes the appropriate balance between allowing , for instance , newspapers sufficient freedom to engage in journalistic activity and , on the other hand , the right of private citizens not to suffer unwarranted intrusion . An independent tort protecting privacy has been rejected in a number of cases including Kaye v Robertson in the Court of Appeal and again in the House of Lords in Wainwright v Home Office . Proposals to amend the law ( edit ) The porter Committee ( edit ) In 1948 , this Committee produced the Report of the Committee on the Law of Defamation ( Cmd 7536 ) . This was partly implemented by the Defamation Act 1952 . The Faulks Committee ( edit ) This committee produced the following reports : Interim Report of the Committee on Defamation ( Cmnd 5571 ) . 1974 . Report of the Committee on Defamation ( Cmnd 5909 ) . 1975 . See also `` Defamation Defamed '' ( 1971 ) 115 Sol Jo 357 . The libel reform campaign ( edit ) On 10 November 2009 , English PEN and Index on Censorship launched their report into English libel law entitled `` Free Speech Is Not For Sale '' . The report was highly critical of English libel law and the `` chilling '' effect it has on free expression globally . The report made 10 recommendations on how English libel law could be improved ; including reversing the burden of proof , capping damages at £ 10,000 , introducing a single publication rule , and establishing libel tribunals ( to reduce costs ) . The campaign quickly grew with support from over 60,000 people and 100 affiliated organisations . The broadness of the campaign 's support contributed to its success with celebrity support , alongside support from GPs , scientists , academics and NGOs . In January 2011 , Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg said that he was committed to introducing legislation that would turn `` English libel laws from an international laughing stock to an international blueprint '' . On 15 March 2011 , a Draft Defamation Bill ( CP3 / 11 ) was published by the Ministry of Justice with an accompanying `` consultation paper containing provisions for reforming the law to strike the right balance between protection of freedom of speech and protection of reputation '' . ( Close date : 15 June 2011 ) On 6 March 2013 , a number of British authors and playwrights wrote an open letter to the leaders of the three biggest parties in the House of Commons , David Cameron , Nick Clegg , and Ed Miliband , calling them to ensure the Defamation Bill was passed . The letter , organised English PEN , grew out of a concern that the bill has become threatened by political disputes over the results of the Leveson Inquiry . The bill did not cover press regulation until February 2013 , when Lord Puttnam won support to include a section covering newspapers . The Defamation Act 2013 came into effect on 1 January 2014 . Legal aid ( edit ) In 1979 the Royal Commission on Legal Services recommended that legal aid should be made available for proceedings in defamation . The same recommendation had previously been made in the twenty - fifth annual report of the Legal Aid Advisory Committee . See also ( edit ) Censorship in the United Kingdom Veronica Guerin Libel tourism Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto , rejection of the U.S. rule by Canada New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , an actual malice standard in the United States in accordance with the First Amendment References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vick , Douglas W. ; Macpherson , Linda ( 1 April 1997 ) . `` An Opportunity Lost : The United Kingdom 's Failed Reform of Defamation Law '' . Federal Communications Law Journal . 49 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sir John William Salmond ( 1907 ) . The Law of Torts : A Treatise on the English Law of Liability for Civil Injuries . Stevens and Haynes . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Howard ( 15 March 2007 ) . `` Defamation of corporate entities in England '' . Lexology . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenslade , Roy ( 11 August 2010 ) . `` Obama seals off U.S. journalists and authors from Britain 's libel laws '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ richard@contentetc ( 6 May 2013 ) . `` Libel : out with the old and in with the new in Defamation Act 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Press release : Defamation laws take effect '' . Ministry of Justice . 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/18/scientology-tv-exposure-halted-uk-libel-law-split-going-clear Jump up ^ Warning to chatroom users after libel award for man labelled a Nazi , Owen Gibson , 23 March 2006 , The Guardian Jump up ^ Report of the Faulks Committee on Defamation ( Cmnd 5909 ) ( 1975 ) paragraph 91 Jump up ^ The Defamation Act 1952 , section 5 Jump up ^ The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 , sections 8 ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) and ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Defamation -- libel and slander '' . The Liberty Guide to Human Rights . Liberty . 21 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2005 . Retrieved 13 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reynolds v. Times Newspapers Ltd and Others , 1999 UKHL 45 '' . Bailii.org . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibb , Frances ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` Landmark ruling heralds U.S. - style libel laws in Britain '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Report of the Faulks Committee on Defamation ( Cmnd 5909 ) ( 1975 ) paragraph 373 . Jump up ^ `` 4.88 - 90 '' . Damages for Personal Injury : Non-pecuniary loss ( Consultation Paper No 140 ( PDF ) . Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . 1995 . p. 130 . ISBN 0 11 730225 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. United Kingdom ( 1995 ) 20 EHRR 442 Jump up ^ Sarah Lyall ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Libel Cases Now Harder to Bring in England '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Defamation Act 2013 Jump up ^ Yeo MP v. Times Newspapers Limited ( 2014 ) EWHC 2853 , High Court ( England and Wales ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=zMs6T2csv-AC&pg=PA335&lpg=PA335&dq=Lord+Aldington+e+European+Court+of+Human+Rights.&source=web&ots=GYPdUbHZFK&sig=IWLqyis4J2sVQcPoHHzepXckVmc&hl=en url = missing title ( help ) . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Section : Case of Steel and Morris v The United Kingdom '' . European Court of Human Rights Portal. 15 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The book was first published in America in 1993 ( ISBN 9780029192351 ) by Free Press , a division of Simon and Schuster . It was republished in the United Kingdom in 1994 ( ISBN 9780452272743 ) by Plume , a division of Penguin , which Irving sued . Jump up ^ Pelt ( 2002 ) , page 63 ^ Jump up to : Holocaust Denial On Trial , Emory University , retr 2012 10 16 Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` Profile : David Irving '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irving defiant over libel defeat '' . BBC News . 12 April 2000 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Vikram ; D.D. Guttenplan ( 5 March 2002 ) . `` Holocaust denier made bankrupt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Vikram Dodd ( 22 May 2002 ) . `` Failed libel action costs Irving his home '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Memorandum and Order of April 25 , 2006 , Rachel Ehrenfeld v. Khalid Salim a Bin Mahfouz , United States District Court Southern District of New York , 04 Civ. 9641 ( RCC ) Jump up ^ Governor Paterson Signs Legislation Protecting New Yorkers Against Infringement Of First Amendment Rights By Foreign Libel Judgments Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ( 19 April 2008 ) . `` Beware the spinal trap '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Comment is Free , The Guardian Jump up ^ Verkaik , R ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Science writer wins landmark libel case '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chiropractic critic loses first round in libel fight '' . New Scientist. 15 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Green , David Allen ( 13 May 2009 ) . `` Comment : Do n't criticise , or we 'll sue '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Salil Tripathi . Britain Chills Free Speech . The Wall Street Journal Europe , 4 June 2009 ^ Jump up to : Sign up now to keep the libel laws out of science ! Sense about Science Jump up ^ `` The law has no place in scientific disputes '' , Sense about Science Jump up ^ Press Coverage The Independent : Silenced , the writer who dared to say chiropractice is bogus * The Times : Review of libel law called for by comedians The Guardian online : Science writer Simon Singh to appeal against chiropractic libel judgement Nature news : Science writer will appeal libel case ruling Times Higher Education : Singh plans to appeal ruling in libel case Wall Street Journal : Britain Chills Free Speech The Daily Telegraph online : Stephen Fry and Ricky Gervais defend science writer sued for libel The Daily Mail online : Celebrities back writer sued by chiropractors for saying unproven treatment is ' bogus ' Jump up ^ Libel star Benaim quits Schillings , 8 June 2012 , Sam Chadderton , retr 2012 10 20 Jump up ^ Armstrong v Sunday Times in November 1 August 2005 , bikeradar.com , retrieved 20 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Pugh , `` David Walsh : ' It was obvious to me Lance Armstrong was doping ' '' , Press Gazette , 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK newspaper may sue Armstrong over doping libel case '' , By the CNN Wire Staff , 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peddlers -- Cycling 's Dirty Truth '' , 54 : 00 , Mark Chapman , including interviews with Tyler Hamilton , Bassons , and others . BBC Radio 5 live , 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong admits doping in `` toxic '' tale `` . Reuters . January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amanda Craig , `` Libel laws : I could still be sued and lose everything '' , The Telegraph ( UK ) , 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Statesman to sue Major over libel case '' , Telegraph ( UK ) , 4 October 2002 . Jump up ^ Daniel Foggo and Tim Walker , `` ' I was a decoy for Major 's affair ' says former Downing Street cook '' , 29 September 2002 . Jump up ^ How my father may have helped Jimmy Savile escape justice , Dominic Carman , Guardian ( UK ) , The Observer , Saturday 13 October 2012 , retr 2012 10 27 Jump up ^ Britain 's Jimmy Savile abuse scandal : How could allegations have gone unnoticed for so long ? Associated Press , 27 October 2012 Jump up ^ Brian Hitchen , `` The Disgusted Captain Who Threw Jimmy Savile Off a Cruise Ship '' , Express ( UK ) , 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ . Libelreform.org. 13 September 2012 http://www.libelreform.org url = missing title ( help ) . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroes of the Libel Reform Campaign '' . Libelreform.org. 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Wintour , Patrick ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` ' Laughing stock ' libel laws to be reformed , says Nick Clegg '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Draft Defamation Bill : https://consult.justice.gov.uk/digital-communications/draft_defamation_bill ( formerly published at http://www.justice.gov.uk/consultations/365.htm ) Jump up ^ O'Carroll , Lisa ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Authors call on party leaders to save libel reform '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press release : Defamation laws take effect '' . Ministry of Justice . 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ The Report of the Royal Commission on Legal Services . Cmnd 7648 . October 1979 . Volume I. Paragraph 13.70 at page 151 of the first book . Paul Mitchell , The Making of Modern Defamation Law ( 2000 ) Basil Markesinis , ' Our Patchy Law of Privacy -- Time to do Something about it ' ( 1990 ) 53 Modern Law Review 802 Lord Bingham , ' Tort and Human Rights ' ( 1998 ) Essays in Celebration of John Fleming , pp. 1 -- 12 , esp . pp. 9 -- 12 Raphael , Adam ( 1989 ) . My Learned Friends : an Insider 's View of the Jeffrey Archer Case and Other Notorious Actions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85227 - 094 - 0 . External links ( edit ) The Libel Reform Campaign Internet Defamation Removal <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) English law Core subjects UK Constitution Administrative law Criminal law Contract Tort Property Trusts European Union law Further subjects Company law Competition law Labour law Commercial law Procedure Family law Courts of England and Wales Related systems Law of the United Kingdom Northern Ireland law Scots law Welsh law Australian law British Virgin Islands law Canadian law Hong Kong law Indian law New Zealand law Singaporean law United States law Anglo - Saxon law Common law Equity English case law <Td_colspan="3"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_defamation_law&oldid=809913080 '' Categories : English defamation law Hidden categories : Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with obsolete information from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles to be expanded from June 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 08 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. English defamation law
2. Libel and slander laws
3. Defamation Act 2013
4. Burden of proof
5. Defences in defamation cases
|
7,326,891,784,221,976,000 |
what episode of the l word does dana die
|
The L Word ( season 3 ) - wikipedia The L Word ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The L Word ( season 3 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Showtime Original release January 8 ( 2006 - 01 - 08 ) -- March 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 26 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 <Td_colspan="2"> List of The L Word episodes The third season of The L Word was broadcast on 12 episodes from January 8 , to March 26 , 2006 on Showtime . The season begins six months after the birth of Tina and Bette 's daughter , Angelica . New characters in this season include Moira Sweeney ( a working class butch portrayed by Daniela Sea who is Jenny 's girlfriend for most of the season ) and Angus Partridge ( portrayed by Dallas Roberts ) , Angelica 's male nanny who later becomes Kit 's lover . Sweeney starts the process of transitioning switching his name to Max . Erin Daniels ' character Dana Fairbanks starts in a multi-episode storyline dealing with a breast cancer battle and culminating with her death . Notable of this season is that each episode begins with a short pre-credits vignette of two individuals meeting romantically or sexually . As the season progresses , lines from Alice 's chart ( see below ) connect one member of each vignette with a new individual in the next . Helena 's character storyline was switched from being Bette 's rival into a new member of the circle of friends . Her story arc for the season involves the acquisition of a movie studio in which Tina later works , and which further derives a sexual harassment lawsuit that triggers her mother to cut her off financially in the season finale . Sarah Shahi 's character , Carmen , ends her appearance in the show in the finale when Shane leaves her at the altar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of The L Word cast members and List of The L Word characters Actor / Actress Character Mia Kirshner Jenny Schecter Jennifer Beals Bette Porter Laurel Holloman Tina Kennard Leisha Hailey Alice Pieszecki Katherine Moennig Shane McCutcheon Pam Grier Kit Porter Erin Daniels Dana Fairbanks Production ( edit ) The producers of the series set up a contest at the website FanLib.com where fans could submit a femme slash fanfic . The winner 's story was incorporated into a scene of a third season episode . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 27 `` Labia Majora '' Rose Troche Ilene Chaiken January 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Six months later . Bette and Tina , now back together , try to deal with parenting their baby daughter , Angelica , while trying to handle a disagreeable social worker who disapproves of their unorthodox parenting methods . Alice , now hosting her own radio show ' The Chart ' in Santa Monica , can not get over her breakup with Dana ; it turns out that Dana 's talk with Lara resulted in them sleeping together and deciding to renew their relationship , which led to Dana leaving Alice . Helena decides to go into the movie business by purchasing a small and struggling studio . With Mark having moved out of the house , Carmen has moved in , and her romantic relationship with Shane gets a little more serious when Carmen wants to take Shane to meet her parents , and Shane agrees to act straight . Kit goes to her son , David , over a medical condition of hers . Jenny , recovering at her parents house in Illinois from her nervous breakdown , decides that she has had enough with Midwest life and ponders moving back to Los Angeles with her new ultra-butch girlfriend , Moira ( Daniela Sea ) . 28 `` Lost Weekend '' Bille Eltringham A.M. Homes January 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Kit hires Billie Blaikie ( Alan Cumming ) , a transvestite party promoter to get the business up at The Planet . Jenny wonders where she stands with Moira as they take an eventful road trip back to California . Carmen 's overbearing mother attempts to turn Shane into a more feminine person . Following their social worker , Mrs. Collie 's advice , Bette and Tina try to find a male role model for Angelica leading them to hire Angus Partridge ( Dallas Roberts ) , a struggling musician , to help . Helena tries to help Alice get over her obsession with Dana . Dana deals with health problems after Lara feels a lump in her breast during a session of their lovemaking . 29 `` Lobsters '' Bronwen Hughes Ilene Chaiken January 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Shane gets another job of hairystyling at a skateboarding shop called WAX . Control freak Bette loses her position as the sole provider for the family , forcing Tina to take a job at the studio under Helena . Jenny and Moira finally arrive back in Los Angeles where Jenny introduces Moira to her surprised friends . Meanwhile , Dana and Lara make plans to visit France while Alice still obsesses over Dana leading to friction with her radio show job . Kit is surprised by Billie Blaikie who wants to make some drastic changes to the Planet in favor of the local gay crowd . Elsewhere , Angus begins to develop an attraction to Kit . 30 `` Light My Fire '' Lynne Stopkewich Cherien Dabis January 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tina and Helena attend a documentary screening of up - and - coming film maker Dylan Moreland ( Alexandra Hedison ) . Bette travels to Washington D.C. to speak at a Senate hearing about increased funding for left - wing artwork and afterward , she meets with Senator Barbara Grisham ( Dana Delany ) . Jenny puts her dreams of becoming a writer on hold and starts working as a waitress at The Planet . Jenny and Moira are invited to a party hosted by Billie Blaikie where Moira meets like - minded people . Carmen has to decide whether to give up Shane 's opening party at WAX in exchange for a once - in - a-lifetime opportunity to DJ at an exclusive VIP party that Russell Simmons is throwing . Alice has an emotional meltdown on - the - air during her radio show . Also , Dana plays at a tennis tournament and declares her love for Lara in front of TV cameras . 31 5 `` Lifeline '' Kimberly Peirce Ilene Chaiken February 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tina finds herself attracted to men once again by going onto Internet sex chat rooms. Bette discovers Tina 's Internet sex - chat messages . Bette explores Buddhism and also hears good news on the work front . Both Alice and Kit try out the Planet 's Bisexual Speed - Dating hosted by Billie : Kit with Angelica 's male nanny Angus , and Alice with a lesbian vampire named Uta . Meanwhile , Dana receives devastating news that she has breast cancer which calls for surgery . Helena pursues the documentary film maker Dylan Moreland despite her claims that she 's straight . Moira goes out on the town as her male alter - ego Max . Shane 's ex-lover , Cherie Jaffe , now divorced and out - of - the - closet , drops by WAX to see her to talk about her new life which causes instant anger and jealousy in Carmen . 32 6 `` Lifesize '' Tricia Brock Adam Rapp February 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Jenny meets with a publisher about her manuscript for a book , while Billie makes Moira a tempting , but shady offer to give her testosterone drugs . Kit gives in to Angus ' advances . An angry Carmen lays down the law to Shane regarding their relationship over Shane 's one - night fling with Cherie . Helena comes face - to - face with Dylan over where they stand where Dylan wants to continue their romance . Dana checks herself into the hospital for surgery while Lara contacts Dana 's parents to update them on Dana 's condition . A new and improved Alice offers her support to Lara who confides in her about Dana 's condition . 33 7 `` Lone Star '' Frank Pierson Elizabeth Ziff February 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tina takes a business trip to Vancouver to a movie shoot location and has a chance to explore her feelings for the opposite sex with her producer Josh . Back in Los Angeles , Dana 's cancer treatments put a strain on her and Lara 's relationship . Helena continues her secret romance with Dylan . Jenny helps Moira in her gender transformation to Max . Later , Jenny travels to New York City to meet with an editor over her book being published . Meanwhile , Carmen and Shane decide to get matching tattoos out of their renewed love . Alice reverts back to her old self in her obsession over Dana . Kit finally takes control over the situation at the Planet by firing the self - destructive Billie , while she continues her romance with Angus . 34 8 `` Latecomer '' Angela Robinson Ilene Chaiken February 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Jenny plans a charity event at WAX to support Max when they find out he ca n't pay for a mastectomy . Helena takes the girls to a surprise trip to San Jose to an all - star basketball game , and to honor Dana in her expectant recovery . Carmen is still dealing with the aftermath of her meeting with Shane 's ex . Bette kicks Tina out of the bedroom and tries to find peace in Buddhism . In a recording studio , Kit gets help from unexpected sources for her music career . 35 9 `` Lead , Follow or Get Out of the Way '' Moises Kaufman Ilene Chaiken March 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Bette has hard time adjusting to the ascetic lifestyle at the Buddhist retreat in snowy upstate Washington . Back in Los Angeles , Tina goes on a date with a divorced man , named Henry ( Steven Eckholdt ) . Dana begins looking forward to a new career after meeting Dr. Susan Love over her possible recovery . Jenny throws a benefit party for Max at the WAX , but she gets appalled by his increasingly aggressive behavior . Carmen finally tells the truth to her family about her lesbianism and Shane being her lover . Helena 's affair with Dylan takes a surprising turn when she is served with a lawsuit by Dylan for sexual harassment . 36 10 `` Losing the Light '' Rose Troche Rose Troche March 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( Told in real time ) With Lara still in Paris , oblivious to Dana 's worsening health , Alice maintains a bedside vigil for Dana at the hospital in Los Angeles . Across town , Jenny introduces Max to her former boyfriend , Tim , who has re-married , and who still harbors a grudge against Jenny . Carmen evens the score with Shane by telling her that she too was unfaithful . Meanwhile , Peggy Peabody arrives back in town to help Helena with the lawsuit served by the double - crossing Dylan and her scheming partner Danny . Also , Tina has a lunch date with Henry and his friends . Kit becomes impatient with Angus when he 's late for their afternoon date . In upstate Washington , a frustrated Bette leaves the Buddhist retreat , but receives a dose of life wisdom from an unexpected source at a bus stop . Dana passes away at the end of the episode , and Alice is overcome with grief , as she arrived back to Dana 's room minutes after she dies . 37 11 `` Last Dance '' Allison Anders Ilene Chaiken March 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> At Dana 's funeral and memorial services , her uptight and fiercely conservative parents , still in denial to her true sexual orientation , treat her friends very coldly by forcibly sequestering them and forbidding them from publicly talking about Dana 's personal life to anyone in attendance . Afterwards , Alice gets determined to arrange a private special event with the girls to commemorate their friend by stealing some of Dana 's ashes and scattering them at a special location at a snow - covered summer camp that Dana once told her about . Meanwhile , Helena 's lawsuit with Dylan is resolved with a surprising outcome . Bette hires the feminist lawyer Joyce Wischnia to fight for sole custody of baby Angelica . Elsewhere , Max lands a job at a computer company , the same one where he as ' Moira ' got turned down , which gives Jenny something to write about . Dealing with her own grief , Shane is willing to make the ultimate commitment to Carmen by proposing marriage . Lara finally arrives from Paris and is comforted by Alice after learning of Dana 's passing . 38 12 `` Left Hand of the Goddess '' Ilene Chaiken Ilene Chaiken March 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Six weeks after Dana 's death , Helena takes over planning Shane and Carmen 's upcoming wedding to be held at the Whistler Ski Resort in British Columbia , Canada . Shane travels to Portland , Oregon where she has a reunion with her long - estranged father , Gabriel , who has remarried . Helena pitches in when she has Carmen 's family flown in for the wedding celebration while Peggy Peabody also arrives to reconnect with her daughter . Jenny and Max continue to drift apart due to their differences , leading Jenny to meet and have a fling with a French - Canadian writer , named Claude . Kit has stunning news about her newfound romance with Angus . Bette continues to become uncomfortable with Tina dating Henry ; she also begins having second thoughts about suing Tina for sole custody of baby Angelica . After talking to her father , Shane leaves Carmen at the altar , leaving her crushed . Alice decides to stop drowning her grief with anti-depressant pills and sex . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lifesize '' . Showtime . 2006 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Losing the light '' . Showtime . 2006 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Labia Majora '' . Showtime . 2006 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lobsters '' . Showtime . 2006 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lead , follow , or get out of the way '' . Showtime . 2006 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 5 , 2005 ) , `` Lights ! Camera ! ' L Word ' Action ! '' . Television Week . 24 ( 49 ) : 4 Jump up ^ ( December 5 , 2005 ) , `` At Deadline ''. MediaWeek. 15 ( 44 ) : 3 External links ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The L Word Episodes Season 1 5 6 Characters Alice Pieszecki Bette Porter Jenny Schecter Shane McCutcheon Tina Kennard Related The Real L Word Soundtracks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_L_Word_(season_3)&oldid=794909690 '' Categories : The L Word 2006 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 19 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The L Word season 3
2. Characters and cast of The L Word
3. Plot and storyline of The L Word season 3
4. Episodes of The L Word season 3
5. Release and production information for The L Word season 3
|
2,427,178,305,369,659,000 |
how many gallons of water are there in lake michigan
|
Lake Michigan - wikipedia Lake Michigan Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Lake Michigan <Td_colspan="2"> Landsat image <Td_colspan="2"> Map of Great Lakes ( Lake Michigan in darker blue ) Location United States Group Great Lakes Coordinates 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ; - 87 Coordinates : 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ° N 87 ° W / 44 ; - 87 Lake type Glacial Primary inflows Fox River , Grand River , Menominee River , Milwaukee River , Muskegon River , Kalamazoo River , St. Joseph River Primary outflows Straits of Mackinac , Chicago River , Calumet River Basin countries United States <Th_colspan="2"> Max. length 307 mi ( 494 km ) Max . width 118 mi ( 190 km ) Min . width 91 mi ( 146 km ) Surface area 22,404 sq mi ( 58,030 km ) Average depth 279 ft ( 85 m ) Max . depth 923 ft ( 281 m ) Water volume 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km ) Residence time 99 years Shore length 1,400 mi ( 2,300 km ) plus 238 mi ( 383 km ) for islands Surface elevation 577 ft ( 176 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> Islands see list Settlements see # Cities References <Td_colspan="2"> Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States . The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U.S. and Canada . It is the second - largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third - largest by surface area , after Lake Superior and Lake Huron ( and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia ) . To the east , its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide Straits of Mackinac , giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart ; the two are technically a single lake . Lake Michigan is shared , from west to east , by the U.S. states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , and Michigan . Ports along its shores include Chicago ; Milwaukee ; Green Bay , Wisconsin ; Gary , Indiana ; and Muskegon , Michigan . The word `` Michigan '' originally referred to the lake itself , and is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi - gami meaning `` great water '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Statistics and bathymetry 2.2 Cities 2.3 Connection to ocean and open water 2.4 Beaches 2.5 Ferries 2.6 Islands 2.7 Parks 2.8 Lighthouses 3 Hydrology 3.1 Drinking water 4 Fishing 4.1 Commercial fisheries 4.2 Sports fishing 5 Shipping 5.1 Port of Chicago 5.2 Tourism and recreation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Lake Chicago Some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians . Their culture declined after 800 AD , and for the next few hundred years , the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Indians . In the early 17th century , when western European explorers made their first forays into the region , they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Indians : the Chippewa ; Menominee ; Sauk ; Fox ; Winnebago ; Miami ; Ottawa ; and Potawatomi . The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan , possibly in 1634 or 1638 . In the earliest European maps of the region , the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of `` Michigan '' , named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes . Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow , open - water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron , and the combined body of water is sometimes called Michigan -- Huron ( also Huron -- Michigan ) . The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route . Located on the southern side of the Straits is the town of Mackinaw City , Michigan , the site of Fort Michilimackinac , a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715 , and on the northern side is St. Ignace , Michigan , site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians , founded in 1671 . In 1673 , Jacques Marquette , Louis Joliet and their crew of five Métis voyageurs followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River , nearly to its headwaters , in their search for the Mississippi River , cf . Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway . The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island , a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center , founded in 1781 . With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century , Lake Michigan became part of a line of waterways leading from the Saint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to the Gulf of Mexico . French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities , such as Green Bay , on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries . In the 19th century , Lake Michigan played a major role in the development of Chicago and the Midwestern United States west of the lake . For example , 90 % of the grain shipped from Chicago traveled east over Lake Michigan during the antebellum years , and only rarely falling below 50 % after the Civil War and the major expansion of railroad shipping . The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump , a scientist at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee . Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition . In 2007 , a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley , professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College . This formation lies 40 feet ( 12 m ) below the surface of the lake . One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon . So far the formation has not been authenticated . Geography ( edit ) Lake Michigan bathymetric map . The deepest point is marked with `` × '' . Lake Michigan basin Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States ; the others are shared with Canada . It lies in the region known as the American Midwest . Statistics and Bathymetry ( edit ) Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq. mi ( 58,026 km ) ; ( 13,237 square miles , 34,284 km lying in Michigan state , 7,358 square miles , 19,056 km in Wisconsin , 234 square miles , 606 km in Indiana , & 1,576 square miles , 4,079 km in Illinois ) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area ( Lake Baikal , in Russia , is larger by water volume ) , and the fifth - largest lake in the world . It is the larger half of Lake Michigan -- Huron , which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . It is 307 miles ( 494 km ) long by 118 miles ( 190 km ) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles ( 2,640 km ) long . The lake 's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet ( 279 ft ; 85 m ) , while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet ( 923 ft ; 281 m ) . It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles ( 4,918 km3 ) of water . Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay . Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay . Its deepest region , which lies in its northern - half , is called Chippewa Basin ( named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa ) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin , by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau . Cities ( edit ) The Milwaukee lakefront Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan 's shores , mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas . The economy of many communities in northern Michigan and Door County , Wisconsin is supported by tourism , with large seasonal populations attracted by the beauty and recreational opportunities offered by Lake Michigan . Seasonal residents often have summer homes along the waterfront and return home for the winter . The southern tip of the lake near Gary , Indiana is heavily industrialized . Cities on the shores of Lake Michigan include : Illinois Chicago Evanston Glencoe Highland Park Kenilworth Lake Forest Lake Bluff North Chicago Waukegan Wilmette Winnetka Zion Indiana East Chicago Gary Hammond Michigan City Portage Porter Whiting Michigan Benton Harbor Bridgman Charlevoix Douglas Elberta Escanaba Ferrysburg Frankfort Gladstone Glenn Grand Beach Grand Haven Harbor Springs Holland Ludington Mackinaw City Manistee Manistique Menominee Michiana Muskegon New Buffalo Norton Shores Pentwater Petoskey Saugatuck St. Joseph Shoreham South Haven Traverse City Wisconsin Algoma Bay View Cudahy Fox Point Green Bay Kenosha Kewaunee Manitowoc Milwaukee Mequon Oconto Port Washington Racine Saint Francis Sheboygan Shorewood South Milwaukee Sturgeon Bay Two Rivers Whitefish Bay Connection to ocean and open water ( edit ) Sunset at Nordhouse Dunes The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean - going vessels . Wider ocean - going container ships do not fit through the locks on these routes , and thus shipping is limited on the lakes . Despite their vast size , large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter , interrupting most shipping . Some icebreakers ply the lakes . The Great Lakes are also connected by the Illinois Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) and the Mississippi River . An alternate track is via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) , to the Mississippi , up the Ohio , and then through the Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway ( combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals ) , to Mobile Bay and the Gulf . Commercial tug - and - barge traffic on these waterways is heavy . Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York . The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie ( at Buffalo , NY ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario ( at Oswego , NY ) . Beaches ( edit ) Sand dune on Lake Michigan at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Saugatuck Dunes State Park Lake Michigan has many beaches . The region is often referred to as the `` Third Coast '' of the United States , after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean . The sand is often soft and off - white , known as `` singing sands '' because of the squeaking noise ( caused by high quartz content ) it emits when walked upon . Some beaches have sand dunes covered in green beach grass and sand cherries , and the water is usually clear and cool , between 55 and 80 ° F ( 13 and 27 ° C ) , even in the late summer months . However , because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer . The sand dunes located on the east shore of Lake Michigan are the largest freshwater dune system in the world . In fact , in multiple locations along the shoreline , the dunes rise several hundred feet above the lake surface . Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks , national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline . Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , Saugatuck Dunes State Park , Warren Dunes State Park , Hoffmaster State Park , Silver Lake State Park , Ludington State Park , and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore . Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan at Illinois Beach State Park and moderate sized dune formations can be found in Kohler - Andrae State Park and Point Beach State Forest in Wisconsin . A large dune formation can be found in Whitefish Dunes State Park in Wisconsin in the Door Peninsula . Lake Michigan beaches in Northern Michigan are the only place in the world , aside from a few inland lakes in that region , where one can find Petoskey stones , the state stone . The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky , with some sandy beaches due to local conditions ; while the southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune - covered . This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west ( which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter ) . The Chicago city waterfront is composed of parks , beaches , harbors and marinas , and residential developments connected by the Chicago Lakefront Trail . Where there are no beaches or marinas , stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion . The Chicago lakefront is quite walkable ; it is possible to stroll past parks , beaches , and marinas for about 24 miles ( 39 km ) between the city 's southern and northern limits along the lake . Ferries ( edit ) SS Badger operates ferry services between Manitowoc and Ludington Two passenger and vehicle ferries operate ferry services on Lake Michigan , both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east . From May to October , the historic steam ship , SS Badger , operates daily between Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and Ludington , Michigan , connecting U.S. Highway 10 between the two cities . The Lake Express , established in 2004 , carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and Muskegon , Michigan . Islands ( edit ) Big Sable Point , Michigan The Beaver Island archipelago in Charlevoix County , Michigan , includes Beaver Island , Garden Island , Grape Island , Gull Island , Hat Island , High Island , Hog Island , Horseshoe Island , Little Island , Pismire Island , Shoe Island , Squaw Island , Trout Island , and Whiskey Island . The Fox Islands in Leelanau County , Michigan , consist of North Fox Island and South Fox Island . The Manitou Islands , North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island , are in Leelanau County , Michigan . Islands within Grand Traverse Bay include Bassett Island , Bellow Island , and Marion Island . Islands south of the Garden Peninsula in Delta County , Michigan include Gravelly Island , Gull Island , Little Gull Island , Little Summer Island , Poverty Island , Rocky Island , St. Martin Island , and Summer Island . Islands in Big Bay de Noc in Delta County , Michigan include Round Island , Saint Vital Island , and Snake Island . Islands in Little Bay de Noc in Delta County , Michigan include Butlers Island and Sand Island . Wilderness State Park in Emmet County , Michigan contains Temperance Island and Waugoshance Island . Epoufette Island , Gravel Island , Little Hog Island , and Naubinway Island are located in Mackinac County , Michigan , in the area of Epoufette , Michigan and Naubinway , Michigan . Green Island and St. Helena Island are in the vicinity of the Mackinac Bridge , in Mackinac County , Michigan . Islands surrounding the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin include Chambers Island , Fish Island , Gravel Island , Spider Island , Horseshoe Island , the Sister Islands , Detroit Island , Green Island , Hog Island , Pilot Island , Plum Island , Rock Island , the Strawberry Islands and Washington Island . The northern half of the peninsula is technically an island itself , due to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal . Northerly Island is a 91 - acre ( 37 ha ) man - made island in Chicago . It is the home of the Adler Planetarium , the former site of Meigs Field , and the current site of the temporary concert venue Charter One Pavilion each summer . Other islands included Fisherman Island in Charlevoix County , Michigan and Ile aux Galets in Emmet County , Michigan . Plum Island ( Wisconsin ) is an island at the western shore of Lake Michigan in the southern part of the town of Washington in Door County , Wisconsin . Parks ( edit ) Lake view from the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore , with people climbing uphill Chicago 's North Avenue Beach , Lincoln Park Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline from Portage , Indiana Eichelman Park in Kenosha , Wisconsin with Lake Michigan in the background The National Park Service maintains the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest . The Manistee National Forest section of the shoreline includes the Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness . The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake . There are numerous state and local parks located on the shores of the lake or on islands within the lake . A partial list follows . Chicago Park District Beaches Duck Lake State Park Fayette Historic State Park Fisherman 's Island State Park Grand Haven State Park Grand Mere State Park Harrington Beach State Park Holland State Park Hoffmaster State Park Illinois Beach State Park Indian Lake State Park Indiana Dunes State Park Kohler - Andrae State Park Lake Park , Milwaukee Ludington State Park Leelanau State Park Mears State Park Muskegon State Park Newport State Park Orchard Beach State Park Peninsula State Park Racine Zoo Saugatuck Dunes State Park Silver Lake State Park Traverse City State Park Terry Andrae State Park Van Buren State Park Warren Dunes State Park White Shoal Light ( Michigan ) Wells State Park Wilderness State Park Lighthouses ( edit ) Illinois lighthouses Indiana lighthouses Michigan lighthouses Wisconsin lighthouses Hydrology ( edit ) The Milwaukee Reef , running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon , divides the lake into northern and southern basins . Each basin has a clockwise flow of water , deriving from rivers , winds , and the Coriolis effect . Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan . There is a mean difference in summer temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit ( 2 to 5 degrees Celsius ) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores . Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water ( sometimes called Lake Michigan - Huron ) , but are normally considered distinct . Counted together , it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . The Mackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them . Both lakes are part of the Great Lakes Waterway . Historic High Water The lake fluctuates from month to month , with the highest lake levels typically experienced in the summer . The normal high - water mark is 2.00 feet ( 0.61 m ) above datum 577.5 ft ( 176.0 m ) . In the summer of 1986 , Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level during the period during which records have been kept , at 5.92 ft ( 1.80 m ) above datum . The high water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year , ending with January 1987 . Water levels ranged from 3.67 ft ( 1.12 m ) to 5.92 feet ( 1.80 m ) above Chart Datum . On February 21 , 1986 , the waters neared the all - time maximum for the period during which records have been kept . Historic Low Water Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter . The normal low water mark is 1.00 foot ( 0.30 m ) below datum 577.5 ft ( 176.0 m ) . In the winter of 1964 , Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet ( 0.42 m ) below datum . As with the highwater records , monthly low water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965 . During this twelve - month period water levels ranged from 1.38 feet ( 0.42 m ) to 0.71 feet ( 0.22 m ) below Chart Datum . In January 2013 , Lake Michigan 's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all - time low of 576.2 ft ( 175.6 m ) , reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918 . The lakes were 29 in ( 0.74 m ) below their long - term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012 . Keith Kompoltowicz , chief of watershed hydrology for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ' district office in Detroit , explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the `` lack of a large snowpack '' in the winter of 2011 / 2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012 . Drinking water ( edit ) Lake Michigan , like the other Great Lakes , supplies drinking water to millions of people in bordering areas . The lakes are collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to them pursuant to the Great Lakes Compact . Environmental problems can still plague the lake . Steel mills and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline . The Chicago Tribune reported that BP is a major polluter , dumping thousands of pounds of raw sludge into the lake every day from its Whiting , Indiana , oil refinery . In March 2014 BP 's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than 1,600 US gallons ( 6,100 l ) of oil into the lake . Fishing ( edit ) Lake Michigan is home to a wide variety of fish species and other organisms . It was originally home to lake whitefish , lake trout , yellow perch , panfish , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass and bowfin , as well as some species of catfish . As a result of improvements to the Welland Canal in 1919 , an invasion of sea lampreys and overharvesting , there has been a decline in native lake trout populations , ultimately causing an increase in the population of another invasive species , the alewife . As a result , salmonids , including various strains of brown trout , steelhead ( rainbow trout ) , coho and chinook salmon , were introduced as predators in order to decrease the alewife population . This program was so successful that the introduced population of trout and salmon exploded , resulting in the creation of a large sport fishery for these introduced species . Lake Michigan is now stocked annually with steelhead , brown trout , and coho and chinook salmon , which have also begun natural reproduction in some Lake Michigan tributaries . However , several introduced invasive species , such as lampreys , round goby , zebra mussels and quagga mussels , continue to cause major changes in water clarity and fertility , resulting in knock - on changes to Lake Michigan 's ecosystem , threatening the vitality of native fish populations . Commercial fisheries ( edit ) Fisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries . The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes , worth about $13 million in 2003 . Michigan 's commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe - licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa - Ottawa Resource Authority ( CORA ) and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission ( GLIFWC ) , which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters , and 45 state - licensed commercial fishing enterprises . The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) . The annual harvest declined from an average of 11 million pounds ( 5,000,000 kg ) from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of 8 to 9.5 million pounds ( 3,600,000 to 4,300,000 kg ) . The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04 / lb. to as low as $. 40 / lb during periods of high production . Sports fishing ( edit ) Sports fishing includes salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout and walleye being major catches . In the late 1960s , successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan 's charter fishing industry . Shipping ( edit ) Like all of the Great Lakes , Lake Michigan is today used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods . In 2002 , 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes . This was , in order of volume : iron ore , grain and potash . The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry . There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo , but most container vessels can not pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide . The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years . Port of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : Port of Chicago The Port of Chicago , operated by the Illinois International Port District , has grain ( 14 million bushels ) and bulk liquid ( 800,000 barrels ) storage facilities along Lake Calumet . The central element of the Port District , Calumet Harbor , is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Lake Michigan beach at Holland State Park Tourism and recreation ( edit ) Tourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes : A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan , including a couple of sailing ships . Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes , such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour , a designated scenic road system , connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River . Great Lakes passenger steamers have been operating since the mid-1800s . Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands , including Beaver Island and Bois Blanc Island ( Michigan ) . Currently , two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November : the SS Badger , a steamer from Ludington , Michigan , to Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and the Lake Express , a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon , Michigan . See also ( edit ) Ohio Street Beach , downtown Chicago Beaver Island Chicago beaches Chicago River Door Peninsula Green Bay Jardine Water Purification Plant Lake Michigan Shore AVA Leelanau Peninsula Little Traverse Bay Milwaukee River Port of Milwaukee Washington Island References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Michigan '' . Great-lakes.net. 2009 - 06 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wright 2006 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Shorelines of the Great Lakes Archived 2015 - 04 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Map '' . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality . 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Watershed Partnership Projects '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bogue 1985 , pp. 7 -- 13 Jump up ^ http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg Jump up ^ `` Colonial Fort Michilimackinac '' . Mighty Mac . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bogue 1985 , pp. 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ Shelak 2003 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Cronon , William ( 1991 ) . Nature 's Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West . New York , NY : W.W. Norton and Company . p. 87 . ISBN 9780393072457 . Jump up ^ `` Variations In Sediment Accumulation Rates And The Flux Of Labile Organic Matter In Eastern Lake Superior Basins '' . The Journal of Great Lakes Research . 1989 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 2007 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Possible mastodon carving found on rock '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 2007 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Rock brings history to surface ( pictures ) '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1996 . Bathymetry of Lake Michigan . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5B85627 ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Bathymetry of Lake Huron . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V5G15XS5 ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 23 ) . ( only small portion of this map ) Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center , 1999 . Global Land One - kilometer Base Elevation ( GLOBE ) v. 1 . Hastings , D. and P.K. Dunbar . National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA . doi : 10.7289 / V52R3PMS ( access date : 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . Jump up ^ `` About Our Great Lakes : Tour '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory ( GLERL ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 05 , US EPA , REG . `` Geophysical Lake Michigan - US EPA '' . US EPA . Jump up ^ `` Chart : 14901 Edition : 15 Edition Date : August 2006 Clear Dates : NM -- 12 / 17 / 2011 LNM -- 12 / 6 / 2011 '' ; `` Soundings in feet and fathoms '' . NOAA . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg Jump up ^ `` Bathymetry of Lake Michigan '' . www.ngdc.noaa.gov . Jump up ^ http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/explore/coastal-communities/economic-vitality-and-the-great-lakes/ Jump up ^ `` NOAA Great Lakes Region '' . NOAA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch '' . Coastwatch.msu.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton 2002 , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Schedule and Fares '' . SS Badger . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes ; September 2009 ; US Army Corps of Engineers , Detroit District Jump up ^ `` The Weather History for February 21st '' . Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History . National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bivins , Larry ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping , recreation '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Flesher , John ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago '' . Vancouver Sun . Archived from < ury / 7923713 / story. html # ixzz2RxYTXcZr the original on 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Michael . `` BP gets break on dumping in lake '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Michael . `` BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ NOAA / NMFS : ( 2004 ) Fisheries of the United States , 2003 Archived 2007 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Michigan Commercial Fisheries Marketing and Product Development ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Sea Grant . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Dan ( 2009 ) . Charter Fishing in Michigan : A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Sea Grant . Jump up ^ Great Lakes Shipping Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( November 2007 ) . `` Calumet Harbor , IL and IN '' . Retrieved on July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Circle Tour '' . Great-lakes.net. 2005 - 07 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Bogue , Margaret Beattie ( 1985 ) . Around the Shores of Lake Michigan : A Guide to Historic Sites . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 10004 - 9 . Hilton , George Woodman ( 2002 ) . Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4240 - 5 . Hyde , Charles K. ; Mahan , Ann ; Mahan , John ( 1995 ) . The Northern Lights : Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 814325 - 54 - 4 . Oleszewski , Wes ( 1998 ) . Great Lakes Lighthouses , American and Canadian : A Comprehensive Directory / Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses . Gwinn : Avery Color Studios , Inc . ISBN 0 - 932212 - 98 - 0 . Penrod , John ( 1998 ) . Lighthouses of Michigan . Berrien Center : Pernod / Hiawatha . ISBN 978 - 0 - 942618 - 78 - 5 . Penrose , Laurie ; Penrose , Bill ( 1999 ) . A Traveler 's Guide to 116 Michigan Lighthouses . Petoskey : Friede Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 923756 - 03 - 1 . Shelak , Benjamin J. ( 2003 ) . Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 931599 - 21 - 1 . Wagner , John L. ( 1998 ) . Michigan Lighthouses : An Aerial Photographic Perspective . East Lansing : John L. Wagner . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880311 - 01 - 1 . Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac . Editors and reporters of The New York Times ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . Wright , Larry ; Wright , Patricia ( 2006 ) . Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia ( Hardback ed . ) . Erin : Boston Mills Press . ISBN 1 - 55046 - 399 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Michigan . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Lake Michigan . Geographic data related to Lake Michigan at OpenStreetMap EPA 's Great Lakes Atlas Great Lakes Coast Watch Michigan DNR map of Lake Michigan Official Michigan DNR Freshwater Fishing Regulations Bathymetry of Lake Michigan `` Michigan , Lake '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Anderson , William P. ( 1911 ) . `` Michigan , Lake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Lighthouses Bibliography on Michigan lighthouses Interactive map of lighthouses in area ( northern Lake Michigan ) Interactive map of lighthouses in area ( southern Lake Michigan ) Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the western Great Lakes Wagner , John L. , Beacons Shining in the Night , Michigan lighthouse bibliography , chronology , history , and photographs , Clarke Historical Library , Central Michigan University <Th_colspan="3"> Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Potagannissing Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River Michigan ( state ) ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes ( US ) Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties <Th_colspan="2"> Northern Michigan Central cities Alpena Cadillac Charlevoix Gaylord Petoskey Traverse City Counties Alcona Alpena Antrim Arenac Benzie Charlevoix Cheboygan Clare Crawford Emmet Gladwin Grand Traverse Iosco Kalkaska Lake Leelanau Manistee Missaukee Montmorency Ogemaw Osceola Oscoda Otsego Presque Isle Roscommon Wexford Geography Au Sable River Cheboygan River Elk River watershed Grand Traverse Bay Houghton Lake Inland Waterway Leelanau Peninsula Lake Charlevoix Lake Huron Lake Michigan Little Traverse Bay Manistee River Straits of Mackinac Thunder Bay Walloon Lake Transportation Charlevoix Municipal Airport Cherry Capital Airport Great Lakes Central Railroad Lake State Railway Mackinac Bridge Pellston Regional Airport SS Badger Economy East Jordan Iron Works Georgia - Pacific Holcim Lafarge Cement Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company Michigan wine USG Corporation Weyerhaeuser <Td_colspan="2"> Michigan Central Michigan Southeast Michigan Upper Peninsula West Michigan <Th_colspan="2"> Upper Peninsula of Michigan Central cities Escanaba Hancock Houghton Iron Mountain Iron River Marquette Menominee Munising Sault Ste . Marie St. Ignace Counties Alger Baraga Chippewa Delta Dickinson Gogebic Houghton Iron Keweenaw Luce Mackinac Marquette Menominee Ontonagon Schoolcraft Geography Copper Country Gogebic Range Grand Island Keweenaw Peninsula Keweenaw Waterway Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Michigan Menominee River Mount Arvon Pictured Rocks Porcupine Mountains St. Marys River Straits of Mackinac Transportation Chippewa County Airport Delta County Airport Ford Airport Gogebic -- Iron County Airport Houghton County Airport Mackinac Bridge International Bridge International Rail Bridge Portage Lake Lift Bridge Sawyer International Airport Soo Locks Economy Cleveland - Cliffs Inc . Copper mining in Michigan Verso Corporation <Td_colspan="2"> Michigan Central Michigan Northern Michigan Southeast Michigan West Michigan GND : 4281497 - 2 NARA : 10046900 VIAF : 315125114 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Michigan&oldid=843650250 '' Categories : Lake Michigan Lakes of Illinois Lakes of Indiana Lakes of Michigan West Michigan Northern Michigan Lakes of Wisconsin Borders of Wisconsin Borders of Michigan Borders of Indiana Borders of Illinois Lakes of Door County , Wisconsin Lakes of Cook County , Illinois Lakes of Lake County , Illinois Bodies of water of LaPorte County , Indiana Lakes of Muskegon County , Michigan Lakes of Berrien County , Michigan Lakes of Grand Traverse County , Michigan Lakes of Manistee County , Michigan Lakes of Leelanau County , Michigan Great Lakes Lakes of Kewaunee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Milwaukee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Brown County , Wisconsin Lakes of Kenosha County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Manitowoc County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Ozaukee County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Oconto County , Wisconsin Bodies of water of Racine County , Wisconsin Lakes of Sheboygan County , Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語 中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Lake Michigan geography and statistics
2. History and exploration of Lake Michigan
3. Beaches and islands of Lake Michigan
4. Connection to ocean and shipping on Lake Michigan
5. Parks and lighthouses on Lake Michigan
|
-5,638,821,136,231,722,000 |
who plays rodgers dad in angels in the outfield
|
Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 film ) - wikipedia Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Angels in the Outfield <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by William Dear Produced by Irby Smith Joe Roth Roger Birnbaum Screenplay by Holly Goldberg Sloan Based on Angels in the Outfield by Dorothy Kingsley George Wells Starring Danny Glover Tony Danza Brenda Fricker Ben Johnson Jay O. Sanders Christopher Lloyd Music by Randy Edelman Cinematography Matthew F. Leonetti Edited by Bruce Green Production company Walt Disney Pictures Caravan Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date July 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 15 ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $31 million Box office $50.2 million Angels in the Outfield is a 1994 American family sports fantasy comedy - drama film that is a remake of the 1951 film of the same name . The film stars Danny Glover , Tony Danza and Christopher Lloyd ( the two latter actors previously worked together on Taxi ) , and features several future stars , including Joseph Gordon - Levitt ( in the lead ) , Adrien Brody , Matthew McConaughey , and Neal McDonough . It spawned two direct - to - video sequels , Angels in the Endzone and Angels in the Infield . The film was released less than a month before the 1994 MLB Baseball Players Strike , which forced the league to cancel the playoffs and the World Series . This film features a fictional playoff race that never would have been played out in real life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 4 References 5 External links Plot Young foster child Roger ( Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) and his friend J.P. ( Milton Davis , Jr . ) love to sneak into baseball games of the hopelessly dreadful California Angels . Still in limited contact with his widower father , Roger asks when they will be a family again . His father replies sarcastically , `` I 'd say when the Angels win the pennant . '' Taking his father 's words literally , Roger prays for God to help the Angels win . After he prays , a star , unseen by Roger , twinkles in the sky . Then , in a game against the Toronto Blue Jays which Roger and J.P. attend , he sees a group of angels led by Al ( Christopher Lloyd ) helping the team . Although Roger can see them quite clearly , everyone else can only explain the seemingly impossible acts as freak occurrences . Roger 's unique ability to see which players are receiving help from angels leads their skeptical manager , George Knox ( Danny Glover ) to keep him around as a good luck charm and consultant , including ending the use of profanity as a nod to the original film . Due to the much needed help , the Angels start to win games and make a surprising second - half surge to the top of their division . Meanwhile , Roger 's father permanently gives up custody of his son , believing it 's in Roger 's best interest . As Roger laments his loss , J.P. accidentally reveals to antagonistic sports broadcaster Ranch Wilder ( Jay O. Sanders ) that Roger has the ability to see angels , and that George has been winning through the advice Roger 's given him . Hoping to destroy George due to a longtime rivalry between the two , Ranch informs the press of this and their owner Hank Murphy ( Ben Johnson ) threatens to relieve George of his management responsibilities . Roger comes clean to his caretaker Maggie Nelson ( Brenda Fricker ) about his special ability and at a press conference they and the entire team defend George in front of the press . Moved by their faith , Murphy allows George to remain as manager of the Angels . During the championship game none of the angels show up to help the team . Later on , Al explains that championships must be played without help from the angels and that he was there just checking on pitcher Mel Clark ( Tony Danza ) who will be one of them soon as he has been a chain smoker . Mel starts struggling , and is getting tired after throwing 159 pitches . When George goes out to the mound , everyone thinks he 's going in to take Mel out , but instead , George gives him some motivation , and with encouragement from Roger , the team , and finally , the entire stadium audience as well as owner Murphy and the broadcasters ( with the exception of Ranch ) . The Angels ultimately win the final game of the regular season without the help of the angels and clinch the division pennant over the rival Chicago White Sox , thanks to Mel . Murphy fires Ranch due to his denigration of the team . The film ends with George adopting both Roger and J.P. as he wants to try be a father . J.P. sees Al at the window and says `` I knew it could happen . '' Al circles around the house and says `` We 're always watching '' and flying off into the stars , which re-enact a baseball game . Cast Danny Glover as George Knox ( Angels Manager ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Roger Bomman Brenda Fricker as Maggie Nelson ( Foster Mom ) Tony Danza as Mel Clark ( Angels Pitcher ) Christopher Lloyd as Al `` The Boss '' Angel Ben Johnson as Hank Murphy ( Angels Owner ) Jay O. Sanders as Ranch Wilder ( Angels Broadcaster ) Milton Davis Jr. as J.P. Taylor Negron as David Montagne Tony Longo as Triscuitt Messmer ( Angels Catcher ) Neal McDonough as Whitt Bass ( Angels Pitcher ) Stoney Jackson as Ray Mitchell ( Angels Third Baseman ) Adrien Brody as Danny Hemmerling ( Angels Player ) Tim Conlon as Wally ( Angels Color Commentator ) Matthew McConaughey as Ben Williams ( Angels Outfielder ) Israel Juarbe as Jose Martinez ( Angels Second Baseman ) Albert Garcia as Pablo Garcia ( Angels Shortstop ) Dermot Mulroney as Mr. Bomman ( Roger 's Dad ) Robert Clohessy as Frank Gates ( Angels Pitcher ) Danny Walcoff as Marvin O.B. Babbs as Mapel ( Angels Player ) Mitchell Page as Abascal ( Angels First Baseman ) Carney Lansford as Kit `` Hit or Die '' Kesey William Dear as Blue Jays Manager Mark Cole as Norton ( Angel Outfielder ) Jeff Seaberg as Popcorn Vendor Reception The film has a rating of 35 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 20 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . Unlike the original film , which focused on the Pittsburgh Pirates as the team in heavenly need , the 1994 remake focuses on the California Angels , who did not exist when the original film was released in 1951 . The Walt Disney Company , which distributed it , was a minority owner of the Angels at the time . The film did , however , premiere at the Pirates ' home stadium at the time , Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh . The premiere would be the only reference to the Pirates , due to the two teams playing in separate leagues ( Angels in the American League , Pirates in the National League ) and the film being released three years before the start of interleague play . The two teams would finally meet head - to - head for the first time in 2002 in Anaheim . Box office The film opened at # 4 at the North American box office , making $8,916,463 USD in its opening weekend . It went on to gross $50.2 million at the box office domestically . References ^ Jump up to : `` Angels in the Outfield -- PowerGrind '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( January 24 , 2003 ) . `` Multi Media : Adrien Brody going darker and deeper '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=t2lGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zugMAAAAIBAJ&dq=danny%20glover%20pittsburgh&pg=6319%2C2844707 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 film ) Baseball portal Film portal Angels in the Outfield on IMDb Angels in the Outfield at Rotten Tomatoes Angels in the Outfield at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by William Dear <Td_colspan="2"> Northville Cemetery Massacre ( 1976 ) Timerider : The Adventure of Lyle Swann ( 1982 ) Harry and the Hendersons ( 1987 ) If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) Wild America ( 1997 ) Santa Who ? ( 2000 ) School of Life ( 2005 ) The Foursome ( 2006 ) Simon Says ( 2006 ) The Sandlot : Heading Home ( 2007 ) The Perfect Game ( 2009 ) Free Style ( 2009 ) Mr. Troop Mom ( 2009 ) Politics of Love ( 2011 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Angels <Td_colspan="2"> Formerly the California Angels , the Anaheim Angels , and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Based in Anaheim , California ( Greater Los Angeles ) Franchise History Expansion draft Seasons Records No - hitters Broadcasters Awards and league leaders Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Wrigley Field Chávez Ravine ( Dodger Stadium ) Angel Stadium Spring training Angels Stadium Tempe Diablo Stadium Culture and lore Big A Sign Continental League Mike Witt 's perfect game 1995 AL West tie - breaker game Rally Monkey Thundersticks The Naked Gun : From the Files of Police Squad ! Talent for the Game Angels in the Outfield Los Angels en Acción `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' City of Anaheim v. Angels Baseball LP Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Minor league affiliates AAA Salt Lake Bees AA Mobile BayBears A Adv . Inland Empire 66ers Burlington Bees Rookie Adv . Orem Owlz Rookie AZL Angels DSL Angels Key personnel Owner : Arte Moreno General Manager : Billy Eppler Manager : Mike Scioscia World Series championships ( 1 ) 2002 American League pennants ( 1 ) 2002 Division titles West 1979 1982 1986 2005 2007 2008 2009 2014 Wild Card berths 2002 Broadcasting Broadcasters KLAA - AM 830 Angels Radio Network Fox Sports West <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angels_in_the_Outfield_(1994_film)&oldid=812314939 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films 1990s sports comedy films 1990s fantasy films 1990s sports films American comedy - drama films American baseball films American sports comedy films Films about angels California Angels Caravan Pictures films Walt Disney Pictures films Films directed by William Dear American film remakes American fantasy - comedy films American films Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Orange County , California Religion and sports Films produced by Joe Roth Films produced by Roger Birnbaum Films scored by Randy Edelman Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 05 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)
2. Family sports fantasy comedy-drama
3. Danny Glover, Tony Danza, and Christopher Lloyd
4. Remake of the 1951 film of the same name
5. Box office success and two direct-to-video sequels
|
4,199,887,791,677,804,500 |
where does the last name briones come from
|
Briones - wikipedia Briones Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Briones <Td_colspan="2"> Municipality <Td_colspan="2"> Skyline of Briones <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Briones in La Rioja Country Spain Founded c. 1st century <Th_colspan="2"> Government Alcalde María Carmen Ruiz Ruiz ( People 's Party ) <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 37.72 km ( 14.56 sq mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2013 ) Total 853 Density 22.61 / km ( 58.6 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) brionero , ra Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 26330 Official language Spanish Briones is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja , Spain . The municipality covers an area of 37.72 square kilometres ( 14.56 sq mi ) and as of 2011 had a population of 873 people . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Demography 3 Interesting places 3.1 Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción 3.2 Other buildings 3.3 Museums 3.4 Historic - artistic grouping 4 Patronage festivals 5 Other interesting facts 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The name Briones comes from the Berones , ancient inhabitants of La Rioja , but , according to a lithic site from the Bronze Age found in the path of the Santos Mártires chapel , Briones had inhabitants before the Beroners . The Albedense Chronicle ( c. 883 ) says that Alfonso I of Asturias cut down the village of Briones and six other municipalities . Besides , the chronicle also mentions the famous expedition led by Alphonso I , king of Asturias all the way down the Ebro river in 740 . In that chronicle , these destroyed villages are mentioned : Mirandam ( now Miranda de Ebro ) , Revedencam , Carbonariam , Abeicam ( Ábalos , where the expedition crossed the Ebro river ) , Brunes ( this might be Briones but it is uncertain ) , Cinissariam ( now Cenicero ) and Alesanco . Briones was under Saracen control until the late 9th century , and it belonged to King Ordoño II of León since the beginnings of the 10th century . Briones also belonged to the Castilla County , which had been repopulated with Basques and was a frontier between Castilla and Navarra . After Sancho el de Peñalén was murdered the 4th of June 1076 , Alfonso VI took over La Rioja and Briones became part of the Haro 's Signiory . Fernando III named Don Diego López III de Haro , the monarch 's nephew , first Lord of Briones . In 1240 Don Diego López rebelled against Fernando III and found shelter in Briones . The king enclosed the town and made him prisoner . Since then , Briones belonged to the crown . On the 18 January 1256 , Alfonso X of Castile gave Briones the regional laws from Vitoria , as a guarantee of the Castillian repopulation . In 1293 Sancho IV gave Briones royal privilege . During the Basquisation in 1536 there were thirty Basque surnames in Briones . Demography ( edit ) On 1 January 2010 the population of the town was up to 867 inhabitants , 464 men and 403 women . Interesting places ( edit ) Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Iglesia de nuestra señora de La asunción ( edit ) Pedro de Hircio 's tomb Built in the 16th century , using the Isabelline Gothic style . It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in the monument category on 4 September 1981 . Other buildings ( edit ) Palacio del Marqués de San Nicolás Ermita del Cristo de los Remedios Ermita de los Santos Mártires Ermita de Santa Lucía . Ermita de San Andrés . Ermita del Calvario . Ermita de San Bartolomé . Ermita de la Concepción . Ermita del Cristo de los Remedios Ermita de los Santos Mártires Ermita de Santa Lucía Ermita de San Andrés Ermita de San Bartolomé Ermita del Calvario Ermita de San Bartolomé Ermita de la Concepción Palacio de Marqués de San Nicolás : From the 17th century . Now the Town Hall La casa de los Gadea Museums ( edit ) Wine Culture Museum . Vivanco Dinasty Wine Culture Museum Ethnographic Museum , aka La casa encantada Historic - artistic grouping ( edit ) Briones has been Bien de Interés Cultural in the Conjunto Histórico category since 4 July 1973 . Patronage festivals ( edit ) The first Sunday after 14 September , festivity of the Vera Cruz : remembrance of the advocation of the Santo Cristo de los Remedios , patron saint of Briones . Representation of Martín Lafita 's burial during the Jornadas Medievales . Jornadas Medievales : third weekend of June . The inhabitants reproduce the life in the village during the 14th century . Other interesting facts ( edit ) In 2010 was published in TVE the TV series Gran Reserva . Part of it was filmed in Briones , but in the show it was renamed as Lasiesta . See also ( edit ) Briones portal List of Bien de Interés Cultural in the Province of La Rioja List of municipalities in La Rioja La Rioja ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` La Rioja : Población por municipios y sexo : Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero de 2011 '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Germán Bleiberg ; Maureen Ihrie ; Janet Pérez ( 1 January 1993 ) . Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 462 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28731 - 2 . Jump up ^ INE : Población por municipios y sexo . Archived September 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Mininsterio de Cultura . Patrimonio Histórico . Jump up ^ ' La casa encantada ' muestra 500 piezas etnográficas originales Jump up ^ Briones es Lasiesta de ' Gran Reserva ' Coordinates : 42 ° 33 ′ N 2 ° 47 ′ W / 42.550 ° N 2.783 ° W / 42.550 ; - 2.783 <Th_colspan="3"> Municipalities in La Rioja <Td_colspan="2"> Ábalos Agoncillo Aguilar del Río Alhama Ajamil Albelda de Iregua Alberite Alcanadre Aldeanueva de Ebro Alesanco Alesón Alfaro Almarza de Cameros Anguciana Anguiano Arenzana de Abajo Arenzana de Arriba Arnedillo Arnedo Arrúbal Ausejo Autol Azofra Badarán Bañares Baños de Rioja Baños de Río Tobía Berceo Bergasa Bergasillas Bajera Bezares Bobadilla Brieva de Cameros Briones Briñas Cabezón de Cameros Calahorra Camprovín Canales de la Sierra Canillas de Río Tuerto Casalarreina Castañares de Rioja Castroviejo Cañas Cellorigo Cenicero Cervera del Río Alhama Cidamón Cihuri Cirueña Clavijo Cordovín Corera Cornago Corporales Cuzcurrita de Río Tirón Cárdenas Daroca de Rioja El Rasillo de Cameros El Redal El Villar de Arnedo Enciso Entrena Estollo Ezcaray Foncea Fonzaleche Fuenmayor Galbárruli Galilea Gallinero de Cameros Gimileo Grañón Grávalos Haro Herce Herramélluri Hervías Hormilla Hormilleja Hornillos de Cameros Hornos de Moncalvillo Huércanos Igea Jalón de Cameros Laguna de Cameros Lagunilla del Jubera Lardero Ledesma de la Cogolla Leiva Leza de Río Leza Logroño Lumbreras Manjarrés Mansilla de la Sierra Manzanares de Rioja Matute Medrano Munilla Murillo de Río Leza Muro de Aguas Muro en Cameros Nalda Navajún Navarrete Nestares Nieva de Cameros Nájera Ochánduri Ocón Ojacastro Ollauri Ortigosa de Cameros Pazuengos Pedroso Pinillos Pradejón Pradillo Préjano Quel Rabanera Ribafrecha Rincón de Soto Robres del Castillo Rodezno Sajazarra San Asensio San Millán de Yécora San Millán de la Cogolla San Román de Cameros San Torcuato San Vicente de la Sonsierra Santa Coloma Santa Engracia del Jubera Santa Eulalia Bajera Santo Domingo de la Calzada Santurde de Rioja Santurdejo Sojuela Sorzano Soto en Cameros Sotés Terroba Tirgo Tobía Tormantos Torre en Cameros Torrecilla en Cameros Torrecilla sobre Alesanco Torremontalbo Treviana Tricio Tudelilla Uruñuela Valdemadera Valgañón Ventosa Ventrosa Viguera Villalba de Rioja Villalobar de Rioja Villamediana de Iregua Villanueva de Cameros Villar de Torre Villarejo Villarroya Villarta - Quintana Villavelayo Villaverde de Rioja Villoslada de Cameros Viniegra de Abajo Viniegra de Arriba Zarratón Zarzosa Zorraquín Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Briones&oldid=792338081 '' Categories : Populated places in La Rioja ( Spain ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 22 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Briones, La Rioja, Spain
2. Municipality in La Rioja
3. Population and area of Briones
4. History and cultural heritage of Briones
5. Interesting places and festivals in Briones
|
-4,578,382,675,733,227,000 |
how do you get a gun permit in oklahoma
|
Gun laws in Oklahoma - wikipedia Gun laws in Oklahoma Jump to : navigation , search Location of Oklahoma in the United States Gun laws in Oklahoma regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Oklahoma in the United States . Oklahoma is generally a gun - friendly state , and has mostly less - restrictive gun laws . Being part of the Southern United States and Western United States , Oklahoma is home to a strong gun culture , which is reflected in Oklahoma 's gun laws . On May 15 , 2012 , Oklahoma State Senate Bill 1733 was signed into law by Governor Mary Fallin , which authorized open and concealed carry of handguns by permit holders . This law took effect November 1 , 2012 , and made Oklahoma the 25th state of the United States to allow licensed open carry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary table 2 Buying , Selling , and Owning Firearms 2.1 Private Sales 2.2 Prohibited Persons 2.3 Minors and Firearms 2.4 NFA Firearms 3 Carrying Firearms in Public 3.1 Restrictions on Carrying Handguns 3.2 Penalties for Carrying Without Permit 3.3 Handgun Carry Reciprocity 3.4 Transporting Firearms 3.5 Carry on Private Property 3.6 Prohibited Places and Authorized Persons 3.7 Concealed Carry On Campus 4 Specific Crimes with Firearms 5 Right to Keep and Bear Arms in State Constitution 6 See also 7 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No - Private sales legal , no waiting period . Firearm registration ? No No -- None Assault weapon law ? No No -- None Owner license required ? No No § 21 - 1273 , § 21 - 1276 , § 21 - 1283 , None Carry permits required ? No Yes § 21 - 1277 , § 21 - 1272 , § 21 - 1278 , § 21 - 1290.5 Concealed carry of loaded handguns permitted ; open carry became lawful with permit as of November 1st , 2012 . Unlicensed public carry of unloaded handguns and long arms by persons eligible to possess firearms is allowed under some circumstances . Open carry permitted ? No Yes § 21 - 1290 Open carry is permitted with a handgun carry license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 21 - 1289.24 -- NFA weapons restricted ? No No § 21 - 1289.18 Short barreled rifles and shotguns are illegal to possess under state law unless registered under the NFA , ownership and possession of automatic firearms is legal under state law . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes § 21 - 1289.30 Shall certify within 15 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Buying , selling , and owning firearms ( edit ) Private sales ( edit ) In Oklahoma ( under state law ) , private sales of firearms are legal . However , knowingly selling a firearm to a person who can not legally purchase or possess the firearm ( such as a convicted felon or drug addict ) is illegal , and punishable by up to 180 days in jail . Under state law , you must be 18 to buy a firearm of any type from a private seller . Prohibited persons ( edit ) Felons , mentally ill persons , drug addicts , and certain juvenile offenders are prohibited from buying or owning firearms . You must be 18 years of age to possess or own firearms , with a few exceptions for special circumstances . When purchasing a firearm from a dealer , you must complete a federal background check . This process ( passing the background check ) usually only takes a few minutes , but the government has up to three days to complete the background check . After three days , the dealer has the right to proceed or deny the transfer . There is no limit to the number of firearms that a person may buy or own under state law . Minors and firearms ( edit ) Minors may own firearms that are given to them by their parents , relatives , or legal guardians . However , they may not generally possess firearms unsupervised until they are 18 years of age . There are exceptions to this rule , such as when a minor possessing a hunting license ( and having passed a hunter 's safety course ) is hunting , possession of firearm ( s ) on certain types of private property , and possession of firearm ( s ) in one 's own home . NFA firearms ( edit ) Owning or possessing a short - barreled shotgun or rifle is illegal and a felony under state law , unless the short barreled firearm is registered under the National Firearms Act . Owning or possessing a fully automatic firearm is not illegal under state law , but is still illegal under federal law unless the automatic firearm is registered under the National Firearms Act . Local and State authorities are not obligated to enforce federal firearms law or notify federal authorities of federal firearms law violations , however they may , or may not , choose to do so . Carrying firearms in public ( edit ) Carrying a handgun in public circumstances or on public land requires a valid handgun carry permit , issued by the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation . Individuals must pass an extensive background check , meet certain requirements , be at least 21 years of age , and pass a firearms handling and safety course to be issued a permit . Carrying on public buses was legalized on November 1 , 2017 . Restrictions on carrying handguns ( edit ) Individuals possessing handgun carry permits may not carry handguns of greater than . 45 caliber . Individuals with handgun carry permits may not carry in an establishment whose primary purpose is the serving of alcoholic beverages . Handgun carry permit holders may not consume alcoholic beverages while carrying . Doing so will result in revocation of carry permit and possible criminal charges . Carry with permit is allowed in an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages , ( such as a restaurant that serves alcoholic beverages ) as long as that is not the primary purpose of said establishment . Handgun carry permit holders can not carry into any sports arena during a professional sporting event , in an area or building where pari - mutuel wagering is authorized ( such as a casino ) , can not carry in schools nor in any government building . Handgun carry permit holders must have their license on their person while they are carrying . Penalties for carrying without permit ( edit ) Carrying a firearm in public , loaded or unloaded , without a permit is generally illegal and a misdemeanor under state law . Penalties for a first time offense are a maximum of 30 days in jail , confiscation of the firearm ( s ) illegally carried , and a $250 fine . Repeat offenses may be punished by up to 90 days in jail , with an increased fine . Handgun carry reciprocity ( edit ) Oklahoma recognizes and legally respects all and any out of state handgun carry permits , even if the issuing state does not recognize an Oklahoma carry permit . Oklahoma § 21 - 1290.26 . reads `` The State of Oklahoma hereby recognizes any valid concealed or unconcealed carry weapons permit or license issued by another state . Any person entering this state in possession of a firearm authorized for concealed or unconcealed carry upon the authority and license of another state is authorized to continue to carry a concealed or unconcealed firearm and license in this state ; provided the license from the other state remains valid . The firearm must either be carried unconcealed and in plain view or fully concealed from detection and view , and upon coming in contact with any peace officer of this state , the person must disclose the fact that he or she is in possession of a concealed or unconcealed firearm pursuant to a valid concealed or unconcealed carry weapons permit or license issued in another state . '' Transporting firearms ( edit ) Individuals with hunting licenses may open carry loaded long arms and handguns when hunting during hunting season . Outside of this and a few other limited exceptions , Open Carry of handguns in a public setting requires a valid carry permit . Carry of unloaded , cased firearms without a permit is allowed while on foot , just as it is allowed while traveling in a vehicle . Firearms that are not handguns , ( long arms ) carried by pedestrians generally must be both completely unloaded and cased . However , any person eligible to legally possess firearms may openly carry unloaded firearms that are not cased specifically `` When going to or from the person 's private residence or vehicle or a vehicle in which the person is riding as a passenger to a place designated or authorized for firearms repairs or reconditioning , or for firearms trade , sale , or barter , or gunsmith , or hunting animals or fowl , or hunter safety course , or target shooting , or skeet or trap shooting or any recognized firearms activity or event and while in such places '' . Only under these circumstances may individuals carry unloaded firearms publicly that are not cased . Generally , when carrying firearms in a motor vehicle , ( when traveling on public land or roads ) they must be out of reach of the driver , unloaded , and cased . Persons possessing a handgun carry license may carry a loaded handgun inside their vehicle on their person , just as they are permitted to do so on foot . Persons possessing a handgun carry license may transport a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle under their control , and store a loaded handgun in a locked , secure motor vehicle . They may also transport loaded magazines for both handguns and long guns , however , they can not legally transport loaded long guns . Firearms being improperly transported in any way may be immediately confiscated by police without compensation . Carry on private property ( edit ) Open or concealed carry of a firearm on privately owned land or inside a residence ( such as a backyard , in your own home , or a large farm ) is legal for persons 18 years and older who can legally possess firearms , and no permit is required . However , if a disturbance is caused , such carry could be construed as Disturbing the peace by law enforcement . Additionally , brandishing a firearm without good , legal cause ( such as self defense , defense of another , or lawful defense of property ) is illegal . Carrying a firearm on private property generally requires the consent / permission of the property owner . Prohibited places and authorized persons ( edit ) Carrying of any firearms or weapons in a government building or on school grounds is illegal and a felony , even if the citizen carrying possesses a concealed carry permit . The only exceptions to this law are for licensed government or security personnel , such as state police officers , agents of the federal government , and certain security guards . Security guards of at least 21 years of age may receive a license to possess firearms during the course of their official duties if they meet certain requirements . Security guards are not authorized to carry firearms outside of their official duties . Police officers and qualified retired police officers are allowed to carry a handgun when off - duty , however , they are subject to many of the same restrictions and conditions on carry as a private citizen with a handgun carry license when not performing their official duties . Parking lots are also exempt from prohibited places such as schools , public or private , government buildings , and colleges . Concealed carry on campus ( edit ) Concealed carry permit holders are not allowed to carry on college campuses . Doing so will usually result in serious criminal charges , and permanent permit revocation . There is an exception to this rule , but it is very specific , and rarely utilized . In order for a concealed carry permit holder to carry on a college campus in complete legality , they must obtain written permission from the president of the specific college where they wish to carry . The president may issue restrictions or conditions on the permission to carry on campus . Also , a physical copy of the written authorization must be carried by the permit holder while they are carrying concealed on campus . Very few , if any , concealed carry permit holders ever receive authorization to carry a concealed firearm on any college campus in the state , due to these restrictions . House Bill 1652 would allow licensed students , teachers and visitors to keep their guns in their locked vehicles on CareerTech campuses . HB 1652 alters current legislation , which outlaws weapons on CareerTech campuses . The legislation , by Rep. John Enns , passed the committee 11 - 4 on 3 March 2011 , and passed the full House by a vote of 84 - 14 on 17 February 2011 . The new law took effect on 1 November 2011 . http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=462332 Specific crimes with firearms ( edit ) Carrying a firearm while substantially intoxicated by alcohol or another drug is a gross misdemeanor , punishable by several weeks to months in jail and possibility of revocation . Carrying a firearm in a bar without a permit is a felony . Being in possession of a firearm or imitation firearm while committing a crime of violence is a felony , regardless of whether or not the firearm or imitation firearm is used in the commission of the said crime of violence . Intentionally discharging a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence is a felony . Carrying a firearm or dangerous weapon with the intent to commit a crime of violence is a felony . Intentionally discharging a firearm into , or at , any dwelling , or any building used for public or business purposes , is a felony , regardless of whether or not the dwelling or building is occupied . Intentionally pointing a firearm , loaded or unloaded , at a person , is a misdemeanor usually punished by several months in jail , and may be prosecuted as a felony , with additional penalties , if the purpose of such pointing was to cause fear , emotional distress , or to intimidate . Discharging a firearm within a municipality ( inside city limits ) is illegal , even if a firearm is discharged on private property . State - licensed or recognized shooting ranges are exempt from this law . It is unlawful for any person to `` engage in reckless conduct '' while possessing a firearm , if such actions create `` a situation of unreasonable risk and probability of death or great bodily harm to another '' and demonstrate `` a conscious disregard for the safety of another person '' . It is a felony to possess , use , attempt to use , carry , manufacture , cause to be manufactured , import , advertise for sale , or sell ammunition which has `` a core of less than sixty percent ( 60 % ) lead '' and also `` has a fluorocarbon coating , which is capable of penetrating body armor '' . The State of Oklahoma preempts almost all local regulation of firearms . Municipalities may not have any laws or ordinances pertaining to firearms that are more restrictive than state law . Right to keep and bear arms in state Constitution ( edit ) Section 26 of the bill of rights to the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma states , `` The right of a citizen to keep and bear arms in defense of his home , person , or property , or in aid of the civil power , when thereunto legally summoned , shall never be prohibited ; but nothing herein contained shall prevent the Legislature from regulating the carrying of weapons . '' See also ( edit ) Gun laws in the United States ( by state ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NRA / ILA -- Firearms Laws for Utah . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Legal Community Against Violence -- Oklahoma State Law Summary . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Senate Bill 1733 , Oklahoma Secretary of State . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation -- Self - Defense Act / Concealed Weapon License Procedures . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Oklahoma : Governor Signs Self - Defense Legislation into Law '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma SB397 2017 Regular Session '' . LegiScan . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state <Td_colspan="2"> Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming <Td_colspan="2"> District of Columbia <Td_colspan="2"> American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Oklahoma&oldid=833338923 '' Categories : Oklahoma law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 23 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Gun laws in Oklahoma
2. Sale, possession, and use of firearms in Oklahoma
3. Open and concealed carry laws in Oklahoma
4. Restrictions and requirements for carrying firearms in public in Oklahoma
5. Prohibited places and authorized persons for carrying firearms in Oklahoma
|
6,901,680,335,918,953,000 |
how many episodes are there in power rangers
|
List of Power Rangers episodes - wikipedia List of Power Rangers episodes This is a list of Power Rangers episodes . Power Rangers is adapted from the 40 - year - long line of Japanese tokusatsu television series known as Super Sentai . Over 800 episodes have aired since Mighty Morphin Power Rangers premiered in 1993 , with the 854th episode being the premiere of the 25th season Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel on January 27 , 2018 . Seasons : 1 2 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 RV 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Films & Specials Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Title Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired Network First aired Last aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 60 August 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 28 ) May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) FOX ( Fox Kids ) 52 July 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 21 ) May 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 20 ) 33 September 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 02 ) November 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 27 ) 3.5 Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers 10 February 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 05 ) February 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 17 ) Power Rangers Zeo 50 April 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 20 ) November 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 27 ) 5 Power Rangers Turbo 45 April 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 19 ) November 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 24 ) 6 Power Rangers in Space 43 February 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 06 ) November 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 21 ) 7 Power Rangers Lost Galaxy 45 February 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 06 ) December 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 18 ) 8 Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue 40 February 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 12 ) November 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 18 ) 9 Power Rangers Time Force 40 February 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 03 ) November 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 17 ) 10 Power Rangers Wild Force 40 February 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 09 ) November 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 16 ) ABC ( ABC Kids ) 11 Power Rangers Ninja Storm 38 February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) 12 Power Rangers Dino Thunder 38 February 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 14 ) November 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) ABC Family ( Jetix ) 13 Power Rangers S.P.D. 38 February 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 05 ) November 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 14 ) Toon Disney ( Jetix ) 14 Power Rangers Mystic Force 32 February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) November 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 15 Power Rangers Operation Overdrive 32 February 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) November 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 16 Power Rangers Jungle Fury 32 February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 17 Power Rangers RPM 32 March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) December 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) ABC ( ABC Kids ) RV Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( re-version ) 32 January 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) August 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 28 ) 18 Power Rangers Samurai 23 February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) December 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 10 ) Nickelodeon 19 Power Rangers Super Samurai 22 February 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 18 ) December 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) 20 Power Rangers Megaforce 22 February 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) December 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 07 ) 21 Power Rangers Super Megaforce 20 February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) November 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 22 ) 22 Power Rangers Dino Charge 22 February 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) 23 Power Rangers Dino Super Charge 22 January 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) 24 Power Rangers Ninja Steel 22 January 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 25 Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel TBA January 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) TBA 26 Power Rangers Beast Morphers TBA TBA TBA -- These are the networks where the new episodes for those seasons first aired . Other networks that reran the broadcasts of new Power Rangers episodes a few weeks or months later for those seasons , such as ABC ( most seasons ) , ABC Family ( most seasons ) or Nicktoons are not included . Episodes ( edit ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( edit ) Pilots ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original U.S. air date 0 Pilot 1 `` Day of the Dumpster '' TBA TBA May 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 22 ) 0 Pilot 2 `` Day of the Dumpster '' TBA TBA Unaired ( Unaired ) Season 1 ( 1993 - 94 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( season 1 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code `` Day of the Dumpster '' Adrian Carr Tony Oliver & Shuki Levy August 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 28 ) 101 `` High Five '' Adrian Carr Steve Kramer September 7 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 07 ) 102 `` Teamwork '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban September 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 08 ) 103 `` A Pressing Engagement '' Adrian Carr Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling September 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 09 ) 104 5 5 `` Different Drum '' Jeff Reiner Julianne Klemm September 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 10 ) 105 6 6 `` Food Fight '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban September 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 04 ) 106 7 7 `` Big Sisters '' Jeff Reiner Gary Glasberg & Shuki Levy September 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 30 ) 107 8 8 `` I , Eye Guy '' David Blyth Stewart St. John September 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) 109 9 9 `` For Whom the Bell Trolls '' Robert Hughes Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling and Stewart St. John September 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 15 ) 111 10 10 `` Happy Birthday , Zack '' Jeff Reiner Stewart St. John September 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 16 ) 112 11 11 `` No Clowning Around '' Adrian Carr Mark Hoffmeier September 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 17 ) 113 12 12 `` Power Ranger Punks '' David Blyth Mark Hoffmeier September 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 20 ) 121 13 13 `` Peace , Love and Woe '' Robert Hughes Julianne Klemm September 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) 128 14 14 `` Foul Play in the Sky '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy September 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 22 ) 110 15 15 `` Dark Warrior '' Terence H. Winkless Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling and Mark Hoffmeier September 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 28 ) 129 16 16 `` Switching Places '' Jeff Reiner Shuki Levy & Steve Kramer October 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 04 ) 108 17 17 `` Green with Evil , Part I : Out of Control '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John October 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 05 ) 114 18 18 `` Green with Evil , Part II : Jason 's Battle '' Robert Hughes Tom Wyner & Cheryl Saban and Stewart St. John October 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 06 ) 115 19 19 `` Green with Evil , Part III : The Rescue '' Robert Hughes Mark Ryan & Stewart St. John October 7 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 07 ) 116 20 20 `` Green with Evil , Part IV : Eclipsing Megazord '' Robert Hughes Cindy McKay & Stewart St. John October 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 08 ) 117 21 21 `` Green with Evil , Part V : Breaking the Spell '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John October 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 09 ) 118 22 22 `` The Trouble with Shellshock '' David Blyth Stewart St. John & Julianne Klemm October 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 11 ) 119 23 23 `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' Robert Hughes Steve Kramer October 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 12 ) 120 24 24 `` The Spit Flower '' David Blyth Peggy Nicoll October 19 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 19 ) 122 25 25 `` Life 's a Masquerade '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban October 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 30 ) 123 26 26 `` Gung Ho ! '' Robert Hughes Mark Hoffmeier October 25 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 25 ) 124 27 27 `` Wheel of Misfortune '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Ryan & Cheryl Saban November 1 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 01 ) 127 28 28 `` Island of Illusion , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Chris Schoon & Shuki Levy November 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 02 ) 125 29 29 `` Island of Illusion , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John & Chris Schoon and Shuki Levy November 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 03 ) 126 30 30 `` The Rockstar '' Terence H. Winkless Peggy Nicoll November 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 04 ) 130 31 31 `` Calamity Kimberly '' Terence H. Winkless Tom Wyner & Julianne Klemm November 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 05 ) 131 32 32 `` A Star is Born '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban November 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 15 ) 132 33 33 `` The Yolk 's on You ! '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban November 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 16 ) 133 34 34 `` The Green Candle , Part I '' Robert Hughes Mark McKain & Stewart St. John November 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 17 ) 134 35 35 `` The Green Candle , Part II '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John November 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 18 ) 135 36 36 `` Birds of a Feather '' Robert Hughes Julianne Klemm November 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 22 ) 136 37 37 `` Clean - Up Club '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier November 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 23 ) 137 38 38 `` A Bad Reflection on You '' Robert Hughes Peggy Nicoll November 27 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 27 ) 138 39 39 `` Doomsday , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John November 29 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 29 ) 139 40 40 `` Doomsday , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John November 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 30 ) 140 41 41 `` Rita 's Seed of Evil '' Robert Hughes Stewart St. John February 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 07 ) 143 42 42 `` A Pig Surprise '' Robert Hughes Shuki Levy & Douglas Sloan February 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 08 ) 141 43 43 `` Something Fishy '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban February 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 09 ) 145 44 44 `` Lions & Blizzards '' Robert Hughes Shell Danielson February 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 10 ) 142 45 45 `` Crystal of Nightmares '' Robert Hughes Shuki Levy & Douglas Sloan February 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 14 ) 144 46 46 `` To Flea or Not to Flee '' Terence H. Winkless Douglas Sloan February 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 15 ) 146 47 47 `` Reign of the Jellyfish '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John February 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 16 ) 147 48 48 `` Plague of the Mantis '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier February 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 17 ) 148 49 49 `` Return of an Old Friend , Part I '' Worth Keeter Shell Danielson February 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 28 ) 149 50 50 `` Return of an Old Friend , Part II '' Worth Keeter Shell Danielson March 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 01 ) 150 51 51 `` Grumble Bee '' John Stewart Cheryl Saban April 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 28 ) 151 52 52 `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' John Stewart Mark Hoffmeier April 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 29 ) 152 53 53 `` Fowl Play '' John Stewart Peggy Nicoll May 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 02 ) 153 54 54 `` Trick or Treat '' Worth Keeter Daniel J. Sarnoff & Ellen Levy - Sarnoff May 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 03 ) 155 55 55 `` Second Chance '' Worth Keeter Mark Litton May 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 04 ) 157 56 56 `` On Fins and Needles '' Worth Keeter Douglas Sloan May 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 05 ) 156 57 57 `` Enter ... The Lizzinator '' Worth Keeter Stewart St. John May 6 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 06 ) 154 58 58 `` Football Season '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban May 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 09 ) 158 59 59 `` Mighty Morphin ' Mutants '' Terence H. Winkless Douglas Sloan May 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 16 ) 159 60 60 `` An Oyster Stew '' Terence H. Winkless Shell Danielson May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) 160 Season 2 ( 1994 - 95 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( season 2 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 61 `` The Mutiny , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson July 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 21 ) ( primetime ) September 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 03 ) ( weekday ) 201 62 `` The Mutiny , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson July 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 29 ) ( primetime ) September 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 10 ) ( weekday ) 202 63 `` The Mutiny , Part III '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson August 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 08 - 05 ) ( primetime ) September 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 12 ) ( weekday ) 203 64 `` The Wanna - Be Ranger '' John Stewart Ellen Levy - Sarnoff & Daniel J. Sarnoff September 13 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 13 ) 204 65 5 `` Putty on the Brain '' John Stewart Mark Litton September 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 14 ) 205 66 6 `` Bloom of Doom '' John Stewart Cheryl Saban September 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 17 ) 206 67 7 `` The Green Dream '' John Stewart Stewart St. John September 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 19 ) 210 68 8 `` The Power Stealer '' Terence H. Winkless Tony Oliver & Barbara A. Oliver September 20 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 20 ) 207 69 9 `` The Beetle Invasion '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) 208 70 10 `` Welcome to Venus Island '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier September 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 24 ) 209 71 11 `` The Song of Guitardo '' Terence H. Winkless Shell Danielson & Shuki Levy September 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 26 ) 211 72 12 `` Green No More , Part I '' John Stewart Stewart St. John September 27 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 27 ) 212 73 13 `` Green No More , Part II '' John Stewart Stewart St. John September 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 28 ) 213 74 14 `` Missing Green '' John Stewart Ellen Levy - Sarnoff & Daniel J. Sarnoff October 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 03 ) 215 75 15 `` Orchestral Maneuvers in the Park '' Jerry P. Jacobs Douglas Sloan October 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 04 ) 214 76 16 `` Beauty and the Beast '' John Stewart Cheryl Saban October 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 10 ) 216 77 17 `` White Light , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson October 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 17 ) 217 78 18 `` White Light , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson October 18 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 18 ) 218 79 19 `` Two for One '' Jerry P. Jacobs Douglas Sloan October 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 24 ) 219 80 20 `` Opposites Attract '' Jerry P. Jacobs Cheryl Saban October 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 25 ) 221 81 21 `` Zedd 's Monster Mash '' Jerry P. Jacobs Cheryl Saban October 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 28 ) 220 82 22 `` The Ninja Encounter , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson November 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 02 ) 223 83 23 `` The Ninja Encounter , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson November 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 03 ) 224 84 24 `` The Ninja Encounter , Part III '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson November 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 04 ) 225 85 25 `` A Monster of Global Proportions '' Jerry P. Jacobs Douglas Sloan November 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 05 ) 226 86 26 `` Zedd Waves '' Jerry P. Jacobs Mark Litton November 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 07 ) 222 87 27 `` The Power Transfer , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 08 ) 231 88 28 `` The Power Transfer , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 09 ) 232 89 29 `` Goldar 's Vice-Versa '' Terence H. Winkless Douglas Sloan November 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 12 ) 233 90 30 `` Mirror of Regret '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban November 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 14 ) 234 91 31 `` When is a Ranger Not a Ranger ? '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 15 ) 235 92 32 `` Rocky Just Wants to Have Fun '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier November 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 16 ) 228 93 33 `` Lights , Camera , Action '' Terence H. Winkless Daniel J. Sarnoff & Ellen Levy - Sarnoff November 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 17 ) 240 94 34 `` Where There 's Smoke , There 's Fire '' John Stewart Jerry P. Jacobs November 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 21 ) 237 95 35 `` Scavenger Hunt '' John Stewart Stewart St. John November 22 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 22 ) 227 96 36 `` The Great Bookala Escape '' John Stewart Judd Lynn November 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 23 ) 239 97 37 `` Forever Friends '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban November 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 28 ) 238 98 38 `` A Reel Fish Story '' Terence H. Winkless Ellen Levy - Sarnoff & Douglas Sloan November 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 29 ) 236 99 39 `` Rangers Back in Time , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 04 ) 229 100 40 `` Rangers Back in Time , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 11 ) 230 101 41 `` The Wedding , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 13 ) 241 102 42 `` The Wedding , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 14 ) 242 103 43 `` The Wedding , Part III '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 15 ) 243 104 44 `` Return of the Green Ranger , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy February 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 20 ) 244 105 45 `` Return of the Green Ranger , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy February 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 21 ) 245 106 46 `` Return of the Green Ranger , Part III '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 22 ) 246 107 47 `` Best Man for the Job '' John Weil Mark Hoffmeier April 29 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 29 ) 250 108 48 `` Storybook Rangers , Part I '' John Weil Douglas Sloan & Cheryl Saban May 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 01 ) 247 109 49 `` Storybook Rangers , Part II '' John Weil Douglas Sloan & Cheryl Saban May 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 02 ) 248 110 50 `` Wild West Rangers , Part I '' Armand Garabidian Mark Litton May 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 08 ) 251 111 51 `` Wild West Rangers , Part II '' Armand Garabidian Mark Litton May 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 09 ) 252 112 52 `` Blue Ranger Gone Bad '' John Weil Judd Lynn May 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 20 ) 249 Season 3 ( 1995 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( season 3 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 113 `` A Friend in Need , Part I '' Worth Keeter Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 02 ) 301 114 `` A Friend in Need , Part II '' Worth Keeter Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) 302 115 `` A Friend in Need , Part III '' Worth Keeter Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) 303 116 `` Ninja Quest , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 11 ) 304 117 5 `` Ninja Quest , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 12 ) 305 118 6 `` Ninja Quest , Part III '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 13 ) 306 119 7 `` Ninja Quest , Part IV '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 14 ) 307 120 8 `` A Brush with Destiny '' Terence H. Winkless Gilles Wheeler September 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 18 ) 308 121 9 `` Passing the Lantern '' Armand Garabidian Kati Rocky September 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 19 ) 309 122 10 `` Wizard for a Day '' Armand Garabidian Mark Hoffmeier September 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 20 ) 310 123 11 `` Fourth Down and Long '' Armand Garabidian Mark Litton September 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 23 ) 311 124 12 `` Stop the Hate Master , Part I '' Bob Radler Stewart St. John September 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 25 ) 313 125 13 `` Stop the Hate Master , Part II '' Bob Radler Stewart St. John September 26 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 26 ) 314 126 14 `` Final Face - Off '' Armand Garabidian Douglas Sloan October 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 02 ) 312 127 15 `` The Potion Notion '' Bob Radler Jackie Marchand October 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 09 ) 315 128 16 `` I 'm Dreaming of a White Ranger '' Douglas Sloan Ron Milbauer & Terri Hughes November 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 23 ) 316 129 17 `` A Ranger Catastrophe , Part I '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan October 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 16 ) 317 130 18 `` A Ranger Catastrophe , Part II '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan October 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 17 ) 318 131 19 `` Changing of the Zords , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Stewart St. John October 31 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 31 ) 319 132 20 `` Changing of the Zords , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Stewart St. John November 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 01 ) 320 133 21 `` Changing of the Zords , Part III '' Jonathan Tzachor Stewart St. John November 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 02 ) 321 134 22 `` Follow That Cab ! '' Terence H. Winkless Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson November 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 04 ) 322 135 23 `` A Different Shade of Pink , Part I '' Bob Radler Doulgas Sloan November 6 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 06 ) 323 136 24 `` A Different Shade of Pink , Part II '' Bob Radler Douglas Sloan November 7 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 07 ) 324 137 25 `` A Different Shade of Pink , Part III '' Bob Radler Douglas Sloan November 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 08 ) 325 138 26 `` Rita 's Pita '' Terence H. Winkless Jackie Marchand November 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 11 ) 326 139 27 `` Another Brick in the Wall '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Hoffmeier November 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 13 ) 327 140 28 `` A Chimp in Charge '' Terence H. Winkless Douglas Sloan November 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 18 ) 328 141 29 `` Master Vile and the Metallic Armor , Part I '' Bob Radler Mark Litton November 20 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 20 ) 329 142 30 `` Master Vile and the Metallic Armor , Part II '' Bob Radler Mark Litton November 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 21 ) 330 143 31 `` Master Vile and the Metallic Armor , Part III '' Bob Radler Mark Litton November 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 22 ) 331 144 32 `` The Sound of Dischordia '' Marco Garibaldi Stewart St. John November 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 25 ) 332 145 33 `` Rangers in Reverse '' Marco Garibaldi Douglas Sloan November 27 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 27 ) 333 Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers ( Season 3.5 , 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 146 `` Alien Rangers of Aquitar , Part I '' Vickie Bronaugh Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 05 ) 334 147 `` Alien Rangers of Aquitar , Part II '' Vickie Bronaugh Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 06 ) 335 148 `` Climb Every Fountain '' Larry Litton Douglas Sloan February 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 07 ) 336 149 `` The Alien Trap '' Larry Litton Stewart St. John February 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 08 ) 337 150 5 `` Attack of the 60 ' Bulk '' Paul Schrier Gilles Wheeler February 10 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 10 ) 338 151 6 `` Water You Thinking ? '' Paul Schrier Jackie Marchand February 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 12 ) 339 152 7 `` Along Came a Spider '' Robert Radler Buzz Alden & Charlotte Fullerton February 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 13 ) 340 153 8 `` Sowing the Seas of Evil '' Robert Radler Stewart St. John February 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 14 ) 341 154 9 `` Hogday Afternoon , Part I '' Isaac Florentine Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 15 ) 342 155 10 `` Hogday Afternoon , Part II '' Isaac Florentine Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson February 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 17 ) 343 Power Rangers Zeo ( Season 4 , 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Zeo episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 156 `` A Zeo Beginning , Part I '' Isaac Florentine Douglas Sloan April 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 20 ) 344 157 `` A Zeo Beginning , Part II '' Isaac Florentine Douglas Sloan April 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 23 ) 345 158 `` The Shooting Star '' Vickie Bronaugh Jackie Marchand April 24 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 24 ) 346 159 `` Target Rangers '' Vickie Bronaugh Stewart St. John April 25 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 25 ) 347 160 5 `` For Cryin ' Out Loud '' Robert Radler Al Winchell April 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 27 ) 348 161 6 `` Rangers in the Outfield '' Robert Radler Brett D. Born April 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 29 ) 349 162 7 `` Every Dog Has His Day '' Robert Radler Mark Hoffmeier April 30 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 30 ) 350 163 8 `` The Puppet Blaster '' Isaac Florentine Stewart St. John May 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 01 ) 351 164 9 `` Invasion of the Ranger Snatchers '' Isaac Florentine Gilles Wheeler May 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 02 ) 352 165 10 `` Graduation Blues '' Isaac Florentine Mark Litton May 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 04 ) 353 166 11 `` A Few Bad Seeds '' Vickie Bronaugh Richard Goodman May 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 06 ) 354 167 12 `` Instrument of Destruction '' Vickie Bronaugh Buzz Alden & Charlotte Fullerton May 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 07 ) 355 168 13 `` Mean Screen '' Vickie Bronaugh Ron Milbauer & Terri Hughes May 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 08 ) 356 169 14 `` Mr. Billy 's Wild Ride '' Douglas Sloan Al Winchell May 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 11 ) 357 170 15 `` There 's No Business Like Snow Business , Part I '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan May 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 13 ) 358 171 16 `` There 's No Business Like Snow Business , Part II '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan May 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 14 ) 359 172 17 `` There 's No Business Like Snow Business , Part III '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan May 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 15 ) 360 173 18 `` Inner Spirit '' Robert Radler Mark Hoffmeier & Mart Litton May 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 361 174 19 `` Challenges '' Robert Radler Mart Litton May 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 18 ) 362 175 20 `` Found and Lost '' Robert Radler Mart Litton & Stewart St. John May 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 20 ) 363 176 21 `` Brother , Can You Spare an Arrowhead ? '' Terence H. Winkless Mart Litton September 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 09 ) 401 177 22 `` Trust in Me '' Terence H. Winkless Al Winchell September 10 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 10 ) 402 178 23 `` It Came from Angel Grove '' Robert Radler Joseph Kuhr September 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 11 ) 416 179 24 `` Bulk Fiction '' Terence H. Winkless Jackie Marchand September 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 12 ) 403 180 25 `` Song Sung Yellow '' Robert Radler Buzz Alden & Charlotte Fullerton September 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 13 ) 404 181 26 `` Game of Honor '' Robert Radler Brett D. Born September 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 16 ) 405 182 27 `` The Power of Gold '' Robert Radler Al Winchell September 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) 406 183 28 `` A Small Problem '' Vickie Bronaugh Mark Hoffmeier September 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 19 ) 407 184 29 `` A Season to Remember '' Robert Radler Jackie Marchand November 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 27 ) 425 185 30 `` Oily to Bed , Oily to Rise '' Robert Radler Gilles Wheeler September 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 20 ) 408 186 31 `` Rock - a-Bye Power Rangers '' Vickie Bronaugh Tony Oliver & Barbara A. Oliver September 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 23 ) 409 187 32 `` Do I Know You ? '' Vickie Bronaugh Al Winchell September 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 27 ) 410 188 33 `` Revelations of Gold '' Vickie Bronaugh Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson October 3 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 03 ) 411 189 34 `` A Golden Homecoming '' Vickie Bronaugh Douglas Sloan October 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 04 ) 412 190 35 `` Mondo 's Last Stand '' Robert Radler Mark Litton October 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 09 ) 413 191 36 `` Bomber in the Summer '' Robert Radler Stewart St. John October 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 11 ) 414 192 37 `` Scent of a Weasel '' Douglas Sloan Brett D. Born October 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 23 ) 415 193 38 `` The Lore of Auric '' Douglas Sloan Jackie Marchand October 25 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 25 ) 417 194 39 `` The Ranger Who Came in from the Gold '' Douglas Sloan Mark Hoffmeier October 31 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 31 ) 418 195 40 `` The Joke 's on Blue '' Isaac Florentine Jim Suave & Colleen White November 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 05 ) 419 196 41 `` Where In The World is Zeo Ranger 5 ? '' Isaac Florentine Stewart St. John November 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 06 ) 420 197 42 `` King for a Day , Part I '' Isaac Florentine & Koichi Sakamoto Al Winchell November 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 07 ) 421 198 43 `` King for a Day , Part II '' Isaac Florentine & Koichi Sakamoto Al Winchell November 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 08 ) 422 199 44 `` A Brief Mystery of Time '' Robert Radler Buzz Alden & Charlotte Fullerton November 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 11 ) 423 200 45 `` A Mystery to Me '' Robert Radler Jackie Marchand November 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 14 ) 424 201 46 `` Another Song and Dance '' Robert Radler Brett D. Born November 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 15 ) 426 202 47 `` Rangers of Two Worlds , Part I '' Larry Litton Mark Litton November 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 20 ) 427 203 48 `` Rangers of Two Worlds , Part II '' Larry Litton Mark Litton November 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 21 ) 428 204 49 `` Hawaii Zeo '' Vickie Bronaugh Al Winchell November 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 22 ) 429 205 50 `` Good as Gold '' Vickie Bronaugh Douglas Sloan November 23 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 23 ) 430 Power Rangers Turbo ( Season 5 , 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Turbo episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 206 `` Shift Into Turbo , Part I '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan April 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 19 ) 431 207 `` Shift Into Turbo , Part II '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan April 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 26 ) 432 208 `` Shift Into Turbo , Part III '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan April 30 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 30 ) 441 209 `` Shadow Rangers '' Judd Lynn Mark Hoffmeier May 1 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 01 ) 433 210 5 `` Transmission Impossible '' Al Winchell Barbara A. Oliver & Tony Oliver May 2 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 02 ) 435 211 6 `` Rally Ranger '' Al Winchell Jackie Marchand May 5 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 05 ) 436 212 7 `` Built for Speed '' Judd Lynn Ralph Soll May 6 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 06 ) 437 213 8 `` Bicycle Built for the Blues '' Judd Lynn Shell Danielson May 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 07 ) 442 214 9 `` The Whole Lie '' Al Winchell Mark Litton May 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 08 ) 434 215 10 `` Glyph Hanger '' Paul Schrier Steven J. Weller May 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 10 ) 438 216 11 `` Weight and See '' Paul Schrier Peter Elwell May 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 12 ) 439 217 12 `` Alarmed and Dangerous '' Paul Schrier Brett Born May 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 13 ) 440 218 13 `` The Millennium Message '' Larry Litton Mark Litton May 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 17 ) 443 219 14 `` A Drive to Win '' Larry Litton Jackie Marchand May 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 19 ) 444 220 15 `` Cars Attacks '' Judd Lynn Douglas Sloan May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 445 221 16 `` Honey , I Shrunk the Rangers , Part I '' Judd Lynn Shell Danielson May 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 21 ) 446 222 17 `` Honey , I Shrunk the Rangers , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Shell Danielson September 9 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 09 ) 501 223 18 `` Passing the Torch , Part I '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 10 ) 502 224 19 `` Passing the Torch , Part II '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy & Shell Danielson September 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 11 ) 503 225 20 `` Stitch Witchery '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn September 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 12 ) 504 226 21 `` The Wheel of Fate '' Blair Treu Jackie Marchand September 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 15 ) 505 227 22 `` Trouble by the Slice '' Yuri Alexander Judd Lynn September 16 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 16 ) 506 228 23 `` The Phantom Phenomenon '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn September 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 17 ) 507 229 24 `` Vanishing Act '' Yuri Alexander John Fletcher September 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 18 ) 508 230 25 `` When Time Freezes Over '' Yuri Alexander Judd Lynn September 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 19 ) 509 231 26 `` The Darkest Day '' Steve Markowitz John Fletcher September 22 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 22 ) 510 232 27 `` One Last Hope '' Steve Markowitz Judd Lynn September 23 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 23 ) 511 233 28 `` The Fall of the Phantom '' Steve Markowitz Judd Lynn September 25 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 25 ) 512 234 29 `` Clash of the Megazords '' Steve Markowitz Brett Born September 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 26 ) 513 235 30 `` The Robot Ranger '' Larry Litton John Fletcher October 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 03 ) 514 236 31 `` Beware the Third Wish '' Larry Litton Judd Lynn October 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) 515 237 32 `` The Gardener of Evil '' Larry Litton Judd Lynn October 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 20 ) 516 238 33 `` Fire in Your Tank '' Steve Markowitz John Fletcher October 30 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 30 ) 517 239 34 `` The Turn of the Wretched Wrench '' Steve Markowitz John Fletcher October 31 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 31 ) 518 240 35 `` Spirit of the Woods '' Steve Markowitz Judd Lynn November 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 03 ) 519 241 36 `` The Song of Confusion '' Blair Treu John Fletcher November 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 07 ) 520 242 37 `` The Accident '' Blair Treu John Fletcher November 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 10 ) 521 243 38 `` Cassie 's Best Friend '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn November 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 11 ) 522 244 39 `` The Curve Ball '' Lawrence L. Simeone Judd Lynn November 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 12 ) 523 245 40 `` Carlos and the Count '' Lawrence L. Simeone John Fletcher November 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 13 ) 524 246 41 `` Little Strong Man '' Liberty Goldman Jackie Marchand November 14 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 14 ) 525 247 42 `` The Rival Rangers '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn November 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 17 ) 526 248 43 `` Parts and Parcel '' Liberty Goldman John Fletcher November 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 18 ) 527 249 44 `` Chase Into Space , Part I '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn November 21 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 21 ) 528 250 45 `` Chase Into Space , Part II '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn November 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 24 ) 529 Power Rangers in Space ( Season 6 , 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers in Space episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 251 `` From Out of Nowhere , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn February 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 06 ) 252 `` From Out of Nowhere , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn February 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 06 ) 253 `` Save Our Ship '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn February 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 20 ) 254 `` Shell Shocked '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn February 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 27 ) 255 5 `` Never Stop Searching '' Blair Treu Steve Roth March 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 06 ) 256 6 `` Satellite Search '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn March 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 13 ) 257 7 `` A Ranger Among Thieves '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn March 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 20 ) 258 8 `` When Push Comes to Shove '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn March 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 27 ) 259 9 `` The Craterite Invasion '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn April 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 03 ) 260 10 `` The Wasp With a Heart '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn April 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 04 ) 261 11 `` The Delta Discovery '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn April 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 11 ) 262 12 `` The Great Evilyzer '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn April 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 18 ) 263 13 `` Grandma Matchmaker '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn April 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 25 ) 264 14 `` The Barillian Sting '' Judd Lynn John Fletcher May 2 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 02 ) 265 15 `` T.J. 's Identity Crisis '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn May 9 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 09 ) 266 16 `` Flashes of Darkonda '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn May 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 16 ) 267 17 `` The Rangers ' Mega Voyage '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn September 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 12 ) 268 18 `` True Blue to the Rescue '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn September 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 19 ) 269 19 `` Invasion of the Body Switcher '' Judd Lynn Jackie Marchand September 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 26 ) 270 20 `` Survival of the Silver '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 03 ) 271 21 `` Red with Envy '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 10 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 10 ) 272 22 `` The Silver Secret '' Worth Keeter Jackie Marchand October 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 14 ) 273 23 `` A Date with Danger '' Koichi Sakamoto Jackie Marchand October 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 15 ) 274 24 `` Zhane 's Destiny '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 16 ) 275 25 `` Always a Chance '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn October 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 17 ) 276 26 `` The Secret of the Locket '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 21 ) 277 27 `` Astronema Thinks Twice '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 23 ) 278 28 `` The Rangers ' Leap of Faith '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn October 24 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 24 ) 279 29 `` Dark Specter 's Revenge , Part I '' Tony Randel Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 28 ) 280 30 `` Dark Specter 's Revenge , Part II '' Tony Randel Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 29 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 29 ) 281 31 `` Rangers Gone Psycho '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn October 30 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 30 ) 282 32 `` Carlos on Call '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn October 31 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 31 ) 283 33 `` A Rift in the Rangers '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn November 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 04 ) 284 34 `` Five of a Kind '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn November 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 05 ) 285 35 `` Silence is Golden '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 06 ) 286 36 `` The Enemy Within '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 07 ) 287 37 `` Andros and the Stowaway '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn November 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 11 ) 288 38 `` Mission to Secret City '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn November 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 12 ) 289 39 `` Ghosts in the Machine '' Worth Keeter Jackie Marchand November 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 13 ) 290 40 `` The Impenetrable Web '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 14 ) 291 41 `` A Line in the Sand '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 18 ) 292 42 `` Countdown to Destruction , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Koichi Sakamoto & Judd Lynn November 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 20 ) 293 43 `` Countdown to Destruction , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Koichi Sakamoto & Judd Lynn November 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 21 ) Power Rangers Lost Galaxy ( Season 7 , 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Lost Galaxy episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 294 `` Quasar Quest , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn February 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 06 ) 295 `` Quasar Quest , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn February 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 13 ) 296 `` Race to the Rescue '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn February 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 20 ) 297 `` Rookie in Red '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn February 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 27 ) 298 5 `` Homesick '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn March 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 06 ) 299 6 `` The Lights of Orion '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand March 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 13 ) 300 7 `` Double Duty '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn March 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 20 ) 301 8 `` The Blue Crush '' Blair Treu Judd Lynn March 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 27 ) 302 9 `` The Magna Defender '' Koichi Sakamoto Carlton Holder April 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 03 ) 303 10 `` The Sunflower Search '' Ryuta Tasaki Jill Donnellan April 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 10 ) 304 11 `` Silent Sleep '' Blair Treu Jill Donnellan April 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 17 ) 305 12 `` Orion Rising '' Ryuta Tasaki Denise Skinner May 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) 306 13 `` Orion Returns '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 08 ) 307 14 `` Shark Attack '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 15 ) 308 15 `` Redemption Day '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 22 ) 309 16 `` Destined for Greatness '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 310 17 `` Stolen Beauty '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 311 18 `` The Rescue Mission '' Steve Wang Judd Lynn October 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 09 ) 312 19 `` The Lost Galactabeasts , Part I '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn October 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 16 ) 313 20 `` The Lost Galactabeasts , Part II '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn October 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 22 ) 314 21 `` Heir to the Throne '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn October 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 23 ) 315 22 `` An Evil Game '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn October 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 25 ) 316 23 `` Memories of Mirinoi '' Jim Mathers Judd Lynn October 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 26 ) 317 24 `` Green Courage '' Ryuta Tasaki Jill Donnellan October 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 27 ) 318 25 `` Blue to the Test '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn October 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 28 ) 319 26 `` Mean Wheels Mantis '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn October 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 29 ) 320 27 `` Loyax ' Last Battle '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn November 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 01 ) 321 28 `` A Red Romance '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn November 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 02 ) 322 29 `` The Chameliac Warrior '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 03 ) 323 30 `` To the Tenth Power '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 04 ) 324 31 `` The Power of Pink '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 5 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 05 ) 325 32 `` Protect the Quasar Saber '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 08 ) 326 33 `` Facing the Past '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn November 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 09 ) 327 34 `` Turn up the Volume '' Koichi Sakamoto Jackie Marchand November 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 10 ) 328 35 `` Enter the Lost Galaxy '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn November 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 11 ) 329 36 `` Beware the Mutiny '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 12 ) 330 37 `` Grunchor on the Loose '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 15 ) 331 38 `` Until Sunset '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn November 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) 332 39 `` Dream Battle '' Worth Keeter Jill Donnellan November 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 17 ) 333 40 `` Hexuba 's Graveyard '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Denise Skinner November 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 18 ) 334 41 `` Raise the Titanisaur '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn November 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 19 ) 335 42 `` Escape the Lost Galaxy '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn December 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 03 ) 336 43 `` Journey 's End , Part I '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn December 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 16 ) 337 44 `` Journey 's End , Part II '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn December 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 17 ) 338 45 `` Journey 's End , Part III '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn December 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 18 ) Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue ( Season 8 , 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 339 `` Operation Lightspeed '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn February 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 12 ) 340 `` Lightspeed Teamwork '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn February 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 19 ) 341 `` Trial By Fire '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn February 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 26 ) 342 `` Riding the Edge '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn March 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 04 ) 343 5 `` A Matter of Trust '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn March 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 11 ) 344 6 `` Wheels of Destruction '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn March 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 18 ) 345 7 `` Cyborg Rangers '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn March 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 25 ) 346 8 `` Up to the Challenge '' Koichi Sakamoto Jackie Marchand April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) 347 9 `` Go Volcanic '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn April 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) 348 10 `` Rising from Ashes '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn April 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 15 ) 349 11 `` From Deep in the Shadows '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn April 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 22 ) 350 12 `` Truth Discovered '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn April 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 29 ) 351 13 `` Ryan 's Destiny '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 06 ) 352 14 `` Curse of the Cobra '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 13 ) 353 15 `` Strength of the Sun '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 20 ) 354 16 `` The Cobra Strikes '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 27 ) 355 17 `` Olympius Ascends '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 19 ) 356 18 `` A Face from the Past '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 26 ) 357 19 `` The Queen 's Return '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 02 ) 358 20 `` The Omega Project '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 09 ) 359 21 `` The Fifth Crystal '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 16 ) 360 22 `` The Chosen Path '' Worth Keeter John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand September 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 23 ) 361 23 `` Yesterday Again '' Issac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 30 ) 362 24 `` As Time Runs Out '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 07 ) 363 25 `` In the Freeze Zone '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 21 ) 364 26 `` The Mighty Mega Battles '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 28 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 28 ) 365 27 `` The Great Egg Caper '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 03 ) 366 28 `` Ocean Blue '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 04 ) 367 29 `` Trakeena 's Revenge , Part I '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 06 ) 368 30 `` Trakeena 's Revenge , Part II '' Ryuta Tasaki Judd Lynn November 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 07 ) 369 31 `` The Last Ranger '' Worth Keeter John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 08 ) 370 32 `` Sorcerer of the Sands '' Worth Keeter John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 09 ) 371 33 `` Olympius Unbound '' Ryuta Tasaki John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 10 ) 372 34 `` Neptune 's Daughter '' Jonathan Tzachor John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 11 ) 373 35 `` Web War '' Ryuta Tasaki John Fletcher & Jackie Marchand November 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 13 ) 374 36 `` In the Limelight '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 14 ) 375 37 `` Wrath of the Queen '' Judd Lynn John Fletcher , Jackie Marchand & Denise Skinner November 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) 376 38 `` Rise of the Super Demons '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 16 ) 377 39 `` The Fate of Lightspeed , Part I '' Ryuta Tasaki & Makoto Yokoyama Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 17 ) 378 40 `` The Fate of Lightspeed , Part II '' Ryuta Tasaki & Makoto Yokoyama Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 18 ) Power Rangers Time Force ( Season 9 , 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Time Force episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 379 `` Force from the Future , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand February 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 03 ) 380 `` Force from the Future , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand February 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 10 ) 381 `` Something to Fight For '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand February 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 17 ) 382 `` Ransik Lives '' Kaizo Hayashi Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand February 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 24 ) 383 5 `` A Blue Streak '' Kaizo Hayashi Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand March 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 03 ) 384 6 `` A Parting of Ways '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand March 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 10 ) 385 7 `` Short - Circuited '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand March 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 17 ) 386 8 `` Jen 's Revenge '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn March 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 24 ) 387 9 `` The Time Shadow '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn March 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 31 ) 388 10 `` Future Unknown '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand April 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 07 ) 389 11 `` Uniquely Trip '' Judd Lynn Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand April 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 14 ) 390 12 `` Worlds Apart '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand April 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 21 ) 391 13 `` The Quantum Quest '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand April 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 28 ) 392 14 `` Clash for Control , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 05 ) 393 15 `` Clash for Control , Part II '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 12 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 12 ) 394 16 `` Bodyguard in Blue '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand May 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 19 ) 395 17 `` The Legend of the Clock Tower '' Yoshi Hosoya Judd Lynn May 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 19 ) 396 18 `` Trust and Triumph '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand June 2 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 02 ) 397 19 `` Trip Takes a Stand '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand June 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 09 ) 398 20 `` Quantum Secrets '' Makoto Yokoyama Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand June 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 16 ) 399 21 `` The Last Race '' Isaac Florentine Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand June 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 23 ) 400 22 `` Lovestruck Rangers '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand July 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 07 ) 401 23 `` Full Exposure '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand July 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 14 ) 402 24 `` Movie Madness , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand July 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 21 ) 403 25 `` Movie Madness , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand July 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 28 ) 404 26 `` Time Force Traitor '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 04 ) 405 27 `` Frax 's Fury '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 11 ) 406 28 `` Dawn of Destiny '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 18 ) 407 29 `` Fight Against Fate '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand August 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 25 ) 408 30 `` Destiny Defeated '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 08 ) 409 31 `` Undercover Rangers '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 15 ) 410 32 `` Beware the Knight '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 22 ) 411 33 `` Time for Lightspeed '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand September 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 29 ) 412 34 `` Reflections Of Evil '' Jonathan Tzachor Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 06 ) 413 35 `` Nadira 's Dream Date '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 13 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 13 ) 414 36 `` Circuit Unsure '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 20 ) 415 37 `` A Calm Before the Storm '' Worth Keeter Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand October 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 27 ) 416 38 `` The End of Time , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 03 ) 417 39 `` The End of Time , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 10 ) 418 40 `` The End of Time , Part III '' Koichi Sakamoto Judd Lynn & Jackie Marchand November 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 17 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( Season 10 , 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Wild Force episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 419 `` Lionheart '' Koichi Sakamoto William Winkler February 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 09 ) 420 `` Darkness Awakening '' Koichi Sakamoto Derek Rydall February 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 09 ) 421 `` Click , Click , Zoom '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan February 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 16 ) 422 `` Never Give Up ! '' Terry Withrow Katherine Torpey February 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 23 ) 423 5 `` Ancient Awakening '' Terry Withrow Suzi Shimoyama March 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 02 ) 424 6 `` Wishes On The Water '' Koichi Sakamoto William Winkler March 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 09 ) 425 7 `` The Bear Necessities '' Koichi Sakamoto Derek Rydall March 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 16 ) 426 8 `` Soul Searching '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan March 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 23 ) 427 9 `` Soul Bird Salvation '' Worth Keeter Suzi Shimoyama March 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 30 ) 428 10 `` Curse of the Wolf '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey April 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 06 ) 429 11 `` Battle Of The Zords '' Koichi Sakamoto Derek Rydall April 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 13 ) 430 12 `` Predazord , Awaken '' Koichi Sakamoto Bergen Williams April 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 20 ) 431 13 `` Revenge Of Zen - Aku '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan April 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 27 ) 432 14 `` Identity Crisis '' Taro Sakamoto Suzi Shimoyama May 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 04 ) 433 15 `` The Ancient Warrior '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey May 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 11 ) 434 16 `` The Lone Wolf '' Taro Sakamoto Derek Rydall May 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 18 ) 435 17 `` Power Play '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan June 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 01 ) 436 18 `` Secrets And Lies '' Koichi Sakamoto Bergen Williams June 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 08 ) 437 19 `` The Tornado Spin '' Worth Keeter Derek Rydall June 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 15 ) 438 20 `` Three 's a Crowd '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey & Bergen Williams June 29 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 29 ) 439 21 `` A Father 's Footsteps '' Koichi Sakamoto Suzi Shimoyama July 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 06 ) 440 22 `` Sing Song '' Taro Sakamoto Jill Donnellan July 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 13 ) 441 23 `` The Wings of Animaria '' Worth Keeter Suzi Shimoyama July 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 20 ) 442 24 `` Reinforcements from the Future , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Amit Bhaumik July 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 27 ) 443 25 `` Reinforcements from the Future , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Amit Bhaumik August 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 03 ) 444 26 `` The Master 's Last Stand '' Koichi Sakamoto Derek Rydall August 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 10 ) 445 27 `` Unfinished Business '' Taro Sakamoto Suzi Shimoyama September 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 14 ) 446 28 `` Homecoming '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey September 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 14 ) 447 29 `` The Flute '' Worth Keeter Katherine Torpey September 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 21 ) 448 30 `` Team Carnival '' Koichi Sakamoto Katherine Torpey September 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 21 ) 449 31 `` Taming Of The Zords '' Koichi Sakamoto Katherine Torpey September 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) 450 32 `` Monitoring Earth '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey September 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) 451 33 `` The Soul of Humanity '' Taro Sakamoto Katherine Torpey October 5 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 05 ) 452 34 `` Forever Red '' Koichi Sakamoto Amit Bhaumik October 5 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 05 ) 453 35 `` The Master 's Herald , Part I '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnelllan October 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 19 ) 454 36 `` The Master 's Herald , Part II '' Koichi Sakamoto Jill Donnellan October 19 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 19 ) 455 37 `` Fishing for a Friend '' Taro Sakamoto Suzi Shimoyama November 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 02 ) 456 38 `` Sealing the Nexus '' Taro Sakamoto Derek Rydall November 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 02 ) 457 39 `` The End of the Power Rangers , Part I '' Jonathan Tzachor Jill Donnellan & Katherine Torpey November 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 16 ) 458 40 `` The End of the Power Rangers , Part II '' Jonathan Tzachor Derek Rydall & Suzi Shimoyama November 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 16 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( Season 11 , 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Ninja Storm episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 459 `` Prelude to a Storm '' Koichi Sakamoto Douglas Sloan February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) 460 `` There 's No `` I '' in Team '' Koichi Sakamoto Ann Knapp February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) 461 `` Beauty and the Beach '' Koichi Sakamoto Mark Hoffmeier February 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 22 ) 462 `` Looming Thunder '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand March 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) 463 5 `` Thunder Strangers , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Ann Knapp March 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 08 ) 464 6 `` Thunder Strangers , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen March 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 15 ) 465 7 `` Thunder Strangers , Part III '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Austen March 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 22 ) 466 8 `` Nowhere To Grow '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin March 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 29 ) 467 9 `` Snip It , Snip It Good '' Andrew Merrifield Mark Hoffmeier September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) 468 10 `` Return Of Thunder , Part I '' Wayne Rose Douglas Sloan April 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 12 ) 469 11 `` Return Of Thunder , Part II '' Wayne Rose Douglas Sloan April 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 19 ) 470 12 `` Return Of Thunder , Part III '' Wayne Rose Ann Austen April 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 26 ) 471 13 `` Return Of Thunder , Part IV '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen & Douglas Sloan May 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 03 ) 472 14 `` Boxing Bopp - A-Roo '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier May 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 10 ) 473 15 `` Pork Chopped '' Charlie Haskell Steve Slavkin May 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 17 ) 474 16 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part I '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand May 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 24 ) 475 17 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part II '' Paul Grinder Mark Hoffmeier May 31 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 31 ) 476 18 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part III '' Paul Grinder Mark Hoffmeier June 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 07 ) 477 19 `` Scent of a Ranger '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand June 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 14 ) 478 20 `` I Love Lothor '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin June 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 21 ) 479 21 `` Good Will Hunter '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin June 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 28 ) 480 22 `` All About Beevil '' Wayne Rose Jackie Marchand July 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 05 ) 481 23 `` Sensei Switcheroo '' Wayne Rose Mark Hoffmeier July 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 12 ) 482 24 `` Tongue and Cheek '' Wayne Rose Art Brown August 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 02 ) 483 25 `` Brothers in Arms '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) 484 26 `` Shane 's Karma , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier & John Tellegen August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) 485 27 `` Shane 's Karma , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier & John Tellegen August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) 486 28 `` Shimazu Returns , Part I '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan August 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 16 ) 487 29 `` Shimazu Returns , Part II '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan August 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 16 ) 488 30 `` The Wild Wipeout '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) 489 31 `` Double - Edged Blake '' Wayne Rose Jackie Marchand September 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 27 ) 490 32 `` Eye of the Storm '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen September 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 27 ) 491 33 `` General Deception , Part I '' Wayne Rose Ann Austen October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) 492 34 `` General Deception , Part II '' Wayne Rose Ann Knapp & Douglas Sloan October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) 493 35 `` A Gem of a Day '' Charlie Haskell Ann Knapp October 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 18 ) 494 36 `` Down and Dirty '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan October 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 18 ) 495 37 `` Storm Before the Calm , Part I '' Paul Grinder Douglas Sloan November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) 496 38 `` Storm Before the Calm , Part II '' Paul Grinder Ann Austen November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( Season 12 , 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Dino Thunder episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 497 `` Day of the Dino , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan February 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 14 ) 498 `` Day of the Dino , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Ann Knapp February 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 14 ) 499 `` Wave Goodbye '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan February 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 21 ) 500 `` Legacy of Power '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp February 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 28 ) 501 5 `` Back In Black '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp March 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 06 ) 502 6 `` Diva in Distress '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand March 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 13 ) 503 7 `` Game On '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen March 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 20 ) 504 8 `` Golden Boy '' Paul Grinder Ann Knapp March 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 27 ) 505 9 `` Beneath the Surface '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand April 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 03 ) 506 10 `` Ocean Alert '' Paul Grinder John Tellegen April 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 10 ) 507 11 `` White Thunder , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan April 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 17 ) 508 12 `` White Thunder , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan & Jackie Marchand April 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 24 ) 509 13 `` White Thunder , Part III '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan & Jackie Marchand May 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 01 ) 510 14 `` Truth and Consequences '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand May 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 08 ) 511 15 `` Leader of the Whack '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen May 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 15 ) 512 16 `` Burning at Both Ends '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp May 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ) 513 17 `` The Missing Bone '' Paul Grinder Douglas Sloan May 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ) 514 18 `` Bully for Ethan '' Paul Grinder Ann Knapp June 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 12 ) 515 19 `` Lost & Found in Translation '' Paul Grinder Steve Slavkin June 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 13 ) 516 20 `` It 's a Mad Mad Mackerel '' Paul Grinder Mark Hoffmeier June 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 19 ) 517 21 `` Copy That '' Douglas Sloan Jackie Marchand July 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 10 ) 518 22 `` Triassic Triumph '' Douglas Sloan Ann Knapp July 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 17 ) 519 23 `` A Star Is Torn '' Douglas Sloan Douglas Sloan July 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 24 ) 520 24 `` A Ranger Exclusive '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan July 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 31 ) 521 25 `` Tutenhawken 's Curse '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand August 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 07 ) 522 26 `` Disappearing Act '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp August 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 21 ) 523 27 `` Fighting Spirit '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand August 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) 524 28 `` The Passion of Conner '' Paul Grinder Ann Knapp September 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 05 ) 525 29 `` Is n't It Lava - ly '' Paul Grinder Bruce Kalish September 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 18 ) 526 30 `` Strange Relations '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand September 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 25 ) 527 31 `` Thunder Storm , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan October 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) 528 32 `` Thunder Storm , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan October 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 09 ) 529 33 `` In Your Dreams '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand October 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 16 ) 530 34 `` Drawn Into Danger '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand October 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 23 ) 531 35 `` House of Cards '' Britta Johnstone Douglas Sloan October 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 30 ) 532 36 `` A Test of Trust '' Britta Johnstone Ann Knapp November 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) 533 37 `` Thunder Struck , Part I '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan November 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 13 ) 534 38 `` Thunder Struck , Part II '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Knapp November 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( Season 13 , 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers S.P.D. episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 535 `` Beginnings , Part I '' Greg Aronowitz Bruce Kalish February 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 05 ) 536 `` Beginnings , Part II '' Greg Aronowitz Greg Aronowitz February 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 05 ) 537 `` Confronted '' Greg Aronowitz Jackie Marchand February 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 12 ) 538 `` Walls '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen February 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 19 ) 539 5 `` Dogged '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand February 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 26 ) 540 6 `` A-Bridged '' Andrew Merrifield Mark Hoffmeier March 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 05 ) 541 7 `` Sam , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Bruce Kalish March 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 12 ) 542 8 `` Sam , Part II '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen March 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 19 ) 543 9 `` Idol '' Charlie Haskell David Garber April 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 02 ) 544 10 `` Stakeout '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand April 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 09 ) 545 11 `` Shadow , Part I '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish April 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 16 ) 546 12 `` Shadow , Part II '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish April 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 23 ) 547 13 `` Abandoned '' Britta Johnstone John Tellegen April 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 30 ) 548 14 `` Wired , Part I '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand & John Tellegen May 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 07 ) 549 15 `` Wired , Part II '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand & John Tellegen May 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 14 ) 550 16 `` Boom '' Andrew Merrifeld Greg Aronowitz May 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) 551 17 `` Recognition '' Andrew Merrifield David Garber June 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 04 ) 552 18 `` Samurai '' Andrew Merrifield Matt Hawkins June 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 11 ) 553 19 `` Dismissed '' Paul Grinder Jesse Horsting June 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 18 ) 554 20 `` Perspective '' Paul Grinder Bruce Kalish June 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 25 ) 555 21 `` Messenger , Part I '' Paul Grinder Bruce Kalish July 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 10 ) 556 22 `` Messenger , Part II '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand July 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 16 ) 557 23 `` Zapped '' John Laing Stan Berkowitz July 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 25 ) 558 24 `` Reflection , Part I '' John Laing Jackie Marchand August 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) 559 25 `` Reflection , Part II '' John Laing Jackie Marchand August 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) 560 26 `` S.W.A.T. , Part I '' Britta Johnstone John Tellegen August 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 15 ) 561 27 `` S.W.A.T. , Part II '' Britta Johnstone Greg Aronowitz August 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 22 ) 562 28 `` Robotpalooza '' John Laing Bruce Kalish August 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 29 ) 563 29 `` Impact '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand September 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ) 564 30 `` Katastrophe '' John Laing Bruce Kalish October 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 03 ) 565 31 `` Missing '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand October 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) 566 32 `` History '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand September 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 23 ) 567 33 `` Badge '' John Laing Jackie Marchand October 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 17 ) 568 34 `` Insomnia '' John Laing John Tellegen October 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 28 ) 569 35 `` Wormhole '' Paul Grinder Bruce Kalish February 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) 570 36 `` Resurrection '' John Laing Bruce Kalish November 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 04 ) 571 37 `` Endings , Part I '' Greg Aronowitz Jackie Marchand November 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) 572 38 `` Endings , Part II '' Greg Aronowitz Bruce Kalish November 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 14 ) Power Rangers Mystic Force ( Season 14 , 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Mystic Force episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 573 `` Broken Spell , Part I '' John Laing Bruce Kalish February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) 574 `` Broken Spell , Part II '' John Laing Bruce Kalish February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) 575 `` Code Busters '' John Laing Jackie Marchand February 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 27 ) 576 `` Rock Solid '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand March 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 03 ) 577 5 `` Whispering Voices '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen March 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 13 ) 578 6 `` Legendary Catastros '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen March 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 20 ) 579 7 `` Fire Heart '' Mark Beesley David Garber March 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 27 ) 580 8 `` Stranger Within , Part I '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish April 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 03 ) 581 9 `` Stranger Within , Part II '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish April 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 17 ) 582 10 `` Petrified Xander '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen April 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 24 ) 583 11 `` The Gatekeeper , Part I '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand May 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 08 ) 584 12 `` The Gatekeeper , Part II '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 585 13 `` Scaredy Cat '' Charlie Haskell Bruce Kalish June 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 05 ) 586 14 `` Long Ago '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen June 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) 587 15 `` Inner Strength '' Charlie Haskell Matt Hawkins June 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) 588 16 `` Soul Specter '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand June 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) 589 17 `` Ranger Down '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen June 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 26 ) 590 18 `` Dark Wish , Part I '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen July 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) 591 19 `` Dark Wish , Part II '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish July 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) 592 20 `` Dark Wish , Part III '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand July 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) 593 21 `` Koragg 's Trial '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen July 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 22 ) 594 22 `` Heir Apparent , Part I '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand July 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 29 ) 595 23 `` Heir Apparent , Part II '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand August 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) 596 24 `` The Light '' Andrew Merrifield Bruce Kalish August 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 14 ) 597 25 `` The Hunter '' Andrew Merrifield John Tellegen August 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 20 ) 598 26 `` Hard Heads '' Andrew Merrifield Matt Hawkins September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) 599 27 `` The Snow Prince '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand September 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 25 ) 600 28 `` Light Source , Part I '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen October 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 10 ) 601 29 `` Light Source , Part II '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen October 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 10 ) 602 30 `` The Return '' Charlie Haskell Bruce Kalish October 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 30 ) 603 31 `` Mystic Fate , Part I '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand November 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 604 32 `` Mystic Fate , Part II '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish November 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) Power Rangers Operation Overdrive ( Season 15 , 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Operation Overdrive episodes No. in series No. in Episodes Title Directed by Written by Original air date 605 `` Kick Into Overdrive , Part I '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish February 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) 606 `` Kick Into Overdrive , Part II '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand February 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) 607 `` The Underwater World '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen March 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 05 ) 608 `` Heart of Blue '' Britta Johnstone David Garber March 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 12 ) 609 5 `` Weather or Not '' Britta Johnstone John Tellegen March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) 610 6 `` Pirate in Pink '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand March 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 26 ) 611 7 `` At All Costs '' Jonathan Brough Bruce Kalish April 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 02 ) 612 8 `` Both Sides Now '' Jonathan Brough David Garber April 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 09 ) 613 9 `` Follow The Ranger '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen April 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) 614 10 `` Lights , Camera , DAX '' Mike Smith John Tellegen May 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 07 ) 615 11 `` Face to Face , Part I '' Mike Smith Jackie Marchand May 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) 616 12 `` Face to Face , Part II '' Mike Smith Jackie Marchand May 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 21 ) 617 13 `` Man of Mercury , Part I '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen June 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 04 ) 618 14 `` Man of Mercury , Part II '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen June 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 04 ) 619 15 `` Behind the Scenes '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand June 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) 620 16 `` Just Like Me '' Charlie Haskell David Garber June 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 18 ) 621 17 `` It 's Hammer Time '' Vanessa Alexander John Tellegen July 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 02 ) 622 18 `` Out of Luck '' Vanessa Alexander David Garber July 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 09 ) 623 19 `` One Gets Away '' Vanessa Alexander Bruce Kalish July 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 16 ) 624 20 `` Once a Ranger , Part I '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand July 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) 625 21 `` Once a Ranger , Part II '' Britta Johnstone Jackie Marchand July 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) 626 22 `` One Fine Day '' Britta Johnstone Bruce Kalish August 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 06 ) 627 23 `` Ronny on Empty , Part I '' Mike Smith John Tellegen August 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 20 ) 628 24 `` Ronny on Empty , Part II '' Mike Smith John Tellegen August 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 27 ) 629 25 `` Things Not Said '' Mike Smith David Garber September 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 10 ) 630 26 `` Red Ranger Unplugged '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen October 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) 631 27 `` Home and Away , Part I '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand October 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) 632 28 `` Home and Away , Part II '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand October 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) 633 29 `` Way Back When '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen October 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 22 ) 634 30 `` Two Fallen Foes '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen October 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) 635 31 `` Nothing to Lose '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand November 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) 636 32 `` Crown and Punishment '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish November 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) Power Rangers Jungle Fury ( Season 16 , 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Jungle Fury episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 637 `` Welcome to the Jungle , Part I '' Mark Beesley Bruce Kalish February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) 638 `` Welcome to the Jungle , Part II '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) 639 `` Sigh of the Tiger '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen February 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) 640 `` A Taste of Poison '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand March 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) 641 5 `` Ca n't Win Them All '' Charlie Haskell Bruce Kalish March 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 10 ) 642 6 `` Dance the Night Away '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 643 7 `` Pizza Slice of Life '' Vanessa Alexander David Garber March 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 24 ) 644 8 `` Way of the Master '' Vanessa Alexander Jackie Marchand March 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 31 ) 645 9 `` Good Karma , Bad Karma '' Vanessa Alexander John Tellegen April 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) 646 10 `` Blind Leading the Blind '' Mike Smith John Tellegen April 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) 647 11 `` Pushed to the Edge '' Mike Smith Jackie Marchand May 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) 648 12 `` One Master Too Many '' Mike Smith David Garber May 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) 649 13 `` Ghost of a Chance , Part I '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 650 14 `` Ghost of a Chance , Part II '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 651 15 `` Bad to the Bone '' Jonathan Brough Bruce Kalish June 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 02 ) 652 16 `` Friends Do n't Fade Away '' Vanessa Alexander Ally Mondera June 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 16 ) 653 17 `` No `` I '' in Leader '' Vanessa Alexander William Carter June 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) 654 18 `` True Friends , True Spirits '' Vanessa Alexander Aran Hufee June 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) 655 19 `` Path of the Rhino '' Jonathan Brough Nico Manley July 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 07 ) 656 20 `` Dash for the Dagger '' Jonathan Brough Sofia Sprittey July 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 14 ) 657 21 `` Race to the Nexus '' Jonathan Brough Patrick Skuel July 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 21 ) 658 22 `` Arise the Crystal Eyes '' Jonathan Brough Casey S. Neki July 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 28 ) 659 23 `` Fear and the Phantoms '' Mike Smith Grace Urwin August 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 04 ) 660 24 `` Blue Ranger , Twin Danger '' Mike Smith KJ Bekman August 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 11 ) 661 25 `` One Last Second Chance '' Mike Smith Ally Mondera August 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 18 ) 662 26 `` Do n't Blow That Dough '' Mark Beesley John Tellegen September 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 663 27 `` Tigers Fall , Lions Rise '' Luke Robinson John Edward October 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) 664 28 `` The Spirit of Kindness '' Luke Robinson Moni Zamazene October 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 13 ) 665 29 `` Maryl and the Monkeys '' Luke Robinson Bruce Kalish October 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) 666 30 `` To Earn Your Stripes '' Mark Beesley Jackie Marchand October 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 27 ) 667 31 `` Path of the Righteous '' Mark Beelsey John Tellegen November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 668 32 `` Now the Final Fury '' Mark Beelsey Jackie Marchand November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) Power Rangers RPM ( Season 17 , 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers RPM episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 669 `` The Road to Corinth '' Mike Smith Eddie Guzelian March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) 670 `` Fade to Black '' Mike Smith Eddie Guzelian March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) 671 `` Rain '' Mike Smith Eddie Guzelian March 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 14 ) 672 `` Go for the Green '' Jonathan Brough Jackie Marchand March 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) 673 5 `` Handshake '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen March 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 28 ) 674 6 `` Ranger Green '' Jonathan Brough Eddie Guzelian April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) 675 7 `` Ranger Red '' Vanessa Alexander John Tellegen April 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) 676 8 `` Ranger Yellow , Part I '' Vanessa Alexander Jackie Marchand April 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 18 ) 677 9 `` Ranger Yellow , Part II '' Vanessa Alexander Jackie Marchand April 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 25 ) 678 10 `` Ranger Blue '' Charlie Haskell Madellaine Paxson May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) 679 11 `` Doctor K '' Charlie Haskell Matthew Negrete May 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 09 ) 680 12 `` Blitz '' Charlie Haskell Eddie Guzelian May 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 16 ) 681 13 `` Brother 's Keeper '' Jonathan Brough John Tellegen May 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 23 ) 682 14 `` Embodied '' Jonathan Brough Eddie Guzelian June 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 13 ) 683 15 `` Ghosts '' Jonathan Brough Eddie Guzelian June 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 20 ) 684 16 `` In or Out '' Mike Smith John Tellegen July 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 04 ) 685 17 `` Prisoners '' Mike Smith Madellaine Paxson July 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) 686 18 `` Belly of the Beast '' Mike Smith Matthew Negrete August 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 01 ) 687 19 `` Three 's a Crowd '' Peter Salmon John Tellegen August 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 08 ) 688 20 `` Heroes Among Us '' Peter Salmon Judd Lynn August 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 15 ) 689 21 `` Not So Simple '' Peter Salmon Matthew Negrete August 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) 690 22 `` The Dome Dolls '' Mike Smith John Tellegen September 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 05 ) 691 23 `` And .... Action '' Mike Smith Judd Lynn September 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 12 ) 692 24 `` Ancient History '' Mike Smith John Tellegen September 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 19 ) 693 25 `` Key to the Past '' Mike Smith Jeffrey Newman September 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 26 ) 694 26 `` Beyond a Doubt '' Charlie Haskell Judd Lynn September 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 26 ) 695 27 `` Control - Alt - Delete '' Charlie Haskell David Garber October 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) 696 28 `` Run Ziggy Run '' Charlie Haskell John Tellegen October 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) 697 29 `` If Venjix Won '' Charlie Haskell Tiffany Louie December 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 19 ) 698 30 `` End Game '' Mike Smith John Tellegen December 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 19 ) 699 31 `` Danger and Destiny , Part I '' Mike Smith Judd Lynn December 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) 700 32 `` Danger and Destiny , Part II '' Mike Smith Judd Lynn December 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( Re-version , 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( re-version ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date RV1 `` Day of the Dumpster '' Adrian Carr Tony Oliver & Shuki Levy January 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) RV2 `` High Five '' Adrian Carr Steve Kramer January 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) RV3 `` Teamwork '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban January 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ) RV4 `` A Pressing Engagement '' Adrian Carr Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling January 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ) RV5 5 `` Different Drum '' Jeff Reiner Julianne Klemm January 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 16 ) RV6 6 `` Food Fight '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban January 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 16 ) RV7 7 `` Big Sisters '' Jeff Reiner Gary Glasberg & Shuki Levy January 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 23 ) RV8 8 `` Switching Places '' Jeff Reiner Shuki Levy & Steve Kramer January 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 30 ) RV9 9 `` I , Eye Guy '' David Blyth Stewart St. John February 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) RV10 10 `` Foul Play in the Sky '' Shuki Levy Shuki Levy February 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 13 ) RV11 11 `` For Whom the Bell Trolls '' Robert Hughes Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling and Stewart St. John February 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 20 ) RV12 12 `` Happy Birthday , Zack '' Jeff Reiner Stewart St. John February 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) RV13 13 `` No Clowning Around '' Adrian Carr Mark Hoffmeier March 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 27 ) RV14 14 `` Green with Evil , Part I '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John April 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 03 ) RV15 15 `` Green with Evil , Part II '' Robert Hughes Tom Wyner & Cheryl Saban and Stewart St. John April 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 10 ) RV16 16 `` Green with Evil , Part III '' Robert Hughes Mark Ryan & Stewart St. John May 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 08 ) RV17 17 `` Green with Evil , Part IV '' Robert Hughes Cindy McKay & Stewart St. John May 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 22 ) RV18 18 `` Green with Evil , Part V '' Robert Hughes Gary Glasberg & Stewart St. John June 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 05 ) RV19 19 `` The Trouble with Shellshock '' David Blyth Stewart St. John & Julianne Klemm July 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 17 ) RV20 20 `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' Robert Hughes Steve Kramer July 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 17 ) RV21 21 `` Power Ranger Punks '' David Blyth Mark Hoffmeier July 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 24 ) RV22 22 `` The Spit Flower '' David Blyth Peggy Nicoll July 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 24 ) RV23 23 `` Life 's a Masquerade '' Robert Hughes Cheryl Saban July 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 31 ) RV24 24 `` Gung Ho ! '' Robert Hughes Mark Hoffmeier July 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 31 ) RV25 25 `` Island of Illusion , Part I '' Terence H. Winkless Chris Schoon & Shuki Levy August 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 07 ) RV26 26 `` Island of Illusion , Part II '' Terence H. Winkless Stewart St. John & Chris Schoon and Shuki Levy August 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 07 ) RV27 27 `` Wheel of Misfortune '' Terence H. Winkless Mark Ryan & Cheryl Saban August 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 14 ) RV28 28 `` Peace , Love and Woe '' Robert Hughes Julianne Klemm August 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 14 ) RV29 29 `` Dark Warrior '' Terence H. Winkless Jeff Deckman & Ronnie Sperling and Mark Hoffmeier August 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 21 ) RV30 30 `` The Rockstar '' Terence H. Winkless Peggy Nicoll August 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 21 ) RV31 31 `` Calamity Kimberly '' Terence H. Winkless Tom Wyner & Julianne Klemm August 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 28 ) RV32 32 `` A Star is Born '' Terence H. Winkless Cheryl Saban August 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 28 ) Power Rangers Samurai ( Season 18 , 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Samurai episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 701 `` Origins , Part I '' Peter Samon David Schneider and James W. Bates October 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 15 ) 702 `` Origins , Part II '' Peter Salmon Jill Donnellan and James W. Bates October 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 22 ) 703 `` The Team Unites '' Peter Salmon David Schneider and James W. Bates February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 704 `` Deal With a Nighlok '' Luke Robinson Jill Donnellan and Jonathan Rosenthal February 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) 705 5 `` Day Off '' Luke Robinson David Schneider and Jill Donnellan February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) 706 6 `` Sticks & Stones '' Luke Robinson Jill Donnellan and David Schneider February 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) 707 7 `` A Fish Out of Water '' Peter Salmon David Schneider and James W. Bates March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 708 8 `` There Go the Brides '' Peter Salmon Jill Donnellan and Jonathan Rosenthal March 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 13 ) 709 9 `` I 've Got a Spell on Blue '' Peter Salmon David Schneider and Jill Donnellan March 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 20 ) 710 10 `` Forest for the Trees '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan and Seth Walther March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) 711 11 `` Test of the Leader '' Jonathan Brough David Schneider and Samuel P. McLean April 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 10 ) 712 12 `` Jayden 's Challenge '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan and James W. Bates with David Schneider April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 713 13 `` Unexpected Arrival '' Akihiro Noguchi David Schneider and Seth Walther April 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 30 ) 714 14 `` Room for One More '' Akihiro Noguchi Jill Donnellan and Jonathan Rosenthal May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) 715 15 `` The Blue and the Gold '' Akihiro Noguchi David Schneider and Jill Donnellan May 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 14 ) 716 16 `` Team Spirit '' Jonathan Brough Billy Rueben and James W. Bates May 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 21 ) 717 17 `` The Tengen Gate '' Jonathan Brough David McDermott May 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 28 ) 718 18 `` Boxed In '' Jonathan Brough Seth Walther June 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 04 ) 719 19 `` Broken Dreams '' Akihiro Noguchi Jill Donnellan October 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 01 ) 720 20 `` The Ultimate Duel '' Akihiro Noguchi Jonathan Rosenthal October 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 08 ) 721 Special `` Party Monsters '' Akihiro Noguchi James W. Bates and Amit Bhaumik October 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 29 ) 722 Special `` Clash of the Red Rangers : The Movie '' Jonathan Tzachor James W. Bates November 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 26 ) 723 Special `` Christmas Together , Friends Forever '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan and Amit Bhaumik December 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 10 ) Power Rangers Super Samurai ( Season 19 , 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Super Samurai episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 724 `` Super Samurai '' Jonathan Brough James W. Bates February 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 18 ) 725 `` Shell Game '' Jonathan Brough Seth Walther February 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 25 ) 726 `` Trading Places '' Jonathan Brough David McDermott March 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 03 ) 727 `` Something Fishy '' Akihiro Noguchi Eugene Son March 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 10 ) 728 5 `` The Rescue '' Akihiro Noguchi Samuel P. McLean March 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 17 ) 729 6 `` The Bullzord '' Akihiro Noguchi Mark Handler March 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 24 ) 730 7 `` He Ai n't Heavy Metal , He 's My Brother '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi Kevin Rubio & David McDermott March 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) 731 8 `` Kevin 's Choice '' Peter Salmon Jonathan Rosenthal April 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 07 ) 732 9 `` Runaway Spike '' Peter Salmon Jill Donnellan April 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 14 ) 733 10 `` The Strange Case of the Munchies '' Akihiro Noguchi Jill Donnellan April 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 21 ) 734 11 `` A Sticky Situation '' Peter Salmon Seth Walther April 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 28 ) 735 12 `` Trust Me '' Akihiro Noguchi Marc Handler May 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 05 ) 736 13 `` The Master Returns '' Akihiro Noguchi Samuel P. McLean May 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 12 ) 737 14 `` A Crack in the World '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi Seth Walther October 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 13 ) 738 15 `` Stroke of Fate '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi Amit Bhaumik November 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 03 ) 739 16 `` Fight Fire With Fire '' Akihiro Noguchi Marc Handler November 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 10 ) 740 17 `` The Great Duel '' Akihiro Noguchi Jill Donnellan November 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 17 ) 741 18 `` Evil Reborn '' Akihiro Noguchi Seth Walther November 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 24 ) 742 19 `` The Sealing Symbol '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi Seth Walther December 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 743 20 `` Samurai Forever '' Nobuhiro Suzumura & Akihiro Noguchi David McDermott December 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) 744 Special `` Trickster Treat '' Jonathan Tzachor Michael Sorich October 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) 745 Special `` Stuck on Christmas '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan December 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) Power Rangers Megaforce ( Season 20 , 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Megaforce episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 746 `` Mega Mission '' Jonathan Tzachor James W. Bates February 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) 747 `` He Blasted Me with Science '' Jonathan Tzachor David McDermott February 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 09 ) 748 `` Going Viral '' Jonathan Brough Marc Handler February 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 16 ) 749 `` Stranger Ranger '' Jonathan Brough Seth Walther February 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) 750 5 `` United We Stand '' Jonathan Brough Jill Donnellan March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) 751 6 `` Harmony and Dizchord '' James Barr Seth Walther March 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 09 ) 752 7 `` Who 's Crying Now ? '' Jonathan Tzachor Seth Walther March 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 16 ) 753 8 `` Robo Knight '' Jonathan Tzachor , Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) Marc Handler March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) 754 9 `` Prince Takes Knight '' Jonathan Tzachor , Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) David McDermott & Seth Walther April 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 06 ) 755 10 `` Man and Machine '' John Laing Seth Walther September 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 07 ) 756 11 `` Ultra Power '' John Laing Jim Peronto September 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 14 ) 757 12 `` Last Laugh '' John Laing Jill Donnellan September 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 28 ) 758 13 `` Dream Snatcher '' Yuji Noguchi & Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) Jill Donnellan & James W. Bates October 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 05 ) 759 14 `` Gosei Ultimate '' Yuji Noguchi & Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) Marc Handler October 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 12 ) 760 15 `` The Human Factor '' Yuji Noguchi & Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) David McDermott October 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 26 ) 761 16 `` Rico the Robot '' Yuji Noguchi & Isaac Florentine ( Consultant ) Jill Donnellan November 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 02 ) 762 17 `` Staying on Track '' James Barr Jim Peronto November 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 09 ) 763 18 `` The Human Condition '' James Barr David McDermott November 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 16 ) 764 19 `` The Messenger '' John Laing Marc Handler November 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 23 ) 765 20 `` End Game '' John Laing Seth Walther November 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 30 ) 766 Special `` Raising Spirits '' James Barr Jim Peronto October 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 19 ) 767 Special `` The Robo Knight Before Christmas '' James Barr James W. Bates December 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 07 ) Power Rangers Super Megaforce ( Season 21 , 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Super Megaforce episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) 768 `` Super Megaforce '' James Barr James W. Bates February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 2.1 769 `` Earth Fights Back '' James Barr Jill Donnellan February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 1.9 770 `` Blue Saber Saga '' Yuji Noguchi Jason Smith March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 1.8 771 `` A Lion 's Alliance '' Charlie Haskell Jim Peronto and Amira Lopez March 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 08 ) 2.1 772 5 `` Samurai Surprise '' Yuji Noguchi Jason Smith March 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 15 ) 773 6 `` Spirit of the Tiger '' Yuji Noguchi Samuel P. McLean March 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 22 ) 1.72 774 7 `` Silver Lining , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther April 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) 1.61 775 8 `` Silver Lining , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Jill Donnellan April 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 12 ) 1.47 776 9 `` Power of Six '' James Barr Jason Smith August 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 30 ) 1.50 777 10 `` The Perfect Storm '' Jonathan Tzachor Jim Peronto September 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 06 ) 1.52 778 11 `` Love Is in the Air '' James Barr Jill Donnellan September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 1.12 779 12 `` United as One '' James Barr Seth Walther September 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 27 ) 1.34 780 13 `` The Grass is Always Greener ... or Bluer '' Charlie Haskell David Schneider October 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) 1.53 781 14 `` In the Driver 's Seat '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther October 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 11 ) 1.56 782 15 `` All Hail Prince Vekar '' Charlie Haskell Jason Smith October 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 18 ) 1.41 783 16 `` Vrak Is Back , Part I '' James Barr James W. Bates October 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 25 ) 1.37 784 17 `` Vrak Is Back , Part II '' James Barr James W. Bates November 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) 1.59 785 18 `` Emperor Mavro '' Charlie Haskell Jill Donnellan November 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 08 ) 1.10 786 19 `` The Wrath '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther November 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 15 ) 1.76 787 20 `` Legendary Battle '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther November 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 22 ) 1.89 Special Special `` The Legendary Battle : Extended Edition '' Charlie Haskell Seth Walther November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) TBA Power Rangers Dino Charge ( Season 22 , 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Dino Charge episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 788 `` Powers From the Past '' Jonathan Brough Chip Lynn February 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) 1.93 789 `` Past , Present and Fusion '' Jonathan Brough Chip Lynn February 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 14 ) 1.38 790 `` A Fool 's Hour '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn February 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 21 ) 1.53 791 `` Return of the Caveman '' Jonathan Brough Chip Lynn February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) 1.92 792 5 `` Breaking Black '' Charlie Haskell Jeffrey Newman , Peter Wiseman & Chip Lynn March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) 1.50 793 6 `` The Tooth Hurts ! '' Mike Smith Jeffrey Newman , Peter Wiseman & Chip Lynn March 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) 1.29 794 7 `` Let Sleeping Zords Lie '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn March 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 21 ) 2.01 795 8 `` Double Ranger , Double Danger '' Mike Smith Peter Wiseman , Tanya M. Wheeler & Chip Lynn April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 1.48 796 9 `` When Logic Fails '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn August 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 22 ) 1.59 797 10 `` The Royal Rangers '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn August 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 29 ) 1.69 798 11 `` Break Out '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 1.41 799 12 `` Knight After Knights '' Peter Salmon Jeffrey Newman & Chip Lynn September 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 19 ) 1.37 800 13 `` Sync or Swim '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn & James W. Bates October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) 1.01 801 14 `` True Black '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn and Mark Litton October 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 10 ) 1.34 802 15 `` Rise of a Ranger '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn and Mark Litton October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) 1.11 803 16 `` No Matter How You Slice It '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn and Jeffrey Newman November 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) 1.13 804 17 `` World Famous ( in New Zealand ) '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn and Becca Barnes November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) 1.06 805 18 `` Deep Down Under '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn and Becca Barnes November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) 1.50 806 19 `` Wishing for a Hero '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn November 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 28 ) 1.17 807 20 `` One More Energem '' Peter Salmon Chip Lynn and Becca Barnes December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) 1.30 808 Special `` The Ghostest With the Mostest '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn and Mark Litton October 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 17 ) 1.07 809 Special `` Race to Rescue Christmas '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn and Mark Litton December 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 05 ) 1.22 Power Rangers Dino Super Charge ( Season 23 , 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Dino Super Charge episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 810 `` When Evil Stirs '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn & Becca Barnes January 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) 1.34 811 `` Forgive and Forget '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 06 ) 1.20 812 `` Nightmare in Amber Beach '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 13 ) 1.37 813 `` A Date with Danger '' Karl Zwicky Chip Lynn & Marc Handler February 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) 1.19 814 5 `` Roar of the Red Ranger '' Karl Zwicky Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 27 ) 1.20 815 6 `` Forged Under Fire '' Karl Zwicky Chip Lynn , Ann Austen , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 05 ) 1.78 816 7 `` Home Run Koda '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn and Becca Barnes March 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 19 ) 1.50 817 8 `` Riches and Rags '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) 1.38 818 9 `` Besties 4Eva '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale August 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 20 ) 1.23 819 10 `` Gone Fishin '' Michael Duignan Alwyn Dale , Becca Barnes , and Chip Lynn August 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 27 ) 1.44 820 11 `` Love at First Fight '' Judd Lynn Ann Austen & Becca Barnes September 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 03 ) 1.42 821 12 `` Catching Some Rays '' Peter Burger Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and David McDermott September 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 10 ) 1.40 822 13 `` Recipe for Disaster '' Peter Burger Judd Lynn , Becca Barnes and Alwyn Dale September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) 1.41 823 14 `` Silver Secret '' Ric Pellizzeri Judd Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 1.62 824 15 `` Wings of Danger '' Ric Pellizzeri Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) 1.06 825 16 `` Freaky Fightday '' Ric Pellizzeri Alwyn Dale , Becca Barnes , and Judd Lynn October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 1.34 826 17 `` Worgworld '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn October 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 29 ) 1.51 827 18 `` The Rangers Rock '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) 1.38 828 19 `` Edge of Extinction '' Britta Hawkins Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn November 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 1.42 829 20 `` End of Extinction '' Britta Hawkins Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn November 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) 1.54 830 Special `` Trick or Trial '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 1.33 831 Special `` Here Comes Heximas '' Michael Duignan Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Judd Lynn December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) 1.69 Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( Season 24 , 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Ninja Steel episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 832 `` Return of the Prism '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn January 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) 1.53 833 `` Forged in Steel '' Peter Burger Chip Lynn January 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 1.55 834 `` Live and Learn '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 1.50 835 `` Presto Change - O '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) 1.52 836 5 `` Drive to Survive '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 1.29 837 6 `` My Friend , Redbot '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 1.29 838 7 `` Hack Attack '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 1.26 839 8 `` Gold Rush '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 1.16 840 9 `` Rocking and Rolling '' Oliver Driver Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale August 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) 0.95 841 10 `` The Ranger Ribbon '' Oliver Driver Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale August 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 19 ) 1.09 842 11 `` Poisonous Plots '' Oliver Driver Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale August 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) 1.24 843 12 `` Family Fusion '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale September 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 1.18 844 13 `` Ace and the Race '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale September 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) 0.94 845 14 `` The Royal Rival '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) 1.20 846 15 `` The Royal Rumble '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 1.04 847 16 `` Monkey Business '' Michael Duignan Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale October 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 1.11 848 17 `` The Adventures Of Redbot '' Simon Bennett Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 0.95 849 18 `` Abrakadanger '' Mike Smith Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Chip Lynn October 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 1.07 850 19 `` Helping Hand '' Mike Smith Alywn Dale , Chip Lynn , and Becca Barnes November 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 04 ) 1.05 851 20 `` Galvanax Rises '' Mike Smith Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale November 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 18 ) 1.06 852 Special `` Grave Robber '' Oliver Driver Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Chip Lynn October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 1.11 853 Special `` Past , Presents , And Future '' Charlie Haskell Alwyn Dale , Chip Lynn , and Becca Barnes December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 1.02 Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel ( Season 25 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 854 `` Echoes of Evil '' Charlie Haskell Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale January 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 27 ) 1.01 855 `` Moment of Truth '' Charlie Haskell Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Chip Lynn February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) 1.14 856 `` Tough Love '' Charlie Haskell Alwyn Dale , Chip Lynn , and Becca Barnes February 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 10 ) 0.98 857 `` Making Waves '' Oliver Driver Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale February 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 17 ) 0.97 858 5 `` Game Plan '' Oliver Driver Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Chip Lynn February 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) 1.00 859 6 `` Attack Of The Galactic Ninjas '' Oliver Driver Alwyn Dale , Chip Lynn , and Becca Barnes March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) 1.15 860 7 `` The Need For Speed '' Murray Keane Chip Lynn , Becca Barnes , and Alwyn Dale March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) 1.23 861 8 `` Caught Red Handed '' Murray Keane Becca Barnes , Alwyn Dale , and Chip Lynn March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) 1.08 862 9 `` Outfoxed '' TBA TBA August 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 25 ) TBD 863 10 `` Dimensions in Danger '' TBA TBA August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) TBD 864 11 `` Love Stings '' TBA TBA September 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 01 ) TBD Power Rangers films & specials ( edit ) This section indexes the official films and specials that are n't considered part of the normal episode count . Film ( edit ) Title Theatrical Release Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie June 30 , 1995 Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie March 28 , 1997 Power Rangers March 24 , 2017 Television ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie : Secrets Revealed '' TBA TBA June 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 18 ) `` Power Playback : Funniest Power Rangers Moments '' TBA TBA June 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 13 ) `` The Lost Episode '' TBA TBA May 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 22 ) `` The Hidden Episode '' TBA TBA January 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 30 ) `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive : Behind the Scenes '' TBA TBA February 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 16 ) Direct to Video ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original video release `` Alpha 's Magical Christmas '' TBA TBA October 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 19 ) `` The Official Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Karate Club : Level 1 '' TBA TBA November 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 23 ) `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Official Fan Club Video '' TBA TBA 1994 ( 1994 ) `` Lord Zedd 's Monster Heads : The Greatest Villains of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' TBA TBA August 29 , 1995 ( 1995 - 08 - 29 ) `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Karate Club : The White Ranger Kata '' TBA TBA January 31 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 31 ) `` The Good , the Bad , and the Stupid : The Misadventures of Bulk and Skull '' TBA TBA February 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 21 ) `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers World Tour Live on Stage '' TBA TBA March 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 20 ) `` Shift into Turbo : Behind the Scenes of Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie '' TBA TBA 1998 ( 1998 ) `` Mission Training '' TBA TBA 2004 ( 2004 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode aired in France on September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ This episode was made available on the Nickelodeon website for early access streaming on February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was made available on the Nickelodeon website for early access streaming on August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Russia on September 14 , 2014 , then in France on September 15 , 2014 , and in the United Kingdom on September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 16 , 2014 , and then in Russia on September 20 , 2014 , and the United Kingdom on September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 16 , 2014 , and then in Russia on September 21 , 2014 , and the United Kingdom on September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 17 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on September 26 , 2014 , and Russia on September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 17 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on September 29 , 2014 , and Russia on September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 18 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on September 30 , 2014 , and Russia on October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 18 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on October 1 , 2014 , and Russia on October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 19 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on October 2 , 2014 , and Russia on October 11 , 2014 , and as part of the extended version on November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on September 19 , 2014 , and then in the United Kingdom on October 3 , 2014 , and Russia on October 12 , 2014 , and as part of the extended version on November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Brazil on August 3 , 2015 , and made available on the Nickelodeon website on August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Brazil on August 10 , 2015 , and made available on the Nickelodeon website on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on August 30 , 2015 , and made available on the Nickelodeon website on August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in France on August 30 , 2015 , and made available on the Nickelodeon website on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saban Brands regards episode 13 , `` Sync or Swim , '' as the official 800th episode of the Power Rangers series . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first broadcast in France on September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first broadcast in France on September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first broadcast in France on September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first broadcast in France on September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Australia on August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Australia on August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ This episode was first broadcast in Australia on October 30 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Season 23 , Episode 22 '' . TVMuse . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Shamus ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel Release Date and Trailer '' . Den of Geek ! . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Samurai Episodes - Power Rangers Super Samurai Season 2 2012 Episode Guides - Watch Power Rangers Super Samurai Episodes '' . TVGuide.com. 2011 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Samurai - ' Trickster Treat ' Episode Info - MSN TV '' . http://tv.msn.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://thefutoncritic.com/showatch/power-rangers/listings/ ^ Jump up to : `` Power Rangers MegaforceEpisode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Spreads Laughter and Good Cheer with Holiday Episodes of ' Instant Mom ' , ' Power Rangers ' and ' Awesomeness TV ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Robo Knight Before Christmas '' . zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Megaforce - Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : NBA All Star Saturday Night Wins Night , ' The Pete Holmes Show ' , Olympics , NASCAR & More '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Leads Night + Olympics Coverage , ' Sanjay & Craig ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Wins Night , Boxing , ' Mythbusters ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Wins Day + ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Wins Day , ' Sanjay and Craig ' , College Basketball & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon , Nick Jr. , NickToons , TeenNick and Nick at Nite ratings ( March 17 - 23 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Leads Night + ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' , ' Sanjay & Craig ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Wins Night , ' The Boondocks ' , ' Sex Sent Me to the ER ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Wins Night , ' Doctor Who ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Attack on Titan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Broadcast & Cable Finals '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings : ' 48 Hours ' Most - Viewed ; Notre Dame - Syracuse on ABC Tops Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings : College Football and MLB Highlight the Day '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Wins Night , Baseball , ' Attack on Titan ' , ' Haunted Thundermans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Leads Night + ' Attack on Titan ' , ' Bleach ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Wins Night , ' Sex Sent Me to the ER ' , ' Doctor Who ' , ' Attack on Titan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Son of the Bronx ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : ESPN Leads Low - Rated Night '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Son of the Bronx ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Alabama - LSU Boosts CBS '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Aaliyah : Princess of R&B ' , ' Beyond the Headlines ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Significant Increases for Toonami Block on Adult Swim '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Wins Night + ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' , ' Fixer Upper ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Most - Viewed ' NBA All - Star Saturday Night ' on TNT in Three Years '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : ' Daytona 500 Bash at the Beach ' on Fox Down One - Third Year - to - Year '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Note : The rating is in the comments section . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Scarce Sampling of Shania Twain Concert from Las Vegas on ABC and NHL on NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : Respectable Premiere of ' Premier Boxing Champions ' on NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : ESPN Tops All in Prime Time Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : CBS and Turner Sports Continue to See Record Highs for NCAA March Madness '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Final Nationals : 22.6 Million Viewers for Wisconsin - Kentucky on TBS , TNT and truTV '' . TV Media Insights . Cross MediaWorks . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' Tops Night + NASCAR Sprint Cup , ' Akame ga Kill ' , NFL Preseason Football & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Day , ' Akame Ga Kill ' , Boxing , ' Let The Church Say Amen ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Day , ' Michiko & Hatchin ' , ' NASCAR ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.19. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.3. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : College football and MLB playoffs lead , plus USA - Mexico soccer , ' Dragon Ball Z ' and more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : College football on top once again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : ' Family Guy ' and ' College GameDay ' pace a slow day '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.28. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.5. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.30. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.6. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.13. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.27. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2016 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power Rangers Dino Super Charge : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' My Christmas Dream , ' college football lead the way '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvmuse.com/tv-shows/Power-Rangers_464/season_23/episode_22/ Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.4. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.11. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.2. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.9. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.16. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.23. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.21. 2017 '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers Ninja Steel Episode Details '' . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.4. 2017 '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Power Rangers Ninja Steel Episode Details '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.18. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.2. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- power rangers on nickelodeon '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Shamus ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel Release Date and Trailer '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals 1.27. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals 2.3. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals 2.10. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals 2.17. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals 2.24. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel Episode 6 - 8 Titles & Descriptions Released '' . Morphin Legacy . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel Episode 6 - 8 Titles & Descriptions Released '' . Morphin Legacy . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel Episode 6 - 8 Titles & Descriptions Released '' . Morphin Legacy . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) episodes in Space ( 1998 ) episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) episodes Disney Wild Force ( 2002 ) episodes Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) episodes RPM ( 2009 ) episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) season 1 Hasbro Beast Morphers ( 2019 ) Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Web series Power Rangers Hyperforce ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Day of the Dumpster '' ( series premiere ) `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Mighty Morphin Justice League / Power Rangers List of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers home video releases Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related media Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Power_Rangers_episodes&oldid=852846922 '' Categories : Power Rangers episodes Lists of science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 19 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. Power Rangers episodes
2. Super Sentai
3. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
4. Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel
5. Power Rangers Beast Morphers
|
5,738,150,005,449,133,000 |
who wrote the tiger who came to tea
|
The tiger Who Came to Tea - wikipedia The tiger Who Came to Tea Jump to : navigation , search The Tiger Who Came to Tea <Td_colspan="2"> Front cover Author Judith Kerr Country UK Language English Published 1968 ( 1968 ) The Tiger Who Came to Tea is a short children 's story , first published in 1968 , written and illustrated by Judith Kerr . The book concerns a girl called Sophie , her mother , and an anthropomorphised tiger who interrupts their afternoon tea . The book remains extremely popular more than forty years after it was first published , and a theatrical adaptation of the story has been produced . The original artwork for the book is held by Seven Stories , a children 's literature centre in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Inspiration 3 Foreign language editions 4 Theatre adaptation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A little girl named Sophie is having tea with her mother in their kitchen . Soon they are joined for tea by a tiger who drinks all the tea , eats all the food in the house and drinks everything , even draining the water from the taps . Then he leaves . Sophie 's father comes home and suggests that they all go out and have a lovely meal in a cafe . The following day Sophie and her mother go out to buy some more food , including a big tin of tiger food . But the tiger never returns . Inspiration ( edit ) Kerr spent her early years in Berlin just before the start of the Third Reich and her father was on a death list because of his opposition to the Nazis . Michael Rosen , also a children 's author , claims the tiger could be based on her memory of the past threat : something that could have disrupted her life as a young child and taken everything the family owned . Judith knows about dangerous people who come to your house and take people away . She was told as a young child that her father could be grabbed at any moment by either the Gestapo or the SS - he was in great danger . So I do n't know whether Judith did it consciously or not - I would n't want to go there - but the point is he 's a jokey tiger , but he is a tiger . ( Michael Rosen ) However , Kerr has stated more than once that the tiger represents nothing more than a tiger , and had nothing to do with the Nazis . Kerr first invented the story after visiting a zoo with her three - year - old daughter and told it many times before making it into a book . The book took a year to write and illustrate . The Tiger Who Came to Tea is one of the best selling children 's books of all time . Foreign language editions ( edit ) This book has been produced in Braille . It is also published in German with the title Ein Tiger kommt zum Tee . It has been adapted into Welsh , entitled Y Teigr a Ddaeth i De . In this version , the little girl is renamed Catrin . There is also a Japanese edition `` お ちゃ の じ かん に きた とら '' ( Ocha no Jikan ni Kita Tora ) . Theatre adaptation ( edit ) The book has been adapted for stage with music by David Wood . The original production featured the actors Devon Black , Alan Atkins and Abbey Norman . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Mog ( Judith Kerr ) , a series of children 's books by the same author . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guest , Katy ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Judith Kerr : If Carlsberg made grannies ... '' The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Judith Kerr and the story behind The Tiger Who Came To Tea Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/the-crocodile-under-the-bed-judith-kerrs-follow-up-to-the-tiger-who-came-to-tea-9751882.html Jump up ^ Eves , Sue ( 2008 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Judith Kerr and the Tiger Who Came to Tea '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Tiger Who Came to Tea '' . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Tiger Who Came to Tea '' . The Stage . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . External links ( edit ) Browse inside The Tiger Who Came to Tea at HarperCollins Publishers The Tiger Who Came To Tea , read with illustrations from the book on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tiger_Who_Came_to_Tea&oldid=826684687 '' Categories : Children 's fiction books British picture books 1968 children 's books Books by Judith Kerr Fictional tigers Animal tales Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 13 : 42 . About Wikipedia
|
1. "The Tiger Who Came to Tea" - children's story
2. Judith Kerr - author and illustrator
3. Sophie and her mother - characters in the story
4. Anthropomorphised tiger - interrupts their afternoon tea
5. Theatrical adaptation - of the story has been produced
|
5,196,704,679,227,402,000 |
ten little fingers and ten little toes by mem fox summary
|
Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes - Wikipedia Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes <Td_colspan="2"> Author Mem Fox Illustrator Helen Oxenbury Country Australia Language English Genre Children 's picture book Published 2008 ( Harcourt ) Media type Print ( hardback ) Pages 40 ( unpaginated ) ISBN 9780152060572 OCLC 488538353 Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes is a 2008 children 's picture book by Mem Fox and Helen Oxenbury . It is about babies , who , although they are from around the world , all share the common trait of having the same number of digits . Reception ( edit ) Ten Little Fingers has been commended for its positive treatment of racial diversity . A review by The New York Times stated `` two beloved picture - book creators -- the storyteller Mem Fox and the artist Helen Oxenbury -- merge their talents in a winsome look at babies around the world . '' BookList called it `` A standout for its beautiful simplicity '' and `` A gentle , joyous offering . '' and the School Library Journal described it as a `` nearly perfect picture book . '' and concluded `` Whether shared one - on - one or in storytimes , where the large trim size and big , clear images will carry perfectly , this selection is sure to be a hit . '' Publishers Weekly , in a starred review , wrote `` Put two titans of kids ' books together for the first time , and what do you get ( besides the urge to shout , `` What took you so long ? '' ) ? The answer : an instant classic . '' and the New York Journal of Books , in a review of a bilingual edition , wrote `` This is a sturdy , toddler - sized board book that has something for everybody . Ms. Fox 's text , soft and pure , offers sweet innocence , the joy of lives beginning , and the unique beauty of the mother - child love . Artist Helen Oxenbury 's exquisite illustrations are the perfect complement to the text '' . The Horn Book Magazine referred to it as a `` love song '' and concluded `` Snuggle up with your favorite baby and kiss those fingers and toes to both your hearts ' content . '' and BookPage Reviews called it `` a jewel of a picture book '' and wrote `` With minimal text , and sweet illustrations by beloved British artist Helen Oxenbury , it 's truly an international treat ... Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes gently presents -- but never preaches -- a satisfying lesson about humanity and international harmony . '' Ten Little Fingers has also been reviewed by the Journal of Children 's Literature , The Christian Century , First Opinions -- Second Reactions , YC : Young Children , Library Sparks , Reading Time , and the New England Reading Association Journal . It won the 2009 Australian Book Industry Book of the Year for Younger Children Award References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bruder , Jessica ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Slacker in a Stroller '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes '' . Publishers Weekly . PWxyz LLC. 15 September 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Aaron ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Mem Fox : Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes '' . childrensbooksandreviews.com . Children 's Books and Reviews . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gail LaVaude ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` Book Review : Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes by Mem Fox '' . KidsVT . KidsVT . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rita Lorraine Hubbard ( 2012 ) . `` Diez deditos de las manos y Diez deditos de los pies / Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes bilingual board book ( English and Spanish Edition ) '' . New York Journal of Books . NYJB . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten little fingers and ten little toes '' . buffalolib.org . Buffalo and Erie County Public Library . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes '' . kcls.bibliocommons.com . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes '' . Journal of Children 's Literature . EBSCO Industries Inc. 35 ( 1 ) : 66 . March 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Little Fingers , Ten Little Toes '' . Christian Century . EBSCO Industries Inc. 125 ( 25 ) : 26 . 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Opinion : Babies , Babies , and More Babies '' . First Opinions -- Second Reactions . EBSCO Industries Inc. 3 ( 1 ) : 28 . May 2010 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Reading Chair '' . YC : Young Children . EBSCO Industries Inc. 63 ( 5 ) : 42 . September 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tick - Tock Tales '' . Library Sparks . EBSCO Industries Inc. 11 ( 5 ) : 43 . January 2014 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaye Throssell ( August 2009 ) . `` Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes / Hello Baby ! '' . Reading Time . EBSCO Industries Inc. 53 ( 3 ) : 23 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Engaging students with global literature : The 2009 notable books for a global society '' . New England Reading Association Journal . EBSCO Industries Inc. 45 ( 2 ) : 43 . June 2010 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : Past ABIA Winners - 2009 Category Winners '' . abiawards.com.au . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Library holdings of Ten Little Fingers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_Little_Fingers_and_Ten_Little_Toes&oldid=845351548 '' Categories : 2008 children 's books Australian children 's books Books about race and ethnicity Children 's poetry Picture books by Mem Fox Hidden categories : Use Australian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from January 2018 Books with missing cover Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 06 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "Ten Little Fingers and Ten Little Toes" - children's picture book
2. Mem Fox - author
3. Helen Oxenbury - illustrator
4. Racial diversity in children's literature
5. Positive reception and reviews
|
7,912,401,072,111,165,000 |
who said we don't write songs we write records
|
Tom Lehrer - wikipedia Tom Lehrer Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Tom Lehrer <Td_colspan="2"> Lehrer performing in 1960 <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Birth name Thomas Andrew Lehrer ( 1928 - 04 - 09 ) April 9 , 1928 ( age 89 ) New York City , New York , United States Genres Satire , comedy , science Occupation ( s ) singer - songwriter , satirist , mathematician Instruments Vocals , piano Years active 1945 -- 71 , 1980 , 1998 Labels Lehrer Records Reprise / Warner Bros. Records Rhino / Atlantic Records Shout ! Factory Associated acts Joe Raposo Thomas Andrew `` Tom '' Lehrer ( / ˈlɛrər / ; born April 9 , 1928 ) is a retired American musician , singer - songwriter , satirist , and mathematician . He has lectured on mathematics and musical theater . He is best known for the pithy , humorous songs he recorded in the 1950s and 1960s . His work often parodies popular song forms , though he usually creates original melodies when doing so . A notable exception is `` The Elements '' , where he sets the names of the chemical elements to the tune of the Major - General 's song from Gilbert and Sullivan 's Pirates of Penzance . Lehrer 's early work typically dealt with non-topical subject matter and was noted for its black humor in songs such as `` Poisoning Pigeons in the Park '' . In the 1960s , he produced a number of songs dealing with social and political issues of the day , particularly when he wrote for the U.S. version of the television show That Was the Week That Was . Despite their topical subjects and references , the popularity of these songs has endured ; Lehrer quoted a friend 's explanation : `` Always predict the worst and you 'll be hailed as a prophet . '' In the early 1970s , he mostly retired from public performances to devote his time to teaching mathematics and music theatre at the University of California , Santa Cruz . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Academic and military career 2.1 Mathematical publications 3 Musical career 3.1 Departure from the music scene 3.2 Revivals and discographic reissues 3.3 Musical legacy 4 Discography 5 Popular culture references 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Lehrer was born in 1928 to a Jewish family and grew up in Manhattan 's Upper East Side . Although he was raised Jewish , Lehrer became an agnostic . He began studying classical piano at the age of seven , but was more interested in the popular music of the age . Eventually , his mother also sent him to a popular - music piano teacher . At this early age , he began writing show tunes , which eventually helped him as a satirical composer and writer in his years of lecturing at Harvard University noting the influence one of his professors Irving Kaplansky , and later at other universities . Lehrer attended the Horace Mann School in Riverdale , New York . He also attended Camp Androscoggin , both as a camper and a counselor . Lehrer was considered a child prodigy and entered Harvard College at the age of 15 after graduating from Loomis Chaffee School . As a mathematics undergraduate student at Harvard College , he began to write comic songs to entertain his friends , including `` Fight Fiercely , Harvard '' ( 1945 ) . Those songs were later named The Physical Revue , a joking reference to a leading scientific journal , The Physical Review . Academic and military career ( edit ) Lehrer earned his Bachelor of Arts in mathematics ( magna cum laude ) from Harvard University in 1946 . He received his MA degree the next year , and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa . He taught classes at MIT , Harvard , Wellesley , and the University of California , Santa Cruz . He remained in Harvard 's doctoral program for several years , taking time out for his musical career and to work as a researcher at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory . He was drafted into the U.S. Army from 1955 to 1957 , working at the National Security Agency . ( Lehrer has stated that he invented the Jell - O Shot during this time , as a means of circumventing liquor restrictions . ) These experiences became fodder for songs , e.g. , `` Fight Fiercely , Harvard '' , `` The Wild West Is Where I Want to Be '' and `` It Makes a Fellow Proud to Be a Soldier '' . Despite holding a master 's degree in an era when American conscripts often lacked a high school diploma , Lehrer served as an enlisted soldier , achieving the rank of Specialist Third Class ( later retitled `` Specialist - 4 '' and currently `` Specialist '' ) , which he described as being a `` corporal without portfolio . '' In 1960 , Lehrer returned to full - time studies at Harvard , but in 1965 gave up on his mathematical dissertation about the subject of modes in statistics , after working on it intermittently for 15 years . From 1962 , he taught in the political science department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . In 1972 , he joined the faculty of the University of California , Santa Cruz , teaching an introductory course entitled `` The Nature of Mathematics '' to liberal arts majors -- `` Math for Tenors '' , according to Lehrer . He also taught a class in musical theater . He occasionally performed songs in his lectures , primarily those relating to the topic . In 2001 , Lehrer taught his last mathematics class ( on the topic of infinity ) and retired from academia . He has remained in the area , and in 2003 said he still `` hangs out '' around the University of California , Santa Cruz . Mathematical publications ( edit ) The American Mathematical Society database lists him as co-author of two papers : R.E. Fagen ; T.A. Lehrer ( March 1958 ) . `` Random walks with restraining barrier as applied to the biased binary counter '' . Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 6 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . JSTOR 2098858 . MR 0094856 . T. Austin ; R. Fagen ; T. Lehrer ; W. Penney ( 1957 ) . `` The distribution of the number of locally maximal elements in a random sample '' . Annals of Mathematical Statistics . 28 ( 3 ) : 786 -- 790 . MR 0091251 . Musical career ( edit ) Lehrer was mainly influenced by musical theater . According to Gerald Nachman 's book Seriously Funny , the Broadway musical Let 's Face It ! ( by Cole Porter ) made an early and lasting impression on him . Lehrer 's style consists of parodying various forms of popular song . For example , his appreciation of list songs led him to write `` The Elements '' , which lists the chemical elements to the tune of Gilbert and Sullivan 's `` Major - General 's Song '' . Author Isaac Asimov recounted in his second autobiographical volume In Joy Still Felt seeing Lehrer perform in a Boston nightclub on October 9 , 1954 , during which he sang very cleverly about Jim getting it from Louise , and Sally from Jim , `` and after a while you gathered the ' it ' to be venereal disease ( the song was likely `` I Got It From Sally ( in later versions ' Agnes ' ) '' ) . Suddenly , as the combinations grew more grotesque , you realized he was satirizing every perversion known to mankind without using a single naughty phrase . It was clearly unsingable ( in those days ) outside a nightclub . '' Asimov also recalled a song that dealt with the Boston subway system , making use of the stations leading into town from Harvard , observing that the local subject - matter rendered the song useless for general distribution . Lehrer subsequently granted Asimov permission to print the lyrics to the subway song in his book . `` I have n't gone to nightclubs often , '' said Asimov , `` but of all the times I have gone , it was on this occasion that I had by far the best time . '' In 1953 , inspired by the success of his performances , Lehrer paid $15 for some studio time to record Songs by Tom Lehrer . The initial pressing was 400 copies . At the time , radio stations would not give Lehrer air time because of his controversial subjects . He sold his album on campus at Harvard for $3 ( equivalent to $27.00 today ) , while `` several stores near the Harvard campus sold it for $3.50 , taking only a minimal markup as a kind of community service . Newsstands on campus sold it for the same price . '' After one summer , he started to receive mail orders from all parts of the country ( as far away as San Francisco , after The Chronicle wrote an article on the record ) . Interest in his recordings was spread by word of mouth ; friends and supporters brought their records home and played them for their friends , who then also wanted a copy . Lehrer later recalled , `` Lacking exposure in the media , my songs spread slowly . Like herpes , rather than ebola . '' The album -- which included the macabre `` I Hold Your Hand in Mine '' , the mildly risqué `` Be Prepared '' , and `` Lobachevsky '' ( regarding plagiarizing mathematicians ) -- became a cult success via word of mouth , despite being self - published and without promotion . Lehrer embarked on a series of concert tours and in 1959 recorded a second album , which was released in two versions : the songs were the same , but More of Tom Lehrer was studio - recorded while An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer was recorded live in concert . In 2013 , Lehrer recalled the studio sessions : `` The copyist arrived at the last minute with the parts and passed them out to the band ... And there was no title on it , and there was no lyrics . And so they ran through it , ' what a pleasant little waltz ' ... And the engineer said , ' '' Poisoning Pigeons in the Park , ' take one , '' and the piano player said , ' `` What ? '' ' and literally fell off the stool . '' Lehrer 's major breakthrough in the United Kingdom came with the doctor of music honoris causa , which the University of London conferred to Princess Margaret on 4 December 1957 `` in the full knowledge '' , as the public orator Professor J.R. Sutherland stated , `` that the Princess is a connoisseur of music and a performer of skill and distinction , her taste being catholic , ranging from Mozart to the calypso and from opera to the songs of Miss Beatrice Lillie and Tom Lehrer. `` This prompted significant interest in Lehrer 's works and helped secure distributors for his material in the UK . It was there that his music achieved real popularity , as a result of the proliferation of university newspapers referring to the material , and the willingness of the BBC to play his songs on the radio ( something that was a rarity in the United States ) . By the end of the 1950s , Lehrer had sold 370,000 records . In 1960 , Lehrer essentially retired from touring in the US . In the early 1960s , he was employed as the resident songwriter for the U.S. edition of That Was The Week That Was ( TW3 ) , a satirical television show . An increased proportion of his output became overtly political , or at least topical , on subjects such as education ( `` New Math '' ) , the Second Vatican Council ( `` The Vatican Rag '' , the tune which has been claimed to be based on the 1910 song the Spaghetti Rag ) , race relations ( `` National Brotherhood Week '' ) , air and water pollution ( `` Pollution '' ) , American militarism ( `` Send the Marines '' ) , World War III `` pre-nostalgia '' ( `` So Long , Mom '' , premiered by Steve Allen ) , and nuclear proliferation ( `` Who 's Next ? '' and `` MLF Lullaby '' ) . He also wrote a song that famously satirized the alleged amorality of rocket scientist Wernher von Braun , who worked for Nazi Germany before working for the United States . ( `` ' Once the rockets are up , who cares where they come down ? That 's not my department , ' says Wernher von Braun . '' ) Lehrer did not appear on the television show ; his songs were performed by a female vocalist , Nancy Ames , and his lyrics were often altered by the network censors . Lehrer later performed the songs on the album That Was The Year That Was ( 1965 ) , so that , in his words , people could hear the songs the way they were intended to be heard . In 1966 , for David Frost 's further BBC television programme The Frost Report Lehrer was invited to contribute some of his classic compositions . The Frost Report was transmitted live , and he pre-recorded all his segments at one performance . Though Lehrer was not featured in every edition , they were slotted in at an appropriate part of each show . At least two of his offerings were songs not included on any of his LPs : a reworking of Noël Coward 's `` That is the End of the News '' ( with some new lyrics ) and a comic explanation of how Britain might adapt to the coming of decimal currency . During the spring of 1960 , Lehrer toured Australia and New Zealand , performing a total of 33 concerts `` to great acclaim '' . Yet this occurred during a time in which he was `` banned , censored , mentioned in several houses of parliament and threatened with arrest '' , after which he quipped that it was `` the highlight of his life '' . In particular , `` Be Prepared '' drew advance brickbats in Brisbane from the chief of police , which he sang anyway , prompting wrath in Adelaide where he signed a petition that he would n't sing five songs in that territory . Nonetheless , Lehrer debuted several unreleased songs in Australia including `` The Masochism Tango '' which could n't yet be banned . In 1967 , Lehrer was persuaded to make a short tour in Norway and Denmark , where he performed some of the songs from the television program . The performance in Oslo , Norway , on September 10 was recorded on video tape and aired locally later that autumn ; this program was released on DVD some 40 years later . On that tour , a concert at the `` Studenterforeningen '' ( student association ) in Copenhagen , Denmark , where a prominent international guest was invited annually , was also televised ; Lehrer commented onstage that he might be America 's `` revenge for Victor Borge . '' In the summer of 1967 , Lehrer composed and performed on piano original songs in a Dodge automobile `` industrial '' film that was distributed primarily to automobile dealers and shown at promotional events . Set in a fictional American wild west town , the full title is The Dodge Rebellion Theatre presents Ballads For ' 67 . Working with Joe Raposo , Lehrer attempted to adapt Sweeney Todd as a Broadway musical to star Jerry Colonna . Although a few songs were started , Lehrer noted that `` Nothing ever came of it , and of course twenty years later Stephen Sondheim beat me to the punch . '' The record deal with Reprise Records for the That Was The Year That Was album also gave Reprise distribution rights for his earlier recordings , as Lehrer wanted to wind up his own record imprint . The Reprise issue of Songs by Tom Lehrer was a stereo re-recording . This version was not issued on CD , but the songs were issued on the live Tom Lehrer Revisited CD . The ( live ) recording included bonus tracks `` L-Y '' and `` Silent E '' , two of the ten songs that Lehrer wrote for the PBS children 's educational series The Electric Company . Lehrer later commented that worldwide sales of the recordings under Reprise surpassed 1.8 million units in 1996 . That same year , the album That Was The Year That Was went gold . The album liner notes ( and Lehrer himself in one routine ) promote his songs with self - deprecating humor . ( `` I know it 's very bad form to quote one 's own reviews , but there is something the New York Times said about me ( in 1958 ) , that I have always treasured : ' Mr. Lehrer 's muse ( is ) not fettered by such inhibiting factors as taste . '' ) Departure from the music scene ( edit ) In the 1970s , Lehrer concentrated on teaching mathematics and musical theater , although he also wrote ten songs for the educational children 's television show The Electric Company . His last public performance took place in 1972 , on a fundraising tour for Democratic US presidential candidate George McGovern . There is an urban legend that Lehrer gave up political satire when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger in 1973 . He did comment that awarding the prize to Kissinger made political satire obsolete , but has denied that he stopped creating satire as a form of protest , asserting that he had stopped several years prior . Another mistaken belief is that he was sued for libel by Wernher von Braun , the subject of one of his songs , and forced to relinquish his royalties to von Braun . Lehrer denied this in a 2003 interview . When asked about his reasons for abandoning his musical career in an interview in the book accompanying his CD box set ( released in 2000 ) , he cited a simple lack of interest , a distaste for touring , and boredom with performing the same songs repeatedly . He observed that when he was moved to write and perform songs , he did , and when he was not , he did not , and that after a while he simply lost interest . Although Lehrer was `` a hero of the anti-nuclear , civil rights left '' , covering its political issues in many of his songs , and even though he shared the New Left 's opposition to the Vietnam war , he disliked the aesthetics of 1960s counterculture and stopped performing as the movement gained momentum . Lehrer 's musical career was brief ; he pointed out that he had performed a mere 109 shows and written 37 songs over 20 years . Nevertheless , he developed a significant following in the United States and abroad . Revivals and discographic Reissues ( edit ) In 1980 Tom Foolery , a revue of his songs created and produced by Cameron Mackintosh , was a hit on the London stage . Although not its instigator , Lehrer eventually gave the stage production his full support and updated several of his lyrics for the show ( such as `` Who 's Next '' , in which Neiman - Marcus ( or in the San Francisco production , J.C. Penney ) , not Alabama , gets the bomb ) . Tom Foolery contained 27 songs and led to more than 200 productions , including an Off - Broadway production at the Village Gate , which ran for 120 performances in 1981 . In conjunction with the Tom Foolery premiere in 1980 at the Criterion Theatre in London , Lehrer made a rare TV appearance on BBC 's Parkinson show , where he sang `` I Got It from Agnes '' . In 1993 , Lehrer wrote `` That 's Mathematics '' for the closing credits to a Mathematical Sciences Research Institute video celebrating the proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem . On June 7 and 8 , 1998 , Lehrer performed in public for the first time in 25 years at the Lyceum Theatre , London as part of the gala show Hey , Mr. Producer ! celebrating the career of impresario Cameron Mackintosh , who had been the producer of Tom Foolery . The June 8 show was his only performance to date before Queen Elizabeth II . Lehrer sang `` Poisoning Pigeons in the Park '' and an updated version of the nuclear proliferation song `` Who 's Next ? '' The DVD of the event includes the former song . In 2000 a boxed set of CDs , The Remains of Tom Lehrer , was released by Rhino Entertainment . It included live and studio versions of his first two albums , That Was The Year That Was , the songs he wrote for The Electric Company , and some previously unreleased material . It was accompanied by a small hardbound book containing an introduction by Dr. Demento and lyrics for all the songs . In 2010 , Shout ! Factory launched a reissue campaign , making his long out - of - press albums available digitally . They also issued a CD / DVD combo called The Tom Lehrer Collection , which includes his best - loved songs , plus a DVD featuring an Oslo concert . Musical legacy ( edit ) Sardonic composer Randy Newman said of Lehrer , `` He 's one of the great American songwriters without a doubt , right up there with everybody , the top guys . As a lyricist , as good as there 's been in the last half of the 20th century . '' Singer and comedian Dillie Keane has acknowledged Lehrer 's influence on her work . Lehrer was praised by Dr. Demento as `` the best musical satirist of the twentieth century . '' Other artists who cite Lehrer as an influence include `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , whose work generally addresses more popular and less technical or political subjects , and educator and scientist H. Paul Shuch , who tours under the stage name Dr. SETI and calls himself `` a cross between Carl Sagan and Tom Lehrer : he sings like Sagan and lectures like Lehrer . '' Lehrer has commented that he doubts his songs had any real effect on those not already critical of the establishment : `` I do n't think this kind of thing has an impact on the unconverted , frankly . It 's not even preaching to the converted ; it 's titillating the converted ... I 'm fond of quoting Peter Cook , who talked about the satirical Berlin kabaretts of the 1930s , which did so much to stop the rise of Hitler and prevent the Second World War . '' In 2003 he commented that his particular brand of political satire is more difficult in the modern world : `` The real issues I do n't think most people touch . The Clinton jokes are all about Monica Lewinsky and all that stuff and not about the important things , like the fact that he would n't ban land mines ... I 'm not tempted to write a song about George W. Bush . I could n't figure out what sort of song I would write . That 's the problem : I do n't want to satirise George Bush and his puppeteers , I want to vaporize them . '' Gene Weingarten of the Washington Post interviewed Lehrer off the record in a February 2008 phone call . When Weingarten asked if there was anything he could print for the record , Lehrer responded , `` Just tell the people that I am voting for Obama . '' The play Letters from Lehrer by Canadian Richard Greenblatt was performed by him at CanStage in Toronto , from January 16 to February 25 , 2006 . It followed Lehrer 's musical career , the meaning of several songs , the politics of the time , and Greenblatt 's own experiences with Lehrer 's music , while playing some of Lehrer 's songs . There are currently no plans for more performances , although low - quality audio recordings have been on the internet . Stylistically influenced performers include American political satirist Mark Russell , Canadian comedian and songwriter Randy Vancourt and the British duo Kit and The Widow . British medical satirists Amateur Transplants acknowledge the debt they owe to Lehrer on the back of their first album , Fitness to Practice . Their songs `` The Menstrual Rag '' and `` The Drugs Song '' are to the tunes of Lehrer 's `` The Vatican Rag '' and `` The Elements '' ( the tune of the `` Major - General 's Song '' from The Pirates of Penzance by Gilbert and Sullivan ) respectively . Their second album , Unfit to Practise , opens with an update of Lehrer 's `` The Masochism Tango '' and is called `` Masochism Tango 2008 '' . In 1967 , Swedish actor Lars Ekborg , outside Sweden most known for his part in Ingmar Bergman 's `` Summer with Monika '' made an album called `` I Tom Lehrers vackra värld '' ( `` In the beautiful world of Tom Lehrer '' ) , with 12 of Lehrer 's songs interpreted in Swedish . Lehrer wrote in a letter to the producer Per -- Anders Boquist that `` not knowing any Swedish , I am obviously not equipped to judge , but it sounds to me as though Mr Ekborg is perfect for the songs '' , along with further compliments to pianist Leif Asp for unexpected additional flourishes . In 1971 , Argentinian singer Nacha Guevara sang Spanish versions of several Lehrer 's songs for the show / live album `` Este es el año que es '' . Lehrer 's song `` The Old Dope Peddler '' is sampled in rapper 2 Chainz 's song `` Dope Peddler '' , on his 2012 debut album , Based on a T.R.U. Story . The following year , Lehrer said he was `` very proud '' to have his song sampled `` literally sixty years after I recorded it . '' Lehrer went on to describe his official response to the request to use his song : `` As sole copyright owner of ' The Old Dope Peddler , ' I grant you motherfuckers permission to do this . Please give my regards to Mr. Chainz , or may I call him 2 ? '' Lehrer has said of his musical career , `` If , after hearing my songs , just one human being is inspired to say something nasty to a friend , or perhaps to strike a loved one , it will all have been worth the while . '' Discography ( edit ) Studio albums Songs by Tom Lehrer ( 1953 ) , re-recorded in 1966 More of Tom Lehrer ( 1959 ) An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer ( 1959 ) Revisited ( 1960 ) That Was the Year That Was ( 1965 ) Compilation albums Tom Lehrer Discovers Australia ( And Vice Versa ) ( 1960 ; Australia - only ) Tom Lehrer in Concert ( 1994 ; UK compilation ) Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer ( 1997 ; US compilation of his first two studio albums with additional songs ) The Remains of Tom Lehrer ( 2000 ) The Tom Lehrer Collection ( 2010 ) Many songs are performed ( but not by Lehrer ) in That Was The Week That Was ( Radiola LP , 1981 ) The sheet music of many songs is published in The Tom Lehrer Song Book ( Crown Publishers , Inc. , 1954 ) Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 54 - 12068 and Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer : with not enough drawings by Ronald Searle ( Pantheon , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 394 - 74930 - 8 ; Methuen , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 74230 - 8 ) . A second song book , Tom Lehrer 's Second Song Book , is out of print , ISBN 978 - 0517502167 . Lehrer wrote `` The SAC Song '' , which was sung in the 1963 film A Gathering of Eagles . Popular Culture references ( edit ) Multiple songs were used in the first season of `` Picket Fences . '' In Season 4 of Boston Legal Lehrer 's song `` Who 's Next '' is used a theme throughout the episode `` The Mighty Rogues . '' Lehrer 's song `` Vatican Rag '' was parodied by the Capitol Steps in their song `` Vatican Flag . '' In Season 1 , Episode 20 , of Chicago Hope , `` Poisoning Pigeons in the Park '' was sung by Dr Jeffrey Geiger ( portrayed by Mandy Patinkin ) . In Season 3 , Episode 18 of `` The Big Bang Theory , '' Dr. Sheldon Cooper ( portrayed by Jim Parsons ) gets drunk at an awards ceremony and sings Lehrer 's `` The Elements '' ; Parsons subsequently performed the song again on `` Conan . '' In Season 10 , Episode 6 of `` Doctor Who , '' a CERN scientist directly quotes Lehrer 's song `` We Will All Go Together When We Go . '' See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs Topical songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ford , Andrew ( July 8 , 2006 ) . `` Tom Lehrer '' . The Music Show . Interview transcript . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Radio National . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ben ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Looking For Tom Lehrer , Comedy 's Mysterious Genius '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Warren Allen Smith ( 2002 ) . `` Tom Lehrer '' . Celebrities in Hell . ChelCpress . p. 72 . ISBN 9781569802144 . He responded : No one is more dangerous than someone who thinks he has The Truth . To be an atheist is almost as arrogant as to be a fundamentalist . But then again , I can get pretty arrogant . ^ Jump up to : Liner notes , Songs & More Songs By Tom Lehrer , Rhino Records , 1997 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Ivars. ( 2013 ) . `` A Song about Pi '' http://mtarchive.blogspot.com/2013/09/a-song-about-pi.html?m=1 ^ Jump up to : Lehrer performance excerpt , `` Irving `` Kaps '' Kaplansky 's 80th Birthday Celebration `` . Archive.org. 1997 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tom Lehrer : The Political Musician That Was n't . By Jeremy Mazner . ^ Jump up to : Toobin , Jeffrey R ( 1981 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Tom Lehrer '' . The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Elements by Tom Lehrer '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Physical Revue , by Tom Lehrer '' . Ww3.haverford.edu. 2003 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Lehrer Biography '' . Dmdb.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Boulware , Jack ( 2000 - 04 - 19 ) . `` That Was the Wit That Was '' . San Francisco Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Monologue self - introduction on Tom Lehrer Revisited . Jump up ^ Longley , Eric . `` Tom Lehrer '' . St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture . CBS Interactive Resource Library . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whatever Happened to Tom Lehrer ? The American Spectator '' . Spectator.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Lehrer '' . localwiki . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stop clapping , this is serious '' . smh.com.au. 2003 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Gerald ( 2003 ) . Seriously Funny The Rebel Comedians of the 1950s and 1960s . New York , NY : Pantheon Books . p. 659 . ISBN 9780375410307 . OCLC 50339527 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac , In Joy Still Felt : The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov , 1954 -- 1978 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1980 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Demento ( 2000 ) , Too many Facts about Tom Lehrer , The Remains of Tom Lehrer , Warner Bros Records ^ Jump up to : Jim Bessman . `` Rhino Reissues Lehrer 's Seminal ' Songs ' Albums '' . Billboard . June 21 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Maslon , Laurence , Make Em Laugh : The Funny Business of America , Hachette Book Group , 2008 , pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Radio 4 -- Tom Lehrer at 85 '' . The British Broadcasting Corporation . 2013 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ East Africa and Rhodesia 1957 p. 493 books. google The Kansas City Times from Kansas City , Missouri Page 4 ( AP ) , Thursday , December 5 , 1957 British Pathé quoted only `` from Mozart to calypso `` youtube.com Jump up ^ `` BAIOCCHI vs CLASSICAL FM '' ( PDF ) . bccsa.co.za . Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa . 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . The Registrar received a complaint concerning the broadcasting of a song called ' Vatican Rag ' during a time slot identified for ' classical comedy ' on 13 September 2013 . The song was written and performed by satirist Tom Lehrer in the early 1960 's . The music dates from 1910 and was then known the ' Spaghetti Rag ' . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` University of Colorado Digital Sheet Music Collection : Spaghetti Rag '' . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stop clapping , this is serious '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . March 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The Tom Lehrer Wisdom Channel '' . YouTube . 1967 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Dodge industrial Film '' . The Tom Lehrer Wisdom Channel . Jump up ^ Nachman , Gerald ( 2003 ) . Seriously funny the rebel comedians of the 1950s and 1960s . New York : Pantheon Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0307490726 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Rapture , Johnny ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Tom Lehrer supports Obama ! Who ... ? Tom Lehrer ... Who ... ? Tom Lehrer '' . Daily Kos . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Purdom , Todd S. ( 31 July 2000 ) . `` ' When Kissinger won the Nobel peace prize , satire died ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Stephen . `` Tom Lehrer Interview The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Dale ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Tom Lehrer '' . SleuthSayers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tomfoolery at the Internet off - Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` The Tom Lehrer Collection ( CD + DVD ) : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . Dvdtalk.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tom Lehrer : I Got It From Agnes on YouTube -- from `` Parkinson '' 1980 Jump up ^ `` Fermat 's Last Theorem - The Theorem and Its Proof : An Exploration of Issues and Ideas '' . MSRI . Palace of Fine Arts , San Francisco : Mathematical Sciences Research Institute . July 28 , 1993 . Jump up ^ Poisoning Pigeons in the Park on YouTube ( original version ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Lehrer : ' 60s Satirist Still Strikes A Chord '' . NPR. 2010 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The British Theatre Guide : Interview with Dillie Keane '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weird '' Al Yankovic . `` Weird Al 's FAQs '' . Weirdal.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SETI League '' . Jump up ^ `` Chatological Humor : A Tribute to Tom Lehrer '' . The Washington Post . February 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NewsHole '' . Holecity.com. 2000 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liner notes ( translation ) : Holmgren , Pontus ( 2002 ) . Lars Ekborg i Tom Lehrer 's Vackra Värld . Sweden : Amigo . Jump up ^ http://www.tomlehrer.org/covers/guevara.html Jump up ^ Guevara , Nacha ( 1971 ) . Este es el año que es . Argentina : Music Hall . Track list and lyrics ( Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` A Gathering of Eagles ( 1963 ) -- Full cast and crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( May 31 , 1998 ) . `` Tom Foolery - Master Satirist Tom Lehrer 's Wicked Tunes Are Back Again '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conconi , Chuck ( January 5 , 1990 ) . `` Personalities '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Pamela ( December 24 , 1995 ) . `` Mandy : The Musical '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiMattina , Lindsey ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Late Night Last Night : Jim Parsons Sings ' The Elements ' Song '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAlpine , Fraser ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' : 10 Things You May Not Know About ' Extremis ' '' . BBC America . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tom Lehrer The Tom Lehrer Web Site Tom Lehrer Annotated Song Lyrics , many with MIDI files , collected by Graeme Cree 59 minute long mp3 radio program from 1983 , with a telephone interview with Tom Lehrer , as well as a 10 - minute 1989 follow - up From `` Bob Claster 's Funny Stuff '' on KCRW A Conversation with Tom Lehrer done by Paul D. Lehrman on September 7 , 1997 Tom Lehrer page on The Demented Music Database -- includes biography , discography , lyrics and other miscellanea A little Tom Lehrer love -- while article focuses on musical review ' Viva La Lehrer ' , it also discusses Lehrer 's aversion to publicity Long - Lost Interview / Web Chat ? -- provides both a short interview snippet from a 17 January 1999 interview wherein Lehrer rhymes both ' nostril ' and ' orange ' ( tho not with each other , ) and a full interview from June 17 , 1997 . Tom Lehrer Music Community `` Tom Lehrer is Almost 28 Today '' -- includes several links to YouTube videos Tom Lehrer interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , July 18 , 1980 The Tom Lehrer Wisdom Channel on YouTube EBS Project - reveals Tom Lehrer 's extraordinarily low Erdős -- Bacon - Sabbath number , a parlor game measure of professional collaboration in the fields of mathematics , drama , and music . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Tom Lehrer Songs `` The Elements '' `` Fight Fiercely , Harvard '' `` Lobachevsky '' `` The Old Dope Peddler '' Albums Songs by Tom Lehrer ( 1953 ) More of Tom Lehrer ( 1959 ) Live albums An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer ( 1959 ) Revisited ( 1960 ) That Was the Year That Was ( 1965 ) Compilations Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer ( 1997 ) The Remains of Tom Lehrer ( 2000 ) Theater Tomfoolery Letters from Lehrer VIAF : 32937981 LCCN : n81071191 ISNI : 0000 0001 0963 5908 GND : 124729088 SELIBR : 288885 MusicBrainz : 359363a8 - 1dc7 - 40c9 - 9337 - f5aa507000b6 IATH : w67h2127 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Lehrer&oldid=802076964 '' Categories : 1928 births Living people 20th - century American mathematicians American agnostics American comedy musicians Jewish American comedians American lyricists American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American novelty song performers American satirists Harvard University alumni Horace Mann School alumni Jewish agnostics Jewish American musicians Jewish American songwriters Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty Parody musicians People from the Upper East Side Reprise Records artists Singers from New York City Songwriters from New York ( state ) University of California , Santa Cruz faculty Wellesley College faculty 20th - century American pianists Phi Beta Kappa members Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Tom Lehrer - American musician, singer-songwriter, satirist, and mathematician
2. Satire and comedy - Lehrer's genre of music
3. Musical career - Lehrer's albums, songs, and performances
4. Political and social issues - Lehrer's songs addressing current events
5. Retirement and teaching career - Lehrer's transition from music to academia
|
-6,322,265,307,018,498,000 |
who is the first prime minister of usa
|
Prime minister - wikipedia Prime minister Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system Prime ministers of the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2014 . Part of the Politics series on Executive government Head of state Monarch Supreme leader President President of the Council of State Government Head of government Chancellor Chief executive Chief minister First minister Premier Prime minister President of the Council of Ministers Cabinet Cabinet collective responsibility Ministry Minister Secretary Other Governor Mayor Systems Monarchy ( Constitutional ) Republic ( Parliamentary ) Directorial Parliamentary ( Westminster ) Semi-parliamentary ( simul simul ) Semi-presidential ( cohabitational ) Presidential Lists National leaders National governments Heads of state and government Politics portal A prime minister , also known as a premier , is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system . In many systems , the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet , and allocates posts to members within the government . In most systems , the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet . In a minority of systems , notably in semi-presidential systems of government , a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state . In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system , the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch . In such systems , the head of state or the head of state 's official representative ( often the monarch , president , or governor - general ) usually holds a largely ceremonial position , although often with reserve powers . The prime minister is often , but not always , a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature . In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers ( known as the royal prerogative ) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament . As well as being head of government , a prime minister may have other roles or posts -- the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , for example , is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service . Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts . For example , during the Second World War , Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence ( although there was then no Ministry of Defence ) and in the current cabinet of Israel , Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications , Foreign Affairs , Regional Cooperation , Economy and Interior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Development 2.3 Modern usage 3 In republics and in monarchies 4 Entry into office 5 Constitutional basis for the Position in Countries 6 Exit from office 7 Titles 8 Organisational structure 9 Description of the role 10 Lists of prime ministers 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) The term prime minister in its French form , premier ministre , is attested in 17th Century sources referring to Cardinal Richelieu after he was named to head the royal council in 1624 . The title was however informal and used alongside the equally informal principal ministre d'État ( `` chief minister of the state '' ) more as a job description . After 1661 , Louis XIV and his descendants refused to allow one of their ministers to be more important than the others , so the term was not in use . The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole . During the whole of the 18th Century , Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France , periodically bursting into all - out war , and Britons took outspoken pride in their `` Liberty '' as contrasted to the `` Tyranny '' of French Absolute Monarchy ; therefore , being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole . Over time , however , the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century . History ( edit ) See also : History of Parliamentarism Origins ( edit ) Further information : Chief Minister of England and Chief minister of France The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government . Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII ; William Cecil , Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I ; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne . These ministers held a variety of formal posts , but were commonly known as `` the minister '' , the `` chief minister '' , the `` first minister '' and finally the `` prime minister '' . The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch . Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office , they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power . Although there was a cabinet , it was appointed entirely by the monarch , and the monarch usually presided over its meetings . When the monarch grew tired of a first minister , he or she could be dismissed , or worse : Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour . Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful . Late in Anne 's reign , for example , the Tory ministers Harley and Viscount Bolingbroke shared power . Development ( edit ) The prime ministers of five members of the Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference . In the mid 17th century , after the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689 . The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government . It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge . A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne . George spoke no English , spent much of his time at his home in Hanover , and had neither knowledge of , nor interest in , the details of English government . In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king 's first minister would become the de facto head of the government . From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole , who held office for twenty - one years . Walpole chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all the other ministers , dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters . Under Walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed . Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign . As a later prime minister , Lord Melbourne , said , `` It matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . '' Walpole always denied that he was `` prime minister '' , and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution . George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch , but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary . The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger ( 1783 -- 1801 ) , combined with the mental illness of George III , consolidated the power of the post . The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905 . The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government , headed by a prime minister , widely copied , both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self - government . In some places alternative titles such as `` premier '' , `` chief minister '' , `` first minister of state '' , `` president of the council '' or `` chancellor '' were adopted , but the essentials of the office were the same . Modern usage ( edit ) By the late 20th century , the majority of the world 's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister , holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president . The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system , in which the president directly exercises executive authority . Bahrain 's prime minister , Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister . In republics and in monarchies ( edit ) The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies ( such as Belgium , Denmark , Japan , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Malaysia , Morocco , Spain , Sweden , Thailand , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom ) , and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official ( such as Finland , the Czech Republic , France , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia ( 1945 - 1959 ) , Ireland , Pakistan , Portugal , Montenegro , Croatia , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia and Turkey ) . See also `` First Minister '' , `` Premier '' , `` Chief Minister '' , `` Chancellor '' , `` Taoiseach '' , `` Statsminister '' and `` Secretary of State '' : alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to , or translated as , `` prime minister '' . This contrasts with the presidential system , in which the president ( or equivalent ) is both the head of state and the head of the government . In some presidential and all semi-presidential systems , such as those of France , Russia or South Korea , the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service . The head of government of the People 's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) is also appointed by the president , but requires no approval by the legislature . Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either , but the parliament may force the resignation of the government . In these systems , it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president . When it arises , such a state of affairs is usually referred to as ( political ) cohabitation . Entry into office ( edit ) In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means . The head of state appoints a prime minister , of their personal choice : Example : France , where the President has the power to appoint the Prime Minister of their choice , though the National Assembly can force a government to resign , they can not nominate or appoint a new candidate . While in practice most prime ministers under the Westminster system ( including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Malaysia , India and the United Kingdom ) are the leaders of the largest party or coalition in parliament , technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the head of state . The head of state appoints a prime minister who has a set timescale within which they must gain a vote of confidence : Example : Italy , Romania , Thailand The head of state appoints a prime minister from among the members of Parliament , who then has a set timescale within which they must form a cabinet , and receive the confidence of Parliament after presenting the Cabinet Composition and Legislative Program to Parliament : Example : Israel The head of state appoints the leader of the political party with the majority of the seats in the Parliament as Prime Minister , if no party has a majority then the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an exploratory mandate to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days , if this is not possible then the leader of the party with the second highest seat number is given the exploratory mandate , if this fails then the leader of the third largest party is given it and so on : Example : Greece , see Prime Minister of Greece The head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment as prime minister : Example : Spain , where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval . Also Germany where under the German Basic Law ( constitution ) the Bundestag votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president . In the Philippines under the 1973 Constitution as amended after martial law , the Prime Minister was elected by the Batasang Pambansâ ( Legislature ) upon nomination by the President . In these cases , parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state ( or , in the case of the Philippines , outright elect that candidate ) . Parliament nominates a candidate who the head of state is then constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister : Example : Ireland , where the President appoints the Taoiseach on the nomination of Dáil Éireann . Also Japan . Election by the Legislature : Example : The Philippines under the unamended 1973 Constitution , where the prime minister was supposed to be elected by the Batasang Pambansâ ; these provisions were never used because the Philippines was under martial law at the time . Also Vanuatu . Direct election by popular vote : Example : Israel , 1996 -- 2001 , where the prime minister was elected in a general election , with no regard to political affiliation . Nomination by a state office holder other than the head of state or his / her representative : Example : Under the modern Swedish Instrument of Government , the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself . The speaker nominates a candidate , who is then elected to prime minister ( statsminister ) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote no ( i.e. he can be elected even if more MP :s vote no than yes ) . Constitutional basis for the position in countries ( edit ) John A. Macdonald ( 1815 -- 1891 ) , first Canadian prime minister . The position , power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution . Australia 's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention , based on the British model . Bangladesh 's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister , and also details the process of his / her appointment and dismissal . The People 's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People 's Congress in China . Premier read as ( Simplified Chinese : 总理 ; pinyin : Zŏnglĭ ) in Chinese . Canada 's constitution , being a ' mixed ' or hybrid constitution ( a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified ) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister , with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by `` convention '' . In the Constitution Act , 1982 , passing reference to a `` Prime Minister of Canada '' is added , though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers . Czech Republic 's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic , and also details the process of his / her appointment and dismissal . France 's constitution ( 1958 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of France . Germany 's Basic Law ( 1949 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the federal chancellor . Greece 's constitution ( 1975 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Greece . Hungary 's constitution ( 2012 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Hungary . India 's constitution ( 1950 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of India . In India , the Prime Ministerial candidate must be a member of parliament either Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) or Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) . No parliamentary vote takes place on who is forming a government . Ireland 's constitution ( 1937 ) , provides for the office of Taoiseach in detail , listing powers , functions and duties . Italy 's constitution ( 1948 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the President of the Council of Ministers . Japan 's constitution ( 1946 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Japan . The Republic of Korea 's constitution ( 1987 ) sections 86 - 87 list the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea . Malta 's constitution ( 1964 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malta . Malaysia 's constitution ( 1957 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malaysia . Norway 's constitution ( 1814 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Norway Pakistan 's constitution ( 1973 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Spain 's constitution ( 1978 ) regulates the appointment , dismissal , powers , functions and duties of the President of the Government . Thailand 's constitution ( 1932 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Thailand . Taiwan 's constitution ( 1946 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the President of the Executive Yuan . The United Kingdom 's constitution , being uncodified and largely unwritten , makes no mention of a prime minister . Though it had de facto existed for centuries , its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century . Accordingly , it is often said `` not to exist '' , indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case . The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office , either First Lord of the Treasury ( office in commission ) , or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer ( the last of whom was Balfour in 1905 ) . : However as the government will have to outline its legislative programme to parliament in , for example , the Speech from the Throne , the speech is sometimes used to test parliamentary support . A defeat of the Speech is taken to mean a loss of confidence and so requires either a new draft , resignation , or a request for a dissolution of parliament . Until the early 20th century governments when defeated in a general election remained in power until their Speech from the Throne was defeated and then resigned . No government has done so for one hundred years , though Edward Heath in 1974 did delay his resignation while he explored whether he could form a government with Liberal party support . In such systems unwritten ( and unenforceable ) constitutional conventions often outline the order in which people are asked to form a government . If the prime minister resigns after a general election , the monarch usually asks the leader of the opposition to form a government . Where however a resignation occurs during a parliament session ( unless the government has itself collapsed ) the monarch will ask another member of the government to form a government . While previously the monarch had some leeway in whom to ask , all British political parties now elect their leaders ( until 1965 the Conservatives chose their leader by informal consultation ) . The last time the monarch had a choice over the appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of Home was asked to become Prime Minister ahead of Rab Butler . During the period between the time it is clear that the incumbent government has been defeated at a general election , and the actual swearing - in of the new prime minister by the monarch , governor - general , or president , that person is referred to as the `` prime minister - elect '' or `` prime minister - designate '' . Neither term is strictly correct from a constitutional point of view , but they have wide acceptance . In a situation in which a ruling party elects or appoints a new leader , the incoming leader will usually be referred as `` prime minister - in - waiting '' . An example or this situation was in 2016 in the United Kingdom when Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party while David Cameron was still prime minister . Ukraine 's constitution ( 1996 ) lists the powers , functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Ukraine . Exit from office ( edit ) Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments . For example , Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion , in 1979 . She remained continuously in power until 1990 , though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet . Some states , however , do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament . Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally ' renominated ' after every general election . ( Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution , which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office , without the requirement of a renomination , unless s / he has clearly lost the general election . ) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament . In parliamentary systems , governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament ( though a small minority of parliaments , by giving a right to block supply to upper houses , in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses , though in reality upper houses , even when they have the power , rarely exercise it ) . Where they lose a vote of confidence , have a motion of no confidence passed against them , or where they lose supply , most constitutional systems require either : a letter of resignation or a request for parliamentary dissolution . The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate . However , in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution , requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government . In most modern parliamentary systems , the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution . Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet . In the United Kingdom , for example , the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918 . Prior to then , it was the entire government that made the request . Similarly , though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request , the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council ( the then name for the Irish cabinet ) . In Australia , the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s / he loses the majority support of his / her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott , Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd . Titles ( edit ) In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach ( which is rendered into English as prime minister ) , and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning `` head of the government '' . In many cases , though commonly used , `` prime minister '' is not the official title of the office - holder ; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government ( Presidente del Gobierno ) . Other common forms include president of the council of ministers ( for example in Italy , Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri ) , President of the Executive Council , or Minister - President . In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called Statsminister , meaning `` Minister of State '' . In federations , the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier , chief minister , governor or minister - president . The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government `` prime minister '' ( sometimes modified to the equivalent term of `` premier '' ) except in the cases where the head of state and head of government are fused into one position , usually a presidency , regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country . The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria , whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor ; Monaco , whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State ; and Vatican City , for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State . In the case of Ireland , the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers . A stand - out case is the President of Iran , who is not actually a head of state , but the head of the government of Iran . He is referred to as `` president '' in both the Persian and English languages . In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president . In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position , for example in the Prime Minister of Canada . In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable , however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty 's Most Honourable Privy Council . In the UK , where devolved government is in place , the leaders of the Scottish , Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister . Between 1921 and 1972 , when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.In India , the Prime Minister is referred to as Pradhan Mantri , meaning `` prime minister '' . In Pakistan , the prime minister is referred to as Wazir - e-Azam , meaning `` Grand Vizier '' . Organisational structure ( edit ) Main article : Cabinet department The Prime Minister 's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries , it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom . Some Prime Minister 's office do include the role of Cabinet . In other countries , it is called the Prime Minister 's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia . In Israel , the Prime Minister 's executive office is officially titled the `` Prime Minister 's Office '' in English , but the original Hebrew term can also be translated as the Prime Minister 's Ministry . Description of the role ( edit ) Wilfried Martens , who served as Prime Minister of Belgium , described his role as follows : First of all the Prime Minister must listen a lot , and when deep disagreements occur , he must suggest a solution to the matter . This can be done in different ways . Sometimes during the discussion , I note the elements of the problem and think of a proposal I can formulate to the Council ( cabinet ) , the Secretary taking notes . The Ministers then insist on changing game ages . The Prime Minister can also make a proposal which leaves enough room for amendments in order to keep the current discussion on the right tracks . When a solution must be found in order to reach a consensus , he can force one or two Ministers to join or resign . Lists of prime ministers ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of current prime ministers . Countries with prime ministers ( blue ) and those that formerly had that position ( dark red ) . The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists . Government List starts Parties shown Term given by years or dates Incumbent Abkhazia 1995 - dates Gennadi Gagulia Afghanistan 1927 - years Abdullah Abdullah Albania ( List ) 1912 - years Edi Rama Algeria 1962 yes years Ahmed Ouyahia Andorra 1982 - years Antoni Martí Angola - dates ( Post abolished ) Anguilla 1976 yes dates Victor Banks Antigua and Barbuda 1981 - years Gaston Browne Argentina 1993 yes dates Marcos Peña Armenia 1918 yes dates Nikol Pashinyan Artsakh 1992 no dates ( Post abolished ) Aruba 1986 - dates Evelyn Wever - Croes Australia ( List ) 1901 yes dates Malcolm Turnbull Austria 1918 yes years Sebastian Kurz Azerbaijan 1918 yes dates Novruz Mammadov Bahamas 1967 - dates Hubert Minnis Bahrain 1970 - years Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa Bangladesh 1971 yes dates Sheikh Hasina Barbados 1954 yes dates Mia Mottley Belarus 1919 - dates Andrei Kobyakov Belgium 1831 yes dates Charles Michel Belize 1973 yes years Dean Barrow Benin 1957 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Bermuda 1968 yes dates Edward David Burt Bhutan 1952 - dates Tshering Tobgay Bosnia and Herzegovina 1943 - dates Denis Zvizdić Botswana 1965 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Brazil 1847 yes dates ( Post abolished ) British Virgin Islands 1967 yes dates Orlando Smith Brunei 1984 no dates Hassanal Bolkiah Bulgaria 1879 yes dates Boyko Borisov Burkina Faso 1971 - dates Paul Kaba Thieba Burundi 1961 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Cambodia 1945 - years Hun Sen Cameroon 1960 - dates Philémon Yang Canada ( List ) 1867 yes dates Justin Trudeau Cape Verde - dates Ulisses Correia e Silva Cayman Islands 1992 yes dates Alden McLaughlin Central African Republic 1958 - dates Simplice Sarandji Chad 1978 - dates Albert Pahimi Padacké People 's Republic of China ( List ) 1949 - dates Li Keqiang Comoros 1957 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Congo ( Brazzaville ) 1957 yes dates Clément Mouamba Congo ( Kinshasa ) ( List ) 1960 yes dates Bruno Tshibala Cook Islands 1965 yes dates Henry Puna Côte d'Ivoire ( Ivory Coast ) 1957 yes dates Amadou Gon Coulibaly Croatia 1939 - dates Andrej Plenković Cuba 1940 - dates Raúl Castro Curaçao - dates Eugene Rhuggenaath Northern Cyprus yes dates Tufan Erhürman Czech Republic 1993 - years Andrej Babiš Denmark ( List ) 1848 - years Lars Løkke Rasmussen Djibouti 1977 - dates Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed Dominica 1960 - dates Roosevelt Skerrit East Timor 2002 - dates Mari Alkatiri Egypt ( List ) 1878 - years Sherif Ismail Equatorial Guinea 1963 - dates Francisco Pascual Obama Asue Estonia 1918 - dates Jüri Ratas Ethiopia 1942 yes dates Abiy Ahmed Faroe Islands 1946 - years Aksel V. Johannesen Fiji 1966 - dates Frank Bainimarama Finland 1917 yes years Juha Sipilä France ( List ) 1589 - years Édouard Philippe Gabon 1957 yes dates Emmanuel Issoze - Ngondet The Gambia 1961 - dates ( Post abolished ) Georgia 1918 yes dates Giorgi Kvirikashvili Germany ( List ) 1871 / 1949 yes dates Angela Merkel Ghana 1957 - dates ( Post abolished ) Gibraltar 1964 yes dates Fabian Picardo Greece ( List ) 1833 - dates Alexis Tsipras Greenland 1979 - years Kim Kielsen Grenada 1954 - years Keith Mitchell Guernsey 2007 - dates Gavin St Pier Guinea 1972 - dates Ibrahima Kassory Fofana Guinea - Bissau 1973 - dates Aristides Gomes Guyana 1953 - dates Moses Nagamootoo Haiti - dates Jack Guy Lafontant Hungary ( List ) 1848 - dates Viktor Orbán Iceland 1904 - dates Katrín Jakobsdóttir India ( List ) 1947 yes dates Narendra Modi Indonesia 1945 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Iran ( List ) 1824 - years ( Post abolished ) Iraq 1920 - years Haider al - Abadi Ireland 1937 yes dates Leo Varadkar Israel ( List ) 1948 - years Benjamin Netanyahu Italy ( List ) 1861 - years Paolo Gentiloni Jamaica 1959 - years Andrew Holness Japan ( List ) 1885 - dates Shinzō Abe Jersey 2005 - dates Ian Gorst Jordan 1944 - dates Hani Al - Mulki Kazakhstan 1920 - years Bakhytzhan Sagintayev Kenya 1963 - dates ( Post abolished ) North Korea 1948 - years Pak Pong - ju South Korea ( List ) 1948 - years Lee Nak - yeon Kosovo 1945 yes dates Ramush Haradinaj Kuwait 1962 yes dates Sheikh Jaber Al - Mubarak Al - Hamad Al - Sabah Kyrgyzstan 1924 - dates Muhammetkaliy Abulgaziyev Laos 1941 - years Thongloun Sisoulith Latvia 1918 yes dates Māris Kučinskis Lebanon 1926 - dates Saad Hariri Lesotho 1965 yes dates Tom Thabane Libya 1951 - dates Abdullah al - Thani / Fayez al - Sarraj Liechtenstein 1921 yes dates Adrian Hasler Lithuania 1918 yes dates Saulius Skvernelis Luxembourg 1959 - years Xavier Bettel Macedonia 1943 yes dates Zoran Zaev Madagascar 1833 - dates Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana Malawi 1963 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Malaysia 1957 yes years Mahathir Mohamad Mali 1957 yes dates Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga Malta 1921 yes years Joseph Muscat Isle of Man 1986 - years Howard Quayle Mauritania 1957 yes dates Yahya Ould Hademine Mauritius 1961 yes dates Pravind Jugnauth Moldova 1990 - dates Pavel Filip Monaco 1911 n / a dates Serge Telle Mongolia 1912 yes dates Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Montenegro 1879 yes dates Duško Marković Montserrat 1960 yes dates Donaldson Romeo Morocco 1955 yes years Saadeddine Othmani Mozambique yes dates Carlos Agostinho do Rosário Myanmar ( Burma ) 1948 yes dates Aung San Suu Kyi ( as State Counsellor ) Namibia 1990 yes dates Saara Kuugongelwa Nepal 1953 - dates Khadga Prasad Oli Netherlands ( List ) 1848 yes dates Mark Rutte New Zealand ( List ) 1856 yes dates Jacinda Ardern Newfoundland 1855 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Niger 1958 yes dates Brigi Rafini Nigeria 1960 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Niue - dates Sir Toke Talagi Norfolk Island 1896 2015 dates ( Post abolished ) Norway 1814 yes years Erna Solberg Pakistan ( List ) 1947 yes dates Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Palestinian National Authority 2003 yes dates Rami Hamdallah Papua New Guinea yes years Peter O'Neill Peru yes dates César Villanueva Philippines 1899 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Poland ( List ) 1918 - dates Mateusz Morawiecki Portugal ( List ) 1834 yes dates António Costa Qatar 1970 - dates Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Romania 1862 - years Viorica Dăncilă Russia ( List ) 1864 / 1905 yes dates Dmitry Medvedev Rwanda 1960 yes dates Édouard Ngirente Saint Kitts and Nevis 1960 - dates Timothy Harris Saint Lucia 1960 - dates Allen Chastanet Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1956 - dates Ralph Gonsalves Samoa 1875 yes dates Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi São Tomé and Principe yes dates Patrice Trovoada Saudi Arabia 1953 no dates Salman Senegal 1957 yes dates Mohamed Dionne Serbia 1805 yes years Ana Brnabić Seychelles 1970 yes years ( Post abolished ) Sierra Leone 1954 yes dates David J. Francis Singapore 1959 - dates Lee Hsien Loong Sint Maarten - dates Leona Marlin - Romeo Slovakia 1993 - dates Peter Pellegrini Slovenia 1943 yes years Miro Cerar Solomon Islands 1949 yes dates Rick Houenipwela Somalia 1949 yes dates Hassan Ali Khayre South Africa 1910 - dates ( Post abolished ) South Ossetia 1991 - dates Erik Pukhayev Spain ( List ) 1705 yes years Mariano Rajoy Sri Lanka ( List ) 1948 - dates Ranil Wickremesinghe Sudan 1952 yes dates Bakri Hassan Saleh Suriname 1949 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Swaziland 1967 - years Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Sweden ( List ) 1876 yes years Stefan Löfven Syria 1920 - dates Imad Khamis Taiwan ( Republic of China ) ( List ) 1911 - dates William Lai Tajikistan 1924 - dates Kokhir Rasulzoda Tanzania 1960 yes dates Kassim Majaliwa Thailand ( List ) 1932 yes dates Prayut Chan - o - cha Togo 1956 yes dates Komi Sélom Klassou Tokelau 1992 - dates Afega Gaualofa Tonga 1876 - years ʻAkilisi Pōhiva Transnistria 2012 yes dates Aleksandr Martynov Trinidad and Tobago 1956 - dates Keith Rowley Tunisia 1969 - dates Youssef Chahed Turkey ( List ) 1920 yes dates Binali Yıldırım Turkmenistan 1924 - dates ( Post abolished ) Turks and Caicos Islands 1976 yes dates Sharlene Cartwright - Robinson Tuvalu n / a dates Enele Sopoaga Uganda 1961 yes dates Ruhakana Rugunda Ukraine ( List ) 1917 - dates Volodymyr Groysman United Arab Emirates 1971 - years Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum United Kingdom ( List ) 1721 yes dates Theresa May Uruguay No List ( post established 1919 ) - - ( post abolished ) Uzbekistan 1924 - dates Abdulla Aripov Vanuatu 1980 yes dates Charlot Salwai Vatican 1644 - years Cardinal Pietro Parolin Vietnam 1976 yes dates Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Yemen 1990 yes years Ahmed Obeid bin Daghr Western Sahara 1976 no years Abdelkader Taleb Oumar Zambia 1964 yes dates ( Post abolished ) Zimbabwe 1923 - dates ( Post abolished ) See also ( edit ) Chancellor Chief Minister Governor - General Head of government Head of state Monarch President Prime ministerial government Lists List of current heads of state and government List of democracy and election - related topics References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Contrary to popular perception , the two posts are separate and need not be held by the one person . The last prime minister not to be First Lord of the Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th century . 10 Downing Street is actually the First Lord 's residence , not the Prime Minister 's . As Salisbury was not First Lord , he had to live elsewhere as prime minister . Jump up ^ Testament Politique du Cardinal Duc de Richelieu , Premier Ministre de France sous le Règne de Louïs XIII Jump up ^ Ancien Régime in Encyclopédie Larousse ( `` Après 1661 , Louis XIV impose une nouvelle formule , qui joue à la fois sur les ministres et sur les conseils , sans accepter la primauté d'un ministre . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary '' . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones -- No 10 guest historian series , Prime Ministers and No. 10 ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` The Institution of Prime Minister '' . Government of the United Kingdom : History of Government Blog . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Byrum E. ( 2015 ) ( 1955 ) . `` The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister '' . Office of the Prime Minister . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400878260 . Jump up ^ Seidle , F. Leslie ; Docherty , David C. ( 2003 ) . Reforming parliamentary democracy . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780773525085 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Douglas M. ; Reisman , W. Michael ( 2008 ) . The Historical Foundations of World Order . Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 571 . ISBN 9047423933 . Jump up ^ Fieldhouse , David ; Madden , Frederick ( 1990 ) . Settler self - government , 1840 - 1900 : the development of representative and responsible government ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . New York : Greenwood Press . p. xxi . ISBN 9780313273261 . Jump up ^ Julian Go ( 2007 ) . `` A Globalizing Constitutionalism ? , Views from the Postcolony , 1945 - 2000 '' . In Arjomand , Saïd Amir . Constitutionalism and political reconstruction . Brill . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 9004151745 . Jump up ^ `` How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World '' . University of Cambridge . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Although the roles of the Spanish head of government coincide with the definition of a ' prime minister ' , in Spain the position is in fact referred to as ' the Presidency of the Government ' Jump up ^ `` Privy Council Members '' . The Privy Council Office . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 19 Sep 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrew Blick and George Jones , Premiership : the development , nature and power of the office of the British Prime Minister ( Imprint Academic , Exeter , 2010 ) Michael Foley , The British Presidency ( Manchester University Press , Manchester , 2000 ) Peter Hennessy , The Prime Minister : The office and its holders since 1945 ( Penguin , London , 2001 ) Paul Langford , Prime Ministers and Parliaments : the long view , Walpole to Blair , The Annual History of Parliament Lecture , 2005 , Parliamentary History , 25 ( 2006 ) Brian Carroll , Australia 's Prime Ministers : From Barton to Howard ( Rosenberg Publishing , 2004 ) James Manor , Nehru to the Nineties : The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India ( C. Hurst & Co. , 1994 ) Jagdish Chandra Sharma , Indian Prime Ministership : A Comprehensive Study ( Concept Publishing Company , 2002 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Titles used for heads of government <Td_colspan="2"> Chancellor Chief executive Chief minister Federal Council ( collective head of government ) First minister ( and deputy First Minister ) Minister - president Premier President President of the Executive Council President of the Council of Ministers President of the government Prime minister State Elder Statsminister Taoiseach <Th_colspan="2"> Prime minister Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Artsakh Aruba Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo ( Kinshasa ) Cook Islands Croatia Cuba Curaçao Northern Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor Egypt Equatorial Guinea Estonia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France Ghana Georgia Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Myanmar ( Burma ) Nagorno - Karabakh Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Ossetia Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Syria Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe <Th_colspan="2"> Common types of government ministers and ministries Leadership President Vice-President Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Office of the President Cabinet department / Office of the Prime Minister Defence / Foreign Affairs / Public Safety Defence ( list ) Foreign / External Affairs ( list ) International development Public Security / Internal Security / Homeland Security Immigration Economics / Infrastructure Commerce / Trade Communications Finance / Treasury ( list ) Industry Public Works / Infrastructure Transport Environment / Natural resources Agriculture Climate change Energy Environment ( list ) Fisheries Forestry Irrigation Land management Mining Natural resources Petroleum / Oil Water resources Social Education ( List ) Culture Health Information Interior / Internal Affairs / Home Affairs ( list ) Justice / Law Labour Religion Science ( and Technology ) Sports Tourism <Td_colspan="2"> Minister without portfolio Ministries by portfolio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_minister&oldid=843667455 '' Categories : Prime ministers Heads of government Titles Government ministers Positions of authority 17th - century neologisms Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Articles containing Irish - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Tetun ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Prime minister in parliamentary systems
2. Role and responsibilities of a prime minister
3. Appointment and dismissal of a prime minister
4. Constitutional basis for the position of prime minister in different countries
5. Evolution and history of the prime minister position
|
-2,143,154,564,448,450,000 |
celine dion how do i live without you album
|
How Do I Live - wikipedia How Do I Live Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` How Do I Live '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by LeAnn Rimes <Th_colspan="2"> from the album You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs A-side `` Commitment '' B - side `` Extended Mix Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ( re-issue ) RH Factor Radio Edit ( UK ) You Light Up My Life '' Released May 27 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 27 ) ( US ) February 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 23 ) ( UK ) Format CD single , cassette tape , Maxi single , vinyl Recorded 1997 Glenn Meadows / Masterfonics ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Starstruck Studios ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Barking Dog Studios ( Mt . Kisco , New York ) KD Studios ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Curb Studios ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Genre Country pop Length 4 : 25 Label Curb Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Chuck Howard Wilbur C. Rimes Mike Curb <Th_colspan="2"> LeAnn Rimes singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Light in Your Eyes '' ( 1996 ) `` How Do I Live '' ( 1997 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' ( 1997 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Light in Your Eyes '' ( 1996 ) `` How Do I Live '' ( 1997 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' ( 1997 ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` How Do I Live '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Trisha Yearwood <Th_colspan="2"> from the album ( Songbook ) A Collection of Hits B - side `` How Do I Live ( video version ) '' Released May 27 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 27 ) Format CD single , cassette tape Recorded 1997 Genre Country Length 4 : 02 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Garth Fundis <Th_colspan="2"> Trisha Yearwood singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Need You '' ( 1997 ) `` How Do I Live '' ( 1997 ) `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( 1997 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Need You '' ( 1997 ) `` How Do I Live '' ( 1997 ) `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( 1997 ) `` How Do I Live '' is a song written by Diane Warren . It was originally performed by LeAnn Rimes and the extended version of the song was later featured on her second studio album You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs in 1997 and later performed by Trisha Yearwood . Both versions were released on May 27 , 1997 . In the US , Rimes 's version peaked at No. 2 for five non-consecutive weeks in late 1997 and early 1998 , behind `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John , and `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden . It set a record for staying on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 69 weeks , a record it held until `` I 'm Yours '' by Jason Mraz set a new record of 76 weeks . The Rimes recording also set the record for the most time in the Billboard Hot 100 's top 5 at 25 consecutive weeks and held the record for nineteen years ( until it was broken in early 2017 by The Chainsmokers 's song `` Closer '' ) , the record for Billboard Hot 100 's top 10 at 32 consecutive weeks ( a record surpassed by `` Shape of You '' by Ed Sheeran in 2017 ) , and the record for Billboard Hot 100 's top 40 at 62 consecutive weeks . It ranks at No. 4 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 , the only single on the top 10 of this list not peaking at No. 1 . The only songs that finished ahead of it were Bobby Darin 's cover of `` Mack the Knife '' , Santana 's song `` Smooth '' , and Chubby Checker 's version of `` The Twist '' . It has been certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 3 million copies in the United States , the highest certified country single of that time , to be surpassed twelve years later by `` Love Story '' from artist Taylor Swift , which has been certified 8 × Platinum . Despite only peaking as high as No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart , Rimes ' version of `` How Do I Live '' spent 34 weeks on the chart , ending up as the 6th best selling single of 1998 . As of August 2014 , the song has sold 710,000 copies in the UK . `` How Do I Live '' was also covered by F.I.R. ( Faye and Real featuring LeAnn Rimes ) . F.I.R. invited Rimes to record a portion of the song for their third album Flight Tribe in 2006 . Billboard Magazine ranked `` How Do I Live '' as the most successful song of the 1990 's despite not going to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Track releases 2.1 Rimes ' version 2.2 Yearwood 's version 2.3 Other versions 3 Chart performance 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Rimes version charts and sales 4.1. 1 Weekly charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 4.1. 3 Decade - end charts 4.1. 4 All - time charts 4.1. 5 Certifications 4.2 Yearwood version charts and sales 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.2. 3 Certifications 5 Accolades 6 Credits and personnel 7 In popular media 8 References 9 External links Background ( Edit ) The song was originally intended for release as a single for the 1997 action blockbuster Con Air soundtrack . According to LeAnn Rimes , Warren wrote the song specifically with her in mind , promising it to Rimes . Walt Disney Pictures , the parent company of Touchstone Pictures , decided that Rimes ' recording had too much of a `` pop '' sound , and also that because she was 14 years old , she was too young to sing about the subject matter expressed in the song . Trisha Yearwood was ultimately chosen to re-record the song , utilizing a more throaty , country - western vibe . Yearwood 's version was released on May 27 , 1997 to country radio and appeared in the film . According to Yearwood , she was unaware of Rimes ' recording prior to being approached by Touchstone Pictures to record the song . When Wilbur Rimes ( LeAnn 's father and then manager ) heard of the release , her version was quickly released to mainstream pop radio . Neither Rimes ' nor Yearwood 's version of the song was included on the soundtrack album for the film ( which consists of the score by Trevor Rabin and Mark Mancina ) . Rimes ' version was released on a CD and cassette tape single , with the original rendition of the song plus an extended version , the latter of which was later re-issued on Rimes ' You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs , while the former was issued on her Greatest Hits in 2003 in the US , The Best of LeAnn Rimes in 2004 internationally and again in the US on her All - Time Greatest Hits album in 2015 . The CD single was later re-issued with the original version of the song as the A-side track with the B - side being replaced by the Mr. Mig 's Dance Radio Edit , which would later be featured on the remix edition of The Best of LeAnn Rimes in 2004 , while in 2014 her Dance Like You Do n't Give A ... Greatest Hits Remixes featured a new remix by Cahill . Track releases ( edit ) Rimes ' version ( edit ) `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 25 `` How Do I Live '' ( original extended version ) -- 4 : 53 US single re-release `` How Do I Live '' ( film mix ) -- 4 : 25 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 US / UK maxi - single / US / UK digital download / vinyl `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Mix ) -- 7 : 38 `` How Do I Live '' ( original extended version ) -- 4 : 53 US promo Maxi - single `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Club Vocal ) -- 9 : 11 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Mix ) -- 7 : 38 UK single `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 25 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 UK maxi - CD `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 25 `` You Light Up My Life '' -- 3 : 34 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Remix Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 UK maxi CD # 2 / Australian CD single `` Commitment '' -- 4 : 36 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Mix ) -- 7 : 38 `` How Do I Live '' ( original extended version ) -- 4 : 53 Germany maxi - CD `` How Do I Live '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` How Do I Live '' ( original extended version ) -- 4 : 25 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 Yearwood 's version ( edit ) US / Japan CD - Single / US cassette tape `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 28 `` How Do I Live '' ( video version ) -- 4 : 07 European CD single `` How Do I Live '' ( video version ) -- 4 : 07 `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 28 `` She 's in Love with the Boy '' -- 4 : 05 Other versions ( edit ) `` How Do I Live '' ( Cahill Remix ) -- 6 : 30 `` How Do I Live '' ( Cahill Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 34 Chart performance ( Edit ) Both the Rimes and the Yearwood versions debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending June 14 , 1997 . Rimes ' version was noted for its extreme longevity , spending a record - breaking 69 weeks on the chart and 32 weeks on the top ten alone , also a record . The track spent 25 of those in the top five , yet another record . Despite not peaking at number one , the Rimes version spent five weeks at number two , ten weeks at number three and seven weeks at number four , all non-consecutive . The song spent so many weeks inside the top 5 of the chart that it competed directly with two songs by R&B singer Usher , `` You Make Me Wanna ... '' and `` Nice & Slow '' , that were released seven months apart from each other . Overall , `` How Do I Live '' by Rimes spent 62 weeks in the US Top 40 and 30 weeks on the UK Top 40 singles chart . On March 11 , 2017 , `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers and Halsey set the new record for the most amount of time a song has spent in the top five of the Hot 100 when it was ranked at number five , marking its 27th week in the top five ( though unlike `` How Do I Live '' this was nonconsecutive ) . On July 29 , 2017 `` Shape of You '' by Ed Sheeran also ranked in the top five for a 27th week , thus surpassing `` How Do I Live . '' Trisha Yearwood 's version was moving quickly up the charts , getting as high as number 23 , when MCA refused to issue any more copies of the single , for fear of cannibalizing album sales . The limited press run of 300,000 sold out , and the single was off the Hot 100 after 12 weeks . Yearwood 's single on the country charts quickly climbed all the way to number 2 . Rimes single was the top selling country single of all time . Rimes ' version ranked at number 4 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 in 2008 . When the All Time chart was retabulated for the chart 's 55th anniversary in 2013 , it remained in the same position , being the most successful single by a female artist in the list . Billboard Magazine also ranked the song as the most successful single of the 1990 's . Rimes ' version spent 11 weeks atop the Adult Contemporary chart . In Australia , Rimes ' version peaked on the ARIA Charts at number 17 while Yearwood 's peaked at number 3 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Rimes version charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 -- 98 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 19 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 13 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 60 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 22 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 43 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Year Country Position 1997 US Billboard Hot 100 9 1998 Europe 72 Netherlands 13 United Kingdom 6 US Billboard Hot 100 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Country Position United States All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot 100 ( Women ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,703,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( LeAnn Rimes version ) September 6 -- November 14 , 1997 Succeeded by `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' by Elton John Yearwood version charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 28 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) Irish Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 66 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 12 Canada Adult Contemporary Tracks ( RPM ) 71 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 27 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Still Holding On '' by Clint Black with Martina McBride RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Trisha Yearwood version ) September 1 -- 8 , 1997 Succeeded by `` She 's Got It All '' by Kenny Chesney Accolades ( Edit ) In 1998 , for the first time in history , the Grammy Awards nominated two artists for the same song in the same category . Directly following Rimes ' performance of the song , Yearwood won the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance . Yearwood also performed the song at the Country Music Association for which she won the 1997 award for Female Vocalist of the Year . Yearwood also won the 1997 Academy of Country Music Award for Top Female Vocalist . The song was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song , but lost to `` My Heart Will Go On '' from the film Titanic . Yearwood performed the song at the award ceremony . Credits and personnel ( Edit ) Diane Warren -- songwriter Rimes version Credits for LeAnn 's version are adapted from the liner notes of the UK version of Sittin ' on Top of the World . Wilbur C. Rimes -- producer Chuck Howard -- producer Mike Curb -- producer Lesley Albert -- production coordinator Mary Ann Kennedy -- background vocals Pam Rose -- background vocals Michael Black -- background vocals Dennis Wilson -- background vocals Mick Guzauski -- mixing engineer , mixing Bob Campbell - Smith -- mixing engineer , recording , mixing Greg Morrow -- drums Michael Spriggs -- acoustic guitar John Willis -- electric guitar Michael Rhodes -- bass Steve Nathan -- piano , keys Paul Franklin -- steel guitar Jeff Watkins -- assistant recording Daniel Kresco -- assistant recording , additional recording Scott Ahaus -- assistant recording , assistant mixing Jim Rogers -- assistant recording David Boyer -- assistant recording Csaba Petocz -- recording David Hall -- assistant recording In popular Media ( Edit ) The song was used in the 1997 movie Con Air . The song is semi-frequently used in the webcomic Homestuck ( albeit in the form of a cover ) due to one character 's fascination with the movie Con Air and , in particular , the scene near the end of the movie during which the song is played . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` The arms of the one who loves you ; The day I stop loving you ; Feels like home ... ( et al . ) part 4 - song , music - Copyright Info '' . Faqs.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Do I Live / My Baby : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Do I Live : Trisha Yearwood : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Love Story '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` EveryHit.com '' . EveryHit.com. 2000 - 03 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Selling Pop Hits of the 90s '' . 4Music. 17 August 2014 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 世界 被 音樂 點 亮 夢想 跟著 F.I.R. 無限 飛行 : : : 2006 全新 創作 大 碟 飛行 部落 7 月 14 全面 預購 : : : '' . Warnermusic.com.tw . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6297023/billboard-hot-100-1990 Jump up ^ CMT Inside Fame : LeAnn Rimes CMT ( 2004 - 4 - 12 ) Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 8 Jump up ^ Hurst , Jack ( 1997 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Yearwood 's On The Rise After Winning Song ` War ' With Leann Rimes '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Con Air : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack : Mark Mancina , Trevor Rabin : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - How Do I Live Dance Mix - EP by LeAnn Rimes '' . Itunes.apple.com. 1997 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - How Do I Live Dance Mix - EP by LeAnn Rimes '' . Itunes.apple.com. 1997 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live Dance Mix ( Vinyl ) LeAnn Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ How Do I Live Dance Mix ( Promotional CD single ) . LeAnn Rimes . Curb Records . 1998 . D2 - 1432 PRCD - 3429 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` LeAnn Rimes - How Do I Live '' . austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live ( Dance Mixes ) ( CD 1 ) : LeAnn Rimes : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Commitment / How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Commitment / How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : LeAnn Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Trisha Yearwood - How Do I Live - 2 Trk CD Single - EX-1250 '' . eBay . 2010 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` WOW ! How Do I Live by Trisha Yearwood ( CD 1997 ) Japan ! '' . eBay . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Trisha Yearwood - How Do I Live 3 Track CD Single '' . eBay . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` TRISHA YEARWOOD How Do I Live EURO CD single + Info '' . eBay . 2008 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3369 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 27 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3322 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 15 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3313 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 1 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Rimes , LeAnn Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Singles Top 100 Van 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard. 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of Aall Time Billboard 200 Albums By Women '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter How Do I Live in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com - Australian charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3363 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 27 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Trisha Yearwood - How Do I Live '' . chartstats.com . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trisha Yearwood Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Trisha Yearwood Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1997 '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1997 '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1997 '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1997 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Cmaawards.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Country Music '' . Acmcountry.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Session Timeout - Academy Awards ® Database - AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sittin ' on Top of the World ( CD liner notes ) . LeAnn Rimes . Curb Records , London Records . 1999 . 3984 29690 2 . External links ( Edit ) LeAnn Rimes -- `` How Do I Live '' music video at official site Trisha Yearwood -- `` How Do I Live '' music video at CMT.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> LeAnn Rimes singles <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Blue `` Blue '' `` One Way Ticket ( Because I Can ) '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Light in Your Eyes '' You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs `` How Do I Live '' `` You Light Up My Life '' `` On the Side of Angels '' Sittin ' on Top of the World `` Commitment '' `` Nothin ' New Under the Moon '' LeAnn Rimes `` Big Deal '' `` Crazy '' God Bless America `` God Bless America '' Twisted Angel `` Life Goes On '' `` Suddenly '' Greatest Hits `` This Love '' This Woman `` Nothin ' ' bout Love Makes Sense '' `` Probably Would n't Be This Way '' `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` Some People '' Whatever We Wanna `` And It Feels Like '' `` Everybody 's Someone '' ( with Brian McFadden ) Family `` Nothin ' Better to Do '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with Bon Jovi ) `` Good Friend and a Glass of Wine '' `` What I Cannot Change '' Lady & Gentlemen `` Swingin ' '' `` Crazy Women '' `` Give '' Remnants `` The Story '' `` Long Live Love '' `` Love Is Love Is Love '' Guest singles `` Written in the Stars '' ( with Elton John ) `` Cattle Call '' ( with Eddy Arnold ) `` Last Thing on My Mind '' ( with Ronan Keating ) `` Just Stand Up ! '' Soundtracks `` Looking Through Your Eyes '' `` I Need You '' `` Ca n't Fight the Moonlight '' `` But I Do Love You '' `` We Can '' <Th_colspan="2"> Trisha Yearwood singles Trisha Yearwood `` She 's in Love with the Boy '' `` Like We Never Had a Broken Heart '' `` That 's What I Like About You '' `` The Woman Before Me '' Hearts in Armor `` Wrong Side of Memphis '' `` Walkaway Joe '' ( w / Don Henley ) `` You Say You Will '' `` Down on My Knees '' The Song Remembers When `` The Song Remembers When '' `` Better Your Heart Than Mine '' The Sweetest Gift `` It Was n't His Child '' `` Reindeer Boogie '' Thinkin ' About You `` XXX 's and OOO 's ( An American Girl ) '' `` Thinkin ' About You '' `` You Can Sleep While I Drive '' `` I Wanna Go Too Far '' `` On a Bus to St. Cloud '' Everybody Knows `` Believe Me Baby ( I Lied ) '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` I Need You '' ( Songbook ) A Collection of Hits `` How Do I Live '' `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` Perfect Love '' Where Your Road Leads `` There Goes My Baby '' `` Where Your Road Leads '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` Powerful Thing '' `` I 'll Still Love You More '' Real Live Woman `` Real Live Woman '' `` Where Are You Now '' Inside Out `` I Would 've Loved You Anyway '' `` Inside Out '' ( w / Don Henley ) `` I Do n't Paint Myself in Corners '' Jasper County `` Georgia Rain '' `` Trying to Love You '' Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love `` Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love '' `` This Is Me You 're Talking To '' `` They Call It Falling for a Reason '' PrizeFighter : Hit After Hit `` PrizeFighter '' `` I Remember You '' Guest singles `` Hope '' `` Squeeze Me In '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` Love Will Always Win '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` Another Try '' ( w / Josh Turner ) `` Breaking Apart '' ( w / Chris Isaak ) `` The Call '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) Other singles `` I Fall to Pieces '' ( w / Aaron Neville ) `` Wild as the Wind '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` You 're Where I Belong '' `` Santa on the Rooftop '' ( w / Rosie O'Donnell ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Do_I_Live&oldid=824372681 '' Categories : 1997 singles 1998 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles LeAnn Rimes songs Songs written by Diane Warren Song recordings produced by Garth Fundis Trisha Yearwood songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Curb Records singles MCA Records singles Country ballads Pop ballads 1990s ballads Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2011 CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 23 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. "How Do I Live" - song by LeAnn Rimes and Trisha Yearwood
2. Diane Warren - songwriter of "How Do I Live"
3. Billboard Hot 100 records - longevity and chart performance of "How Do I Live"
4. LeAnn Rimes - version of "How Do I Live" and its success
5. Trisha Yearwood - version of "How Do I Live" and its chart performance
|
4,347,579,286,197,667,300 |
who represents el paso in the house of representatives
|
Texas 's 16th Congressional district - Wikipedia Texas 's 16th Congressional district Jump to : navigation , search `` TX - 16 '' redirects here . TX - 16 may also refer to Texas State Highway 16 . <Th_colspan="2"> Texas 's 16th congressional district <Td_colspan="2"> Texas 's 16th congressional district - since January 3 , 2013 . Current Representative Beto O'Rourke ( D -- El Paso ) Distribution 98.36 % urban 1.64 % rural Population ( 2016 ) 734,784 Median income $44,045 Ethnicity 81.75 % White 3.4 % Black 1.51 % Asian 80.3 % Hispanic 0.49 % Native American Cook PVI D + 17 Texas District 16 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional district that serves El Paso and the surrounding area in the state of Texas . The current Representative from District 16 is Beto O'Rourke . At one time , the 16th stretched across 42,000 square miles ( 110,000 km ) , from El Paso in the west to the Permian Basin ( Midland and Odessa ) in the east . However , after Texas ' original 1960 district map was thrown out as a result of Wesberry v. Sanders , the 16th was shrunk down to the city of El Paso and most of its surrounding suburban communities . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of representatives 2 Historical district boundaries 3 See also 4 References List of representatives ( edit ) Representative Party Years Electoral history <Td_colspan="2"> District created March 4 , 1903 William Robert Smith Democratic March 4 , 1903 -- March 3 , 1917 ( Data unknown / missing . ) Thomas L. Blanton Democratic March 4 , 1917 -- March 3 , 1919 Redistricted to the 17th district Claude Benton Hudspeth Democratic March 4 , 1919 -- March 3 , 1931 ( Data unknown / missing . ) R. Ewing Thomason Democratic March 4 , 1931 -- July 31 , 1947 Resigned to become U.S. District Judge <Td_colspan="2"> Vacant July 31 , 1947 -- August 23 , 1947 Kenneth M. Regan Democratic August 23 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1955 Lost renomination J.T. Rutherford Democratic January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 , 1963 Lost re-election Ed Foreman Republican January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1965 Lost re-election Richard C. White Democratic January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1983 Retired Ronald D. Coleman Democratic January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1997 Retired Silvestre Reyes Democratic January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 2013 Lost renomination Beto O'Rourke Democratic January 3 , 2013 -- Present Incumbent Historical district boundaries ( edit ) 2007 - 2013 See also ( edit ) List of United States congressional districts United States portal Texas portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/cd_state.html Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=48&cd=16 Jump up ^ `` Partisan Voting Index -- Districts of the 115th Congress '' ( PDF ) . The Cook Political Report . April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Martis , Kenneth C. ( 1989 ) . The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress . New York : Macmillan Publishing Company . Martis , Kenneth C. ( 1982 ) . The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts . New York : Macmillan Publishing Company . Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Texas 's congressional districts <Td_colspan="2"> Current districts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th All districts At - large 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th The At - large district is obsolete . See also Texas 's past and present Representatives , Senators , and Delegations Recent U.S. House elections in Texas : 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 All U.S. districts Apportionment Redistricting Gerrymandering Coordinates : 31 ° 54 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W / 31.91083 ° N 106.31056 ° W / 31.91083 ; - 106.31056 This United States Congress -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas%27s_16th_congressional_district&oldid=824558526 '' Categories : Congressional districts of Texas United States Congress stubs Hidden categories : Data missing Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 02 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Texas's 16th Congressional district
2. Beto O'Rourke
3. El Paso
4. United States House of Representatives
5. District boundaries
|
-5,000,431,569,897,953,000 |
present a brief history of texas that spans the period from the 1700s through the mid 1800s
|
History of Kentucky - wikipedia History of Kentucky Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The prehistory and history of Kentucky spans thousands of years , and has been influenced by the state 's diverse geography and central location . It is not known exactly when the first humans arrived in what is now Kentucky . Around 1,800 BCE , a gradual transition began from a hunter - gatherer economy to agriculturalism . Around 900 CE , a Mississippian culture took root in western and central Kentucky ; by contrast , a Fort Ancient culture appeared in eastern Kentucky . While the two had many similarities , the distinctive ceremonial mounds of the former were absent in the latter . The first permanent European settlement , Harrod 's Town , was established in 1774 . Kentucky was the 15th U.S. state , admitted to the Union on June 1 , 1792 . Kentucky was initially neutral in the American Civil War , but joined the Union side after a Confederate invasion in 1861 . The state remained under Union control for most of the war . Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap ( George Caleb Bingham , oil on canvas , 1851 -- 52 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-European inhabitation and culture 1.1 Paleoindian era ( 9,500 BCE -- 7,500 BCE ) 1.2 Archaic era ( 7,500 BCE -- 1,000 BCE ) 1.3 Woodland era ( 1,000 BCE -- 900 CE ) 1.4 Mississippian era ( 900 CE -- 1750 CE ) 2 First Europeans in Kentucky 2.1 Rene - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de la Salle , 1669 ? , 1673 2.2 Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet , 1673 2.3 Gabriel Arthur , 1673 2.4 Arnout Viele , 1693 2.5 Garpard - Joseph Chaussegroes de Lery , 1729 2.6 Charles Le Moyne III , Baron de Longueil , 1739 2.7 John Howard and John Peter Salling , 1742 2.8 Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville , 1749 3 Origin of the name 4 Early period of European settlement 4.1 Pre-Conquest Native American settlements 4.1. 1 Eskippakithiki 4.1. 2 Shannoah 4.2 Establishment of Harrod 's Town 4.3 Kentucky in the American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) 4.3. 1 Militia officers 4.3. 2 Treaty of Hopewell 4.4 1792 -- Admission to the Union 5 Antebellum period ( 1792 -- 1860 ) 5.1 Economy 5.2 Louisville and Lexington 5.3 Religion and the Great Awakening 5.3. 1 Baptists 5.3. 2 Disciples 5.4 New Madrid earthquakes ( 1811 -- 1812 ) 5.5 War of 1812 5.6 Mexican - American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) 5.7 1848 -- Largest `` slave uprising '' in Kentucky history 5.8 1855 -- Bloody Monday : Know - nothing riots in Louisville 6 Kentucky in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) 7 Reconstruction to World War I ( 1865 -- 1914 ) 7.1 Reconstruction 7.2 Postwar violence 7.3 Feuds 7.4 Gilded Age 7.5 1900 -- Assassination of Governor Goebel 7.6 Growth of coal industry and migrations 8 World Wars and Interwar Period ( 1914 -- 1945 ) 8.1 World War I and the 1920s 8.2 The Great Depression 8.2. 1 The 1937 flood 8.3 Kentucky in World War II 8.3. 1 Domestic economy 8.3. 2 Kentuckians in the war 9 1945 -- 1980 9.1 Civil rights 9.2 1968 Black power riot 9.3 1970 UK anti-Vietnam war riots 9.4 Reconstruction amendments ratified 10 1981 -- present 10.1 First state to adopt common core 10.2 First Southern state to implement Obamacare 10.3 First state to legally raise hemp 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Surveys and reference 13.2 Specialized scholarly studies 13.3 Primary sources 14 External links Pre-european inhabitation and culture ( edit ) Paleoindian era ( 9,500 BCE -- 7,500 BCE ) ( edit ) History of Kentucky Pre-statehood U.S. Civil War Since 1900 Timeline Topics : African - Americans - Cities - Politics Kentucky portal While it is assumed that humans were probably living in Kentucky prior to 10,000 BCE , `` archaeological evidence of their occupation has yet to be documented '' . Stone tools , particularly projectile points ( arrowheads ) and scrapers , are the primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas . Paleoindian bands probably moved their camps many times a year . Their camps were typically small ones , consisting of 20 -- 50 people . Band organization was egalitarian , so there were no formal leaders and no social ranking or classes . Scientific evidence links indigenous Americans to Asian peoples , specifically eastern Siberian populations . Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by linguistic factors , the distribution of blood types , and in genetic composition as reflected by molecular data , such as DNA . At the end of the last Ice Age , between 8000 -- 7000 BCE Kentucky 's climate stabilized , leading to a rise in population and technology advances , resulting in more sedentary lifestyle . This warming trend killed the Pleistocene big game megafauna , such as the mammoth , mastodon , giant beavers , tapirs , short faced bear , giant ground sloths , saber - toothed tiger , horse , bison , musk ox , stag - moose , and peccary , all of which were native to Kentucky during the Ice Age , became extinct or moved north as the glacial ice retreated . No skeletal remains of Paleoindians have been discovered in Kentucky , and while many Paleoindian clovis have been discovered , there 's scant evidence that the Paleoindians at Big Bone Lick State Park in Kentucky hunted Mastodons . The radiocarbon evidence indicates that mastodons and Clovis people overlapped in time ; however , other than one fossil with a possible cut mark and Clovis artifacts that are physically associated with but dispersed within the bone - bearing deposits , there is no incontrovertible evidence that humans hunted Mammut americanum at the site . Archaic era ( 7,500 BCE -- 1,000 BCE ) ( edit ) By 7500 BCE , a catastrophic extinction of large game animals at the end of the Ice Age changed the culture of Kentucky and her peoples . By 4000 BCE , Kentucky peoples exploited native wetland resources , creating large shell middens ( trash piles , ancient landfills ) . Middens developed along rivers , but there is limited evidence of Archaic peoples along coastlines prior to 3000 BCE . Archaic Kentucky natives ' social groups were small , consisting of a few cooperating families . The large shell middens , artifact caches , human and dog burials , and burnt clay flooring prove Archaic natives lived in permanent locations . The white - tailed deer , mussels , fish , oysters , turtles , and the elk were the dominant game animals of Archaic natives . The atlatl makes its first appearance on the stage of world history during this era . The atlatl makes it easier to chuck spears with greater velocity . Other tools Archaic natives used were grooved axes , conical and cylindrical pestles , bone awls , cannel coal beads , hammerstones , and bannerstones . Hominy holes were used too . Hominy holes were a depression worn in sandstone by grinding or pulverizing , and it was used for grinding up hickory nuts or seed . Shell ( mussel ) mound sites along the Green and Cumberland Rivers buried their dogs . At Kentucky 's Indian Knoll site , 67,000 artifacts were uncovered , including 4,000 projectile points , and twenty three dog burials , seventeen of which were well preserved . Some dogs were buried alone , others with their masters ; some with adults , male and female , and others with children . Archaic dogs were medium - sized and stood about 14 -- 18 inches ( 360 -- 460 mm ) tall at the shoulder , and are very likely to have been related to the wolf . Dogs had a special place in the lives of Archaic people . The Cherokee believed that dogs are spiritual , moral , and sacred . The Yuchi are another specific tribe known to have lived around the Green River . The Indian Knoll site is older than 5,000 years , and it is located along the Green River in Ohio County , Kentucky . While there 's evidence of earlier settlement , this area was most heavily occupied from approximately 3000 -- 2000 BCE , when the climate and vegetation were nearing modern conditions . The Green River floodplain provided a stable environment , which eventually led to agricultural development early in the late Holocene era . The abundant food resources and nearby mussel bed made it ideal for Kentucky natives to permanently settle . At the end of the Archaic period , a form of squash had been cultivated , used for their edible seeds and as containers ( gourds ) . Woodland era ( 1,000 BCE -- 900 CE ) ( edit ) About 1,800 BCE , Kentucky 's native Americans had started to cultivate several species of wild plants , transitioning from a hunter - gatherer economy to an agricultural - based economy . The Woodland era represents the `` middle '' era between the mostly hunter - gatherers of the Archaic era and the agriculturalist Mississippian era . The Woodland era is a developmental stage without any massive changes , but is constituted by a continuous development in shelter construction , stone and bone tools , textile manufacture , leather crafting , and agricultural cultivation . Archeologists have identified distinctly separate cultures during the Middle Woodland period . Examples include the Armstrong culture , Copena culture , Crab Orchard culture , Fourche Maline culture , the Goodall Focus , the Havana Hopewell culture , the Kansas City Hopewell , the Marksville culture , and the Swift Creek culture . The remains of two distinct Woodland groups , the Adena ( early Woodland ) and the Hopewell ( middle Woodland ) , have been found in above present - day Louisville , and in the Bluegrass and northern Kentucky areas . Some Woodland tribes were able to get copper from Lake Superior , conch shells from the Gulf of Mexico , and obsidian from the Rocky Mountains . The introduction of pottery , its widespread use , and the increased sophistication of its forms and decoration , first believed to have occurred around 1,000 BCE , is a major demarcation of the Woodland era . Archaic pots were thick , heavy , and fragile , but Woodland pottery pots were more intricately designed , and had more uses , such as for cooking and storing surplus food . Woodland peoples also used baskets and gourds for containers too . Around 200BCE , maize production migrated to the eastern United States from Mexico . The introduction of corn is when Kentucky natives slowly changed from growing indigenous plants to a maize based agricultural economy . In addition to cultivating corn , the Woodland people also cultivated giant ragweeds , amaranth ( pigweed ) , and maygrass . The initial four plants known to have been domesticated were goosefoot ( Chenopodium berlandieri ) , sunflower ( Helianthus annuus var . macroscarpus ) , marshelder ( Iva annua var . macrocarpa ) , and squash ( Cucurbita pepo ssp . ovifera ) ( gourds ) . Woodland people raised tobacco in their gardens which they used for smoking . Woodland people still used ground stone tools , especially for processing nuts and seeds . They mined both Mammoth Cave and Salts Cave for gypsum and mirabilite , a salty seasoning . Shellfish was still an important part of their diets , and the most common prey was white - tailed deer . Spears also continued to be made , but late in the Woodland era , the straight bow became the typical weapon of choice in the eastern United States , which is illustrated by the reduction in size of arrowheads . In addition to bows and arrows , some southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns . Between 100 BCE and 450BC , the native Americans in Kentucky begin to build burial mounds , which indicates social change . The Woodland Indians buried their dead in conical , and then later flat , or oval - shaped , burial mounds , which were often 10 to 20 feet ( 3.0 -- 6.1 m ) high ( like Serpent Mound ) . This practice resulted in the Woodland people being called the Mound Builders by 19th - century observers . The increasing use of agriculture during the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex meant that Kentucky natives ' nomadic nature was transitioned by permanently occupied villages , which had the Woodland people living in bigger houses and larger communities , although intensive agriculture did not begin until the Mississippian era . Mississippian era ( 900 CE -- 1750 CE ) ( edit ) In 900 CE , the Kentucky 's natives ' variety of corn became highly productive , supplanting the Eastern Agricultural Complex , and replaced it with a maize - based agriculture in the Mississippian era . The Mississippian era natives ' village life revolved around planting , growing , and harvesting corn and beans . Corn and beans made up 60 % of their diet . Stone and bone hoes were utilized . Agricultural production of the `` Three Sisters '' ( maize , beans , and squash ) was utilized during this time period . The white - tailed deer was the dominant game animal that was hunted . Mississippian clay pottery ceramics were more varied and elaborate than those of the Woodland period , including painting and decorations , and a range of vessel forms such a bottles , plates , pans , jars , pipes , funnels , bowls , and colanders . Potters added handles to jars , and they attached human and animal effigies to some bowls and bottles . The ancient Mississippians lived in rectangular houses , substantially built , on top of large platform mounds . Their houses contained burned clay wall fragments ( daub ) , which demonstrate they decorated their walls with murals . They lived year round in large communities , some which had stockades to protect their settlements , and had been established for centuries . An average Fort Ancient or Mississippian town had about 2,000 people living in it . Some people lived in smaller farms and hamlets . Larger towns , centered on mounds and plazas , served as ceremonial and administrative centers . They were located near rivers with large floodplains , which provided farmland , transportation routes , and backwater plants and animals . A Mississippian culture developed in western Kentucky and the surrounding area , while a Fort Ancient culture dominated in the eastern portion of what became Kentucky . While the two cultures are similar in numerous ways , the Fort Ancient culture did n't have the temple mounds and chiefs ' houses like the Mississippian culture had . There are many Mississippian town sites in Kentucky , such as the Adams , Backusburg , Canton , Chambers , Jonathan Creek , McLeod 's Bluff , Rowlandtown , Sassafras Ridge , Turk , Twin Mounds , and Wickliffe sites . The Wickliffe Mounds in far western Kentucky were inhabited from 1000 - 1350 CE . There were two large platform mounds and eight smaller mounds scattered around a central plaza . They traded with North Carolina , Wisconsin , and the Gulf of Mexico societies . The community of Wickliffe had a social hierarchy ruled by a hereditary chief . The Rowlandton Mound Site was inhabited from 1100 to 1350CE . The Rowlandton Mound site sat on a 2.4 acres ( 0.97 ha ) site , which also a large platform mound and an associated village area , similar to the Wickliffe Mounds Site . It is probable that these civic sites were established originally by local Late Woodland peoples . The Tolu Site was inhabited by Kentucky natives from 1200 -- 1450 CE . The Tolu site originally had three mounds : a burial mound , a substructure platform mound , and one other of undetermined function . It also had a central plaza , and a large 6.6 - foot ( 2.0 m ) thick midden area . A rare Cahokia - made Missouri flint clay 7 - inch ( 180 mm ) human effigy pipe was found as this site . The Marshall Site was inhabited from 900 to 1300CE ; The Turk Site was inhabited from 1100 -- 1500CE ; and the Adams Site was peopled from 1100 to 1500CE . The Slack Farm was populated from 1400 - 1650AD . This had a Native American mound , and extensive village occupation . As many as a thousand or more people could have been buried at the seven cemeteries at the site . Some were buried in stone box graves . Native Americans abandoned a large late Mississippian village in Petersburg that contained `` at least two periods of habitation dating to 1150 A.D. and 1400 A.D. '' French explorers in the 17th century documented numerous tribes living in Kentucky until the Beaver Wars in the 1670s . The late Mississippian period envelopes better known tribes encountered by the French , English , and Spanish conquerors . Natives known to have lived in Kentucky include , but are not limited to : Cherokee ( in southeastern Kentucky caves , and along the Cumberland River ) , Chickasaw ( in the western Jackson Purchase area , especially along the Tennessee River ) , Delaware , Mosopelea ( at the mouth of the Cumberland River ) , Shawnee ( all throughout the Bluegrass State ) , Wyandot , and the Yuchi ( on the Green River ) . Hunting bands of Iroquois , Illinois , Delaware , and the Miami also visited Kentucky . First Europeans in Kentucky ( edit ) Rene - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de la Salle , 1669 ? , 1673 ( edit ) According to The Jesuit Relations , from about 1662 -- 1672 the Shawnee were driven from their Cumberland Valley home by the Iroquois Five Nations in the Beaver Wars ; some Shawnee then fled to South Carolina , others to Illinois . Rene - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de la Salle was a French explorer who claimed all of the land along the Mississippi River Valley , including Kentucky , for France . Though it was still then under control by Natives , Thomas Jefferson would later buy this claim from France in 1803 in a deal called the Louisiana Purchase . In July 1669 , Robert de la Salle organized twenty four men and six canoes for his expedition . During this venture , he met Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette , the first white men to explore and map the Mississippi River , in Hamilton , Ontario . The expedition eventually reached the Ohio River , allegedly , which it followed as far as Louisville , Kentucky . At an Indian village in this neighborhood he met a party of warriors returning with a Pottawattomie prisoner . This prisoner La Salle ransomed on his agreeing that he lead the Frenchman to the Ohio . Tradition has it that the party then came on southward from Lake Erie until they reached a branch of the Ohio . This stream they descended to its mouth ; thence down the Ohio as far as the Falls at Louisville . Here La Salle 's men deserted him and turned back to the east , leaving their captain alone to find his way back to Canada as best he could . In 1673 , ( 1679 ? ) , La Salle came down the Mississippi river , passing by Kentucky before reaching the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers , on his second expedition . Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet , 1673 ( edit ) In the Fall of 1673 , Jacques Marquette , a French Jesuit missionary , and Louis Jolliet , a French Canadian explorer , passed a small piece of Kentucky by the mouth of the Ohio on their boat trip down the Mississippi River . Later , their boat would capsize , and many of their papers were destroyed . Gabriel Arthur , 1673 ( edit ) Gabriel Arthur and James Needham was sent out by Abraham Wood from Fort Henry ( present Petersburg , Virginia ) on May 17 , 1673 with four horses and some native American slaves to make direct contact with the Tomahittan ( possibly Yuchi ) at their Capitol in Chota , present - day Tennessee , on the Hiwassee River in order to learn their language , to establish strong business ties for the beaver fur trade , and to bypass the Occaneechi traders who were serving as middlemen on the Trading Path . On his return journey , James Needham got into an argument with `` Indian John '' , his Occaneechi guide , resulting in his death : From Aeno hee journied to Sarrah , with his companions ye Tomahitons and John ye Occhonechee accompanied with more of his countrymen which was to see ye tragady acted as I suppose , it happened as they passed Sarrah river an Indian lett his pack slip into ye water . Whether on purpose or by chance I canot judge , upon this some words passed betwine Needham and ye Indian . Occhonechee Indian John tooke up Mr. Needham very short in words and soe continued scoulding all day until they had passed ye Yattken towne and soe over Yattken river , not far from ye river Mr. Needham alighted it not being far from the foot of ye mountaines , and there tooke up theire quarters . Still Indian John continued his wailing and threating Mr. Needham tooke up a hatchet which lay by him , haveing his sword by him threw ye hatchet on ye ground by Indian John and said what John are you minded to kill me . Indian John immediately catched up a gunn , which hee him selfe had carried to kill meat for them to eate , and shot Mr. Needham neare ye burr of ye eare and killd him not withstanding all ye Tomahittans started up to rescue Needham but Indian John was too quick for them , soe died the heroyick English man . -- Letter of Abraham Wood to John Richards , August 22 , 1674 `` Indian John '' tried to get the Tomahittan to kill Arthur but the chief prevented this by adopting Gabriel . For about a year , Arthur , dressed as the Tomahittan of Chota , traveled with the chief and his war parties on revenge raids of Spanish settlements in Florida ( after ten were killed , and ten captured during a peaceful trading mission several years back ) , Indian communities on the east coast , and Shawnee towns on the Ohio River in the winter of 1673 / 1674 . When the Tomahittan tribe attacked the Shawnees in the Ohio River valley , Arthur was wounded by an arrow and captured , but he was saved from burning at the stake by a Shawnee who was sympathetic to him . Upon learning that Arthur had married a Tomahittan maiden ( `` Hannah Rebecca '' Nikitie ) , the Shawnee cured his wound , gave him his gun , gave him rokahamoney to eat , and put him on a road that led back to his family at Chota . Most agree this road was the Warrior 's Path that crossed the Ohio at the mouth of the Scioto , went south across the Red River branch of the Kentucky River , then up Station Camp Creek and through Ouasiota Pass into the Ouasiota Mountains . In June 1674 ( 1678 ? ) , the chief escorted Arthur back to his English settlement in Virginia . Arthur 's accounts of both the land and the tribes who inhabited it supplied the first detailed information about Kentucky . Arthur was also among the first Europeans ( preceded by Batts and Fallam ) to visit modern West Virginia , and cross the Cumberland Gap . Arnout Viele , 1693 ( edit ) In early autumn 1692 , Arnout Viele , a loyal English - speaking Dutchman , and a party of eleven companions -- Christians , Shawnee , and a few loyal Delaware guides -- from Esopus were sent out by the Governor of New York in order to establish trade relationships with the Shawnee to bring them into the English sphere of influence . Viele understood native American languages which made him valuable as an interpreter . Viele is credited with being the first white man to travel and explore western Pennsylvania and the Upper Ohio Valley . Viele even made contact with nations located as far west as the Wabash River border . Arnout Viele and company left Albany , traveling southbound , crossing portions of present - day New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania . They apparently followed the West Branch of the Susquehanna River into the mountains , going through the Tioga river , and then reaching some tributary of the Allegheny River , and floated on down to the Shawnee towns along the Ohio River . Viele and his pioneer expedition spent most of 1693 exploring the Ohio river and its tributaries in northern Kentucky with their Shawnee hosts . In February 1694 , Gerit Luykasse , two of Viele 's Dutch traders , and two Shawnees reappeared at Albany on a mission `` to fetch powder for Arnout ( Viele ) and his Company . '' The party was gone fifteen months , but Arnout was gone for 2 years . In August 1694 , Viele and his companions appeared out of the Pennsylvania wilderness -- accompanied by hundreds of Shawnees who intended to relocate in the Minisink country on the upper Delaware River and by the diplomats of `` seven Nations of Indians '' seeking either trade with the English or peace with the Iroquois . Garpard - Joseph Chaussegroes de Lery , 1729 ( edit ) In 1729 , Garpard - Joseph Chaussegroes de Lery , a French architect and surveyor whose survey compass was the first reconnaissance charting of the Ohio River , led an expedition of French troops from Fort Niagara down the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers , as far as the mouth of the Big Miami by Big Bone Lick , and possibly to the Falls of the Ohio . Chaussegros de Lery mapped the Great Lakes in 1725 , and he was the engineer of the Niagara fortifications in 1726 . I am indebted for the topographical details of the course of this River to M. de Lery , Engineer , who surveyed it with the compass at the time that he descended it with a detachment of French troops in 1729. - Jacques Nicolas Bellin Located inside Charlevoix 's `` History of New France '' is the map of the Ohio River valley that Bellin drew , which was drawn from observations made by de Lery . The 1744 Bellin map , named `` Map of Louisiana '' ( French : Carte de La Louisiane ) , contains an inscription at a point south of the Ohio River and north of the `` Falls , '' written : `` Place where one found the ivory of Elephant in 1729 ( French : endroit ou on à trouvé des os d'Elephant en 1729 ) . De Lery 's men found teeth that weighed ten pounds ( 4.5 kg ) , with a diameter of five to seven inches ( 130 to 180 mm ) , tusks that measured 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) in length , 6 -- 7 inches ( 150 -- 180 mm ) in diameter , and thigh bones that were 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) long . These bones were collected and shipped to Paris . Today they are on display at the National Natural History Museum in Paris . Charles Le Moyne III , Baron de longueil , 1739 ( edit ) Charles III Le Moyne , second Baron de Longueuil , later the Governor of Montreal and Interim Governor of New France , who had commanded Fort Niagara from 1726 -- 1733 , led an expedition of 442 men , including native Americans , from Montreal to war against the Chickasaws on the lower part of the Mississippi River . According to Gaston Pierre de Lévis , Duke de Mirepoix , this expedition used the Ohio River as a corridor to the Mississippi River . The 1739 expedition of Charles Le Moyne III consisted of : Among the officers who accompanied this party were Major de Lignery , Lieutenants , de Vassan , Aubert de Gaspe , Du Vivier , de Verrier , Le Gardeur de St. Pierre , Chevalier de Villiers , de Portneuf , de Sabrevious ; Father Vernet , chaplain ; Cadets , Joncaire de Closonne , Le Gai de Joncaire , Drouet de Richarville the younger , Chaussegros de Lery the younger , de Gannes , Chev . Benoist , de Morville , de Selles , and seventeen others . The rank and file consisted of three sergeants , six corporals , six lance corporals , twenty - four soldiers , forty - five habitants , one hundred and eighty - six Iroquois from the Saut , forty - one from the Lake of Two Mountains , thirty - two Algonquins and Nipissings , fifty Abenaquis from St. Francois and Becancour ; Father La Bretonnier , Jesuit , Queret , missionary . One of the first reported eyewitness accounts of Shannoah was by Charles Le Moyne III in July 1739 . While on their journey down the Ohio River towards the Mississippi , they met with local chiefs in a village on the banks of the Scioto . John Howard and John Peter Salling , 1742 ( edit ) John Howard , a pioneer from Virginia , led a party of five -- John Peter Salling ( a Pennsylvania German ) , Josiah Howard ( John 's son ) , Charles Sinclair , and John Poteet ( Vizt ) -- from the mountains in Virginia to the Mississippi River . The elder Howard had a promised reward of 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) of land for a successful expedition from Virginia 's Royal Governor 's Council to reinforce British claims in the west . Howard offered equal shares of the 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) to the four other members of his expedition . On March 16 , 1742 , the party of five started at John Peter Salling 's house in August County , and voyaged westwards to Cedar Creek , near the Natural Bridge . Crossing Greenbrier River , and landing at the New River . At New River , the Virginian explorers constructed a large bullboat frame and then covered it with the skin of five buffaloes they killed . The first Englishmen to explore that region then followed the New River over 250 miles ( 400 km ) until the river became too dangerous to navigate , abandoning it at a major falls , traveling overland to the Coal River , then followed the Kanawha River , where they entered the Ohio River , 444 miles ( 715 km ) above the `` Great Falls '' of present - day Louisville . The five Virginian pioneers traced the northern boundary of Kentucky for five hundred miles ( 800 km ) and finally reached the Mississippi River on June 7 . The Virginians were able to descend to just below the mouth of the Arkansas River , where , on July 2 , 1742 , they were ambushed by a large company of native Americans , Blacks , and Frenchmen . One or two of Howard 's men were killed . The rest were carried them off New Orleans where they were imprisoned as spies . After two years of prison , Salling escaped on October 25 , 1744 , eventually returning by a southern route to his home in Augusta County , Virginia , in May 1745 . John Howard 's fate was different than Salling 's . After he was arrested and imprisoned , Howard was extradited to France to stand trial . His ship was intercepted by the English , and as a free man , he reported his adventures after landing in London , but his account has not survived . Salling 's detailed account of Virginia 's adjacent lands was used by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson 's 1751 map . Salling is credited with being the first person to have discovered coal in the United States when he was on the aptly named Coal River . Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville , 1749 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comte de la Galissoniere , the governor of Canada , ordered Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville to strengthen the French claim on the Ohio Valley . Céloron carried out his `` lead plate expedition '' in the summer of 1749 . Céloron set out from Montreal on June 15 , 1749 , in a flotilla consisting of large boats and canoes . The expedition included 216 French and Canadians and 55 Native Americans . In Shannoah at the Scioto River 's mouth , he again encountered English traders . Céloron demanded that the English leave , but most refused . Origin of the name ( edit ) The origin of the name `` Kentucky '' is not known with any certainty . One suggestion is that it is derived from an Iroquois name meaning `` land of tomorrow '' . Native America : A State - by - State Historical Encyclopedia states that `` Various authors have offered a number of opinions concerning the word 's meaning : the Iroquois word `` kentake '' meaning `` meadow land , '' the Wyandotte ( or perhaps Cherokee or Iroquois ) word `` ken - tah - the '' meaning `` land of tomorrow , '' the Algonquian term `` kin - athiki '' referring to a river bottom , a Shawnee word meaning `` at the head of a river , '' or an Indian word meaning land of `` cane and turkeys . '' However , the name does not mean `` dark and bloody ground '' in any language . '' There were many variations of the word during early pioneer times , including Kentucke ( as in The Discovery , Settlement and Present State of Kentucke ) , Kaintuckee and Cantuckey . The state 's official nickname is the `` Bluegrass State , '' which is derived from the famed species of grass grown in central Kentucky , Bluegrass , or Poa . `` The nickname also recognizes the role that the Bluegrass region has played in Kentucky 's economy and history . '' Early period of European settlement ( edit ) Pre-conquest native American settlements ( edit ) Eskippakithiki ( edit ) Eskippakithiki , aka Indian Old Fields , was Kentucky 's last surviving Shawnee village . It was located in present - day Clark County . A 1736 French census numbers Eskippakithiki 's population at two hundred families . Blackhoof was born here . Eskippakithiki had a population of eight hundred to one thousand . The town was protected by a stout stockade some two hundred yards in diameter , and it was surrounded by three thousand five hundred acres ( 1,400 ha ) of land that had been cleared for crops . John Findley / Finley , the man who showed Kentucky flatlands to Daniel Boone in 1769 , piquing Boone 's interest in Kentucky , showed him the flatlands where Eskippakithiki used to be established . John Findley / Finley lived and traded in Eskippakithiki in 1752 . John Findley / Finley claims that he was attacked by a party of 50 Christian Conewago and Ottawa Indians , a white French Canadian , and a white renegade Dutchman named Philip Philips , all from the St. Lawrence River , upon a scalping hunting expedition against the southern Indians , on January 28 , 1753 , along the Warrior 's Path , 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Eskippakithiki , near the head of Station Camp Creek in Estill County . Major William Trent wrote the letter that first mentions the word `` Kentucky '' regarding the attack on John Findley . Major Trent wrote : I have received a letter just now from Mr. Croghan , wherein he acquaints me that fifty - odd Ottawas , Conewagos , one Dutchman , and one of the Six Nations , that was their captain , met with some of our people at a place called Kentucky on this side Allegheny river , about one hundred and fifty miles ( 240 km ) from the Lower Shawnee Town . They took eight prisoners , five belonging to Mr. Croghan and me , the others to Lowry ; they took three or four hundred pounds worth of goods from us ; one of them made his escape after he had been a prisoner three days . Three of John Findley 's men are killed by the Little Pict Town , and no account of himself ... There was one Frenchman in the Company . - Lucien Beckner The seven Pennsylvanian white traders with John Findley / Finley 's crew consisted of James Lowry , David Hendricks , Alexander McGinty , Jabez Evans , Jacob Evans , William Powell , Thomas Hyde , and their Cherokee slave . The white Pennsylvania traders shot at the 50 Christian Indians , and the 50 Christian Indians ( along with Philip Philips ) , took the whites prisoner , and transported them to Canada , and shipped some of them off to France , as prisoners of war . Findley fled , and the next time a white person went to Eskippathiki , the whole town was burnt down to the ground . Shannoah ( edit ) Shannoah , aka Lower Shawneetown , aka Chalahgawtha ( meaning `` principal place '' ) , is the Shawnee village where Mary Draper Ingles was taken when she was kidnapped on July 30 , 1755 . Ingles was the first white woman to see Kentucky . She eventually escaped . Shanoah is located in Greenup County . Established in the mid-1730s at the mouth of the Scioto River as a center for commerce and diplomacy , this was one of the earliest known Shawnee settlements on both sides of the Ohio River . Although mainly a Shawnee village , the population included contingents of Seneca and Lenape . The town became a key center in dealings with other tribes and with Europeans , notably the French and the British , before it was abandoned about November 1758 , perhaps because of a 1753 flood , or the French and Indian War , which began in 1755 in the Ohio valley . Establishment of Harrod 's Town ( edit ) Before 1750 , Kentucky was populated nearly exclusively by Cherokee , Chickasaw , Shawnee , Yuchi , Mosopelea , and several other tribes of Native Americans . Early British exploration of the area that would become Kentucky was made in 1750 by a scouting party led by Dr. Thomas Walker , and in 1751 by Christopher Gist for the Ohio Company . Any French claims to Kentucky were lost after the British defeated them in the French and Indian War and signed the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) on February 10 , 1763 . The Iroquois claim to much of what is now Kentucky was purchased by the British in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix on November 5 , 1768 . In 1774 , Harrod 's Town became the first white permanent settlement in Kentucky . Harrod 's Town , named after James Harrod , was founded by the order of the British royal Governor of Virginia John Murray , the 4th Earl of Dunmore . James Harrod led an expedition to survey the bounds of land promised by the British crown to soldiers who served in the French and Indian War . Leaving from Fort Redstone , Harrod and 37 men traveled down the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers to the mouth of the Kentucky River , eventually crossing Salt River into what is today Mercer County , Kentucky . On June 16 , 1774 , the men established the first pioneer settlement in Kentucky , Harrod 's Town . The men divided the land amongst them ; Harrod chose an area about six miles ( 9.7 km ) from the settlement proper , which he named Boiling Springs . On July 8 , 1774 , Shawnee attacked a small party of Harrod 's in the Fontainbleau area , killing two men . The others escaped to the camp , some 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) away . Just as Harrod 's men had completed the settlement 's first structures , Dunmore dispatched Daniel Boone to call them back from the frontier and into military service against some bands of Shawnee and Mingo in Lord Dunmore 's War . Harrod enlisted in the militia , but arrived too late to participate in the war 's only major battle -- the Battle of Point Pleasant . His men arrived at the battle site at midnight on October 10 , the day the fighting ended . The Treaty of Camp Charlotte , signed by Shawnee Chief Cornstalk , which concluded Lord Dunmore 's War , ceded to Royal Virginia the Shawnee claims to all lands south of the Ohio River ( today 's states of Kentucky and West Virginia ) . The Shawnee were also obligated in the Treaty of Camp Charlotte to return all white captives and stop attacking barges of immigrants traveling on the Ohio River . On March 8 , 1775 , Harrod led a group of settlers back to Harrodstown to stay . James Pierce Barton Kentucky Landscape The defeat of the Shawnee in Lord Dunmore 's War in 1774 emboldened land speculators in North Carolina , who believed much of what is now Kentucky and Tennessee would soon be under British control . One such speculator , Richard Henderson ( 1734 -- 1785 ) , learned from his friend Daniel Boone that the Cherokee were interested in selling a large part of their land on the Trans - Appalachian frontier , and Henderson quickly set up negotiations with Cherokee leaders . Between March 14 and 17 , 1775 , Henderson , Boone , and several associates met at Sycamore Shoals with Cherokee leaders Attakullakulla , Oconastota , Willanawaw , Doublehead and Dragging Canoe . The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals , the `` Transylvania Purchase '' , was not recognized by Dragging Canoe who sought unsuccessfully to reject Henderson 's purchase of tribal lands outside the Donelson line , and departed the conference vowing to turn the lands `` dark and bloody '' if settlers attempted to settle upon them . The rest of the negotiations went fairly smoothly , however , and the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals was signed on March 17 , 1775 . At the same conference , the Watauga and Nolichucky settlers negotiated similar purchases for their lands . Kentucky in the American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) ( edit ) Map of Kentucky published in 1784 along with The Discovery , Settlement and Present State of Kentucke by John Filson After 1775 , Kentucky grew rapidly as the first settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains were founded , with settlers migrating primarily from Virginia , North Carolina , and Pennsylvania ; they entered the region via the Cumberland Gap and the Ohio River . It was claimed by Virginia as part of its territory . The most famous of these early explorers and settlers was Daniel Boone , one of the founders of the state . During this period , the settlers introduced commodity agriculture to the area . Tobacco , corn , and hemp were developed as the major commodity crops of Kentucky , and the hunting stage of frontier life faded away . Due to the ongoing violence , however , as Native Americans resisted white settlement , by 1776 there were fewer than 200 settlers in Kentucky . During the American Revolution , 1775 -- 1783 , settlers soon began pouring into the region ; Dragging Canoe responded by leading his faction into the Cherokee -- American wars , 1776 -- 1794 , especially along the Holston River , at the height of the American Revolutionary War . The Shawnee north of the Ohio River were also unhappy about the American settlement of Kentucky . Although some bands tried to be neutral , Historian Colin Calloway reports that most Shawnees fought allied with the British against the Americans . Kentucky 's second largest city , and former capital Lexington , is named for Lexington , Massachusetts , site of one of the first battles of the Revolution . As the first `` new '' west for the Patriots , Kentucky was situated in the Western theater of the American Revolutionary War . Bryan 's Station is the fort built there during the last year of the war for defense against the British and their Native American allies . Kentucky was a battleground during the war . The Battle of Blue Licks , one of the last major battles of the Revolution , was fought there ; the Americans were defeated . Militia officers ( edit ) After Kentucky County was legislatively created on December 6 , 1776 ( effective 1777 ) , the county militia was organized as follows : George Rogers Clark -- Brig General Northwestern Frontier 01 / 1781 John Bowman -- Colonel -- County Lieutenant of Kentucky County , Virginia 12 / 1776 & 11 / 1779 Anthony Bledsoe -- Lieutenant Colonel John Todd -- Captain -- Virginia Benjamin Logan -- Captain -- Kentucky County , Virginia Daniel Boone -- Captain -- Boonesborough , Kentucky James Harrod -- Captain -- Harrodsburg , Kentucky David Robinson -- appointed County Lieutenant but office was never filled . In November 1780 , Virginia divided Kentucky County into three : Fayette , Jefferson , and Lincoln counties . Militia officers of these counties included : Fayette County John Todd -- county lieutenant and colonel ( killed at Blue Licks in 1782 ) Daniel Boone -- lieutenant colonel Jefferson County John Floyd -- county lieutenant and colonel ( killed 1783 ) Lincoln County Benjamin Logan -- county lieutenant and colonel Stephen Trigg -- lieutenant colonel ( killed at Blue Licks in 1782 ) In January 1781 , Governor Thomas Jefferson appointed George Rogers Clark as brigadier general , a special position created for an expedition against British and Native Americans at Detroit , but this never materialized , because of lack of money and soldiers . As a general , Clark was the highest - ranking militia officer in Kentucky and supervised the work of the three Kentucky County colonels . Treaty of Hopewell ( edit ) Low 's Map of Kentucky and neighboring Territories did not yet include the westernmost part of Kentucky , or West Tennessee , controlled by the Chickasaw Nation until 1818 . From Low 's Encyclopaedia The westernmost part of Kentucky , west of the Tennessee River , was recognized as hunting grounds belonging to the Chickasaw by the 1786 Treaty of Hopewell , and remained so until they sold it to the U.S. in 1818 , albeit under pressure . This region is still sometimes known as the Jackson Purchase in reference to President Andrew Jackson of the period . 1792 -- admission to the Union ( edit ) Several factors contributed to the desire of the residents of Kentucky to separate from Virginia . First , traveling to the state capital was long and dangerous . Second , offensive use of local militia against Indian raids required authorization from the governor of Virginia . Last , Virginia refused to recognize the importance of trade along the Mississippi River to Kentucky 's economy . It forbade trade with the Spanish colony of New Orleans , which controlled the mouth of the Mississippi , but this was important to Kentucky communities . The magnitude of these problems increased with the rapid growth of population in Kentucky , leading Colonel Benjamin Logan to call a constitutional convention in Danville in 1784 . Over the next several years , nine more conventions were held . During one , General James Wilkinson proposed secession from both Virginia and the United States to become a ward of Spain , but the idea was defeated . In 1788 , Virginia granted its consent to Kentucky 's statehood in the form of two enabling acts . The second and operative act required that the Confederation Congress admit Kentucky into the Union by July 4 , 1788 . A Committee of the Whole reported that Kentucky be so admitted , and on July 3 , the full Congress took up the question of Kentucky statehood . Unfortunately , one day earlier , Congress had learned of New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus establishing it as the new framework of governance for the United States . In light of this development , Congress thought that it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . Therefore it resolved ... That the said Legislature and the inhabitants of the district aforesaid ( Kentucky ) be informed , that as the constitution of the United States is now ratified , Congress think it unadviseable ( sic ) to adopt any further measures for admitting the district of Kentucky into the federal Union as an independent member thereof under the Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ; but that Congress thinking it expedient that the said district be made a separate State and member of the Union as soon after proceedings shall commence under the said constitution as circumstances shall permit , recommend it to the said legislature and to the inhabitants of the said district so to alter their acts and resolutions relative to the premisses ( sic ) as to render them conformable to the provisions made in the said constitution to the End that no impediment may be in the way of the speedy accomplishment of this important business . Kentucky 's final push for statehood , now under the Federal Constitution , officially began with a convention , again held at Danville , in April 1792 . There delegates drafted Kentucky 's first Constitution and submitted it to the United States Congress . On June 1 , 1792 , Kentucky was admitted into the Union as the fifteenth state . Antebellum period ( 1792 -- 1860 ) ( edit ) See also : History of slavery in Kentucky Economy ( edit ) Land speculation was an important source of income as the first settlers sold out their claims for cash to newcomers and moved further west . The great majority of Kentuckians were farmers . They grew most of their own food , using the corn crop to feed hogs and to distill into whiskey . They obtained their cash from sales of burley tobacco , hemp , horses and mules . The hemp was spun and woven for cotton bale bagging and ropes . Tobacco was labor - intensive to cultivate ; planters were attracted to Kentucky from Maryland and Virginia , where their own lands were near exhaustion from tobacco cultivation . Tobacco was a labor - intensive crop , and plantations in the Bluegrass region used slave labor , but on a smaller scale than the cotton plantations of the Deep South . Adequate transportation routes proved crucial to Kentucky 's economic success in the early antebellum period . The rapid growth of stagecoach roads , canals and railroads early in the century drew many Easterners to the state . For example , towns along the Maysville Road from Washington to Lexington grew rapidly to accommodate the demand . Surveyors and cartographers had always made their fortunes in early Kentucky and especially by the antebellum period , such as David H. Burr ( 1803 -- 1875 ) , who served as geographer to the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1830s and ' 40s . Kentuckians loved horses , using them for transportation , mode of power , breeding , and racing . Taxpayers owned 90,000 horses in 1800 , with 87 % of all householders owning at least one , and two - thirds of the taxpayers owning two or more . Breeding thoroughbreds for racing is a Bluegrass specialty . Louisville began sponsoring the world - famous Kentucky Derby at the Churchill Downs track in 1875 . Mules were cheaper to own than horses , and were well adapted to small farms . Mule breeding became a specialty in Kentucky , and many of the mule breeders moved west to Missouri to expand their operations after 1865 . Louisville and Lexington ( edit ) Further information : History of Louisville , Kentucky and Lexington , Kentucky § History Kentucky was mostly rural , but two important cities emerged before the American Civil War , Lexington , the first city settled , and Louisville , which would become the largest . Lexington , was the center of the Bluegrass Region , an agricultural area featuring production of tobacco and hemp . It was also known for the breeding and training of high - quality livestock , including horses . It was the base for many prominent planters , most notably Henry Clay , the politician who led the Whig Party , and who brokered important compromises over the issue of slavery . Before the west was considered to begin west of the Mississippi River , it was considered to begin at the Appalachian Mountains , and young Lexington was the cultural center of the region . It later claimed for itself the designation of `` Athens of the West . '' Louisville , located at the falls of the Ohio River , emerged as the largest city in the state . The growth of commerce was facilitated by steamboats on the river , and the city had strong trading ties extending down the Mississippi River to New Orleans . It developed a large slave market , from which thousands of slaves from the Upper South were sold `` downriver '' and transported to the Deep South in the domestic slave trade . In addition , to river access , the construction of railroads helped solidify Louisville 's role as the commercial center of the state , as well as strengthening trading ties to the east and west , including areas around the Great Lakes . This central part of the state had the highest concentration of enslaved African Americans , whose labor supported the tobacco plantation economy . In the early decades of the nineteenth century , many families migrated from here to Missouri , carrying their culture , slaves , and crops with them , and establishing an area known as `` Little Dixie '' on the Missouri River . From the mid-19th century on , the city attracted many Irish and German Catholic immigrants , particularly beginning in 1848 . The Irish were fleeing the Great Famine , wherein the potato crop , the staple of the Irish diet , failed for multiple years . The Germans came after the Revolutions in the German states of 1848 . The Germans created a beer industry in the city , and both communities were part of increasing industrialization . These cities became Democratic strongholds after the Whig Party dissolved . Religion and the Great Awakening ( edit ) The Second Great Awakening , based in part on the Kentucky frontier , was the cause of a rapid growth in church members . Revivals and missionaries converted many previously unchurched folk , and drew them into the Baptist , Methodist , Presbyterian and Christian churches . In August 1801 at the Cane Ridge Meeting House in Bourbon County , as part of what is now known as the `` Western Revival '' , thousands of religious seekers under the leadership of Presbyterian preacher Barton W. Stone came to the meeting house . Preaching , singing and converting went on for a week until both humans and horses ran out of food . Baptists ( edit ) Main article : History of Baptists in Kentucky The Baptists flourished in Kentucky . Many had immigrated as a body from Virginia . For example , the Upper Spottsylvania Baptist congregation left Virginia and reached central Kentucky in September 1781 as a group of 500 to 600 people called `` The Travelling Church '' . Some were slaveholders ; among the slaves was Peter Durrett , who helped Capt . William Ellis guide the party . Held by Rev. Joseph Craig , Durrett was a Baptist preacher and part of Craig 's congregation in 1784 . About 1790 he founded the First African Baptist Church in Lexington , the oldest black Baptist congregation in Kentucky and the third oldest in the United States . His successor , London Ferrill , led the church for decades and was so popular in Lexington that his funeral was said to be second in size only to that of the statesman Henry Clay . By 1850 the First African Baptist Church was the largest church in Kentucky , black or white . Many anti-slavery Virginians moved to Kentucky as well , making the new state a battleground over slavery . Churches and friends divided over the issue of the immorality of slaveholding ; in Kentucky the antislavery position was marginalized both politically and geographically . Emancipationist Baptists created their own churches in Kentucky around antislavery principles . While emancipationists viewed their cause as one with republican ideals of virtue , the proslavery Baptists insisted there was a boundary between church and state ; this allowed them to define slavery as a civil matter . The proslavery position , based on the importance of slave labor on many plantations , became the dominant Baptist belief in Kentucky . Emancipationist leadership declined through death and emigration , and Baptists in the Upper South healed rifts in their churches and associations . Disciples ( edit ) In the 1830s , Barton W. Stone ( 1772 -- 1844 ) founded the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , when his followers joined with the followers of Alexander Campbell . Stone broke with his Presbyterian background to form the new sect that rejected Calvinism , required weekly communion and the baptism of adults , accepted the Bible as the source of truth , and sought to restore the values of primitive Christianity . New Madrid earthquakes ( 1811 -- 1812 ) ( edit ) Main article : 1811 -- 12 New Madrid earthquakes This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In late 1811 and early 1812 , Western Kentucky was heavily damaged by a series of earthquakes collectively referred to as the New Madrid earthquake . It included the largest recorded earthquake in the contiguous United States . These earthquakes caused the Mississippi River to change course . War of 1812 ( edit ) Isaac Shelby came out of retirement to lead a squadron of Kentuckians into battle . Over 20,000 Kentuckians served in the various militia units . They played a major role in the west and in the victories in Canada . Mexican - American war ( 1846 -- 1848 ) ( edit ) In 1846 Kentucky paid close attention to the Mexican -- American War . Some citizens enthusiastically supported the war , at least in part because residents believed victory would bring new lands for the expansion of slavery . Others -- especially Whigs , who followed Henry Clay , opposed the war and refused to participate . The quest for honor was especially important , as a rising generation sought their self - identity and a link with heroic ancestors . The state easily met its quota of 2500 volunteer troops in 1846 and 1847 . Although the war 's popularity declined after a year or two , clear majorities supported it throughout . Kentuckian units won praise at the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista . Although many took sick , few died . Gaining honor and glory , as well as emotional maturity and a sense of the world at large , Kentucky units returned home in triumph . The war weakened the Whig Party ( United States ) and the Democratic Party rose to dominance in the state during this period . It was particularly powerful in the Bluegrass Region and other areas that were developed as plantations and horse breeding farms , where planters held the highest number of slaves in the state . 1848 -- largest `` slave uprising '' in Kentucky History ( edit ) Edward James `` Patrick '' Doyle , was an Irishman who sought to profit from slavery in Kentucky . Doyle was a shady , mercenary character who , prior to 1848 , had been arrested in Louisville and charged with attempting to sell free blacks into slavery . Having failed in this effort , Doyle looked to make a profit by offering his services to runaway slaves . Requiring payment from each slave , Doyle agreed to guide runaways to freedom . In 1848 , he attempted to lead a group of 75 African - American runaway slaves to Ohio . Though this incident has been categorized by some as a slave uprising -- `` the largest single slave uprising in Kentucky history '' -- it was not actually an uprising . The incident was an attempted mass escape . `` The armed runaway slaves went from Fayette County to Bracken County before being confronted by General Lucius Desha of Harrison County , along with his 100 white male followers . After an exchange of gunfire , 40 African - American slaves ran into the woods , and were never caught . The others were captured and jailed , including Patrick Doyle . Doyle was sentenced to twenty years of hard labor in the state penitentiary by the Fayette Circuit Court for leading the largest mass escape in Kentucky History . The captured slaves were returned to their owners . 1855 -- bloody Monday : Know - Nothing riots in Louisville ( edit ) With the rise of Irish , German , and Catholic immigrants , the white Protestants of English origin of Louisville started to take matters into their own hands . August 6 , 1855 , Bloody Monday , happened in Louisville , Kentucky on an election day . Protestant members of the Know - Nothing political party attacked German , Irish , and Catholic neighborhoods , assaulting individuals , burning and looting . These riots grew out of the bitter rivalry between the Democrats and the nativist Know - Nothing Party . Multiple street fights raged , leaving 22 to over a 100 people dead , scores injured , and lots of property was destroyed by fire . Five people were later indicted , but none were convicted , and the victims were never compensated . Kentucky in the American Civil war ( 1861 -- 1865 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Kentucky in the American Civil War and Confederate Heartland Offensive By 1860 , the population of the state had reached 1,115,684 ; of this number , 25 % was slaves , concentrated in the Bluegrass Region and Louisville and Lexington . Louisville had been a major slave market , and shipped many slaves downriver to the Deep South and New Orleans for sale or delivery . Kentucky also had strong trade relations to both the east and western regions , reinforced by a shifting of trade from the rivers to the railroads and Great Lakes . Many Kentucky residents had migrated south to Tennessee and west to Missouri , creating familial ties to those regions . The state voted against secession and remained loyal to the Union , although there were disputes among numerous residents . Kentucky was a border state during the American Civil War . The state was officially neutral until a new legislature took office on August 5 , 1861 with strong Union sympathies . The majority of the Commonwealth 's citizens also had strong Union sympathies . On September 4 , 1861 , Confederate General Leonidas Polk broke Kentucky 's neutrality by invading Columbus , Kentucky . As a result of the Confederate invasion , Union General Ulysses S. Grant entered Paducah , Kentucky . On September 7 , 1861 , the Kentucky State Legislature , angered by the Confederate invasion , ordered the Union flag to be raised over the state capitol in Frankfort , declaring its allegiance with the Union . In November 1861 , during the Russellville Convention , Southern sympathizers attempted to establish an alternative state government with the goal of secession but failed to displace the legitimate government in Frankfort . On August 13 , 1862 , Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith 's Army of East Tennessee invaded Kentucky and on August 28 , 1862 , Confederate General Braxton Bragg 's Army of Mississippi entered Kentucky , beginning the Kentucky Campaign ( also known as the Confederate Heartland Offensive ) . The Confederates won the bloody Battle of Perryville , but Bragg retreated because he was in an exposed position . Kentucky stayed under Union control for the remainder of the war . Reconstruction to world war I ( 1865 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Reconstruction ( edit ) Although Kentucky was a slave state , it had not seceded and was not subject to military occupation during the Reconstruction Period . It was subject to the Freedmen 's Bureau oversight of new labor contracts and work to institute free labor . A congressional investigation was undertaken because of issues raised about the propriety of its elected officials . During the election of 1865 , ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment was a major political issue . Kentucky eventually rejected the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth amendments but had to implement them when they were ratified . Democrats prevailed in the election , and one of their first acts was to repeal the Expatriation Act of 1862 , restoring the citizenship of former Confederates . Postwar violence ( edit ) After the war , the Ku Klux Klan had numerous chapters as insurgent group in Kentucky , as some people sought to re-establish white supremacy by intimidation and violence against freedmen and free blacks . Even after its suppression by the federal government in the early 1870s , between 1867 and 1871 , the Frankfort Weekly Commonwealth newspaper reported 115 incidents of shooting , lynching , and whipping of blacks by whites . In 1866 , Gallatin County experienced a race riot , where a band of 500 whites forcibly removed hundreds of Blacks out of the county . In the 1870s , Willis Russell of Owen County , a US Marshal , fought against a Ku Klux Klan band who were terrorizing Black folks and their white allies in Franklin , Henry , and Owen counties . Feuds ( edit ) Kentucky became internationally known in the late 19th century for its violent feuds , especially in the eastern Appalachian mountain communities . The men in extended clans were pitted against each other for decades , often using assassination and arson as weapons , along with ambushes , gunfights , and pre-arranged shootouts . Some of the feuds were continuations of violent local Civil War episodes . Journalists often wrote about the violence . Using stereotypes that city folks had developed about Appalachia ; they interpreted the feuds as the inevitable product of profound ignorance , poverty , and isolation , and perhaps interbreeding . The leading participants were typically well - to - do local elites with networks of clients who fought on the local level for political power . Gilded Age ( edit ) During the Gilded Age , the women 's suffrage movement took force in Kentucky . Laura Clay , daughter of noted abolitionist Cassius Clay , was the most prominent leader . At the same time a prohibition movement began , which was challenged by the distillers ( based in the Bluegrass ) and the saloonkeepers ( based in the cities ) . Kentucky 's hemp industry declined as manila became the world 's primary source of rope fiber . This led to an increase in tobacco production , which was already the largest cash crop of Kentucky . The first city to start using the Australian secret ballot in the United States was Louisville , Kentucky . The Australian ballot law was introduced by A.M. Wallace of Louisville , and enacted February 24 , 1888 . The act applied only to the city of Louisville , because the state constitution required viva voce voting at state elections . The mayor printed the ballots , and candidates had to be nominated by 50 or more voters in order to have their names placed upon the ballot . The blanket form of the ballot was used , with the names of the candidates arranged in alphabetical order according to surnames , but without any political party designations of any kind . 1900 -- assassination of governor Goebel ( edit ) In 1860 -- 1900 German immigrants settled in cities in northern Kentucky , especially Louisville . The most famous ethnic - German leader in the late 19th century was William Goebel ( 1856 -- 1900 ) . From his base in Covington , he became a state senator in 1887 , fought the railroads , and took control of the state Democratic party in the mid-1890s . Goebel 's 1895 election law took control of vote counting away from local officials and gave it to officials controlled by the Assembly , which the Democrats controlled . He used that power to be certified as governor in 1900 . The apparent election of William S. Taylor as governor on the Republican ticket in 1899 was an unexpected turn of events . The Kentucky Senate formed a special Committee of Inquiry packed with Democratic members . As it became apparent to Taylor 's supporters that the committee would decide in favor of Goebel , they raised an armed force . On January 19 , 1900 , more than 1,500 armed civilians took possession of the Capitol . For more than two weeks , the United States watched as the Commonwealth of Kentucky slid towards civil war . The presiding governor declared martial law and activated the official Kentucky militia . On January 30 , 1900 , Goebel , accompanied by two bodyguards , was shot by a sniper as he approached the Capitol . Though mortally wounded , Goebel was sworn in as Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky the next day . Goebel died from his wounds on February 3 , 1900 . For nearly four months after Governor Goebel 's death , Kentucky had two officials functioning as the commonwealth 's chief executive : Republican Taylor , who insisted he was the governor , and Democrat J.C.W. Beckham , running mate of Governor Goebel , who was sworn in when the latter died . Beckham requested federal aid to determine Kentucky 's chief executive . The U.S. Supreme Court finally reached a decision on May 26 , 1900 , upholding the Commission 's ruling that Goebel was Kentucky 's governor . Since his lieutenant governor ( Beckham ) had followed Kentucky 's line of succession , Beckham was now governor . Immediately following the court 's decision , Taylor fled to Indiana . He was later indicted as one of the conspirators in the assassination . Attempts to extradite him failed , and Taylor remained in Indiana until he died . Realizing how close they came to civil war , Kentucky leaders calmed the voters and managed to finish the decade with less heat and little violence . Growth of coal industry and migrations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : History of coal mining in the United States The coal industry expanded rapidly in the state around the start of the 20th century and World War I . Many Kentuckians made the change from subsistence farming to coal mining , particularly in the Appalachian region where large deposits of coal were found . While coal mines provided new jobs , conditions were harsh for workers and the mining created environmental problems . Many African - Americans left the state for better - paying jobs in manufacturing and industrial cities in the Midwest as part of the Great Migration . Rural whites also moved to industrial cities . World Wars and interwar period ( 1914 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) World war I and the 1920s ( edit ) Like the rest of the country , Kentucky experienced dramatic inflation during the war years . Much infrastructure was created ; the state built many roads to accommodate the increasing popularity of the automobile . The war also led to the clear cutting of thousands of acres of Kentucky timber . The tobacco and whiskey industries had boom years during the teens , although Prohibition , beginning in 1920 , seriously harmed the economy when the Eighteenth Amendment took effect . German citizens had established the beer industry in Kentucky , which already had a liquor industry based on bourbon , and vineyards established in the 18th century in Middle Tennessee . Prohibition resulted in resistance and widespread bootlegging , which continued into the middle of the century . Some Eastern Kentucky rural and mountain residents made their own liquor in `` moonshine '' stills , selling some of it across the state . In the 1920s the progressives focused their attacks on gambling . The anti-gambling crusade sprang from the religious attack on machine politics led by Helm Bruce and the Louisville Churchmen 's Federation . The reformers had their greatest support in rural Kentucky , with support from the second Ku Klux Klan and Fundamentalist Protestant clergymen . In its revival after 1915 , the KKK supported some general social issues , identifying as a fraternal organization concerned with people 's welfare . Congressman Alben W. Barkley became the political spokesman of the anti-gambling group and nearly secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1923 ; he also crusaded against the mining special interests that had so much power in eastern Kentucky . In 1926 Barkely was popularly elected to the U.S. Senate , as he had established his name and attracted support for his positions . Barkley became US Senate leader for the Democrats in 1937 . Active in the national party , he ran for vice president with incumbent President Harry S. Truman in 1948 . In 1927 former governor J.C.W. Beckham won the Democratic party 's nomination as the anti-gambling candidate . Urban Democrats deserted Beckham , however , and Republican Flem Sampson was elected . Beckham 's defeat marked the end of the Progressive movement in Kentucky . The Great depression ( edit ) Like the rest of the country and much of the world , Kentucky faced great difficulty with the arrival of the Great Depression in the late 1920s to early 1930s . There was widespread unemployment and little economic growth . The people of Harlan County fought in the first Harlan County Coal War , against the coal owners . Unions would eventually be established , and working conditions improved immediately . On the other hand , New Deal programs greatly improved the educational system in the state and led to the construction and improvement of a great deal of infrastructure . The creation of roads , construction of telephone lines , and rural electrification were significant developments for the state . The creation of the Kentucky Dam and its hydroelectric power plant greatly improved the lives of Western Kentuckians . Both the Cumberland River and the Mississippi River saw extensive improvements in navigability and flood control . The 1938 Democratic Senate primary featured an intense showdown between Barkley , liberal spokesman for the New Deal , and conservative governor Happy Chandler . The governor was a gifted public speaker , combining voice control , emotionalism , and singing with an unusual ability to personalize his speeches . He could remember everyone 's name , and in turn they became emotionally involved in his campaign speeches . Barkley 's methodical campaigning was bolstered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's strong endorsement . Barkley handily defeated Chandler , with 56 % of the vote . Farmers , labor unions , and city machines gave Barkley his margin , a vote which reaffirmed the popularity of the New Deal in Kentucky . Only a few months later , Chandler was appointed to the state 's other Senate seat upon the death of Senator Mills Logan . The 1937 flood ( edit ) Main article : Ohio River flood of 1937 Beginning in January 1937 , the Ohio River was in various flood stages for three months . The flood led to river fires when oil tanks in Cincinnati , Ohio were destroyed in the flood . In Kentucky , one - third of Kenton and Campbell counties were submerged , and 70 % of Louisville was under water for over a week . Paducah , Owensboro , and other Purchase area cities were devastated . Damages from the flood ( nationwide ) totaled twenty million dollars without adjusting for inflation . It led to extensive flood prevention efforts in the Purchase area , including the distinctive flood wall at Paducah . Kentucky in world war II ( edit ) Domestic economy ( edit ) For Kentucky , World War II signified the increased importance of industry and decreased importance of agriculture for the state 's economy . The war led to expansion of Fort Knox as well as the creation of an ordinance plant in Louisville . Louisville became the world 's largest source of artificial rubber . Shipyards at Jeffersonville and elsewhere generated numerous skilled jobs . Louisville 's Ford manufacturing center produced almost 100,000 Jeeps during the war . The war also led to a greater demand for higher education , as technical skills were more in demand both during the war and afterwards . Rose Will Monroe , one of the models for `` Rosie the Riveter , '' was a native of Pulaski County . Kentuckians in the war ( edit ) Husband Kimmel of Henderson County commanded the Pacific Fleet . Sixty - six men from Harrodsburg were on the Bataan Death March . Edgar Erskine Hume of Frankfort served as the military governor of Rome after its capture . Kentucky native Franklin Sousley was depicted in the photograph showing the raising of the flag at Iwo Jima . As a prisoner of war , Harrodsburg resident John Sadler witnessed the atomic bombing of Nagasaki , Japan . Seven Kentuckians received the Medal of Honor . 7,917 Kentuckians died during the war ; 306,364 served . 1945 -- 1980 ( edit ) In the years afterward , the Interstate Highway System helped connect even the most remote areas of Kentucky to one another . Progressive , solid , and unspectacular , Democrat Lawrence W. Wetherby served as governor during 1950 -- 55 . As lieutenant governor under Earle Clements , he was out of the limelight . After Clements moved on to the US Senate , Wetherby took over and was elected to his own term in 1951 , emphasizing the themes of roads , tourism , and economic development . One of the few Southern governors who worked to carry out desegregation after the Brown Decision in 1954 , Wetherby 's administration ran into a string of bad luck and its candidate for governor , Bert T. Combs , was defeated by Happy Chandler in 1955 . Agriculture , though still important , was supplanted in many areas by industry . By 1970 , Kentucky had more urban residents than rural residents . Although decreasing in overall importance , tobacco production remains an important part of the state economy , bolstered by New Deal legacy that gives financial advantages to holders of tobacco allotments . In the 1950s , 13 % of Kentuckians migrated out of state largely for economic reasons . Dwight Yoakam 's song `` Readin ' , Rightin ' , Route 23 '' is named after a local expression describing the route that rural Kentuckians took to find a job outside of the coal mines . ( U.S. Route 23 runs north from Kentucky through Columbus and Toledo , Ohio and through the automotive centers of Michigan . ) Rather than the standard line that their elementary schools taught `` the three Rs '' of `` Readin ' , ' Ritin ' , and ' Rithmetic '' , Kentuckians used to say that the three Rs they learned were `` Readin ' , ' Ritin ' , and Route 23 North '' . Civil Rights ( edit ) During the 1960s , as a result of successful local sit - ins during the Civil Rights Movement , the Woolworth 's Store in Lexington ended practices of segregation at its lunch counter and in restrooms . This was part of an era of activist efforts to achieve integration . Due to demographic and economic changes , Woolworth went out of business in 1990 . Built in 1946 by architect Frederick W. Garber , the historic building was demolished in 2004 . The site was paved for a parking lot . Democratic Governor Edward Thompson `` Ned '' Breathitt , Jr. , took pride in his civil rights leadership as governor 1963 -- 67 . In Kentucky 's 1963 Gubernatorial campaign between Republican Louis Broady Nunn and Democrat Ned Breathitt , racial integration was a major campaign issue . During the campaign , Nunn attacked the Fair Services Executive Order signed by Bertram Thomas Combs ( and three other governors , after conferencing with President John F. Kennedy ) . The Fair Services Executive Order desegregated public accommodations in Kentucky , as well as making state contracts free from discrimination . Nunn , on broadcast television , promised Kentuckians that his `` first act will be to abolish '' the Fair Services Executive Order . The New Republic charged that Nunn ran `` the first outright segregationist campaign in Kentucky . '' Breathitt vowed to support a bill to eliminate legal discrimination . Breathitt wound up winning the general election by 13,000 votes . At the urging of President Lyndon B. Johnson , Breathitt led the National Governors Conference in supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Johnson later appointed Breathitt to the `` To Secure These Rights '' commission , charged with implementing the Act . After Breathitt was elected Governor of Kentucky , the state civil rights bill was introduced to the General Assembly in 1964 , but was buried in committee , and was never voted on . `` There was a great deal of racial prejudice existing at that time , '' said Julian Carroll . A rally in support of Kentucky 's proposed 1964 civil rights bill saw 10,000 Kentuckians in attendance , including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Jackie Robinson , Ralph Abernathy , and folk musicians Peter , Paul , and Mary . In January 1966 , Breathitt signed `` the most comprehensive civil rights act ever passed by any state south of the Ohio River in the history of this nation . '' Martin Luther King Jr. concurred with Breathitt 's assessment of Kentucky 's sweeping legislation , quoting as describing it as `` the strongest and most important comprehensive civil - rights bill passed by a Southern state . '' Kentucky 's 1966 Civil Rights Act ended racial discrimination in bathrooms , restaurants , swimming pools , and other public places throughout the Commonwealth . Racist discrimination was also outlawed in employment and it empowered Kentucky cities to enact local laws against housing discrimination . The legislature also repeals all `` dead - letter '' segregation laws , such as the 62 - year - old Day Law , on the recommendation of Rep. Jesse Warders , a Louisville Republican and the only black member of the General Assembly . The 1966 Act also gave the Kentucky Commission on Human Rights authority to resolve discrimination complaints with enforceable repercussions for acts of discrimination . Breathitt said that the civil rights legislation would have passed without him . He thought his opposition to strip mining had more to do with the demise of his political career than his support for civil rights . 1968 black power riot ( edit ) Two months after Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated , Louisville 's West End rioted . On May 27 , 1968 , a protest against police brutality was happening at Twenty - eighth and Greenwood Streets that eventually turned violent when the Louisville police jumped out of their cars with their guns already drawn . Louie B. Nunn called out the National Guard . 472 arrests were made , $200,000 in damages happened , and James Groves Jr , 14 , and Washington Browder , 19 , were murdered . Washington Browder had a fish sandwich still clutched in his hand when found on the sidewalk , shot dead , by a business owner . James Groves Jr. was shot in the back , after supposedly looting during the riots . 1970 UK anti-vietnam war riots ( edit ) On May 5 , 1970 , one day after the Kent State shootings , University of Kentucky students burned down the ROTC building in protest against the Vietnam War and the Kent State shootings . Louie B. Nunn calls out the National Guard and the KSP to enforce a 7 : 00 pm curfew after activists failed to heed UK President Otis Singletary 's 5 : 00 pm executive curfew edict . Reconstruction Amendments ratified ( edit ) On March 18 , 1976 , to correct a historical oversight , Kentucky finally ratified the 13th , 14th , and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution , also known as the Reconstruction Amendments , with the signing of House Resolution 75 by Governor Julian Carroll . Mae Street Kidd , a legislator from Louisville , campaigned for the passage of the three Reconstruction Amendments . 1981 -- present ( edit ) Martha Layne Collins served as Kentucky 's first woman governor from 1983 to 1987 and cochaired the Democratic National Convention in 1984 . Prior to that , Collins had been a schoolteacher and party worker for the state 's Democrats at all levels . She was elected and served as lieutenant governor from 1979 to 1983 . In 1983 , she defeated Jim Bunning for the governorship . Throughout her public life she emphasized education and economic development ; a feminist , she viewed all issues as `` women 's issues . '' She took special pride in having procured the Toyota plant for Georgetown , Kentucky , bringing substantial jobs to the state . In June 1989 , federal prosecutors revealed that 70 men , mostly from Marion County but also two adjacent counties , Nelson and Washington , were arrested for organizing a marijuana trafficking ring , dubbed by the authorities as the `` Cornbread Mafia '' because members of their syndicate called marijuana , `` cornbread '' , that stretched across the midwest . In 1990 , Wallace G. Wilkinson signed Kentucky Education Reform Act ( KERA ) , overhauling Kentucky 's universal public education system , and winning praise nationally for doing so . Paul E. Patton , a Democrat , was the first governor eligible via constitutional change to succeed himself . Winning a close race in 1995 , he benefited from economic good times and succeeded with most of his initiatives and priorities . After winning reelection by a large margin in 1999 , Patton suffered from the state 's economic reversal . He lost credibility as well from public exposure of an extramarital affair . Near the end of his second term , Patton was accused of abusing his patronage powers . He was criticized for pardoning four former supporters who had been convicted of violating the state 's campaign finance laws . Patton 's successor , Ernie Fletcher , was one of the few Republicans elected to the office , serving from 2003 to 2007 . In 2000 , the state ranked 49th in the percentage of women serving in state or national political offices . The traditional system has favored `` old boys '' thanks to political elites , incumbency , and long - entrenched political networks . Democrat Steve Beshear was elected as governor in 2007 and for a second term in 2011 . State constitutional term limits mean that he can not run again in 2015 . First state to adopt Common Core ( edit ) Kentucky was the first state in the U.S. to adopt Common Core , after the General Assembly passed legislation in April 2009 , under Governor Steve Beshear , that set the foundation for the new national standards . In fall 2010 , Kentucky 's state board of education voted to adopt them Common Core verbatim . Kentucky was the first of 45 states to adopt the Common Core , making the Bluegrass state a national test case for Common Core . Since Kentucky was the first state in the US to implement Common Core , $17.5 million was received by the state government from the Gates Foundation . First Southern state to implement Obamacare ( edit ) Kentucky implemented `` Obamacare '' -- expanded Medicaid and starting Kynect.com -- in late 2013 . `` Kentucky is the only Southern state both expanding Medicaid and operating a state - based exchange , '' Governor Steve Beshear wrote in an oped letter to the New York Times where he spelled out his case for the implementation of Obamacare in Kentucky . `` ( Kentucky ) ranks among the worst , if not the worst , in almost every major health category , including smoking , cancer deaths , preventable hospitalizations , premature death , heart disease and diabetes . Right now , 640,000 people in Kentucky are uninsured . That 's almost one in six Kentuckians . '' A study by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Urban Studies Institute at the University of Louisville concluded that expanding Medicaid `` would inject $15.6 billion into Kentucky 's economy over the next eight years , create almost 17,000 new jobs , have an $802.4 million positive budget impact ( by transferring certain expenditures from the state to the federal government , among other things ) , protect hospitals from cuts in indigent care funding and shield businesses from up to $48 million in annual penalties . '' By October 2014 , Kentucky saw a 42 % drop in uninsured Kentuckians . 521,000 Kentuckians signed up for healthcare using Kynect.com , Kentucky 's state healthcare exchange website . Three out of every four people who purchased a private plan through Kynect.com got some kind of financial assistance , and about 75 % of everybody who signed up had not had coverage before . `` It 's probably the most important decision I will get to make as governor because of the long - term impact it will have , '' said Steve Beshear . First state to legally raise hemp ( edit ) Further information : Hemp in Kentucky On April 19 , 2013 , Kentucky legalized Hemp when Governor Steve Beshear refused to sign or veto Senate Bill 50 , allowing the state law to go into effect . Beshear had been one of the last obstacles blocking SB50 from becoming law . Under federal law , hemp is a Schedule 1 narcotic , just like PCP and heroin , in spite of the fact that hemp typically only has 0.3 percent THC , compared to the three percent to 22 percent usually found in marijuana . The Schedule 1 designation was exempted for Kentucky 's pilot hemp research projects when the federal Farm Bill ( a.k.a. The Agricultural Act of 2014 ) was passed . On May 27 , 2014 , the University of Kentucky planted the second legal hemp crop in Kentucky . The first crop plot was planted earlier in May of the same year at Murray State University using California seeds . With these plantings , Kentucky became the first state in America to begin hemp production . Katie Moyer , a farmer in Christian County raising hemp , boasted that hemp crops stop soil erosion . In 2015 , Kentucky 's Department of Agriculture received 326 applications . The Department of Agriculture is responsible for approving applications . All applicants must submit a business plan , as well as pass a background check to appease the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) . See also ( edit ) Kentucky portal Timeline of Kentucky history Outline of Kentucky Thomas D. Clark ( 1903 -- 2005 ) -- Historian Laureate of the Commonwealth of Kentucky The Filson Historical Society History of Louisville , Kentucky History of the Southern United States Kentucky Historical Society List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era Timeline of Lexington , Kentucky Timeline of Louisville , Kentucky References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pollack , David ; Stottman , M. May ( August 2005 ) . Archaeological Investigation of the State Monument , Frankfort , Kentucky ( PDF ) ( Report ) . KAS Report No. 104 . Kentucky Archaeological Survey . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , R. Barry , ed. ( 1996 ) . Kentucky Archaeology . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0813119076 . Jump up ^ Tankersley , Kenneth B. ; Waters , Michael R. ; Strafford Jr. , Thomas W. ( July 2009 ) . `` Clovis and the American Mastodon at Big Bone Lick , Kentucky '' ( PDF ) . American Antiquity . Society for American Archaeology. 74 ( 3 ) : 558 -- 567 . JSTOR 20622443 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb , W.S. ; Funkhouser , W.D. ( October -- December 1929 ) . `` The so - Called `` Hominy - Holes '' of Kentucky `` . American Anthropologist . New Series . American Anthropological Association . 31 ( 4 ) : 701 -- 709 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1929.31. 4.02 a00090 . JSTOR 661179 . Jump up ^ Webb , William S. ( February 17 , 2013 ) . `` Indian Knoll '' . Kentucky Archaeological Survey . Kentucky Heritage Council . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Lowell H. ; Klotter , James C. ( 1997 ) . A New History of Kentucky . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lammlein , Dorothy ; Overstreet , Joseph S. ; Dott , Linda ; et al. , eds. ( 1996 ) . History & Families Oldham County , Kentucky : The First Century , 1824 -- 1924 . La Grange , Kentucky : Oldham County Historical Society . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Harrison & Klotter 1997 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Boone County : A Historic Overview '' . Boone County Kentucky . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Yuchi Indians '' . Carolina -- The Native Americans . J.D. Lewis . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Swanton , John R. ( 2007 ) ( 1952 ) . The Indian Tribes of North America . Bulletin # 145 ( Genealogical Publishing reprint ed . ) . Smithsonian Institution , Bureau of American Ethnology . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 1730 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Frederick Webb , ed. ( 1907 ) . Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico . Bulletin # 30 . Washington D.C. : Smithsonian Institution , Bureau of American Ethnology . Jump up ^ Hanna , Charles A. ( 1911 ) . Wilderness Trail . New York : G.P. Putman 's Sons . pp. 124 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Briney , Amanda . `` Robert Cavelier de la Salle : A Biography of Explorer Robert Cavelier de la Salle '' . History of Geography , About.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Esarey , Logan ( 1915 ) . A History of Indiana from Its Exploration to 1850 . Volume 1 . Indianapolis , Indiana : W.K. Stewart Co. p. 5 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ De Witt , Clinton ( 1916 ) ( 1820 ) . Memoirs on the Antiquities of Western New York ( reprint ed . ) . Albany , New York : E. & E. Hosford . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Esarey 1915 , pp. 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Journeys of James Needham and Gabriel Arthur '' . Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Otis K. ; Brown , Stephen W. ( 1993 ) ( 1985 ) . West Virginia : A History ( Second ed . ) . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3766 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard B. ( 2003 ) ( 2001 ) . A History of Appalachia ( Paperback ed . ) . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813137933 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Needham and Gabriel Arthur '' . Carolana.com . J.D. Lewis . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jr , R.P. Stephen , ed. ( 1990 ) . `` The Travels of James Needham and Gabriel Arthur through Virginia , North Carolina , and Beyond , 1673 -- 1674 '' ( PDF ) . Southern Indian Studies . 39 : 31 -- 55 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ethridge , Robbie Franklyn ( 2010 ) . From Chicaza to Chickasaw : The European Invasion . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3435 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Charles Augustus ( 1911 ) . The Wilderness Trail . Volume 2 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . ^ Jump up to : Buck , Solon J. ; Buck , Elizabeth ( 1995 ) ( 1939 ) . The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania ( third ed . ) . University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 7405 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , John Logan , ed. ( 1997 ) . North American Exploration . Volume 2 : A Continent Defined . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1023 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jillson , Willard Rouse ( 1936 ) . `` Big Bone Lick : An Outline of Its History , Geology and Paleontology '' . Standard Printing Company . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bogan , Dallas . `` Story of the Longhunters in the Beginning '' . History of Campbell County , Tennessee . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Archibald ( 1920 ) . `` The Long Hunters in the Twilight Zone '' . The Conquest of the Old Southwest : The Romantic Story of the Early Pioneers . New York : The Century Co. p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Osmon , Rick ( 2011 ) . The Graves of the Golden Bear : Ancient Fortresses and Monuments of the Ohio . Nashville , Tennessee : Grave Distraction . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9829 - 1286 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rickerson , Don , ed. ( 2013 ) ( 1939 ) . The Expedition of Baron de Longueuil ( digital ed . ) . Pennsylvania Historical Society , Federal Works Agency , Work Projects Administration . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Hanna 1911 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Bellin , Jacques Nicolas ( 1755 ) . Remarques sur le Carte de l'Amerique Septentrionale ( Notes on the map of North America ) ( in French ) . Paris , France : Didot . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Rothert , Otto Arthur ( 1996 ) . The Outlaws of Cave - in - Rock : Historical Accounts of the Famous Highwaymen . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2034 - 7 . Jump up ^ Duvall , James . `` A Note on a Mistaken Date for the Discovery of Big Bone Lick '' . Big Bone History . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carte de la Louisiane cours du Mississipi ( sic ) et pais voisins ( Map of Louisiana through the Mississippi and Neighboring Country ) ( Map ) ( in French ) . Paris , France : Library of Congress . 1744 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Mimi ( 2011 ) ( 2006 ) . `` Discovery of a Mastodon Graveyard '' . It Happened in Kentucky : Remarkable Events that Shaped History ( 2nd ed . ) . Morris Book Publishing . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6105 - 0 . Jump up ^ Banta , R.E. ( 1998 ) ( 1949 ) . The Ohio . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2098 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hanna 1911 , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Draper , Lyman C. ( 1998 ) . Life of Daniel Boone . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0979 - 5 . Jump up ^ Durret , Reuben Thomas ( 1884 ) . John Filson , The First Historian of Kentucky . Louisville , Kentucky : John P. Morton & Co. p. 31 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Harold Malcolm ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` John Peter Salling '' . The West Virginia Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . West Virginia Humanities Council . Jump up ^ Batman , Richard ( Summer 1981 ) . `` The Odyssey of John Peter Salley '' . Virginia Cavalcade. 31 ( 1 ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Harrison , Fairfax ( April 1922 ) . `` The Virginians on the Ohio and the Mississippi in 1742 '' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography . Virginia Historical Society . 30 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 222 . JSTOR 4243878 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Otis K. ( 1993 ) . Frontier Kentucky . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1840 - 9 . Jump up ^ Simon , Kevin F. , ed. ( 1996 ) ( 1939 ) . The WPA Guide to Kentucky ( reprint ed . ) . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 5869 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dumenil , Lynn , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` Cumberland Gap '' . The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History . Oxford University Press . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 1997 - 4336 - 0 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphree , Daniel S. , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` Kentucky '' . Native America : A State - by - State Historical Encyclopedia . Volume I : Alabama -- Louisiana . Greenwood . p. 436 . ISBN 978 - 0 -- 3133 - 8126 - 3 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` State of Kentucky Genealogy '' . Genealogy.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Beckner , Lucien ( October 1932 ) . `` Eskippakithiki , The Last Indian Town in Kentucky '' . Filson Club History Quarterly . 6 ( 4 ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Belue , Ted Franklin . Hunters of Kentucky : A Narrative History of America 's First Far West , 1750 -- 1792 . Mechanicsville , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 4534 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harrison & Klotter 1997 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Shawnee Town and the Flood of 1753 '' . Lower Scioto River . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur , T.S. ; Carpenter , W.H. ( 1869 ) . The History of Kentucky From Its Earliest Settlement . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Claxton , Remsen & Haffelfinger . p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Skinner , Constance Lindsey ( 1919 ) . Pioneers of the Old Southwest : a Chronicle of the Dark and Bloody Ground . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ^ Jump up to : Kleber , John E. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Harrod , James '' . The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 413 -- 414 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1772 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Fort Harrod State Park '' . Kentucky Department of Parks . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Douglas C. ( 2011 ) . The Clarks of Kentucky . iUniverse . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4620 - 5859 - 4 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurt , R.D. ( 2002 ) . The Indian Frontier , 1763 -- 1846 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Williams , Samuel Cole ( 1919 ) . `` Henderson and Company 's Purchase Within the Limits of Tennessee '' . Tennessee Historical Magazine . Nashville , Tennessee : Tennessee Historical Society . 5 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. ( Winter 1992 ) . `` '' We Have Always Been the Frontier `` : The American Revolution in Shawnee Country '' . American Indian Quarterly . 16 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 52 . doi : 10.2307 / 1185604 . JSTOR 1185604 . Jump up ^ Rice1993 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ James , James Alton ( 1928 ) . The Life of George Rogers Clark . pp. 231 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` George Rogers Clark Biography '' . Indiana Historical Bureau . State of Indiana . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Aubrey , E. Lynn ; Burton , Sheila Mason ; Crofts , Joyce Neel ; et al. ( February 2003 ) . `` Constitutional Background '' . Kentucky Government : Informational Bulletin No. 137 ( PDF ) . Frankfort , Kentucky : Kentucky Legislative Research Commission . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eslinger , Ellen ( Winter 2009 ) . `` Farming on the Kentucky Frontier '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 107 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 32 . JSTOR 23387135 . Jump up ^ Ottesen , Ann I. ( 1985 ) . `` A Reconstruction of the Activities and Outbuildings at Farmington , an Early Nineteenth - Century Hemp Farm '' . Filson Club History Quarterly . 59 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 425 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Axton , W.F. ( 2009 ) ( 1975 ) . Tobacco and Kentucky . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9340 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Todd H. ( 1999 ) . `` Virginians Moving West : The Early Evolution of Slavery in the Bluegrass '' . Filson Club History Quarterly . 73 ( 3 ) : 221 -- 248 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Raitz , Karl ; O'Malley , Nancy ( 2012 ) . Kentucky 's Frontier Highway : Historical Landscapes along the Maysville Road . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3664 - 6 . Jump up ^ Burr , David H. ( 1839 ) . `` Map of Kentucky and Tennessee '' . World Digital Library . London : John Arrowsmith . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soltow , Lee ( July 1981 ) . `` Horse Owners in Kentucky in 1800 '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 79 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 210 . JSTOR 23379469 . Jump up ^ Hollingsworth , Kent ( 2009 ) ( 1976 ) . The Kentucky Thoroughbred . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9189 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hillenbrand , Laura ( May -- June 1999 ) . `` The Derby '' . American Heritage . 50 ( 3 ) : 98 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Sawers , Larry ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Mule , the South , and Economic Progress '' . Social Science History . 28 ( 4 ) : 667 -- 690 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 28 - 4 - 667 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bates , Alan L. ( 2001 ) . `` Steamboats '' . In Kleber , John E. The Encyclopedia of Louisville . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 849 -- 851 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Mary Laurence Bickett ( 2001 ) . `` Slavery in Louisville , 1820 -- 1860 '' . In Kleber , John E. The Encyclopedia of Louisville . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 825 -- 826 . Jump up ^ Castner , Charles B. ( 2001 ) . `` Railroads '' . In Kleber , John E. The Encyclopedia of Louisville . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 744 -- 746 . Jump up ^ Aron , Stephen ( 2012 ) . `` Putting Kentucky in its Place '' . In Klotter , James C. ; Rowland , Daniel . Bluegrass Renaissance : The History and Culture of Central Kentucky , 1792 -- 1852 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3607 - 3 . Jump up ^ Conkin , Paul K. ( 1990 ) . Cane Ridge : America 's Pentecost . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 12720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ranck , George W. ( 1910 ) . `` The Travelling Church '' : An Account of the Baptist Exodus from Virginia to Kentucky in 1781 under the Leadership of Rev. Lewis Craig and Capt . William Ellis . Louisville , Kentucky : Mrs. George W. Ranck ( self - published ) . p. 22 ( and footnote ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nutter , H.E. ( 1940 ) . A Brief History of the First Baptist Church ( Black ) Lexington , Kentucky . Souvenir , Sesqui - Centennial Celebration , 1790 -- 1940 . Frankfort : Kentucky Historical Society Library . pp. 9 -- 15 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First African Baptist Church '' . Lexington , Kentucky : The Athens of the West . National Park Service . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Najar , Monica ( Summer 2005 ) . `` '' Meddling with Emancipation `` : Baptists , Authority , and the Rift over Slavery in the Upper South '' . Journal of the Early Republic . Society for Historians of the Early American Republic . 25 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 186 . doi : 10.1353 / jer. 2005.0041 . JSTOR 30043307 . Jump up ^ Ardery , Philip ( October 1987 ) . `` Barton Stone and the Drama of Cane Ridge '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 85 ( 4 ) : 308 -- 321 . JSTOR 23380884 . Jump up ^ James Russell Harris , `` Kentuckians in the War of 1812 : A Note on Numbers , Losses , and Sources . '' Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 82.3 ( 1984 ) : 277 - 286 . Jump up ^ James W. Hammack Jr , Kentucky and the Second American Revolution : The War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eubank , Damon ( 1998 ) . `` A Time for Heroes , a Time for Honor : Kentucky Soldiers in the Mexican War '' . Filson Club History Quarterly . 72 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 192 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Leming , John E. Jr . ( June 2000 ) . `` The Great Slave Escape of 1848 Ended in Bracken County '' . The Kentucky Explorer : 25 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Aptheker , Herbert ( 1983 ) ( 1943 ) . American Negro Slave Revolts . International Publishers . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7178 - 0605 - 8 . Jump up ^ James M. Prichard , `` This Priceless Jewell -- Liberty : The Doyle Conspiracy of 1848 . '' Paper Delivered at the 14th Annual Ohio Valley History Conference , October 23 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Yater , George H. ( 2001 ) . `` Bloody Monday '' . In Kleber , John E. The Encyclopedia of Louisville . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 4974 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Lowell H. ( 2009 ) ( 1975 ) . The Civil War in Kentucky . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9247 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Lowell H. ( January 1978 ) . `` The Civil War in Kentucky : Some Persistent Questions '' . The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 76 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . JSTOR 23378644 . Jump up ^ Broadwater , Robert P. ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Perryville , 1862 : Culmination of the Failed Kentucky Campaign . McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6080 - 9 . Jump up ^ McDonough , James Lee ( 1994 ) . War in Kentucky : From Shiloh to Perryville . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 847 - 9 . Jump up ^ Otterbein , Keith F. ( June 2000 ) . `` Five Feuds : An Analysis of Homicides in Eastern Kentucky in the Late Nineteenth Century '' . American Anthropologist. 102 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 43 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 2000.102. 2.231 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Billings , Dwight B. ; Blee , Kathleen M. ( Summer 1996 ) . `` '' Where the Sun Set Crimson and the Moon Rose Red `` : Writing Appalachia and the Kentucky Mountain Feuds '' . Southern Cultures. 2 ( 3 / 4 ) : 329 -- 352 . doi : 10.1353 / scu. 1996.0005 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ludington , Arthur Crosby ( 1911 ) . `` Kentucky '' . American Ballot Laws , 1888 -- 1910 . Albany : University of the State of New York . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Evans , Eldon Cobb ( 1917 ) . A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States ( PhD Thesis ) . University of Chicago Press . Wikisource . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Klotter , James C. ( 2009 ) ( 1977 ) . William Goebel : The Politics of Wrath ( paperback ed . ) . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9343 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Robert F. ( 1976 ) . `` The Crusade Against Pari - mutuel Gambling in Kentucky : a Study of Southern Progressivism in the 1920s '' . Filson Club History Quarterly . 50 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 57 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hixson , Walter L. ( Summer 1982 ) . `` The 1938 Kentucky Senate Election : Alben W. Barkley , ' Happy ' Chandler , and the New Deal '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 80 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 329 . JSTOR 23379498 . Jump up ^ Kleber , John E. ( October 1986 ) . `` As Luck Would Have It : An Overview of Lawrence W. Wetherby as Governor , 1950 -- 1955 '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 84 ( 4 ) : 397 -- 421 . JSTOR 23380946 . Jump up ^ Vance , J.D. ( 2001 ) . Hillbilly Elegy . New York City : Harper Collins . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 230054 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Downtown Lexington 's Next Loss : Woolworth 's '' . Preservation Magazine . August 2004 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ku , Michelle ( September 21 , 2002 ) . `` Historic Woolworth Building in Lexington , Ky. , to Become a Parking Lot '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FW Woolworth in Lexington Kentucky '' . Abandoned Online . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F.W. Woolworth Building '' . Kentucky Women in the Civil Rights Era . University of Kentucky . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harrison & Klotter 1997 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Governors Act '' . The Washington Afro American . July 2 , 1963 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Wheatley , Kevin ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Legislators Recall Martin Luther King Jr . March '' . State Journal . Frankfort , Kentucky . Jump up ^ Harrell , Kenneth E. , ed. ( 1984 ) . Derby Statement , Frankfort / May 4 , 1967 . The Public Papers of Governor Edward T. Breathitt , 1963 -- 1967 . Kentucky Historical Society . p. 437 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0603 - 6 . Jump up ^ Johnson , John ; Mier , Maria ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Ky. voices : Kentucky led South in civil rights , what about now ? '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Jump up ^ Williams , Horace Randall ; Beard , Ben ( 2009 ) . October 13 , 1961 -- Kentucky Civil Rights Commission Fights the Good Fight . This Day in Civil Rights History . Montgomery , Alabama : NewSouth Books . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58838 - 241 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome ! Kentucky Law Requires '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Commission on Human Rights . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Betsey ; Williams , Kenneth H. ; Breathitt , Ned ( January 2001 ) . `` An Interview with Governor Ned Breathitt on Civil Rights : `` The Most Significant Thing That I Have Ever Had a Part in . '' `` . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 99 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 51 . JSTOR 23384876 . Jump up ^ Kleber , John , ed. ( 2001 ) . `` Civil Disturbances of 1968 '' . The Encyclopedia of Louisville . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2100 - 0 . Jump up ^ Billingsley , Stan ( 2014 ) . `` Adoption of the 13th 14th and 15th Amendments '' . The Widows of Highland Avenue : A Historical Novel . Xlibris . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4990 - 1354 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fraas , Elizabeth ( July 2001 ) . `` '' All Issues Are Women 's Issues `` : An Interview With Governor Martha Layne Collins on Women in Politics '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 99 ( 3 ) : 213 -- 248 . JSTOR 23384604 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Paul ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Governor Paul E. Patton '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 102 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 87 . JSTOR 23386347 . Jump up ^ Miller , Penny M. ( July 2001 ) . `` The Slow and Unsure Progress of Women in Kentucky Politics '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 99 ( 3 , Special Issue on Kentucky Women in Government and Politics ) : 249 -- 283 . JSTOR 23384605 . Jump up ^ Butrymowicz , Sarah ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` What Kentucky Can Teach The Rest of the US About Common Core '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Porter , Caroline ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` In an Early Adopter , Common Core Faces Little Pushback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Beshear , Steve ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` My State Needs Obamacare . Now '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Kentucky Gov. Beshear on why Obamacare will become like Medicare '' . Modern Healthcare . October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Jill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` How Steve Beshear Became Kentucky 's Democrat Whisperer '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Wing , Nick ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Kentucky Hemp Bill Becomes Law '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky CBD : Back to the Future with Industrial Hemp '' . SFGate.com . San Francisco Chronicle . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave , Paresh ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` After DEA approves hemp seed import , Kentucky plants a landmark crop '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Hall , Gregory A. ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Hemp crop takes root in Kentucky '' . The Courier - Journal . Louisville . Jump up ^ Bullington , Kathryn ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Farmers , Industry Leaders Excited About Future of Industrial Hemp in Kentucky '' . IVN . Further reading ( edit ) Surveys and reference ( edit ) Abramson , Rudy ; Haskell , Jean , eds. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Appalachia . Nashville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 456 - 8 . Bodley , Temple and Samuel M. Wilson . History of Kentucky 4 vols. ( 1928 ) Channing , Steven . Kentucky : A Bicentennial History ( 1977 ) ; popular overview Clark , Thomas Dionysius . A History of Kentucky ( many editions , 1937 -- 1992 ) ; long the standard textbook Collins , Lewis . History of Kentucky ( 1880 ) ; old but highly detailed online edition Connelley , William Elsey , and Ellis Merton Coulter . History of Kentucky . Ed . Charles Kerr . ( 5 vol. 1922 ) , vol 1 to 1814 online . Ford , Thomas R. ed . The Southern Appalachian Region : A Survey . ( 1967 ) ; includes highly detailed statistics Klotter , James C. Our Kentucky : A Study of the Bluegrass State ( 2000 ) ; high school text Klotter , James C. Kentucky : Portrait in Paradox , 1900 -- 1950 ( 2006 ) Klotter , James C. and Freda C. Klotter . A Concise History of Kentucky ( 2008 ) Lucas , Marion Brunson and Wright , George C. A History of Blacks in Kentucky 2 vols. ( 1992 ) Morse , Jedidiah ( 1797 ) . `` Kentucky '' . The American Gazetteer . Boston , Massachusetts : At the presses of S. Hall , and Thomas & Andrews . Share , Allen J. Cities in the Commonwealth : Two Centuries of Urban Life in Kentucky ( 1982 ) Smith , John David . `` Whither Kentucky Civil War and Reconstruction Scholarship ? . '' Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 112.2 ( 2014 ) : 223 -- 247 . online Tapp , Hambleton , and James C. Klotter . Kentucky : Decades of Discord , 1865 -- 1900 ( 2008 ) Wallis , Frederick A. and Hambleton Tapp . A Sesqui - Centennial History of Kentucky 4 vols. ( 1945 ) Ward , William S. , A Literary History of Kentucky ( 1988 ) ( ISBN 0 - 87049 - 578 - X ) WPA , Kentucky : A Guide to the Bluegrass State ( 1939 ) ; classic guide Yater , George H. ( 1987 ) . Two Hundred Years at the Fall of the Ohio : A History of Louisville and Jefferson County ( 2nd ed . ) . Filson Club , Incorporated . ISBN 0 - 9601072 - 3 - 1 . Specialized scholarly Studies ( edit ) Aron , Stephen A. How the West Was Lost : The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay ( 1996 ) Aron , Stephen A . `` The Significance of the Kentucky Frontier , '' Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 91 ( Summer 1993 ) , 298 -- 323 . Bakeless , John . Daniel Boone , Master of the Wilderness ( 1989 ) online Blakey , George T. Hard Times and New Deal in Kentucky , 1929 -- 1939 ( 1986 ) Clark , Thomas D. ( January 1938 ) . `` Salt , A Factor in the Settlement of Kentucky '' . Filson Club History Quarterly . 12 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Coulter , E. Merton . The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky ( 1926 ) Davis , Alice . `` Heroes : Kentucky 's Artists from Statehood to the New Millennium '' ( 2004 ) Eller , Ronald D. Miners , Millhands , and Mountaineers : Industrialization of the Appalachian South , 1880 -- 1930 1982 Ellis , William E. The Kentucky River ( 2000 ) Eslinger , Ellen . `` Farming on the Kentucky Frontier , '' Register of the Kentucky Historical Society , 107 ( Winter 2009 ) , 3 -- 32 . Faragher , John Mack . Daniel Boone ( 1993 ) Fenton , John H. Politics in the Border States : A Study of the Patterns of Political Organization , and Political Change , Common to the Border States : Maryland , West Virginia , Kentucky , and Missouri ( 1957 ) Heidler , David S. , and Jeanne T. Heidler . Henry Clay : The Essential American ( 2010 ) ; scholarly biography Ireland , Robert M. The County in Kentucky History ( 1976 ) Kephart , Horace ( 1922 ) . Our Southern Highlanders : A Narrative of Adventure in the Southern Appalachians and a Study of the Life Among the Mountaineers ( New and revised ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 203 - 9 . Klotter , James C. and Daniel Rowland , eds . Bluegrass Renaissance : The History and Culture of Central Kentucky , 1792 -- 1852 ( Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 2012 ) , Klotter , James C. ; Harrison , Lowell ; Ramage , James ; Roland , Charles ; Taylor , Richard ; Bush , Bryan S ; Fugate , Tom ; Hibbs , Dixie ; Matthews , Lisa ; Moody , Robert C. ; Myers , Marshall ; Sanders , Stuart ; McBride , Stephen ( 2005 ) . Rose , Jerlene , ed . Kentucky 's Civil War 1861 -- 1865 . Clay City , Kentucky : Back Home In Kentucky , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9769231 - 1 - 4 . Klotter , James C. Kentucky : Portrait in Paradox , 1900 -- 1950 ( 1992 ) Klotter , James C. , ed . The Athens of the West : Kentucky and American Culture , 1792 -- 1852 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2012 ) Marshall , Anne E. Creating a Confederate Kentucky : The Lost Cause and Civil War Memory in a Border State ( University of North Carolina Press ; 2010 ) Pearce , John Ed . Divide and Dissent : Kentucky Politics , 1930 -- 1963 ( 1987 ) Pudup , Mary Beth , Dwight B. Billings , and Altina L. Waller , eds . Appalachia in the Making : The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century . ( 1995 ) Reid , Darren R. ( ed . ) Daniel Boone and Others on the Kentucky Frontier : Autobiographies and Narratives , 1769 -- 1795 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4377 - 2 Remini , Robert V. Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) ; scholarly biography Sonne , Niels Henry . Liberal Kentucky , 1780 -- 1828 ( 1939 ) online edition Tapp , Hambleton and James C. Klotter . Kentucky Decades of Discord , 1865 -- 1900 ( 1977 ) Townsend , William H. Lincoln and the Bluegrass : Slavery and Civil War in Kentucky ( 1955 ) ; online edition Waldrep , Christopher Night Riders : Defending Community in the Black Patch , 1890 -- 1915 ( 1993 ) ; tobacco wars online edition Primary sources ( edit ) Cantrell , Doug ; Holl , Richard E. ; Maltby , Lorie ; et al. ( 2009 ) . Kentucky Through The Centuries : A Collection Of Documents And Essays . Kendall Hunt Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7575 - 4387 - 6 . Chandler , Albert B. ( 1989 ) . Heroes , Plain Folks , and Skunks : The Life and Times of Happy Chandler . Bonus Books . External links ( edit ) Thomas D. Clark Center for Kentucky History <Th_colspan="3"> Commonwealth of Kentucky <Td_colspan="3"> Frankfort ( capital ) Topics Index Cuisine Environment Geography History Music Media Newspapers Radio TV People Religion Symbols Seal Flag Theater Tourism Tourist attractions Transportation Index Portal Seal of Kentucky Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Plateau The Bluegrass Cumberland Mountains Cumberland Plateau Eastern Kentucky Coalfield Highland Rim The Knobs Mississippi Plain Northern Kentucky Pennyroyal Plateau The Purchase Ridge - and - Valley Tennessee Valley Western Coal Fields 25 largest cities Louisville Lexington Bowling Green Owensboro Covington Richmond Georgetown Florence Hopkinsville Nicholasville Elizabethtown Henderson Frankfort Jeffersontown Independence Paducah Radcliff Ashland Madisonville Murray Erlanger Winchester St. Matthews Danville Fort Thomas Metropolitan areas Ashland Bowling Green Clarksville , TN Elizabethtown Evansville Lexington -- Fayette Louisville / Jefferson County Northern Kentucky Owensboro Counties Adair Allen Anderson Ballard Barren Bath Bell Boone Bourbon Boyd Boyle Bracken Breathitt Breckinridge Bullitt Butler Caldwell Calloway Campbell Carlisle Carroll Carter Casey Christian Clark Clay Clinton Crittenden Cumberland Daviess Edmonson Elliott Estill Fayette Fleming Floyd Franklin Fulton Gallatin Garrard Grant Graves Grayson Green Greenup Hancock Hardin Harlan Harrison Hart Henderson Henry Hickman Hopkins Jackson Jefferson Jessamine Johnson Kenton Knott Knox LaRue Laurel Lawrence Lee Leslie Letcher Lewis Lincoln Livingston Logan Lyon Madison Magoffin Marion Marshall Martin Mason McCracken McCreary McLean Meade Menifee Mercer Metcalfe Monroe Montgomery Morgan Muhlenberg Nelson Nicholas Ohio Oldham Owen Owsley Pendleton Perry Pike Powell Pulaski Robertson Rockcastle Rowan Russell Scott Shelby Simpson Spencer Taylor Todd Trigg Trimble Union Warren Washington Wayne Webster Whitley Wolfe Woodford <Th_colspan="2"> Years in Kentucky ( 1792 -- present ) 18th - 19th century 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 <Th_colspan="2"> History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Kentucky&oldid=815991927 '' Categories : History of Kentucky History of the Southern United States by state History of the United States by state Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing French - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Pre-European inhabitation and culture
2. First Europeans in Kentucky
3. Early period of European settlement
4. Kentucky in the American Civil War
5. Reconstruction to World War I
|
5,203,666,418,959,162,000 |
the four major kinds of writings in the new testament are
|
New Testament - wikipedia New Testament Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christian Greek Scriptures in the Christian Biblical canon . For the theological concept , see New Covenant . This article cites its sources but does not provide page references . You can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal The New Testament is the second part of the Christian biblical canon , the first part being the Old Testament , based on the Hebrew Bible . The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus , as well as events in first - century Christianity . Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture . The New Testament ( in whole or in part ) has frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world . It reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology and morality . Extended readings and phrases directly from the New Testament are incorporated ( along with readings from the Old Testament ) into the various Christian liturgies . The New Testament has influenced religious , philosophical , and political movements in Christendom and left an indelible mark on literature , art , and music . The New Testament is a collection of Christian works written in the common ( Koine ) Greek language of the first century , at different times by various writers , and the modern consensus is that it provides important evidence regarding Judaism in the first century AD . In almost all Christian traditions today , the New Testament consists of 27 books . The original texts were written in the first and perhaps the second centuries of the Christian Era , in Greek , which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean from the conquests of Alexander the Great ( 335 -- 323 BC ) until the Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD . All the works that eventually became incorporated into the New Testament are believed to have been written no later than around 120 AD , . John A.T. Robinson , Dan Wallace , and William F. Albright dated all the books of the New Testament before 70 AD . Others give a final date of 80 AD , or at 96 AD . Collections of related texts such as letters of the Apostle Paul ( a major collection of which must have been made already by the early 2nd century ) and the Canonical Gospels of Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John ( asserted by Irenaeus of Lyon in the late - 2nd century as the Four Gospels ) gradually were joined to other collections and single works in different combinations to form various Christian canons of Scripture . Over time , some disputed books , such as the Book of Revelation and the Minor Catholic ( General ) Epistles were introduced into canons in which they were originally absent . Other works earlier held to be Scripture , such as 1 Clement , the Shepherd of Hermas , and the Diatessaron , were excluded from the New Testament . The Old Testament canon is not completely uniform among all major Christian groups including Roman Catholics , Protestants , the Greek Orthodox Church , the Slavic Orthodox Churches , and the Armenian Orthodox Church . However , the twenty - seven - book canon of the New Testament , at least since Late Antiquity , has been almost universally recognized within Christianity ( see Development of the New Testament canon ) . The New Testament consists of : Four narratives of the life , teaching , death and resurrection of Jesus called `` gospel '' or the good news . A narrative of the Apostle ministries in the early church , called the `` Acts of the Apostles '' , and probably written by the same writer as the Gospel of Luke , which it continues ; Twenty - one letters , often called `` epistles '' from Greek `` epistole '' , written by various authors , and consisting of Christian doctrine , counsel , instruction , and conflict resolution ; and An Apocalypse , the Book of Revelation , which is a book of prophecy , containing some instructions to seven local congregations of Asia Minor , but mostly containing prophetical symbology , about the end times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Books 2.1 The Gospels 2.2 Acts of the Apostles 2.3 Epistles 2.3. 1 Pauline Letters to Churches 2.3. 2 Pauline Letters to Persons 2.3. 3 Hebrews 2.3. 4 General epistles 2.4 Book of Revelation 2.5 New Testament canons 3 Book order 4 Apocrypha 5 Authors 5.1 Gospels 5.2 Acts 5.3 Pauline epistles 5.4 Other epistles 5.5 Johannine works 5.6 Revelation 6 Dates of composition 7 Language 8 Development of the New Testament canon 8.1 Origen ( 3rd century ) 8.2 Eusebius 's Ecclesiastical History 8.3 4th century and later 9 Early manuscripts 10 Textual variation 10.1 Interpolations 10.2 Text - types 10.3 Biblical criticism 10.4 Establishing a critical text 11 Relationship to earlier and contemporaneous literature 12 Early versions 12.1 Syriac 12.2 Latin 12.3 Coptic 12.4 Other ancient translations 13 Modern translations 14 Theological interpretation in Christian churches 14.1 Unity in diversity 14.2 Roman Catholicism , Eastern Orthodoxy , and Classical Anglicanism 14.3 Protestantism 14.3. 1 American evangelical and fundamentalist Protestantism 14.3. 2 American mainline and liberal Protestantism 14.4 Messianic Judaism 14.5 Jehovah 's Witnesses 14.6 United Pentecostals 14.7 Seventh - Day Adventists 14.8 Latter - day Saints 15 In the liturgy 16 In the arts 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links 21.1 General references 21.2 Development and authorship 21.3 Greek Etymology ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations to secondary or tertiary sources such as review articles , monographs , or textbooks . Please add such references to provide context and establish the relevance of any primary research articles cited . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The term `` new testament '' ( Koine Greek : Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη , Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē ) , or `` new covenant '' ( Hebrew בְּרִית חֲדָשָׁה bərîṯ ḥăḏāšâ ) first occurs in Jeremiah 31 : 31 ( Greek Septuagint καινὴ διαθήκη kainḕ diathḗkē , cited in Hebrews 8 : 8 ) . The same Greek phrase for `` new covenant '' is found elsewhere in the New Testament ( Luke 22 : 20 , 1 Corinthians 11 : 25 , 2 Corinthians 3 : 6 , Hebrews 8 : 8 , and Hebrews 9 : 15 ; cf. 2 Corinthians 3 : 14 ) . In early Bible translations into Latin , the phrase was rendered foedus , `` federation '' , in Jeremiah 31 : 31 , and was rendered testamentum in Hebrews 8 : 8 and other instances from which comes the English term `` New Testament . '' Modern English , like Latin , distinguishes testament and covenant as alternative translations , and consequently the treatment of the term διαθήκη diathḗkē varies in Bible translations into English . John Wycliffe 's 1395 version is a translation of the Latin Vulgate and so follows different terms in Jeremiah and Hebrews : Lo ! days shall come , saith the Lord , and I shall make a new covenant ( from Latin foedus ) with the house of Israel , and with the house of Judah . For he reproving him saith , Lo ! days come , saith the Lord , when I shall establish a new testament ( from Latin testamentum ) on the house of Israel , and on the house of Judah . Use of the term New Testament to describe a collection of first and second - century Christian Greek Scriptures can be traced back to Tertullian ( in Against Praxeas 15 ) . In Against Marcion , written circa 208 AD , he writes of the Divine Word , who is doubly edged with the two testaments of the law and the gospel . And Tertullian continues later in the book , writing : it is certain that the whole aim at which he ( Marcion ) has strenuously laboured , even in the drawing up of his Antitheses , centres in this , that he may establish a diversity between the Old and the New Testaments , so that his own Christ may be separate from the Creator , as belonging to this rival god , and as alien from the law and the prophets . By the 4th century , the existence -- even if not the exact contents -- of both an Old and New Testament had been established . Lactantius , a 3rd -- 4th century Christian author wrote in his early - 4th - century Latin Institutiones Divinae ( Divine Institutes ) : But all scripture is divided into two Testaments . That which preceded the advent and passion of Christ -- that is , the law and the prophets -- is called the Old ; but those things which were written after His resurrection are named the New Testament . The Jews make use of the Old , we of the New : but yet they are not discordant , for the New is the fulfilling of the Old , and in both there is the same testator , even Christ , who , having suffered death for us , made us heirs of His everlasting kingdom , the people of the Jews being deprived and disinherited . As the prophet Jeremiah testifies when he speaks such things : `` Behold , the days come , saith the Lord , that I will make a new testament to the house of Israel and the house of Judah , not according to the testament which I made to their fathers , in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt ; for they continued not in my testament , and I disregarded them , saith the Lord . '' ... For that which He said above , that He would make a new testament to the house of Judah , shows that the old testament which was given by Moses was not perfect ; but that which was to be given by Christ would be complete . Books ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Christian biblical canons , Development of the New Testament canon , New Testament apocrypha , and Template : Books of the New Testament The canon of the New Testament is the collection of books that most Christians regard as divinely inspired and constituting the New Testament of the Christian Biblical Canon . In the period extending roughly from 50 to 150 AD , a number of documents began to circulate among the churches , including epistles , gospel accounts , memoirs , prophecies , homilies , and collections of teachings . While some of these documents were apostolic in origin , others drew upon the tradition the apostles and ministers of the word had utilized in their individual missions , and still others represented a summation of the teaching entrusted to a particular church center . Several of these writings sought to extend , interpret , and apply apostolic teaching to meet the needs of Christians in a given locality . In general , among Christian denominations the New Testament canon came to be agreed - upon as a list of 27 books , although the order of the books can vary from one version of the printed scriptures to the next . The book order is the same in the Greek Orthodox , Roman Catholic , and Protestant traditions . The Slavonic , Armenian and Ethiopian traditions have different New Testament book orders . The Gospels ( edit ) Main article : Canonical gospels Each of the four gospels in the New Testament narrates the life , death , and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth . The word `` gospel '' derives from the Old English gōd - spell ( rarely godspel ) , meaning `` good news '' or `` glad tidings '' . The gospel was considered the `` good news '' of the coming Kingdom of Messiah , and the redemption through the life and death of Jesus , the central Christian message . Gospel is a calque ( word - for - word translation ) of the Greek word εὐαγγέλιον , euangelion ( eu - `` good '' , - angelion `` message '' ) . Since the 2nd century , the four narrative accounts of the life and work of Jesus Christ have been referred to as `` The Gospel of ... '' or `` The Gospel according to ... '' followed by the name of the supposed author . Whatever these admittedly early ascriptions may imply about the sources behind or the perception of these gospels , they are anonymous compositions . The Gospel of Matthew , ascribed to the Apostle Matthew . This gospel begins with a genealogy of Jesus and a story of his birth that includes a visit from magi and a flight into Egypt , and it ends with the commissioning of the disciples by the resurrected Jesus . The Gospel of Mark , ascribed to Mark the Evangelist . This gospel begins with the preaching of John the Baptist and the baptism of Jesus . Two different secondary endings were affixed to this gospel in the 2nd century . The Gospel of Luke , ascribed to Luke the Evangelist , who was not one of the Twelve Apostles , but was mentioned as a companion of the Apostle Paul and as a physician . This gospel begins with parallel stories of the birth and childhood of John the Baptist and Jesus and ends with appearances of the resurrected Jesus and his ascension into heaven . The Gospel of John , ascribed to John the Apostle . This gospel begins with a philosophical prologue and ends with appearances of the resurrected Jesus . It is about Jesus 's miracles . The first three gospels listed above are classified as the Synoptic Gospels . They contain similar accounts of the events in Jesus ' life and his teaching , due to their literary interdependence . The Gospel of John is structured differently and includes stories of several miracles of Jesus and sayings not found in the other three . These four gospels that were eventually included in the New Testament were only a few among many other early Christian gospels . The existence of such texts is even mentioned at the beginning of the Gospel of Luke . Other early Christian gospels such as the so - called `` Jewish - Christian Gospels '' or the Gospel of Thomas , also offer both a window into the context of early Christianity and may provide some assistance in the reconstruction of the historical Jesus . Acts of the Apostles ( edit ) The Acts of the Apostles is a narrative of the apostles ' ministry and activity after Christ 's death and resurrection , from which point it resumes and functions as a sequel to the Gospel of Luke . Examining style , phraseology , and other evidence , modern scholarship generally concludes that Acts and the Gospel of Luke share the same author , referred to as Luke -- Acts . Luke - Acts does not name its author . Church tradition identified him as Luke the Evangelist , the companion of Paul , but the majority of scholars reject this due to the many contradictions between Acts and the authentic Pauline letters . The most probable date of composition is around 80 -- 100 AD , and there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century . Epistles ( edit ) The epistles of the New Testament are considered by Christians to be divinely inspired and holy letters , written by the apostles and disciples of Christ , to either local congregations with specific needs , or to New Covenant Christians in general , scattered about ; or `` General Epistles . '' Pauline letters to churches ( edit ) Main article : Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles are the thirteen New Testament books that present Paul the Apostle as their author . Six of the letters are disputed . Four are thought by most modern scholars to be pseudepigraphic , i.e. , not actually written by Paul even if attributed to him within the letters themselves . Opinion is more divided on the other two disputed letters ( 2 Thessalonians and Colossians ) . These letters were written to Christian communities in specific cities or geographical regions , often to address issues faced by that particular community . Prominent themes include the relationship both to broader `` pagan '' society , to Judaism , and to other Christians . Epistle to the Romans First Epistle to the Corinthians Second Epistle to the Corinthians Epistle to the Galatians Epistle to the Ephesians Epistle to the Philippians Epistle to the Colossians First Epistle to the Thessalonians Second Epistle to the Thessalonians ( Disputed letters are marked with an asterisk ( * ) . ) Pauline letters to persons ( edit ) The last four Pauline letters in the New Testament are addressed to individual persons . They include the following : First Epistle to Timothy Second Epistle to Timothy Epistle to Titus Epistle to Philemon ( Disputed letters are marked with an asterisk ( * ) . ) All of the above except for Philemon are known as the Pastoral epistles . They are addressed to individuals charged with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living , doctrine and leadership . They often address different concerns to those of the preceding epistles . These letters are believed by many to be pseudepigraphic . Some scholars ( e.g. , Bill Mounce , Ben Witherington ) will argue that the letters are genuinely Pauline , or at least written under Paul 's supervision . Hebrews ( edit ) The Epistle to the Hebrews addresses a Jewish audience who had come to believe that Jesus was the anointed one ( Hebrew : מָשִׁיחַ -- transliterated in English as `` Moshiach '' , or `` Messiah '' ; Greek : Χριστός -- transliterated in English as `` Christos '' , for `` Christ '' ) who was predicted in the writings of the Hebrew Bible . The author discusses the `` better - ness '' of the new covenant and the ministry of Jesus , over the Mosaic covenant and urges the readers in the practical implications of this conviction through the end of the epistle . The book has been widely accepted by the Christian church as inspired by God and thus authoritative , despite the acknowledgment of uncertainties about who its human author was . Regarding authorship , although the Epistle to the Hebrews does not internally claim to have been written by the Apostle Paul , some similarities in wordings to some of the Pauline Epistles have been noted and inferred . In antiquity , some began to ascribe it to Paul in an attempt to provide the anonymous work an explicit apostolic pedigree . In the 4th century , Jerome and Augustine of Hippo supported Paul 's authorship . The Church largely agreed to include Hebrews as the fourteenth letter of Paul , and affirmed this authorship until the Reformation . The letter to the Hebrews had difficulty in being accepted as part of the Christian canon because of its anonymity . As early as the 3rd century , Origen wrote of the letter , `` Men of old have handed it down as Paul 's , but who wrote the Epistle God only knows . '' Contemporary scholars often reject Pauline authorship for the epistle to the Hebrews , based on its distinctive style and theology , which are considered to set it apart from Paul 's writings . General epistles ( edit ) The General epistles ( or `` catholic epistles '' ) consist of both letters and treatises in the form of letters written to the church at large . The term `` catholic '' ( Greek : καθολική , katholikē ) , used to describe these letters in the oldest manuscripts containing them , here simply means `` general '' or `` universal '' . The authorship of a number of these is disputed . Epistle of James , written by an author named `` James '' , often identified with James , the brother of Jesus . First Epistle of Peter , ascribed to the Apostle Peter . Second Epistle of Peter , ascribed to the Apostle Peter , though widely considered not to have been written by him . First Epistle of John , ascribed to John the Apostle . Second Epistle of John , ascribed to John the Apostle . Third Epistle of John , ascribed to John the Apostle . Epistle of Jude , written under the name of Jude , the brother of Jesus and James . Book of Revelation ( edit ) Further information : Authorship of the Johannine works The final book of the New Testament is the Book of Revelation , also known as the Apocalypse of John . In the New Testament canon , it is considered prophetical or apocalyptic literature . Its authorship has been attributed either to John the Apostle ( in which case it is often thought that John the Apostle is John the Evangelist , i.e. author of the Gospel of John ) or to another John designated `` John of Patmos '' after the island where the text says the revelation was received ( 1 : 9 ) . Some ascribe the writership date as circa 81 -- 96 AD , and others at around 68 AD . The work opens with letters to seven churches and thereafter takes the form of an apocalypse , a literary genre popular in ancient Judaism and Christianity . New Testament canons ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Canon of the New Testament Books Protestant tradition Roman Catholic tradition Eastern Orthodox tradition Armenian Apostolic tradition Coptic Orthodox tradition Orthodox Tewahedo traditions Syriac Christian traditions <Td_colspan="8"> Canonical Gospels Matthew Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mark Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Luke Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes John Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="8"> Apostolic History Acts Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Acts of Paul and Thecla No No No No ( early tradition ) No No No ( early tradition ) <Td_colspan="8"> General Epistles James Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Peter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Peter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 John Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 John Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3 John Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Jude Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="8"> Pauline Epistles Romans Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Corinthians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Corinthians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Corinthians to Paul and 3 Corinthians No No No No − inc. in some mss . No No No ( early tradition ) Galatians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ephesians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Philippians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Colossians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Laodiceans No − inc. in some eds . No − inc. in some mss . No No No No No 1 Thessalonians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Thessalonians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Hebrews Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Timothy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Timothy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Titus Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Philemon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="8"> Apocalypse Revelation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes <Td_colspan="8"> Apostolic Fathers and Church Orders 1 Clement <Td_colspan="7"> No ( Codices Alexandrinus and Hierosolymitanus ) 2 Clement <Td_colspan="7"> No ( Codices Alexandrinus and Hierosolymitanus ) Shepherd of Hermas <Td_colspan="7"> No ( Codex Siniaticus ) Epistle of Barnabas <Td_colspan="7"> No ( Codices Hierosolymitanus and Siniaticus ) Didache <Td_colspan="7"> No ( Codex Hierosolymitanus ) Ser ` atä Seyon ( Sinodos ) No No No No No Yes ( broader canon ) No Te'ezaz ( Sinodos ) No No No No No Yes ( broader canon ) No Gessew ( Sinodos ) No No No No No Yes ( broader canon ) No Abtelis ( Sinodos ) No No No No No Yes ( broader canon ) No Book of the Covenant 1 ( Mäshafä Kidan ) No No No No No Yes ( broader canon ) No Book of the Covenant 2 ( Mäshafä Kidan ) No No No No No Yes ( broader canon ) No Ethiopic Clement ( Qälëmentos ) No No No No No Yes ( broader canon ) No Ethiopic Didescalia ( Didesqelya ) No No No No No Yes ( broader canon ) No Table notes Jump up ^ The growth and development of the Armenian Biblical canon is complex ; extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition , or where they do exist elsewhere , never achieved the same status . Some of the books are not listed in this table ; these include the Prayer of Euthalius , the Repose of St. John the Evangelist , the Doctrine of Addai , a reading from the Gospel of James , the Second Apostolic Canons , the Words of Justus , Dionysius Aeropagite , the Preaching of Peter , and a Poem by Ghazar . ( Various sources also mention undefined Armenian canonical additions to the Gospels of Mark and John , however , these may refer to the general additions -- Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 and John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 -- discussed elsewhere in these notes . ) A possible exception here to canonical exclusivity is the Second Apostolic Canons , which share a common source -- the Apostolic Constitutions -- with certain parts of the Orthodox Tewahedo New Testament broader canon . The Acts of Thaddeus was included in the biblical canon of Gregory of Tatev . There is some uncertainty about whether Armenian canon lists include the Doctrine of Addai or the related Acts of Thaddeus . Moreover , the correspondence between King Agbar and Jesus Christ , which is found in various forms -- including within both the Doctrine of Addai and the Acts of Thaddeus -- sometimes appears separately ( see list ) . The Prayer of Euthalius and the Repose of St. John the Evangelist appear in the appendix of the 1805 Armenian Zohrab Bible ; however , some of the aforementioned books , though they are found within canon lists , have nonetheless never been discovered to be part of any Armenian Biblical manuscript . Jump up ^ Though widely regarded as non-canonical , the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom 's traditions related to Mary , the mother of Jesus . ^ Jump up to : The Diatessaron , Tatian 's gospel harmony , became a standard text in some Syriac - speaking churches down to the 5th century , when it gave - way to the four separate gospels found in the Peshitta . ^ Jump up to : Parts of these four books are not found in the most reliable ancient sources ; in some cases , are thought to be later additions , and have therefore not appeared historically in every Biblical tradition . They are as follows : Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 , John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 , the Comma Johanneum , and portions of the Western version of Acts . To varying degrees , arguments for the authenticity of these passages -- especially for the one from the Gospel of John -- have occasionally been made . Jump up ^ Skeireins , a commentary on the Gospel of John in the Gothic language , was included in the Wulfila Bible . It exists today only in fragments . ^ Jump up to : The Acts of Paul and Thecla , the Epistle of the Corinthians to Paul , and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians are all portions of the greater Acts of Paul narrative , which is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the Codex Claromontanus , but has survived only in fragments . Some of the content within these individual sections may have developed separately . ^ Jump up to : These four works were questioned or `` spoken against '' by Martin Luther , and he changed the order of his New Testament to reflect this , but he did not leave them out , nor has any Lutheran body since . Traditional German Luther Bibles are still printed with the New Testament in this changed `` Lutheran '' order . The vast majority of Protestants embrace these four works as fully canonical . ^ Jump up to : The Peshitta excludes 2 John , 3 John , 2 Peter , Jude , and Revelation , but certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions include later translations of those books . Still today , the official lectionary followed by the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Assyrian Church of the East presents lessons from only the twenty - two books of Peshitta , the version to which appeal is made for the settlement of doctrinal questions . Jump up ^ The Third Epistle to the Corinthians often appears with and is framed as a response to the Epistle of the Corinthians to Paul . Jump up ^ The Epistle to the Laodiceans is present in some western non-Roman Catholic translations and traditions . Especially of note is John Wycliffe 's inclusion of the epistle in his English translation , and the Quakers ' use of it to the point where they produced a translation and made pleas for its canonicity , see Poole 's Annotations , on Col. 4 : 16 . The epistle is nonetheless widely rejected by the vast majority of Protestants . Jump up ^ The Apocalypse of Peter , though not listed in this table , is mentioned in the Muratorian fragment and is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the Codex Claromontanus . It was also held in high regard by Clement of Alexandria . Jump up ^ Other known writings of the Apostolic Fathers not listed in this table are as follows : the seven Epistles of Ignatius , the Epistle of Polycarp , the Martyrdom of Polycarp , the Epistle to Diognetus , the fragment of Quadratus of Athens , the fragments of Papias of Hierapolis , the Reliques of the Elders Preserved in Irenaeus , and the Apostles ' Creed . Jump up ^ Though they are not listed in this table , the Apostolic Constitutions were considered canonical by some including Alexius Aristenus , John of Salisbury , and to a lesser extent , Grigor Tat ` evatsi . They are even classified as part of the New Testament canon within the body of the Constitutions itself ; moreover , they are the source for a great deal of the content in the Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon . ^ Jump up to : These five writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers are not currently considered canonical in any Biblical tradition , though they are more highly regarded by some more than others . Nonetheless , their early authorship and inclusion in ancient Biblical codices , as well as their acceptance to varying degrees by various early authorities , requires them to be treated as foundational literature for Christianity as a whole . ^ Jump up to : Ethiopic Clement and the Ethiopic Didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names . Book order ( edit ) The order in which the books of the New Testament appear differs between some collections and ecclesiastical traditions . In the Latin West , prior to the Vulgate ( an early 5th - century Latin version of the Bible ) , the four Gospels were arranged in the following order : Matthew , John , Luke , and Mark . The Syriac Peshitta places the major General epistles ( James , 1 Peter , and 1 John ) immediately after Acts and before the Pauline epistles . The order of an early edition of the letters of Paul is based on the size of the letters : longest to shortest , though keeping 1 and 2 Corinthians and 1 and 2 Thessalonians together . The Pastoral epistles were apparently not part of the Corpus Paulinum in which this order originated and were later inserted after 2 Thessalonians and before Philemon . Hebrews was variously incorporated into the Corpus Paulinum either after 2 Thessalonians , after Philemon ( i.e. at the very end ) , or after Romans . The New Testament of the 16th - century Luther Bible continues , to this day , to place Hebrews , James , Jude , and the Apocalypse last . This reflects the thoughts of the Reformer Martin Luther on the canonicity of these books . Apocrypha ( edit ) Main article : New Testament apocrypha The books that eventually found a permanent place in the New Testament were not the only works of Christian literature produced in the earliest Christian centuries . The long process of canonization began early , sometimes with tacit reception of traditional texts , sometimes with explicit selection or rejection of particular texts as either acceptable or unacceptable for use in a given context ( e.g. , not all texts that were acceptable for private use were considered appropriate for use in the liturgy ) . Over the course of history , those works of early Christian literature that survived but that did not become part of the New Testament have been variously grouped by theologians and scholars . Drawing upon , though redefining , an older term used in early Christianity and among Protestants when referring to those books found in the Christian Old Testament although not in the Jewish Bible , modern scholars began to refer to these works of early Christian literature not included in the New Testament as `` apocryphal '' , by which was meant non-canonical . Collected editions of these works were then referred to as the `` New Testament apocrypha '' . Typically excluded from such published collections are the following groups of works : The Apostolic Fathers , the 2nd - century Christian apologists , the Alexandrians , Tertullian , Methodius of Olympus , Novatian , Cyprian , martyrdoms , and the Desert Fathers . Almost all other Christian literature from the period , and sometimes including works composed well into Late Antiquity , are relegated to the so - called New Testament apocrypha . Although not considered to be inspired by God , these `` apocryphal '' works may be helpful in the study of the New Testament in that they were produced in the same ancient context and often using the same language as those books that would eventually form the New Testament . Some of these later works are dependent ( either directly or indirectly ) upon books that would later come to be in the New Testament or upon the ideas expressed in them . There is even an example of a pseudepigraphical letter composed under the guise of a presumably lost letter of the Apostle Paul , the Epistle to the Laodiceans . Authors ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Bible The books of the New Testament were all or nearly all written by Jewish Christians -- that is , Jewish disciples of Christ , who lived in the Roman Empire , and under Roman occupation . Luke , who wrote the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts , is frequently thought of as an exception ; scholars are divided as to whether Luke was a Gentile or a Hellenistic Jew . A few scholars identify the author of the Gospel of Mark as probably a Gentile , and similarly for the Gospel of Matthew , though most assert Jewish - Christian authorship . Gospels ( edit ) Main article : Synoptic Gospels Authorship is an area of longstanding and current research and debate , with different works posing different problems for identification . While the various works have traditional ascriptions of authorship , these ascriptions are in some cases defended by scholars , and in other cases disputed or rejected . According to many ( if not most ) critical scholars , none of the authors of the Gospels were eyewitnesses or even explicitly claimed to be eyewitnesses . Bart Ehrman of the University of North Carolina has argued for a scholarly consensus that many New Testament books were not written by the individuals whose names are attached . He further argues that the Gospels were originally anonymous , and names were not ascribed to them until around 185 AD . Other scholars concur . It is the perspective of some writers that none were written in Palestine . There is a tradition that the Apostle John was the author of the Gospel of John . Traditionalists ( such as Biblical commentators Albert Barnes and Matthew Henry ) seem to support the idea that the writer of the Gospel of John himself claimed to be an eyewitness in their commentaries of John 21 : 24 and therefore the gospel was written by an eyewitness ; however , this idea is rejected by the majority of modern scholars . A review of Richard Bauckham 's book Jesus and the Eyewitnesses : The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony states `` The common wisdom in the academy is that stories and sayings of Jesus circulated for decades , undergoing countless retellings and embellishments before being finally set down in writing . '' Most scholars hold to the two - source hypothesis , which claims that the Gospel of Mark was written first . According to the hypothesis , the authors of the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke then used the Gospel of Mark and the hypothetical Q document , in addition to some other sources , to write their individual gospel accounts . These three gospels are called the Synoptic gospels because they include many of the same stories , often in the same sequence , and sometimes exactly the same wording . Scholars agree that the Gospel of John was written last , by using a different tradition and body of testimony . In addition , most scholars agree that the author of Luke wrote the Acts of the Apostles . Scholars hold that these books constituted two halves of a single work , Luke - Acts . Evangelist Mathäus und der Engel , by Rembrandt . Strictly speaking , each gospel and the book of Acts is arguably anonymous . The Gospel of John is somewhat of an exception , although the author simply refers to himself as `` the disciple Jesus loved '' and claims to be a member of Jesus ' inner circle . The identities of each author were agreed upon at an early date , certainly no later than the early 2nd century . It is likely that the issue of the authorship of each gospel had been settled at least somewhat earlier , as the earliest sources are in complete agreement on the issue . No one questioned the early 2nd century consensus until the 18th century . Some scholars today maintain the traditional claim that Luke the Evangelist , an associate of St. Paul who was probably not an eyewitness to Jesus ' ministry , wrote the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles . Scholars are also divided on the traditional claim that Mark the Evangelist , an associate of St. Peter who may have been an eyewitness to Jesus ' ministry , wrote the Gospel of Mark . Scholars are more divided over the traditional claim that Matthew the Apostle wrote the Gospel of Matthew and that John the Apostle wrote the Gospel of John . Opinion , however , is widely divided on this issue and there is no widespread consensus . Acts ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of Luke -- Acts The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles were both written by the same author , and are thus referred to as the Lucan texts . The most direct evidence comes from the prefaces of each book ; both were addressed to Theophilus , and the preface to the Acts of the Apostles references `` my former book '' about the ministry of Jesus . Furthermore , there are linguistic and theological similarities between the two works , suggesting that they have a common author . Pauline epistles ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Pauline epistles Saint Paul Writing His Epistles , 17th - century painting . Most scholars think Paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary . The Pauline epistles are the thirteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul of Tarsus . The anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews is , despite unlikely Pauline authorship , often functionally grouped with these thirteen to form a corpus of fourteen `` Pauline '' epistles . Seven letters are generally classified as `` undisputed '' , expressing contemporary scholarly near consensus that they are the work of Paul : Romans , 1 Corinthians , 2 Corinthians , Galatians , Philippians , 1 Thessalonians and Philemon . Six additional letters bearing Paul 's name do not currently enjoy the same academic consensus : Ephesians , Colossians , 2 Thessalonians , 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy and Titus . While many scholars uphold the traditional view , some question whether the first three , called the `` Deutero - Pauline Epistles '' , are authentic letters of Paul . As for the latter three , the `` Pastoral epistles '' , some scholars uphold the traditional view of these as the genuine writings of the Apostle Paul ; most , however , regard them as pseudepigrapha . One might refer to the Epistle to the Laodiceans and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians as examples of works identified as pseudonymous . Since the early centuries of the church , there has been debate concerning the authorship of the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews , and contemporary scholars generally reject Pauline authorship . The epistles all share common themes , emphasis , vocabulary and style ; they exhibit a uniformity of doctrine concerning the Mosaic Law , Jesus , faith , and various other issues . All of these letters easily fit into the chronology of Paul 's journeys depicted in Acts of the Apostles . Other epistles ( edit ) The author of the Epistle of James identifies himself in the opening verse as `` James , a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ '' . From the middle of the 3rd century , patristic authors cited the Epistle as written by James the Just . Ancient and modern scholars have always been divided on the issue of authorship . Many consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries . The author of the First Epistle of Peter identifies himself in the opening verse as `` Peter , an apostle of Jesus Christ '' , and the view that the epistle was written by St. Peter is attested to by a number of Church Fathers : Irenaeus ( 140 -- 203 ) , Tertullian ( 150 -- 222 ) , Clement of Alexandria ( 155 -- 215 ) and Origen of Alexandria ( 185 -- 253 ) . Unlike The Second Epistle of Peter , the authorship of which was debated in antiquity , there was little debate about Peter 's authorship of this first epistle until the 18th century . Although 2 Peter internally purports to be a work of the apostle , many biblical scholars have concluded that Peter is not the author . For an early date and ( usually ) for a defense of the Apostle Peter 's authorship see Kruger , Zahn , Spitta , Bigg , and Green . The Epistle of Jude title is written as follows : `` Jude , a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James '' ( NRSV ) . The debate has continued over the author 's identity as the apostle , the brother of Jesus , both , or neither . Johannine works ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The First Epistle of John is traditionally held to have been composed by John the Apostle ( the author of the Gospel of John ) when the writer was in advanced age . The epistle 's content , language and conceptual style indicate that it may have had the same author as the Gospel of John , 2 John and 3 John . Eusebius claimed that the author of 2nd and 3rd John was not John the Apostle , but an `` elder John '' which refers either to the apostle at an advanced age or a hypothetical second individual ( `` John the Elder '' ) . Scholars today are divided on the issue . Revelation ( edit ) The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself several times as `` John '' . and states that he was on Patmos when he received his first vision . As a result , the author is sometimes referred to as John of Patmos . The author has traditionally been identified with John the Apostle to whom the Gospel and the epistles of John were attributed . It was believed that he was exiled to the island of Patmos during the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian , and there wrote Revelation . Justin Martyr ( c. 100 -- 165 AD ) who was acquainted with Polycarp , who had been mentored by John , makes a possible allusion to this book , and credits John as the source . Irenaeus ( c. 115 -- 202 ) assumes it as a conceded point . According to the Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible , modern scholars are divided between the apostolic view and several alternative hypotheses put forth in the last hundred years or so . Ben Witherington points out that linguistic evidence makes it unlikely that the books were written by the same person . Dates of composition ( edit ) See individual book articles for more detail . The earliest works that became part of the New Testament are the letters of the Apostle Paul . The earliest of the books of the New Testament was First Thessalonians , an epistle of Paul , written probably in 51 , or possibly Galatians in 49 according to one of two theories of its writing . In the 1830s German scholars of the Tübingen school tried to date the books as late as the 3rd century , but the discovery of some New Testament manuscripts and fragments from the 2nd and 3rd centuries , one of which dates as early as 125 ( Papyrus 52 ) , disproves a 3rd - century date of composition for any book now in the New Testament . Additionally , a letter to the church at Corinth in the name of Clement of Rome in 95 quotes from 10 of the 27 books of the New Testament , and a letter to the church at Philippi in the name of Polycarp in 120 quotes from 16 books . Therefore , some of the books of the New Testament must have been in circulation by the end of the first century . Scholars hold a wide spectrum of views on exactly when the books of the new testament were written , with non-fundamentalist scholars tending to argue for later dates , and more conservative scholars arguing for an earlier one . Most contemporary scholars regard Mark as a source used by Luke ( see Marcan priority ) . If it is true that Mark was written around the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem , around 70 , they theorize that Luke would not have been written before 70 . Some who take this view believe that Luke 's prediction of the destruction of the temple could not be a result of Jesus predicting the future but with the benefit of hindsight regarding specific details . They believe that the Olivet Discourse in Luke 21 : 5 -- 30 is specific enough ( more specific than Mark 's or Matthew 's ) that a date after 70 seems likely . These scholars have suggested dates for Luke from 75 to 100 . Support for a later date comes from a number of reasons . Differences of chronology , `` style '' , and theology suggest that the author of Luke - Acts was not familiar with Paul 's distinctive theology but instead was writing a decade or more after his death , by which point significant harmonization between different traditions within Early Christianity had occurred . Furthermore , Luke - Acts has views on Jesus ' divine nature , the end times , and salvation that are similar to those found in Pastoral epistles , which are often seen as pseudonymous and of a later date than the undisputed Pauline Epistles . Most conservative scholars however , argue that both internal and external evidence strongly points to dates prior to 70 AD for the Synoptic Gospels , Acts , and the Pauline Epistles . They note that there is no mention of the deaths of Paul , Peter , and James , all of which happened between 60 -- 65 AD , in any book of the New Testament . These were all extremely important figures in the early church , writers would have mentioned their deaths if the New Testament had been written later . Furthermore , the Gospels contain numerous attacks on the Sadducees , a sect of Judaism that was wiped out with the destruction of the temple . Why , they ask , would later writers devote so much narrative space to attacking a group that no longer existed ? John Robinson also notes that each book of the New Testament had to be written prior to the destruction of The Temple . Robinson notes that most scholars interpret the Olivet Discourse as a post 70 AD account of the destruction of The Temple , couched in language to make it appear to be a prophecy , culminating in the Second Coming of Jesus to end the world . Robinson notes that the Second Coming did not occur after the destruction of The Temple , leading him to ask , why would a writer in the 80s or 90s forge a prophecy of an event that is proven not to have occurred 20 years earlier ? Language ( edit ) Main article : Language of the New Testament The major languages spoken by both Jews and Greeks in the Holy Land at the time of Jesus were Aramaic and Koine Greek , and also a colloquial dialect of Mishnaic Hebrew . It is generally agreed by most scholars that the historical Jesus primarily spoke Aramaic , perhaps also some Hebrew and Koine Greek . The majority view is that all of the books that would eventually form the New Testament were written in the Koine Greek language . As Christianity spread , these books were later translated into other languages , most notably , Latin , Syriac , and Egyptian Coptic . However , some of the Church Fathers imply or claim that Matthew was originally written in Hebrew or Aramaic , and then soon after was written in Koine Greek . Nevertheless , the Gospel of Matthew known today was composed in Greek and is neither directly dependent upon nor a translation of a text in a Semitic language . Development of the New Testament canon ( edit ) Main article : Development of the New Testament canon The process of canonization of the New Testament was complex and lengthy . In the initial centuries of early Christianity , there were many books widely considered by the church to be inspired , but there was no single formally recognized New Testament canon . The process was characterized by a compilation of books that apostolic tradition considered authoritative in worship and teaching , relevant to the historical situations in which they lived , and consonant with the Old Testament . Writings attributed to the apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities and the Pauline epistles were circulating , perhaps in collected forms , by the end of the 1st century AD . One of the earliest attempts at solidifying a canon was made by Marcion , circa 140 AD , who accepted only a modified version of Luke ( the Gospel of Marcion ) and ten of Paul 's letters , while rejecting the Old Testament entirely . His canon was increasingly rejected by other groups of Christians , notably the proto - orthodox Christians , as was his theology , Marcionism . Adolf Harnack in Origin of the New Testament ( 1914 ) observed that the church gradually formulated its New Testament canon in response to the challenge posed by Marcion . Justin Martyr , Irenaeus and Tertullian held the letters of Paul to be on par with the Hebrew Scriptures as being divinely inspired , yet others rejected him . Other books were held in high esteem but were gradually relegated to the status of New Testament apocrypha . Justin Martyr , in the mid 2nd century , mentions `` memoirs of the apostles '' as being read on Sunday alongside the `` writings of the prophets '' . The Muratorian fragment , dated at between 170 and as late as the end of the 4th century ( according to the Anchor Bible Dictionary ) , may be the earliest known New Testament canon attributed to mainstream Christianity . It is similar , but not identical , to the modern New Testament canon . The oldest clear endorsement of Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John being the only legitimate gospels was written circa 180 AD . A four gospel canon ( the Tetramorph ) was asserted by Irenaeus , who refers to it directly in his polemic Against the Heresies , `` It is not possible that the gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are . For , since there are four zones of the world in which we live , and four principal winds , while the church is scattered throughout all the world , and the `` pillar and ground '' of the church is the gospel and the spirit of life ; it is fitting that she should have four pillars , breathing out immortality on every side , and vivifying men afresh . '' The books considered to be authoritative by Irenaeus included the four gospels and many of the letters of Paul , although , based on the arguments Irenaeus made in support of only four authentic gospels , some interpreters deduce that the fourfold Gospel must have still been a novelty in Irenaeus 's time . Origen ( 3rd century ) ( edit ) By the early 200s , Origen may have been using the same twenty - seven books as in the Catholic New Testament canon , though there were still disputes over the canonicity of the Letter to the Hebrews , Epistle of James , II Peter , II John and III John and the Book of Revelation , known as the Antilegomena . Likewise , the Muratorian fragment is evidence that , perhaps as early as 200 , there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to the twenty - seven book NT canon , which included four gospels and argued against objections to them . Thus , while there was a good measure of debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon , the major writings are claimed to have been accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the 3rd century . Origen was largely responsible for the collection of usage information regarding the texts that became the New Testament . The information used to create the late - 4th - century Easter Letter , which declared accepted Christian writings , was probably based on the Ecclesiastical History ( HE ) of Eusebius of Caesarea , wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3 : 25 and Origen 's list at HE 6 : 25 . Eusebius got his information about what texts were then accepted and what were then disputed , by the third - century churches throughout the known world , a great deal of which Origen knew of firsthand from his extensive travels , from the library and writings of Origen . In fact , Origen would have possibly included in his list of `` inspired writings '' other texts kept out by the likes of Eusebius -- including the Epistle of Barnabas , Shepherd of Hermas , and 1 Clement . Notwithstanding these facts , `` Origen is not the originator of the idea of biblical canon , but he certainly gives the philosophical and literary - interpretative underpinnings for the whole notion . '' Eusebius 's ecclesiastical History ( edit ) Eusebius , circa 300 , gave a detailed list of New Testament writings in his Ecclesiastical History Book 3 , Chapter XXV : `` 1 ... First then must be put the holy quaternion of the gospels ; following them the Acts of the Apostles ... the epistles of Paul ... the epistle of John ... the epistle of Peter ... After them is to be placed , if it really seem proper , the Book of Revelation , concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time . These then belong among the accepted writings . '' `` 3 Among the disputed writings , which are nevertheless recognized by many , are extant the so - called epistle of James and that of Jude , also the second epistle of Peter , and those that are called the second and third of John , whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name . Among the rejected ( Kirsopp Lake translation : `` not genuine '' ) writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul , and the so - called Shepherd , and the Apocalypse of Peter , and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas , and the so - called Teachings of the Apostles ; and besides , as I said , the Apocalypse of John , if it seem proper , which some , as I said , reject , but which others class with the accepted books . And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews ... And all these may be reckoned among the disputed books . '' `` 6 ... such books as the Gospels of Peter , of Thomas , of Matthias , or of any others besides them , and the Acts of Andrew and John and the other apostles ... they clearly show themselves to be the fictions of heretics . Wherefore they are not to be placed even among the rejected writings , but are all of them to be cast aside as absurd and impious . '' The Book of Revelation is counted as both accepted ( Kirsopp Lake translation : `` Recognized '' ) and disputed , which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so . From other writings of the church fathers , it was disputed with several canon lists rejecting its canonicity . EH 3.3. 5 adds further detail on Paul : `` Paul 's fourteen epistles are well known and undisputed . It is not indeed right to overlook the fact that some have rejected the Epistle to the Hebrews , saying that it is disputed by the church of Rome , on the ground that it was not written by Paul . '' EH 4.29. 6 mentions the Diatessaron : `` But their original founder , Tatian , formed a certain combination and collection of the gospels , I know not how , to which he gave the title Diatessaron , and which is still in the hands of some . But they say that he ventured to paraphrase certain words of the apostle Paul , in order to improve their style . '' 4th century and later ( edit ) In his Easter letter of 367 , Athanasius , Bishop of Alexandria , gave a list of the books that would become the twenty - seven - book NT canon , and he used the word `` canonized '' ( kanonizomena ) in regards to them . The first council that accepted the present canon of the New Testament may have been the Synod of Hippo Regius in North Africa ( 393 AD ) ; the acts of this council , however , are lost . A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) . These councils were under the authority of St. Augustine , who regarded the canon as already closed . Pope Damasus I 's Council of Rome in 382 , if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it , issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above , or , if not , the list is at least a 6th - century compilation . Likewise , Damasus ' commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible , c. 383 , was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West . In c. 405 , Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop , Exsuperius of Toulouse . Christian scholars assert that , when these bishops and councils spoke on the matter , however , they were not defining something new but instead `` were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church . '' The New Testament canon as it is now was first listed by St. Athanasius , Bishop of Alexandria , in 367 , in a letter written to his churches in Egypt , Festal Letter 39 . Also cited is the Council of Rome , but not without controversy . That canon gained wider and wider recognition until it was accepted at the Third Council of Carthage in 397 and 419 . Even this council did not settle the matter , however . Certain books , referred to as Antilegomena , continued to be questioned , especially James and Revelation . Even as late as the 16th century , the Reformer Martin Luther questioned ( but in the end did not reject ) the Epistle of James , the Epistle of Jude , the Epistle to the Hebrews and the Book of Revelation . To this day , German - language Luther Bibles are printed with these four books at the end of the canon , rather than in their traditional order as in other editions of the Bible . In light of this questioning of the canon of Scripture by Protestants in the 16th century , the ( Roman Catholic ) Council of Trent reaffirmed the traditional western canon ( i.e. , the canon accepted at the 4th - century Council of Rome and Council of Carthage ) , thus making the Canon of Trent and the Vulgate Bible dogma in the Catholic Church . Later , Pope Pius XI on 2 June 1927 decreed the Comma Johanneum was open to dispute and Pope Pius XII on 3 September 1943 issued the encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu , which allowed translations based on other versions than just the Latin Vulgate , notably in English the New American Bible . Thus , some claim that , from the 4th century , there existed unanimity in the West concerning the New Testament canon ( as it is today ) , and that , by the 5th century , the Eastern Church , with a few exceptions , had come to accept the Book of Revelation and thus had come into harmony on the matter of the canon . Nonetheless , full dogmatic articulations of the canon were not made until the Canon of Trent of 1546 for Roman Catholicism , the Thirty - Nine Articles of 1563 for the Church of England , the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1647 for Calvinism , and the Synod of Jerusalem of 1672 for the Greek Orthodox . On the question of NT Canon formation generally , New Testament scholar Lee Martin McDonald has written that : Although a number of Christians have thought that church councils determined what books were to be included in the biblical canons , a more accurate reflection of the matter is that the councils recognized or acknowledged those books that had already obtained prominence from usage among the various early Christian communities . Christian scholars assert that when these bishops and councils spoke on the matter , they were not defining something new , but instead `` were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church '' . Some synods of the 4th century published lists of canonical books ( e.g. Hippo and Carthage ) . The existing 27 - book canon of the New Testament was reconfirmed ( for Roman Catholicism ) in the 16th century with the Council of Trent ( also called the Tridentine Council ) of 1546 , the Thirty - Nine Articles of 1563 for the Church of England , the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1647 for Calvinism , and the Synod of Jerusalem of 1672 for Eastern Orthodoxy . Although these councils did include statements about the canon , when it came to the New Testament they were only reaffirming the existing canon , including the Antilegomena . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Canon of the New Testament : `` The idea of a complete and clear - cut canon of the New Testament existing from the beginning , that is from Apostolic times , has no foundation in history . The Canon of the New Testament , like that of the Old , is the result of a development , of a process at once stimulated by disputes with doubters , both within and without the Church , and retarded by certain obscurities and natural hesitations , and which did not reach its final term until the dogmatic definition of the Tridentine Council . '' In 331 , Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople . Athanasius ( Apol . Const. 4 ) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans . Little else is known , though there is plenty of speculation . For example , it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists , and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus may be examples of these Bibles . Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus , these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles . There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon . Early manuscripts ( edit ) Papyrus Bodmer VIII , at the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana , showing 1 and 2 Peter . The Codex Regius ( L or 019 ) , an 8th - century Greek manuscript of the New Testament with strong affinities to Codex Vaticanus . Main article : New Testament manuscripts Like other literature from antiquity , the text of the New Testament was ( prior to the advent of the printing press ) preserved and transmitted in manuscripts . Manuscripts containing at least a part of the New Testament number in the thousands . The earliest of these ( like manuscripts containing other literature ) are often very fragmentarily preserved . Some of these fragments have even been thought to date as early as the 2nd century ( i.e. , Papyrus 90 , Papyrus 98 , Papyrus 104 , and famously Rylands Library Papyrus P52 , though the early date of the latter has recently been called into question ) . For each subsequent century , more and more manuscripts survive that contain a portion or all of the books that were held to be part of the New Testament at that time ( for example , the New Testament of the 4th - century Codex Sinaiticus , once a complete Bible , contains the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas ) , though occasionally these manuscripts contain other works as well ( e.g. , Papyrus 72 and the Crosby - Schøyen Codex ) . The date when a manuscript was written , however , does not necessarily reflect the date of the form of text it contains . That is , later manuscripts can , and occasionally do , contain older forms of text or older readings . Some of the more important manuscripts containing an early text of books of the New Testament are : The Chester Beatty Papyri ( Greek ; the New Testament portions of which were copied in the 3rd century ) The Bodmer Papyri ( Greek and Coptic ; the New Testament portions of which were copied in the 3rd and 4th centuries ) Codex Bobiensis ( Latin ; copied in the 4th century , but containing at least a 3rd - century form of text ) Uncial 0171 ( Greek ; copied in the late - third or early 4th century ) Syriac Sinaiticus ( Syriac ; copied in the 4th century ) Schøyen Manuscript 2560 ( Coptic ; copied in the 4th century ) Codex Vaticanus ( Greek ; copied in the 4th century ) Codex Sinaiticus ( Greek ; copied in the 4th century ) Codex Vercellensis ( Latin ; copied in the 4th century ) Curetonian Gospels ( Syriac ; copied in the 5th century ) Garima Gospels ( Ge'ez language , produced in the 5th through 6th century ) Textual variation ( edit ) Main articles : Textual variants in the New Testament and Textual criticism of the New Testament Textual criticism deals with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts . Ancient scribes made errors or alterations ( such as including non-authentic additions ) . The New Testament has been preserved in more than 5,800 Greek manuscripts , 10,000 Latin manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including Syriac , Slavic , Ethiopic and Armenian . Even if the original Greek versions were lost , the entire New Testament could still be assembled from the translations . In addition , there are so many quotes from the New Testament in early church documents and commentaries that the entire New Testament could also be assembled from these alone . Not all biblical manuscripts come from orthodox Christian writers . For example , the Gnostic writings of Valentinus come from the 2nd century AD , and these Christians were regarded as heretics by the mainstream church . The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties , but it also gives scholars a better idea of how close modern Bibles are to the original versions . On noting the large number of surviving ancient manuscripts , Bruce Metzger sums up the view on the issue by saying `` The more often you have copies that agree with each other , especially if they emerge from different geographical areas , the more you can cross-check them to figure out what the original document was like . The only way they 'd agree would be where they went back genealogically in a family tree that represents the descent of the manuscripts . Interpolations ( edit ) In attempting to determine the original text of the New Testament books , some modern textual critics have identified sections as additions of material , centuries after the gospel was written . These are called interpolations . In modern translations of the Bible , the results of textual criticism have led to certain verses , words and phrases being left out or marked as not original . According to Bart D. Ehrman , `` These scribal additions are often found in late medieval manuscripts of the New Testament , but not in the manuscripts of the earlier centuries . '' Most modern Bibles have footnotes to indicate passages that have disputed source documents . Bible Commentaries also discuss these , sometimes in great detail . While many variations have been discovered between early copies of biblical texts , almost all have no importance , as they are variations in spelling , punctuation , or grammar . Also , many of these variants are so particular to the Greek language that they would not appear in translations into other languages . For example , order of words ( i.e. `` man bites dog '' versus `` dog bites man '' ) often does not matter in Greek , so textual variants that flip the order of words often have no consequences . Outside of these unimportant variants , there are a couple variants of some importance . The two most commonly cited examples are the last verses of the Gospel of Mark and the story of the adulterous woman in the Gospel of John . Many scholars and critics also believe that the Comma Johanneum reference supporting the Trinity doctrine in 1 John to have been a later addition . According to Norman Geisler and William Nix , `` The New Testament , then , has not only survived in more manuscripts than any other book from antiquity , but it has survived in a purer form than any other great book -- a form that is 99.5 % pure '' The Rossano Gospels , 6th century , a representative of Byzantine text . The often referred to Interpreter 's Dictionary of the Bible , a book written to prove the validity of the New Testament , says : `` A study of 150 Greek ( manuscripts ) of the Gospel of Luke has revealed more than 30,000 different readings ... It is safe to say that there is not one sentence in the New Testament in which the ( manuscript ) is wholly uniform . '' Most of the variation took place within the first three Christian centuries . Text - types ( edit ) By the 4th century , textual `` families '' or types of text become discernible among New Testament manuscripts . A `` text - type '' is the name given to a family of texts with similar readings due to common ancestors and mutual correction . Many early manuscripts , however , contain individual readings from several different earlier forms of text . Modern texual critics have identified the following text - types among textual witnesses to the New Testament : The Alexandrian text - type is usually considered to generally preserve many early readings . It is represented , e.g. , by Codex Vaticanus , Codex Sinaiticus and the Bodmer Papyri . The Western text - type is generally longer and can be paraphrastic , but can also preserve early readings . The Western version of the Acts of the Apostles is , notably , 8.5 % longer than the Alexandrian form of the text . Examples of the Western text are found in Codex Bezae , Codex Claromontanus , Codex Washingtonianus , the Old Latin ( i.e. , Latin translations made prior to the Vulgate ) , as well as in quotations by Marcion , Tatian , Irenaeus , Tertullian and Cyprian . A text - type referred to as the `` Caesarean text - type '' and thought to have included witnesses such as Codex Koridethi and minuscule 565 , can today be described neither as `` Caesarean '' nor as a text - type as was previously thought . However , the Gospel of Mark in Papyrus 45 , Codex Washingtonianus and in Family 13 does indeed reflect a distinct type of text . Increasing standardization of distinct ( and once local ) text - types eventually gave rise to the Byzantine text - type . Since most manuscripts of the New Testament do not derive from the first several centuries , that is , they were copied after the rise of the Byzantine text - type , this form of text is found the majority of extant manuscripts and is therefore often called the `` Majority Text . '' As with all of the other ( earlier ) text - types , the Byzantine can also occasionally preserve early readings . Biblical criticism ( edit ) Main article : Biblical criticism Biblical criticism is the scholarly `` study and investigation of biblical writings that seeks to make discerning judgments about these writings . '' Viewing biblical texts as having human rather than supernatural origins , it asks when and where a particular text originated ; how , why , by whom , for whom , and in what circumstances it was produced ; what influences were at work in its production ; what sources were used in its composition ; and what message it was intended to convey . It will vary slightly depending on whether the focus is on the Old Testament , the letters of the New Testament , or the Canonical Gospels . It also plays an important role in the quest for the historical Jesus . It also addresses the physical text , including the meaning of the words and the way in which they are used , its preservation , history , and integrity . Biblical criticism draws upon a wide range of scholarly disciplines including archaeology , anthropology , folklore , linguistics , Oral Tradition studies , history , and religious studies . Establishing a critical text ( edit ) Main article : New Testament manuscripts The textual variation among manuscript copies of books in the New Testament prompted attempts to discern the earliest form of text already in antiquity ( e.g. , by the 3rd - century Christian author Origen ) . The efforts began in earnest again during the Renaissance , which saw a revival of the study of ancient Greek texts . During this period , modern textual criticism was born . In this context , Christian humanists such as Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus promoted a return to the original Greek of the New Testament . This was the beginning of modern New Testament textual criticism , which over subsequent centuries would increasingly incorporate more and more manuscripts , in more languages ( i.e. , versions of the New Testament ) , as well as citations of the New Testament by ancient authors and the New Testament text in lectionaries in order to reconstruct the earliest recoverable form of the New Testament text and the history of changes to it . Relationship to earlier and contemporaneous literature ( edit ) Further information : Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible Books that later formed the New Testament , like other Christian literature of the period , originated in a literary context that reveals relationships not only to other Christian writings , but also to Graeco - Roman and Jewish works . Of singular importance is the extensive use of and interaction with the Jewish Bible and what would become the Christian Old Testament . Both implicit and explicit citations , as well as countless allusions , appear throughout the books of the New Testament , from the Gospels and Acts , to the Epistles , to the Apocalypse . Early versions ( edit ) The first translations ( usually called `` versions '' ) of the New Testament were made beginning already at the end of 2nd century . The earliest versions of the New Testament are the translations into the Syriac , Latin , and Coptic languages . These three versions were made directly from the Greek , and are frequently cited in the apparatuses of modern critical editions . Syriac ( edit ) Main article : Syriac versions of the Bible The Rabbula Gospels , Eusebian Canons . Syriac was spoken in Syria , and Mesopotamia , and with dialect in Roman and Byzantine Palestine where it was known as Jewish Palestinian Aramaic . Several Syriac translations were made and have come to us . Most of the Old Syriac , however , as well as the Philoxonian version have been lost . Tatian , the Assyrian , created the Diatessaron , a gospel harmony written in Syriac around 170 AD and the earliest form of the gospel not only in Syriac but probably also in Armenian . In the 19th century , manuscript evidence was discovered for an `` Old Syriac '' version of the four distinct ( i.e. , not harmonized ) gospels . These `` separated '' ( Syriac : da - Mepharreshe ) gospels , though old , have been shown to be later than the Diatessaron . The Old Syriac gospels are fragmentarily preserved in two manuscripts : the 5th - century Curetonian Syriac and the Sinaitic Syriac from the 4th or 5th century . No Old Syriac manuscripts of other portions of the New Testament survive , though Old Syriac readings , e.g. from the Pauline Epistles , can be discerned in citations made by Eastern fathers and in later Syriac versions . The Old Syriac version is a representative of the Western text - type . The Peshitta version was prepared in the beginning of the 5th century . It contains only 22 books ( neither the Minor Catholic Epistles of 2 Peter , 2 and 3 John , and Jude , nor the Book of Revelation were part of this translation ) . The Philoxenian probably was produced in 508 for Philoxenus , Bishop of Mabung . Latin ( edit ) Main articles : Vetus Latina and Vulgate The Gospels were likely translated into Latin as early as the last quarter of the 2nd century in North Africa ( Afra ) . Not much later , there were also European Latin translations ( Itala ) . There are about 80 Old Latin mansucripts . The Vetus Latina ( `` Old Latin '' ) versions often contain readings with a Western type of text . ( For the avoidance of confusion , these texts were written in Late Latin , not the early version of the Latin language known as Old Latin , pre 75 BC . ) The bewildering diversity of the Old Latin versions prompted Jerome to prepare another translation into Latin -- the Vulgate . In many respects it was merely a revision of the Old Latin . There are currently around 8,000 manuscripts of the Vulgate . Coptic ( edit ) Main article : Coptic versions of the Bible There are several dialects of the Coptic language : Bohairic ( northern dialect ) , Fayyumic , Sahidic ( southern dialect ) , Akhmimic , and others . The first translation was made by at least the 3rd century into the Sahidic dialect ( cop ) . This translation represents a mixed text , mostly Alexandrian , though also with Western readings . A Bohairic translation was made later , but existed already in the 4th century . Though the translation makes less use of Greek words than the Sahidic , it does employ some Greek grammar ( e.g. , in word - order and the use of particles such as the syntactic construction μεν -- δε ) . For this reason , the Bohairic translation can be helpful in the reconstruction of the early Greek text of the New Testament . Other ancient translations ( edit ) BL Add . MS 59874 with Ethiopic Gospel of Matthew . The continued spread of Christianity , and the foundation of national churches , led to the translation of the Bible -- often beginning with books from the New Testament -- into a variety of other languages at a relatively early date : Armenian , Georgian , Ethiopic , Persian , Soghdian , and eventually Gothic , Old Church Slavonic , Arabic , and Nubian . Modern translations ( edit ) Main article : Bible translations Modern Literal Version is the most recent literal translation of the books of the new testament , with the largest number of translation experts being involved in the final translation . Historically , throughout the Christian world and in the context of Christian missionary activity , the New Testament ( or portions thereof ) has been that part of the Christian Bible first translated into the vernacular . The production of such translations grew out of the insertion of vernacular glosses in biblical texts , as well as out of the production of biblical paraphrases and poetic renditions of stories from the life of Christ ( e.g. , the Heliand ) . The 16th century saw the rise of Protestantism and an explosion of translations of the New ( and Old ) Testament into the vernacular . Notable are those of Martin Luther ( 1522 ) , Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples ( 1523 ) , the Froschau Bible ( 1525 -- 1529 , revised in 1574 ) , William Tyndale ( 1526 , revised in 1534 , 1535 and 1536 ) , the Brest Bible ( 1563 ) , and the Authorized Version ( also called the `` King James Version '' ) ( 1611 ) . Most of these translations relied ( though not always exclusively ) upon one of the printed editions of the Greek New Testament edited by Erasmus , a form of this Greek text emerged as the standard and is known as the Textus Receptus . This text , based on the majority of manuscripts is also used in the majority of translations that were made in the years 100 to 400 AD . Translations of the New Testament made since the appearance of critical editions of the Greek text ( notably those of Tischendorf , Westcott and Hort , and von Soden ) have largely used them as their base text . Unlike the Textus Receptus , these have a pronounced Alexandrian character . Standard critical editions are those of Souter , Vogels , Bover , Merk , and Nestlé - Aland ( the text , though not the full critical apparatus of which is reproduced in the United Bible Societies ' `` Greek New Testament '' ) . Notable translations of the New Testament based on these most recent critical editions include the Revised Standard Version ( 1946 , revised in 1971 ) , La Bible de Jérusalem ( 1961 , revised in 1973 and 2000 ) , the Einheitsübersetzung ( 1970 , final edition 1979 ) , the New American Bible ( 1970 , revised in 1986 ) , the Traduction Oecuménique de la Bible ( 1988 , revised in 2004 ) , and the New Revised Standard Version ( 1989 ) . Theological interpretation in Christian churches ( edit ) Main article : Biblical authority Though all Christian churches accept the New Testament as Scripture , they differ in their understanding of the nature , extent , and relevance of its authority . Views of the authoritativeness of the New Testament often depend on the concept of inspiration , which relates to the role of God in the formation of the New Testament . Generally , the greater the role of God in one 's doctrine of inspiration , the more one accepts the doctrine of biblical inerrancy and / or authoritativeness of the Bible . One possible source of confusion is that these terms are difficult to define , because many people use them interchangeably or with very different meanings . This article will use the terms in the following manner : Infallibility relates to the absolute correctness of the Bible in matters of doctrine . Inerrancy relates to the absolute correctness of the Bible in factual assertions ( including historical and scientific assertions ) . Authoritativeness relates to the correctness of the Bible in questions of practice in morality . The self - witness of the Bible to its inspiration demands a commitment to its unity . The ultimate basis for unity is contained in the claim of divine inspiration in 2 Timothy 3 : 16 that `` all Scripture is given by inspiration of God , and is profitable for doctrine , for reproof , for correction , for instruction in righteousness '' ( KJV ) . The term `` inspiration '' renders the Greek word theopneustos . This term only occurs here in the New Testament and literally means `` God - breathed '' ( the chosen translation of the NIV ) . All of these concepts depend for their meaning on the supposition that the text of Bible has been properly interpreted , with consideration for the intention of the text , whether literal history , allegory or poetry , etc . Especially the doctrine of inerrancy is variously understood according to the weight given by the interpreter to scientific investigations of the world . Unity in diversity ( edit ) The notion of unity in diversity of Scripture claims that the Bible presents a noncontradictory and consistent message concerning God and redemptive history . The fact of diversity is observed in comparing the diversity of time , culture , authors ' perspectives , literary genre , and the theological themes . Studies from many theologians considering the `` unity in diversity '' to be found in the New Testament ( and the Bible as a whole ) have been collected and summarized by New Testament theologian Frank Stagg . He describes them as some basic presuppositions , tenets , and concerns common among the New Testament writers , giving to the New Testament its `` unity in diversity '' : The reality of God is never argued but is always assumed and affirmed Jesus Christ is absolutely central : he is Lord and Savior , the foretold Prophet , the Messianic King , the Chosen , the way , the truth , and the light , the One through whom God the Father not only acted but through whom He came The Holy Spirit came anew with Jesus Christ . The Christian faith and life are a calling , rooted in divine election . The plight of everyone as sinner means that each person is completely dependent upon the mercy and grace of God Salvation is both God 's gift and his demand through Jesus Christ , to be received by faith The death and resurrection of Jesus are at the heart of the total event of which he was the center God creates a people of his own , designated and described by varied terminology and analogies History must be understood eschatologically , being brought along toward its ultimate goal when the kingdom of God , already present in Christ , is brought to its complete triumph In Christ , all of God 's work of creation , revelation , and redemption is brought to fulfillment Roman Catholicism , Eastern Orthodoxy , and classical Anglicanism ( edit ) For the Roman Catholic Church , there are two modes of Revelation : Scripture and Tradition . Both of them are interpreted by the teachings of the Church . The Roman Catholic view is expressed clearly in the Catechism of the Catholic Church ( 1997 ) : § 82 : As a result the Church , to whom the transmission and interpretation of Revelation is entrusted , does not derive her certainty about all revealed truths from the holy Scriptures alone . Both Scripture and Tradition must be accepted and honoured with equal sentiments of devotion and reverence . § 107 : The inspired books teach the truth . Since therefore all that the inspired authors or sacred writers affirm should be regarded as affirmed by the Holy Spirit , we must acknowledge that the books of Scripture firmly , faithfully , and without error teach that truth which God , for the sake of our salvation , wished to see confided to the Sacred Scriptures . In Catholic terminology the teaching office is called the Magisterium . The Catholic view should not be confused with the two - source theory . As the Catechism states in § § 80 and 81 , Revelation has `` one common source ... two distinct modes of transmission . '' While many Eastern Orthodox writers distinguish between Scripture and Tradition , Bishop Kallistos Ware says that for the Orthodox there is only one source of the Christian faith , Holy Tradition , within which Scripture exists . Traditional Anglicans believe that `` Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation '' , ( Article VI ) , but also that the Catholic Creeds `` ought thoroughly to be received and believed '' ( Article VIII ) , and that the Church `` hath authority in Controversies of Faith '' and is `` a witness and keeper of Holy Writ '' ( Article XX ) . Classical Anglicanism , therefore , like Orthodoxy , holds that Holy Tradition is the only safe guardian against perversion and innovation in the interpretation of Scripture . In the famous words of Thomas Ken , Bishop of Bath and Wells : `` As for my religion , I dye in the holy catholic and apostolic faith professed by the whole Church before the disunion of East and West , more particularly in the communion of the Church of England , as it stands distinguished from all Papal and Puritan innovations , and as it adheres to the doctrine of the Cross . '' Protestantism ( edit ) Following the doctrine of sola scriptura , Protestants believe that their traditions of faith , practice and interpretations carry forward what the scriptures teach , and so tradition is not a source of authority in itself . Their traditions derive authority from the Bible , and are therefore always open to reëvaluation . This openness to doctrinal revision has extended in Liberal Protestant traditions even to the reevaluation of the doctrine of Scripture upon which the Reformation was founded , and members of these traditions may even question whether the Bible is infallible in doctrine , inerrant in historical and other factual statements , and whether it has uniquely divine authority . However , the adjustments made by modern Protestants to their doctrine of scripture vary widely . American evangelical and fundamentalist Protestantism ( edit ) Within the US , the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy ( 1978 ) is a statement , articulating evangelical views on this issue . Paragraph four of its summary states : `` Being wholly and verbally God - given , Scripture is without error or fault in all its teaching , no less in what it states about God 's acts in creation , about the events of world history , and about its own literary origins under God , than in its witness to God 's saving grace in individual lives . '' American mainline and liberal Protestantism ( edit ) Mainline American Protestant denominations , including the United Methodist Church , Presbyterian Church USA , The Episcopal Church , and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , do not teach the doctrine of inerrancy as set forth in the Chicago Statement . All of these churches have more ancient doctrinal statements asserting the authority of scripture , but may interpret these statements in such a way as to allow for a very broad range of teaching -- from evangelicalism to skepticism . It is not an impediment to ordination in these denominations to teach that the scriptures contain errors , or that the authors follow a more or less unenlightened ethics that , however appropriate it may have seemed in the authors ' time , moderns would be very wrong to follow blindly . For example , ordination of women is universally accepted in the mainline churches , abortion is condemned as a grievous social tragedy but not always a personal sin or a crime against an unborn person , and homosexuality is sometimes recognized as a genetic propensity or morally neutral preference that should be neither encouraged nor condemned . In North America , the most contentious of these issues among these churches at the present time is how far the ordination of gay men and lesbians should be accepted . Officials of the Presbyterian Church USA report : `` We acknowledge the role of scriptural authority in the Presbyterian Church , but Presbyterians generally do not believe in biblical inerrancy . Presbyterians do not insist that every detail of chronology or sequence or prescientific description in scripture be true in literal form . Our confessions do teach biblical infallibility . Infallibility affirms the entire truthfulness of scripture without depending on every exact detail . '' Those who hold a more liberal view of the Bible as a human witness to the glory of God , the work of fallible humans who wrote from a limited experience unusual only for the insight they have gained through their inspired struggle to know God in the midst of a troubled world . Therefore , they tend not to accept such doctrines as inerrancy . These churches also tend to retain the social activism of their evangelical forebears of the 19th century , placing particular emphasis on those teachings of scripture that teach compassion for the poor and concern for social justice . The message of personal salvation is , generally speaking , of the good that comes to oneself and the world through following the New Testament 's Golden Rule admonition to love others without hypocrisy or prejudice . Toward these ends , the `` spirit '' of the New Testament , more than the letter , is infallible and authoritative . There are some movements that believe the Bible contains the teachings of Jesus but who reject the churches that were formed following its publication . These people believe all individuals can communicate directly with God and therefore do not need guidance or doctrines from a church . These people are known as Christian anarchists . Messianic Judaism ( edit ) Messianic Judaism generally holds the same view of New Testament authority as evangelical Protestants . According to the view of some Messianic Jewish congregations , Jesus did not annul the Torah , but that its interpretation is revised and ultimately explained through the Apostolic Scriptures . Jehovah 's witnesses ( edit ) The Christian Congregation of Jehovah 's Witnesses accepts the New Testament as divinely inspired Scripture , and as infallible in every detail , with equal authority as the Hebrew Scriptures . They view it as the written revelation and good news of the Messiah , the ransom sacrifice of Jesus , and the Kingdom of God , explaining and expounding the Hebrew Bible , not replacing but vitally supplementing it . They also view the New Testament as the primary instruction guide for Christian living , and church discipline . They generally call the New Testament the `` Christian Greek Scriptures '' , and see only the `` covenants '' as `` old '' or `` new '' , but not any part of the actual Scriptures themselves . United pentecostals ( edit ) Oneness Pentecostalism subscribes to the common Protestant doctrine of sola scriptura . They view the Bible as the inspired Word of God , and as absolutely inerrant in its contents ( though not necessarily in every translation ) . They regard the New Testament as perfect and inerrant in every way , revealing the Lord Jesus Christ in the Flesh , and his Atonement , and which also explains and illuminates the Old Testament perfectly , and is part of the Bible canon , not because church councils or decrees claimed it so , but by witness of the Holy Spirit . Seventh - day Adventists ( edit ) The Seventh - day Adventist Church holds the New Testament as the inspired Word of God , with God influencing the `` thoughts '' of the Apostles in the writing , not necessarily every word though . The first fundamental belief of the Seventh - Day Adventist church stated that `` The Holy Scriptures are the infallible revelation of ( God 's ) will . '' Adventist theologians generally reject the `` verbal inspiration '' position on Scripture held by many conservative evangelical Christians . They believe instead that God inspired the thoughts of the biblical authors and apostles , and that the writers then expressed these thoughts in their own words . This view is popularly known as `` thought inspiration '' , and most Adventist members hold to that view . According to Ed Christian , former JATS editor , `` few if any ATS members believe in verbal inerrancy '' . Regarding the teachings of the New Testament compared to the Old , and the application in the New Covenant , Adventists have traditionally taught that the Decalogue is part of the moral law of God , which was not abrogated by the ministry and death of Jesus Christ . Therefore , the fourth commandment concerning the Sabbath is as applicable to Christian believers as the other nine . Adventists have often taught a distinction between `` moral law '' and `` ceremonial law '' . According to Adventist beliefs , the moral law continues into the `` New Testament era '' , but the ceremonial law was done away with by Jesus . How the Mosaic law should be applied came up at Adventist conferences in the past , and Adventist theologians such as A.T. Jones and E.J. Waggoner looked at the problem addressed by Paul in Galatians as not the ceremonial law , but rather the wrong use of the law ( legalism ) . They were opposed by Uriah Smith and George Butler at the 1888 Conference . Smith in particular thought the Galatians issue had been settled by Ellen White already , yet in 1890 she claimed justification by faith is `` the third angel 's message in verity . '' Ellen White interpreted Colossians 2 : 14 as saying that the ceremonial law was nailed to the cross . Latter - day Saints ( edit ) Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) believe that the New Testament , as part of the Christian biblical canon , is accurate `` as far as it is translated correctly '' . They believe the Bible as originally revealed is the word of God , but that the processes of transcription and translation have introduced errors into the texts as currently available , and therefore they can not be regarded as completely inerrant . In addition to the Old and New Testaments , the Book of Mormon , the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price are considered part of their scriptural canon . In the liturgy ( edit ) A Byzantine lectionary , Codex Harleianus ( l ) , 995 AD , text of John 1 : 18 . Despite the wide variety among Christian liturgies , texts from the New Testament play a role in almost all forms of Christian worship . In addition to some language derived from the New Testament in the liturgy itself ( e.g. , the Trisagion may be based on Apocalypse 4 : 8 , and the beginning of the `` Hymn of Praise '' draws upon Luke 2 : 14 ) , the reading of extended passages from the New Testament is a practice common to almost all Christian worship , liturgical or not . These readings are most often part of an established lectionary ( i.e. , selected texts to be read at church services on specific days ) , and ( together with an Old Testament reading and a Psalm ) include a non-gospel reading from the New Testament and culminate with a Gospel reading . No readings from the Book of Revelation , however , are included in the standard lectionary of the Eastern Orthodox churches . Central to the Christian liturgy is the celebration of the Eucharist or `` Holy Communion '' . The Words of Institution that begin this rite are drawn directly from 1 Corinthians 11 : 23 -- 26 . In addition , the communal recitation of the Lord 's Prayer ( in the form found in the Gospel of Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 ) is also a standard feature of Christian worship . In the arts ( edit ) Further information : Nativity of Jesus in art and Passion play Gaudenzio Ferrari 's Stories of the Life and Passion of Christ , fresco , 1513 , Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie , Varallo Sesia , Italy . Depicting the life of Jesus `` Hallelujah '' chorus The text of the famous `` Hallelujah '' chorus in G.F. Händel 's Messiah is drawn from three passages in the Book of Revelation : 19 : 6 , 11 : 5 , and 19 : 16 ( audio clip from the German translation of the Messiah ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Most of the influence of the New Testament upon the arts has come from the Gospels and the Book of Revelation . Literary expansion of the Nativity of Jesus found in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke began already in the 2nd century , and the portrayal of the Nativity has continued in various art forms to this day . The earliest Christian art would often depict scenes from the New Testament such as the raising of Lazarus , the baptism of Jesus or the motif of the Good Shepherd . Biblical paraphrases and poetic renditions of stories from the life of Christ ( e.g. , the Heliand ) became popular in the Middle Ages , as did the portrayal of the arrest , trial and execution of Jesus in Passion plays . Indeed , the Passion became a central theme in Christian art and music . The ministry and Passion of Jesus , as portrayed in one or more of the New Testament Gospels , has also been a theme in film , almost since the inception of the medium ( e.g. , `` La Passion '' , France , 1903 ) . See also ( edit ) Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Chronology of Jesus Earlier Epistle to the Ephesians Non-canonical books referenced in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament Life of Jesus in the New Testament List of Gospels Novum Testamentum Graece Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greek : Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη , Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē ; Latin : Novum Testamentum Jump up ^ See also Tertullian , Against Marcion , Book IV , chapters I , II , XIV . However , his meaning in chapter XX is less clear , and in chapters IX and XL he uses the term to mean `` new covenant '' . Jump up ^ Joseph Barber Lightfoot in his Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians writes : `` At this point ( Gal 6 : 11 ) the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis , and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand . From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 2 Thess. 3 : 17 ; 3 : 17 ) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting , as a precaution against such forgeries ... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph , summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse , eager , disjointed sentences . He writes it , too , in large , bold characters ( Gr . pelikois grammasin ) , that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul . '' Jump up ^ The Gospels are in this order in many Old Latin manuscripts , as well as in the Greek manuscripts Codex Bezae and Codex Washingtonianus . Jump up ^ See also the article on the Antilegomena . Jump up ^ Although Hebrews was almost certainly not written by Paul , it has been a part of the Pauline corpus `` from the beginning of extant MS production '' . ^ Jump up to : Guthrie lists : ohlenberg , Lock , Meinertz , Thornell , Schlatter , Spicq , Jeremias , Simpson , Kelly , and Fee '' Jump up ^ S. Brown agrees that the references to the Jerusalem temple 's destruction are seen as evidence of a post-70 date . Jump up ^ The Book of Revelation was n't added till the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barton , John ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Before the parting of the ways '' . Times Literary Supplement . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : See the books listed under `` Further reading '' , below , by Goodspeed , Kümmel , Duling and Perrin , Koester , Conzelmann and Lindemann , Brown , and Ehrman . E.g. Bart D. Ehrman ( 199 7 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . Oxford University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508481 - 8 . The New Testament contains twenty - seven books , written in Greek , by fifteen or sixteen different authors , who were addressing other Christian individuals or communities between the years 50 and 120 C.E. ( see box 1.4 ) . As we will see , it is difficult to know whether any of these books was written by Jesus ' own disciples . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ John A.T. Robinson of Trinity College , Cambridge . Jump up ^ Robinson , John Arthur Thomas ( 2000 ) ( 1976 ) . Redating the New Testament . Eugene , Oregon , USA : Wipf & Stock . p. 352 . ISBN 9781579105273 . Jump up ^ Geisler , Norman ( 1998 ) . `` Albright , William F . '' . Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics . Baker Reference Library . Ada , Michigan , USA : Baker . pp. 14f , 46ff , 37 -- 41 . ISBN 0801021510 . ( Quoting Albright : ) We can already say emphatically that there is no longer any basis for dating any book of the New Testament after about 80 AD . See excerpt at : `` The Dating of the New Testament '' . BeThinking . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mounce , Robert ( 1998 ) . The Book of Revelation ( revised ed . ) . The New International Commentary on the New Testament Series . Cambridge , UK : Eerdmans . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 0802825370 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Clabeaux , J.J. ( 1989 ) . A Lost Edition of the Letters of Paul : A Reassessment of the Text of the Pauline Corpus Attested by Marcion . Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series , 21 . Washington , D.C. : Catholic Biblical Association . Jump up ^ `` bibliotheca Augustana '' . hs-augsburg.de . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Clifton J. ( 1969 ) . The Broadman Bible Commentary : Volume 8 , General Articles , Matthew - Mark . London , England , and Nashville , Tennessee , USA : Broadman Press . ASIN B000BUN8GM . Tertullian was apparently the first to use the term New Testament in the sense of a collection of books ( Against Praxeas XV ) . Jump up ^ Tertullian . `` Chapter XIV '' . Against Marcion , Book III . Jump up ^ Tertullian . `` Chapter VI '' . Against Marcion , Book IV . Jump up ^ Lactantius . `` Chapter XX '' . `` The Divine Institutes , Book IV '' . Jump up ^ McDowell , Josh . Evidence for Christianity . Tennessee : Thomas Nelson , Inc. 2006 . pp. 42 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Bouman , Herbert J.A. ( November 1955 ) . `` The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions '' ( incl . Bouman 's transl. of Martin Luther 's `` Commentary on Galatians '' ( 1538 ) ) . Concordia Theological Monthly 26 ( 11 ) : 801 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Gospel '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. , ed ( 2005 ) . `` Gospel '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Fitzmyer , Joseph A. ( 1985 ) . The Gospel according to Luke , Vol. 1 . Anchor Bible Commentary series . New York : Doubleday . pp. 35 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , pp. 250 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot , Joseph Barber ( 1866 ) . St Paul 's Epistle to the Galatians ( 2nd ed . ) . MacMillan & Co. p. 217 . Jump up ^ Bassler , Jouette M. ( 2010 ) . `` Paul and his Letters '' . In Aune , David E. The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 388 . ISBN 9781444318944 . Jump up ^ Roetzel , Calvin J. ( 2009 ) . The Letters of Paul : Conversations in Context ( 5th ed . ) . Louisville , Kentucky : Westminster John Knox . ISBN 9780664233921 . Jump up ^ Attridge , Harold W. ( 1989 ) . Hebrews . Hermeneia . Philadelphia : Fortress . pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Lane , William L. ( 1991 ) . Hebrews 1 -- 8 . Word Biblical Commentary series , Vol . 47A . Dallas , Texas : Word Books . p. cliv . Jump up ^ Eusebius . `` Chapter 25 '' . Church History , Book VI . ^ Jump up to : Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1997 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . Oxford University Press . p. 323 . `` Scholars in the ancient world went about detecting forgeries in much the same way that modern scholars do . They looked to see whether the ideas and writing style of a piece conformed with those used by the author in other writings , and they examined the text for any blatant anachronisms , that is , statements about things that could not have existed at the time the alleged author was writing ( like the letter reputedly from an early seventeenth - century American colonist that mentions `` the United States '' ) - Arguments of this kind were used by some Christian scholars of the third century to show that Hebrews was not written by Paul or the Book of Revelation by John the son of Zebedee . Modern scholars , as we will see , concur with these judgments . To be sure , neither of these books can be considered a forgery . Hebrews does not claim to be written by Paul ( it is anonymous ) , and the John who wrote Revelation does not claim to be the son of Zebedee ( it is therefore homonymous ) . Are there other books in the New Testament , though , that can be considered forgeries ? '' Jump up ^ Powell , Mark A. ( 2009 ) . Introducing the New Testament : A Historical , Literary , and Theological Survey . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Academic . pp. 431 -- 32 . ISBN 9780801028687 . Jump up ^ Fornberg , Tord ( 1977 ) . An Early Church in a Pluralistic Society : A Study of 2 Peter . Coniectanea Biblica , New Testament Series 9 . Lund : Gleerup . Jump up ^ For a detailed study of the Apocalypse of John , see Aune , David E. ( 1998 ) . Revelation , 3 volumes . Word Biblical Commentary series . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . ^ Jump up to : Nersessian 2001 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Burris , Catherine ; Van Rompay , Lucas ( 2002 ) . `` Thecla in Syriac Christianity : Preliminary Observations '' . Hugoye : Journal of Syriac Studies 5 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Carter , Nancy A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Acts of Thecla : A Pauline Tradition Linked to Women '' . Conflict and Community in the Corinthian Church . Archived from the original on 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Poole , Matthew ( 1852 ) . `` Annotations Upon the Holy Bible , Vol . III '' . Robert Carter and Brothers . p. 729 . Jump up ^ `` Web Directory : German Bible Versions '' . Bible Research . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell ( 2009 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Strelan , Rick ( 2013 ) . Luke the Priest : The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel . Farnham , ENG : Routledege - Ashgate . pp. 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ For discussion of Mark , see Schröter , Jens ( 2010 ) . `` Gospel of Mark '' . In Aune , David . The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament . New York , USA : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 281f . Jump up ^ For discussion of Mark , see Hare , Douglas R.A. ( 1996 ) . Mark . Louisville , Kentucky , USA : Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ For discussion of Matthew , see Repschinski , Boris ( 1998 ) . `` Forschungbericht : Matthew and Judaism '' . The Controversy Stories in the Gospel of Matthew . Göttingen , GER : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . pp. 13 -- 61 . Jump up ^ For overviews of the scholarship on authorship of the various New Testament works , see the relevant entries in Aune , David E. , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament . Hoboken , New Jersey , USA : Wiley - Blackwell . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew . Oxford University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518249 - 1 . The four Gospels that eventually made it into the New Testament , for example , are all anonymous , written in the third person about Jesus and his companions . None of them contains a first - person narrative ( ' One day , when Jesus and I went into Capernaum ... ' ) , or claims to be written by an eyewitness or companion of an eyewitness ... Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications , and recognize that the books were written by otherwise unknown but relatively well - educated Greek - speaking ( and writing ) Christians during the second half of the first century . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 November 2004 ) . Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code : A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus , Mary Magdalene , and Constantine . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534616 - 9 . In fact , contrary to what you might think , these Gospels do n't even claim to be written by eyewitnesses . ^ Jump up to : Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 September 2006 ) . The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot : A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971104 - 8 . The Gospels of the New Testament are therefore our earliest accounts . These do not claim to be written by eyewitnesses to the life of Jesus , and historians have long recognized that they were produced by second - or third - generation Christians living in different countries than Jesus ( and Judas ) did , speaking a different language ( Greek instead of Aramaic ) , experiencing different situations , and addressing different audiences . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart ( 2009 ) . Jesus , Interrupted . New York , USA : Harper Collins . pp. 102 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart ( 1999 ) . Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 43f . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2000 ) The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to Early Christian Writings . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin . pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Nickle , Keith Fullerton ( 1 January 2001 ) . The Synoptic Gospels : An Introduction . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22349 - 6 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Witherington , Ben ( 2 June 2004 ) . The Gospel Code : Novel Claims About Jesus , Mary Magdalene and Da Vinci . InterVarsity Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3267 - 5 . Jump up ^ Theissen , Gerd ( 2004 ) . The Gospels in Context . London , ENG : Bloomsbury - Continuum . p. 290 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Albert ( 1962 ) ( 1832 ) . Barnes ' Notes on the New Testament . Kregel Publications . p. 360 . Jump up ^ Henry , Matthew . Matthew Henry Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible . StudyLight.org . Jump up ^ Lindars , Barnabas ; Edwards , Ruth B. ; Court , John M. ( 2000 ) . The Johannine Literature . Sheffield Academic Press . pp. 41 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Scott W. ; Scott , David , eds. ( 1 September 2007 ) . Letter & Spirit , Volume 3 : The Hermeneutic of Continuity : Christ , Kingdom , and Creation . Emmaus Road Publishing . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931018 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Peter . `` Gospel of Mark '' . Early Christian Writings . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Achtemeier , Paul J. ( 1992 ) . `` The Gospel of Mark '' . The Anchor Bible Dictionary . 4 . New York : Doubleday . p. 545 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19362 - 9 . Jump up ^ Easton , M.G. ( 1996 ) ( ca . 1897 ) `` Luke , Gospel According To '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary . Oak Harbor , WA , USA : Logos Research . Jump up ^ Meier , John P. ( 1991 ) . A Marginal Jew . 2 . New York : Doubleday . pp. 955 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 46993 - 4 . Jump up ^ Helms , Randel ( 1997 ) . Who Wrote the Gospels ? . Altadena , California : Millennium Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 9655047 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. ( 1985 ) . Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto , California : Mayfield . Jump up ^ Harris ( 1985 ) , pp. 302 -- 310 Jump up ^ Guthrie , Donald ( 1990 ) . New Testament Introduction . Leicester , UK : Apollos . p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Guthrie ( 1990 ) , pp. 37 -- 40 Jump up ^ To list just some further scholars : I.H. Marshall , Acts ( 1980 ) , pp. 44 -- 45 ; F.F. Bruce , The Acts of the Apostles ( 1952 ) , pp. 1 -- 6 ; C.S.C. Williams , The Acts of the Apostles , in Black 's New Testament Commentary ( 1957 ) ; W. Michaelis , Einleitung , pp. 61 -- 64 ; Bo Reicke , Glaube und Leben Der Urgenmeinde ( 1957 ) , pp. 6 -- 7 ; F.V. Filson , Three Crucial Decades ( 1963 ) , p. 10 ; M. Dibelius , Studies in the Acts of the Apostles ( 1956 ) ; R.M. Grant , A Historical Introduction to the New Testament ( 1963 ) , pp. 134 -- 135 ; B. Gärtner , The Aeropagus Speech and Natural Revelation ( 1955 ) ; W.L. Knox , Sources of the Synoptic Gospels ; R.R. Williams , The Acts of the Apostles ; E.M. Blaiklock , The Acts of the Apostles , in Tyndale New Testament Commentary ( 1959 ) ; W. Grundmann , Das Evangelium nach Lukas , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Kollmann , Bernd ( 2004 ) . Joseph Barnabas . Collegeville , Minnesota , USA : Liturgical Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Wood , D.R.W. ( 1996 ) . New Bible Dictionary . Downers Grove , Illinois , USA : InterVarsity Press . p. 739 . Jump up ^ Eusebius . `` The Writings of Papias '' . Church History . `` On the tradition that Matthew wrote a Hebrew gospel , see above , chap. 24 , note 5 . Our Greek Gospel of Matthew was certainly in existence at the time Papias wrote , for it is quoted in the epistle of Barnabas . '' Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` John , Gospel of '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Fonck , Leopold ( 1910 ) . `` Gospel of St. John '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` Gospel According to John '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . Introduction to the New Testament . New York : Anchor Bible . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Gospel of Mark '' . Early Christian Writings . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Horrell , D.G. ( 2006 ) . An Introduction to the Study of Paul . 2nd ed . London , ENG : Bloomsbury - T&T Clark . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Knox , W.L. ( 1948 ) . The Acts of the Apostles . p. 2 - 15 , for detailed arguments . Jump up ^ Kenny , A. ( 1986 ) . A Stylometric Study of the New Testament . Jump up ^ Schelle , Udo . The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings . p. 259 . Jump up ^ Bruce , F.F. ( 1952 ) . The Acts of the Apostles . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Daniel B. ( 28 June 2004 ) . `` Hebrews : Introduction , Argument , and Outline '' . Bible.org . Jump up ^ Guthrie ( 1990 ) , p. 622 Jump up ^ Ehrman ( 2004 ) , p. 385 . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of St. James '' . 1914 Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of James '' . Early Christian Writings . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Harner , Philip B. ( 2004 ) . What Are They Saying About the Catholic Epistles ? . Paulist Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780809141883 . Jump up ^ Kruger , M.J. ( 1999 ) . `` The Authenticity of 2 Peter '' . Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society . 42 ( 4 ) : 645 -- 671 . Jump up ^ e.g. Zahn , S.T. Introduction to the New Testament , Vol. II . p. 250 . Jump up ^ Spitta , F. ( 1885 ) . Der Zweite Brief des Petrus und der Brief des Judas . Jump up ^ Bigg , C. `` The Epistles of St Peter and St Jude '' . International Critical Commentary . Jump up ^ e.g. Green , E.M.B. ( 1961 ) . 2 Peter Reconsidered . Jump up ^ Bauckham , R.J. ( 1986 ) . Word Biblical Commentary , Vol. 50 . Word ( UK ) Ltd. p. 14f . Jump up ^ Harris ( 1985 ) , pp. 355 -- 356 , `` 1 John '' Jump up ^ Eusebius . `` Chapter 39 '' . The Church History , Book III . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . Dialogue with Trypho . Chapter LXXXI . Jump up ^ Tenney , Merrill C. , gen . ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Revelation , Book of the '' . Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible , Vol. 5 ( Q-Z ) . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . Jump up ^ Witherington , Ben ( 2003 ) . Revelation . Cambridge University Press . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Koester , Helmut ( 1999 ) . Ancient Christian Gospels . Harrisburg , Pennsylvania : Trinity Press International . p. 336 . Jump up ^ Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1996 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Fortress Press . ( 1996 edition ) . p. 24 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Matthew , Gospel according to St '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Brown , Schuyler. ( 1993 ) . The Origins of Christianity : A Historical Introduction to the New Testament . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Brown , Schuyler ( 1993 ) . The Origins of Christianity : A Historical Introduction to the New Testament . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Brown , Schuyler ( 1993 ) . The Origins of Christianity : A Historical Introduction to the New Testament . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : -- -- -- ( 1 October 2000 ) ( 1976 ) . Redating the New Testament . Wipf & Stock . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57910 - 527 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Daniel ( June 18 , 2004 ) . `` Matthew : Introduction , Argument , and Outline '' . www.bible.org . bible.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Myers , Allen C. , ed. ( 1987 ) . `` Aramaic '' . The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2402 - 1 . It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the 1st century AD . Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect , which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem ( Matt . 26 : 73 ) . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. ; Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . The Text of the New Testament : Its Transmission , Corruption , and Restoration . 4th ed . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Aland , K. ; Aland , B. ( 1995 ) . The Text of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 9780802840981 . Jump up ^ Koester , Helmut ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the New Testament , Volume 2 . Philadelphia . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Davies , W.D. ; Allison , Dale C. ( 1988 ) . A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Gospel according to Saint Matthew , Vol. 1 . Edinburgh : T&T Clark . pp. 33 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Eusebius . `` Chapter 25 '' . Church History , Book III . Jump up ^ Gamble , Harry Y. ( 1985 ) . The New Testament Canon : Its Making and Meaning . Guides to Biblical Scholarship . Philadelphia : Fortress . Jump up ^ Three forms are postulated , from The Canon Debate , chapter 18 , page 300 , note 21 , attributed to Harry Y. Gamble : `` ( 1 ) Marcion 's collection that begins with Galatians and ends with Philemon ; ( 2 ) Papyrus 46 , dated about 200 , that follows the order that became established except for reversing Ephesians and Galatians ; and ( 3 ) the letters to seven churches , treating those to the same church as one letter and basing the order on length , so that Corinthians is first and Colossians ( perhaps including Philemon ) is last . '' Jump up ^ Harnack , Adolf . `` Appendix VI '' . Origin of the New Testament . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . First Apology . Chapter 67 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett ( 2002 ) . `` Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon '' . In McDonald , L.M. ; Sanders , J.A. The Canon Debate . Hendrickson . pp. 301ff . ISBN 9781441241634 . ^ Jump up to : Irenaeus . `` Chapter XI '' . Against Heresies , Book III . Section 8 . Jump up ^ McDonald , L. M ; Sanders , J.A. , eds. ( 2002 ) . The Canon Debate . Hendrickson . p. 277 . Jump up ^ Noll , Mark A. ( 1997 ) . Turning Points . Baker Academic . pp 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ de Jonge , H.J. ( 2003 ) . `` The New Testament Canon '' . In de Jonge , H.J. ; Auwers , J. M ( eds . ) . The Biblical Canons . Leuven University Press . p. 315 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd , P.R. ; Evans , C.F. ( eds . ) ( 1970 ) . The Cambridge History of the Bible , Vol. 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 308 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bateman , C.G. ( 2010 ) . `` Origen 's Role in the Formation of the New Testament Canon '' . Social Science Research Network . Jump up ^ McGuckin , John A. ( 2003 ) . `` Origen as Literary Critic in the Alexandrian Tradition '' . In Perrone , L. ( ed . ) . Origeniana Octava : Origen and the Alexandrian Tradition , Vol. 1 . Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 164 . Leuven : Leuven University Press . pp. 121 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lindberg , Carter ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of Christianity . Blackwell Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1078 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brakke , David ( Oct 1994 ) . `` Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth Century Egypt : Athanasius of Alexandria 's Thirty Ninth Festal Letter '' . Harvard Theological Review 87 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 419 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald & Sanders ( 2002 ) , Appendix D - 2 , note 19 `` Revelation was added later in 419 at the subsequent synod of Carthage . '' ^ Jump up to : Ferguson ( 2002 ) , p. 320 Jump up ^ Bruce , F.F. ( 1988 ) . The Canon of Scripture . Intervarsity Press . p. 230 . Jump up ^ Augustine . De Civitate Dei . 22.8 . Jump up ^ Bruce ( 1988 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Bruce ( 1988 ) , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Metzger , Bruce ( 1987 ) . The Canon of the New Testament : Its Origins , Development , and Significance . Oxford : Clarendon . pp. 237 -- 238 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce ( 1988 ) , p. 97 Jump up ^ Bruce ( 1988 ) , p. 215 Jump up ^ Ackroyd & Evans ( 1970 ) , p. 305 Jump up ^ McDonald , Lee M. ( 1995 ) . The Formation of the Christian Biblical Canon . Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson . p. 116 . Jump up ^ Metzger ( 1987 ) , p. 246 `` Finally on 8 April 1546 , by a vote of 24 to 15 , with 16 abstensions , the Council issued a decree ( De Canonicis Scripturis ) in which , for the first time in the history of the church , the question of the contents of the Bible was made an absolute article of faith and confirmed by an anathema . '' Jump up ^ Reid , George ( 1908 ) . `` Canon of the New Testament '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders ( 2002 ) , pp. 414 -- 415 Jump up ^ For the initial dating of P52 , see Roberts , C.H. ( ed . ) ( 1935 ) . An Unpublished Fragment of the Fourth Gospel in the John Rylands Library . Manchester : Manchester University Press ; and Bell , H. Idris ; Skeat , T.C. ( 1935 ) . Fragments of an Unknown Gospel and Other Early Christian Papyri . London : Trustees of the British Museum . Though see now Nongbri , Brent ( 2005 ) . `` The Use and Abuse of P52 : Papyrological Pitfalls in the Dating of the Fourth Gospel '' . Harvard Theological Review 98 : 23 -- 52 ; and Martinez , David G. ( 2009 ) . `` The Papyri and Early Christianity '' . In Bagnall , Roger S. ( ed . ) . The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 590 -- 623 . Jump up ^ Ehrman ( 2005 ) , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Strobel , Lee ( 1998 ) . The Case for Christ . Chapter Three , when quoting biblical scholar Bruce Metzger . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , F.F. ( 1981 ) . The New Testament Documents : Are They Reliable ? . InterVarsity Press . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why . HarperCollins . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 073817 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nave , Guy D . The Role and Function of Repentance in Luke - Acts . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Spong , John Shelby ( 26 September 1979 ) . `` The Continuing Christian Need for Judaism '' . Christian Century . p. 918 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Amy - Jill ; Blickenstaff , Marianne ( 2001 ) . A Feminist Companion to John , Vol. II . Feminist Companion to the New Testament and Early Christian Writings , Vol. 5 . A&C Black . pg. 175 . Jump up ^ `` NETBible : John 7 '' . Bible.org . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . See note 139 on that page . Jump up ^ Keith , Chris ( 2008 ) . `` Recent and Previous Research on the Pericope Adulterae ( John 7.53 -- 8.11 ) '' . Currents in Biblical Research . 6 ( 3 ) : 377 -- 404 . doi : 10.1177 / 1476993X07084793 . Jump up ^ `` Pericope adulterae '' . In Cross , F.L. ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Ehrman ( 2006 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce ( 1994 ) . A Textual Commentary on the New Testament ( 2nd ed . ) . German Bible Society . Jump up ^ Metzger ( 1994 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Parvis , M.M. Vol. 4 . pp. 594 -- 595 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. ; Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . The Text of the New Testament : Its Transmission , Corruption , and Restoration . 4th ed . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Stendahl , Krister ( 1954 ) . The School of St. Matthew and Its Use of the Old Testament . Uppsala and Lund ; Marcus , Joel ( 1993 ) . The Way of the Lord : Christological Exegesis of the Old Testament in the Gospel of Mark . Edinburgh ; Smith , D. Moody ( 1972 ) . `` The Use of the Old Testament in the New '' . In The Use of the Old Testament in the New and Other Essays : Studies in Honor of William Franklin Stinespring . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . pp. 3 -- 65 ; Juel , Donald ( 1988 ) . Messianic Exegesis : Christological Interpretation of the Old Testament in Early Christianity . Philadelphia : Fortress ; and Barr , James ( 1966 ) . Old and New in Interpretation : A Study of the Two Testaments . London : SCM . Jump up ^ Võõbus , Arthur ( 1954 ) . Early Versions of the New Testament . Stockholm . pp. 1 -- 128 , 211 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1977 ) . The Early Versions of the New Testament . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 3 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Vööbus , Arthur ( 1954 ) . Early Versions of the New Testament . Stockholm . pp. 216 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Vööbus ( 1954 ) , pp. 229 -- 237 ; Metzger ( 1977 ) , pp. 99 -- 152 Jump up ^ On the Armenian , Georgian , Ethiopic , Arabic , and Gothic , see Vööbus ( 1954 ) , pp. 133 -- 210 , 243 -- 309 ^ Jump up to : Meadors , Gary T. ( 1997 ) . `` Scripture , Unity and Diversity of '' . In Elwell , Walter A. ( ed . ) . Baker 's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology . Grand Rapids : Baker Books . Jump up ^ Stagg , Frank ( 1962 ) . New Testament Theology . Broadman . ISBN 0 - 8054 - 1613 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Transmission of Divine Revelation '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . 2nd ed. 1997 . Jump up ^ Ware , Kallistos ( 1993 ) . `` Holy Tradition : The Source of the Orthodox Faith ''. The Orthodox Church . Penguin UK . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Religion '' . Anglicans Online . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Chicago Statement of Biblical Inerrancy '' . Center for Reformed Theology and Apologetics . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Homosexual ordination vote widens gap between Presbyterian factions '' . ReligionToday. 20 June 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Our Beliefs '' . Beit Simcha . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . To study the whole and authoritative Word of God , including the Tenach ( Hebrew Scriptures ) and the B'rit Chadasha ( New Covenant ) under the leading of the Holy Spirit . Jump up ^ `` Essential Statement of Faith '' . The Harvest : A Messianic Charismatic Congregation . Archived from the original on 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . We believe that the Torah ( five books of Moses ) is a comprehensive summary of God 's foundational laws and ways , as found in both the Tanakh and Apostolic Scriptures . Additionally , the Bible teaches that without holiness no man can see God . We believe in the Doctrine of Sanctification as a definite , yet progressive work of grace , commencing at the time of regeneration and continuing until the consummation of salvation . Therefore we encourage all believers , both Jews and Gentiles , to affirm , embrace , and practice these foundational laws and ways as clarified through the teachings of Messiah Yeshua . Jump up ^ `` Equipped For Every Good Work '' . Brooklyn , New York : Watchtower Bible and Tract Society , Inc . International Bible Students Association . 1946 . pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Raddatz , Tom . `` A Response to the Oneness - Trinity Debate '' . 1Lord1Faith.org . Archived from the original on 20 March 2005 . Jump up ^ Dulle , Jason . `` How We Get Our Bible '' . Institute for Biblical Studies . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dulle , Jason . `` Defending the Inerrancy and Canon of Scripture '' . Institute for Biblical Studies . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dulle , Jason . `` The Nature of Inspiration '' . Institute for Biblical Studies . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ministerial Association , General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists ( 2005 ) . Seventh - day Adventists Believe ( 2nd ed . ) . Pacific Press Publishing Association . pp. 14 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McLarty , John ( 15 November 2001 ) . `` The Adventist Theological Society '' . Adventist Today . Archived from the original on 25 December 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Ellen ( 2015 ) . Patriarchs and Prophets . Start Publishing LLC . p. 365 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Faith '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Givens , Terry L. ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Mormonism . Oxford University Press . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977836 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Bible , Inerrancy of '' . The Church of the Latter Day Saints. 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism , Macmillan 1992 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ David Lamont Paulsen ; Donald W. Musser ( 2007 ) . Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies . Mercer University Press . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88146 - 083 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . Anchor Bible Reference Library ; New York : Doubleday . Bultmann , Rudolf ( 1951 -- 1955 ) . Theology of the New Testament , English translation , 2 volumes . New York : Scribner . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . von Campenhausen , Hans ( 1972 ) . The Formation of the Christian Bible , English translation . Philadelphia : Fortress Press . Clark , Gordon ( 1990 ) . `` Logical Criticisms of Textual Criticism '' , The Trinity Foundation : Jefferson , Maryland Conzelmann , Hans ; Lindemann , Andreas ( 1999 ) . Interpreting the New Testament : An Introduction to the Principles and Methods of New Testament Exegesis , English translation . Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson . Dormeyer , Detlev ( 1998 ) . The New Testament among the Writings of Antiquity , English translation . Sheffield . Duling , Dennis C. ; Perrin , Norman ( 1993 ) . The New Testament : Proclamation and Parenesis , Myth and History , 3rd edition . New York : Harcourt Brace . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2011 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings , 5th edition . New York : Oxford University Press . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195182491 . Goodspeed , Edgar J. ( 1937 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Levine , Amy - Jill ; Brettler , Marc Z. ( 2011 ) . The Jewish Annotated New Testament . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Koester , Helmut ( 1995 and 2000 ) . Introduction to the New Testament , 2nd edition , 2 volumes . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter . Kümmel , Werner Georg ( 1996 ) . Introduction to the New Testament , revised and enlarged English translation . Nashville : Abingdon Press . Mack , Burton L. ( 1995 ) . Who Wrote the New Testament ? . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . Neill , Stephen ; Wright , Tom ( 1988 ) . The Interpretation of the New Testametnt , 1861 -- 1986 , new edition . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Nersessian , V. ( 2001 ) . `` The Armenian Canon of the New Testament '' . The Bible in the Armenian Tradition . Los Angeles , CA : J. Paul Getty Museum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 640 - 8 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Schnelle , Udo ( 1998 ) . The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings , English translation . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . Wills , Garry , `` A Wild and Indecent Book '' ( review of David Bentley Hart , The New Testament : A Translation , Yale University Press , 577 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 2 ( 8 February 2018 ) , pp. 34 - 35 . Discusses some pitfalls in interpreting and translating the New Testament . Zahn , Theodor ( 1910 ) . Introduction to the New Testament , English translation , 3 volumes . Edinburgh : T&T Clark . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Testament . Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : `` Scriptures '' in Christianity portal Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article : New Testament Wikiquote has quotations related to : New Testament General references ( edit ) New Testament Gateway Annotated guide to academic New Testament Web resources including not only other Web sites , but articles and course materials Jewish Studies for Christians An Online Study Group exploring the Jewish setting of the early Jesus movement . ( An Israeli blog led by Dr. Eliyahu Lizorkin - Eyzenberg ) . `` Introduction to New Testament History and Literature '' course materials `` Open Yale course '' taught at Yale University by Dale B. Martin New Testament Reading Room : Extensive on - line New Testament resources ( including reference works , commentaries , translations , atlases , language tools , and works on New Testament theology ) , Tyndale Seminary Biblicalstudies.org New Testament pages Bibliographies on the New Testament and its individual books Christianity.com Bible Study Tools For - profit , conservative religious site with links to translations , as well as to mostly out - dated and non-critical commentaries , concordances , and other reference works Pastoral articles on the New Testament for ministerial training Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary ( WELS ) Jewish reading of the New Testament Haaretz essay on reclaiming the New Testament as an integral part of Jewish literature Development and authorship ( edit ) The Gospels in the official canon , and some that were not included in the Bible Dating the New Testament A compilation of the dates ascribed by various scholars to the composition of the New Testament documents , accompanied by an odd statistical average of the dates Greek ( edit ) New Testament Koine Greek Original Side by side with the English ( King James ) and Russian ( Synodal ) translation Commentary by the Greek Fathers -- Icons from Mount Athos New Testament , Greek Polytonic Text according to Ecumenical Patriarchate ( Greek ) Greek New Testament text ( searchable only ; no downloads ) with lexical aids <Th_colspan="2"> Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal WikiProject Book <Th_colspan="2"> Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Religious texts Books Kitáb - i - Aqdas ( Baha'i ) Avesta ( Zoroastrian ) Bible ( Christian ) Book of Shadows ( Wiccan ) Dianetics ( Scientologist ) Geniocracy ( Raelian ) Guru Granth Sahib ( Sikh ) Liber AL vel Legis ( Thelemite ) Ofudesaki ( Tenrikyo ) Quran ( Muslim ) The Satanic Bible ( Satanist ) Tao Te Ching ( Taoist ) Torah ( Jewish ) Tripitaka ( Buddhist ) Vedas ( Hindu ) <Th_colspan="3"> Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list / list by members ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Christadelphians Iglesia ni Cristo Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Unitarianism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism <Td_colspan="3"> Category Christianity portal BNF : cb120082498 ( data ) GND : 4041771 - 2 VIAF : 185488588 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&oldid=842837880 '' Categories : New Testament Christian terminology Greek literature ( post-classical ) Biblical exegesis Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2016 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from February 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles lacking page references from February 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Sängö Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 125 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 00 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. New Testament
2. Christian biblical canon
3. Gospels
4. Epistles
5. Book of Revelation
|
-7,367,012,098,810,772,000 |
the universal pulp company has a plant in portland oregon
|
ESCO Corporation - wikipedia ESCO Corporation This article is about the metals company . For other uses , see ESCO ( disambiguation ) . It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to ESCO Group LLC . Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page . Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed . This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ESCO Group LLC <Td_colspan="2"> Type Division of Weir Group PLC Industry Manufacturing Founded 1913 Headquarters Portland , Oregon Key people Jon Owens , President Products Wear parts for industrial applications Website http://www.escocorp.com ESCO Group LLC is a manufacturer of engineered metal wear parts and components for industrial applications -- including mining and construction . Since 1913 , the company , which is a division of Weir Group PLC , has been headquartered in Portland , Oregon , USA , and has manufacturing sites throughout the world . The company designs and manufactures a host of products including ground engaging tools ( GET ) for mining , construction products , conveying , rigging , dredging and other industrial applications . Contents 1 History 2 Plant closures and violation of U.S. trade sanction with Cuba 3 Products 4 Pollution 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Hot metal is poured from a ladle in an ESCO Portland foundry ESCO was founded in 1913 by Oregon businessman Charles ( C.F. ) Swigert as a local source of steel castings . The Electric Steel Foundry Company was founded on property once occupied by the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition . The foundry used an unusual modern furnace that was fired by electricity rather than coke , making it the first of its kind in the western United States . During its first 30 years , ESCO was mainly a regional supplier of cast steel alloy products for the logging , construction , and pulp and paper industry throughout the Pacific Northwest . In the 1920s , the company expanded production to include cast steel alloy products like the Bardon choker hook , widely used in forestry . Further growth was sparked by the use of Hadfield manganese steel and the production of dragline excavator buckets . The ESCO trademark was first used in 1926 and eventually became the company 's new name . ESCO survived the Great Depression primarily as a jobbing foundry , making castings for sawmills , pulp and paper mills . In 1932 , ESCO opened its first stainless steel industrial service center . During the 1940s , ESCO added new products to meet demand for supply valves , pump bodies , anchor chains and other components for warships and tanks . In 1946 , ESCO developed the two piece tooth system and , in 1948 , the company entered the cable excavator bucket market . Due to the growing mining and construction markets after the war , ESCO launched new products and opened additional plants , sales offices , subsidiaries and licensees , including a midwest distribution facility in Danville , Illinois and a foundry in British Columbia . The company also adopted new manufacturing , inspection and metallurgical methods . During the 1960s and 1970s , ESCO expanded the manufacture of dragline and shovel dipper buckets and teeth . The company also launched a two - piece Conical tooth system and began using the argon oxygen decarburization ( AOD ) and vacuum molding processes . During the 1970s , ESCO opened an automated foundry in Newton , Mississippi and a second Canadian foundry in Ontario . During the early 1980s , ESCO launched its Helilok pin and lock system and also acquired Gray - Syracuse and Concorde Castings -- investment casting facilities serving the aerospace and power generation industries . In 1983 ESCO bought Hyster Company , and then sold it in 1989 to NACCO Industries . During the 1990s , ESCO expanded operations in the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada and entered a joint venture to manufacture products in China . The company also acquired Heflin Steel , producing wear liners and armor plate . ESCO also introduced the Super V tooth system . Additional acquisitions like Quality Steel are targeted to serve the oil sands market . ESCO has also added aerospace and power generation facilities in Belgium and Slovakia and built new facilities in Mexico and Xuzhou , China . In 2008 , ESCO introduced the SV2 tooth system , the Whisler Plus hammerless locking system , and the Ultralok hammerless tooth system . In 2006 and 2008 , ESCO was named among Oregon 's most admired manufacturing companies , according to a Portland Business Journal survey of more than 2,000 Oregon CEOs . The company announced plans for an initial public offering in May 2011 that could raise as much as $175 million . The company canceled plans for an IPO in May 2013 . On December 28 , 2012 Esco Corporation sold Turbine Technologies Group ( Esco - TTG ) to Consolidated Precision Products ( CPP ) . Sale consisted of Esco TT Belgium , Esco TT Cleveland , Esco TT Mexico , Esco TT Syracuse , Slovakia Plant , Esco Tempe Machining Facility and NY 's Oriscany Steel Treaters . CPP is a portfolio company of Warburg Pincus . ESCO announced the acquisition of Texas - based Ulterra Drilling Technologies L.P. in August 2012 in a deal estimated at $325 million . In 2014 , ESCO acquired another Texas - based company , Stabiltec Downhole Tools , LLC. , further adding to the company 's oil and gas portfolio . On April 19 , 2018 ESCO entered into an agreement to be acquired by The Weir Group PLC , one of the world 's leading engineering businesses , for an enterprise value of $1.285 billion . The acquisition was completed on July 12 , 2018 . Plant closures and violation of U.S. trade sanction with Cuba ( edit ) Commencing in 2013 , ESCO has closed multiple manufacturing and service facilities in recent years , citing a protracted downturn and declining customer demand for their products . In January 2013 , ESCO closed the Northgate , Australia foundry they purchased in 2010 . In September , 2014 ESCO closed another foundry located in Guisborough , England . In February 2015 , ESCO announced the closure of a large foundry in Nisku , Canada . ESCO laid off an estimated 25 % of their manufacturing work force at their Port Hope , Canada facility in 2014 and made further cuts in 2015 . ESCO announced the closure of another foundry in Dunedin , New Zealand in September , 2015 . In November 2015 , ESCO announced that they would be eliminating 247 employees when closing the main production plant that adjoins the North American headquarters . In 2014 , the Wall Street Journal reported that ESCO Corporation agreed to pay a $2.1 Million fine for violating U.S. sanctions imposed on Cuba . In the official penalty notice , the U.S. Treasury Department concluded that ESCO acted with `` reckless disregard `` and `` caused significant harm '' to the U.S. sanctions program on Cuba by conducting large - volume and high - value transactions in products made from Cuban - origin nickel , `` which were ultimately sourced '' from people on the U.S. blacklist . Products ( edit ) This mining hoe bucket shows several GET wearparts -- including shrouds , wear bars and teeth . Ground engaging tools are the expendable replacement parts of costly mining , construction , dredging , crushing , conveying , recycling equipment such as excavators , scrapers , drag lines , shovels , dippers , graders , dozers , loaders , haulers , dredging cutter heads , backhoes and skid steers . GET protects expensive equipment from the wear and tear common in high - impact or high - abrasion environments ( from hard rock mining to dredging and oil sands extraction ) . GET includes such wear parts as tooth systems , buckets , blades , end bits , couplers , thumbs , ripper systems , lip systems , dozer packages , liner packages , shrouds , chain , chain sprockets , traction wheels , and shredder hammer components . ESCO is a manufacturer of products for Mining : surface and underground hard rock mining applications . These products include buckets , blades , end bits , couplers , wearparts , ripper systems , shanks , lip systems , dozer packages , liner packages , shrouds , and structural components . Typical equipment using wear products includes dozers , graders , excavators , draglines , shovels , dippers , loaders and haulers . Highway and heavy construction : highway and heavy construction products for excavators , scrapers , graders , dozers , loaders , backhoes and skid steers . These products include tooth systems , buckets , blades , end bits , couplers , thumbs , wear parts , ripper systems , lip systems , dozer packages , liner packages , shrouds , and structural components . Utilities and general construction : utility and general construction products for excavators , graders , dozers , loaders , backhoes and skid steers . These products include tooth systems , buckets , blades , end bits , couplers , thumbs , wearparts , ripper systems , lip systems , dozer packages , liner packages , shrouds , and structural components . Universal Wear Products : Kwik - Lok , Dualmet wear tiles , bimetallic wear solutions , ESCOALLOY plate , chromium carbide overlay plate , structural steel plate , custom wear liners and RemNet Crushing : wear parts for various aggregate , quarry and mining applications . Dredging : cutter heads , wear parts and tooth systems for a variety of rock , sand and clay dredging applications . Forestry : grapple and bunching heads , dual function booms , single function booms , snubbers , sorting heads and swing booms for a variety of logging and wood products manufacturing applications , including advanced crawlers and skidders . Rigging : for a variety of construction , forestry , crane , shipping , marine and industrial wire rope applications . These products include rigging hardware , components , swagers , swage fitting , dies and spelter sockets . Conveying : equipment components for such applications as receiving , storage , reclaiming , recovery , pulp mills , woodyards , woodrooms and power generation . These products include long link sprockets , drums , chains , flights , attachments , drag chain sprockets and traction wheels , engineered chain , mill chain and chain attachments . The company also provides shredder hammer assemblies and spare parts . Recycling : various products for recycling and recovery operations . These products include hammers , grates , rotor caps , liners and other key components for various types of recycling equipment . Other industrial applications : various products for other industrial applications , including military and commercial armor plating , structural shredder parts for recycling , structural components for bridges and communications towers , and alloy molds and vessels for the production of nonferrous metals . Pollution ( edit ) In November 2011 ESCO and Portland neighborhood representatives signed a Good Neighbor Agreement , which includes an implementation schedule for 17 emission reduction projects over five years . As of April 2014 , 12 of 16 projects are completed , and one ongoing project with no completion date . Several of the projects are related to improving or adding control devices to capture particulate matter and metal emissions . It also includes projects related to chemical substitution to reduce organic compound emissions , and projects requiring additional or modified procedures or operations to improve emission capture . Plant in Northwest Portland `` Crunching pollution numbers available on the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) website , group member Bob Holmstrom found that the ESCO steel plant five blocks from Chapman Elementary had doubled its emissions of metals into the air from 2002 to 2007 . '' `` Though it strives to be the greenest city in America , an exhaustive USA Today study found that six of Portland 's schools were in the worst percentile nationwide for air toxins . That puts Portland 's school air quality on par with that of Cleveland , Ohio . '' `` Industrial air pollution in Northwest Portland is significantly worse than in other parts of the city , and ESCO Corporation is the main reason why . That conclusion can be drawn from an eight - month study by USA Today applying U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data and modeling to public and private school locations across the country . For each of the seven Northwest schools , the No. 1 source of pollution was ESCO , which has a steel foundry near Northwest Vaughn Street on 25th Avenue and another off Northwest Yeon Avenue . The primary chemicals emitted by these foundries were ... '' `` ... a December 2008 USA Today story , The Smokestack Effect : Toxic Air and America 's Schools , that ranked the air around Chapman and other Northwest Portland schools among the two percent most polluted in the nation . In essence , it said school children are exposed to some of America 's most unhealthy air , largely due to ESCO 's toxic fumes . '' `` Northwest Portland activists raised the issue of manganese pollution from ESCO foundries near Chapman Elementary after a USA Today report last December that ranked Chapman among U.S. schools most at risk from industrial pollution . '' See also ( edit ) List of companies based in Oregon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siemers , Erik ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` ESCO Corp. files for $175 M IPO '' . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldfield , Robert ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` ESCO scraps its IPO plans '' . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Siemers , Erik ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Esco to acquire Ulterra Drilling for $325 M '' . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Giegerich , Andy . `` Esco adds to oil / gas portfolio with Stabiltec purchase '' . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/04/19/1481404/0/en/ESCO-Corporation-to-Join-Leading-Global-Engineering-Company-Weir.html Jump up ^ `` ESCO Corporation acquired by Weir Group - Equipment Journal '' . Equipment Journal . 2018 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Coreena . `` Job losses at ESCO Corporation in Guisborough '' . journallive . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gallivan , Joseph ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) . `` ESCO to close its main plant facility in Portland '' . Portland Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 -- via http://portlandtribune.com/ . Jump up ^ `` Esco shuts Northgate foundry , nearly 70 jobs lost '' . Australian Mining . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 110 union workers to lose jobs as Esco Corp. closes Nisku foundry , blaming mining slowdown '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ nurun.com . `` ESCO lays off 33 employees in Port Hope '' . Northumberland Today . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ nurun.com . `` Layoffs at Esco 's Port Hope facility '' . Northumberland Today . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Esco Corp. to close NW Portland factory , lay off 247 workers '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Esco Corp . Pays $2.1 Million to Settle Sanctions Violations '' . 2014 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ESCO Corporation Settles Potential Civil Liability for Apparent Violations of the Cuban Assets Control Regulation '' ( PDF ) . www.treasury.gov . U.S. Treasury Department . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Feds investigate Portland 's Esco Corp. for violating U.S. embargo against Cuba '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Esco Couplings in Russia '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Good Neighbor Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Oregon DEQ . Oregon DEQ . Jump up ^ Sarah Mirk ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Breathing Wheezy : Green Portland 's Dirty Secret : Its Air '' . Portland Mercury . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Allan Classen ( April 2009 ) . `` Neighborhood schools under cloud of industrial air pollution '' ( PDF ) . The NW Examiner . pp. 1 , 8 , 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Paul Koberstein ( March 2010 ) . `` DEQ admits downplaying ESCO threat : Nearby residents may get 95 percent of air toxics from foundry '' ( PDF ) . The NW Examiner . pp. 1 , 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Scott Learn ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Oregon to review health benchmarks for mercury , manganese '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) http://www.escocorp.com/media/articles/Pratt_Guest_%20Editorial_12_07.pdf Senior , Jeanie ( April 23 , 2004 ) . Entrepreneurial spirit shines in Esco origins and future - in the Portland Tribune http://www.portlandalliance.com/distinguishing-portland/stories/esco.htm http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/event/4054 http://blog.oregonlive.com/business/2007/07/local_industrialequipment_manu.html http://www.escocorp.com/media/articles/Employees_Return_from_Tour_in_%20Iraq08.PDF External links ( edit ) Official ESCO Corporation website Heavy - equipment maker Esco thriving in green industry Portland - The Oregonian <Th_colspan="2"> Oregon - based companies NYSE listed Greenbrier Companies Lithia Motors Nike NW Natural Portland General Electric NASDAQ listed Columbia Sportswear Electro Scientific Industries FLIR Lattice Radisys Schnitzer Steel Umpqua Holdings Private companies A-dec Consumer Cellular Erickson Inc . ESCO FEI Franz Bakery Hoffman Construction InFocus KinderCare Education Laika Leupold & Stevens Les Schwab The Old Spaghetti Factory Parr Lumber Plaid Pantry Rentrak Reser 's Fine Foods Roseburg Forest Products Shari 's Cafe & Pies Vigor Industrial Other Bi-Mart Tillamook Creamery Western Family Foods <Td_colspan="2"> List of companies based in Oregon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESCO_Corporation&oldid=854132458 '' Categories : Manufacturing companies based in Portland , Oregon Manufacturing companies established in 1913 Privately held companies based in Oregon 1913 establishments in Oregon Hidden categories : Pages with disallowed DISPLAYTITLE modifications Articles with a promotional tone from December 2008 All articles with a promotional tone All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Wikipedia references cleanup from March 2012 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2012 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 05 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. ESCO Corporation - manufacturer of metal wear parts and components
2. Industrial applications - mining and construction
3. History of ESCO - from regional supplier to global manufacturer
4. Plant closures and violation of U.S. trade sanctions with Cuba
5. Products - ground engaging tools, wear parts, buckets, blades, and more
|
-3,612,424,905,010,419,000 |
list of capitals and languages of the states in india
|
List of state and union territory capitals in India - wikipedia List of state and union territory capitals in India Jump to : navigation , search States and union territories of India ordered by Area Population Abbreviations Capitals Child Nutrition Crime rate Electricity penetration Fertility rate Forest cover GDP ( per capita ) Highest point HIV awareness HDI Home ownership Household size Human Trafficking Institutional delivery Life expectancy at birth Literacy rate Media exposure Number of Vehicles Number of voters Obesity Open defecation Origin of name Places of worship Poverty Power capacity Safe Drinking Water Safety of Women School Enrollment Rate Sex ratio Suicides Tax revenues TV ownership Toilet availability Transport network Underweight people Unemployment Vaccination coverage India is a country located in southern Asia . With over 1.3 billion people , India is the most populous democracy in the world . It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories . All states , as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi , have elected legislatures and governments , both patterned on the Westminster model . The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators . In 1956 , under the States Reorganisation Act , states were reorganised on a linguistic basis . Since then , their structure has remained largely unchanged . Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts . The state and union territory capitals are sorted according to no legislative and judicial capitals . The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located , the legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes , and the judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts . Union territories are marked with a dagger ( ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Explanatory notes 3 Citations 4 References 5 External links List ( edit ) No . State or union territory Administrative capitals Legislative capitals Judiciary capitals Year capital was established The Former capital Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair Port Blair Kolkata 1955 Calcutta ( 1945 -- 1955 ) Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad ( de jure to 2024 ) Amaravati ( de facto from 2017 ) Amaravati Hyderabad 1956 2017 Kurnool ( 1953 - 1956 ) Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Itanagar Guwahati 1986 Assam Dispur Guwahati Guwahati Shillong ( 1874 -- 1952 ) 5 Bihar Patna Patna Patna 1912 6 Chandigarh Chandigarh -- Chandigarh 1966 -- 7 Chhattisgarh Naya Raipur Raipur Bilaspur 2000 -- 8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa -- Mumbai 1945 Mumbai ( 1954 -- 1961 ) Panaji ( 1961 -- 1987 ) 9 Daman and Diu Daman -- Mumbai Ahmedabad ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Panaji ( 1963 -- 1987 ) 10 National Capital Territory of Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi 1931 -- 11 Goa Panaji Porvorim Mumbai 1961 Panaji ( 1961 -- 1987 ) 12 Gujarat Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1960 Ahmedabad ( 1960 -- 1970 ) 13 Haryana Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 -- 14 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Dharamshala ( W / 2nd ) Shimla ( Summer ) Dharamsala ( Winter ) Shimla 1971 2017 Bilaspur ( 1950 -- 1956 ) 15 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) 1947 -- 16 Jharkhand Ranchi Ranchi Ranchi 2000 17 Karnataka Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengaluru 1940 ( Mysore ) 18 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kochi 1956 19 Lakshadweep Kavaratti Kavaratti Kochi 1956 20 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Bhopal Jabalpur 1956 Nagpur ( 1861 -- 1956 ) 21 Maharashtra Mumbai Nagpur ( W / 2nd ) Mumbai ( S + B ) Nagpur ( W ) Mumbai 1818 1960 -- 22 Manipur Imphal Imphal Imphal 1947 -- 23 Meghalaya Shillong Shillong Shillong 1970 -- 24 Mizoram Aizawl Aizawl Guwahati 1972 -- 25 Nagaland Kohima Kohima Guwahati 1963 -- 26 Odisha Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Cuttack 1948 Cuttack ( 1936 -- 1948 ) 27 Puducherry Puducherry Puducherry Chennai 1954 Madras ( 1948 -- 1954 ) 28 Punjab Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 29 Rajasthan Jaipur Jaipur Jodhpur 1950 -- 30 Sikkim Gangtok Gangtok Gangtok 1890 -- 31 Tamil Nadu Chennai Chennai Chennai 1956 32 Telangana Hyderabad Hyderabad Hyderabad 2014 -- 33 Tripura Agartala Agartala Agartala 1956 -- 34 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Lucknow Allahabad 1938 -- 35 Uttarakhand Dehradun Dehradun Nainital 2000 -- 36 West Bengal Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata 1947 Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana , as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for up to ten years . The new capital of Andhra Pradesh is going to be Amaravati , decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shilong was the joint capital of Assam and Meghalaya until 1971 . Jump up ^ Chandigarh is the capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana , and is a Union Territory , separate from the two states . Jump up ^ Raipur is the interim capital of Chhattisgarh . The town of Naya Raipur 17 km from Raipur is envisaged as the state 's new capital . Jump up ^ Panaji was the capital of Goa from 1843 when it was ruled by the Portuguese . Jump up ^ Nagpur was the capital of Central Provinces and Berar which was a province from 1861 until 1950 . Central Province became the major constituent of Madhya Pradesh , after it was formed in 1950 . Nagpur remained the capital of the new state . In 1956 , Berar ( Vidarbha ) was separated from Madhya Pradesh , and merged with the Bombay State . Nagpur thus lost the status of a capital city . In 1960 , under the Nagpur pact , Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra . Jump up ^ Mumbai / Bombay was the capital of Bombay Presidency which was a province until 1950 . After that Bombay became the capital of Bombay State . Subsequently , Bombay State was split into Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960 . Jump up ^ In 1960 , under the Nagpur pact , Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra . Although an official notification to this effect was only given in 1988 . The India yearbook of the government of India still does not mention Nagpur , being either the second or winter capital of Maharashtra . Jump up ^ Under the Nagpur pact , one of the preconditions for Vidarbha joining the state of Maharastra was that , at least one of the legislative sessions every year should be held in Nagpur . The winter session is held in Nagpur . Jump up ^ Gangtok has been the capital of Sikkim since 1890 . Sikkim joined the Indian Union in 1975 . Jump up ^ Chennai ( Madras ) was the capital of the Madras Presidency since 1839 , which was redrawn as Madras State in 1956 . Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1968 . Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana , as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for ten years . The new Andhra Pradesh Capital City capital is going to be Amaravati , decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dehradun is the interim capital of Uttarakhand . The town of Gairsain is envisaged as the state 's new capital . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Library of Congress 2004 . Jump up ^ Sharma 2007 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` After 2200 Years , Amaravati Gets Back Power ! '' . Gulte.com . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AP Government Portal - Official Andhra Pradesh State Govt . Portal '' . Ap.gov.in . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baruah 1999 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Menon & Banerjea 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ring 1996 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ `` Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal Hill Post '' . www.hillpost.in . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Boland - Crewe & Lea 2002 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Kumāra 1998 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Kini 1974 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Khandewale 1989 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Spate 1953 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Sati & Kumar 2004 , pp. 9 -- 10 . References ( edit ) Baruah , Sanjib ( 1999 ) . India Against Itself : Assam and the Politics of Nationality . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3491 - 6 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Boland - Crewe , Tara ; Lea , David , eds. ( 15 November 2002 ) . The Territories and States of India . Europa . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 148 - 3 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . `` Country Profile : India '' ( PDF ) , Library of Congress Country Studies ( 5th ed . ) , Library of Congress Federal Research Division , December 2004 , retrieved 30 September 2011 Khandewale , Shrinivas Vishnu ( 1989 ) . Industrial Area and Regional Resources : A Case Study of Nagpur Industrial Area . Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 134 - 2 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Mathew , George ( 1995 ) . Status of Panchayati Raj in the States of India , 1994 . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 553 - 9 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Kini , N.G.S. ( 1974 ) . The City Voter in India : A Study of 1967 General Elections in Nagpur . Abhinav Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88386 - 524 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Kumāra , Braja Bihārī ( 1 January 1998 ) . Small States Syndrome In India . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 691 - 8 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Kippen , James ( 2006 ) . Gurudev 's Drumming Legacy : Music , Theory , and Nationalism in the Mr̥daṅg Aur Tablā Vādanpaddhati of Gurudev Patwardhan . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5424 - 7 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Menon , N.R. Madhava ; Banerjea , D. ( 2002 ) . Criminal Justice India Series : Haryana , 2002 . Allied Publishers in collaboration with National University of Juridical Sciences . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7764 - 518 - 7 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . `` Post-Independence Era '' , History of Andhra Pradesh , Government of Andhra Pradesh , archived from the original on 20 December 2013 , retrieved 4 August 2012 Ring , Trudy ( 1 January 1996 ) . Asia and Oceania : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 04 - 6 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Sati , Vishwambhar Prasad ; Kumar , Kamlesh ( 2004 ) . Uttaranchal : Dilemma Of Plenties And Scarcities . Mittal Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7099 - 898 - 3 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Sharma , B.K. ( August 2007 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 4th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3246 - 1 . Spate , Oskar Hermann Khristian ( 1953 ) . The Changing Map Of Asia A Political Geography . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) List of states in India Legislative bodies in India <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) State and Union Territory capitals of India <Td_colspan="2"> Agartala Aizawl Amaravati ( de facto ) Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Daman Dehradun ( interim ) New Delhi Dispur Gandhinagar Gangtok Hyderabad Imphal Itanagar Jaipur Jammu ( in winter ) Kavaratti Kohima Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai Panaji Patna Pondicherry Port Blair Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Silvassa Srinagar ( in summer ) Thiruvananthapuram Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India&oldid=837137278 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Indian capital cities Lists of cities in India Lists of capitals of country subdivisions Cities and towns in India by state or territory Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 23 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. State and union territory capitals in India
2. India's federal constitutional republic
3. Westminster model of governance in India
4. Reorganization of states in India based on language
5. Administrative, legislative, and judicial capitals in India
|
7,245,410,484,148,589,000 |
what season did derek die in grey's
|
Derek Shepherd - Wikipedia Derek Shepherd Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Derek Shepherd <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy character <Td_colspan="2"> Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012 First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01 , March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` You 're My Home '' 11x25 , May 14 , 2015 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Patrick Dempsey <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Derek Christopher Shepherd Nickname ( s ) McDreamy Shep McDreary ( Season 8 Episode 13 ) McAss Pretty Occupation Attending neurosurgeon Member of the Board ( former ) Chief of Surgery ( former ) Head of Neurosurgery ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Mr. Shepherd ( father , deceased ) Carolyn Maloney Shepherd ( mother ) Nancy Shepherd ( sister ) Kathleen `` Kate '' Shepherd ( sister ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Shepherd ( sister ) Amelia Shepherd ( sister ) 9 unnamed nieces 6 unnamed nephews ( one deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Addison Montgomery ( m . 1994 ; div. 2006 ) Meredith Grey ( m . 2009 -- 15 ) Significant other ( s ) Rose Children Zola Shepherd ( daughter ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter ) ( with Meredith ) Relatives Molly Thompson ( half - sister - in - law ) Lexie Grey ( deceased - half - sister - in - law ) Maggie Pierce ( half - sister - in - law ) Owen Hunt ( brother - in - law ) certifications M.D. F.A.C.S Derek Christopher Shepherd , M.D. , also referred to as `` McDreamy '' , is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey . He made his first appearance during `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , which was broadcast on March 27 , 2005 . Derek was married to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) for 12 years , before their divorce in 2006 . Before his death in 2015 , Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . The couple are often referred to as `` Mer & Der '' and they have three children together . Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting . For his portrayal of Shepherd , Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role , and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City . He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett . Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an `` offer he could n't refuse '' -- the position of Chief of Surgery , which he eventually turned down . He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on `` lost causes '' and `` impossible '' cases that most of his peers would turn down . As an attending he is both well - liked and feared -- well - liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards . He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents ( or at least threaten them ) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient 's well - being . Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar , and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace . They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work , particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship . Meredith 's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career . He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him . While most of his family members accepted Meredith , his sister , Nancy , particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her `` the slutty intern '' ; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister - in - law . His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith 's gray perspective of life complemented Derek 's tendency to see everything in black and white . Derek 's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York . In the season one finale , his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber . Shortly thereafter , his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery . Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile . Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms , with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three . In the Private Practice episode `` Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place . He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband . Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles , spawning the spin - off Private Practice . In the season eight episode `` If / Then '' , Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer 's ; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd 's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate , earning him the nicknames `` Bad Shepherd '' and `` McDreary '' . When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time , he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff . During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard 's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior , not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons . Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery . With mixed feelings , Derek offers him an ultimatum : go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after , or quit completely . In seasons three and four , Meredith and Derek 's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people . Derek 's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five . In the season finale , they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie . Due to their tight schedule , they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their `` promises '' on a post-it note . They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola , a young African orphan treated for spina bifida . They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer 's trial , jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek 's reputation . Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately . In later seasons , Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey , Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith . The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola . As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency , she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital . Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie , Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand 's function . He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive . When Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , head of orthopedic surgery , tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong , he agrees , accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel . Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work , but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate . Derek , Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand . Meredith , newly pregnant with their second child , goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him . Lizzie ( Neve Campbell ) , Derek 's younger sister , agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success . Derek and Meredith 's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain - Mapping Initiative . He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full - fledged attending . Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington , D.C. , but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family . His youngest sister Amelia ( Caterina Scorsone ) takes over his position at Grey Sloan . Meanwhile , he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move . After a bad argument , he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington . While there , he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage . He tells her that just being with her , raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than `` saving the world '' . In season 11 , Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington . He is able to hear and process auditory input , but unable to speak . He is recognized by Winnie , one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier , who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well . The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night . Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times , he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead . Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek , where she consents to removing him from life support . At the time of his death , Meredith was pregnant with their third child . She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother . Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death . In the episode `` My Next Life '' , Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm . Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to . At the end of the season , prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt , Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away , him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd , he was afraid that he was not going to get the part . Creator Shonda Rhimes ' first reaction was : `` The very first time I met him , I was absolutely sure that he was my guy . Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd , Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for . And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo . '' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey 's dyslexia threw her at first , particularly at the first few table readings : `` I did not know about Patrick 's dyslexia in the beginning . I actually thought that he did n't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings . When I found out , I completely understood his hesitation . Now that we all know , if he is struggling with a word , the other actors are quick to step up and help him out . Everyone is very respectful . '' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it , he said his reaction was like `` I 'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules . '' Washington was , however , later cast as Preston Burke . Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down . Some of the character 's medical cases were inspired by real - life patients of Steve Giannotta , Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd 's storylines and patients . In January 2014 , Dempsey signed a two - year contract to remain on Grey 's Anatomy ( then in its tenth season ) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons . However , in April 2015 , Dempsey 's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet . Dempsey explained : `` it just sort of evolved . It 's just kind of happened . It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded , and it just naturally came to be . Which was pretty good . I like the way it has all played out . '' In August 2015 , Rhimes commented : `` The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options ? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith , and leave her high and dry , and what was that going to mean ? That was going to suggest that the love was not true , the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy was n't McDreamy . For me , that was untenable . Meredith and Derek 's love had to remain Meredith and Derek 's love . As painful as it was for me as a storyteller , because I had never really thought that was going to happen , it preserved what felt true to me , was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest . Because I really could n't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story . To me , it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek 's magic remain true and forever frozen in time . '' The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College , a liberal arts college in Brunswick , Maine , after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to `` adopt '' the character as an alumnus . Dempsey is from Lewiston , about 18 miles ( 29 km ) away from Brunswick , and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013 . Characterization ( edit ) Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming '' . He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything , who lives in his `` own '' universe and has a big sex appeal . A man who is charming , devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of , and a man that often makes the wrong decisions , and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker . Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning , because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed . USA Today writer Robert Bianco said : `` Derek could , at times , seem like two people , warm and funny one minute , cold and self - involved the next . Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person , while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole . '' Reception ( edit ) Dempsey 's relation with Ellen Pompeo ( Meredith Grey ) has been the highlight of the series since its inception . With the show concluding its second season , Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the `` seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . In the third season , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote that `` the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad . Dude , whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try . You 're the dick who cheated on her , you 're the one who knew that she found the panties , and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did ? Wow . I did n't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith , but congratulations , big guy . '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character 's immaturity in the fourth season , saying : `` The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . How this character is still Shonda 's golden child is beyond me . Yes , we get it . He 's tormented by his love for Meredith , but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying . If things do n't go absolutely the way he wants them to , then he refuses to cooperate . How immature can this man possibly be ? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue - blue - blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy , desperate one in the relationship . '' Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan 's friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Addison Shepherd Quotes -- Season 4 , Episode 13 : `` Piece of My Heart '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' McDreamy ' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge , Tips Cap to Bowdoin '' . Bowdoin College . October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Poker Face '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 6 . October 20 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 19 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 7 . October 29 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Go It Alone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 10 . Episode 20 . April 17 , 2014 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 16 , 2008 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is It About Men '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 4 . October 6 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` The Heart of the Matter '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2007 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 9 . Episode 8 . December 6 , 2012 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . May 5 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Lowe knows political roles '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real - Life McDreamy : The Doctor Behind ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two - Year Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight 's shocking twist -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight '' . The Bowdoin Orient. April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' accidental death '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : You 're kidding , right ? '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Blogspot . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` How ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Got its Groove Back '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . BuzzFeed . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Grey 's Anatomy Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Derek Shepherd on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&oldid=807598253 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional American people of Irish descent Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 00 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Derek Shepherd - Grey's Anatomy character
2. Patrick Dempsey - actor who portrayed Derek Shepherd
3. Derek's relationships - Addison Montgomery and Meredith Grey
4. Derek's career as a neurosurgeon
5. Derek's tragic death in a car accident
|
5,963,052,701,091,854,000 |
today western european countries have what form of government
|
Europe - wikipedia Europe Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the continent . For the politico - economic union , see European Union . For other uses , see Europe ( disambiguation ) . Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Area 10,180,000 km ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) ( 6th ) Population 741,447,158 ( 2016 ; 3rd ) Population density 72.9 / km ( 188 / sq mi ) ( 2nd ) GDP ( nominal ) $19.7 trillion ( 2016 , 3rd ) GDP ( PPP ) $25.9 trillion ( 2016 , 3rd ) GDP per capita $21,767 ( 2016 , 3rd ) HDI 0.845 Demonym European Countries 50 sovereign states 6 with limited recognition Dependencies 4 dependencies Largest cities Largest urban areas : Istanbul Moscow Paris London Madrid <Td_colspan="2"> a . ^ Figures include only European portions of transcontinental countries . b . ^ Istanbul is a transcontinental city with about two - thirds of the population residing in the European side . Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe -- a concept dating back to classical antiquity -- are arbitrary and amount to a historical and social construct . The primarily physiographic term `` continent '' as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent 's current overland boundary with Asia . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2 % of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8 % of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous , spanning 39 % of the continent and comprising 15 % of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11 % of world population ) as of 2016 . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece , was the birthplace of Western civilization . The fall of the Western Roman Empire , during the migration period , marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of an era known as the Middle Ages . Renaissance Humanism , exploration , art , and science led to the modern era . From the Age of Discovery onwards , Europe played a predominant role in global affairs . Between the 16th and 20th centuries , European powers controlled at various times the Americas , most of Africa , Oceania , and the majority of Asia . The Industrial Revolution , which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century , gave rise to radical economic , cultural , and social change in Western Europe , and eventually the wider world . Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe , contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence . During the Cold War , Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east , until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall . In 1955 , the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill , with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals . It includes all states except for Belarus , Kazakhstan and Vatican City . Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union , a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation . The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The currency of most countries of the European Union , the euro , is the most commonly used among Europeans ; and the EU 's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls among most of its member states . The European Anthem is `` Ode to Joy '' and states celebrate peace and unity on Europe Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Definition 2.1 Contemporary definition 2.2 History of the concept 2.2. 1 Early history 2.2. 2 Modern definitions 3 History 3.1 Prehistory 3.2 Classical antiquity 3.3 Early Middle Ages 3.4 High and Late Middle Ages 3.5 Early modern period 3.6 18th and 19th centuries 3.7 20th century to the present 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 4.2 Geology 4.3 Flora 4.4 Fauna 5 Politics 6 List of states and territories 7 Regions 8 Economy 8.1 Economic history 9 Demographics 9.1 Ethnic groups 9.2 Migration 9.3 Languages 10 Culture 10.1 Religion 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Sources 15 External links Name Further information : Europa ( mythology ) Reconstruction of Herodotus ' world map ( 450 BC ) In classical Greek mythology , Europa ( Ancient Greek : Εὐρώπη , Eurṓpē ) is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete . The name contains the elements εὐρύς ( eurús ) , `` wide , broad '' and ὤψ ( ōps , gen . ὠπός , ōpós ) `` eye , face , countenance '' , hence their composite Eurṓpē would mean `` wide - gazing '' or `` broad of aspect '' . Broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto - Indo - European religion and the poetry devoted to it . For the second part compare also the divine attributes of `` grey - eyed '' Athena ( γλαυκῶπις , glaukōpis ) or ox - eyed Hera ( βοὠπις , boōpis ) . There have been attempts to connect Eurṓpē to a Semitic term for `` west '' , this being either Akkadian erebu meaning `` to go down , set '' ( said of the sun ) or Phoenician ' ereb `` evening , west '' , which is at the origin of Arabic Maghreb and Hebrew ma'arav . Michael A. Barry , professor in Princeton University 's Near Eastern Studies Department , finds the mention of the word Ereb on an Assyrian stele with the meaning of `` night , ( the country of ) sunset '' , in opposition to Asu `` ( the country of ) sunrise '' , i.e. Asia . The same naming motive according to `` cartographic convention '' appears in Greek Ἀνατολή ( Anatolḗ `` ( sun ) rise '' , `` east '' , hence Anatolia ) . Martin Litchfield West stated that `` phonologically , the match between Europa 's name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor . '' Next to these hypotheses there is also a Proto - Indo - European root * h regwos , meaning `` darkness '' , which also produced Greek Erebus . Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent . Chinese , for example , uses the word Ōuzhōu ( 歐洲 / 欧洲 ) ; a similar Chinese - derived term Ōshū ( 欧州 ) is also sometimes used in Japanese such as in the Japanese name of the European Union , Ōshū Rengō ( 欧州 連合 ) , despite the katakana Yōroppa ( ヨーロッパ ) being more commonly used . In some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan ( `` land of the Franks '' ) is used casually in referring to much of Europe , besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa . Definition Further information : List of transcontinental countries and Boundaries between continents Contemporary definition Clickable map of Europe , showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries Key : blue : states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia ; green : countries not geographically in Europe , but closely associated with the continent Alb . Andorra Austria Azer . Belarus Belg . Bosnia Bulgaria Channel Is. ( UK ) Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Gib . ( UK ) Germany Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy IoM ( UK ) S. Mar . Kazakhstan Kos . Latvia Liech . Lithuania Lux . Mac . Malta Moldova Mon . Mont . Nether . Norway Svalbard ( Nor ) Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slo . Spain Sweden Switz - erland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Far . ( Dk ) Vat . Armenia Cyprus Greenland ( Dk ) Adr - iatic Sea Arctic Ocean Baltic Sea Aegean Sea Barents Sea Bay of Biscay Black Sea Caspian Sea Celtic Sea Greenland Sea Baffin Bay Gulf of Cádiz Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea North Atlantic Ocean North Sea Norwegian Sea Strait of Gibraltar The prevalent definition of Europe as a geographical term has been in use since the mid-19th century . Europe is taken to be bounded by large bodies of water to the north , west and south ; Europe 's limits to the far east are usually taken to be the Urals , the Ural River , and the Caspian Sea ; to the southeast , including the Caucasus Mountains , the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea . Islands are generally grouped with the nearest continental landmass , hence Iceland is generally considered to be part of Europe , while the nearby island of Greenland is usually assigned to North America . Nevertheless , there are some exceptions based on sociopolitical and cultural differences . Cyprus is closest to Anatolia ( or Asia Minor ) , but is usually considered part of Europe both culturally and politically and is a member state of the EU . Malta was considered an island of North Africa for centuries . `` Europe '' as used specifically in British English may also refer to Continental Europe exclusively . History of the concept Early History A medieval T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of Noah -- Asia to Sem ( Shem ) , Europe to Iafeth ( Japheth ) , and Africa to Cham ( Ham ) The first recorded usage of Eurṓpē as a geographic term is in the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo , in reference to the western shore of the Aegean Sea . As a name for a part of the known world , it is first used in the 6th century BC by Anaximander and Hecataeus . Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the Phasis River ( the modern Rioni River ) in the Caucasus , a convention still followed by Herodotus in the 5th century BC . Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into three parts , Europe , Asia , and Libya ( Africa ) , with the Nile and the Phasis forming their boundaries -- though he also states that some considered the River Don , rather than the Phasis , as the boundary between Europe and Asia . Europe 's eastern frontier was defined in the 1st century by geographer Strabo at the River Don . The Book of Jubilees described the continents as the lands given by Noah to his three sons ; Europe was defined as stretching from the Pillars of Hercules at the Strait of Gibraltar , separating it from North Africa , to the Don , separating it from Asia . The convention received by the Middle Ages and surviving into modern usage is that of the Roman era used by Roman era authors such as Posidonius , Strabo and Ptolemy , who took the Tanais ( the modern Don River ) as the boundary . The term `` Europe '' is first used for a cultural sphere in the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century . From that time , the term designated the sphere of influence of the Western Church , as opposed to both the Eastern Orthodox churches and to the Islamic world . A cultural definition of Europe as the lands of Latin Christendom coalesced in the 8th century , signifying the new cultural condominium created through the confluence of Germanic traditions and Christian - Latin culture , defined partly in contrast with Byzantium and Islam , and limited to northern Iberia , the British Isles , France , Christianised western Germany , the Alpine regions and northern and central Italy . The concept is one of the lasting legacies of the Carolingian Renaissance : `` Europa '' often figures in the letters of Charlemagne 's court scholar , Alcuin . Modern definitions Further information : Geopolitical divisions of Europe and Core Europe Depiction of Europa regina ( ' Queen Europe ' ) in 1582 . The question of defining a precise eastern boundary of Europe arises in the Early Modern period , as the eastern extension of Muscovy began to include Northern Asia . Throughout the Middle Ages and into the 18th century , the traditional division of the landmass of Eurasia into two continents , Europe and Asia , followed Ptolemy , with the boundary following the Turkish Straits , the Black Sea , the Kerch Strait , the Sea of Azov and the Don ( ancient Tanais ) . But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at Kalach - na - Donu ( where it is closest to the Volga , now joined with it by the Volga -- Don Canal ) , into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers . Philip Johan von Strahlenberg in 1725 was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary by drawing the line along the Volga , following the Volga north until the Samara Bend , along Obshchy Syrt ( the drainage divide between Volga and Ural ) and then north along Ural Mountains . This was adopted by the Russian Empire , and introduced the convention that would eventually become adopted as standard , but not without criticism by many modern analytical geographers . The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century . The 1745 atlas published by the Russian Academy of Sciences has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as Serafimovich before cutting north towards Arkhangelsk , while other 18th - to 19th - century mapmakers such as John Cary followed Strahlenberg 's prescription . To the south , the Kuma -- Manych Depression was identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist , Peter Simon Pallas , as a valley that , once upon a time , connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea , and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents . By the mid-19th century , there were three main conventions , one following the Don , the Volga -- Don Canal and the Volga , the other following the Kuma -- Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River , and the third abandoning the Don altogether , following the Greater Caucasus watershed to the Caspian . The question was still treated as a `` controversy '' in geographical literature of the 1860s , with Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the `` best possible '' , citing support from various `` modern geographers '' . In Russia and the Soviet Union , the boundary along the Kuma -- Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906 . In 1958 , the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay , on the Kara Sea , along the eastern foot of Ural Mountains , then following the Ural River until the Mugodzhar Hills , and then the Emba River ; and Kuma -- Manych Depression , thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe . However , most geographers in the Soviet Union favoured the boundary along the Caucasus crest and this became the standard convention in the later 20th century , although the Kuma -- Manych boundary remained in use in some 20th - century maps . History Main article : History of Europe Prehistory. Main article : Prehistoric Europe Paleolithic cave paintings from Lascaux in France ( c 15,000 BC ) Homo erectus georgicus , which lived roughly 1.8 million years ago in Georgia , is the earliest hominid to have been discovered in Europe . Other hominid remains , dating back roughly 1 million years , have been discovered in Atapuerca , Spain . Neanderthal man ( named after the Neandertal valley in Germany ) appeared in Europe 150,000 years ago and disappeared from the fossil record about 28,000 BC , with this extinction probably due to climate change , and their final refuge being present - day Portugal . The Neanderthals were supplanted by modern humans ( Cro - Magnons ) , who appeared in Europe around 43 to 40 thousand years ago . Stonehenge in the United Kingdom ( Late Neolithic from 3000 - 2000 BC ) . Neolithic terracotta figurine from Vinča in Serbia ( 4500 -- 4000 BC ) The Nebra sky disk from the Bronze Age ( 1600 BC ) , Germany The European Neolithic period -- marked by the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock , increased numbers of settlements and the widespread use of pottery -- began around 7000 BC in Greece and the Balkans , probably influenced by earlier farming practices in Anatolia and the Near East . It spread from the Balkans along the valleys of the Danube and the Rhine ( Linear Pottery culture ) and along the Mediterranean coast ( Cardial culture ) . Between 4500 and 3000 BC , these central European neolithic cultures developed further to the west and the north , transmitting newly acquired skills in producing copper artefacts . In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments , such as causewayed enclosures , burial mounds and megalithic tombs . The Corded Ware cultural horizon flourished at the transition from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic . During this period giant megalithic monuments , such as the Megalithic Temples of Malta and Stonehenge , were constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe . The European Bronze Age began c. 3200 BC in Greece with the Minoan civilization on Crete , the first advanced civilization in Europe . The Minoans were followed by the Myceneans , who collapsed suddenly around 1200 BC , ushering the European Iron Age . Iron Age colonisation by the Greeks and Phoenicians gave rise to early Mediterranean cities . Early Iron Age Italy and Greece from around the 8th century BC gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity , whose beginning is sometimes dated to 776 BC , the year the first Olympic Games . Classical antiquity Main article : Classical antiquity See also : Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome The Parthenon in Athens ( 432 BC ) Ancient Greece was the founding culture of Western civilisation . Western democratic and rationalist culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece . The Greeks city - state , the polis , was the fundamental political unit of classical Greece . In 508 BC , Cleisthenes instituted the world 's first democratic system of government in Athens . The Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by European philosophers and idealists . Greece also generated many cultural contributions : in philosophy , humanism and rationalism under Aristotle , Socrates and Plato ; in history with Herodotus and Thucydides ; in dramatic and narrative verse , starting with the epic poems of Homer ; in drama with Sophocles and Euripides , in medicine with Hippocrates and Galen ; and in science with Pythagoras , Euclid and Archimedes . In the course of the 5th century BC , several of the Greek city states would ultimately check the Achaemenid Persian advance in Europe through the Greco - Persian Wars , considered a pivotal moment in world history , as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens , the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization . The Roman Empire at its greatest extent in 117 AD . Augustus wearing the Civic Crown Greece was followed by Rome , which left its mark on law , politics , language , engineering , architecture , government and many more key aspects in western civilisation . Expanding from their base in Italy beginning in the 3rd century BC , the Romans gradually expanded to eventually rule the entire Mediterranean basin and western Europe by the turn of the millennium . The Roman Republic ended in 27 BC , when Augustus proclaimed the Roman Empire . The two centuries that followed are known as the pax romana , a period of unprecedented peace , prosperity , and political stability in most of Europe . The empire continued to expand under emperors such as Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius , who spent time on the Empire 's northern border fighting Germanic , Pictish and Scottish tribes . The Empire began to decline in the 3rd century , particularly in the west . Christianity was legalised by Constantine I in 313 AD after three centuries of imperial persecution . Constantine also permanently moved the capital of the empire from Rome to the city of Byzantium , which was renamed Constantinople in his honour ( modern - day Istanbul ) in 330 AD . Christianity became the sole official religion of the empire in 380 AD , and in 391 - 392 AD , the emperor Theodosius outlawed pagan religions . This is sometimes considered to mark the end of antiquity ; alternatively antiquity is considered to end with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD ; the closure of the pagan Platonic Academy of Athens in 529 AD ; or the rise of Islam in the early 7th century AD . Early Middle Ages Main articles : Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages See also : Dark Ages ( historiography ) and Age of Migrations Europe c. 650 Charlemagne 's empire in 814 : Francia , Tributaries During the decline of the Roman Empire , Europe entered a long period of change arising from what historians call the `` Age of Migrations '' . There were numerous invasions and migrations amongst the Ostrogoths , Visigoths , Goths , Vandals , Huns , Franks , Angles , Saxons , Slavs , Avars , Bulgars and , later on , the Vikings , Pechenegs , Cumans and Magyars . Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to this as the `` Dark Ages '' . Isolated monastic communities were the only places to safeguard and compile written knowledge accumulated previously ; apart from this very few written records survive and much literature , philosophy , mathematics , and other thinking from the classical period disappeared from Western Europe though they were preserved in the east , in the Byzantine Empire . While the Roman empire in the west continued to decline , Roman traditions and the Roman state remained strong in the predominantly Greek - speaking Eastern Roman Empire , also known as the Byzantine Empire . During most of its existence , the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful economic , cultural , and military force in Europe . Emperor Justinian I presided over Constantinople 's first golden age : he established a legal code that forms the basis of many modern legal systems , funded the construction of the Hagia Sophia , and brought the Christian church under state control . Roland pledges fealty to Charlemagne , Holy Roman Emperor Delegations of Croats and Serbs at Byzantine court of Basil I From the 7th century onwards , as the Byzantines and neighbouring Sasanid Persians were severely weakened due the protracted , centuries - lasting and frequent Byzantine -- Sasanian wars , the Muslim Arabs began to make inroads into historically Roman territory , taking the Levant and North Africa and making inroads into Asia Minor . In the mid 7th century AD , following the Muslim conquest of Persia , Islam penetrated into the Caucasus region . Over the next centuries Muslim forces took Cyprus , Malta , Crete , Sicily and parts of southern Italy . Between 711 and 720 , most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Muslim rule -- save for small areas in the northwest ( Asturias ) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees . This territory , under the Arabic name Al - Andalus , became part of the expanding Umayyad Caliphate . The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople ( 717 ) weakened the Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige . The Umayyads were then defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 , which ended their northward advance . During the Dark Ages , the Western Roman Empire fell under the control of various tribes . The Germanic and Slav tribes established their domains over Western and Eastern Europe respectively . Eventually the Frankish tribes were united under Clovis I. Charlemagne , a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty who had conquered most of Western Europe , was anointed `` Holy Roman Emperor '' by the Pope in 800 . This led in 962 to the founding of the Holy Roman Empire , which eventually became centred in the German principalities of central Europe . East Central Europe saw the creation of the first Slavic states and the adoption of Christianity ( circa 1000 AD ) . The powerful West Slavic state of Great Moravia spread its territory all the way south to the Balkans , reaching its largest territorial extent under Svatopluk I and causing a series of armed conflicts with East Francia . Further south , the first South Slavic states emerged in the late 7th and 8th century and adopted Christianity : the First Bulgarian Empire , the Serbian Principality ( later Kingdom and Empire ) , and the Duchy of Croatia ( later Kingdom of Croatia ) . To the East , the Kievan Rus expanded from its capital in Kiev to become the largest state in Europe by the 10th century . In 988 , Vladimir the Great adopted Orthodox Christianity as the religion of state . Further East , Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in the 10th century , but was eventually absorbed into Russia several centuries later . High and late Middle Ages Main articles : High Middle Ages , Late Middle Ages , and Middle Ages See also : Medieval demography The period between the year 1000 and 1300 is known as the High Middle Ages , during which the population of Europe experienced significant growth , culminating in the Renaissance of the 12th century . Economic growth , together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes , made possible the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas . The growing wealth and independence acquired by some coastal cities gave the Maritime Republics a leading role in the European scene . Tancred of Sicily and Philip II of France , during the Third Crusade ( 1189 -- 1192 ) The Middle Ages on the mainland were dominated by the two upper echelons of the social structure : the nobility and the clergy . Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages and soon spread throughout Europe . A struggle for influence between the nobility and the monarchy in England led to the writing of the Magna Carta and the establishment of a parliament . The primary source of culture in this period came from the Roman Catholic Church . Through monasteries and cathedral schools , the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe . The Papacy reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages . An East - West Schism in 1054 split the former Roman Empire religiously , with the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Catholic Church in the former Western Roman Empire . In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade against Muslims occupying Jerusalem and the Holy Land . In Europe itself , the Church organised the Inquisition against heretics . In Spain , the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Granada in 1492 , ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula . In the east a resurgent Byzantine Empire recaptured Crete and Cyprus from the Muslims and reconquered the Balkans . Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe from the 9th to the 12th centuries , with a population of approximately 400,000 . The Empire was weakened following the defeat at Manzikert and was weakened considerably by the sack of Constantinople in 1204 , during the Fourth Crusade . Although it would recover Constantinople in 1261 , Byzantium fell in 1453 when Constantinople was taken by the Ottoman Empire . The sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238 , during the Mongol invasion of Europe . In the 11th and 12th centuries , constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes , such as the Pechenegs and the Cuman - Kipchaks , caused a massive migration of Slavic populations to the safer , heavily forested regions of the north and temporarily halted the expansion of the Rus ' state to the south and east . Like many other parts of Eurasia , these territories were overrun by the Mongols . The invaders , who became known as Tatars , were mostly Turkic - speaking peoples under Mongol suzerainty . They established the state of the Golden Horde with headquarters in Crimea , which later adopted Islam as a religion and ruled over modern - day southern and central Russia for more than three centuries . After the collapse of Mongol dominions , the first Romanian states ( principalities ) emerged in the 14th century : Moldova and Walachia . Previously , these territories were under the successive control of Pechenegs and Cumans . From the 12th to the 15th centuries , the Grand Duchy of Moscow grew from a small principality under Mongol rule to the largest state in Europe , overthrowing the Mongols in 1480 and eventually becoming the Tsardom of Russia . The state was consolidated under Ivan III the Great and Ivan the Terrible , steadily expanding to the east and south over the next centuries . The Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 was the first crisis that would strike Europe in the late Middle Ages . The period between 1348 and 1420 witnessed the heaviest loss . The population of France was reduced by half . Medieval Britain was afflicted by 95 famines , and France suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period . Europe was devastated in the mid-14th century by the Black Death , one of the most deadly pandemics in human history which killed an estimated 25 million people in Europe alone -- a third of the European population at the time . The plague had a devastating effect on Europe 's social structure ; it induced people to live for the moment as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron ( 1353 ) . It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and led to increased persecution of Jews , foreigners , beggars and lepers . The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying virulence and mortalities until the 18th century . During this period , more than 100 plague epidemics swept across Europe . Early modern period Main article : Early modern period See also : Renaissance , Protestant Reformation , Scientific Revolution , and Age of Discovery The School of Athens by Raphael ( 1511 ) : Contemporaries such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci ( centre ) are portrayed as classical scholars . The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in Florence and later spreading to the rest of Europe . The rise of a new humanism was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten classical Greek and Arabic knowledge from monastic libraries , often translated from Arabic into Latin . The Renaissance spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries : it saw the flowering of art , philosophy , music , and the sciences , under the joint patronage of royalty , the nobility , the Roman Catholic Church , and an emerging merchant class . Patrons in Italy , including the Medici family of Florentine bankers and the Popes in Rome , funded prolific quattrocento and cinquecento artists such as Raphael , Michelangelo , and Leonardo da Vinci . Political intrigue within the Church in the mid-14th century caused the Western Schism . During this forty - year period , two popes -- one in Avignon and one in Rome -- claimed rulership over the Church . Although the schism was eventually healed in 1417 , the papacy 's spiritual authority had suffered greatly . Martin Luther ( 1483 -- 1546 ) initiated the Protestant Reformation . The Church 's power was further weakened by the Protestant Reformation ( 1517 -- 1648 ) , initially sparked by the works of German theologian Martin Luther , an attempt to start a reform within the Church . The Reformation also damaged the Holy Roman Emperor 's influence , as German princes became divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths . This eventually led to the Thirty Years War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) , which crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much of Germany , killing between 25 and 40 percent of its population . In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia , France rose to predominance within Europe . The 17th century in southern , central and eastern Europe was a period of general decline . Central and Eastern Europe experienced more than 150 famines in a 200 - year period between 1501 and 1700 . From the Union of Krewo ( 1385 ) central and eastern Europe was dominated by Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Between 1648 and 1655 in the central and eastern Europe ended hegemony of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . From the 15th to 18th centuries , when the disintegrating khanates of the Golden Horde were conquered by Russia , Tatars from the Crimean Khanate frequently raided Eastern Slavic lands to capture slaves . Further east , the Nogai Horde and Kazakh Khanate frequently raided the Slavic - speaking areas of Russia , Ukraine and Poland for hundreds of years , until the Russian expansion and conquest of most of northern Eurasia ( i.e. Eastern Europe , Central Asia and Siberia ) . Meanwhile , in the south , the Ottomans had conquered the Balkans by the 15th century , laying siege to Vienna in 1529 . In the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 , the Holy League checked Ottoman power in the Mediterranean . The Ottomans again laid siege to Vienna in 1683 , but the Battle of Vienna permanently ended their advance into Europe , and marked the political hegemony of the Habsburg dynasty in central Europe . The Renaissance and the New Monarchs marked the start of an Age of Discovery , a period of exploration , invention , and scientific development . Among the great figures of the Western scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries were Copernicus , Kepler , Galileo , and Isaac Newton . According to Peter Barrett , `` It is widely accepted that ' modern science ' arose in the Europe of the 17th century ( towards the end of the Renaissance ) , introducing a new understanding of the natural world . '' In the 15th century , Europe started to extend itself beyond its geographic frontiers . Portugal and Spain , two of the greatest naval powers of the time , took the lead in exploring the world . Christopher Columbus reached the New World in 1492 and Vasco da Gama opened the ocean route to the East in 1498 , and soon after the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing colonial empires in the Americas and Asia . France , the Netherlands and England soon followed in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa , the Americas , and Asia . 18th and 19th centuries Main article : Modern history See also : Industrial Revolution , French Revolution , and Age of Enlightenment Napoleon 's retreat from Russia in 1812 . Napoleon 's Grande Armée had lost about half a million men . The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason - based thoughts . Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy 's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and the establishment of the First Republic as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror . Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution and established the First French Empire that , during the Napoleonic Wars , grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo . Napoleonic rule resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution , including that of the nation - state , as well as the widespread adoption of the French models of administration , law , and education . The Congress of Vienna , convened after Napoleon 's downfall , established a new balance of power in Europe centred on the five `` Great Powers '' : the UK , France , Prussia , Austria , and Russia . This balance would remain in place until the Revolutions of 1848 , during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and the UK . These revolutions were eventually put down by conservative elements and few reforms resulted . The year 1859 saw the unification of Romania , as a nation - state , from smaller principalities . In 1867 , the Austro - Hungarian empire was formed ; and 1871 saw the unifications of both Italy and Germany as nation - states from smaller principalities . Ottoman Europe in 1856 In parallel , the Eastern Question grew more complex ever since the Ottoman defeat in the Russo - Turkish War ( 1768 -- 1774 ) . As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire seemed imminent , the Great Powers struggled to safeguard their strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains . The Russian Empire stood to benefit from the decline , whereas the Habsburg Empire and Britain perceived the preservation of the Ottoman Empire to be in their best interests . Meanwhile , the Serbian revolution ( 1804 ) and Greek War of Independence ( 1821 ) marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans , which ended with the Balkan Wars in 1912 - 1913 . Formal recognition of the de facto independent principalities of Montenegro , Serbia and Romania ensued at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 . Marshall 's Temple Works ( 1840 ) , the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe . The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth , mass employment , and the rise of a new working class . Reforms in social and economic spheres followed , including the first laws on child labour , the legalisation of trade unions , and the abolition of slavery . In Britain , the Public Health Act of 1875 was passed , which significantly improved living conditions in many British cities . Europe 's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900 . The last major famine recorded in Western Europe , the Irish Potato Famine , caused death and mass emigration of millions of Irish people . In the 19th century , 70 million people left Europe in migrations to various European colonies abroad and to the United States . Demographic growth meant that , by 1900 , Europe 's share of the world 's population was 25 % . 20th century to the present Main articles : Modern era and History of Europe See also : World War I , Great Depression , Interwar period , World War II , Cold War , and History of the European Union Leaders of the Central Powers in 1918 ( left to right ) : Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany , Kaiser Franz Joseph of Austria - Hungary , Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire , and Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria . Two world wars and an economic depression dominated the first half of the 20th century . World War I was fought between 1914 and 1918 . It started when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by the Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip . Most European nations were drawn into the war , which was fought between the Entente Powers ( France , Belgium , Serbia , Portugal , Russia , the United Kingdom , and later Italy , Greece , Romania , and the United States ) and the Central Powers ( Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria , and the Ottoman Empire ) . The war left more than 16 million civilians and military dead . Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilised from 1914 to 1918 . Serbian war efforts ( 1914 -- 1918 ) cost the country one quarter of its population . Russia was plunged into the Russian Revolution , which threw down the Tsarist monarchy and replaced it with the communist Soviet Union . Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and broke up into separate nations , and many other nations had their borders redrawn . The Treaty of Versailles , which officially ended World War I in 1919 , was harsh towards Germany , upon whom it placed full responsibility for the war and imposed heavy sanctions . Excess deaths in Russia over the course of World War I and the Russian Civil War ( including the postwar famine ) amounted to a combined total of 18 million . In 1932 -- 1933 , under Stalin 's leadership , confiscations of grain by the Soviet authorities contributed to the second Soviet famine which caused millions of deaths ; surviving kulaks were persecuted and many sent to Gulags to do forced labour . Stalin was also responsible for the Great Purge of 1937 -- 38 in which the NKVD executed 681,692 people ; millions of people were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union . The social revolutions sweeping through Russia also affected other European nations following The Great War : in 1919 , with the Weimar Republic in Germany , and the First Austrian Republic ; in 1922 , with Mussolini 's one party fascist government in the Kingdom of Italy , and in Ataturk 's Turkish Republic , adopting the Western alphabet , and state secularism . Economic instability , caused in part by debts incurred in the First World War and ' loans ' to Germany played havoc in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s . This and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought about the worldwide Great Depression . Helped by the economic crisis , social instability and the threat of communism , fascist movements developed throughout Europe placing Adolf Hitler in power of what became Nazi Germany . In 1933 , Hitler became the leader of Germany and began to work towards his goal of building Greater Germany . Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936 . In 1938 , Austria became a part of Germany following the Anschluss . Later that year , following the Munich Agreement signed by Germany , France , the United Kingdom and Italy , Germany annexed the Sudetenland , which was a part of Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Germans , and in early 1939 , the remainder of Czechoslovakia was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , controlled by Germany , and the Slovak Republic . At the time , Britain and France preferred a policy of appeasement . Bombed and burned - out buildings in Hamburg , 1944 / 45 With tensions mounting between Germany and Poland over the future of Danzig , the Germans turned to the Soviets , and signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , which allowed the Soviets to invade the Baltic states and parts of Poland and Romania . Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 , prompting France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 3 September , opening the European Theatre of World War II . The Soviet invasion of Poland started on 17 September and Poland fell soon thereafter . On 24 September , the Soviet Union attacked the Baltic countries and later , Finland . The British hoped to land at Narvik and send troops to aid Finland , but their primary objective in the landing was to encircle Germany and cut the Germans off from Scandinavian resources . Around the same time , Germany moved troops into Denmark . The Phoney War continued . In May 1940 , Germany attacked France through the Low Countries . France capitulated in June 1940 . By August Germany began a bombing offensive on Britain , but failed to convince the Britons to give up . In 1941 , Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the Operation Barbarossa . On 7 December 1941 Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into the conflict as allies of the British Empire and other allied forces . The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference in 1945 ; seated ( from the left ) : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Joseph Stalin After the staggering Battle of Stalingrad in 1943 , the German offensive in the Soviet Union turned into a continual fallback . The Battle of Kursk , which involved the largest tank battle in history , was the last major German offensive on the Eastern Front . In June 1944 , British and American forces invaded France in the D - Day landings , opening a new front against Germany . Berlin finally fell in 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . The war was the largest and most destructive in human history , with 60 million dead across the world . More than 40 million people in Europe had died as a result of World War II , including between 11 and 17 million people who perished during the Holocaust . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people ( mostly civilians ) during the war , about half of all World War II casualties . By the end of World War II , Europe had more than 40 million refugees . Several post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20 million people . World War I and especially World War II diminished the eminence of Western Europe in world affairs . After World War II the map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided into two blocs , the Western countries and the communist Eastern bloc , separated by what was later called by Winston Churchill an `` Iron Curtain '' . The United States and Western Europe established the NATO alliance and later the Soviet Union and Central Europe established the Warsaw Pact . The Schuman Declaration led to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community . It began the integration process of the European Union ( 9 May 1950 , at the French Foreign Ministry ) . The two new superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union , became locked in a fifty - year - long Cold War , centred on nuclear proliferation . At the same time decolonisation , which had already started after World War I , gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa . In the 1980s the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev and the Solidarity movement in Poland accelerated the collapse of the Eastern bloc and the end of the Cold War . Germany was reunited , after the symbolic fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 , and the maps of Central and Eastern Europe were redrawn once more . Flag of Europe , adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955 as the flag for the whole of Europe . European integration also grew after World War II . The Treaty of Rome in 1957 established the European Economic Community between six Western European states with the goal of a unified economic policy and common market . In 1967 the EEC , European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom formed the European Community , which in 1993 became the European Union . The EU established a parliament , court and central bank and introduced the euro as a unified currency . Between 2004 and 2013 , more Central and Eastern European countries began joining , expanding the EU to its current size of 28 European countries , and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power . However , in June 2016 the people of the United Kingdom , in a national referndum on EU membership voted to leave the European Union . Geography Main article : Geography of Europe Relief map of Europe and surrounding regions Europe makes up the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass . It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent . Its maritime borders consist of the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean , Black , and Caspian Seas to the south . Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas . The southern regions are more mountainous , while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps , Pyrenees , and Carpathians , through hilly uplands , into broad , low northern plains , which are vast in the east . This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain , and at its heart lies the North German Plain . An arc of uplands also exists along the north - western seaboard , which begins in the western parts of the islands of Britain and Ireland , and then continues along the mountainous , fjord - cut spine of Norway . This description is simplified . Sub-regions such as the Iberian Peninsula and the Italian Peninsula contain their own complex features , as does mainland Central Europe itself , where the relief contains many plateaus , river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend . Sub-regions like Iceland , Britain , and Ireland are special cases . The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe , while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off . Climate Main article : Climate of Europe Biomes of Europe and surrounding regions : tundra alpine tundra taiga montane forest temperate broadleaf forest mediterranean forest temperate steppe dry steppe Europe lies mainly in the temperate climate zones , being subjected to prevailing westerlies . The climate is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe due to the influence of the Gulf Stream . The Gulf Stream is nicknamed `` Europe 's central heating '' , because it makes Europe 's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be . The Gulf Stream not only carries warm water to Europe 's coast but also warms up the prevailing westerly winds that blow across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean . Therefore , the average temperature throughout the year of Naples is 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) , while it is only 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) in New York City which is almost on the same latitude . Berlin , Germany ; Calgary , Canada ; and Irkutsk , in the Asian part of Russia , lie on around the same latitude ; January temperatures in Berlin average around 8 ° C ( 14 ° F ) higher than those in Calgary , and they are almost 22 ° C ( 40 ° F ) higher than average temperatures in Irkutsk . Similarly , northern parts of Scotland have a tempertate marine climate . The yearly average temperature in city of Inverness is 9.05 ° C ( 48.29 ° F ) . However , Churchill , Manitoba , Canada , is on roughly the same latitude and has an average temperature of − 6.5 ° C ( 20.3 ° F ) , giving it a nearly subarctic climate . Geology Main articles : Geology of Europe and Geological history of Europe Mount Elbrus in Russia is the highest mountain in Europe . The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the Baltic Shield ( Fennoscandia ) and the Sarmatian craton , both around 2.25 billion years ago , followed by the Volgo -- Uralia shield , the three together leading to the East European craton ( ≈ Baltica ) which became a part of the supercontinent Columbia . Around 1.1 billion years ago , Baltica and Arctica ( as part of the Laurentia block ) became joined to Rodinia , later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica . Around 440 million years ago Euramerica was formed from Baltica and Laurentia ; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangea . Around 190 million years ago , Gondwana and Laurasia split apart due to the widening of the Atlantic Ocean . Finally , and very soon afterwards , Laurasia itself split up again , into Laurentia ( North America ) and the Eurasian continent . The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time , via Greenland , leading to interchange of animal species . From around 50 million years ago , rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europe , and its connections with continents such as Asia . Europe 's present shape dates to the late Tertiary period about five million years ago . Europa Point as seen from the Strait of Gibraltar . The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex , and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent , from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary . Europe 's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast , partially underwater , northern plain ranging from Ireland in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east . These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Alps / Carpathians . The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian Mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles . Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea , the North Sea , the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea . The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica , and so may be regarded geologically as the `` main continent '' , while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents . Most of the older geology of western Europe existed as part of the ancient microcontinent Avalonia . Flora Having lived side - by - side with agricultural peoples for millennia , Europe 's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man . With the exception of Fennoscandia and northern Russia , few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe , except for various national parks . Land use map of Europe with arable farmland ( yellow ) , forest ( dark green ) , pasture ( light green ) , and tundra or bogs in the north ( dark yellow ) The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest . The conditions for growth are very favourable . In the north , the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift warm the continent . Southern Europe could be described as having a warm , but mild climate . There are frequent summer droughts in this region . Mountain ridges also affect the conditions . Some of these ( Alps , Pyrenees ) are oriented east - west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior . Others are oriented south - north ( Scandinavian Mountains , Dinarides , Carpathians , Apennines ) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards the sea , forests grow well on this side , while on the other side , the conditions are much less favourable . Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time , and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems . Floristic regions of Europe and neighbouring areas , according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch Probably 80 to 90 percent of Europe was once covered by forest . It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean . Though over half of Europe 's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation , Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest , such as the broadleaf and mixed forests , taiga of Scandinavia and Russia , mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean . During recent times , deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted . However , in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest , because these grow quicker . The plantations now cover vast areas of land , but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure . The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2 -- 3 % or less , in European Russia 5 -- 10 % . The country with the smallest percentage of forested area is Iceland ( 1 % ) , while the most forested country is Finland ( 77 % ) . In temperate Europe , mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate . The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak . In the north , the taiga is a mixed spruce -- pine -- birch forest ; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia , the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached . In the Mediterranean , many olive trees have been planted , which are very well adapted to its arid climate ; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe . The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest . A narrow east - west tongue of Eurasian grassland ( the steppe ) extends eastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north . Fauna Main article : Fauna of Europe Biogeographic regions of Europe and bordering regions Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna . As for the animals , in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction . The woolly mammoth was extinct before the end of the Neolithic period . Today wolves ( carnivores ) and bears ( omnivores ) are endangered . Once they were found in most parts of Europe . However , deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further . By the Middle Ages the bears ' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover . Today , the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula , Scandinavia , and Russia ; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe ( Austria , Pyrenees etc . ) , but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat . In addition , polar bears may be found on Svalbard , a Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia . The wolf , the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear , can be found primarily in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Balkans , with a handful of packs in pockets of Western Europe ( Scandinavia , Spain , etc . ) . Once roaming the great temperate forests of Eurasia , European bison now live in nature preserves in Białowieża Forest , on the border between Poland and Belarus . European wild cat , foxes ( especially the red fox ) , jackal and different species of martens , hedgehogs , different species of reptiles ( like snakes such as vipers and grass snakes ) and amphibians , different birds ( owls , hawks and other birds of prey ) . Important European herbivores are snails , larvae , fish , different birds , and mammals , like rodents , deer and roe deer , boars , and living in the mountains , marmots , steinbocks , chamois among others . A number of insects , such as the small tortoiseshell butterfly , add to the biodiversity . The extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on the islands of the Mediterranean . Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna . The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton . Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton , molluscs , echinoderms , different crustaceans , squids and octopuses , fish , dolphins , and whales . Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europe 's Bern Convention , which has also been signed by the European Community as well as non-European states . Politics Main article : Politics of Europe See also : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe , International organizations in Europe , Regions of Europe , and European integration A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements . The political map of Europe is substantially derived from the re-organisation of Europe following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 . The prevalent form of government in Europe is parliamentary democracy , in most cases in the form of Republic ; in 1815 , the prevalent form of government was still the Monarchy . Europe 's remaining eleven monarchies are constitutional . European integration is the process of political , legal , economic ( and in some cases social and cultural ) integration of European states as it has been pursued by the powers sponsoring the Council of Europe since the end of World War II The European Union has been the focus of economic integration on the continent since its foundation in 1993 . More recently , the Eurasian Economic Union has been established as a counterpart comprising former Soviet states . 28 European states are members of the politico - economic European Union , 26 of the border - free Schengen Area and 19 of the monetary union Eurozone . Among the smaller European organizations are the Nordic Council , the Benelux , the Baltic Assembly and the Visegrád Group . List of states and territories Main articles : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe and Area and population of European countries It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe . ( Discuss ) ( October 2016 ) The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe , geographic or political . Flag Symbol Name Area ( km2 ) Population Population density ( per km2 ) Capital Name ( s ) in official language ( s ) Albania 28,748 2,831,741 98.5 Tirana Shqipëria Andorra 468 68,403 146.2 Andorra la Vella Andorra Armenia 29,743 3,060,631 101.5 Yerevan Hayastan Austria 83,858 8,169,929 97.4 Vienna Österreich Azerbaijan 86,600 9,165,000 105.8 Baku Azǝrbaycan Belarus 207,560 9,458,000 45.6 Minsk Беларусь ( Belaruś ) Belgium 30,528 11,007,000 360.6 Brussels België / Belgique / Belgien Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,129 3,843,126 75.2 Sarajevo Bosna i Hercegovina / Боснa и Херцеговина Bulgaria 110,910 7,621,337 68.7 Sofia България ( Bǎlgariya ) Croatia 56,542 4,437,460 77.7 Zagreb Hrvatska Cyprus 9,251 788,457 85 Nicosia Kýpros / Kıbrıs Czech Republic 78,866 10,256,760 130.1 Prague Česko Denmark 43,094 5,564,219 129 Copenhagen Danmark Estonia 45,226 1,340,194 29 Tallinn Eesti Finland 336,593 5,157,537 15.3 Helsinki Suomi / Finland France 547,030 66,104,000 115.5 Paris France Georgia 69,700 4,661,473 64 Tbilisi Sakartvelo Germany 357,021 80,716,000 233.2 Berlin Deutschland Greece 131,957 11,123,034 80.7 Athens Elláda Hungary 93,030 10,075,034 108.3 Budapest Magyarország Iceland 103,000 307,261 2.7 Reykjavík Ísland Ireland 70,280 4,234,925 60.3 Dublin Éire / Ireland Italy 301,230 60,655,464 197.7 Rome Italia Kazakhstan 2,724,900 15,217,711 5.6 Astana Қазақстан ( Qazaqstan ) Latvia 64,589 2,067,900 34.2 Riga Latvija Liechtenstein 160 32,842 205.3 Vaduz Liechtenstein Lithuania 65,300 2,988,400 45.8 Vilnius Lietuva Luxembourg 2,586 448,569 173.5 Luxembourg Lëtzebuerg / Luxemburg / Luxembourg Macedonia 25,713 2,054,800 81.1 Skopje Македонија ( Makedonija ) Malta 316 397,499 1,257.9 Valletta Malta Moldova 33,843 4,434,547 131.0 Chișinău Moldova Monaco 1.95 31,987 16,403.6 Monaco Monaco Montenegro 13,812 616,258 44.6 Podgorica Crna Gora / Црна Гора Netherlands 41,526 16,902,103 393.0 Amsterdam Nederland Norway 385,178 5,018,836 15.5 Oslo Norge / Noreg / Norga Poland 312,685 38,625,478 123.5 Warsaw Polska Portugal 91,568 10,409,995 110.1 Lisbon Portugal Romania 238,391 21,698,181 91.0 Bucharest România Russia 17,075,400 143,975,923 8.3 Moscow Россия ( Rossiya ) San Marino 61 27,730 454.6 San Marino San Marino Serbia 88,361 7,120,666 91.9 Belgrade Srbija / Србија Slovakia 48,845 5,422,366 111.0 Bratislava Slovensko Slovenia 20,273 2,050,189 101 Ljubljana Slovenija Spain 504,851 47,059,533 93.2 Madrid España Sweden 449,964 9,090,113 19.7 Stockholm Sverige Switzerland 41,290 7,507,000 176.8 Bern Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera / Svizra Turkey 783,562 77,695,904 101 Ankara Türkiye Ukraine 603,700 45,360,000 75.1 Kiev Україна ( Ukraina ) United Kingdom 244,820 65,110,000 244.2 London United Kingdom Vatican City 0.44 900 2,045.5 Vatican City Città del Vaticano / Civitas Vaticana <Td_colspan="2"> Total 50 10,180,000 742,000,000 73 Within the above - mentioned states are several de facto independent countries with limited to no international recognition . None of them are members of the UN : Flag Symbol Name Area ( km2 ) Population ( 1 July 2002 est . ) Population density ( per km2 ) Capital Abkhazia 8,432 216,000 29 Sukhumi Kosovo 10,887 1,804,838 220 Pristina Artsakh 11,458 138,800 12 Stepanakert Northern Cyprus 3,355 265,100 78 Nicosia South Ossetia 3,900 70,000 18 Tskhinvali Transnistria 4,163 537,000 133 Tiraspol Several dependencies and similar territories with broad autonomy are also found within or in close proximity to Europe . This includes Åland ( a region of Finland ) , two constituent countries of the Kingdom Denmark ( other than Denmark itself ) , three Crown dependencies , and two British Overseas Territories . Svalbard is also included due to its unique status within Norway , although it is not autonomous . Not included are the three countries of the United Kingdom with devolved powers and the two Autonomous Regions of Portugal , which despite having a unique degree of autonomy , are not largely self - governing in matters other than international affairs . Areas with little more than a unique tax status , such as Heligoland and the Canary Islands , are also not included for this reason . Flag Symbol Name Area ( km2 ) Population ( 1 July 2002 est . ) Population density ( per km2 ) Capital Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) 254 15,000 59.1 Episkopi Cantonment Åland ( Finland ) 13,517 26,008 16.8 Mariehamn Bailiwick of Guernsey ( UK ) 78 64,587 828.0 St. Peter Port Bailiwick of Jersey ( UK ) 116 89,775 773.9 Saint Helier Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 1,399 46,011 32.9 Tórshavn Gibraltar ( UK ) 5.9 27,714 4,697.3 Gibraltar Greenland ( Denmark ) 2,166,086 55,847 0.0028 Nuuk Isle of Man ( UK ) 572 73,873 129.1 Douglas Svalbard ( Norway ) 61,022 2,655 0.04 Longyearbyen Regions Western Europe Eastern Europe Central Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Economy European and bordering nations by GDP ( PPP ) per capita Main article : Economy of Europe As a continent , the economy of Europe is currently the largest on Earth and it is the richest region as measured by assets under management with over $32.7 trillion compared to North America 's $27.1 trillion in 2008 . In 2009 Europe remained the wealthiest region . Its $37.1 trillion in assets under management represented one - third of the world 's wealth . It was one of several regions where wealth surpassed its precrisis year - end peak . As with other continents , Europe has a large variation of wealth among its countries . The richer states tend to be in the West ; some of the Central and Eastern European economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia . The European Union , a political entity composed of 28 European states , comprises the largest single economic area in the world . 18 EU countries share the euro as a common currency . Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world 's largest national economies in GDP ( PPP ) . This includes ( ranks according to the CIA ) : Germany ( 5 ) , the UK ( 6 ) , Russia ( 7 ) , France ( 8 ) , and Italy ( 10 ) . There is huge disparity between many European countries in terms of their income . The richest in terms of GDP per capita is Monaco with its US $172,676 per capita ( 2009 ) and the poorest is Moldova with its GDP per capita of US $1,631 ( 2010 ) . Monaco is the richest country in terms of GDP per capita in the world according to the World Bank report . As a whole , Europe 's GDP per capita is US $21,767 according to a 2016 International Monetary Fund assessment . Rank Country GDP ( nominal , Peak Year ) millions of USD Peak Year European Union 19,200,287 2008 Germany 3,885,440 2015 United Kingdom 3,064,351 2007 France 2,937,321 2008 Italy 2,402,062 2008 5 Russia 2,230,624 2013 6 Spain 1,642,738 2008 7 Turkey 950,328 2013 8 Netherlands 940,665 2008 9 Switzerland 703,852 2014 10 Sweden 578,742 2013 Rank Country GDP ( PPP , Peak Year ) millions of USD Peak Year European Union 20,852,702 2017 Germany 4,134,668 2017 Russia 3,938,001 2017 United Kingdom 2,905,392 2017 France 2,833,064 2017 5 Italy 2,303,108 2017 6 Turkey 2,082,079 2017 7 Spain 1,768,816 2017 8 Poland 1,114,105 2017 9 Netherlands 907,619 2017 10 Belgium 529,289 2017 Economic History Industrial growth ( 1760 -- 1945 ) Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism . From Britain , it gradually spread throughout Europe . The Industrial Revolution started in Europe , specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century , and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise . Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States . World War II , again , damaged much of Europe 's industries . Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 . After World War II the economy of the UK was in a state of ruin , and continued to suffer relative economic decline in the following decades . Italy was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950s . West Germany recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s . France also staged a remarkable comeback enjoying rapid growth and modernisation ; later on Spain , under the leadership of Franco , also recovered , and the nation recorded huge unprecedented economic growth beginning in the 1960s in what is called the Spanish miracle . The majority of Central and Eastern European states came under the control of the Soviet Union and thus were members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( COMECON ) . The states which retained a free - market system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the Marshall Plan . The western states moved to link their economies together , providing the basis for the EU and increasing cross border trade . This helped them to enjoy rapidly improving economies , while those states in COMECON were struggling in a large part due to the cost of the Cold War . Until 1990 , the European Community was expanded from 6 founding members to 12 . The emphasis placed on resurrecting the West German economy led to it overtaking the UK as Europe 's largest economy . Reunification ( 1991 -- present ) Eurozone ( blue colour ) With the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1991 , the post-socialist states began free market reforms : Poland , Hungary , and Slovenia adopted them reasonably quickly , while Ukraine and Russia are still in the process of doing so . After East and West Germany were reunited in 1990 , the economy of West Germany struggled as it had to support and largely rebuild the infrastructure of East Germany . By the millennium change , the EU dominated the economy of Europe comprising the five largest European economies of the time namely Germany , the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Spain . In 1999 , 12 of the 15 members of the EU joined the Eurozone replacing their former national currencies by the common euro . The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were : the United Kingdom , Denmark , and Sweden . The European Union is now the largest economy in the world . Figures released by Eurostat in 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone had gone into recession in 2008 . It impacted much of the region . In 2010 , fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed concerning some countries in Europe , especially Greece , Ireland , Spain , and Portugal . As a result , measures were taken , especially for Greece , by the leading countries of the Eurozone . The EU - 27 unemployment rate was 10.3 % in 2012 . For those aged 15 -- 24 it was 22.4 % . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Europe See also : List of European countries by population and Ageing of Europe Population growth in and around Europe in 2010 In 2016 , the population of Europe was estimated to be 741 million according to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects , which is slightly more than one - ninth of the world 's population . A century ago , Europe had nearly a quarter of the world 's population . The population of Europe has grown in the past century , but in other areas of the world ( in particular Africa and Asia ) the population has grown far more quickly . Among the continents , Europe has a relatively high population density , second only to Asia . The most densely populated country in Europe ( and in the world ) is the microstate of Monaco . Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in Europe Further information : Genetic history of Europe Pan and Pfeil ( 2004 ) count 87 distinct `` peoples of Europe '' , of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state , while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities . According to UN population projection , Europe 's population may fall to about 7 % of world population by 2050 , or 653 million people ( medium variant , 556 to 777 million in low and high variants , respectively ) . Within this context , significant disparities exist between regions in relation to fertility rates . The average number of children per female of child bearing age is 1.52 . According to some sources , this rate is higher among Muslims in Europe . The UN predicts a steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of emigration and low birth rates . Galician bagpipers or gaiteiros in Spain Migration Main articles : Immigration to Europe and European diaspora Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at 70.6 million people , the IOM 's report said . In 2005 , the EU had an overall net gain from immigration of 1.8 million people . This accounted for almost 85 % of Europe 's total population growth . The European Union plans to open the job centres for legal migrant workers from Africa . In 2008 , 696,000 persons were given citizenship of an EU27 member state , a decrease from 707,000 the previous year . Emigration from Europe began with Spanish and Portuguese settlers in the 16th century , and French and English settlers in the 17th century . But numbers remained relatively small until waves of mass emigration in the 19th century , when millions of poor families left Europe . Today , large populations of European descent are found on every continent . European ancestry predominates in North America , and to a lesser degree in South America ( particularly in Uruguay , Argentina , Chile and Brazil , while most of the other Latin American countries also have a considerable population of European origins ) . Australia and New Zealand have large European derived populations . Africa has no countries with European - derived majorities ( or with the exception of Cape Verde and probably São Tomé and Príncipe , depending on context ) , but there are significant minorities , such as the White South Africans . In Asia , European - derived populations predominate in Northern Asia ( specifically Russians ) , some parts of Northern Kazakhstan and Israel . Languages Main article : Languages of Europe Overview map of the distribution of major European languages European languages mostly fall within three Indo - European language groups : the Romance languages , derived from the Latin of the Roman Empire ; the Germanic languages , whose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia ; and the Slavic languages . Language Speakers Principal European country / countries Russian 100,000,000 + Russia Belarus German 90,000,000 + Germany Austria Switzerland Belgium Luxembourg Liechtenstein French 70,000,000 + France Switzerland Belgium Luxembourg English 68,000,000 + United Kingdom Ireland Italian 60,000,000 + Italy Spanish 46,000,000 + Spain Ukrainian 45,000,000 + Ukraine Polish 39,000,000 + Poland Slavic languages are most spoken by the number of native speakers in Europe , they are spoken in Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . Romance languages are spoken primarily in south - western Europe as well as in Romania and Moldova , in Eastern Europe . Germanic languages are spoken in Northern Europe , the British Isles and some parts of Central Europe . Many other languages outside the three main groups exist in Europe . Other Indo - European languages include the Baltic group ( that is , Latvian and Lithuanian ) , the Celtic group ( that is , Irish , Scottish Gaelic , Manx , Welsh , Cornish , and Breton ) , Greek , Armenian , and Albanian . In addition , a distinct non-Indo - European family of Uralic languages ( Estonian , Finnish , and Hungarian ) is spoken mainly in Estonia , Finland , and Hungary , while Kartvelian languages ( Georgian , Mingrelian , and Svan ) , are spoken primarily in Georgia , and two other language families reside in the North Caucasus ( termed Northeast Caucasian , most notably including Chechen , Avar and Lezgin and Northwest Caucasian , notably including Adyghe ) . Maltese is the only Semitic language that is official within the EU , while Basque is the only European language isolate . Turkic languages include Azerbaijani and Turkish , in addition to the languages of minority nations in Russia . Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Europe today . The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe 's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe . Culture Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette , 1876 , by Pierre - Auguste Renoir Main article : Culture of Europe Further information : European folklore and European art `` Europe '' as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of the Roman Empire and its culture . The boundaries of Europe were historically understood as those of Christendom ( or more specifically Latin Christendom ) , as established or defended throughout the medieval and early modern history of Europe , especially against Islam , as in the Reconquista and the Ottoman wars in Europe . This shared cultural heritage is combined by overlapping indigenous national cultures and folklores , roughly divided into Slavic , Latin ( Romance ) and Germanic , but with several components not part of either of these group ( notably Greek and Celtic ) . Cultural contact and mixtures characterise much of European regional cultures ; Kaplan ( 2014 ) describes Europe as `` embracing maximum cultural diversity at minimal geographical distances '' . Religion Percentage of popular belief in God per European country according to the Eurobarometer ( 2005 ) . Main article : Religion in Europe Historically , religion in Europe has been a major influence on European art , culture , philosophy and law . The largest religion in Europe is Christianity , with 76.2 % of Europeans considering themselves Christians , including Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and various Protestant denominations . Among Protestants , the most popular are historically state - supported European denominations such as Lutheranism , Anglicanism and the Reformed faith . Other Protestant denominations such as historically significant ones like Anabaptists were never supported by any state and thus are not so widespread , as well as these newly arriving from the United States such as Pentecostalism , Adventism , Methodism , Baptists and various Evangelical Protestants ; although Methodism and Baptists both have European origins . The notion of `` Europe '' and the `` Western World '' has been intimately connected with the concept of `` Christianity and Christendom '' ; many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity . St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City , the largest church in Europe Christianity , including the Roman Catholic Church , has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the 4th century , and for at least a millennium and a half , Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture , even though the religion was inherited from the Middle East . Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilization , guiding the course of philosophy , art , and science . The second most popular religion is Islam ( 6 % ) concentrated mainly in the Balkans and eastern Europe ( Bosnia and Herzegovina , Albania , Kosovo , Kazakhstan , North Cyprus , Turkey , Azerbaijan , North Caucasus , and the Volga - Ural region ) . Other religions , including Judaism , Hinduism , and Buddhism are minority religions ( though Tibetan Buddhism is the majority religion of Russia 's Republic of Kalmykia ) . The 20th century saw the revival of Neopaganism through movements such as Wicca and Druidry . Europe has become a relatively secular continent , with an increasing number and proportion of irreligious , atheist and agnostic people , who make up about 18.2 % of Europe 's population , actually the largest secular population in the Western world . There are a particularly high number of self - described non-religious people in the Czech Republic , Estonia , Sweden , former East Germany , and France . See also Main articles : List of Europe - related articles and Outline of Europe Politics Eurodistrict Euroregion Flags of Europe List of sovereign states by date of formation Names of European cities in different languages OSCE countries statistics European Union as a potential superpower Demographics Area and population of European countries European Union statistics Largest cities of the EU Largest urban areas of the European Union List of cities in Europe List of metropolitan areas in Europe List of villages in Europe Pan-European identity Economics Economy of the European Union Financial and social rankings of European countries Healthcare in Europe Telecommunications in Europe List of European television stations List of European countries by GDP ( nominal ) Europe portal Geography portal Notes ^ Transnistria , internationally recognised as being a legal part of the Republic of Moldova , although de facto control is exercised by its internationally unrecognised government which declared independence from Moldova in 1990 . ^ Russia is considered a transcontinental country in both Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 78 % ) lives in European Russia . However only the population figure includes the entire state . ^ Guernsey , the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom . Other Channel Islands legislated by the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark . ^ Cyprus can be considered part of Europe or Southwest Asia ; it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe . The population and area figures refer to the entire state , including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus which is not recognised as a sovereign nation by the vast majority of sovereign nations , nor the UN . ^ Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos , both in Northern Atlantic . ^ Area figure for Serbia includes Kosovo , a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 , and whose sovereign status is unclear . Population and density figures are from the first results of 2011 census and are given without the disputed territory of Kosovo . ^ Figures for France include only metropolitan France : some politically integral parts of France are geographically located outside Europe . ^ Netherlands population for November 2014 . Population and area details include European portion only : Netherlands and three entities outside Europe ( Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten , in the Caribbean ) constitute the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Amsterdam is the official capital , while The Hague is the administrative seat . ^ Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country , mostly in Central Asia ( UN region ) , partly in Eastern Europe , with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and Ural River . However , only the population figure refers to the entire country . ^ Armenia can be considered part of Eastern Europe and / or Western Asia ; it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe . The population and area figures include the entire state respectively . ^ Azerbaijan can be considered part of Europe and / or Western Asia . However the population and area figures are for the entire state . This includes the exclave of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and the region Nagorno - Karabakh that has declared , and de facto achieved , independence . Nevertheless , it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states . ^ Georgia can be considered part of Eastern Europe and / or West Asia ; it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe . The population and area figures include Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia , two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence . International recognition , however , is limited . ^ Turkey is physiographically considered a transcontinental country , mostly in Western Asia ( the Middle East ) and Southeast Europe . Turkey has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . However only the population figure includes the entire state . ^ The total figures for area and population include only European portions of transcontinental countries . The precision of these figures is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extent of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries . ^ Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 . Its sovereign status is unclear . Its population is July 2009 CIA estimate . ^ Abkhazia and South Ossetia , both of which can be considered part of Eastern Europe and / or West Asia unilaterally declared their independence from Georgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively . Their status as sovereign nations is not recognised by a vast majority of sovereign nations , nor the UN . Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively . ^ Nagorno - Karabakh , which can be considered part of Eastern Europe and / or West Asia , unilaterally declared its independence from Azerbaijan on 6 January 1992 . Its status as a sovereign nation is not recognised by any sovereign nation , nor the UN . Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively . ^ Greenland , an autonomous constituent country within the Danish Realm , is geographically a part of the continent of North America , but has been politically and culturally associated with Europe . References ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMF ( WEO April 2017 Edition ) GDP nominal per capita - international dollar '' . Jump up ^ http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/ Jump up ^ Annual Population of Urban Agglomerations with 300,000 Inhabitants or More in 2014 , by Country , 1950 - 2030 ( thousands ) , World Urbanization Prospects , the 2014 revision , Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Note : List based on estimates for 2015 , from 2014 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World ( 7th ed . ) . Washington , DC : National Geographic . 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 7528 - 4 . `` Europe '' ( pp. 68 -- 9 ) ; `` Asia '' ( pp. 90 -- 1 ) : `` A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains , Ural River , Caspian Sea , Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea with its outlets , the Bosporus and Dardanelles . '' Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Kim Covert ( 1 July 2011 ) . Ancient Greece : Birthplace of Democracy . Capstone . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4296 - 6831 - 6 . Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece . Jump up ^ Ricardo Duchesne ( 7 February 2011 ) . The Uniqueness of Western Civilization . BRILL . p. 297 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 19248 - 4 . The list of books which have celebrated Greece as the `` cradle '' of the West is endless ; two more examples are Charles Freeman 's The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World ( 1999 ) and Bruce Thornton 's Greek Ways : How the Greeks Created Western Civilization ( 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : National Geographic , 534 . Jump up ^ The European union -- a federation or a confederation ? Jump up ^ εὐρύς , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus . Jump up ^ ὤψ , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus . Jump up ^ M.L. West ( 2007 ) . Indo - European poetry and myth . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 928075 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Europe '' in the Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Michael A. Barry : `` L'Europe et son mythe : à la poursuite du couchant '' . In : Revue des deux Mondes ( November / December 1999 ) p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7103 - 0937 - 6 . Jump up ^ M.L. West ( 1997 ) . The east face of Helicon : west Asiatic elements in Greek poetry and myth . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 451 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815221 - 3 ... Jump up ^ Davidson , Roderic H. ( 1960 ) . `` Where is the Middle East ? '' . Foreign Affairs . 38 ( 4 ) : 665 -- 675 . JSTOR 20029452 . doi : 10.2307 / 20029452 . Jump up ^ The map shows one of the most commonly accepted delineations of the geographical boundaries of Europe , as used by National Geographic and Encyclopædia Britannica . Whether countries are considered in Europe or Asia can vary in sources , for example in the classification of the CIA World Factbook or that of the BBC . Note also that certain countries in Europe , such as France , have territories lying geographically outside Europe , but which are nevertheless considered integral parts of that country . ^ Jump up to : Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007 . Europe . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Falconer , William ; Falconer , Thomas . Dissertation on St. Paul 's Voyage , BiblioLife ( BiblioBazaar ) , 1872 . ( 1817 . ) , p 50 , ISBN 1 - 113 - 68809 - 2 These islands Pliny , as well as Strabo and Ptolemy , included in the African sea Jump up ^ `` Europe -- Noun '' . Princeton University . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Histories 4.38 . C.f. James Rennell , The geographical system of Herodotus examined and explained , Volume 1 , Rivington 1830 , p. 244 Jump up ^ Herodotus , 4 : 45 Jump up ^ Strabo Geography 11.1 Jump up ^ Franxman , Thomas W. ( 1979 ) . Genesis and the Jewish antiquities of Flavius Josephus . Pontificium Institutum Biblicum . pp. 101 -- 102 . ISBN 88 - 7653 - 335 - 4 . Jump up ^ W. Theiler , Posidonios . Die Fragmente , vol. 1 . Berlin : De Gruyter , 1982 , fragm . 47a . Jump up ^ I.G. Kidd ( ed . ) , Posidonius : The commentary , Cambridge University Press , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60443 - 7 , p. 738 . Jump up ^ Geographia 7.5. 6 ( ed . Nobbe 1845 , vol. 2 , p. 178 ) Καὶ τῇ Εὐρώπῃ δὲ συνάπτει διὰ τοῦ μεταξὺ αὐχένος τῆς τε Μαιώτιδος λίμνης καὶ τοῦ Σαρματικοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διαβάσεως τοῦ Τανάϊδος ποταμοῦ . `` And ( Asia ) is connected to Europe by the land - strait between Lake Maiotis and the Sarmatian Ocean where the river Tanais crosses through . '' Jump up ^ Norman F. Cantor , The Civilization of the Middle Ages , 1993 , `` '' Culture and Society in the First Europe `` , pp185ff . Jump up ^ Noted by Cantor , 1993 : 181 . Jump up ^ Philipp Johann von Strahlenberg ( 1730 ) . Das Nord - und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia ( in German ) . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History , by Norman Davies , p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820171 - 7 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boundary of Europe and Asia along Urals '' ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Simon Pallas , Journey through various provinces of the Russian Empire , vol. 3 ( 1773 ) Jump up ^ Douglas W. Freshfield , `` Journey in the Caucasus '' , Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society , Volumes 13 - 14 , 1869 . Cited as de facto convention by Baron von Haxthausen , Transcaucasia ( 1854 ) ; review Dublin University Magazine Jump up ^ `` Europe '' , Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary , 1906 Jump up ^ `` Do we live in Europe or in Asia ? '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Orlenok V. ( 1998 ) . `` Physical Geography '' ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ E.M. Moores , R.W. Fairbridge , Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology , Springer , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 74040 - 4 , p. 34 : `` most Soviet geographers took the watershed of the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus as the boundary between Europe and Asia . '' Jump up ^ A. Vekua ; D. Lordkipanidze ; G.P. Rightmire ; J. Agusti ; R. Ferring ; G. Maisuradze ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi , Georgia '' . Science . 297 ( 5578 ) : 85 -- 9 . PMID 12098694 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1072953 . Jump up ^ The million year old tooth from Atapuerca , Spain , found in June 2007 Jump up ^ National Geographic , 21 . Jump up ^ Borza , EN ( 1992 ) , In the Shadow of Olympus : The Emergence of Macedon , Princeton University Press , p. 58 Jump up ^ Scarre , Chris ( 1996 ) . Fagan , Brian M. , ed . `` The Oxford Companion to Archaeology '' . Oxford University Press : 215 -- 216 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507618 - 4 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , RJC , Stonehenge ( Penguin Books , 1956 ) Jump up ^ Peregrine , Peter Neal ; Ember , Melvin , eds. ( 2001 ) . `` European Megalithic '' . Encyclopedia of Prehistory. 4 : Europe . Springer . pp. 157 -- 184 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46258 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Greece '' . British Museum . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Periods -- School of Archaeology '' . University of Oxford . Jump up ^ Short , John R ( 1987 ) , An Introduction to Urban Geography , Routledge , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Daly ( 19 December 2013 ) . The Rise of Western Power : A Comparative History of Western Civilization . A&C Black . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 1851 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dunn , John ( 1994 ) , Democracy : the unfinished journey 508 BC -- 1993 AD , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 827934 - 5 Jump up ^ National Geographic , 76 . Jump up ^ Heath , Thomas Little ( 1981 ) . A History of Greek Mathematics , Volume I. Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24073 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heath , Thomas Little ( 1981 ) . A History of Greek Mathematics , Volume II . Dover publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24074 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Olaf . Early Physics and Astronomy : A Historical Introduction . 2nd edition . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 . Jump up ^ Barry Strauss ( 16 August 2005 ) . The Battle of Salamis : The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece -- and Western Civilization . Simon and Schuster . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7453 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : McEvedy , Colin ( 1961 ) . The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 123 . Jump up ^ Foster , Sally M. , Picts , Gaels , and Scots : Early Historic Scotland . Batsford , London , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 8874 - 3 Jump up ^ Gerard Friell ; Peabody Professor of North American Archaeology and Ethnography Emeritus Stephen Williams ; Stephen Williams ( 8 August 2005 ) . Theodosius : The Empire at Bay . Routledge . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 78262 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hadas , Moses ( 1950 ) . A History of Greek Literature . Columbia University Press . pp. 273 , 327 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 01767 - 7 . Jump up ^ Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 4 , No. 1 . ( Jan. 1943 ) , pp. 69 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Norman F. Cantor , The Medieval World 300 to 1300 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 135 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Shireen ; et al. ( 2004 ) . Islam in Russia : The Politics of Identity and Security . M.E. Sharpe . p. 3 . ( ... ) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time , but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire . Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Hugh ( 1995 ) . `` The Muslims in Europe '' . In McKitterick , Rosamund , The New Cambridge Medieval History : c. 500 - c. 700 , pp. 249 -- 272 . Cambridge University Press . 052136292X . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 143 -- 145 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 162 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 166 . Jump up ^ Bulliet et al. 2011 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Brown , Anatolios & Palmer 2009 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Gerald Mako , `` The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars : A Question Reconsidered '' , Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18 , 2011 , 199 -- 223 . ^ Jump up to : National Geographic , 158 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 186 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 192 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 199 . Jump up ^ Laiou & Morisson 2007 , pp. 130 -- 131 ; Pounds 1979 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ William J. Duiker ; Jackson J. Spielvogel ( 1 February 2010 ) . The Essential World History . Cengage Learning . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90227 - 0 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . The Byzantine Empire also interacted with the world of Islam to its east and the new European civilization of the west . Both interactions proved costly and ultimately fatal . Jump up ^ Ronald Findlay ( 2006 ) . Eli Heckscher , International Trade , And Economic History . MIT Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 06251 - 0 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . These Christian allies did not accept the authority of Byzantium , and the Fourth Crusade that sacked Constantinople and established the so - called Latin Empire that lasted until 1261 was a fatal wound from which the empire never recovered until its fall at the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1453 ( Queller and Madden 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Browning ( 1 October 1992 ) . The Byzantine Empire ( Revised Edition ) . CUA Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 0754 - 4 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . And though the final blow was struck by the Ottoman Turks , it can plausibly be argued that the fatal injury was inflicted by the Latin crusaders in 1204 . Jump up ^ Ted Byfield ( September 2008 ) . A Glorious Disaster : A.D. 1100 to 1300 : The Crusades : Blood , Valor , Iniquity , Reason , Faith . Christian History Project . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9689873 - 7 - 7 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . continue to stand for another 250 before ultimately falling to the Muslim Turks , but it had been irrevocably weakened by the Fourth Crusade . Jump up ^ Cornelia Golna ( 2004 ) . City of Man 's Desire : A Novel of Constantinople . Go - Bos Press . p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 804114 - 4 - 9 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . 1204 The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople , destroying and pillaging many of its treasures , fatally weakening the empire both economically and militarily Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2001 ) . Magill 's Guide to Military History : A-Cor . Salem Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89356 - 015 - 7 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . However , the fifty - seven years of plunder that followed made the Byzantine Empire , even when it retook the capital in 1261 , genuinely weak . Beginning in 1222 , the empire was further weakened by a civil war that lasted until 1355 ... When the Ottomans overran their lands and besieged Constantinople in 1453 , sheer poverty and weakness were the causes of the capital city 's final fall . Jump up ^ Dale T. Irvin ( 10 January 2002 ) . History of the World Christian Movement : Volume 1 : Earliest Christianity To 1453 . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 405 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08866 - 6 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Not only did the fourth crusade further harden the resentments Greek - speaking Christians felt toward the Latin West , but it further weakened the empire of Constantinople , many say fatally so . After the restoration of Greek imperial rule the city survived as the capital of Byzantium for another two centuries , but it never fully recovered . Jump up ^ Richard C. Frucht ( 31 December 2004 ) . Eastern Europe : An Introduction to the People , Lands , and Culture . ABC - CLIO . p. 856 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 800 - 6 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Although the empire was revived , the events of 1204 had so weakened Byzantium that it was no longer a great power . Jump up ^ William J. Duiker ; Jackson J. Spielvogel ( 1 February 2010 ) . The Essential World History . Cengage Learning . p. 386 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90227 - 0 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Later they established themselves in the Anatolian peninsula at the expense of the Byzantine Empire ... The Byzantines , however , had been severely weakened by the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade ( in 1204 ) and the Western occupation of much of the empire for the next half century . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 211 . Jump up ^ Ralph Peters ( 29 August 2006 ) . New Glory : Expanding America 's Global Supremacy . Sentinel . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59523 - 030 - 0 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Western Christians , not Muslims , fatally crippled Byzantine power and opened Islam 's path into the West . Jump up ^ Chronicles . Rockford Institute . 2005 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 ... two - and - a-half centuries to recover from the Fourth Crusade before the Ottomans finally took Constantinople in 1453 , ... They fatally wounded Byzantium , which was the main cause of its weakened condition when the Muslim onslaught came . Even on the eve of its final collapse , the precondition for any Western help was submission in Florence . Jump up ^ Klyuchevsky , Vasily ( 1987 ) . The course of the Russian history . v. 1 : `` Myslʹ . ISBN 5 - 244 - 00072 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of Kiev '' . University of Toronto . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Horde '' , in Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Khanate of the Golden Horde ( Kipchak ) '' . Alamo Community Colleges . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Spinei , Victor . The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century , Brill , 2009 , ISBN 9789004175365 Jump up ^ The Late Middle Ages Archived 2 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Oglethorpe University . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Frederic J. France in the Sixteenth Century . London : MacMillan Publishers , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 62088 - 7 . Jump up ^ Don O'Reilly . `` Hundred Years ' War : Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans '' . TheHistoryNet.com . Archived 9 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Poor studies will always be with us . By James Bartholomew . Telegraph . 7 August . 2004 . Jump up ^ Famine . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Plague : The Black Death '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 223 . Jump up ^ `` Epidemics of the Past : Bubonic Plague -- Infoplease.com '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Jo Revill ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Black Death blamed on man , not rats UK news The Observer '' . London : The Observer . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Barrett ( 2004 ) , Science and Theology Since Copernicus : The Search for Understanding , pp. 14 -- 18 , Continuum International Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 567 - 08969 - X Jump up ^ Weiss , Roberto ( 1969 ) The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity , ISBN 1 - 59740 - 150 - 1 Jump up ^ Jacob Burckhardt ( 1990 ) ( 1878 ) . The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy ( translation by S.G.C Middlemore ed . ) . London , England : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044534 - X . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 254 . Jump up ^ Jensen , De Lamar ( 1992 ) , Renaissance Europe , ISBN 0 - 395 - 88947 - 2 Jump up ^ Levey , Michael ( 1967 ) . Early Renaissance . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 292 . Jump up ^ Levey , Michael ( 1971 ) . High Renaissance . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 193 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 256 -- 257 . Jump up ^ History of Europe -- Demographics . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 269 . Jump up ^ `` The Seventeenth - Century Decline '' . The Library of Iberian resources online . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Food , Famine And Fertilisers '' . Seshadri Kannan ( 2009 ) . APH Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 81 - 313 - 0356 - X Jump up ^ W.G. Clarence - Smith ( 2006 ) . `` Islam And The Abolition Of Slavery '' . Oxford University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 522151 - 6 -- `` Lands to the north of the Black Sea probably yielded the most slaves to the Ottomans from 1450 . A compilation of estimates indicates that Crimean Tartars seized about 1,750,000 Ukrainians , Poles , and Russians from 1468 to 1694 . '' Jump up ^ Hunt , Shelby D. ( 2003 ) . Controversy in marketing theory : for reason , realism , truth , and objectivity . M.E. Sharpe . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0932 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Revolution : Chronological Timeline : Copernicus to Newton '' . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ John Morris Roberts ( 1997 ) . Penguin History of Europe . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026561 - 9 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 296 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 338 . Jump up ^ Goldie , Mark ; Wokler , Robert ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge History of Eighteenth - Century Political Thought . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37422 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cassirer , Ernst ( 1979 ) . The Philosophy of the Enlightenment . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01963 - 0 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 255 . Jump up ^ Schama , Simon ( 1989 ) . Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution . Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55948 - 7 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 360 . Jump up ^ McEvedy , Colin ( 1972 ) . The Penguin Atlas of Modern History . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 051153 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Martyn ( 1994 ) . Napoleon Bonaparte and the legacy of the French Revolution . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12123 - 7 . Jump up ^ Grab , Alexander ( 2003 ) . Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( European History in Perspective ) . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 68275 - 3 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 350 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 367 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 371 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Ottoman Empire -- 19th century , Historyworld Jump up ^ Trevelyan , George Macaulay ( 1988 ) . A shortened history of England . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 010241 - 8 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sidney ( 1976 ) . History of Trade Unionism . AMS Press . ISBN 0 - 404 - 06885 - 5 . Jump up ^ Slavery , Historical survey -- Ways of ending slavery , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Trevelyan , George Macaulay ( 1942 ) . English Social History . Longmans , Green . Jump up ^ Modernisation -- Population Change . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Famine '' . BBC -- History . Jump up ^ The Atlantic : Can the US afford immigration ? . Migration News . December 1996 . Jump up ^ PoPulation -- Global Mapping International Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Assassin Gavrilo Princip gets a statue in Sarajevo '' . Prague Post . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 407 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 440 . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences '' . James Atkinson . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Times : Archives - FOURTH OF SERBIA 'S POPULATION DEAD . '' . pqarchiver.com . Jump up ^ `` ASSERTS SERBIANS FACE EXTINCTION ; Their Plight in Occupied Districts Worse Than Belgians ' , Says Labor Envoy . '' . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SERBIA RESTORED . '' . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia and Austria '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 28 July 1918 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals to Americans to pray for Serbians '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 27 July 1918 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 480 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 443 . Jump up ^ Mark Harrison ( 18 July 2002 ) . Accounting for War : Soviet Production , Employment , and the Defence Burden , 1940 -- 1945 . Cambridge University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89424 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy of famine divides Ukraine '' . BBC News . 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Abbott Gleason ( 2009 ) . A companion to Russian history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 373 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3560 - 3 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey A. Hosking ( 2001 ) . Russia and the Russians : a history . Harvard University Press . p. 469 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00473 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hobsbawm , Eric ( 1995 ) . The Age of Extremes : A history of the world , 1914 -- 1991 . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73005 - 7 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 438 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 465 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1996 ) . The Origins of the Second World War . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82947 - 9 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 510 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 532 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 511 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 519 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 439 . Jump up ^ `` Europe honours war dead on VE Day '' . BBC News . 9 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Niewyk , Donald L. and Nicosia , Francis R . The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead '' . BBC News . 9 May 2005 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Refugees : Save Us ! Save Us ! '' . Time . 9 July 1979 . Jump up ^ Postwar Population Transfers in Europe : A Survey , by Joseph B. Schechtman Jump up ^ National Geographic , 530 . Jump up ^ The European flag , Council of Europe . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 536 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 537 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , 535 . Jump up ^ Cuper , Simon ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Why Europe works '' . ft.com . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Europe . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : `` European Climate '' . World Book . World Book , Inc . Archived from the original on 9 November 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Europe '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geology map of Europe '' . University of Southampton. 1967 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History and geography '' . Save America 's Forest Funds . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` State of Europe 's Forests 2007 : The MCPFE report on sustainable forest management in Europe '' ( PDF ) . EFI Euroforest Portal . p. 182 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` European bison , Wisent '' . Archived from the original on 26 December 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Matt ( 4 August 2009 ) . `` European bison on ' genetic brink ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ BRYANT , S. , THOMAS , C. and BALE , J. ( 1997 ) , Nettle - feeding nymphalid butterflies : temperature , development and distribution . Ecological Entomology , 22 : 390 -- 398 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2311.1997. 00082. x Jump up ^ Savona - Ventura , C. ; Mifsud , A. ( 9 April 1997 ) . `` Paleolithic Man and his Environment in Malta '' . Archived from the original on 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ not counting the microstate of Vatican City Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fineman , Josh ( 15 September 2009 ) . `` Bloomberg.com '' . Bloomberg.com . Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Stages a Strong Comeback '' . Pr-inside.com. 10 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The CIA World Factbook -- GDP ( PPP ) '' . CIA . 15 July 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The World Bank DataBank - Explore . Create . Share '' . worldbank.org . Jump up ^ Some data refers to IMF staff estimates but some are actual figures for the year 2017 , made in 12 April 2017 . World Economic Outlook Database - April 2017 , International Monetary Fund . Accessed on 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Capitalism Archived 17 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Scott , John ( 2005 ) . Industrialism : A Dictionary of Sociology . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Steven Kreis ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England '' . The History Guide . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Dornbusch , Rudiger ; Nölling , Wilhelm P. ; Layard , Richard G. Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today , pg. 117 Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin , Barbara ( 2002 ) . Rethinking International Organisation : Deregulation and Global Governance . Routledge . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 19540 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dornbusch , Rudiger ; Nölling , Wilhelm P. ; Layard , Richard G. Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today , pg. 29 Jump up ^ Harrop , Martin . Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies , pg. 23 Jump up ^ `` Germany ( East ) '' , Library of Congress Country Study , Appendix B : The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Jump up ^ `` Marshall Plan '' . US DEPARTMENT OF STATE Office of the historian . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` EU data confirms eurozone 's first recession '' . EUbusiness.com. 8 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Thanks to the Bank it 's a crisis ; in the eurozone it 's a total catastrophe . Telegraph . 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Stefan Schultz ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` Five Threats to the Common Currency '' . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Blackstone ; Tom Lauricella ; Neil Shah ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` Global Markets Shudder : Doubts About U.S. Economy and a Debt Crunch in Europe Jolt Hopes for a Recovery '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Lauren Frayer Contributor . `` European Leaders Try to Calm Fears Over Greek Debt Crisis and Protect Euro '' . AOL News . Archived from the original on 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Unemployment statistics Archived 14 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Eurostat. April 2012 . Jump up ^ CIA.gov CIA population growth rankings , CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ World Population Growth , 1950 -- 2050 . Population Reference Bureau . Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2006 Revision Population Database '' . UN -- Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Christoph Pan , Beate Sibylle Pfeil , Minderheitenrechte in Europa . Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen ( 2002 ) . Living-Diversity.eu Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , English translation 2004 . Jump up ^ `` White Europeans : An endangered species ? '' . Yale Daily News . Archived from the original on 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brookings Institute Report '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . See also : `` Muslims in Europe : Country guide '' . BBC news . 23 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ UN predicts huge migration to rich countries . Telegraph . 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rich world needs more foreign workers : report Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . '' , FOXNews.com. 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Europe : Population and Migration in 2005 '' . Migration Information Source . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EU job centres to target Africans '' . BBC News , 8 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 50 million invited to Europe '' . Daily Express , 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EU27 Member States granted citizenship to 696 000 persons in 2008 Archived 6 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat. 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A pena do degredo nas Ordenações do Reino '' . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ensaio sobre a imigração portuguesa e os padrões de miscigenação no Brasil '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Axtell , James ( September -- October 1991 ) . `` The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America '' . Humanities. 12 ( 5 ) : 12 -- 18 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Evans , N.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Work in progress : Indirect passage from Europe Transmigration via the UK , 1836 -- 1914 '' . Journal for Maritime Research . 3 : 70 -- 84 . doi : 10.1080 / 21533369.2001. 9668313 . Jump up ^ Robert Greenall , Russians left behind in Central Asia , BBC News , 23 November 2005 Jump up ^ Italian at Ethnologue ( 18th ed. , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Spanish at Ethnologue ( 18th ed. , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Hilarie Belloc , Europe and the Faith , Chapter I Jump up ^ `` Andreas M. Kaplan : European Management and European Business Schools : Insights from the History of Business Schools '' . European Management Journal . 32 : 529 -- 534 . doi : 10.1016 / j. emj. 2014.03. 006 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Distribution of Christians : Christianity in Europe '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christopher ; Glenn Olsen ( 1961 ) . Crisis in Western Education ( reprint ed . ) . p. 108 . ISBN 9780813216836 . Jump up ^ J. Spielvogel , Jackson ( 2016 ) . Western Civilization : A Brief History , Volume I : To 1715 ( Cengage Learning ed . ) . p. 156 . ISBN 9781305633476 . Jump up ^ Neill , Thomas Patrick ( 1957 ) . Readings in the History of Western Civilization , Volume 2 ( Newman Press ed . ) . p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Catholicism '' . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Caltron J.H Hayas , Christianity and Western Civilization ( 1953 ) , Stanford University Press , p. 2 : That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization -- the civilization of western Europe and of America -- have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo -- Graeco -- Christianity , Catholic and Protestant . Jump up ^ Jose Orlandis , 1993 , `` A Short History of the Catholic Church , '' 2nd edn . ( Michael Adams , Trans . ) , Dublin : Four Courts Press , ISBN 1851821252 , preface , see ( 3 ) , accessed 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas E. Woods and Antonio Canizares , 2012 , `` How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization , '' Reprint edn. , Washington , D.C. : Regnery History , ISBN 1596983280 , PG . NOS. , see accessed 8 December 2014 . p. 1 : `` Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people - Catholic included - often realize . The Church in fact built Western civilization . '' Jump up ^ Koch , Carl ( 1994 ) . The Catholic Church : Journey , Wisdom , and Mission . Early Middle Ages : St. Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 298 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christopher ; Glenn Olsen ( 1961 ) . Crisis in Western Education ( reprint ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 1683 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` THE GLOBAL RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE : Muslims '' . pewforum . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Religiously Unaffiliated '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Dogan , Mattei ( 1998 ) . `` The Decline of Traditional Values in Western Europe '' . International Journal of Comparative Sociology . Sage. 39 : 77 -- 90 . doi : 10.1177 / 002071529803900106 . Jump up ^ Vishnevsky , Anatoly ( 15 August 2000 ) . `` Replacement Migration : Is it a solution for Russia ? '' ( PDF ) . EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON POLICY RESPONSES TO POPULATION AGEING AND POPULATION DECLINE / UN / POP / PRA / 2000 / 14 . United Nations Population Division , Department of Economic and Social Affairs . pp. 6 , 10 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ The UN Statistics Department ( 4 ) places Azerbaijan in Western Asia for statistical convenience ( 5 ) : `` The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories . '' The CIA World Factbook ( 6 ) places Azerbaijan in South Western Asia , with a small portion north of the Caucasus range in Europe . National Geographic and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia . Jump up ^ Council of Europe `` 47 countries , one Europe '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . , British Foreign and Commonwealth Office `` Country profiles '' Europe '' Georgia `` . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . , World Health Organization ( 7 ) , World Tourism Organization ( 8 ) , UNESCO ( 9 ) , UNICEF ( 10 ) , UNHCR ( 11 ) , European Civil Aviation Conference `` Member States '' . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . , Euronews ( 12 ) , BBC ( 13 ) , NATO ( 14 ) , Russian Foreign Ministry ( 15 ) , the World Bank `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 ... Jump up ^ FAO . `` Inland fisheries of Europe '' . FAO . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The UN Statistics Department ( 16 ) places Georgia in Western Asia for statistical convenience ( 17 ) : `` The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories . '' The CIA World Factbook ( 18 ) , National Geographic , and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia . Sources National Geographic Society ( 2005 ) . National Geographic Visual History of the World . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 3695 - 5 . Bulliet , Richard ; Crossley , Pamela ; Headrick , Daniel ; Hirsch , Steven ; Johnson , Lyman ( 2011 ) . The Earth and Its Peoples , Brief Edition . 1 . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0495913115 . Brown , Stephen F. ; Anatolios , Khaled ; Palmer , Martin ( 2009 ) . O'Brien , Joanne , ed . Catholicism & Orthodox Christianity . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1604131062 . External links Find more aboutEuropeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Council of Europe European Union The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online Columbia University Press `` Introducing Europe '' from Lonely Planet Travel Guides and Information Historical Maps Borders in Europe 3000BC to the present Geacron Historical atlas Online history of Europe in 21 maps <Th_colspan="2"> Articles related to Europe <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Europe articles History Chronology Prehistory Classical antiquity Late antiquity Middle Ages Early modernity World War I & II Pax Europaea Crisis situations and unrest since 2000 By topic Military Sovereignty predecessor states Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Areas and populations Countries by area Largest metropolitan areas Cities Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Sovereign states and dependent territories by population Villages Politics <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Eurosphere International organisations Integration Law Politics Post-Soviet Europe Transatlantic relations Intergovernmental Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) Council of Europe ( CoE ) Collective Security Treaty Organisation ( CSTO ) GUAM Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) statistics European Union Economy relations free trade agreements Education European Economic Area ( EEA ) European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) European Union Customs Union ( EUCU ) Eurozone Foreign relations Members enlargement Politics Schengen Area Statistics Visa policy Economy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> History Financial ( and social ) rankings Free trade areas Energy Telecommunications Transport Intergovernmental Central European Free Trade Agreement ( CEFTA ) Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Russia ( CUBKR ) Eurasian Economic Community ( EAEC ) European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) Sovereign states by Average wage Budget revenues per capita Corruption index GDP ( nominal ) per capita GDP ( PPP ) per capita GNI ( nominal ) per capita GNI ( PPP ) per capita HDI Internet users ( % ) Minimum wage Press Freedom Index Unemployment rate ( % ) Health expense per capita Military spending ( % ) Childhood population ( % ) Urban population ( % ) Life expectancy Electricity use per capita Society <Td_colspan="2"> Etiquette Social ( and financial ) rankings Languages endangered Universities Bologna Process Erasmus Culture Art painting sculpture Architecture Capital of Culture Cinema film festivals Classical music Cuisine Dance Literature Philosophy Religion Christianity Islam Judaism Sport Symbols Demographics Ageing Ethnic groups genetic history Immigration Life expectancy Retirement <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Category Portal Maps <Th_colspan="3"> Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British - Irish Agreement <Td_colspan="3"> Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf . Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . <Th_colspan="2"> Continents of the world <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis <Td_colspan="2"> See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of the world <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan <Td_colspan="2"> Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean <Td_colspan="2"> Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon Basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado <Td_colspan="2"> Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt <Td_colspan="2"> Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt <Td_colspan="2"> Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu <Td_colspan="2"> Ring of Fire <Th_colspan="2"> Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic <Th_colspan="2"> Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> European diasporas Central Europe Czechs Germans Hungarians Poles Kashubians Slovaks Slovenes Swiss Eastern Europe Armenians Azerbaijanis Belarusians Georgians Kazakhs Russians Ukrainians Crimean Tatars Northern Europe British English Scottish Welsh Cornish Danes Estonians Finns Icelanders Irish Latvian Lithuanians Norwegians Swedes Southeast Europe Albanians Kosovar Bosnians Bulgarians Croats Cypriots Greek Cypriots Turkish Cypriots Greeks Macedonians Romanians Moldovans Serbian Turkish Southern Europe Italians Calabrians Maltese Portuguese Spaniards Basques Isleños Western Europe Belgians Flanders Dutch French Basques <Td_colspan="2"> Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . It has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . It has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia , but have socio - political and historical connections with Europe . VIAF : 252680782 LCCN : sh85045631 GND : 4015701 - 5 NDL : 00574313 Cite error : There are < ref group = lower - alpha > tags or ( ( efn ) ) templates on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = lower - alpha ) ) template or ( ( notelist ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europe&oldid=804929356 '' Categories : Europe Continents Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Language articles citing Ethnologue 18 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2017 EngvarB from February 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Japanese - language text All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 Articles to be split from October 2016 All articles to be split Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Articles containing Belarusian - language text Articles containing unknown ISO 639 language template Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Kazakh - language text Articles containing Macedonian - language text Articles containing non-English - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лакку Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Молдовеняскэ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Europe's geography and population
2. Historical significance of Europe
3. European integration and the European Union
4. Cultural and political boundaries of Europe
5. Prehistoric and ancient civilizations in Europe
|
1,483,673,581,425,795,000 |
where was the rise of the phoenixes filmed
|
The Rise of Phoenixes - wikipedia The Rise of Phoenixes <Th_colspan="2"> The Rise of Phoenixes <Td_colspan="2"> Official poster Also known as 凰 权 弈 天下 Genre Historical fiction Political Romance Based on Huang Quan by Tianxia Guiyuan Written by Lu Yi Zou Yue Lu Jing ( Tianxia Guiyuan ) Wang Pei Qiu Yongyi Directed by Shen Yan Liu Haibo Starring Chen Kun Ni Ni Composer ( s ) Dong Yingda Country of origin China Original language ( s ) Mandarin No. of seasons No. of episodes 70 ( uncut ) , 56 ( TV ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Niu Jixin Quan Haojin Production location ( s ) Tang City Film Studios Wuxi Duyun Cinematography Li Xi Editor ( s ) Zhang Jia Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 40 - 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Croton Media ( China Syndication ) K. Pictures Hao Mai Culture Chinese All Digital Publishing Group New Film Association Distributor China Syndication <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Hunan TV Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo First shown in China Original release August 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The Rise of Phoenixes Simplified Chinese 天 盛 长 歌 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Tiānshèng Cháng Gē <Td_colspan="2"> The Rise of Phoenixes ( Chinese : 天 盛 长 歌 ; pinyin : Tiānshèng Cháng Gē ) is a 2018 Chinese television series that is loosely based on the novel Huang Quan ( Chinese : 凰 权 ) by Tianxia Guiyuan . It stars Chen Kun and Ni Ni . The series premiered on Hunan Television starting August 14 , 2018 . The series airs on Netflix starting September 14 , 2018 . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.2. 1 Tiansheng Kingdom Royal Family 2.2. 2 Tiansheng Kingdom Court Officials and Servants 2.2. 3 People of Tiansheng Kingdom 2.2. 4 Cheng Dynasty 2.2. 5 Jinshi Tribe 2.2. 6 Kingdom of Yue 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Casting 3.3 Location 3.4 Post-production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Ning Yi ( Chen Kun ) is the calculating and ambitious sixth prince of the ruling Tiansheng kingdom , yet has learnt to hide his true personality behind a carefree facade after corrupt and duplicitous court officials charge the third prince Ning Qiao with high treason . Over the next decade , he establishes a secret information network led by Qingming Academy 's head tutor Xin Ziyan , and waits for the perfect chance to strike down his enemies and overturn the charges laid against his brother . Feng Zhiwei ( Ni Ni ) is the illegitimate daughter of the Qiu clan , and is banished from her household after being falsely accused of a crime . In order to survive , she cross-dresses herself as a man and joins the prestigious Qingming Academy . She enters court as a general and politician after stunning the world with her talent and knowledge , and befriends Ning Yi . She remains loyal and honest to the reigning Emperor during the princes ' fight for the throne , yet soon finds out she is the only surviving royalty of a fallen kingdom . Manipulated into thinking that the current kingdom was built upon the corpses of her loved ones , Zhiwei ultimately decides to take revenge against her enemies , including her lover Ning Yi . Will they be able to put their vengeance behind them and live a life without hatred ? Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Chen Kun Ning Yi ( 宁 弈 ) Sixth prince of Tiansheng Kingdom , the Prince of Chu . Shrewd , ambitious and calculative , he has his eyes set on the throne after his loved ones were framed and massacred by political opponents . He presents himself as a carefree prince whose only objective is to help his older half - brother the crown prince ascend the throne ; while secretly building up his political network and connections from scratch . Ni Ni Feng Zhiwei ( 凤 知 微 ) Wei Zhi ( 魏 知 ) The unfavored daughter of the Qiu Family , who is actually the last princess of the fallen Cheng Dynasty . After getting banished from the clan after being falsely accused of a crime , Zhiwei cross dresses as a man to attend the prestigious Qingming Academy , and joins the royal court as a respected warrior and official under the alias of Wei Zhi . Supporting ( edit ) Tiansheng Kingdom royal family ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Ni Dahong Ning Shizheng ( 宁 世 征 ) Ruler of Tiansheng kingdom . A calculative and distrustful man ; skilled in balancing the different factions in court . Hai Yitian Ning Chuan ( 宁 川 ) Crown prince of Tiansheng Kingdom . Though ambitious , he is a useless and incapable man who relies heavily on Chang Hai and other advisors to strategize for him . He is part of the Chang bloodline and thus is backed by the Chang clan . Shi An Ning Sheng ( 宁 昇 ) Second prince ( Prince of Yan ) of Tiansheng Kingdom . Ambitious and cruel , he is a key contender for the throne . Like the Crown Prince , he is also part of the Chang bloodline and is backed by the Chang clan . Liu Zhehui Ning Qiao ( 宁 乔 ) Third prince of Tiansheng Kingdom . He was killed after being framed by his opponents for high treason . Prior to his death , he had a close relationship with Ning Yi . Xu Hao Ning Shao ( 宁 韶 ) Princess Shaoning of Tiansheng Kingdom . She is doted on by the Emperor and the Crown prince . Li Tiannuo Ning Yan ( 宁 研 ) Fifth prince ( Prince of Zhao ) of Tiansheng Kingdom . Brainless and greedy , he is a lackey of the crown prince . Qu Gaowei Ning Qi ( 宁 齐 ) Seventh prince of Tiansheng Kingdom . He suffers from mistreatment due to his mother 's lowly status , and sees Ning Yi as his biggest adversary . Wang Kaiyi Ning Ji ( 宁 霁 ) Tenth prince of Tiansheng Kingdom and the emperor 's youngest son . A kind boy at heart , he is closest to Ning Yi . Song Jiayang Ning Qing ( 宁 清 ) Du Hongbin Ning Zhuo ( 宁 濯 ) Mei Ting Ya Le ( 雅 乐 ) Princess of the Sunset tribe and Ning Yi 's mother . She was killed on charges of witchcraft . Yu Mingjia Noble Consort Chang ( 常 贵妃 ) Ning Sheng 's birth mother and Ning Yi 's foster mother . Member of the Chang clan , younger sister of the late empress . She was ordered to raise Ning Yi after his mother 's death , but has a strained relationship with him . Zhu Rui Yue Ling ( 月 泠 ) Consort Qing . Daughter of one of the founding members of the Bloody Pagoda . She enters court as the king 's woman , and tries to fracture the dynasty by sowing discord between the emperor and his sons . Chen Yingying Consort Wei ( 魏 王妃 ) Wang Oulei Lady Wang A kind yet unfavored concubine of the emperor . Ning Qi 's biological mother . Tiansheng Kingdom court officials and servants ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction <Td_colspan="3"> Ministers Zhao Lixin Xin Ziyan ( 辛子 砚 ) Head Tutor of Qingming Academy . Appears to be an advisor in the Crown Prince 's faction , yet is actually a trusted mentor and good friend of Ning Yi . He was close to the late Prince Ning Qiao Wang Ou Hua Qiong ( 华 琼 ) Female general of Tiansheng Kingdom , known as the `` Fire Wind Warrior '' . Yan Huaishi 's childhood friend and wife . Yin Zhusheng Chang Yuan ( 常 远 ) Duke of Min and head of the Chang family . A powerful general who contributed greatly to the founding of the Tiansheng Kingdom and holds significant power in court . He is the older brother of Chang Hai and is the uncle of both the crown prince and the second prince . He is viewed as the biggest threat to the Emperor 's authority . Xu Wei Chang Hai ( 常 海 ) Uncle of the crown prince and second prince , Duke of Min 's younger brother . A loyal ally of the Crown Prince . Lu Yong Qiu Shangqi ( 秋 尚 奇 ) Commander - in - chief of the infantry and leader of the Flying Shadow guards . Appears to be an ally of the Crown prince , however , he prioritizes his own welfare above all else , and is a fence - sitter who always plays it safe in politics . Wang Ce Gu Yan ( 顾 衍 ) Head of the Royal Guards . Originally the second - in - command of the Bloody Pagoda , he betrays his organisation and joins the Tiansheng Kingdom as head of the royal guards . Qin Yan Yao Ying ( 姚 英 ) Grand Secretary of Internal Affairs . Ning Yi 's ally . Chang Cheng Peng Pei ( 彭 沛 ) Ministry of Penalty . Ning Sheng 's ally . Ren Luomin Ge Hongying ( 葛鸿英 ) Assistant minister . Ning Yan 's ally . Zhao Chengshun Chunyu hong ( 淳于 鸿 ) Chunyu Meng 's father . <Td_colspan="3"> Servants Hou Yansong Zhao Yuan ( 赵 渊 ) The emperor 's trusted head eunuch . In charge of the Internal Affairs Department . He Lei Ning Cheng ( 宁 澄 ) Ning Yi 's loyal bodyguard . Liu Yun Manchun ( 曼 春 ) Ning Yi 's personal attendant . Rong Fei Wu Ying ( 吴 英 ) An eunuch who was sent to spy on Ning Yi by the emperor , but decided to remain faithful to the prince after hearing the truth behind his schemes . Chen Liang Ah Chou ( 阿 丑 ) Gu Yuan 's trusted aide . People of Tiansheng Kingdom ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Hu Ke Dahua ( 大 花 ) Xin Ziyan 's wife . Xu Jian Yan Huaishi ( 燕 怀 石 ) Hua Qiong 's husband and leader of the Yan clan . Liu Haoyan Chunyu Meng ( 淳于 猛 ) Son of a powerful warrior . He is loyal to Ning Yi and aids him in his conquest . Mao Yi Yao Yangyu ( 姚扬宇 ) Son of Yao Ying . He is the top student at Qingming Academy , but is unruly and arrogant . Wang Jiaqi Zhuyin ( 珠 茵 ) Daughter of one of Ning Qiao 's trusted generals . She is now a courtesan at Lanxiang court who collects intelligence for Ning Yi . <Td_colspan="3"> Qiu clan Liu Mintao Qiu Mingying ( 秋明 缨 ) Young mistress of Qiu clan . Wife of Gu Heng . Previous commander of the Fire Wind army . She takes in Feng Zhiwei and raises her as her own . Yang Ziyan Madame Qiu ( 秋 夫人 ) Qiu Shangqi 's wife . Deng Sha Yuhua ( 玉 华 ) Qiu Shangqi 's fifth concubine . Xu Ge Qiu Yuluo ( 秋 玉 落 ) Third young mistress of Qiu manor . A spoilt and unruly girl who was betrothed to Ning Yi by the Emperor . Chang Long Feng Hao ( 凤 皓 ) Qiu Mingying 's biological son . A cheeky man child , yet loves his mother and sister dearly . Cheng dynasty ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Bai Jingting Gu Nanyi ( 顾 南 衣 ) An assassin of Bloody Pagoda . Son of Gu Yan . He becomes Feng Zhiwei 's bodyguard , and views her as the most important person of his life . Xiu Qing Zong Chen ( 宗 宸 ) One of the leaders of the Bloody Pagoda , and Gu Nanyi 's mentor . He masquerades as a teacher of a private school , yet is extremely skilled in martial arts and an expert of medicine . Hei Zi Gu Heng ( 顾 衡 ) Previous leader of the Bloody Pagoda . Feng Zhiwei 's foster father ; Qiu Mingying 's husband . Tan Kai Emperor of Da Cheng ( 大成 皇帝 ) Feng Zhiwei 's father . Zhang Dinghan Empress of Da Cheng ( 大成 皇后 ) Feng Zhiwei 's mother . Jinshi tribe ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Zhang Xiaochen Helian Zheng ( 赫 连 铮 ) Heir of Jinshi , a nomadic tribe . He was given Zhiwei 's hand of marriage by the Emperor , to ensure his loyalty to the Tiansheng Kingdom . He loves Zhiwei , and is willing to give anything to help her accomplish her dreams of restoring the Dacheng Dynasty . Li Jingjing Liu Mudan ( 刘 牡丹 ) Grand Royal Consort . Helian Zheng 's mother . Qin Yong San Sun ( 三 隼 ) General of Jinshi . Zhou Kui Helian Lie ( 赫 连 烈 ) Helian Zheng 's Uncle , and the previous Jinshi King 's twin brother . Deng Hanyu Helian Tu ( 赫 连 图 ) Current King of Jinshi , the younger half - brother of Helian Zheng . Used by Helian Lie as a puppet king . Kingdom of Yue ( edit ) Actor Character Introduction Yuan Hong Jin Siyu ( 晋 思 羽 ) Third prince of Yue , the Prince of An . He is determined to take revenge for his father and older brother , who died at the hands of Ning Yi and Helian Zheng 's troops . He falls in love with Feng Zhiwei after witnessing her talent . Shen Xiaohai Zhanbi ( 占 壁 ) A spy of the Kingdom of Yue , Ya Le 's lover . Extended cast Actor Character Introduction Chi Feng Aunt Ziying ( 凌 英 姑姑 ) Chen Sisi Erhua ( 二 花 ) Dahua 's younger sister , sister in law of Xin Ziyan Dai Xu Chang Zhongxin ( 常 忠信 ) Lv Xia Liu Meiduo ( 刘梅朵 ) Zhang Zhizhong Xu Qirui ( 徐启瑞 ) Sun Ning Hu Shengshan ( 胡圣山 ) Liu Jun Wu Yuanming ( 吴渊铭 ) Yang Haoyu Zhou Xizhong ( 周希中 ) Dang Haoyu San Hu ( 三 虎 ) Liu Haibo Zhangsun Hong ( 长孙 弘 ) Zhang Ruoxing Qian Yan ( 钱 彦 ) Wu You Ni Wenyu ( 倪文昱 ) Zheng Yu Si Xian ( 司 宪 ) Luan Yuanhui Chen Shao ( 陈绍 ) Dai Wenwen Si Yinyue ( 司 隐 乐 ) Sui Yumeng Yao Yangci ( 姚扬慈 ) Zhang Xinying Hua Gongmei ( 华 宫 眉 ) He Miao Hu Jingshui ( 胡静 水 ) Cai Yatong Jiarong ( 佳 荣 ) Yue Xin Siling ( 四 翎 ) Zhao Yanmin Li Shiru ( 厉 世 和 ) Chen Youwang Elder Sizhi ( 四 知 长老 ) Yan Zhiping Liu Yuanzheng ( 刘院正 ) Tang Xu Royal Physician Lu ( 卢 御 医 ) Dong Zhao Royal Physician Zhang ( 张 御 医 ) Zhang Shihong Royal Physician ( 御 医 ) Wu Yuanfang Zhang Maolin Xu Shichang ( 许 事 昌 ) Li Bin Royal Astronomer ( 灵台 丞 ) Xu Shaoying Guo Jun ( 郭 俊 ) Chi Wen Elder of Sunset Tribe ( 日落 族 族长 ) Deng Mingjiang Officer guarding the cliff ( 守 崖 官 ) Qu Guoxiang Old Horsekeeper ( 老 马夫 ) Initially an assassin of the Bloody Pagoda who was taken in by the Crown Prince after the fall of the Cheng dynasty . Kang Fuzhen Young Horsekeeper ( 小 马夫 ) Old Horsekeeper 's son . A kind - hearted young man who saves Wei Zhi 's life . Chen Liwei Porter ( 担 夫 ) Jiang Zhongwei Physician of Pu Courtyard ( 浦 园 御 医 ) Wen Zheng Officer of the Seal ( 奉 印 大臣 ) Teng Yi Sanhua ( 三 花 ) Zhang Yuxiao Sihua ( 四 花 ) Cheng Guodong Sir Hu ( 胡 先生 ) Zhang Ye Changji ( 长 吉 ) A guard of Princess Shaoning . Yang Kaicheng Chang Zhongli ( 常 忠礼 ) Tang Xiawa Chang Zhongli 's wife ( 常 忠礼 夫人 ) Jin Jing Hushi ( 扈 室 ) Ma Weifu Attendant Li ( 刘 管事 ) Cui Youbin Chang Zhongyi ( 常 忠义 ) Feng Jun Nursemaid Chen ( 陈 嬷 嬷 ) Zhang Yixin Consort Chang 's nursemaid ( 常 贵妃 嬷 嬷 ) Shi Min Palace maid of Hua Gongmei ( 华 宫 眉 宫女 ) Xie Guohua Consort Chang 's attendant ( 常 贵妃 内侍 ) Xu Li Ziyin ( 梓 音 ) Zhou Xin Zhuxin ( 烛 心 ) Zhang Ziting Duo'er ( 朵 儿 ) Hu Yilin Ying'er ( 莹 儿 ) Zhang Bo Chen Ming ( 陈 明 ) Sun Yiyang Xuanchen ( 宣 辰 ) Wu Bohang Lu Ming ( 陆 明 ) Wang Jiasui Qinyu ( 沁 玉 ) Zhang Luyao Lianmeng ( 怜 梦 ) Wang Ailin Bixia ( 碧 霞 ) Jiang Yunyun Xixue ( 惜 雪 ) Wang Yijie Xiwen ( 熙 雯 ) Tian Shuang Qianmo ( 千 茉 ) Cao Lei Prison Head ( 牢 头 ) Wang Hong Sun Xiang ( 孙祥 ) Li Zhenyu Li Cai ( 李 才 ) Chang Wei Huo Laosan ( 霍 老 三 ) Once a prison officer who guarded and befriended Ning Yi during his years of captivity . Ma Zhenrong Song Laoer ( 宋 老 二 ) Luo Siyu Madam ( 老鸨 ) Madam of the dance house . Zhang Bo Chahu ( 茶壶 ) Xu Zhifei Guest ( 客人 ) Wu Youxi Physician 1 ( 郎中 甲 ) Song Dongxiao Physician 2 ( 郎中 乙 ) Shen Yang Xingyi ( 邢 义 ) Xing Xiaoyan Song Jie ( 宋 杰 ) Wang Chen Yu Xiu ( 余 休 ) Zheng Xiaozhong Lin Renqi ( 林 任 奇 ) Xiang Yu Commander of Ning Qi 's troops ( 宁 齐 首领 ) Wang Xi Captain Wei ( 卫队 长 ) Li Zhenyu Head Pirate ( 海盗 头目 ) Yao Weiping Monk ( 禅师 ) Cao Yonggang Monk Wanjie ( 万 劫 禅师 ) Li Du Coroner ( 仵作 ) Fang Haowei Maid of Qiu Manor ( 秋 府 丫鬟 ) Zhang Ya'nan Noble lady ( 贵 女 ) Jiang Dongmei Royal consort ( 贵妃 ) Wang Yanjun Ning Sheng 's subordinate ( 宁 昇 幕僚 ) Lao Yuan Qingming Academy 's attendant ( 青 溟 书院 门房 ) Lu Chenyang Dingsan ( 丁 三 ) Wang Quan Shaoning 's senior eunuch ( 韶 宁 大 太监 ) Gao Fengyang Shaoning 's junior eunuch ( 韶 宁 小 太监 ) Yao Zhuoran Female commoner ( 民 妇 ) Zhang Zisheng Commoner 's husband ( 民 妇 丈夫 ) Liu Muyu Xin Ziyan 's servant ( 辛子 砚 仆人 ) Liu Hanyang Tie Nan ( 铁 男 ) Li Honglei Boss ( 店铺 老板 ) Zhao Shuai Waiter ( 店小二 ) Zhu Feng Officer 1 ( 官兵 甲 ) Sun Letian Officer 2 ( 官兵 乙 ) Shi Yafeng Crippled man ( 瘸子 ) Zhang Mengqiang Store owner ( 摊 主 ) Ma Shuo Jailer ( 狱卒 甲 ) Chang Li Prisoner ( 犯人 甲 ) Yang Feng Coroner 2 ( 仵作 甲 ) Yi Yajun Private adviser ( 师爷 ) Chang Li Human trafficker ( 人 牙子 ) Song Qingchang Elder ( 长老 ) Wang Junheng Medicine shop employee ( 药铺 伙计 ) Jiang Hongshi Physician ( 御 医 ) Chong Yunpeng Li Zhencheng Officer ( 官员 ) Gao Wei Liu Guang ( 刘 光 ) Huang Junchao Second in - command of White Head Cliff ( 白头 崖 副将 ) Li Wenping Chen Shao 's father ( 陈绍 父亲 ) Yu Ganglong Execution military officer ( 行 邢 武官 ) Chen Zhuankai Execution civil officer ( 行 邢 文官 ) Cui Jun Servant ( 仆役 乙 ) Shi Junxian General ( 将军 甲 ) Liu Songbin Cheng Dynasty elders ( 大成 遗老 ) Zhang Jianguo Zhang Dunyou Zhu Song Chi Dan Jinshi Ambassadors ( 金 狮 使 臣 ) Yin Xiaoming Tao Ci Jinshi Officials ( 金 狮 大臣 ) Yang Minggang Ding Hao Yin Gang Xu Zhengzhi Han Meimei Matrons of Honor ( 喜 娘 ) Liu Fang Yang Huilin Xu Li Nanny ( 乳母 ) Guo Yinyu Descendant of Chang ( 常 氏 子侄 ) Jing Haifeng Zhang Zhi Lei Chao Liu Bingchao Production ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on 27 May 2017 , and the entire filming wrapped up on 12 December 2017 . It was revealed that the series also uses `` real - time '' voice recording during filming . Crew ( edit ) The series is directed by Shen Yan and Liu Haibo ( Chinese Style Relationship ) , and written by internet novel writers Lu Jing ( original author ) , Lu Yi , Zou Yue , Wang Pei and Qiu Yongyi . Costume designer and artistic director William Chang ( The Flowers of War , The Grandmaster ) was in charge of costumes designing along with Lu Fengshan and Fang Sizhe . Other notable crew members include stunt choreographer Yuan Bin ( Flying Swords of Dragon Gate ) , stills photographer Bao Xiangyu ( Coming Home , Mojin : The Lost Legend ) , composer Dong Yingda ( Sweet Sixteen , All Quiet in Peking ) , cinematographer Li Xi ( Love is Not Blind ) , artistic director Kun Xiaotong , editor Zhang Jia ( Go Lala Go ! ) . and etiquette consultant Li Bin ( Nirvana in Fire , The Legend of Mi Yue ) . Casting ( edit ) On 20 October 2016 , Chen Kun was announced as the male lead . On 7 March 2017 , Ni Ni was announced as the female lead ; this also marks Ni Ni 's first television series . The extended cast was revealed on 27 April 2017 . Location ( edit ) The series is the first television drama to be filmed in Tang City Film Studios , Xiangyang , which was built especially for Chen Kaige 's fantasy film The Legend of the Cat Demon . Reportedly , the location was picked not only because it fits the time period of the story setting , but also because the location is not featured in dramas frequently , as most historical / ancient Chinese dramas are filmed at Hengdian World Studios . The series was also filmed in other places like Wuxi and Duyun . Post-production ( edit ) In September 2017 , cast members Zhao Lixin and Zhang Xiaochen attended the Weibo Awards Ceremony , where The Rise of Phoenixes was awarded the `` Most Anticipated Television Series '' award . In May 2018 , it was revealed that the Chinese name for the series was changed from `` 凰 权 弈 天下 ( Huang Quan Yi Tian Xia ) '' to `` 天 盛 长 歌 ( Tiansheng Chang Ge ) '' and the episode count officially confirmed to be 70 episodes . Soundtrack ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Singers Length 1 . `` To No Avail ( 奈何 ) '' ( Insert song ) Dong Yingda Dong Yingda Sam Lee 2 . `` If Like Yesterday ( 如 昨 ) '' ( Concept song ) Zhang Pengpeng , Lin Qiao Wu Shuting Liu Xijun 3 . `` Schemes of the Heart ( 心 机 ) '' ( Insert song ) Cui Shu Dong Yingda Tracy Wang 4 . `` Schemes ; Love Comes Along ( 心机 爱 相 随 ) '' ( Insert song ) Dong Yingda Dong Yingda Xu Hongbin 5 . `` Like Dust ( 轻 尘 ) '' ( Insert song ) Zhang Ying Chen Xueran Tang Hanxiao 6 . `` Why to No Avail ( 何 奈何 ) '' ( Ending theme song ) Dong Yingda Dong Yingda Ni Ni Reception ( edit ) Due to its slow pacing and heavy plot , the series received low viewership ratings , and the original 70 episodes were cut down to 56 episodes on television . However , Douban gave it a score of 8.2 / 10 with over 105,000 votes , making it the highest rated show out of all the dramas that aired over the summer holidays and one of the highest rated TV dramas of the year so far . Ratings ( edit ) Episode # Original broadcast date <Th_colspan="2"> Average audience share ( CSM52 ) Ranking <Th_colspan="2"> Average audience share ( National Average ) Ranking Ratings Audience share Ratings Audience share 1 - 2 August 14 , 2018 0.558 2.092 7 0.73 2.89 5 3 - 4 August 15 , 2018 0.539 2.053 9 0.69 2.76 5 5 - 6 August 16 , 2018 0.486 1.84 10 0.73 2.82 5 7 August 18 , 2018 0.233 0.918 12 0.48 1.96 5 8 - 9 August 19 , 2018 0.425 1.562 8 0.58 2.32 10 - 11 August 20 , 2018 0.474 1.752 9 0.63 2.45 5 12 - 13 August 21 , 2018 0.416 1.58 10 0.5 1.92 5 14 - 15 August 22 , 2018 0.379 1.386 11 0.53 2.03 6 16 - 17 August 23 , 2018 0.453 1.699 12 0.65 2.51 5 18 August 24 , 2018 0.154 0.609 24 0.16 0.69 17 19 August 25 , 2018 0.262 0.966 10 0.34 1.36 5 20 - 21 August 26 , 2018 0.350 1.303 7 0.46 1.77 22 - 23 August 27 , 2018 0.367 1.352 10 0.46 1.78 5 24 - 25 August 28 , 2018 0.382 1.428 11 0.52 1.96 5 26 - 27 August 29 , 2018 0.434 1.619 11 0.46 1.75 6 28 - 29 August 30 , 2018 0.396 1.478 9 0.48 1.85 14 30 September 1 , 2018 0.303 1.036 8 0.33 1.12 8 31 - 32 September 2 , 2018 0.466 1.780 6 0.38 1.51 6 33 - 34 September 3 , 2018 0.44 1.685 9 0.44 1.685 9 35 - 36 September 4 , 2018 0.533 2.113 9 0.41 1.65 7 37 - 38 September 5 , 2018 0.536 2.163 8 39 - 40 September 6 , 2018 0.525 2.138 8 41 September 7 , 2018 42 September 8 , 2018 43 - 44 September 9 , 2018 45 - 46 September 10 , 2018 47 - 48 September 11 , 2018 49 - 50 September 12 , 2018 51 - 52 September 13 , 2018 53 September 14 , 2018 54 September 15 , 2018 55 - 56 September 16 , 2018 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Nominated work Result Ref . 24th Huading Awards Best Actor Chen Kun Nominated Best Actress ( Ancient Drama ) Ni Ni Nominated Best Supporting Actor Zhao Lixin Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 《 天 盛 长 歌 》 定 档 8.14 陈坤 倪 妮 首 合作 火花 四 溅 '' . ifeng ( in Chinese ) . August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to Fly with China 's ' Rise of Phoenixes ' '' . Variety . August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 电视剧 拍摄 制作 备案 公示 表 '' . SAFRT ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 《 凰 权 》 陈坤 出手 掀 波澜 网友 : 史上 最 完美 男 主 '' . Tencent ( in Chinese ) . October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 《 凰 权 》 官 宣 女 主 倪 妮 首 演 电视剧 搭档 陈坤 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 倪大红 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 杀青 陈坤 深情 '' 献 吻 `` 父 皇 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 海 一天 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 杀青 与 陈坤 上演 夺 位 之 战 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 曝 照 是 安 亦 正 亦 邪 上演 夺 位 之 争 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 近期 开机 于 明 加 实力 加盟 '' . Sohu ( in Chinese ) . May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 赵立新 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 首 曝 剧照 搭档 陈坤 共 谱 霸业 宏图 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 王 鸥 杀青 旷 朗 女将 华 琼 魅力 全 开 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 再 曝 剧照 王 策 古装 造型 引 期待 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 赫 雷 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 杀青 倪 妮 献花 送别 '' 情敌 `` '' . Netease ( in Chinese ) . December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 》 再 曝 质感 剧照 刘昊䶮 助力 陈坤 成就 帝王 业 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 毛 毅 《 读 心 》 热 拍 将 加盟 《 凰 权 》 引 期待 '' . Netease ( in Chinese ) . May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 刘敏涛 杀青 全 心 演绎 血肉 亲情 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 白敬亭 杀青 纯粹 大 男孩 首 秀 古装 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 》 曝 剧照 张晓晨 颠覆 形象 化身 草原 世子 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 秦 勇 《 凰 权 》 圆满 杀青 演绎 忠勇 将 卫 获 期待 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 袁 弘 杀青 温文尔雅 化身 翩翩 公子 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 开机 陈坤 微 博 首 晒 宁 弈 戎装 照 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 全 剧 正式 杀青 四 时 三 地 谱 就 华章 '' . ifeng ( in Chinese ) . December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 亮相 微 博 盛典 倪 妮 陈坤 视频 助阵 '' . ifeng ( in Chinese ) . September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 沈 严 执导 《 凰 权 》 : 好 故事 是 唯一 标准 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 《 凰 权 》 将 开机 终 曝 陈坤 倪 妮 在 内 的 全 明星 阵容 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 : 电影 班底 催化 陈坤 倪 妮 '' 剧 `` 变 '' . Sohu ( in Chinese ) . March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 开机 可 带动 襄阳 6000 万 收入 '' . Tencent ( in Chinese ) . May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 凰 权 弈 天下 》 首 曝 外景 照 唐 城 实景 尽 显 大气 雄 阔 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 陈坤 倪 妮 《 凰 权 》 更名 《 天 盛 长 歌 》 增 为 70 集 '' . Sina ( in Chinese ) . May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 《 天 盛 长 歌 》 : 收视 能 否 '' 低 开 高 走 `` '' . 中国 新闻 出版 广电 报 ( in Chinese ) . September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 天 盛 长 歌 '' . 豆瓣 电影 ( in Chinese ) . September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 华 鼎 奖 提名 公布 《 和平 饭店 》 《 归 去 来 》 闪耀 榜 单 '' . Netease ( in Chinese ) . October 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Hunan Television Golden Eagle Theatre Previous program The Rise of Phoenixes ( August 14 -- September 16 , 2018 ) Next program Sweet Combat ( July 23 -- August 13 , 2018 ) All Out of Love ( September 17 , 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hunan Television Golden Eagle Theatre 2003 Bai Ling Gong Yu Digital Army Duan Chou Gu The Lost Paradise Sunrise The Story of a Noble Family Black Money Green Flower My Fair Princess How Can I Rescue My Love Goddess of Mercy Xiaozhuang Mishi Woman in Hot Spring Bao Feng Fa Ting Qing Yi Jun Ge Liao Liang Feng Sheng He Lei Yin Xing Li Ming My Fair Princess III Black Fog Gongan Juzhang The World Feels Love Huo Yuanjia Xue Ling Long Wang Zhong Wang 13th Princess Defend Love Affair of Half a Lifetime One Meter Sunshine Buyi Tianzi The Blue Lotus The Luckiest Man Bring your smile along Demi - Gods and Semi-Devils Sui Tang Heroes 2005 Lady Wu : The First Empress The Young Emperor Envoy Eighteen Year Old Sky Warriors of the Yang Clan The Prince of Han Dynasty 2 Dae Jang Geum 2006 Dae Jang Geum ( re-broadcast ) War and Beauty Green Grass by the River Tears in Heaven Oshin A Cheng The Tattooed Flower Between the Water Clouds Zuo Ye Xing Chen War and Beauty ( re-broadcast ) The Prince 's Shadow The Duke of Mount Deer Hong Yun Gao Zhao At the Threshold of an Era Revolving Doors of Vengeance Fist of Fury Master Ma Sad Love Story 2007 Ming Dynasty in 1566 Vengeance Ming Dynasty in 1566 ( re-broadcast ) Flaming Brothers Sunlight Upon Me Lovers in Prague Fireworks We Were Young Nine refers to the bride Flower of Bitter Love Dreams Link Green Forest , My Home Legend of Star Apple Tokyo Juliet Go to The Beach Fantasies Behind the Pearly Curtain Lengthy Inch of Grass Ren Changxia The Drive of Life Perfect Love Legend of Xiangxi Misleading Track Central Affairs 2008 Hong Kong Express Devil Beside You Smiling Pasta My Girl Glittering Days Land of Wealth Ōoku Luert Kadtiya Mr. Good - Bye Song loud and clear Masked Angel Super Rookie The Secret Lovers Love Needs a Miracle Miss Kim 's Million Dollars Quest Romantic Princess Couple or Trouble Dal - ja 's Spring Ugly Wudi Love Strategy Dancer Marrying a Millionaire Only You Fireworks ( re-broadcast ) One Fine Day 2009 Sassy Girl Chun - hyang Ugly Wudi 2 Rolling Love They Kiss Again Love or Bread Famous Princesses To Grow with Love Central Affairs 2 Shooting Star My Girl ( re-broadcast ) Smile in My Heart Pretty Ugly Miss No Good Meteor Shower Ugly Wudi 3 Ba Bai Li Dong Ting Wo De Jia Ba Qian Xiang Nu Shang Tian Shan Famous Princesses ( re-broadcast ) Precious Family Fated to Love You Hot Shot Ugly Wudi Finale Angel 's Wings Brilliant Legacy The Legend of Yang Guifei Foolish Love The Girl in Blue It Started with a Kiss ToGetHer Strands of Love Meteor Shower II Summer 's Desire Single Princesses and Blind Dates Momo Love Hello ! Miss My Fair Lady Nuren Hua Smile Again The Accidental Couple My Precious You 2011 Fall in Love Palace Home Temptation Temptation of an Angel My Too Perfect Sons Surgeon Bong Dal - hee My Youth is at Yan'an Feng Hua Zheng Mao Down with Love Sunny Girl New My Fair Princess Scarlet Heart The Glamorous Imperial Concubine Sealed With A Kiss Secret History of Empress Wu Qian Duo Duo Marry Remember Phoenix Totem 2012 Another Brilliant Life Palace II Mystery in the Palace Come Home Fall in Love with You Secret History of Princess Taiping Queen of Reversals Battle of the Beauty Bounty Hunter My Sassy Girl Precious Mother , Precious Girl In Time with You The Magic Blade The Queen of SOP The Legend of Zhong Kui Love Actually Fairytale Home , Sweet Home Refueling Mother Hot Girls Heroes of Sui and Tang Dynasties 1 & 2 2013 The Sweet Reunion Swordsman Good Wife Noble Bride : Regretless Love The Golden Flower and Her Son - in - law Legend of Lu Zhen Love In Spring A Happy Life Flowers in Fog Shining Days Because Love How Beautiful Let 's Get Married Best Time The Demi - Gods and Semi-Devils Mao Zedong 2014 Heroes of Sui and Tang Dynasties 3 & 4 Tao of Love The Wife 's Secret Palace 3 : The Lost Daughter If I Love You Refueling Lover Ten Years of Love Super Partner ShenZhen Love at Second Sight New Mad - Monk Part 1 My Battalion The Loving Home Because Love is a Miracle Forty Nine Days : Fiesta The Empress of China 2015 Legend of Fragrance Cruel Romance The Wife 's Lies SWAT Ex-Husbands Destined to Love You Ice and Fire of Youth Hero Dog The Disguiser Youth Assemble New Mad - Monk Part 2 Nursing Our Love Beautiful Secret 2016 A Happy Life 2 The Love of Happiness God of War , Zhao Yun Little Husband The Interpreter Decoded Hero Dog 2 Hot Girl Sparrow Red Star Over China Let 's Fall in Love Stay with Me 2017 General and I Full Love Because of You In the Name of the People Song of Phoenix Rush to the Dead Summer Boy Hood Autumn Harvest Uprising Love Actually Delicious Destiny SWAT Elite Game of Hunting Dear My Friends 2018 Flipped in My Youth Negotiator Old Boy Great Expectations Here to Heart Love Wo n't Wait Sweet Dreams Sweet Combat The Rise of Phoenixes All Out of Love The Years You Were Late Entering a New Era Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rise_of_Phoenixes&oldid=865253817 '' Categories : Hunan Television dramas Television programs based on Chinese novels Chinese historical television series 2018 Chinese television series debuts Television series by Croton Media 2018 Chinese television series endings Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Rise of Phoenixes TV series
2. Historical fiction
3. Political romance
4. Chen Kun and Ni Ni as main actors
5. Revenge and redemption storyline
|
5,048,442,661,226,051,000 |
who's border is closer to the pacific ocean nevada or idaho
|
Guam - wikipedia Guam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Territory of Guam . For the international organization , see GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development . <Th_colspan="2"> Territory of Guam Guåhån ( Chamorro ) <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : `` Tano I ' Man Chamorro '' `` Land of the Chamorros '' <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : `` Fanohge Chamoru '' `` Stand Ye Guamanians '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Status Unincorporated and organized territory Capital Hagåtña Largest city Dededo Official languages English Chamorro Ethnic groups ( 2015 ) 37.3 % Chamorro 26.3 % Filipino 9.4 % Multiracial 7.1 % White 7.0 % Chuukese 4.6 % Other 2.2 % Korean 1.6 % Chinese 1.6 % Palauan 1.5 % Japanese 1.4 % Pohnpeian Religion ( 2010 ) 75 % Roman Catholic 17.7 % Protestant 1.7 % Unaffiliated 5.6 % Other religions Demonym Guamanian Sovereign state United States Government Territorial presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Eddie Baza Calvo ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Ray Tenorio ( R ) Delegate Madeleine Bordallo ( D ) Legislature Legislature of Guam <Th_colspan="2"> Unincorporated and Organized Territory of the United States Part of Spanish East Indies April 27 , 1565 Capture of Guam June 20 , 1898 First Battle of Guam December 8 , 1941 Part of Empire of Japan December 11 , 1941 Second Battle of Guam July 21 , 1944 <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 210 sq mi ( 540 km ) ( n / a ) Water ( % ) negligible <Th_colspan="2"> Population 2016 estimate 162,742 ( n / a ) 2010 census 159,358 Density 775 / sq mi ( 299.2 / km ) ( n / a ) GDP ( PPP ) 2013 estimate Total $4.88 billion ( n / a ) Per capita $30,500 ( n / a ) HDI ( 2008 ) 0.901 very high Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone Chamorro Standard Time ( UTC + 10 ) Date format MM / DD / YYYY Drives on the right Calling code + 1 - 671 ISO 3166 code GU Internet TLD . gu <Td_colspan="2"> Website guam.gov Guam ( / ˈɡwɑːm / ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån ( ˈɡwɑhɑn ) ) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . Indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives to the west in the Philippines and Taiwan . In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299 / km ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong - Toto - Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425 / km ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46 / km ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces . The indigenous Chamorros settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago . Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan , while in the service of Spain , was the first European to visit the island on March 6 , 1521 . Guam was colonized by Spain in 1668 with settlers , including Diego Luis de San Vitores , a Catholic Jesuit missionary . Between the 16th century and the 18th century , Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons . During the Spanish -- American War , the United States captured Guam on June 21 , 1898 . Under the Treaty of Paris , Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10 , 1898 . Guam is among the seventeen non-self - governing territories listed by the United Nations . Before World War II , there were five American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean : Guam and Wake Island in Micronesia , American Samoa and Hawaii in Polynesia , and the Philippines in the Malay Archipelago of Southeast Asia . On December 7 , 1941 , hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Guam was captured by the Japanese , who occupied the island for two and a half years . During the occupation , Guamanians were subjected to beheadings , forced labor , rape , and torture . American forces recaptured the island on July 21 , 1944 ; Liberation Day commemorates the victory . An unofficial but frequently used territorial motto is `` Where America 's Day Begins '' , which refers to the island 's close proximity to the international date line . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Magellan 's travel to Guam 1.2 Spanish colonization and the Manila galleons 1.3 Internal conflicts 1.4 Expulsion of the Jesuits 1.5 Post-Napoleonic era 1.6 Spanish -- American War and World War II 1.7 Post-war 1.8 Vietnam War and later 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Ethnic groups 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 5 Culture 5.1 Sports 5.1. 1 Pacific Games 5.1. 2 Soccer 5.1. 3 Basketball 5.1. 4 Swimming 5.1. 5 Rugby union 5.1. 6 Mixed martial arts 6 Economy 7 Government and politics 7.1 Political status 8 Villages 9 Military bases 10 Transportation and communications 11 Ecology 11.1 Brown tree snake 11.2 Coconut rhinoceros beetle 11.3 Other invasive animal species 11.4 Threats to indigenous plants 11.5 Wildfires 11.6 Aquatic preserves 12 Education 12.1 Colleges and universities 12.2 Primary and secondary schools 12.3 Public libraries 13 Health care 14 Film - making 15 See also 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Guam Ferdinand Magellan , Portuguese navigator who discovered Guam ( March 6 , 1521 ) while commanding the fleet that circumnavigated the globe . The original inhabitants of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands were the Chamorro people , who are believed to be descendants of Austronesian people originating from Southeast Asia as early as 2000 BC . The ancient Chamorro society had four classes : chamorri ( chiefs ) , matua ( upper class ) , achaot ( middle class ) , and mana'chang ( lower class ) . The matua were located in the coastal villages , which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds , whereas the mana'chang were located in the interior of the island . Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other , and matua often used achaot as intermediaries . There were also `` makåhna '' ( similar to shamans ) , skilled in healing and medicine . Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called `` Taotao mo'na '' still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture . Their society was organized along matrilineal clans . Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands ; they are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamorro society . The latte - stone was used as a foundation on which thatched huts were built . Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the haligi and with a capstone , or tåsa , made either from a large brain coral or limestone , placed on top . A possible source for these stones , the Rota Latte Stone Quarry , was discovered in 1925 on Rota . Magellan 's travel to Guam ( edit ) The first European to travel to Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan , sailing for the King of Spain , when he sighted the island on March 6 , 1521 , during his fleet 's circumnavigation of the globe . When Magellan arrived on Guam , he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water , due to their considerable speed . These outrigger canoes were called Proas , and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas ( `` Islands of the Lateen sails '' ) . Antonio Pigafetta ( one of Magellan 's original 18 ) said that the name was `` Island of Sails '' , but he also writes that the inhabitants `` entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on '' , including `` the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship . '' `` Those people are poor , but ingenious and very thievish , on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones ( '' Islands of thieves `` ) . '' Spanish colonization and the Manila galleons ( edit ) Despite Magellan 's visit , Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26 , 1565 , by General Miguel López de Legazpi . From 1565 to 1815 , Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands , the only Spanish outposts in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines , were an important resting stop for the Manila galleons , a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila . To protect these Pacific fleets , Spain built several defensive structures that still stand today , such as Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in Umatac . Guam is the biggest single segment of Micronesia , the largest islands between the island of Kyushu ( Japan ) , New Guinea , the Philippines , and the Hawaiian Islands . Spanish colonization commenced on June 15 , 1668 , with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod , who established the first Catholic church . The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines , which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City . Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor 's Palace in Plaza de España and the Spanish Bridge , both in Hagatña . Guam 's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2 , 1669 , as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran . Guam , along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands , were treated as part of Spain 's colony in the Philippines . While the island 's Chamorro culture has indigenous roots , the cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas have many similarities with Spanish culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule . Internal conflicts ( edit ) Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23 , 1670 , until July 1695 , plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693 , and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688 , reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 , finally to less than 5,000 . Precipitated by the death of Quipuha , and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang , tensions led to a number of conflicts . Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to conquer the island , which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces . After his arrival in 1674 , Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns . Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo , Pepura , Tumon , Sidia - Aty , Sagua , Nagan and Ninca . Starting in June 1676 , the first Spanish Governor of Guam , Capt . Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar , controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions . He also ordered the construction of schools , roads and other infrastructure . Later , Capt . Jose de Quiroga arrived in 1680 and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors . He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores , resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands , eventually leading to the death of Matapang , Hurao and Aguarin . Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam , ordering the population to live in a few large villages . These included Jinapsan , Umatac , Pago , Agat and Inarajan , where he built a number of churches . By July 1695 , Quiroga had completed the conquest of Guam , Rota , Tinian and Aguigan . Expulsion of the Jesuits ( edit ) On February 26 , 1767 , Charles III of Spain issued a decree confiscating the property of the Jesuits and banishing them from Spain and her possessions . As a consequence , the Jesuit fathers on Guam departed on November 2 , 1769 , on the schooner Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe , abandoning their churches , rectories and ranches . The arrival of Governor Don Mariano Tobias , on September 15 , 1771 , brought agricultural reforms , including making land available to the islanders for cultivation , encouraged the development of cattle raising , imported deer and water buffalo from Manila , donkeys and mules from Acapulco , established cotton mills and salt pans , free public schools , and the first Guam militia . Later , he was transferred to Manila in June 1774 . Post-napoleonic era ( edit ) Following the Napoleonic Wars , many Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere had become independent , shifting the economic dependence of Guam from Mexico to the Philippines . Don Francisco Ramon de Villalobos , who became governor in 1831 , improved economic conditions including the promotion of rice cultivation and the establishment of a leper hospital . Otto von Kotzebue visited the island in November 1817 , and Louis de Freycinet in March 1819 . Jules Dumont d'Urville made two visits , the first in May 1828 . The island became a rest stop for whalers starting in 1823 . A devastating typhoon struck the island on August 10 , 1848 , followed by a severe earthquake on January 25 , 1849 , which resulted in many refugees from the Caroline Islands , victims of the resultant tsunami . After a smallpox epidemic killed 3,644 Guamanians in 1856 , Carolinians and Japanese were permitted to settle in the Marianas . Guam received nineteen Filipino prisoners after their failed 1872 Cavite mutiny . Spanish -- American War and World War II ( edit ) U.S. Marines laying machine gun fire on a Japanese sniper nest during the liberation battle on Guam , ( July 28 , 1944 ) After almost four centuries as part of the Kingdom of Spain , the United States occupied the island following Spain 's defeat in the 1898 Spanish -- American War , as part of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . Guam was transferred to the United States Navy control on December 23 , 1898 , by Executive Order 108 - A from 25th President William McKinley . Guam came to serve as a station for American merchant and warships traveling to and from the Philippines ( another American acquisition from Spain ) while the Northern Mariana Islands were sold by Spain to Germany for part of its rapidly expanding German Empire , then following the German defeat in World War I ( 1914 - 1918 ) became a League of Nations Mandate in 1919 with the nearby Empire of Japan as the mandatory ( `` trustee '' ) as a member nation of the victorious Allies in the `` Great War '' . A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899 , and a United States Marine Corps barracks at Sumay in 1901 . Following the Philippine -- American War ( also known as the Philippine Insurrection , 1899 - 1902 ) , rebel nationalist leaders Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini were exiled on Guam in 1901 after their capture . A marine seaplane unit was stationed in Guam from 1921 to 1930 , the first in the Pacific . Pan American World Airways established a seaplane base on the island for its trans - Pacific San Francisco - Manila - Hong Kong route , and the Commercial Pacific Cable Company had earlier built a telegraph / telephone station in 1903 for its trans - oceanic communication line . During World War II ( 1939 - 1945 ) , Guam was attacked and invaded by Japan on Monday , December 8 , 1941 , shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor 's American Pacific fleet and naval / air bases in Hawaii , hours before . In addition , Japan made major military moves into Southeast Asia and the East Indies islands of the South Pacific Ocean against the British and Dutch colonies , opening a new wider Pacific phase in the Second World War . The Japanese renamed Guam Ōmiya - jima ( ja. : 大 宮島 ) or Great Shrine Island . Battle of Guam , July 1944 . The Northern Mariana Islands had become a League of Nations mandate assigned to Japan in 1919 , pursuant to the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 . Chamorros indigenous island people from the Northern Marianas were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force . The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military . After the war , this would cause resentment between the Guamanian Chamorros and the Chamorros of the Northern Marianas . Guam 's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them , whereas having been administered by Japan for over 30 years , the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to the Japanese government . The Japanese occupation of Guam lasted for approximately thirty - one months . During this period , the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to forced labor , family separation , incarceration , execution , concentration camps and forced prostitution . Approximately one thousand people died during the occupation , according to later Congressional committee testimony in 2004 . Some historians estimate that war violence killed 10 % of Guam 's then 20,000 population . The United States returned and fought the Battle of Guam from July 21 to August 10 , 1944 , to recapture the island from Japanese military occupation . More than 18,000 Japanese were killed as only 485 surrendered . Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi , who surrendered in January 1972 , appears to have been the last confirmed Japanese holdout for 28 years in the forested back country on Guam . The United States also captured and occupied the nearby Northern Marianas Islands . North Field was established in 1944 , and was renamed for Brigadier General James Roy Andersen ( 1904 -- 1945 ) of the old U.S. Army Air Forces as Andersen Air Force Base . Post-war ( edit ) B - 52 at Andersen Air Force Base , during Operation Linebacker II in Vietnam War , 1972 After World War II , the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States , provided for the structure of the island 's civilian government , and granted the people U.S. citizenship . The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 , when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office 's popular election . Since Guam is not a U.S. state , U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member . They do , however , get to vote for party delegates in presidential primaries . Vietnam War and later ( edit ) See also : Operation Arc Light and Operation Rolling Thunder Andersen Air Force Base played a major role in the Vietnam War . The host unit was later designated the 36th Wing ( 36 WG ) , assigned to the Pacific Air Forces ( PACAF ) Thirteenth Air Force ( 13AF ) . In September 2012 , 13 AF was inactivated and its functions merged into PACAF . The multinational Cope North military exercise is an annual event . On August 6 , 1997 , Guam was the site of the Korean Air Flight 801 aircraft accident . The Boeing 747 -- 300 jetliner was preparing to land when it crashed into a hill , killing 228 of the 254 people on board . Since 1974 , about 124 historic sites in Guam have been recognized under the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . Guam temporarily hosted 100,000 Vietnamese refugees in 1975 , and 6,600 Kurdish refugees in 1996 . In August 2017 , North Korea warned that it might launch mid-range ballistic missiles into waters within 18 to 24 miles ( 29 to 39 km ) of Guam , following an exchange of threats between the governments of North Korea and the United States . Geography ( edit ) Guam from satellite Aerial view of Apra Harbor Sunset on Guam Main article : Geography of Guam Guam lies between 13.2 ° N and 13.7 ° N and between 144.6 ° E and 145.0 ° E , and has an area of 212 square miles ( 549 km ) , making it the 32nd largest island of the United States . It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana island chain and is also the largest island in Micronesia . This island chain was created by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates . Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench , a deep subduction zone , that lies beside the island chain to the east . Challenger Deep , the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans , is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet ( 10,911 meters ) deep . The highest point in Guam is Mount Lamlam at an elevation of 1,334 feet ( 407 meters ) . The island of Guam is 30 miles ( 50 km ) long and 4 to 12 miles ( 6 to 19 km ) wide , three - fourths the size of Singapore . The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate . In recent years , earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.7 . Unlike the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam is not volcanically active . However , due to its proximity to Anatahan , vog ( i.e. volcanic smog ) does occasionally affect Guam . A coral table reef surrounds most of Guam , and the limestone plateau provides the source for most of the island 's fresh water . Steep coastal cliffs dominate the north , while the southern end of the island is mountainous , with lower hills in between . Climate ( edit ) Guam experiences a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen Af ) -- though its driest month of March almost averages dry enough to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate -- moderated by seasonal easterly trade winds . However , due to its proximity to the equator , high sea surface temperature and warm ocean current that transports moisture from the east , the weather is generally very warm and humid throughout the year with little seasonal temperature variation . Hence , Guam is known to have equable temperatures year round . The mean high temperature is 86 ° F or 30 ° C and mean low is 76 ° F ( 24.4 ° C ) . Temperatures rarely exceed 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) or fall below 70 ° F ( 21.1 ° C ) . The relative humidity commonly exceeds 84 percent at night throughout the year , but the average monthly humidity hovers near 66 percent . The dry season runs from December to June . The remaining months ( July to November ) constitute the wet season with an average annual rainfall between 1981 and 2010 of around 98 inches or 2,490 millimeters . The months of January and February are considered the coolest months of the year with overnight low temperatures of 70 to 75 ° F ( 21.1 to 23.9 ° C ) and generally less oppressive humidity levels . The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 ° F ( 35.6 ° C ) on April 18 , 1971 , and April 1 , 1990 , and the lowest temperature ever recorded was 65 ° F ( 18.3 ° C ) on February 8 , 1973 . Guam is located in Typhoon Alley and it is common for the island to be threatened by tropical storms and possible typhoons during the wet season . The highest risk of typhoons is during August through October . They can , however , occur year - round . The most intense typhoon to pass over Guam recently was Super Typhoon Pongsona , with sustained winds of 144 miles per hour ( 232 km / h ) , gusts to 173 miles per hour ( 278 km / h ) , which slammed Guam on December 8 , 2002 , leaving massive destruction . The wettest month on record at Guam Airport has been August 1997 with 38.49 inches ( 977.6 mm ) and the driest February 2015 with 0.15 inches ( 3.8 mm ) . The wettest calendar year has been 1976 with 131.70 inches ( 3,345.2 mm ) and the driest 1998 with 57.88 inches ( 1,470.2 mm ) . The most rainfall in a single day occurred on 15 October 1953 when 15.48 inches or 393.2 millimeters fell . Since Super Typhoon Pamela in 1976 , wooden structures have been largely replaced by concrete structures . During the 1980s wooden utility poles began to be replaced by typhoon - resistant concrete and steel poles . After the local Government enforced stricter construction codes , many home and business owners built their structures out of reinforced concrete with installed typhoon shutters . Climate data for Guam ( Guam International Airport ) ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 94 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 94 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 95 ( 35 ) 94 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 96 ( 36 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 84.9 ( 29.4 ) 84.9 ( 29.4 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 87.3 ( 30.7 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 86.7 ( 30.4 ) 86.8 ( 30.4 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 85.6 ( 29.8 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 80.7 ( 27.1 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 82.6 ( 28.1 ) 82.6 ( 28.1 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 81.4 ( 27.4 ) 81.4 ( 27.4 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) 81.8 ( 27.7 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 81.4 ( 27.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 75.5 ( 24.2 ) 75.0 ( 23.9 ) 75.6 ( 24.2 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 76.2 ( 24.6 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 66 ( 19 ) 65 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 68 ( 20 ) 70 ( 21 ) 70 ( 21 ) 70 ( 21 ) 70 ( 21 ) 70 ( 21 ) 67 ( 19 ) 68 ( 20 ) 68 ( 20 ) 65 ( 18 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 4.96 ( 126 ) 4.53 ( 115.1 ) 2.77 ( 70.4 ) 3.58 ( 90.9 ) 4.30 ( 109.2 ) 7.09 ( 180.1 ) 12.14 ( 308.4 ) 17.15 ( 435.6 ) 14.17 ( 359.9 ) 11.80 ( 299.7 ) 9.17 ( 232.9 ) 5.98 ( 151.9 ) 97.64 ( 2,480.1 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 18.8 15.7 16.8 17.0 19.3 22.6 24.7 25.3 24.3 25.1 23.4 22.1 255.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.7 186.0 217.0 213.0 220.1 195.0 155.0 142.6 132.0 133.3 135.0 142.6 2,048.3 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Hong Kong Observatory ( sun only 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1910 11,806 -- 1920 13,275 12.4 % 1930 18,509 39.4 % 1940 22,290 20.4 % 1950 59,498 166.9 % 1960 67,044 12.7 % 1970 84,996 26.8 % 1980 105,979 24.7 % 133,152 25.6 % 2000 154,805 16.3 % 159,358 2.9 % Est. 2016 162,742 2.1 % Main article : Demographics of Guam See also : List of U.S. states and territories by population Chamorro people Ethnic groups ( edit ) Based on a 2010 estimate , the largest ethnic group are the native Chamorros , accounting for 37.3 % of the total population . Other significant ethnic groups include those of Filipino ( 26.3 % ) , White ( 7.1 % ) , and Chuukese ( 7 % ) ethnicities . The rest are from other Pacific Islands or of Asian ancestry . Language ( edit ) The official languages of the island are English and Chamorro . Religion ( edit ) Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica in Hagåtña According to the Pew Research Center , 2010 : Roman Catholic 75 % Protestants 17.7 % Unaffiliated 1.7 % Other religions 1.6 % Folk religions 1.5 % Other Christians 1.4 % Buddhists 1.1 % Eastern Orthodox < 1 % Hindu < 1 % Muslim < 1 % Jews < 1 % Culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Music of Guam See also : Culture of Guam Post-European - contact Chamorro Guamanian culture is a combination of American , Spanish , Filipino , other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions . Few indigenous pre-Hispanic customs remained following Spanish contact . Hispanic influences are manifested in the local language , music , dance , sea navigation , cuisine , fishing , games ( such as batu , chonka , estuleks , and bayogu ) , songs and fashion . During Spanish colonial rule ( 1668 -- 1898 ) the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread . Post-contact Chamorro cuisine is largely based on corn , and includes tortillas , tamales , atole and chilaquiles , which are a clear influence from Mesoamerica , principally Mexico , from Spanish trade with Asia . The modern Chamorro language has many historical parallels to modern Philippine languages in that it is an Austronesian language which has absorbed much Spanish vocabulary . It is a Malayo - Polynesian language , along with such languages as Tagalog , Indonesian , Hawaiian , and even Maori . Despite being spoken in the mid Pacific Ocean , which is geographically closer to speakers of the Polynesian Islands , Chamorro is actually an outlier of the Sunda -- Sulawesi languages subgroup . Chamorro is thus more closely related to , and a part of , the languages of the Malay Archipelago , rather than its neighbours in Polynesia . Among the languages of Malay Archipelago , Chamorro is most closely related to the languages in the south of the chain of islands , within Indonesia , rather than the languages of the north , in the Philippines , with which it shares linguistic Spanish colonial influence . Also like Filipinos , many Chamorros have Spanish surnames although few of the inhabitants are descended from the Spanish colonizers . Spanish names and surnames were adopted after their conversion to Roman Catholic Christianity in a phenomenon prompted by the imposition of the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos in Guam and other territories of the Spanish East Indies , most notably the Philippines . Due to foreign cultural influence from Spain , most aspects of the early indigenous culture have been lost , though there has been a resurgence in preserving any remaining pre-Hispanic culture in the last few decades . Some scholars have traveled throughout the Pacific Islands conducting research to study what the original Chamorro cultural practices such as dance , language , and canoe building may have been like . Puntan Dos Amantes ( `` Two Lovers Point '' ) , a National Natural Landmark , well known for its romantic associations Two aspects of indigenous pre-Hispanic culture that withstood time are chenchule ' and inafa'maolek . Chenchule ' is the intricate system of reciprocity at the heart of Chamorro society . It is rooted in the core value of inafa'maolek . Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote , `` In a Chamorro sense , the land and its produce belong to everyone . Inafa'maolek , or interdependence , is the key , or central value , in Chamorro culture ... Inafa'maolek depends on a spirit of cooperation and sharing . This is the armature , or core , that everything in Chamorro culture revolves around . It is a powerful concern for mutuality rather than individualism and private property rights . '' The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect : from sniffing over the hands of the elders ( called mangnginge in Chamorro ) , the passing down of legends , chants , and courtship rituals , to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds . Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide ' canoe - making , making of the belembaotuyan ( a string musical instrument made from a gourd ) , fashioning of åcho ' atupat slings and slingstones , tool manufacture , Måtan Guma ' burial rituals , and preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu . Master craftsmen and women specialize in weavings , including plaited work ( niyok - and åkgak - leaf baskets , mats , bags , hats , and food containments ) , loom - woven material ( kalachucha - hibiscus and banana fiber skirts , belts and burial shrouds ) , and body ornamentation ( bead and shell necklaces , bracelets , earrings , belts and combs made from tortoise shells and Spondylus ) . The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation . The increasing numbers of Chamorros , especially Chamorro youth , relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity . While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms , the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people . Sports ( edit ) Pacific Games ( edit ) Guam hosted the Pacific Games in 1975 and 1999 . At the 2007 Games , Guam finished 7th of 22 countries and 14th at the 2011 Games . Soccer ( edit ) The Guam national football team was founded in 1975 and joined FIFA in 1996 . Guam was once considered one of FIFA 's weakest teams , and experienced their first victory over a FIFA - registered side in 2009 , when they defeated Mongolia in the East Asian Cup . Guam entered the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Group D. Guam hosted qualifying games on the island for the first time in 2015 . During the qualifying round , Guam clinched their first FIFA World Cup Qualifying win by defeating Turkmenistan . Since then , the team has experienced moderate success in the Qualifying Round with a record of 2 -- 1 -- 1 . The national team plays at the Guam National Football Stadium , which has a capacity of 1,000 . The men 's national football team are known as the `` matao '' team . Matao is the definition of highest level or `` noble '' class ; the matao team have done exceptionally well under the head coach Gary White . As of 2016 , the Matao is led by Darren Sawatzky , the current head coach . The top football division in Guam is the Guam Men 's Soccer League . Rovers FC and Guam Shipyard are the league 's most competitive and successful clubs , both have won nine championships in the past years . Basketball ( edit ) The Guam national basketball team is traditionally one of the top teams in the Oceania region behind Australia and New Zealand . As of 2015 , it is the reigning champion of the Pacific Games Basketball Tournament . Guam is home to various basketball organizations , including the GBA . Swimming ( edit ) In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Pilar Shimizu competed for Guam and placed 42nd in the breaststroke competition . Rugby union ( edit ) Guam is represented in rugby union by the Guam national rugby union team . The team has never qualified for a Rugby World Cup . Guam played their first match in 2005 , an 8 -- 8 draw with India . Guam 's biggest win was a 74 -- 0 defeat of Brunei in June 2008 . Mixed martial arts ( edit ) UFC fighter Jon Tuck , who boasts a professional record of 10 wins and 4 losses , three of those wins while with the UFC , fights out of Guam . Economy ( edit ) 2009 Guam quarter See also : Energy in Guam Guam 's economy depends primarily on tourism , Department of Defense installations and locally owned businesses . Despite paying no income or excise tax , it receives large transfer payments from the general revenues of the U.S. federal treasury . Under the provisions of a special law by Congress , it is Guam 's treasury rather than the U.S. treasury that receives the federal income taxes paid by local taxpayers ( including military and civilian federal employees assigned to Guam ) . Lying in the western Pacific , Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists . Its tourist hub , Tumon , features over 20 large hotels , a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria , Pleasure Island district , indoor aquarium , Sandcastle Las Vegas -- styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues . It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii , with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year . Although 75 % of the tourists are Japanese , Guam receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea , the U.S. , the Philippines , and Taiwan . Significant sources of revenue include duty - free designer shopping outlets , and the American - style malls : Micronesia Mall , Guam Premier Outlets , the Agana Shopping Center , and the world 's largest Kmart . Terminal at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport . The airport hosts a hub of United Airlines , Guam 's largest private - sector employer . The economy had been stable since 2000 due to increased tourism . It is expected to stabilize with the transfer of U.S. Marine Corps ' 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force , currently in Okinawa , Japan , ( approximately 8,000 Marines , along with their 10,000 dependents ) , to Guam between 2010 and 2015 . In 2003 , Guam had a 14 % unemployment rate , and the government suffered a $314 million shortfall . The Compacts of Free Association between the United States , the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of `` free association '' with the United States . The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States ( also its territories ) , and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity , environmental , and cultural familiarity . Over the years , it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance programs and public education for those from the regions involved , and the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration . Over the years , Congress had appropriated `` Compact Impact '' aids to Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and Hawaii , and eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact . Some , however , continue to claim the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate . As of 2008 Guam 's largest single private sector employer , with about 1,400 jobs , was Continental Micronesia , a subsidiary of Continental Airlines ; it is now a part of United Airlines , a subsidiary of Chicago - based United Continental Holdings , Inc . As of 2008 the Continental Micronesia annual payroll in Guam was $90 million . Government and Politics ( edit ) See also : Politics of Guam , Voting in Guam , and Political party strength in Guam The War in the Pacific National Historical Park at Asan Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15 - member legislature , whose members are known as senators . Its judiciary is overseen by the Supreme Court of Guam . The District Court of Guam is the court of United States federal jurisdiction in the territory . Guam elects one delegate to the United States House of Representatives , currently Democrat Madeleine Z . Bordallo . The delegate does not have a vote on the final passage of legislation , but is accorded a vote in committee , and the privilege to speak to the House . U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a straw poll for their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election , but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College , the poll has no real effect . However , in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions , Guam does have influence in the national presidential race . These delegates are elected by local party conventions . Political status ( edit ) In the 1980s and early 1990s , there was a significant movement in favor of this U.S. territory becoming a commonwealth , which would give it a level of self - government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands . However , the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed , because its clauses were incompatible with the Territorial Clause ( Art . IV , Sec. 3 , cl. 2 ) of the U.S. Constitution . Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam , union with the state of Hawaii , or union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory , or independence . In a 1982 plebiscite , voters indicated interest in seeking commonwealth status . The island has been considering another non-binding plebiscite on decolonization since 1998 . Governor Eddie Baza Calvo intended to include one during the island 's November 2016 elections but it was delayed again . Eddie Baza Calvo , Governor of Guam A Commission on Decolonization was established in 1997 to educate the people of Guam about the various political status options in its relationship with the U.S. : statehood , free association and independence . The group was dormant for some years . In 2013 , the Commission began seeking funding to start a public education campaign . There were few subsequent developments until late 2016 . In early December 2016 , the Commission scheduled a series of education sessions in various villages about the current status of Guam 's relationship with the U.S. and the self - determination options that might be considered . The Commission 's current Executive Director is Edward Alvarez and there are ten members . The group is also expected to release position papers on independence and statehood but the contents have not yet been completed . The United Nations is in favor of greater self - determination for Guam and other such territories . The UN 's Special Committee on Decolonization has agreed to endorse the Governor 's education plan . The commission 's May 2016 report states : `` With academics from the University of Guam , ( the Commission ) was working to create and approve educational materials . The Office of the Governor was collaborating closely with the Commission '' in developing educational materials for the public . The United States Department of the Interior had approved a $300,000 grant for decolonization education , Edward Alvarez told the United Nations Pacific Regional Seminar in May 2016 . `` We are hopeful that this might indicate a shift in ( United States ) policy to its Non-Self - Governing Territories such as Guam , where they will be more willing to engage in discussions about our future and offer true support to help push us towards true self - governances and self - determination . '' Villages ( edit ) Hagåtña as seen from Fort Santa Agueda Main article : Villages of Guam Guam is divided into nineteen municipalities called villages : Agana Heights Agat Asan ‐ Maina Barrigada Chalan ‐ Pago ‐ Ordot Dededo Hagåtña ( capital ) Inarajan Mangilao Merizo Mongmong ‐ Toto ‐ Maite Piti Santa Rita Sinajana Talofofo Tamuning Umatac Yigo Yona Military bases ( edit ) The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan ( CVN 76 ) enters Apra Harbor for a scheduled port visit . Note : Naval Air Station Agana has been deactivated . The U.S. military maintains jurisdiction over its bases , which cover approximately 39,000 acres ( 16,000 ha ) , or 29 % of the island 's total land area : U.S. Naval Base Guam , U.S. Navy -- Sumay U.S. Coast Guard Sector Guam , -- Sumay Andersen Air Force Base , U.S. Air Force -- Yigo Apra Harbor -- Orote peninsula Ordnance Annex , U.S. Navy -- South Central Highlands ( formerly known as Naval Magazine ) Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station , U.S. Navy -- Barrigada and Finegayan Joint Force Headquarters - Guam , Guam National Guard -- Radio Barrigada and Fort Juan Muna In addition to on - shore military installations , Guam , along with the rest of the Mariana Islands , is being prepared to be the westernmost military training range for the U.S. Guam is currently viewed as a key military hub that will further allow U.S. military power to be projected via sea and sky . The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines , and 9,000 of their dependents , to Guam from Okinawa , Japan . Including the required construction workers , this buildup would increase Guam 's population by 45 % . In a February 2010 letter , the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall , sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs . By 2012 , these plans had been cut to have only a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island , two thirds of whom would be there on a rotational basis without their dependents . With the proposed increased military presence stemming from the upcoming preparation efforts and relocation efforts of U.S. Marines from Okinawa , Japan to Guam slated to begin in 2010 and last for the next several years thereafter , the amount of total land that the military will control or tenant may grow to or surpass 40 % of the entire landmass of Guam . In January 2011 , the Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for FY2011 indicated that recent significant events will delay the deadline for realigning U.S. Marine Corps service members and their families from Okinawa to Guam . The transfer may be as late as 2020 . In addition , the Defense Authorization Act cut approximately $320 million from the 2011 budget request . Villagers and the military community are interconnected in many ways . Many villagers serve in the military or are retired . Many active duty personnel and Defense Department civilians also live in the villages outside of the military installation areas . The military and village communities have `` adoption '' programs where Guam 's population and military personnel stationed on Guam perform community service projects . Transportation and communications ( edit ) Main articles : Communications in Guam and Transportation in Guam Guam Highway 8 route marker Most of the island has state - of - the - art mobile phone services and high - speed internet widely available through either cable or DSL . Guam was added to the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) in 1997 ( country code 671 became NANP area code 671 ) , removing the barrier of high - cost international long - distance calls to the U.S. mainland . Guam is also a major hub for submarine cables between the Western U.S. , Hawaii , Australia and Asia . Guam currently serves twelve submarine cables , with most continuing to China . Cover carried both directions on the first commercial flights between Guam and the United States , October 5 -- 24 , 1935 . In 1899 , the local postage stamps were overprinted `` Guam '' as was done for the other former Spanish colonies , but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since . Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System ( postal abbreviation : GU , ZIP code range : 96910 -- 96932 ) , mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required . Private shipping companies , such as FedEx , UPS , and DHL , however , have no obligation to do so , and do not regard Guam as domestic . The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year . Light , first - class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland , but larger first - class or Priority items can take a week or two . Fourth - class mail , such as magazines , are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii . Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes , although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available . Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to `` Guam '' instead of `` USA '' to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate ( especially from Asia ) . The Commercial Port of Guam is the island 's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers . It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii - based shipping line Matson , Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu , Hawaii , Los Angeles , California , Oakland , California and Seattle , Washington . The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region . The port is the shipping and receiving point for containers designated for the island 's U.S. Department of Defense installations , Andersen Air Force Base and Commander , Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force . Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport , which is a hub for United Airlines . The island is outside the United States customs zone so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction . Therefore , the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries immigration ( but not customs ) functions . Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction , passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and proceed directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine . However , due to the Guam and CNMI visa waiver program for certain countries , an eligibility pre-clearance check is carried on Guam for flights to the States . For travel from the Northern Mariana Islands to Guam , a pre-flight passport and visa check is performed before boarding the flight to Guam . On flights from Guam to the Northern Mariana Islands , no immigration check is performed . Traveling between Guam and the States through a foreign point , however , does require a passport . Most residents travel within Guam using personally owned vehicles . The local government currently outsources the only public bus system ( Guam Regional Transit Authority ) , and some commercial companies operate buses between tourist - frequented locations . Ecology ( edit ) Brown tree snake ( edit ) Brown tree snake Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II , the brown tree snake ( Boiga irregularis ) was accidentally introduced to Guam , which previously had no native species of snake . It nearly eliminated the native bird population . The problem was exacerbated because the snake has no natural predators on the island . The brown tree snake , known locally as the kulebla , is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia , Papua New Guinea , and the Solomon Islands . It is slightly venomous , but relatively harmless to human beings ; it is nocturnal . Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam , residents rarely see them . The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island 's cargo flow . The United States Geological Survey also has dogs that can detect snakes in forested environments around the region 's islands . Before the introduction of the brown tree snake , Guam was home to several endemic bird species . Among them were the Guam rail ( or ko'ko ' bird in Chamorro ) and the Guam flycatcher , both common throughout the island . Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct and the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources . The devastation caused by the snake has been significant over the past several decades . As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction . According to many elders , ko'ko ' birds were common in Guam before World War II . Other bird species threatened by the brown tree snake include the Mariana crow , the Mariana swiftlet , and the Micronesian starling , though populations are present on other islands , including Rota . Guam is said to have many more insects and 40 times more spiders than neighboring islands , because their natural predators birds are severely diminished , and the forests are almost completely silent due to lack of birdsong . ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Forest on Guam swathed in spider webs . Coconut rhinoceros beetle ( edit ) Coconut rhinoceros beetle An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle ( CRB ) , Oryctes rhinoceros , was detected on Guam on September 12 , 2007 . CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa . Delimiting surveys performed September 13 -- 25 , 2007 , indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach , an area of approximately 900 acres ( 3.6 km ) . Guam Department of Agriculture ( GDA ) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres ( 10 km ) on October 25 ; approximately 0.5 miles ( 800 m ) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation . CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka , Upolu , Samoa , American Samoa , Palau , New Britain , West Irian , New Ireland , Pak Island and Manus Island ( New Guinea ) , Fiji , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , Mauritius , and Reunion . Other invasive animal species ( edit ) Adult female carabao and calf From the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries , the Spanish introduced pigs , dogs , chickens , the Philippine deer ( Rusa mariannus ) , black francolins , and carabao ( a subspecies of water buffalo ) , which have cultural significance . Herds of carabao obstruct military base operations and harm native ecosystems . After birth control and adoption efforts were ineffective , the U.S. military began culling the herds in 2002 leading to organized protests from island residents . Other introduced species include cane toads imported in 1937 , the giant African snail ( an agricultural pest introduced during World War II by Japanese occupation troops ) and more recently frog species which could threaten crops in addition to providing additional food for the brown tree snake population . Reports of loud chirping frogs native to Puerto Rico and known as coquí , that may have arrived from Hawaii , have led to fears that the noise could threaten Guam 's tourism . Guam has no native amphibian species , but now a total of eight amphibian species has been established in Guam . Litoria fallax ( native to the eastern coast of Australia ) has been present in Guam since 1968 , and Rhinella marina ( the cane toad ) was brought to the island in 1937 . The other 6 amphibian species , namely Hylarana guentheri ( native to mainland Asia ) , Microhyla pulchra ( native to mainland Asia ) , Polypedates braueri ( endemic to Taiwan ) , Eleutherodactylus planirostris ( native to the Caribbean ) , Fejervarya cancrivora ( the Guam variety being most closely related to F. cancrivora found in Taiwan ) , and Fejervarya limnocharis ( native to Southeast Asia ) , have been in Guam since 2003 . Many species were likely inadvertently introduced via shipping cargo , especially from Taiwan , mainland China , and Southeast Asia . Introduced feral pigs and deer , over-hunting , and habitat loss from human development are also major factors in the decline and loss of Guam 's native plants and animals . Threats to indigenous plants ( edit ) Invading animal species are not the only threat to Guam 's native flora . Tinangaja , a virus affecting coconut palms , was first observed on the island in 1917 when copra production was still a major part of Guam 's economy . Though coconut plantations no longer exist on the island , the dead and infected trees that have resulted from the epidemic are seen throughout the forests of Guam . During the past century , the dense forests of northern Guam have been largely replaced by thick tangan - tangan brush ( Leucaena leucocephala ) . Much of Guam 's foliage was lost during World War II . In 1947 , the U.S. military is thought to have planted tangan - tangan by seeding the island from the air to prevent erosion . Tangan - tangan was present on the island before 1905 . In southern Guam , non-native grass species dominate much of the landscape . Although the colorful and impressive flame tree ( Delonix regia ) is found throughout the Marianas , the tree on Guam has been largely decimated . Wildfires ( edit ) Guam 's grassland Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island 's humid climate . Most fires are caused by humans with 80 % resulting from arson . Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth . Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas . Grasslands and `` barrens '' have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion . During the rainy season , sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River , leading to water quality problems for southern Guam . Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island . Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers ( planting trees ) have had little success in preserving natural habitats . Aquatic preserves ( edit ) Having previously experienced extensive dredging , Tumon Bay is now a marine wildlife preserve . Efforts have been made to protect Guam 's coral reef habitats from pollution , eroded silt and overfishing , problems that have led to decreased fish populations . ( Since Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers , this is important . ) In recent years , the Department of Agriculture , Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists . Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards , portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests . Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve . A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats . Harvest of sea turtle eggs was a common occurrence on Guam before World War II . The green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) was harvested legally on Guam before August 1978 , when it was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act . The hawksbill sea turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) has been on the endangered list since 1970 . In an effort to ensure protection of sea turtles on Guam , routine sightings are counted during aerial surveys and nest sites are recorded and monitored for hatchlings . Whitespotted boxfish ( Ostracion meleagris ) Reef fish of Guam Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) The central campus at the University of Guam The University of Guam ( UOG ) and Guam Community College , both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , offer courses in higher education . UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 76 land - grant institutions in the entire United States . Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools . They offer courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels . Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) See also : List of schools in Guam The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam . In 2000 , 32,000 students attended Guam 's public schools . Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores . Guam 's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles ( 9,700 km ) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education . An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools . Before September 1997 , the U.S. Department of Defense partnered with Guam Board of Education . In September 1997 , the DoDEA opened its own schools for children of military personnel . DoDEA schools , which also serve children of some federal civilian employees , had an attendance of 2,500 in 2000 . DoDEA Guam operates three elementary / middle schools and one high school . Public libraries ( edit ) Guam Public Library System Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library , Hagåtña Guam Public Library System operates the Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library in Hagåtña and five branch libraries . Health care ( edit ) The Government of Guam maintains the island 's main health care facility , Guam Memorial Hospital , in Tamuning . U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties . In addition , the U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active - duty members and dependents of the military community . There is one subscriber - based air ambulance located on the island , CareJet , which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands . A private hospital , the Guam Regional Medical City opened its doors in early 2016 . Film - making ( edit ) Over the years , a number of films have been shot on Guam , including Shiro 's Head ( directed by the Muna brothers ) and the government - funded Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon ( 2004 ) . Although set on Guam , No Man Is an Island ( 1962 ) was not shot there , but in the Republic of the Philippines . See also ( edit ) History portal New Spain portal Islands portal Oceania portal Micronesia portal United States portal Index of Guam - related articles List of National Register of Historic Places in Guam List of people from Guam Mariana Islands Mariana Trench Micronesia Outline of Guam Voting in Guam 51st State Special Committee on Decolonization References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Australia - Oceania : : Guam ( Territory of the US ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guam Jump up ^ Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index Archived October 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , United Nations ESCAP , February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Territories '' . DOI Office of Insular Affairs . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` DEFINITIONS OF INSULAR AREA POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS '' . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Robert F. ( 1995 ) . Destiny 's Landfall : A History of Guam . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1678 - 0 . Jump up ^ Non-Self - Governing Territories -- Official U.N. Website Archived February 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co ... National Library of Australia Archived April 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Catalogue.nla.gov.au ( September 20 , 1994 ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission July 21 , 2004 Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Higuchi , Wakako ( 2001 ) . `` The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam , 1941 -- 1944 '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Pacific History . 36 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 35 . doi : 10.1080 / 00223340120049424 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guam police arrest suspect in memorial theft '' . Marine Corps Times . Associated Press . July 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mack , Doug ( 2017 ) . The Not - Quite States of America : Dispatches From the Territories and Other Far - Flung Outposts of the USA . W.W. Norton . p. 114 . ISBN 9780393247602 . Jump up ^ Grabowski , John F. ( 1992 ) . U.S. Territories and Possessions ( State Report Series ) . Chelsea House . p. 39 . ISBN 9780791010532 . ^ Jump up to : Carano , Paul ; Sanchez , Pedro C. ( 1964 ) . A Complete History of Guam . Tokyo : Charles E. Tuttle Company . OCLC 414965 . ^ Jump up to : Nowell , Charles E. ( 1962 ) . Magellan 's voyage around the world ; three contemporary accounts . Evanston : Northwestern University Press . OCLC 347382 . ^ Jump up to : Rottman , G. ( 2004 ) Guam 1941 & 1944 : Loss and Reconquest . Oxford : Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 811 - 3 Jump up ^ Mabini , A. , 1969 , The Philippine Revolution , Republic of the Philippines , Dept. of Education , National Historical Commission Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Archived January 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Transaction Publishers , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 Jump up ^ Kristofferson , Nicholas D. ( September 26 , 1997 ) . `` Shoichi Yokoi , 82 , Is Dead ; Japan Soldier Hid 27 Years '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Robert F. ( 1995 ) . Destiny 's Landfall : A History of Guam . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Jump up ^ Curry , Tom ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Nominating , but not voting for president : Clinton - Obama struggle spotlights Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ US , Japan , Australia to hold Cope North 2017 February 9 , 2017 Guam Post Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horton , Alex ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why North Korea threatened Guam , the tiny U.S. territory with big military power '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Daniels , Jeff ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` North Korea 's missile threat to Guam crafted for ' maximum drama , ' says former CIA analyst '' . CNBC News . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Geography of Guam '' . Official site of Guam , April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 , from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 1996 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 ... Jump up ^ `` Home page of the Anahatan volcano '' . USGS - CNMI , November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 ... Jump up ^ `` Climatological Report '' . National Weather Service . February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Weather Service Dedicated Forecast Office in Typhoon Alley '' . US NOAA NWS. April 27 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Catastrophe Model '' . Risk Management Solutions . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winds '' . PacificWorlds.com . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Guam , Pacific Islands , United States '' . Hong Kong Observatory . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puntan dos Amantes '' . NPS : Explore Nature . The US National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Qualifiers - Asia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.guamsportsnetwork.com/2017/gba-bombers-hold-off-mvp-season-3-title/ Jump up ^ `` Guam Visitors Bureau Tourist Statistics '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . visitguam.org Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary ; Sullivan , Kevin ( January 2 , 1999 ) . `` KMART IS AN EASY SELL ON GUAM '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Guam Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2005 . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerrigan , Kevin . `` Guam Will Be The Pacific Hub for Merged Airlines '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 ... Pacific News Center ( May 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . `` Continental Micronesia is Guam 's single largest employer . About 1400 jobs here on dependent on the airline . '' Jump up ^ `` Company Information . '' ( Archive ) United Continental Holdings . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blair , Chad ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Air Mike ' a rare bright spot in local aviation '' . Pacific Business News . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Decolonization 2014 '' . Guampedia . Guampedia . December 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raymundo , Shawn ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Commission to launch series of decolonization meetings '' . Pacific Daily News . Pacific Daily News . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Decolonization 2014 '' . Guampedia . Guampedia . December 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary - General Urges Concrete Action to Advance Decolonization Agenda as Pacific Regional Seminar Convenes '' . United Nations . United Nations . May 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . `` Let us seize this opportunity to identify concrete actions to advance the decolonization agenda , '' Mr. Ban said ... according to the United Nations Charter and relevant General Assembly resolutions , a full measure of self - government could be achieved through independence , integration or free association with another State . The choice should be the result of the freely expressed will and desire of the peoples of the Non-Self - Governing Territories . Jump up ^ `` Secretary - General Urges Concrete Action to Advance Decolonization Agenda as Pacific Regional Seminar Convenes '' . United Nations . United Nations . May 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Military : Naval Air Station , Agana ( Tiyan ) Archived June 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 19 . See also List of United States Navy installations # Guam . Jump up ^ McAvoy , Audrey ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` EPA sharply criticizes military 's Guam plan '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Karen ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Carter : Guam Central to Asia - Pacific Strategy . '' Archived September 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . American Forces Press Service . Jump up ^ J.N. Deak ( August 5 , 1996 ) . `` PL - NANP - 004 '' ( PDF ) . North American Numbering Plan Administration . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritts , T.H. ; D. Leasman - Tanner ( 2001 ) . `` USGS : The Brown Tree Snake on Guam '' . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vice , Daniel S. ; Engeman , Richard M. ( 2000 ) . `` Brown Tree Snake Discoveries During Detector Dog Inspections Following Supertyphoon Paka '' . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : John M. Marzluff ; Tony Angell ( 2007 ) . In the Company of Crows and Ravens . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 12255 - 1 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodda , Gordon H. ; Fritts , Thomas H. ( 1992 ) . `` The Impact of the Introduction of the Colubrid Snake Boiga irregularis on Guam 's Lizards '' . Journal of Herpetology. 26 ( 2 ) : 166 -- 174 . doi : 10.2307 / 1564858 . JSTOR 1564858 . Jump up ^ Rogers , H. ; Hille Ris Lambers , J. ; Miller , R. ; Tewksbury , J.J. ( 2012 ) . Siepielski , Adam , ed . `` ' Natural experiment ' Demonstrates Top - Down Control of Spiders by Birds on a Landscape Level '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 9 ) : e43446 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 743446R . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0043446 . PMC 3436874 . PMID 22970126 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Than 100 Protest Guam Carabao Cull '' . AnimalRights.net . October 15 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2005 . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Worth , Katie ( February 28 , 2004 ) . `` Two Male Coqui Frogs Found in Guam '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wostl , Elijah , Eric N. Smith , and Robert N. Reed . 2016 . Origin and Identity of Fejervarya ( Anura : Dicroglossidae ) on Guam . Pacific Science 70 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 241 . https://doi.org/10.2984/70.2.9 Jump up ^ Hodgson , R.A.J. ; Wall , G.C. ; Randles , J.W. ( 1998 ) . `` Specific Identification of Coconut Tinangaja Viroid for Differential Field Diagnosis of Viroids in Coconut Palm '' ( PDF ) . Phytopathology. 88 ( 8 ) : 774 -- 781 . doi : 10.1094 / PHYTO. 1998.88. 8.774 . PMID 18944882 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stafford , William Edwin ( 1905 ) Useful Plants of Guam Jump up ^ `` Territory of Guam Fire Assessment January 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , pp. 6 -- 7 , guamforestry.org Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Fire and Guam '' . United States Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , Valerie . `` Guam 's Marine Preserves '' . Pacific Daily News . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Management of Contaminated Harbor Sediments in Guam '' ( PDF ) . EPA Guam Report . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Packbier , Paul E.R. `` Tumon Bay -- Engineering a Better Environment '' . Directions Magazine ; June / July 1996 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Holmes III , Rolston ( 2001 ) . `` Environmental Ethics in Micronesia , Past and Present , Part II -- Guam Today : Still `` on the Edge . '' Colonial Legacy and American Presence `` . International Society for Environmental Ethics Newsletter. 12 ( 3 ) . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Politics Trumps Performance in Guam School System '' . Pacific Islands Report . June 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Merrow Report : First to Worst '' . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` State Comparisons '' . 1996 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grace , Ted ; Teresita Salos ( 1966 ) . `` Guam 's Education Marches On '' . Peabody Journal of Education . 44 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 39 . doi : 10.1080 / 01619566609537383 . Jump up ^ `` An act to establish a guam parental school choice program '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rats , other problems face Guam schools . '' Pacific Stars and Stripes . October 3 , 1993 . Jump up ^ Guam School to Be Renamed in Honor of NASA Astronaut William McCool SpaceRef -- Your Space Reference . SpaceRef ( August 21 , 2003 ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District and School Contact Information '' . pac.dodea.edu . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved May 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 ... gpls.guam.gov Jump up ^ Welcome to the official Guam Memorial Hospital Authority Website ! -- Tonyt Archived November 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Gmha.org . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S Naval Hospital Guam Archived June 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Navy Jump up ^ `` Guam 's CareJet Program Resumes Service '' . Air Medical Net . September 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sablan , Jerick ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` No. 5 : Guam Regional Medical City opens '' . Pacific Daily News . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGuamat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Geology and Hydrology of Guam Guam.gov -- Official Government Website Guampedia , Guam 's Online Encyclopedia The Insular Empire : America in the Mariana Islands , PBS documentary film website . `` Guam '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . U.S. Census Bureau : Island Areas Census 2000 Guam at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Portals to the World : Guam from the U.S. Library of Congress . Wikimedia Atlas of Guam <Th_colspan="2"> Topics relating to Guam <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Territory of Guam <Td_colspan="2"> Hagåtña ( capital ) Topics Communications Demographics Earthquakes Economy Geography History Transportation Islands Guam Cocos Island Villages Agana Heights Agat Asan ‐ Maina Barrigada Chalan Pago - Ordot Dededo Hagåtña Inarajan Mangilao Merizo Mongmong - Toto - Maite Piti Santa Rita Sinajana Talofofo Tamuning Umatac Yigo Yona Peaks Mount Alifan Mount Almagosa Mount Bolanos ( 368 m ) Mount Jumullong Manglo ( 391 m ) Mount Lamlam ( 406 m ) <Th_colspan="3"> Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia West Papua Papua Japan Bonin Islands Minami - Tori - Shima United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island New Zealand Tokelau France French Polynesia New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations <Th_colspan="2"> United States Census Regions Division State Federal District Insular area American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands ZIP Code Tabulation Area Native areas Alaska Native corporation Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Off - reservation trust land Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area Metropolitan Primary statistical area list Combined statistical area Core - based statistical area list Metropolitan statistical area list Micropolitan statistical area list New England city and town area Urban area list State - level Congressional district County list Alaska census area Independent city Municipio Place Census - designated Public use microdata area School district lists State legislative district Urban growth area County - level Census county division Minor civil division Traffic analysis zone Voting district Local Block Block group Tract <Td_colspan="2"> Census Bureau Office of Management and Budget <Th_colspan="3"> Pacific Islands Forum ( PIF ) Members Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associate members French Polynesia New Caledonia Observers Commonwealth of Nations East Timor Tokelau United Nations Wallis and Futuna Guam American Samoa Northern Mariana Islands Asian Development Bank Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission ( WCPFC ) Dialogue partners Canada China Cuba European Union France India Indonesia Italy Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Spain Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Meetings 45th <Td_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish Empire <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Timeline <Td_colspan="2"> Catholic Monarchs Habsburgs Golden Age Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Eighty Years ' War Portuguese Restoration War Bourbons Napoleonic invasion Independence of Spanish continental Americas Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish -- American War German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco ( Western Sahara conflict ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Territories <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily and Sardinia Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , northernmost France Franche - Comté Portugal Philippines East Pacific ( Guam , Mariana , Caroline , Palau , Marshall , Micronesia , Moluccas ) Northern Taiwan Tidore Florida New Spain ( Western United States , Mexico , Central America , Spanish Caribbean ) Spanish Louisiana ( Central United States ) Coastal Alaska Haiti Belize Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela , Western Guyana New Granada ( Panama , Colombia , Ecuador , a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon ) Peru ( Peru , Acre ) Río de la Plata ( Argentina , Paraguay , Charcas ( Bolivia ) , Banda Oriental ( Uruguay ) , Falkland Islands ) Chile Equatorial Guinea Spanish North Africa ( Ifni , Cape Juby , Spanish Morocco and Western Sahara ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Administration <Td_colspan="2"> Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Trial of residence Laws of the Indies Royal Decree of Graces Exequatur Papal bull School of Salamanca <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Administrative subdivisions <Td_colspan="2"> Viceroyalties New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Provincias Internas Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba New Andalusia ( 1501 -- 1513 ) New Andalusia New Castile New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Currencies Dollar Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Camino Real de Tierra Adentro <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Military <Td_colspan="2"> Armies Tercio Army of Flanders Spanish Armada Indian auxiliaries Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Bernardo de Gálvez Sailors Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Battles Old World Won Bicocca Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island San Juan Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Pensacola Lost La Noche Triste Tucapel Chacabuco Carabobo Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish colonizations <Td_colspan="2"> Canary Islands Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Peru Chile <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other civil topics <Td_colspan="2"> Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire British and American slaves granted their freedom by Spain VIAF : 138321683 LCCN : n50000810 GND : 4094188 - 7 NDL : 00628452 Coordinates : 13 ° 30 ′ N 144 ° 48 ′ E / 13.500 ° N 144.800 ° E / 13.500 ; 144.800 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guam&oldid=826028086 '' Categories : Guam World War II sites Islands of Oceania Former Spanish colonies Geography of Micronesia Small Island Developing States 1898 establishments in Oceania Insular areas of the United States English - speaking countries and territories States and territories established in 1898 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles containing Chamorro - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chamoru ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Sardu Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Wolof Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 19 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Territory of Guam
2. Chamorro culture
3. Spanish colonization
4. World War II
5. United States occupation
|
-567,430,568,066,607,040 |
when does damon come back from the other side in season 6
|
The Vampire Diaries ( Season 6 ) - Wikipedia The Vampire Diaries ( Season 6 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries ( season 6 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Season 6 DVD Cover Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Kat Graham Candice Accola Zach Roerig Michael Trevino Matt Davis Michael Malarkey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The CW Original release October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) -- May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 <Td_colspan="2"> List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a sixth season by The CW on February 13 , 2014 , and it premiered on October 2 , 2014 . A majority of the episode titles for this season are named after songs released in 1994 & 1903 . The Vampire Diaries was renewed for a seventh season on January 11 , 2015 , by The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Michael Malarkey as Enzo St. John Recurring ( edit ) Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Josette `` Jo '' Laughlin ( born Parker ) Chris Wood as Malachai `` Kai '' Parker Penelope Mitchell as Olivia `` Liv '' Parker Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes Chris Brochu as Lucas `` Luke '' Parker Annie Wersching as Lily Salvatore Emily Chang as Ivy Gabrielle Walsh as Monique Tristin Mays as Sarah Nelson ( born Salvatore ) Marco James as Liam Davis Special guest ( edit ) Colin Ferguson as Thomas Vincent `` Tripp '' Cooke ( born Fell ) Guest ( edit ) Drew Stephenson as Colin Phelps Jayson Warner Smith as Dean Christopher Cousins as Joshua Parker Chris William Martin as Zach Salvatore ( flashback ) Jason MacDonald as Grayson Gilbert ( flashback ) Erin Beute as Miranda Sommers - Gilbert ( voice only ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 112 `` I 'll Remember '' Jeffrey Hunt Caroline Dries October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 2J7851 1.81 <Td_colspan="8"> Four months later , Elena is having a horrible time coping with Damon 's death as she returns to Whitmore College for her sophomore year . She is taking drugs that Luke has given her in order to see Damon , but she soon develops side effects that make her violent . Caroline has dropped out of college to find a way to reverse the spell that the Travellers had put on the Mystic Falls border . Tyler adjusts to being human as he begins attending Whitmore while his feelings for Liv grow . Matt gets really worried after Jeremy continues to cope with Bonnie 's death by having sex with random girls and drinking . Alaric , after returning , is adjusting to his life as a vampire and works as a professor at Whitmore . Stefan has decided to live a normal life and started working as a mechanic after giving up on finding a way to get Bonnie and Damon back . Elena asks Alaric how he copes with being a vampire and asks him to compel her into forgetting about Damon . 113 `` Yellow Ledbetter '' Pascal Verschooris Julie Plec October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7852 1.67 <Td_colspan="8"> Knowing she needs to come to terms with the loss of Damon , Elena turns to Alaric to help her move on with her life . So that Alaric can compel her to forget she ever loved Damon , Elena has to admit the moment she first realized she loved him . Caroline and Enzo try to convince Stefan not to give up on Damon , but Stefan is determined to start a new life away from everything that reminds him of Damon . Meanwhile , Matt worries about Jeremy who is spending time with Sarah , a mysterious girl supposedly from new York , who has recently arrived in Mystic Falls . Elsewhere , Tripp ( leader of the community protection program ) makes an interesting confession to Matt about his connection to the town . Lastly , with the Other Side destroyed and gone for good , Damon and Bonnie reluctantly band together to uncover the mystery of where they are and how they are going to get back home . Bonnie and Damon discover they are trapped in a time loop , and discover some one is in the house with them . 114 `` Welcome to Paradise '' Michael Allowitz Brian Young October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7853 1.83 <Td_colspan="8"> Still reeling from Enzo murdering his girlfriend Ivy , Stefan compels his boss at the auto repair shop to give him a few days off so that he can hunt him down . Meanwhile , Elena seems over the top ecstatic since Alaric compelled her to forget all of her Damon memories . Stefan appears at Whitmore College , surprising Elena , who has just invited Liam to the party at the swimming hole . In the parallel dimension , while Bonnie and Damon are discussing the mysterious crossword puzzle incident during grocery shopping , more strange things happen -- food items missing from shelves ; the merry - go - round is activated ; Damon 's car appears in the parking lot , all which lead Damon to discover someone named Kai . In the other world , Stefan attempts to confront Enzo , but Enzo thwarts him and kills a vampire hunter who had followed them into the woods . Kai reveals that he has been following Damon and Bonnie , right before he announces that he wants to kill Damon just as Damon takes a drink of bourbon laced with vervain . Bonnie saves Damon by regaining her magic , and she and Damon capture Kai , who later admits that he faked the attempted killing of Damon to motivate Bonnie to regain her magic . Jeremy 's latest fling Sarah disappears . In a diner , Tripp Fell stabs Enzo with a syringe filled with vervain , which Enzo shakes off , right before Stefan stakes him . 115 `` Black Hole Sun '' Kellie Cyrus Melinda Hsu Taylor & Neil Reynolds October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7854 1.66 <Td_colspan="8"> When Damon and Bonnie realize that uncovering a time from Damon 's past may provide clues to finding their way back home , Damon is forced to relive one of the worst days of his life . After an awkward run - in with Jo at the hospital , Alaric steps in to help Jeremy get his life together and cope with the loss of Bonnie . Meanwhile , in Savannah , Stefan attempts to show Elena what it is like to start over and create a new identity , while unsuspecting Matt finds himself in a disturbing situation when Tripp lets him in on a dark secret . Lastly Stefan , who is desperate to regain some normalcy in his life , is stunned when Ivy shows up as a vampire . 116 5 `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' Leslie Libman Brett Matthews October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7855 1.58 <Td_colspan="8"> Kai tells Bonnie and Damon to prepare for the eclipse that can bring them back home . Bonnie soon discovers that Kai knew nothing about the spell and kills him . He never was dead , but he needed a Bennett to help him go back home , so he tries to kill Bonnie and Damon once they were close to coming back home . While Bonnie is bleeding on the ground , Damon fights Kai , but Bonnie uses her magic to make sure Damon goes back home . Meanwhile , Elena and Liam go to Whitmore College Corn Maze . While there , Tyler accidentally runs over the entire corn maze with a truck due to someone running out in the middle of the street , so Elena and Tyler have to make sure no one dies because then Tyler would unlock his werewolf curse . Stefan tells Caroline to teach Ivy the vampire ropes . Ivy breaks Caroline 's neck and Ivy decides to go feed , but did not know how to compel . Ivy gets captured at the end by Tripp . Stefan and Damon reunite . 117 6 `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' Garreth Stover Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7856 1.59 <Td_colspan="8"> Damon believes if he sees Elena , all her memories of him will be restored , but Elena does not want to meet him . Alaric asks Elena to see if Jo knows about vampires , and she discovers that Jo is a witch and knows Elena and Alaric are vampires . Tripp captures Damon and try to drive him and Enzo over the Mystic Falls borders . Alaric tries to stop Tripp from crossing the Mystic Falls borders but gets dragged across it himself . While looking for Damon , Enzo , and Alaric , Elena decides she wants her memories back . When they cross the border , Enzo , Damon , and Alaric slowly start to die and get magic stripped off of them . Jo was following Alaric and rescues him , but he comes back alive as human . Stefan rescues Damon and Enzo and later on meets Caroline , who tells him she does not want to be friends anymore . The episode ends with Elena and Damon meeting in her dorm . 118 7 `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' Darren Genet Rebecca Sonnenshine November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7857 1.54 <Td_colspan="8"> Damon and Elena try to get back her memories with no luck , Elena gives up and crosses the border but Damon grabs her in time that she does not die . Elena only remembers bits and pieces but not enough to love Damon again . Damon decides to let Elena go while dropping her off at her dorm . Meanwhile , Stefan and Caroline need to get Tripp back from Enzo before the people who want Tripp back kill Caroline 's mom . Enzo secretly turns Tripp into a vampire without Caroline or Stefan knowing . Tripp crosses the Mystic Falls border and dies , while Caroline gets her mom back . Caroline sees that they hurt her mom and along with Stefan , they take Sheriff Forbes to the hospital and while waiting for her , Stefan and Caroline talk about what Enzo said earlier ( that Caroline loved Stefan and how he did not notice ) . They talk and Stefan apologizes for not knowing , which gets Caroline mad . Liam tells Elena that he is close to knowing how the girl who was in the maze recovered so quickly , which makes Elena alarmed since it was her blood that made the girl healed . 119 8 `` Fade Into You '' Joshua Butler Nina Fiore & John Herrera November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7858 1.68 <Td_colspan="8"> As Caroline and Elena host Thanksgiving at their dorm , Elena seeks ways to confess her vampirism to Liam . Stefan , Damon and Alaric go to Portland to contact the Gemini coven concerning the ascendant whilst trying not to give Elena hope . Kai takes Bonnie to the same location and tells her his parents called him an abomination and tried all they could to keep their home hidden . Damon and Alaric tease Stefan about Caroline 's feelings for him prompting Stefan to kick Bonnie 's Teddy bear into the air and uncloaking a house . Liam apologizes to Elena for false accusations after Jo had altered Lady Whitmore 's medical track . Kai agrees to let Bonnie leave unharmed with his car if she has one last dinner with him . In a surprising turn of events it is revealed that Kai is Jo 's twin brother , Luke and Liv are both siblings to them and stem from the same family . Kai killed his four siblings targeting Luke and Liv to be the Covens leader . While searching for answers , Damon meets Kai 's father , Joshua , who casts another cloaking spell on him . As Damon wakes Joshua demands to know how he got out the trap of repeated hell and if Kai also knows the how to escape . The twins explain that there can not be two leaders in the coven and on their 22nd birthday one of them has to die . Joshua explains that he can not help Damon bring out Bonnie because if Kai escapes , he will be a problem to the world . He starts a spell to kill Jo and then tries to kill Damon but Stefan arrives in time to fend him off with a magic knife Jo spelled in 1994 while at the same time , Elena saves Jo with her blood much to Liam 's shock whom she compels afterwards . Kai explains the logic of his exile to Bonnie , reveals the same spelled knife and sucks out its magic . He then tells Bonnie he does not need her anymore but needs her blood and stabs her . Tyler vows to protect Liv and Stefan tries to make peace with Caroline who hands him a gift . Elena and Damon discuss their relationship . Finally Bonnie recovers from the stab and discovers Kai took the car and left her there . 120 9 `` I Alone '' Kellie Cyrus Brian Young & Holly Brix December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7859 1.49 <Td_colspan="8"> Damon compels Alaric to do whatever he has to do to get the ascendant from Jo . After obtaining it , Liv sends Damon and Elena back to 1994 while Elena wonders why Jo agreed to give them the ascendant which is the only thing that is protecting her from her brother . Arriving in 1994 , Damon and Elena page Bonnie and are able to speak to her and tell her that they are bringing her home . In their conversation Bonnie tells them that Kai stabbed her to get her blood and fears that Kai might be free . Back in the Mystic Falls , Stefan meets a girl claiming to be Sarah , the daughter of their uncle , but it is revealed that she is actually an impostor who goes by the name Monique . Stefan knows about the real Sarah and where she is all these years since he has been watching over her whole life . He compels Monique to forget she ever knew Sarah and to leave Mystic Falls , because he does not want Damon , or anyone else , to know about Sarah . Enzo suspects that Stefan hides something and kills Monique because Stefan refuses to tell him . Meanwhile , Kai kills a cab driver and once he arrives in Mystic Falls he finds Liv . He steals some of her magic and tries to kill her but Tyler comes in time and saves her . In the process , Liv is forced to bring Damon and Elena back to the present without Bonnie . Jo finds out that the ascendant is gone and confronts Alaric , being the only other person who knew where she kept it , but Alaric swears he did not take it . Jo tells him that it might be possible that he took it but he does not remember because he was compelled to forget . Kai finds Damon and Elena in the cemetery and destroys the ascendant and afterwards he goes to Tyler and asks him to help him merge with Jo to keep Liv alive . 121 10 `` Christmas Through Your Eyes '' Michael Allowitz Caroline Dries December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7860 1.82 <Td_colspan="8"> Seen in flashbacks ranging from 2007 to 2009 , high school students Elena , Bonnie and Caroline are decorating the school Christmas tree and enjoying a simpler time . In the present day , Kai kidnaps Jo and with Liv and Luke 's help , he locates the knife where Jo had hidden her magic and forces Jo to take it back by stabbing her , but she tells him that for that to work she has to be willing to do it because she put it there also willingly . Luke leaves saying that he does not want to be a part of Jo 's murder . Jo tells Kai that she may bleed out if he does not do anything and that all his efforts will be vain , so he leaves to go fetch some bandages and leaves Liv with the mission to find a way to give Jo her magic back . Meanwhile the sheriff is brought to the hospital where it is revealed that she has a tumor on her brain , and Stefan says to Caroline that she will die because vampire 's blood can not heal her . Jeremy and Matt trap Enzo with the intent of killing him but Matt wants to kill him slowly , which Jeremy finds a little harsh but Matt is determined . Liv tries to convince Jo to take her magic telling her that she may be able to beat Kai in the merge because of how well she has done without magic for 18 years . Kai comes back and tries to kill Liv which forces Jo to take back her magic . Damon and Alaric came to the rescue to find out that Jo has her magic back . They trick Kai and send him out of border where Alaric puts a gun on his temple but Jo comes out and asks him not to kill him because she might be able to beat him in the merge , and that she needs a little time to get strong . They chained him in Mystic Falls where he can not use any magic but after a while , Kai drains the magic from the travelers ' spell , something that also breaks the spell surrounding Mystic Falls . Matt brings Enzo past the border of Mystic Falls but Enzo can not die due to Kai absorbing all the magic . Enzo turns on Matt telling him that he will let him live if he helps him take away all things that makes Stefan happy . Damon and Stefan come back to their home in Mystic Falls , and when Elena arrives , Damon can not see her because of Kai 's cloaking spell . Kai kidnaps Elena . 122 11 `` Woke Up with a Monster '' Paul Wesley Melinda Hsu Taylor January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7861 1.63 <Td_colspan="8"> Kai has captured Elena and holds her as hostage in the Mystic Grill after killing the owner . He plans to practice his new found abilities on Elena to master his new magic . Meanwhile Caroline and Stefan start to look for a doctor who could cure Liz , and get to Duke . On the way Stefan goes to the art exhibition held by his niece , the true Sarah Nelson , but he is followed by Enzo . Kai brings Elena to high school and melts her daylight ring . Elena manages to escape Kai and phones Damon who comes with Liv to save her . However , Liv is abducted by her brother , Luke who comes to take her home . Needing a witch to perform a cloaking spell , Jo steps in to help Damon and they both enter the building . They manage to save Elena but Jo is becoming weaker and Kai spots them all . Meanwhile , after learning from a doctor that her mom has no treatment , Caroline decides to inject her blood to another cancer patient . The aftermath is a well - looking person who seems to have defeated the tumor . The patient is feeling alright again so Caroline and Stefan rush back to Mystic Falls . In the school , Kai tricks Damon to stab Elena and goes after Jo . Alaric and Jeremy come in to save Jo just in time and they decide to keep Kai under sedative . Once back home , Caroline reveals to her mother that only vampire blood can heal her and puts some in her tea . The episode ends with the patient slowly dying in a brutal way , just while Liz is drinking Caroline 's blood , with whom she now believes can be saved . 123 12 `` Prayer for the Dying '' Jeffrey Hunt Brett Matthews & Rebecca Sonnenshine January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7862 1.47 <Td_colspan="8"> Caroline is woken up by Colin , the patient she gave her blood to . Stefan and Caroline learn that he has become a vampire . Liv and Luke 's father arrives to celebrate their birthday . They propose him to avoid the merge because none of them wants the other to die . In the hospital , Caroline and Stefan realize that Colin is a vampire but is not cured of his cancer . The tumor expanded and while he is a vampire , he can still feel the pain of the tumor growing . Caroline 's mom realises that she will go through the same as Caroline fed her her blood . Jo suggests a full blood transfusion but it fails . Tyler , who now knows the twins are ready for the merge ( as they are 22 years old ) , tries to wake Kai up , but is stopped by Damon . Kai helps Liz taking all the magic from her body but with the condition that the merge is set for that night . Meanwhile , Liz is having a heart attack and Elena is helping her . Mr Parker deceives the twins and begins to merge them , but Tyler comes just in time and hits him . Luke promises Liv he will come back and go and look for Kai . Kai and Jo begin the merge , although she is not ready yet . Luke stops the merge and convinces Kai to do it with him . Damon compels a doctor to save Liz 's life , but she dies . Caroline arrives in that moment and cries on her mother 's body . Before dying , Liz has a vision in which she sees her daughter with a bloody face , and then mysteriously wakes up . After the merge , Jo witnesses Luke and Kai fainting . While Jo is crying and holding her brother in her arms , he dies and she realizes that Kai has won the merge . 124 13 `` The Day I Tried to Live '' Pascal Verschooris Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7863 1.61 <Td_colspan="8"> It is Bonnie 's birthday , and Jeremy does n't want to celebrate but is convinced by Damon and Elena to do so . The three of them attempt to piece the broken ascendant back together in attempt to send Bonnie a message , but they have a disturbing realization . Bonnie ca n't take the solitude anymore and is planning to commit suicide . With Kai 's help , Jeremy enters the world to try to stop Bonnie , who is in the garage and starting to poison herself with gas from the car . While saying goodbye to her friends via video , Bonnie realizes that she ca n't give up yet but is too weak to open the garage door and save herself . Jeremy manages to open the door , and Bonnie survives . Meanwhile , Stefan uncovers a secret about his great - niece Sarah Salvatore while Enzo wants to interfere with help from Matt for an alternate motive . Caroline is trying to cope with the hardships in her life , especially her mother 's illness , so Stefan keeps a close eye on her . Lastly , Jeremy contemplates leaving Mystic Falls for good and realizes it might be time to move on with his life . 125 14 `` Stay '' Chris Grismer Brian Young & Caroline Dries February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 2J7864 1.52 <Td_colspan="8"> With help from Elena and Damon , Jeremy graduates high school months earlier and is leaving town to go to art school . Caroline , on the other hand has Stefan help her surprise her mother with a vacation while the sheriff is with Damon attempting to solve an old unsolved case : the Gilberts ' accident . Elena and Jeremy get stoned together while bonding and talking about their old memories . Matt is still being blackmailed by Enzo , but he is starting to develop feelings for Sarah . Enzo calls Matt and threatens to kill Jeremy , who he has pinned down , unless Matt takes Sarah to a certain tunnel . Matt reluctantly goes on a walk with Sarah to the tunnel , and Enzo purposely hits Matt with a car . While Sarah panics , Enzo tells her to stay calm and gives Matt some of his blood . As Jeremy leaves , it is revealed that he lied and instead of going to art school , he is going to go hunt vampires and Alaric is the only one who knows about it . Meanwhile , Liz realizes that the events surrounding the Gilberts ' accident were natural and that she had been hoping for a supernatural reason so she could have someone to blame . Stefan and Caroline are setting up Liz 's room together and the two of them kiss on the porch . Liz 's condition rapidly deteriorates and she has to go back to the hospital , where she lies unconscious . Caroline rushes to the hospital and is upset because she did n't get to say goodbye , but Stefan helps her by suggesting that she goes inside her mom 's mind , which is what she does and with that the Sheriff dies . 126 15 `` Let Her Go '' Julie Plec Julie Plec February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 2J7865 1.41 <Td_colspan="8"> Bonnie has her magic back thanks to Damon 's message and is planning to return home that night . Kai is dying because he merged with Luke instead of Jo . He tells Jo that unless she gives him her magic , they and the rest of the coven will die and the prison worlds will collapse . Meanwhile , Damon is struggling to write Liz a eulogy and is having flashbacks to his mother 's funeral . He also tells Caroline that it will only get harder for her later after everyone expects her to move on . Before Liz 's funeral , Caroline tries to ask Stefan how he feels about her , but he responds by saying that he 'll talk to her about it later . The funeral takes place : Damon gives the eulogy , Caroline sings , and the police honor Liz one last time . The moving display prompts Matt to get an application to join the police for both himself and Tyler , who has been drinking heavily since his breakup with Liv . Jo decides to give Kai her magic , and as this is taking place , Bonnie 's prison world shifts in and out of the Salvatore home in 1903 , when the aurora borealis was taking place . Right before she is about to return home , she sees a woman who asks her who she is , but before she can learn more , she returns to the normal world . Kai feels healthy after receiving Jo 's magic , but before he leaves , he tells her that she is pregnant . Alaric proposes to her , telling her that he had already been planning to propose before the news , and she accepts . After Liz 's funeral , Caroline returns home , but Elena follows her and confronts her after realizing that Caroline plans to turn off her humanity to stop her pain and prevent what Damon warned her about . Caroline decides to go through with it anyway and breaks Elena 's neck . Stefan realizes that what he feels for Caroline could turn into something deeper and goes to her house , but he sees Elena lying on the ground . Damon reunites with Bonnie , and when Bonnie shows him the video she accidentally took while she was escaping , Damon realizes that the woman Bonnie saw was his mother . 127 16 `` The Downward Spiral '' Ian Somerhalder Brian Young & Caroline Dries March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 2J7866 1.30 <Td_colspan="8"> After switching off her humanity , Caroline makes out with Liam outside of a bar and feeds off of him . She tells Bonnie and Elena that she will avoid killing anyone if they give her a year to live freely without her pain , and they initially agree . Kai refuses to give Damon information about his mother unless he helps Kai apologize to Bonnie in order to alleviate Kai 's guilt . Caroline invites Liam and Enzo to a rave , and Elena , Bonnie , and Stefan come to confront Caroline . Damon calls Bonnie , but after she refuses to talk to Kai , Damon and Kai show up and Kai attempts to apologize to her . Bonnie is coping with traumatic memories from her time in the prison world and is furious with Damon for forcing her to see Kai , who she believes is lying . After using her magic to punish Damon by forcing him to endure the wounds that Kai inflicted on her , she realizes that her experiences have changed her and finally calls Jeremy , telling him that she needs time to work things out . Stefan admits his feelings to Caroline and begs her to switch on her humanity ; for a moment Caroline wavers and he knows that there is a chance to bring back the old Caroline . Kai reveals that Damon 's mother is a vampire and was imprisoned by the Gemini coven after she faked her own death and went on a worldwide killing spree . In retaliation for Stefan 's attempt to break through to her , Caroline kidnaps Sarah Salvatore and compels Liam to perform ' surgery ' on her in the form of removing her organs . She tells Stefan that she will spare Sarah 's life if Stefan turns off his humanity . Elena manages to stop Liam from cutting out Sarah 's heart just as Stefan agrees to Caroline 's demands and shuts off his humanity . 128 17 `` A Bird in a Gilded Cage '' Joshua Butler Neil Reynolds March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7867 1.59 <Td_colspan="8"> After the previous night , Sarah is being kept in the hospital . Alaric and Jo contemplate baby names . Jo tells Alaric to be a father for 18 years and then he can run around killing vampires . Meanwhile , Kai and Bonnie take Damon and Elena to the 1903 prison world to get the Salvatore 's mother . Bonnie says she will find the ascendant but ends up hurting Kai so he can feel the pain she felt . When they are about to go back to real time , Kai gets left behind because Bonnie wants him to feel loneliness . With both of their humanities off , Caroline and Stefan feed on a girl and afterwards have sex . After Bonnie interrupts Damon and Elena 's make out session , she forgives him and gives him the Cure to Vampirism . 129 18 `` I Never Could Love Like That '' Leslie Libman Story by : Matthew D'Ambrosio Teleplay by : Chad Fiveash & James Storeaux April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7868 1.35 <Td_colspan="8"> Caroline and Stefan have still switched off their humanity . They are terrorizing and killing the people at Whitmore 's . Matt and Tyler are being tortured by them , Matt ends up in the hospital . Meanwhile , Elena and Damon are having a pleasant morning . They 're enjoying breakfast made by Lily . Damon has come up with a plan to bring Stefan and Caroline back which involves Lily ( the Salvatore 's mother ) convincing Stefan to turn his humanity back on and then Stefan can convince Caroline to switch it back on too . Enzo has taken Sarah from the hospital and tries to bring her to the Salvatore house , but when he sees Lily , he runs away in shock . Turns out that when Enzo was living in South Hampton , he was suffering from consumption until he met Lily , who fed him with vampire blood so then after he died ( of consumption ) he became a vampire . In the present day , Lily tells Damon that she will help him to bring back Stefan but in return he has to give her the ascendant so she can bring her `` other family '' back . When Lily and Damon go to the school bar , she says just the right words to get Stefan to flip his switch ( even though Damon told her exactly what to say ) . Now Stefan has to track down Caroline and get her to flip the switch , too . Back at the hospital , Matt refuses Elena 's blood . Once he 's stitched up by conventional medicine , he talks to Elena about how much he hates vampires and does n't want to rely on them . Finally , Damon and Elena talk about life and how Elena misses being human and she 's sad because of the fact that she is a vampire and she will never be able to create a family . Finally , Jo explains how bad it is that Damon gave Lily the ascendant because Lily 's `` family members '' and she are all witches that absorb magic from others , just like Kai , but were turned into vampires making a type of hybrid . It is explained that they were locked inside the prison world because they were perceived as too dangerous and worthless . 130 19 `` Because '' Geoffrey Wing Shotz Melinda Hsu Taylor April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7869 1.37 <Td_colspan="8"> Stefan switches his humanity back on and with Damon and Elena 's help , tries and switches Caroline 's on . Caroline still believes Stefan has no humanity while they 're locked inside a room and being tortured . Elena is convinced that Caroline will turn her feelings on by reading a letter her mom had written before she had died , but she does n't care and oblige Stefan to burn it down . Elena is upset because she did n't expect Caroline to do that and finds help in Damon , with whom she shares her ideal future . Meanwhile , Bonnie is set to have a meeting with Lily at the Mystic Grill . Matt tries and help her friend by taking time with Lily , but soon Enzo arrives and has a chat with her . Lily explains to him that she did n't abandon him , but she left him because she was locked in the prison world the night she had turned him into a vampire . Before Bonnie arrives , the two leave . Bonnie takes the Ascendant right before Lily can take it . Meanwhile Stefan provokes visions of Liz in Caroline 's mind and then she wakes up realizing the whole torture was a vision . Stefan enters in her mind again sharing a real memory of Liz giving him the letter that now is burned down , and Caroline turns her feelings on again when she understands she made an irreparable mistake . Lily wants the Ascendant and forces Damon to find it or she will burn the cure . Bonnie does n't want to give him the Ascendant and convinces Damon that the cure is not the right solution for Elena . While Damon thinks the cure is being burned down , Elena shows up with the cure that was n't really ever taken by Lily . The episode ends with Damon telling Elena he will take the cure with her , if she wants to take it . 131 20 `` I 'd Leave My Happy Home for You '' Jesse Warn Brett Matthews & Rebecca Sonnenshine April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7870 1.21 <Td_colspan="8"> Jo and Alaric celebrate their last night before the marriage . He and Damon discuss Damon 's proposal to Elena of becoming human with her . Matt fights with Tyler , asking why he is n't enthusiastic about becoming a cop . Tyler says that he is too afraid to become a werewolf again . Enzo finds Stefan on the phone to Caroline 's voice - mail , begging her to come home . He tells Stefan that his mother is potentially turning into a ripper again and that he needs to intervene . Alaric finds Matt alone and Matt confronts him , urging him to take Jo and leave for their own good . Stefan finds his mother and stops her from feeding on someone . They talk and Stefan realizes that she ca n't be helped the easy way and prepares to vervain her , however , Lily notices that he is lying and vervains him instead , feeding on a waitress and terrifying all the customers at the bar . Enzo arrives at the bar and tells Stefan Damon 's plan . Lily finds Bonnie and Jo and threatens Bonnie as she is the reason she ca n't get her people back . After stabbing Bonnie , Lily finds out Jo is pregnant with twins , so her coven will try to take the babies and make them merge , rendering Kai useless . Meanwhile Damon is with Elena and she takes the cure on the porch , telling him she loves him . As human , Alaric 's compulsion is gone and she gains her memories back . Stefan then calls Damon to let him know that Lily is free and now would be a bad time to take the cure . As he 's telling Damon this , Lily snaps his neck , leaving Elena shocked . Elena stabs her in the eye with a brooch and runs into The Grill . She hides in the tunnels and Lily leaves , angry . Alaric goes to the hospital to check on Jo and Bonnie and tells her to go somewhere the coven ca n't find them . Stefan and Damon find Lily and lock her up in the cell in the Salvatore house . Damon finds Elena in front of the fireplace and she confronts him , telling him that she had asked him before to take the cure with him and he had refused , saying that to be human would be to have the most miserable life in existence . Elena says that she is n't going to let him take the cure until everyone has tried to talk him out of it , to ensure that to be human is what he wants and that he is n't doing it just to keep Elena . The episode ends with Kai making dinner for the six vampire / witch hybrids , saying that today is the day that they 're getting out of the prison world . 132 21 `` I 'll Wed You in the Golden Summertime '' Michael Allowitz Brian Young May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7871 1.32 <Td_colspan="8"> Bonnie has nightmares about Kai and Lily . Bonnie , Elena and Jo prepare for the wedding . Jo freaks out over her lost slippers and her wedding coordinator who was unavailable at the last minute . Caroline offers to help Jo as wedding coordinator . Meanwhile , Stefan takes Damon to his home where he stayed while Damon was trapped in prison world , to know whether he really wants to become human or not . Enzo brought an MP3 player for Lily to listen and while Bonnie came to Lily 's locked cell , Lily squeezed Bonnie 's throat , leaving bruises . Lily broke out of the locked room at the mansion and an unseen force gripped Bonnie and Matt 's throat , making them faint . Stefan came back alone & talked with Caroline about their complicated status . In the barn which is prepared for the wedding , Elena is approached by Damon who said he had thought this through and he chose to be human not for her , but for them and he would grasp any chance to be with her and they kissed . The wedding begins and while Alaric and Jo are exchanging vows , Kai appears and attacks . Jo is killed , Elena is knocked unconscious , the wedding guests are attacked by debris , and chaos ensues . 133 22 `` I 'm Thinking of You All the While '' Chris Grismer Julie Plec & Caroline Dries May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7872 1.44 <Td_colspan="8"> In the aftermath of the wedding massacre , Jo is dead but Alaric survives . Kai casts a spell linking Elena and Bonnie 's lives , rendering Elena unconscious while Bonnie is alive and tries to force Damon to choose Bonnie or Elena . Damon chooses to rip off Kai 's head , killing him for good but leaving Elena unconscious and semi-dead for the duration of Bonnie 's life . In a series of visions or dreams , Elena and her friends and family say their goodbyes . Liv , dying , urges Tyler to end her life and turn back into a werewolf so that he might live . Stefan pledges to Caroline that he will wait for her . Enzo and Lily discover that Kai had indeed brought Lily 's `` family '' of vampire witches out of the 1903 prison world with him and to modern - day Mystic Falls . At the end , time flashes an unknown amount forward . Matt , a police officer , is seen cruising through a destroyed Mystic Falls at night while a Dark Damon stands on the clock tower , watching the town . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Season 6 was officially announced on February 13 , 2014 . Casting ( edit ) The regular lineup returning from Season 5 include Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert , Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore , Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore , Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert , Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes , Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan , and Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood . It was announced , right after the finale of Season 5 , that Matthew Davis 's character , Alaric Saltzman , who left the show at the end of Season 3 after being killed , will return as a regular for Season 6 . On May 16 , 2014 , it was revealed that Michael Malarkey portrays Enzo would become a series regular in season 6 . On July 12 , 2014 , Gabrielle Walsh was confirmed to have been cast in the guest role of Sarah ; two days later on July 14 , Colin Ferguson was cast in the guest role of Tripp ; and on July 16 , Emily Chang was revealed to have been cast in the role of Ivy . On April 6 , 2015 , Nina Dobrev announced her departure from the series at season 's end on her Instagram page . There was immediate speculation as to whether the series would continue without Dobrev , but the continuation was confirmed . It was also announced that Michael Trevino would also vacate the role of Tyler Lockwood after season 6 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Reign ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Renewed by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` The CW Announces Fall Premiere Dates ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Returns October 2 , ' The Flash ' & ' Supernatural ' Premiere October 7 '' . Zap2It . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Gracepoint ' or ' Reign ' + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Peter Pan Live ! ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Reign ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Backstrom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Bad Judge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Reign ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Crime ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Vampire Diaries ' season finale : EP Julie Plec answers burning questions '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2014/05/16/vampire-diaries-season-6-spoilers-damon-bonnie-dead-alive/ Jump up ^ Philiana ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' EP , Ian Somerhalder on Romantic ' Purgatory ' and ' Giant ' Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' EPs dish on Season 5 finale , promise love for Matt in Season 6 '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Matt Davis Returning to The Vampire Diaries As Series Regular for Season 6 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' : Michael Malarkey will be a series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Susannah ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries casts ' shady ' newcomer Gabrielle Walsh '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 6 casts ' Eureka ' star Colin Ferguson '' . Zap2It . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Adds ' Unexpected ' Character for Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Shocker : Star Nina Dobrev Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andriakos , Jacqueline ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Trevino Is Leaving The Vampire Diaries , Alongside Nina Dobrev '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> hide The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_6)&oldid=848485109 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 6 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 06 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Vampire Diaries Season 6
2. Plot summaries of episodes
3. Cast and characters
4. Renewal and release information
5. Storylines and conflicts
|
1,420,755,023,038,551,800 |
what types of school are there in england
|
Education in England - wikipedia Education in England This is an old revision of this page , as edited by 80.216. 109.141 ( talk ) at 18 : 21 , 28 August 2017 ( → Legally compulsory education : he or she to they ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 18 : 21 , 28 August 2017 by 80.216. 109.141 ( talk ) ( → Legally compulsory education : he or she to they ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Education in England <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Department for Education Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Secretary of State ( Education ) Minister for Universities and Science ( with BEIS ) Justine Greening Jo Johnson <Th_colspan="2"> National education budget ( 2008 -- 09 ) Budget £ 62.2 billion <Th_colspan="2"> General details Primary languages English System type National Compulsory education 1880 <Th_colspan="2"> Literacy ( 2003 ) Total 99 % Male 99 % Female 99 % <Th_colspan="2"> Enrollment Total 11.7 million Primary 4.50 million ( in state schools ) ( 2016 ) Secondary 2.75 million ( up to year 11 in state schools ) ( 2016 ) Post secondary Higher Education : 1,844,095 ( 2014 / 15 ) Further Education : 2,613,700 ( 2014 / 15 ) Total : 4,457,795 ( 2014 / 15 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Attainment Secondary diploma Level 2 and above : 87.4 % Level 3 and above : 60.3 % ( of 19 year olds in 2015 ) Level 2 and above : 81.0 % Level 3 and above : 62.6 % ( of adults 19 - 64 in 2014 ) Post-secondary diploma Level 4 and above : 41.0 % ( of adults 19 - 64 in 2014 ) Education in England is overseen by the United Kingdom 's Department for Education . Local government authorities are responsible for implementing policy for public education and state - funded schools at a local level . England also has a tradition of independent schools ( sometimes termed `` public schools '' ) and home schooling alongside state schools ; legally , parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means . State - funded schools can be categorised as grammar schools , which are selective , or comprehensive schools , which are not . These can be further subdivided into free schools , other academies and state - run schools . More freedom is given to free schools , including most religious schools , and other academies in terms of curriculum , but all are subject to assessment and inspection by Ofsted . The state - funded education system is divided into stages based upon age : Early Years Foundation Stage ( ages 3 -- 5 ) ; primary education ( ages 5 to 11 ) , subdivided into Key Stage 1 ( KS1 ) Infants ( ages 5 to 7 ) and Key Stage 2 ( KS2 ) Juniors ( ages 7 to 11 ) ; secondary education ( ages 11 to 16 ) , subdivided into Key Stage 3 ( KS3 ; ages 11 to 14 ) and Key Stage 4 ( KS4 ; ages 14 to 16 ) ; Key Stage 5 is post-16 education ( ages 16 to 18 ) ; and tertiary education ( for ages 18 + ) . At age 16 the students typically take exams for the General Certificate of Secondary Education or other Level 1 / 2 qualifications . While education is compulsory until 18 , schooling is only compulsory to 16 , thus post-16 education can take a number of forms , and may be academic or vocational . This can involve continued schooling , known as `` sixth form '' or `` college '' , leading ( typically after two years of further study ) to A-level qualifications ( similar to a high school diploma in some other countries ) , or a number of alternative Level 3 qualifications such as BTEC , the International Baccalaureate or the Cambridge Pre-U . It can also include work - based apprenticeships or traineeships , or volunteering . Higher education often begins with a three - year bachelor 's degree . Postgraduate degrees include master 's degrees , either taught or by research , and doctoral level research degrees that usually take at least three years . Tuition fees for first degrees are up to £ 9,000 per academic year for English , Welsh and European Union students , although these are set to rise to £ 9,250 for students starting from 2017 . The Regulated Qualifications Framework ( RQF ) covers national school examinations and vocational education qualifications . It is referenced to the European Qualifications Framework , and thus to other qualifications frameworks across the European Union . The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications ( FHEQ ) , which is tied to the RQF , covers degrees and other qualifications from degree - awarding bodies . This is referenced to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area developed under the Bologna process . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of English education 2 Legally compulsory education 2.1 Schools and stages 2.2 State - funded schools 2.3 Independent schools 2.4 Education by means other than schooling 2.5 Post-16 education 2.5. 1 Sixth form colleges / further education colleges 2.5. 2 Apprenticeships and traineeships 2.5. 3 Post-16 area reviews 3 Higher education 3.1 Postgraduate education 3.2 Fees 4 Adult education 5 Qualifications Frameworks 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of English education Main article : History of education in England Until 1870 all schools were charitable or private institutions , but in that year the Elementary Education Act 1870 permitted local governments to complement the existing elementary schools in order to fill any gaps . The Education Act 1902 allowed local authorities to create secondary schools . The Education Act 1918 abolished fees for elementary schools . Legally compulsory education Full - time education is compulsory for all children aged 5 to 18 , either at school or otherwise , with a child beginning primary education during the school year they turn 5 . Children between the ages of 3 and 5 are entitled to 600 hours per year of optional , state - funded , pre-school education . This can be provided in `` playgroups '' , nurseries , community childcare centres or nursery classes in schools . The age at which a student may choose to stop education is commonly known as the `` leaving age '' for compulsory education . This age was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008 ; the change took effect in 2013 for 16 - year - olds and 2015 for 17 - year - olds . From this time , the school leaving age ( which remains 16 ) and the education leaving age ( which is now 18 ) have been separated . State - provided schooling and sixth - form education are paid for by taxes . All children in England must currently therefore receive an effective education ( at school or otherwise ) from the first `` prescribed day '' , which falls on or after their fifth birthday until their 18th birthday , and must remain in school until the last Friday in June of the school year in which they turn 16 . The education leaving age was raised in 2013 to the year in which they turn 17 and in 2015 to their 18th birthday for those born on or after 1 September 1997 . The prescribed days are 31 August , 31 December and 31 March . The school year begins on 1 September ( or 1 August if a term starts in August ) . The Compulsory stages of education are broken into a Foundation Stage ( actually covering the last part of optional and first part of compulsory education ) , 4 Key Stages , and post-16 education ( sometimes unofficially termed Key Stage Five , which takes a variety of forms including 6th Form ( covering the last 2 years of Secondary Education in schools ) . Schools and stages Below is a table summarizing the most common names of the various schools and stages . Grammar schools are normally state - funded but selective schools , admitting children from 11 years old onward , but there are exceptions such as Manchester Grammar School . Key stage Year Final exam Age <Th_colspan="5"> State funded schools Fee paying private schools Early Years Nursery None , though individual schools may set end of year tests . 3 - 4 <Td_colspan="3"> Primary Lower Infant Pre-preparatory Reception 4 - 5 KS1 Year 1 5 - 6 Year 2 6 - 7 KS2 Year 3 7 - 8 Junior Preparatory Year 4 8 - 9 Year 5 9 - 10 Middle Year 6 SATS A grammar school entrance exam , often the 11 - plus 10 - 11 <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="3"> comprehensive schools selective schools KS3 Year 7 None , though individual schools may set end of year tests . 11 - 12 Secondary Lower school High school Grammar school Year 8 12 - 13 Year 9 13 - 14 Upper KS4 Year 10 14 - 15 Upper school Senior Year 11 GCSE 15 - 16 KS5 Year 12 None , though individual schools may set end of year tests . 16 - 17 College <Td_colspan="2"> Sixth form Year 13 A-Levels 17 - 18 State - funded schools St Barnabas Church of England Primary School , Oxford Main article : State - funded schools ( England ) Some 93 % of children between the ages of 3 and 18 are in education in state - funded schools without charge ( other than for activities such as swimming , theatre visits and field trips for which a voluntary payment can be requested , and limited charges at state - funded boarding schools ) . Allerton High School , a typical former secondary modern school in Leeds , West Yorkshire . Since 1998 , there have been six main types of maintained ( state - funded ) school in England : Academy schools , established by the 1997 - 2010 Labour Government to replace poorly - performing community schools in areas of high social and economic deprivation . Their start - up costs are typically funded by private means , such as entrepreneurs or NGOs , with running costs met by Central Government and , like Foundation schools , are administratively free from direct local authority control . The 2010 Conservative - Liberal Democrat coalition government expanded the role of Academies in the Academy Programme , in which a wide number of schools in non-deprived areas were also encouraged to become Academies , thereby essentially replacing the role of Foundation schools established by the previous Labour government . They are monitored directly by the Department for Education . Community schools ( formerly county schools ) , in which the local authority employs the schools ' staff , owns the schools ' lands and buildings , and has primary responsibility for admissions . Free schools , introduced by the Conservative - Liberal Democrat coalition following the 2010 general election , are newly established schools in England set up by parents , teachers , charities or businesses , where there is a perceived local need for more schools . They are funded by taxpayers , are academically non-selective and free to attend , and like Foundation schools and Academies , are not controlled by a local authority . They are ultimately accountable to the Secretary of State for Education . Free schools are an extension of the existing Academy Programme . The first 24 free schools opened in Autumn 2011 . Foundation schools , in which the governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions . School land and buildings are owned by the governing body or by a charitable foundation . The Foundation appoints a minority of governors . Many of these schools were formerly grant maintained schools . In 2005 the Labour government proposed allowing all schools to become Foundation schools if they wished . Voluntary Aided schools , linked to a variety of organisations . They can be faith schools ( often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church ) , or non-denominational schools , such as those linked to London Livery Companies . The charitable foundation contributes towards the capital costs of the school ( typically 10 % ) , and appoints a majority of the school governors . The governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions . Voluntary Controlled schools , which are almost always church schools , with the lands and buildings often owned by a charitable foundation . However , the local authority employs the schools ' staff and has primary responsibility for admissions . In addition , 3 of the 15 City Technology Colleges established in the 1980s still remain , the rest having converted to academies . These are state - funded all - ability secondary schools which charge no fees but which are independent of local authority control . There are also a small number of state - funded boarding schools . English state - funded primary schools are almost all local schools with a small catchment area . More than half are owned by the Local Authority , though many are ( nominally ) voluntary controlled and some are voluntary aided . Some schools just include infants ( aged 4 to 7 ) and some just juniors ( aged 7 to 11 ) . Some are linked , with automatic progression from the infant school to the junior school , and some are not . A few areas still have first schools for ages around 4 to 8 and middle schools for ages 8 or 9 to 12 or 13 . An example of a Grammar School - in Sutton , London English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive , although the intake of comprehensive schools can vary widely , especially in urban areas with several local schools . Nearly 90 % of state - funded secondary schools are specialist schools , receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects in which the school specialises , which can select up to 10 % of their intake for aptitude in the specialism ( though relatively few of them have taken up this option ) . In a few areas children can enter a grammar school if they pass the eleven plus exam ; there are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools and a few dozen partially selective schools . A significant minority of state - funded schools are faith schools , which are attached to religious groups , most often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church . All state - funded schools are regularly inspected by the Office for Standards in Education , often known simply as Ofsted . Ofsted publish reports on the quality of education at a particular school on a regular basis . Schools judged by Ofsted to be providing an inadequate standard of education may be subject to special measures , which could include replacing the governing body and senior staff . Independent schools Main article : Independent school ( United Kingdom ) Approximately 7 % of school children in England attend privately run , fee - paying independent schools . Some independent schools for 13 -- 18 - year - olds are known for historical reasons as ' public schools ' and for 8 -- 13 - year - olds as ' prep schools ' . Some schools offer scholarships for those with particular skills or aptitudes , or bursaries to allow students from less financially well - off families to attend . Independent schools do not have to follow the National Curriculum , and their teachers are not required or regulated by law to have official teaching qualifications . '' Education by means other than schooling See also : Education Otherwise The 1944 Education Act ( Section 36 ) stated that parents are responsible for the education of their children , `` by regular attendance at school or otherwise '' , which allows children to be educated at home . The legislation places no requirement for parents who choose not to send their children to school to follow the National Curriculum , or to give formal lessons , or to follow school hours and terms , and parents do not need to be qualified teachers . A small but increasing numbers of parents do choose to educate their children outside the conventional school systems . Officially referred to as `` Elective Home Education '' , teaching ranges from structured homeschooling ( using a school - style curriculum ) to less - structured unschooling . Education Otherwise has supported parents who wished to educate their children outside school since the 1970s . The state provides no financial support to parents who choose to educate their children outside of school . Post-16 education Students at both state schools and independent schools typically take GCSE examinations , which mark the end of compulsory education in school . Above school - leaving age , the independent and state sectors are similarly structured . In the 16 -- 18 age group , sixth form education is not compulsory , but mandatory education or training until the age of 18 is being phased in under the Education and Skills Act 2008 . This took effect for 16 - year - olds in 2013 and for 17 - year - olds in September 2015 . While students may still leave school on the last Friday in June , they must remain in education of some form until their 18th birthday . Sixth form colleges / further education colleges Students over 16 typically study in the sixth form of a school , in a separate sixth form college , or in a Further Education ( FE ) College . Courses at FE colleges , referred to as further education courses , can also be studied by adults over 18 . Students typically study Level 3 qualifications such as A-levels , BTEC National awards and level 3 NVQs . Some 16 -- 18 students will be encouraged to study Key Skills in Communication , Application of Number , and Information Technology at this time . Apprenticeships and traineeships The National Apprenticeship Service helps people 16 or more years of age enter apprenticeships in order to learn a skilled trade . Traineeships are also overseen by the National Apprenticeship Service , and are education and a training programmes that are combined with work experience to give trainees the skills needed to get an apprenticeship . Apprenticeships come in four levels : Intermediate ( level 2 ) , Advanced ( level 3 ) , Higher ( level 4 -- 7 ) and Degree ( level 6 -- 7 ) . Intermediate apprenticeships are equivalent to 5 GCSEs at A * -- C , Advanced to 2 A-levels , Higher to a foundation degree or above , and Degree apprenticeships to a bachelor 's or master 's degree . A study in 2014 found that unemployment rates among former apprentices one year after completing their apprenticeships were one - third those of university graduates one year after finishing their degrees . A 2015 study by the Sutton Trust found that , while average net lifetime earnings for those who had completed level 5 apprenticeships were higher than those for graduates from non-Russell Group universities , most apprenticeships offered were at levels 2 and 3 , providing little improvement over earnings from secondary school qualifications . The report also found that apprenticeships had a lower perceived value compared to degrees in Britain than in many other countries . Post-16 area reviews In 2015 , the Department announced a major restructuring of the further education sector , through 37 area reviews of post-16 provision . The proposals were criticised by NUS Vice President for Further Education Shakira Martin for not sufficiently taking into account the impact on learners ; the Sixth Form Colleges ' Association similarly criticised the reviews for not directly including providers of post-16 education other than colleges , such as school and academy sixth forms and independent training providers . Higher education Main article : Universities in the United Kingdom The chapel of King 's College , Cambridge University . London School of Economics Library Roof A view from one of the postgraduate study carrels at the Clock Tower of Maughan Library , King 's College London , one of the founding colleges of University of London . Campus of New College Durham , a college of further and higher education Built as a factory in the early 20th century , the William Morris building is now home to Coventry University 's Faculty of Business , Environment and Society The University of Birmingham , a ' Red Brick university ' . Higher education in England is provided by Higher Education ( HE ) colleges , university colleges , universities and private colleges . Students normally enter higher education as undergraduates from age 18 onwards , and can study for a wide variety of vocational and academic qualifications , including certificates of higher education and higher national certificates at level 4 , diplomas of higher education , higher national diplomas and foundation degrees at level 5 , bachelor 's degrees ( normally with honours ) at level 6 , and integrated master 's degrees and degrees in medicine , dentistry , and veterinary science at level 7 . Historically , undergraduate education outside a small number of private colleges and universities has been largely state - financed since the 1960s , with a small contribution from top - up fees introduced in the 1990s , however fees of up to £ 9,000 per annum have been charged from October 2012 . There is a perceived hierarchy among universities , with the Russell Group seen as being composed of the country 's more prestigious universities . League tables of universities are produced by private companies and generally cover the whole UK . The state does not control university syllabuses , but it does influence admission procedures through the Office for Fair Access ( OFFA ) , which approves and monitors access agreements to safeguard and promote fair access to higher education . The independent Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education inspects universities to assure standards , advises on the granting of degree awarding powers and University title , and maintains the Quality Code for Higher Education , which includes the Framework for Higher Education Qualification . Unlike most degrees , the state has control over teacher training courses , and standards are monitored by Ofsted inspectors . The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelor 's degree with honours , which usually lasts for three years , although more vocational foundation degrees , typically lasting two years ( or full - time equivalent ) are also available in some institutions . Many institutions now offer an integrated master 's degree , particularly in STEM subjects , as a first degree , which typically lasts for four years , the first three years running parallel to the bachelor 's course . During a first degree students are known as undergraduates . The difference in fees between integrated and traditional postgraduate master 's degrees ( and that fees are capped at the first degree level for the former ) makes taking an integrated master 's degree as a first degree a more attractive option . Integrated master 's degrees are often the standard route to chartered status for STEM professionals in England . Postgraduate education Students who have completed a first degree can apply for postgraduate and graduate courses . These include : Graduate certificates , graduate diplomas , professional graduate certificate in education -- level 6 courses aimed at those who have already completed a bachelor 's degree , often as conversion courses Postgraduate certificates , postgraduate diplomas , postgraduate certificate in education -- level 7 courses shorter than a full master 's degree Master 's degrees ( typically taken in one year , though research - based master 's degrees may last for two ) -- taught or research degrees at level 7 Doctorates ( typically taken in three years ) -- research degrees at level 8 , the top level of the qualifications frameworks , often requiring a master 's degree for entry . These may be purely research based ( PhD / DPhil ) or research and practice ( professional doctorates ) . `` New Route '' PhDs , introduced in 2001 , take at least 4 years and incorporate teaching at master 's level . Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state . Fees Until the academic year 2011 - 2012 most undergraduates paid fees that were set at a maximum of £ 3,375 per annum . These fees are repayable after graduation , contingent on attaining a certain level of income , with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest backgrounds . UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance . Undergraduates admitted from the academic year 2012 - 2013 have paid tuition fees set at a maximum of up to £ 9,000 per annum , with most universities charging over £ 6,000 per annum , and other higher education providers charging less . Postgraduate fees vary but are generally more than undergraduate fees , depending on the degree and university . There are numerous bursaries ( awarded to low income applicants ) to offset undergraduate fees and , for postgraduates , full scholarships are available for most subjects , and are usually awarded competitively . Different arrangements apply to English students studying in Scotland , and to Scottish and Welsh students studying in England . Students from outside the UK and the EU attending English universities are charged differing amounts , often in the region of £ 5,000 - £ 20,000 per annum for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees . The actual amount differs by institution and subject , with the lab based subjects charging a greater amount . Adult education Adult education , continuing education or lifelong learning is offered to students of all ages . This can include the vocational qualifications mentioned above , and also : One or two year access courses , to allow adults without suitable qualifications access to university . The Open University runs undergraduate and postgraduate distance learning programmes . The Workers ' Educational Association offers large number of semi-recreational courses , with or without qualifications , made available by Local Education Authorities under the guise of Adult Education . Courses are available in a wide variety of areas , such as holiday languages , crafts and yacht navigation . Qualifications frameworks The two qualifications frameworks in England are the Regulated Qualifications Framework ( RQF ) , for qualifications regulated by Ofqual , and the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications ( FHEQ ) for qualifications granted by bodies with degree awarding powers , overseen by the Quality Assurance Agency . These share a common numbering scheme for their levels , which was also used for the earlier Qualifications and Credit Framework . The RQF is linked to the European Qualifications Framework ( EQF ) and the FHEQ to the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area ( QF - EHEA ) . RQF / FHEQ level Common qualifications EQF / QF - EHEA equivalent Level 1 Foundation diploma GCSE ( grades D - G ) NVQ level 1 EQF level 2 Level 2 Higher diploma GCSE ( grades A * - C ) NVQ level 2 EQF level 3 Level 3 Advanced diploma A-level International Baccalaureate BTEC National NVQ level 3 EQF level 4 Level 4 Certificate of Higher Education HNC ( awarded by a degree - awarding institution ) QF - EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Short Cycle BTEC Professional award , certificate and diploma level 4 Higher National Certificate ( HNC ) NVQ level 4 EQF level 5 Level 5 BTEC Professional award , certificate and diploma level 5 Higher National Diploma ( HND ) NVQ level 4 Diploma of Higher Education Foundation degree HND ( awarded by a degree - awarding institution ) QF - EHEA Short Cycle ( within or linked to first cycle ) Level 6 BTEC Advanced Professional award , certificate and diploma level 6 NVQ level 4 EQF level 6 Graduate certificate Graduate diploma Professional Graduate Certificate of Education QF - EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the First Cycle Ordinary bachelor 's degree Bachelor 's degree with honours QF - EHEA First Cycle ( end of cycle ) Level 7 BTEC Advanced Professional award , certificate and diploma level 7 NVQ level 5 EQF level 7 Postgraduate certificate Postgraduate diploma Postgraduate Certificate of Education QF - EHEA Intermediate qualifications within the Second Cycle Integrated master 's degree Master 's degree QF - EHEA Second Cycle ( end of cycle ) Level 8 NVQ level 5 EQF level 8 Doctorates QF - EHEA Third Cycle ( end of cycle ) Criticism According to the Schools Minister , `` strong evidence has been emerging of grade inflation across subjects '' in recent years . The Confederation of British Industry , the EEF and the British Chambers of Commerce are also complaining of falling academic standards . Employers often experience difficulty in finding young people who have such basic employability skills as literacy , numeracy , problem solving , teamworking and time management . As a result , employers either have to pay for employees ' remedial education , or they must hire foreign candidates . Katharine Birbalsingh has written of the problems she perceives in many community schools . She cites the impossibility of effective classroom management , bad teachers who can not be dismissed , and government policies encouraging `` soft '' subjects . Birbalsingh has visited schools in Jamaica and India where pupils are desperate to gain the kind of education to which pupils in her own school ( and their parents ) were indifferent . She was a deputy head teacher in south London until she spoke at a Conservative Party conference in 2010 and was quickly sacked . Frank Chalk , who taught at an inner - city school for ten years before resigning in frustration , makes similar claims . Pupils claiming free school meals ( 2010 ) School type Primary Secondary All 19.3 % 15.2 % Church of England 13.1 % 12.0 % Roman Catholic 16.3 % 14.0 % Non-religious 21.5 % 15.6 % Schools with fewer free school meal children than local postcode average ( 2010 ) School type Primary Secondary Church of England 63.5 % 39.6 % Roman Catholic 76.3 % 64.7 % Non-religious 47.3 % 28.8 % An analysis of 2010 school data by The Guardian found that state faith schools were not taking a fair share of the poorest pupils in their local areas , as indicated by free school meal entitlement . Not only was this so at an overall national level , but also in the postcode areas nearby the schools . This suggested selection by religion was leading to selection of children from more well - off families . A survey of 2000 teachers by The Guardian in 2011 identified a widespread reason for not enjoying the job : lack of trust and respect by senior staff , parents and governments . Writing about her own reasons for leaving teaching , a contributing editor to the newspaper 's Guardian Teacher Network described the realisation of needing to leave the profession as having slowly crept up on her . Being a mature entrant , she questioned things in her aspiration to improve education and was reluctant to `` be moulded into a standard shape '' . Continual government changes in assessment and accountability also heap additional pressure on teachers , with many having to change their teaching materials continuously , purely to keep up with new initiatives , which seem to be driven more by politics than academic research . Throughout the time they are in full - time education children in the north of England do less well than children in the south east . There are also variations in attainment between towns in the north . Calls have been made to remedy this . Many teachers claim they are working 55 or 60 hours a week and many are leaving the profession due to work pressure and fear for their mental health . The Institute for Fiscal Studies claims plans for school spending would cause a `` real - terms cut of 2.8 % in per - pupil funding between 2016 and 2022 '' . Just under a quarter of teachers who qualified since 2011 have left the profession . Schools are asking parents for money because funding is falling short of what they need . There is a gap in performance between pupils from better off families and poorer pupils . To counter this a cross party committee of MP 's suggested giving subsidized housing to teachers willing to work in deprived schools . Also it was suggested would - be head teachers should spend time in senior positions in struggling schools before they qualify to be heads . See also Education in the United Kingdom City Learning Centre British Schools Foundation Education by country List of schools in England National Union of Students ( United Kingdom ) School uniforms in England Science Learning Centres Special education in England List of universities in England List of universities in the United Kingdom References Jump up ^ `` Jo Johnson reappointed as universities and science minister '' . Times Higher Education . 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ From July 2016 , Higher Education comes under the Department for Education , Science under the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Jump up ^ Annex A : Total Departmental Spending , 7391 Departmental report 2008 , Department for Children , Schools and Families . £ 43 billion total spending on schools . Jump up ^ Table 1 Total Departmental spending , Departmental report 2008 Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Department for Innovation , Universities and Skills . £ 14.3 billion spending on HE , £ 4.9 billion on FE . Jump up ^ Estimate for the United Kingdom , from United Kingdom , CIA World Factbook ^ Jump up to : `` National pupil projections : July 2016 '' . Department for Education . July 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Higher Education Student Enrolments and Qualifications Obtained at Higher Education Providers in the United Kingdom 2014 / 15 '' . Higher Education Statistics Agency . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Further education and skills : statistical first release ( SFR ) '' . Department for Business , Innovation and Skills. 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Level 2 and 3 attainment by young people aged 19 in 2015 '' . Department for Education . 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Divisions between stages fall at the start / end of academic years so an 11 year old child may , for example , be in primary or secondary school depending on the date and when in the year their birthday falls Jump up ^ `` The national curriculum '' . Gov.uk . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Options at 16 and beyond '' . Kent County Council . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` School leaving age '' . Gov.uk . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Adams ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` English universities to raise tuition fees for first time since they trebled '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Find and Compare Qualifications Frameworks '' . European Commission . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Compare different qualifications '' . Gov.uk . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bologna Process in higher education '' ( PDF ) . Quality Assurance Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schools in the Great Britain '' . Rogalinski.com . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Education and Skills Act 2008 , Office of Public Sector Information . Jump up ^ Section 8 . Compulsory school age , Education Act 1996 Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , 1996 c. 56 , UK Parliament . Jump up ^ `` School attendance and absence : the law '' . Directgov . Jump up ^ `` The Education ( Start of Compulsory School Age ) Order 1998 '' . The National Archives . Jump up ^ `` School leaving age '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . You 'll have to stay in some form of education or training until you turn 18 , if you started year eleven in September 2013 or later Jump up ^ The Education ( Information as to Provision of Education ) ( England ) Regulations 1994 , Statutory Instrument 1994 No. 1256 , UK Parliament . Jump up ^ Jeevan Vasagar ( 31 January 2012 ) . `` State boarding school boom : surge in pupils living away from home '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Categories of Schools -- Overview '' . GovernorNet . Department for Children , Schools and Families . 5 September 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Composition of Schools in England '' ( PDF ) . Department for Children , Schools and Families . June 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Types of School , Citizens Advice Bureau . Jump up ^ `` What are Academies ? '' . Standards Site . Department for Children , Schools and Families . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Aided Schools '' . Teachernet . Department for Children , Schools and Families . 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Clyde Chitty ( 16 November 2002 ) . `` The Right to a Comprehensive Education '' . Second Caroline Benn Memorial Lecture . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Table 1.2 : Full - time and Part - time pupils by age , gender and school type , Education and Training Statistics for the United Kingdom : 2008 Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Department for Children , Schools and Families . Enrolment at independent schools is not partitioned by stages in the source , and has been estimated using an equal division . The error is within the precision of these figures . Jump up ^ `` Educating your child at home '' . Directgov . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Garner ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Rising number of parents decide they can do a better job than the education system '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathew Charles ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` Growth market in home education '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Katie Razzall ; Lewis Hannam ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` UK home - school cases soar '' . Channel 4 News . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Elective Home Education : Guidelines for Local Authorities '' ( PDF ) . Department for Children , Schools and Families . 2007 . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Terri Dowty ( editor ) ( 2000 ) . Free Range Education : How Home Education Works . Hawthorn Press . ISBN 1 - 903458 - 07 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Traineeships '' . Skills Funding Agency . 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to Apprenticeships '' . National Apprenticeship Service . 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Laura ( 25 November 2014 ) . `` Apprentices beat graduates in jobs race : University leavers three times more likely to be unemployed a year after finishing course '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ including student debt repayments Jump up ^ Dr Philip Kirby ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Levels of Success : The potential of UK apprenticeships '' . Sutton Trust . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Department for Education . Retrieved 01 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Alix ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Shakira Martin re-elected as NUS vice president for FE '' . FE Week . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Offord , Paul ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` Student focus for Sir Vince Cable 's FE comeback '' . FE Week . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jude ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` MPs launch inquiry into post-16 area reviews '' . FE Week . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree - Awarding Bodies '' ( PDF ) . November 2014 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Heidi Blake ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` Grants , loans and tuition fees : a timeline of how university funding has evolved '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Paul Blackmore ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Universities vie for the metric that can not be measured : prestige '' . The Guardian . `` The Russell Group has successfully stage - managed the position that it is seen as comprising the best universities . Some are and some are n't , but by and large this is nonsense . `` However , parents increasingly say they want their child to go to one . '' Pre-92 head Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Quality Assurance Agency . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher training providers '' . Office for Standards in Education . 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Select Committee on Science and Technology ( 17 July 2012 ) . `` Higher Education in Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics ( STEM ) subjects '' ( PDF ) . House of Lords . p. 26 . First degrees have , in the past , usually lasted three years and resulted in a Bachelors degree . There has , however , been a move towards four year courses in STEM subjects , particularly engineering , leading to an integrated Masters degree and increasingly Masters are seen as a prerequisite for postgraduate study internationally . Such a degree , or its equivalent at Masters level , is essential to achieving Chartered status in engineering and some other areas . Jump up ^ Sara McDonnell ( March 2011 ) . `` What is a PhD ? '' . jobs.ac.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UKCISA - Fees , funding and Student Support '' . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . UK Council for International Student Affairs > How much will the ' overseas ' fee for my course be ? Jump up ^ `` Qualifications can cross boundaries '' ( PDF ) . Quality Assurance Agency , Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework Partnership , CCEA Accreditation , Ofqual , CQFW Welsh Government and Quality and Qualifications Ireland . September 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Paton , Graeme ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` More students forced to sit university admissions tests '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boosting employability skills '' . Confederation of British Industry . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Skills and education submissions '' . EEF : The Manufacturers ' Association . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The BCC Skills and Employment Manifesto '' . British Chambers of Commerce . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Katharine Birbalsingh ( 2011 ) . To Miss with Love . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91899 - 7 Jump up ^ Frank Chalk ( 2006 ) . It 's Your Time You 're Wasting : A Teacher 's Tales of Classroom Hell . Monday Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9552854 - 0 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` How many poor children go to faith schools ? '' . The Guardian . 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jessica Shepherd and Simon Rogers ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Church schools shun poorest pupils '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Berliner , Wendy ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` Guardian survey finds teachers want to be treated as professionals '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Many wrote : ' I love teaching but ... ' ( ... ) fed up with governments that do n't trust them ( ... ) One former solicitor , now questioning the sense of the career switch , said : `` There is a profound lack of respect by senior staff and parents for the quality of work and quantity of work undertaken by teachers . ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Drury , Emma ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Why I left teaching '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . ( leaving teaching ) just kind of crept up on me until I had had enough . ( ... ) The problem , I think , was me . I was n't a fresh out of college squashy NQT ready to be moulded into a standard shape . ( ... ) I questioned things and I answered back . I was determined to make things better . Jump up ^ `` Why are Teachers Leaving the Profession ? '' . tutora.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Children in northern England being failed by educational divide , study finds The Guardian Jump up ^ sen / apr / 15 / demanding - workload - driving - young - teachers - out - of - profession Demanding workload driving young teachers out of profession The Guardian Jump up ^ Workload ' pushing young teachers to the brink ' BBC Jump up ^ Heads warn parents of ' cash - starved schools ' BBC Jump up ^ Almost a quarter of teachers who have qualified since 2011 have left profession The Guardian Jump up ^ Schools asking parents for ' money via direct debit ' owing to cuts The Guardian Jump up ^ Give teachers in poorer schools subsidised housing -- MPs The Guardian Further reading Blatchford , Roy ( 2014 ) . The Restless School . John Catt Educational . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 1909717077 . Christodoulou , Daisy ( 2014 ) . Seven Myths About Education . Routledge . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0415746823 . Peal , Robert ( 2014 ) . Progressively worse : The Burden of Bad Ideas in British Schools . Civitas . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 1906837624 . External links Department for Education Fully searchable UK school guide independent and state Department for Business , Innovation and Skills A history of education in England by Derek Gillard , an advocate of the comprehensive system `` The Skills for Life survey : A national needs and impact survey of literacy , numeracy and ICT skills '' , Research Brief RB490 , Department for Education and Skills , 2003 Skills for Life : Progress in Improving Adult Literacy and Numeracy ( PDF ) , House of Commons Public Accounts Committee , 14 January 2009 Guardian Special Report - Education Statistics : school and pupil numbers Department for Education <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) England articles History Overviews Timeline Education Local government Maritime Military Social Chronology Prehistoric Roman Britain Lloegyr Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Angevin Empire Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Jacobean era Civil War Union with Scotland Georgian era Regency Victorian era Edwardian period The Blitz Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Counties Districts Gardens Islands Parishes Places Regions Towns Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Economy Middle Ages Elizabethan government Independence Monarchy Parliament Culture <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Afternoon Tea Anglophilia Castles Country clothing Cuisine Demographics Education Folklore Fête Landscape garden Identity Innovations and discoveries English language in England Middle England Museums People list Religion Church of England Sport Cricket national team Football The Football Association national team Rugby league Rugby Football League national team Rugby union Rugby Football Union national team Wimbledon Symbols Coat of arms Flags national flag Heraldry Oak tree Royal Standards Royal Supporters St. George St George 's Day Tudor Rose <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Education in England Key Stages Foundation Stage Nursery Playgroup Reception Key Stage 1 Year One Year Two Key Stage 2 Year Three Year Four Year Five Year Six Key Stage 3 Year Seven Year Eight Year Nine Key Stage 4 Year Ten Year Eleven Key Stage 5 Year Twelve Year Thirteen Schooling State - funded schools Independent schools Primary school Infant school Junior school Preparatory school Middle school Secondary school Sixth form college Exams and qualifications 11 - plus GCSE A-Level English Baccalaureate BTEC Regulation Department for Education Ofqual Ofsted Special measures Other Common Entrance Examination Schools ( category ) Former SATs O - Level CSE School Certificate Higher School Certificate GNVQ <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Education in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Education in the United Kingdom Modern systems England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales History England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Higher education England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales UK Topics Academies Comprehensives English medium education Free school ( England ) Gaelic medium education in Scotland Irish medium education in Northern Ireland Grammar schools Studio schools UTCs Welsh medium education Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_England&oldid=797703178 '' Categories : Education in England Secondary education by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Français Bahasa Melayu Монгол Polski Română Türkçe Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
|
1. Education system in England
2. Compulsory education in England
3. State-funded schools in England
4. Independent schools in England
5. Post-16 education in England
|
5,148,110,787,387,452,000 |
what is the most commonly used gun in the us army
|
List of equipment of the United States Army - wikipedia List of equipment of the United States Army This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Small arms 2 Artillery 3 Vehicles 3.1 MRAP vehicles 3.2 Vehicle - mounted weapons 4 Aircraft 5 Vessels 6 Attire 7 Field equipment 7.1 Modular sleep system 8 3D printing 9 See also 10 References Small arms ( edit ) SIG Sauer MPX 9 x 19mm NATO Submachine gun Germany Switzerland Used in night operations , close quarters , hostage rescue , and escort Model Image Caliber Type Origin Details <Th_colspan="7"> Pistols M9 9 x 19mm NATO Pistol Italy To be replaced by the Modular Handgun System M11 9 x 19mm NATO Pistol Germany Switzerland To be replaced by the Modular Handgun System M17 9 x 19mm NATO Pistol Germany Won the Modular Handgun System competition <Th_colspan="7"> Submachine guns MP5 9 x 19mm NATO Submachine gun Germany Used in night operations , close quarters , hostage rescue , and escort <Th_colspan="7"> Small Caliber Rifles / carbine M16 5.56 × 45mm NATO Assault rifle United States Replaced in active duty by the M4 , though still in service in large numbers with the National Guard . M4 5.56 × 45mm NATO Carbine United States Standard service rifle . HK416 5.56 × 45mm NATO Assault rifle Germany Used by Joint Special Operations Command Sig Sauer MCX 5.56 × 45mm NATO Assault rifle Germany Switzerland Used by Joint Special Operations Command <Th_colspan="7"> Shotguns 500 MILLS 12 - gauge Shotgun United States M1014 12 - gauge Shotgun Italy M26 MASS 12 - gauge Modular Accessory Shotgun System , Attaches to M4 or standalone United States <Th_colspan="7"> Machine guns M249 5.56 × 45mm NATO Light machine gun United States Belt - fed , but can be used with STANAG magazines M240 7.62 × 51mm NATO General purpose machine gun United States Belt - fed Browning M2 . 50 BMG Heavy machine gun United States Mounted on vehicles or tripods . <Th_colspan="7"> DMRs and sniper rifles Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle 7.62 × 51mm NATO Designated marksman rifle United States M110 7.62 × 51mm NATO Sniper rifle United States To be replaced by a version of the Heckler & Koch G28 . SIG Sauer 716 G2 7.62 × 51mm Sniper rifle Germany Switzerland United States M2010 . 300 Winchester Magnum Sniper rifle United States M107 . 50 BMG Anti-materiel rifle , sniper rifle United States Mk 20 SSR 7.62 × 51mm Sniper rifle Belgium United States <Th_colspan="7"> Grenade - based weapons Mk 19 40mm Automatic grenade launcher United States Belt - fed . Mk 47 Striker 40mm Automatic grenade launcher United States Fire - control system M203 40mm Grenade launcher United States Single - shot underbarrel grenade launcher M320 40mm Grenade launcher Germany Single - shot underbarrel or stand - alone grenade launcher M67 Fragmentation grenade United States M18 Smoke grenade United States M84 Flashbang United States <Th_colspan="7"> Portable anti-materiel weapons AT4 84mm Anti-tank weapon Sweden M141 83.5 mm Anti-fortification United States Single - shot shoulder - launched weapon designed to defeat hardened structures . Based on the SMAW . M72 LAW 66mm Anti-tank weapon United States M3 MAAWS 84x246mm R Anti-tank recoilless rifle Sweden BGM - 71 TOW Guided anti-tank missile United States FGM - 148 Javelin Fire - and - forget anti-tank missile United States FIM - 92 Stinger Anti-aircraft missile United States Artillery ( edit ) Model Image Caliber Origin Numbers Details <Th_colspan="7"> Mortars M224 60 mm United States Unknown M252 81 mm United Kingdom Unknown M120 120 mm Israel Unknown <Th_colspan="7"> Howitzers M109 155 mm self - propelled howitzer United States 414 M777 155 mm gun - howitzer United Kingdom 456 M119 105 mm howitzer United Kingdom 408 <Th_colspan="7"> Rocket artillery M270 United States 126 Armored , self - propelled , multiple rocket launcher M142 United States 216 M270 pod mounted on a standard Army Medium Tactical Vehicle ( MTV ) truck frame <Th_colspan="7"> Air defense C - RAM United States Unknown Trailer - mounted version of the Phalanx CIWS AN / TWQ - 1 Avenger United States ~ 800 Self - propelled surface - to - air missile system mounted on a HMMWV MIM - 104 United States 1,100 Mobile , long - range ( by US standards ) surface - to - air missile with anti-ballistic missile capability Vehicles ( edit ) Name Image Origin Quantity Notes <Th_colspan="5"> MWV HMMWV United States 150,000 all services Around 40 % of those remaining in service are armored . The armored HMMWVs in service are to be replaced by the JLTV . Light Strike Vehicle United States Unknown Oshkosh L - ATV United States 53,582 ( procurement objective ) Will part - replace the Humvee . Oshkosh Defense was awarded JLTV contract on 25 August 2015 for up to 16,901 JLTVs . Procurement objective is 53,582 , 49,099 for the U.S. Army and 4,483 for the U.S. Marine Corps . RSOV United Kingdom 60 ( delivered ) <Th_colspan="5"> Trucks M939 Truck United States 25,000 Intention is to replace with the Oshkosh FMTV . Figures include National Guard and Air Force . FMTV United States 108,800 ( delivered ; FMTV trucks and companion trailers ) Oshkosh Defense - > 23,400 trucks / > 11,400 trailers ( current manufacturer ) . 74,000 trucks and trailers by legacy manufacturers . Figures include National Guard and Air Force . HEMTT United States 27,000 ( new build and remanufactured ) Figures include National Guard and Air Force Oshkosh HET United States 4,079 ( delivered ; not all remain in service ) 2,488 M1070A0 tractors and > 2,600 M1000 trailers delivered of which at least 1,009 tractors and > 1000 trailers have been Reset . 1,591 M1070A1 delivered . Figures include National Guard and Air Force . <Th_colspan="5"> Armoured vehicles M1 Abrams United States 8,100 active service Main battle tank . M1120 Series Canada 4,466 Armored personnel carrier M113 United States 1,568 active duty Armored personnel carrier M1117 United States 2,900 Armored car M2 Bradley United States 1,199 active 639 in reserve Infantry fighting vehicle M3 Bradley United States 453 active 259 in reserve Infantry fighting vehicle M88 Hercules United States 748 Armored recovery vehicle M9 United States ~ 490 Combat engineering vehicle <Th_colspan="5"> MRAPs M - ATV United States 8,722 ( delivered ; all services ) Around 7,000 M - ATV are being retained , 5,651 of these ( inc. 250 for SOCOM ) by the Army . Oshkosh currently has a Reset contract in place . Cougar H Cougar HE United States 4,400 ( est . ) Post-Afghanistan / Iraq the U.S. Army is not retaining any Cougar MRAPs . International MaxxPro United States 8,780 ( all services ) Army to retain 2,934 MaxxPro post-Afghanistan / Iraq . RG - 31 South Africa 2,300 ( est . ) ( all services ) 1,679 under MRAP procurement and 570 ONS Army ; at least 894 Mk5E are required for conversion into MMPV Type II by the Army RG - 33 RG - 33 L South Africa 2,386 ( all services ) 712 will be retained by the Army as MMPV Type 1 . Buffalo United States 750 MRAP vehicles ( edit ) The Pentagon bought 25,000 MRAP vehicles since 2007 in 25 variants through rapid acquisition with no long - term plans for the platforms . The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585 . Of the total number of vehicles the Army is to keep , 5,036 are to be put in storage , 1,073 used for training and the remainder spread across the active force . The Oshkosh M - ATV will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles , as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off - road mobility . The other most retained vehicle will be the Navistar MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles and 301 Maxxpro ambulances . Other MRAPs such as the Cougar , BAE Caiman , and larger MaxxPros will be disposed . Vehicle - mounted weapons ( edit ) The M240 , MK 19 , and M2 machine guns can be mounted on vehicles . The M134 Minigun , fires 7.62 mm ammunition at 3,000 to 4,000 rpm . The M3P Machine Gun , an M2 variant with a higher rate of fire mounted on the Avenger Humvee . The GAU - 19 , a rotary gun that fires . 50 caliber ammunition . Mounted on Humvees and helicopters . The M230 Autocannon fires 30 × 113mm ammunition at a rate of 625 rounds per minute . It is mounted on the AH - 64 Apache and UH - 60 Black Hawk Direct Action Penetrator helicopters . The M242 Autocannon fires 25 × 137mm ammunition at a rate of 200 rounds per minute . It is one of the primary armaments of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle , and is one of a variety of anti-air and anti-surface naval armaments . Aircraft ( edit ) The U.S. Army operates some fixed - wing aircraft and many helicopters . See also : United States Army Aircraft Photo Origin Role Version Quantity Note <Th_colspan="7"> Fixed - wing aircraft C - 12 Huron USA Cargo / Transport C - 12C C - 12D C - 12F MC - 12W 17 14 17 11 C - 26 Metroliner USA Cargo / Transport C - 26E 11 C - 31 Troopship Netherlands Cargo / Transport C - 31A Gulfstream C - 37 USA Cargo / Transport C - 37A C - 37B EO - 5 Canada Reconnaissance EO - 5C 5 Previously designated as RC - 7B RC - 12 Huron USA Reconnaissance RC - 12D RC - 12H RC - 12K RC - 12X 12 6 18 14 Cessna UC - 35 USA Utility aircraft UC - 35A UC - 35B 20 7 <Th_colspan="7"> Helicopters AH - 6 Little Bird USA Attack helicopter MH / AH - 6M 47 AH - 64 Apache USA Attack helicopter AH - 64D AH - 64E 756 CH - 47 Chinook USA Cargo helicopter CH - 47D CH - 47F 394 48 EH - 60 Black Hawk USA Electronic - warfare helicopter EH - 60A 64 MH - 47 Chinook USA Multi-mission helicopter MH - 47G 27 MH - 60 Black Hawk USA Multi-mission helicopter MH - 60K MH - 60L 23 35 TH - 67 Creek USA Canada Trainer helicopter TH - 67 180 To be retired by 2020 UH - 60 Black Hawk USA Utility helicopter UH - 60A UH - 60L UH - 60M 751 592 100 1227 planned UH - 72 Lakota USA Europe Utility helicopter UH - 72A 250 345 planned <Th_colspan="7"> STOL DHC - 6 Twin Otter Canada Utility STOL aircraft UV - 18A 6 <Th_colspan="7"> Unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ) AeroVironment Switchblade Attack UAV RQ - 11B Raven Hand - launched UAV Prioria Robotics Maveric Hand - launched UAV 36 RQ - 20A Puma Hand - launched UAV RQ - 7B Shadow Reconnaissance UAV MQ - 1C Warrior Extended - Range Multi-Purpose ( ERMP ) UAV 132 Notes Vessels ( edit ) The Army still operates several vessels . Name Image Type Versions Quantity <Th_colspan="7"> Watercraft General Frank S. Besson Class Logistics Support Vessel 8 Stalwart Class Ocean Surveillance Ship Runnymede Class Landing Craft Utility 35 MGen . Nathanael Greene Class Large Tug 6 Attire ( edit ) Main article : Uniforms of the United States Army <Th_colspan="6"> Current attire Name Pattern name ( s ) Pattern Image Notes Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) Universal Camouflage Pattern or MultiCam The ACU uses a new military camouflage pattern called the Universal Camouflage Pattern ( UCP ) , which blends green , tan , and gray to work effectively in desert , woodland , and urban environments . The color scheme of the Army Combat Uniform is composed of a slate gray , desert sand and foliage green pixel pattern , which becomes darker or lighter depending on exposure to sunlight . Soldiers operating in Afghanistan are issued an ACU with the more appropriate `` MultiCam '' pattern . In June 2015 , the Army announced to replace its UCP pattern with the Operational Camouflage Pattern , which is a modified version of the Multicam . The UCP will eventually be phased out by September 2019 . Army Aircrew Combat Uniform ( A2CU ) Universal Camouflage Pattern A2CU replaces the Improved Aviation Battle Dress Uniform . Physical Fitness Uniform The standard garrison service uniform is known as `` Army Greens '' or `` Class - As '' . The `` Army Blue '' uniform , is currently the Army 's formal dress uniform , but in 2009 it will replace the Army Green and the Army White uniforms ( a uniform similar to the Army Green uniform , but worn in tropical postings ) and will become the new Army Service Uniform , which will function as both a garrison uniform ( when worn with a white shirt and necktie ) and a dress uniform ( when worn with a white shirt and either a necktie for parades or a bow tie for `` after six '' or `` black tie '' events ) . The Patrol Cap is worn with the ACU for garrison duty ; and the beret with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions . The Army Blue Service Cap , is allowed for wear by any soldier ranked CPL or above at the discretion of the commander . Body armor in all units is the Improved Outer Tactical Vest , which is now being supplemented with the lightweight Modular Body Armor Vest and Soldier Plate Carrier System . Head protection is provided by the Advanced Combat Helmet and Modular Integrated Communications Helmet , which are being replaced in deployed units by the Enhanced Combat Helmet . Field equipment ( edit ) Modular Sleep System ( edit ) A Modular Sleep System in use The Modular Sleep System ( MSS ) is a sleeping bag kit used by the United States Army and manufactured by Tennier Industries . It consists of a camouflaged , waterproof , breathable bivy cover , a lightweight patrol sleeping bag , and an intermediate cold - weather sleeping bag ( note that the color differs depending on the vintage of the gear ) . Compression sacks are included to store and carry the system . The MSS is available in a variety of camouflage patterns . The patrol bag provides weather protection from 35 -- 50 ° F ( 2 -- 10 ° C ) . The intermediate bag provides cold weather protection from − 5 -- 35 ° F ( − 21 -- 2 ° C ) . Combining the patrol bag and intermediate bags provides extreme cold weather protection in temperatures as low as − 30 ° F ( − 34 ° C ) . The bivy cover can be used with each of three MSS configurations ( patrol , intermediate , or combined ) to provide environmental protection from wind and water . The sleeping bags are made of ripstop nylon fabrics and continuous - filament polyester insulation ; the camouflage bivy cover is made with waterproof , breathable , coated or laminated nylon fabric ; the compression sacks are made with water - resistant and durable nylon fabrics . This section incorporates work from https://peosoldier.army.mil/newpeo/Equipment/Temp.asp?id=CIE_SS , which is in the public domain as it is a work of the United States Military . 3D printing ( edit ) In November 2012 , the U.S. Army developed a tactical 3D printing capability to allow it to rapidly manufacture critical components on the battlefield . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Army equipment . Equipment of the United States Armed Forces Equipment of the United States Air Force Equipment of the United States Coast Guard Equipment of the United States Marine Corps Equipment of the United States Navy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : M9 Pistol , U.S. Army Fact Files . ^ Jump up to : John Pike . `` M9 9 mm Beretta Pistol '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Fox News Tech Jump up ^ M16 Rifle , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 22 December 2010 ) . `` M16 5.56 mm Rifle '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ M4 Carbine , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` M4 / M4A1 5.56 mm Carbine '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ M249 Machine Gun , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` M249 Squad Automatic Weapon '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ M240 Machine Gun , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` M240 7.62 mm Machine Gun '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` M2 . 50 Caliber Machine Gun '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Jahner , Kyle ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` H&K confirms : This is the Army 's new and improved sniper rifle '' . Army Times . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . The gun will replace the M110 made by Knight 's Armament as a culmination of the Army 's desire for a shorter , lighter rifle that did n't sacrifice accuracy or performance . Jump up ^ Mk193 Grenade Machine Gun , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 13 January 2011 ) . `` Mk 19 Grenade Machine Gun '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ M203 Grenade Launcher , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` M203 40mm Grenade Launcher '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Carl Gustaf Selected as Standard Equipment for US Army Light Infantry Units - Deagel.com , 20 February 2014 Jump up ^ M224 Mortar , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 27 November 2005 ) . `` M224 60 mm Lightweight Mortar '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ M252 Mortar , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` M252 81 mm Medium Extended Range Mortar '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ M120 Mortar , U.S. Army Fact Files . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` M120 120 mm Mortar '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` M109A6 Paladin '' . Military Today . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Self - propelled howitzer M109A7 and M992A3 carrier ammunition enter in service with U.S. Army '' . May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` M777 155mm Ultralightweight Field Howitzer , United Kingdom '' . army-technology.com . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Launch Rocket System M270 '' . Lockheed Martin . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saint - Gobain Crystals delivers transparent armor for M142 HIMARS windshields and door windows '' . November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avenger Low Level Air Defence System , United States of America '' . army-technology.com . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MIM - 104 Patriot - History , Specs and Pictures - Military Armor '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` AM General High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle ( HMMWV ) ( Dec ) '' . IHS Jane 's . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` AM General Secures Six - Year , $428.3 Million Contact To Provide The Army With M997A3 HMMWV Configured Ambulances '' . AM General . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lockheed Martin Protests JLTV contract award to Oshkosh '' . 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles ( FMTV ) ( Nov ) '' . IHS Jane 's . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oshkosh M977 heavy expanded mobility tactical truck ( HEMTT ) and M989A1 heavy expanded mobility ammunition trailer ( HEMAT ) '' . IHS Jane 's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2015 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Oshkosh M1070 and M1070A1 ( 8 × 8 ) Heavy Equipment Transporters ( HETs ) and M1000 semi-trailer '' . IHS Jane 's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2015 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : The Military Balance 2016 p. 40 - 43 Jump up ^ `` Iraq Seeks Up to 30 General Dynamics Stryker Vehicles '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Military Balance 2017 '' . www.iiss.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Feickert , A. ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` The Army 's M - 1 Abrams , M - 2 / M - 3 Bradley , and M - 1126 Stryker : Background and Issues for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` M88A2 HERCULES Armoured Recovery Vehicle - Army Technology '' . www.army-technology.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The US M9 Armored Combat Earthmover aka M9 ACE '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army Awards Additional M - ATV Reset Contract to Oshkosh Defense '' . 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retasking MRAP : Life after Afghanistan '' . Jane 's International Defence Review . 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo MRAP '' . www.tanks-encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Majority of MRAPs to be scrapped or stored '' . Military Times , 5 January 2014 Jump up ^ John Pike . `` M230 Automatic Gun '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` M242 Bushmaster 25 mm Automatic Gun '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Aviation Week & Space Technology 2009 , 26 JAN 2009 240 . Web. 28 Aug 2009 . < http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/sourcebook/content.jsp?channelName=pro&story=xml/sourcebook_xml/2009/01/26/AW_01_26_2009_p0240-112924-158.xml&headline=World%20Military%20Aircraft%20Inventory%20-%20United+States > . Jump up ^ Drew , James ( 25 September 2015 ) . `` Beale AFB farewells MC - 12 as spy plane moves to Army and SOCOM '' . Flight Global . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ WebCite query result Jump up ^ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/up-to-462m-for-rc-12-guardrail-modernization-03756/ Jump up ^ Huber , Mark ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` Flight Training Begins for First Class of Lakota Pilots '' . Aviation International News . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers 100th New Production UH - 60M BLACK HAWK Helicopter to U.S '' . Reuters. 25 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky to deliver 102 new tactical multirole helicopters to US armed forces '' . November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News -- Feature story -- The UH - 72A `` comes home '' to its new Army assignment in Mississippi `` . UH - 72A . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Army purchases Maveric bird camouflage UAS Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - Armyrecognition.com , 26 November 2013 Jump up ^ hazegray.org -- World Navies Today : US Army Jump up ^ Lopez , C. ( 20 February 2010 ) . `` Soldiers to get new cammo pattern for wear in Afghanistan '' . US Army . US Army . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ US Army ( 13 August 2011 ) . `` Sleep Systems '' . PEO Soldier . Archived from the original on 13 August 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` US army builds its own 3D printer '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide United States Army Leadership Secretary of the Army Under Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff 4 - star generals Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army House Armed Services Committee ( House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) Senate Committee on Armed Services ( Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) Components and commands Regular Army Army Reserve Army National Guard Active Units Reorganization plan of United States Army Army commands Forces Futures Materiel Training and Doctrine Service components Africa Central Europe Pacific North South Special Operations Surface Deployment and Distribution Space and Missile Defense Cyber Command Direct reporting units Second Army Medical Intelligence and Security Criminal Investigation Corps of Engineers Military District of Washington Test and Evaluation Military Academy Reserve Acquisition Support Center Installation Management War College Field armies First Second Third Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Branches Acquisition Corps Adjutant General 's Corps Air Defense Artillery Branch Armor Branch Aviation Branch Army Band Chaplain Corps Chemical Corps Civil Affairs Corps Corps of Engineers Dental Corps Field Artillery Branch Finance Corps Infantry Branch Inspector General 's Corps Judge Advocate General 's Corps Logistics Branch Medical Corps Medical Service Corps Medical Specialist Corps Military Intelligence Corps Military Police Corps Nurse Corps Ordnance Corps Psychological Operations Quartermaster Corps Signal Corps Special Forces Transportation Corps Veterinary Corps Installations United States and Overseas Germany Kosovo Kuwait South Korea Training Basic Training BOLC ROTC ( ECP ) OCS WOBC WOCS Military Academy ( West Point ) MOS Uniforms and insignia Awards and decorations Badges Branch Officer Warrant Enlisted World War I World War II Uniforms Equipment Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles Premier ensembles Army Field Band Army Band Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps West Point Band History and traditions History Continental Army Union Army National Army Army of the United States Center of Military History Institute of Heraldry America 's Army Army Art Program Flag National Museum West Point Museum Rangers U.S. Army Regimental System Soldier 's Creed `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' Division nicknames Draft Service numbers <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army&oldid=849861084 '' Categories : United States Army equipment Lists of military equipment Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 21 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. United States Army equipment
2. Small arms and artillery
3. Vehicles and aircraft
4. Field equipment and attire
5. 3D printing in the military
|
-3,601,924,865,684,691,500 |
when was the zipper invented and by whom
|
Zipper - wikipedia Zipper Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Zipper ( disambiguation ) . `` Zipping '' redirects here . For the racehorse , see Zipping ( horse ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zippers with common teeth variations : metal teeth ( top ) , coil teeth and plastic teeth . A zipper , zip , fly , or zip fastener , formerly known as a clasp locker , is a commonly used device for binding the edges of an opening of fabric or other flexible material , like on a garment or a bag . It is used in clothing ( e.g. , jackets and jeans ) , luggage and other bags , sporting goods , camping gear ( e.g. tents and sleeping bags ) , and other items . Zippers come in all different sizes , shapes , and colors . Whitcomb L. Judson was an American inventor from Chicago who invented and constructed a workable zipper . The method , still in use today , is based on interlocking teeth . Initially , it was called the `` hookless fastener '' and was later redesigned to become more reliable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Types 3.1 Air and water tightness 4 Anti-slide zipper locks 5 Components 6 Manufacturing 7 Patents 8 In popular culture 9 Durability and repairs 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Description ( edit ) The bulk of a zipper / zip consists of two rows of protruding teeth , which may be made to interdigitate , linking the rows , carrying from tens to hundreds of specially shaped metal or plastic teeth . These teeth can be either individual or shaped from a continuous coil , and are also referred to as elements . The slider , operated by hand , moves along the rows of teeth . Inside the slider is a Y - shaped channel that meshes together or separates the opposing rows of teeth , depending on the direction of the slider 's movement . The word Zipper is onomatopoetic , because it was named for the sound the device makes when used , a high - pitched zip . Examples of special zippers with different tape materials , colors and patterns . In many jackets and similar garments , the opening is closed completely when the slider is at the top end . Some jackets have double - separating zippers with two sliders on the tape . When the sliders are on opposite ends of the tape then the jacket is closed . If the lower slider is raised then the bottom part of the jacket may be opened to allow more comfortable sitting or bicycling . When both sliders are lowered then the zipper may be totally separated . Bags , suitcases and other pieces of luggage also often feature two sliders on the tape : the part of the zipper between them is unfastened . When the two sliders are located next to each other , which can be at any point along the tape , the zipper is fully closed . A two - way ( double - separating ) zipper . Zippers may increase or decrease the size of an opening to allow or restrict the passage of objects , as in the fly of trousers or in a pocket . join or separate two ends or sides of a single garment , as in the front of a jacket , or on the front , back or side of a dress or skirt to facilitate dressing . attach or detach a separable part of the garment to or from another , as in the conversion between trousers and shorts or the connection or disconnection of a hood and a coat . attach or detach a small pouch or bag to or from a larger one . One example of this is military rucksacks which have smaller pouches or bags attached on the sides using one or two zippers . be used to decorate an item . These variations are achieved by sewing one end of the zipper together , sewing both ends together , or allowing both ends of the zipper to fall completely apart . A zipper costs relatively little , but if it fails , the garment may be unusable until the zipper is repaired or replaced -- which can be quite difficult and expensive . Problems often lie with the zipper slider ; when it becomes worn it does not properly align and join the alternating teeth . With separating zippers , the insertion pin may tear loose from the tape ; the tape may even disintegrate from use . If a zipper fails , it can either jam ( i.e. get stuck ) or partially break off . History ( edit ) In 1851 , Elias Howe received a patent for an `` Automatic , Continuous Clothing Closure '' . He did not try seriously to market it , missing recognition he might otherwise have received . Howe 's device was more like an elaborate drawstring than a true slide fastener . Forty - two years later , in 1893 Whitcomb Judson , who invented a pneumatic street railway , marketed a `` Clasp Locker '' . The device served as a ( more complicated ) hook - and - eye shoe fastener . With the support of businessman Colonel Lewis Walker , Judson launched the Universal Fastener Company to manufacture the new device . The clasp locker had its public debut at the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair and met with little commercial success . Judson is sometimes given credit as the inventor of the zipper , but he never made a practical device . The company , reorganized as the Fastener Manufacturing and Machine Company , moved to Hoboken , N.J. in 1901 . Gideon Sundback , a Swedish - American electrical engineer , was hired to work for the company in 1906 . Good technical skills and a marriage to the plant - manager 's daughter Elvira Aronson led Sundback to the position of head designer . The company moved to Meadville , PA , where it operated for most of the 20th century under the name Talon , Inc . After his wife 's death in 1911 , Sundback devoted himself to improving the fastener , and by December 1913 he had designed the modern zipper . The rights to this invention were owned by the Meadville company ( operating as the Hookless Fastener Co . ) , but Sundback retained non-U.S. rights and used these to set up in subsequent years the Canadian firm Lightning Fastner Co. in St. Catharines , Ont . Sundback 's work with this firm has led to the common misperception that he was Canadian and that the zipper originated in that country . Gideon Sundback increased the number of fastening elements from four per inch ( about one every 6.4 mm ) to ten or eleven ( around every 2.5 mm ) , introduced two facing rows of teeth that pulled into a single piece by the slider , and increased the opening for the teeth guided by the slider . The patent for the `` Separable Fastener '' was issued in 1917 . Gideon Sundback also created the manufacturing machine for the new device . The `` S-L '' or `` scrapless '' machine took a special Y - shaped wire and cut scoops from it , then punched the scoop dimple and nib , and clamped each scoop on a cloth tape to produce a continuous zipper chain . Within the first year of operation , Sundback 's machinery was producing a few hundred feet ( around 100 meters ) of fastener per day . In March of the same year , Mathieu Burri , a Swiss inventor , improved the design by adding a lock - in system attached to the last teeth , but his version never got into production due to conflicting patents . Zipper slider brings together the two sides The popular North American term zipper , ( UK zip , or occasionally zip - fastener ) , came from the B.F. Goodrich Company in 1923 . The company opted to use Gideon Sundback 's fastener on a new type of rubber boots ( or galoshes ) and referred to it as the zipper , and the name stuck . The two chief uses of the zipper in its early years were for closing boots and tobacco pouches . Zippers began being used for clothing in 1925 by Schott NYC on leather jackets . In the 1930s , a sales campaign began for children 's clothing featuring zippers . The campaign praised zippers for promoting self - reliance in young children by making it possible for them to dress in self - help clothing . The zipper beat the button in 1937 in the `` Battle of the Fly '' , after French fashion designers raved over zippers in men 's trousers . Esquire declared the zipper the `` Newest Tailoring Idea for Men '' and among the zippered fly 's many virtues was that it would exclude `` The Possibility of Unintentional and Embarrassing Disarray . '' The most recent innovation in the zipper 's design was the introduction of models that could open on both ends , as on jackets . Today the zipper is by far the most widespread fastener , and is found on clothing , luggage , leather goods , and various other objects . Types ( edit ) A coil zipper with its slider removed . Coil zippers now form the bulk of sales of zippers worldwide . The slider runs on two coils on each side ; the teeth are formed by the windings of the coils . Two basic types of coils are used : one with coils in spiral form , usually with a cord running inside the coils ; the other with coils in ladder form , also called the Ruhrmann type . Coil zippers are made of polyester coil and are thus also termed polyester zippers . Nylon was formerly used and though only polyester is used now , the type is still also termed a nylon zipper . Invisible zippers have the teeth hidden behind a tape , so that the zipper is invisible . It is also called the Concealed zipper . The tape 's color matches the garment 's , as does the slider 's and the puller 's . This kind of a zipper is common in skirts and dresses . Invisible zippers are usually coil zippers . They are also seeing increased use by the military and emergency services because the appearance of a button down shirt can be maintained , while providing a quick and easy fastening system . A regular invisible zipper uses a lighter lace - like fabric on the zipper tape , instead of the common heavier woven fabric on other zippers . Reverse coil zippers are a variation of the coil zipper . In a reverse coil zipper , the coil is on the reverse ( back ) side of the zipper and the slider works on the flat side of the zipper ( normally the back , now the front ) . Unlike an invisible zipper where the coil is also on the back , the reverse coil shows stitching on the front side and the slider accommodates a variety of pulls ( the invisible zipper requires a small , tear - drop pull due to the small slider attachment ) . Water resistant zippers are generally configured as reverse coil so that the pvc coating can cover the stitching . A rubber or PVC coated reverse zipper is called a waterproof zipper . Metal zippers are the classic zipper type , found mostly in jeans and pencil cases today . The teeth are not a coil , but are individual pieces of metal molded into shape and set on the zipper tape at regular intervals . Metal zippers are made in brass , aluminum and nickel , according to the metal used for teeth making . All these zippers are basically made from flat wire . A special type of metal zipper is made from pre-formed wire , usually brass but sometimes other metals too . Only a few companies in the world have the technology . This type of pre-formed metal zippers is mainly used in high grade jeans - wear , work - wear , etc. , where high strength is required and zippers need to withstand tough washing . Plastic - molded zippers are identical to metallic zippers , except that the teeth are plastic instead of metal . Metal zippers can be painted to match the surrounding fabric ; plastic zippers can be made in any color of plastic . Plastic zippers mostly use polyacetal resin , though other thermoplastic polymers are used as well , such as polyethylene . Used most popularly for pencil cases , small plastic pouches and other useful stationery . Open - ended zippers use a box and pin mechanism to lock the two sides of the zipper into place , often in jackets . Open - ended zippers can be of any of the above described types . Two way open - ended zippers Instead of having an insertion pin and pin box at the bottom , a two way open - ended zipper has a puller on each end of the zipper tape . Someone wearing a garment with this kind of zipper can slide up the bottom puller to accommodate more leg movement without stressing the pin and box of a one - way open - ended zipper . It is most commonly used on long coats . Two way closed - ended zippers are closed at both ends ; they are often used in luggage and can have either one or two pullers on the zipper . Magnetic zippers allow for one - handed closure and are used in sportswear. ( 1 ) Air and water tightness ( edit ) Waterproof zipper on a diving dry suit . The exterior metal segments clamp the waterproof sheeting over the concealed zipper teeth . The zipper teeth are not visible in this image ( obscured by the edges of the waterproof sheet ) . Airtight zippers were first developed by NASA for making high - altitude pressure suits and later space suits , capable of retaining air pressure inside the suit in the vacuum of space . The airtight zipper is built like a standard toothed zipper , but with a waterproof sheeting ( which is made of fabric - reinforced polyethylene and is bonded to the rest of the suit ) wrapped around the outside of each row of zipper teeth . When the zipper is closed , the two facing sides of the plastic sheeting are squeezed tightly against one another ( between the C - shaped clips ) both above and below the zipper teeth , forming a double seal . This double - mated surface is good at retaining both vacuum and pressure , but the fit must be very tight , to press the surfaces together firmly . Consequently , these zippers are typically very stiff when zipped shut and have minimal flex or stretch . They are hard to open and close because the zipper anvil must bend apart teeth that are being held under tension . They can also be derailed ( and damage the sealing surfaces ) if the teeth are misaligned while straining to pull the zipper shut . These zippers are very common where airtight or watertight seals are needed , such as on scuba diving dry suits , ocean survival suits , and hazmat suits . A less common water - resistant zipper is similar in construction to a standard toothed zipper , but includes a molded plastic ridge seal similar to the mating surfaces on a ziploc bag . Such a zipper is easier to open and close than a clipped version , and the slider has a gap above the zipper teeth for separating the ridge seal . This seal is structurally weak against internal pressure , and can be separated by pressure within the sealed container pushing outward on the ridges , which simply flex and spread apart , potentially allowing air or liquid entry through the spread - open ridges . Ridge - sealed zippers are sometimes used on lower - cost surface dry suits . Anti-slide zipper locks ( edit ) Some zippers include a designed ability for the slider to hold in a steady open or closed position , resisting forces that would try to move the slider and open the zipper unexpectedly . There are two commons ways this is accomplished : The zipper handle can have a short protruding pin stamped into it , which inserts between the zipper teeth through a hole on the slider , when the handle is folded down flat against the zipper teeth . This appears on some brands of trousers . The handle of the fly zipper is folded flat against the teeth when it is not in use , and the handle is held down by both slider hinge tension and the fabric flap over the fly . The slider can also have a two - piece hinge assembly attaching the handle to the slider , with the base of the hinge under spring tension and with protruding pins on the bottom that insert between the zipper teeth . To move the zipper , the handle is pulled outward against spring tension , lifting the pins out from between the teeth as the slider moves . When the handle is released the pins automatically engage between the zipper teeth again . They are called `` auto - lock sliders '' . A three - piece version of the above uses a tiny pivoting arm held under tension inside the hinge . Pulling on the handle from any direction lifts the pivoting arm 's pins out of the zipper teeth so that the slider can move . Components ( edit ) Components of a zipper Different types of zipper pullers and sliders . The components of a zipper are : Top Tape Extension ( The fabric part of the zipper , that extends beyond the teeth , at the top of the chain . ) Top Stop ( Two devices affixed to the top end of a zipper , to prevent the slider from coming off the chain . ) Slider ( The device that moves up and down the chain to open or close the zipper . ) Pull Tab or Puller ( The part of the slider that is held to move the slider up or down . ) Tape Width ( Refers to the width of the fabric on both sides of the zipper chain . ) Chain or Zipper Teeth ( The continuous piece that is formed when both halves of a zipper are meshed together ) and Chain Width ( Refers to the specific gauge of the chain - common gauge sizes are # 3 , # 5 , # 7 , # 8 and # 10 , the bigger the number , the wider the teeth / chain width is . ) Bottom Stop ( A device affixed to the bottom end of a zipper , to prevent further movement of the half of the zipper from separating . ) Bottom Tape Extension ( The fabric part of the zipper , that extends beyond the teeth , at the bottom of the chain . ) Single Tape Width ( Refers to the width of the fabric on one side of the zipper chain . ) Insertion Pin ( A device used on a separating zipper whose function is to allow the joining of the two zipper halves . ) Retainer Box or Pin Box ( A device used on a separating zipper whose function is to correctly align the pin , to begin the joining of the zipper halves . ) Reinforcement Film ( A strip of plastic fused to each half of the zipper tape to allow a manufacturer to electronically `` weld '' the zipper onto the garment or item that is being manufactured , without the need of sewing or stitching . ) Manufacturing ( edit ) Forbes reported in 2003 that although the zipper market in the 1960s was dominated by Talon Zipper ( USA ) and Optilon ( Germany ) , Japanese manufacturer YKK grew to become the industry giant by the 1980s . YKK held 45 percent of world market share , followed by Optilon ( 8 percent ) and Talon Zipper ( 7 percent ) . Indian Tex Corp has also emerged as a significant supplier to the apparel industry . In Europe , Cremalleras Rubi company established in 1926 in Catalonia , continues to compete with the big multinationals selling over 30 million zippers in 2012 . In 2005 , The Guardian reported that China had 80 percent of the international market . Most of its product is made in Qiaotou , Yongjia County . Patents ( edit ) 25 November 1851 U.S. Patent 8,540 : `` Improvement in Fastening for Garments '' 29 August 1893 U.S. Patent 504,037 : `` Shoe fastening '' 29 August 1893 U.S. Patent 504,038 : `` Clasp Locker or Unlocker for Shoes '' 31 March 1896 U.S. Patent 557,207 : `` Fastening for Shoes '' 31 March 1896 U.S. Patent 557,208 : `` Clasp - Locker for Shoes '' 29 April 1913 U.S. Patent 1,060,378 : `` Separable fastener '' ( Gideon Sundback ) 20 March 1917 U.S. Patent 1,219,881 : `` Separable fastener '' ( Gideon Sundback ) 22 December 1936 U.S. Patent 2,065,250 : `` Slider '' In popular culture ( edit ) Zippers have entered into urban legends . American folklorist Jan Brunvand noted that `` The zipper has been the subject of jokes and legends since ... the 1920s '' . Those stories reflect `` modern anxieties and desires '' , emphasizing embarrassments and accidents , primarily involving the flies of men 's trousers in stories such as `` The Unzipped Stranger '' and `` The Unzipped Fly '' . Durability and repairs ( edit ) The zipper is often the least durable component in any garment or type of equipment . Most often the zipper fails to close due to a worn or bent slider not being able to apply the necessary force to the sides of the teeth to cause them to interlock . This problem can sometimes be redressed by using a small pipe wrench or similar pliers to carefully squeeze the back part of the slider together a fraction of a millimeter . This can compensate for the wear of the slider . The slider is typically made as a magnesium diecast which breaks easily . It is necessary to reduce the force on the pliers before it can be felt that the slider actually gives in . If it is not yet possible to successfully close the zipper , the pressure applied to the slider should only gradually be increased . Another way to reduce the gap of the open end of the slider is by preparing a small block of wood by sawing a slot into one end so that it fits over the upper arm of the slider . Then a hammer can be used to exact a force onto the slider by carefully hitting the wood . When the protective coating of the diecast slider has been worn off by prolonged usage , the material can corrode . The corrosion products are usually metal salts which can accumulate and block the slider from moving . When this happens the salt can often be dissolved by submerging the slider in vinegar or another mild acid . Otherwise the slider needs to be removed and replaced . See also ( edit ) Funicular -- A `` zipper train '' is a type of funicular train , sometimes called `` cremallera '' in Spanish Zipper storage bag References ( edit ) Henry Petroski : The Evolution of Useful Things ( 1992 ) ; ISBN 0 - 679 - 74039 - 2 Robert Friedel : Zipper : An Exploration in Novelty ( W.W. Norton and Company : New York , 1996 ) ; ISBN 0 - 393 - 31365 - 4 Jump up ^ zipper. ( 2009 ) . In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ebconcise/zipper Jump up ^ Great Inventors and Inventions by Ron Shaw at Google Books Jump up ^ Friedel , Robert ( 1994 ) . Zipper : An Exploration in Novelty . United States of America : Horton . Jump up ^ zipper. ( 2007 ) . In Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary . Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ehsdorland/zipper Jump up ^ `` YKK Fastening Products Group '' . Ykkfastening.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zipper History '' . AnsunMultitech . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedel , Robert ( 1996 ) . Zipper : An Exploration in Novelty . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31365 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Wilbert . `` THE FIRST WILD ONE : THE GENESIS OF THE MOTORCYCLE JACKET '' . vice.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mary Bellis ( 2010 - 06 - 16 ) . `` History of the zipper '' . About.com Inventors . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ MacGill , Sally ( 2010 ) . Ideas That Changed the World . New York : Dorling Kindersley Limited . Jump up ^ Drysuits : Zippers , Seals , Valves and Maintenance , NJScuba.net . Illustrated dissection of a dry - suit zipper . Jump up ^ `` Zipper Parts '' . ZipperSource . Zippersource . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Fulford ( 2003 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Zipping Up the World '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Watts ( 2005 - 05 - 25 ) . `` The tiger 's teeth '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ikenson , Ben . Patents : Ingenious Inventions : How They Work and How They Came to Be . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , 2004 . Jump up ^ Kevin J. McKenna ( 2009 ) . The Proverbial `` Pied Piper '' : A Festschrift Volume of Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Mieder on the Occasion of His Sixty - fifth Birthday . Peter Lang . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4331 - 0489 - 3 . Jump up ^ DIY Repairs COIL ZIP 1 - Coils not meshing behind a closing slider on the webpage of Wilderness Equipment , Australia Jump up ^ DIY Repairs COIL ZIP 2 - The slider is ' frozen ' on the coil zip and ca n't be moved on the webpage of Wilderness Equipment , Australia External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zippers . Zipper at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) How Zippers Work by S.M. Blinder , the Wolfram Demonstrations Project The History of the Zipper <Th_colspan="2"> Sewing Techniques Basting Cut Darning Ease Embellishment Fabric tube turning Floating canvas Gather Godet Gusset Heirloom sewing Shirring Stitches List of sewing stitches Backstitch Bar tack Blanket Blind stitch Buttonhole Catch stitch Chain stitch Cross-stitch Embroidery stitch Hemstitch Lockstitch Overlock Pad stitch Pick stitch Rantering Running Sashiko Stoating Tack Topstitch Zigzag Seams Neckline Felled seam Seam allowance Style line Notions Trims Bias tape Collar stays Elastic Grommet / Eyelet Interfacing Passementerie Piping Ruffle Rickrack Self - fabric Soutache Trim Twill tape Wrights Closures Buckle Button Buttonhole Frog Hook - and - eye Hook and loop fastener Shank Snap Zipper Materials Bias Yarn / Thread Selvage Textiles / Fabrics Tools Bobbin Dress form Needlecase Needle threader Pattern notcher Pin Pincushion Pinking shears Scissors Seam ripper Sewing needle Stitching awl Tailor 's ham Tape measure Thimble Tracing paper Tracing wheel Trades Suppliers Cloth merchant Draper Dressmaker Haberdasher Mercer Sewing occupations Tailor Sewing machine manufacturers List of sewing machine brands and companies Barthélemy Thimonnier Bernina International Brother Industries Elias Howe Elna Feiyue Frister & Rossmann Janome Jones Sewing Machine Company Juki Merrow New Home Pfaff Sewmor Singer Tapemaster Viking / Husqvarna White Pattern manufacturers Butterick Burda Clothkits McCall 's Simplicity <Td_colspan="2"> Glossary of sewing terms <Th_colspan="2"> Clothing materials and parts Garment Structures Armscye Collar Cuff Dart Facing Fly Lapel Gore Hem Lining Placket Pleat Pocket Revers Ruffle Shoulder pad Strap Sleeve Train Waistband Yoke Textiles Artificial leather Cotton Elastic Fur Linen Nylon Polyester Rayon Silk Spandex Wool Animals hide / Leather Calf Deer Goat Kangaroo Ostrich Seal Sheep Snake Stingray Fasteners Back closure Belt hook Buckle Button Buttonhole Frog Shank Hook - and - eye Hook and loop Velcro Snap Zipper Seams Neckline Bustline Waistline Hemline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zipper&oldid=834229152 '' Categories : 1913 introductions American inventions Swedish inventions Brands that became generic Fasteners Textile closures Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 16 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Zipper history and invention
2. Types of zippers
3. Uses of zippers in clothing and accessories
4. Zipper manufacturing and industry
5. Waterproof and airtight zippers
|
-5,015,071,101,416,337,000 |
windows powershell 2.0 download for windows server 2008 32 bit
|
Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions - wikipedia Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of computer software operating systems created by Microsoft . Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add - on to MS - DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . All versions of Microsoft Windows are commercial proprietary software . Contents ( hide ) 1 General information 1.1 DOS shells 1.2 Windows 9x 1.3 Windows NT 1.4 Windows Embedded Compact 1.5 Windows Mobile 1.6 Windows Phone 2 Technical information 2.1 DOS shells 2.2 Windows 9x 2.3 Windows NT 2.4 Windows Phone 3 Supported file systems 3.1 Windows 9x 3.2 Windows NT 3.3 Windows Phone 4 Hardware requirements 4.1 Windows 9x 4.2 Windows NT 4.3 Windows Phone 5 Physical memory limits 5.1 Windows 9x 5.2 Windows NT 6 Security features 7 Features 8 Timeline 9 See also 9.1 Other lists 9.2 Windows clones and emulators 10 References 11 External links General information ( edit ) Basic general information about Windows . DOS shells ( edit ) Name Release date Latest version Status support Codename OS required Architecture Editions Target market Windows 1.0 1985 - 11 - 20 1.04 ( 1987 - 04 - 08 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) Interface Manager DOS 2.0 or higher 16 - bit Desktops Windows 2.0 1987 - 09 - 08 2.03 ( 1987 - 12 - 09 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) ? 16 - bit Desktops Windows 2.1 x 1988 - 05 - 27 2.11 ( 1989 - 03 - 13 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) ? 16 - bit Desktops Windows 3.0 1990 - 05 - 22 3.0 a with Multimedia Extensions ( 1991 - 10 - 20 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) DOS 3.1 or higher 16 - bit Windows 3.0 Windows 3.0 a Windows 3.0 a with Multimedia Extensions Desktops Windows 3.1 x 1992 - 04 - 06 3.11 ( 1993 - 12 - 31 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) 3.1 : Janus 3.1 for Workgroups : Kato 3.11 : Snowball ( LB ) 3.11 for Workgroups : Sparta DOS 3.3 or higher 16 - bit * Windows 3.1 ( build 040 ) Windows for Workgroups 3.1 Windows 3.11 Windows for Workgroups 3.11 Windows 3.2 ( Simplified Chinese only ) Desktops * Has partial 32 - bit compatibility with Win32s Windows 9x ( edit ) Name Release date RTM build Latest version Status support Codename MS - DOS version Kernel type Architecture Editions Target market Windows 95 1995 - 08 - 15 950 4.00. 950C OSR2. 5 ( 1997 - 11 - 26 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) Chicago MS - DOS 7.0 , MS - DOS 7.1 ( OSR2. x ) Monolithic Hybrid 16 / 32 - bit Retail , OSR1 , OSR2 , OSR2. 1 , OSR2. 5 Desktops Windows 98 1998 - 05 - 15 1998 4.10. 1998 Unsupported ( 2006 - 07 - 11 ) Memphis MS - DOS 7.1 Monolithic Hybrid 16 / 32 - bit Desktops Windows 98 SE 1999 - 05 - 05 2222 4.10. 2222A ( 2000 - 02 - 25 ) Unsupported ( 2006 - 07 - 11 ) MS - DOS 7.1 Monolithic Hybrid 16 / 32 - bit Desktops Windows Me 2000 - 06 - 19 3000 4.90. 3000 ( 2000 - 09 - 14 ) Unsupported ( 2006 - 07 - 11 ) Millennium MS - DOS 8.0 Monolithic Hybrid 16 / 32 - bit Desktops Windows NT ( edit ) Name Release date Version RTM build Latest build Status support Codename , working name Supported architectures Editions OS type Windows NT 3.1 1993 - 07 - 27 3.1 528 528 SP3 ( 1994 - 11 - 10 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) New Technology OS / 2 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS Workstation , Advanced Server Workstation , Server Windows NT 3.5 1994 - 09 - 21 3.5 807 807 SP3 ( 1995 - 06 - 21 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) Daytona IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS Workstation , Server Workstation , Server Windows NT 3.51 1995 - 05 - 30 3.51 1057 1057 SP5 ( 1996 - 09 - 19 ) Unsupported ( 2001 - 12 - 31 ) ? IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS , PowerPC Workstation , Server Workstation , Server Windows NT 4.0 1996 - 07 - 31 4.0 1381 1381 SP6a ( 1999 - 11 - 30 ) Unsupported ( 2004 - 06 - 30 ) Cairo / Shell Update Release Hydra ( Terminal Server ) Impala ( Embedded ) IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS , PowerPC Workstation , Server , Server Enterprise Edition , Terminal Server , Embedded Workstation , Server , Embedded PCs Windows 2000 1999 - 12 - 15 5.0 2195 SP4 Rollup 1 v2 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) Unsupported ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) Memphis NT IA - 32 , IA - 64 , x86 Professional , Server , Advanced Server , Datacenter Server , Powered ( Embedded ) Desktop , Workstation , Server , Embedded PCs Windows XP 2001 - 08 - 24 5.1 2600 2600 SP3 ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) Unsupported ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) Whistler IA - 32 , IA - 64 , x86 - 64 Starter Edition , Home , Professional , Media Center , Tablet PC , Starter , Embedded Desktop , Workstation , Embedded PCs Windows Server 2003 2003 - 04 - 24 5.2 3790 3790 SP2 ( 2007 - 03 - 13 ) Unsupported ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) Whistler Server , Windows . NET Server IA - 32 , IA - 64 , x86 - 64 Standard , Enterprise , Datacenter , Web , Storage , Small Business Server , Compute Cluster Server , Network Appliance , Embedded PCs , HPC Windows Server 2003 R2 2005 5.2 3790 ? Unsupported ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) ? IA - 32 , x86 - 64 Server , Network Appliance , Embedded PCs , HPC Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs 2006 - 07 - 08 5.1 2600 N / A Unsupported ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) Eiger , Monch IA - 32 Fundamentals for Legacy PCs Desktop Windows Vista 2006 - 11 - 30 6.0 6000 6.0. 6002 SP2 ( 2009 - 04 - 28 ) Unsupported ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) Longhorn IA - 32 , x86 - 64 Starter , Home Basic , Home Premium , Business , Enterprise , Ultimate Desktop , Workstation Windows Home Server 2007 - 11 - 04 5.2 3790 N / A Unsupported ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) Q , Quattro IA - 32 , x86 - 64 Home Server Server Windows Server 2008 2008 - 02 - 04 6.0 6001 6002 SP2 ( 2008 - 02 - 27 ) Supported ( 2020 - 01 - 14 ) Longhorn Server IA - 32 , IA - 64 , x86 - 64 Web , Standard , Enterprise , Small Business Server , Datacenter , HPC , HyperV Core , Foundation , Storage Server Windows 7 2009 - 07 - 22 6.1 7600 7601 SP1 Supported ( 2020 - 01 - 14 ) `` 7 '' , Blackcomb , Vienna IA - 32 , x86 - 64 Starter , Home Basic , Home Premium , Professional , Ultimate , Enterprise Desktop , Workstation , Multi-Touch Windows Server 2008 R2 2009 - 07 - 22 6.1 7600 7601 SP1 Supported ( 2020 - 01 - 14 ) `` 7 '' Server IA - 64 , x86 - 64 Standard , Enterprise , Datacenter , We Server Windows Home Server 2011 2011 - 04 - 06 6.1 8400 N / A Unsupported ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) Vail x86 - 64 Home Server Server Windows Server 2012 2012 - 08 - 01 6.2 9200 N / A Supported ( 2023 - 10 - 10 ) `` 8 '' Server x86 - 64 Foundation Essentials Standard Datacenter Server Windows 8 2012 - 08 - 01 6.2 9200 N / A Unsupported ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) `` 8 '' IA - 32 , x86 - 64 , ARMv7 Windows 8 , Pro , Enterprise , Windows RT Desktop , Workstation , Multitouch Windows 8.1 2013 - 08 - 27 6.3 9600 N / A Supported ( 2023 - 01 - 10 ) `` Blue '' IA - 32 , x86 - 64 , ARMv7 Windows 8 , Pro , Enterprise , Windows RT 8.1 Desktop , Workstation , Multitouch Windows Server 2012 R2 2013 - 10 - 18 6.3 9600 N / A Supported ( 2023 - 10 - 10 ) `` Blue '' Server x86 - 64 Foundation Essentials Standard Datacenter Server Windows 10 2015 - 07 - 29 10.0 10240 N / A Unsupported ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) `` Threshold '' IA - 32 , x86 - 64 , ARMv7 Home , Pro , Enterprise , Education , Mobile , Mobile Enterprise , IoT Core Desktop , Workstation , Multitouch , Smartphones , PDAs , IoT 2015 - 11 - 12 10586 N / A Unsupported ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) `` Threshold 2 '' 2016 - 08 - 01 14393 N / A Unsupported ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) `` Redstone '' 2017 - 04 - 11 15063 N / A Supported `` Redstone 2 '' 2017 - 10 - 17 16299 N / A `` Redstone 3 '' 2018 - 04 - 30 17134 N / A `` Redstone 4 '' Windows Server 2016 2016 - 09 - 26 14393 N / A Supported `` Redstone '' Server x86 - 64 Server Name Release date Version RTM build Latest build Status support Codename , working name Supported architectures Editions OS type ^ N has also an N - edition ^ K has also an N - edition ^ KN has also an N - edition ^ x64 has a separate x64 - edition ^ Core has also a Core - edition ^ wHV has also an edition without HyperV ^ CwHV has also a Core - edition without HyperV Windows Embedded Compact ( edit ) Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) is a variation of Microsoft 's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems . Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel , rather than a trimmed - down version of desktop Windows . It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles , MIPS , ARM , and Hitachi SuperH processors . Release date RTM build Current version Status support Codename Based on ( kernel ) Kernel type Operating environments Editions Purpose Short description Windows CE 1.0 1996 - 11 Pegasus , Alder CE 1.0 Embedded first release of Microsoft 's Windows CE line for minimalistic computers and embedded systems Windows CE 2.0 1997 - 11 Mercury , Apollo CE 2.0 2.1 , 2.11 Embedded Windows CE 3.0 2000 - 04 Unsupported ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) Cedar , Galileo , Rapier , Merlin , Stinger CE 3.0 Embedded kernel Embedded Windows CE 4.0 2002 - 01 - 07 Talisker CE 4.0 4.1 , 4.2 Embedded Windows CE 5.0 2004 - 07 - 09 5.0 ( 2004 - 07 - 09 ) Unsupported ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) Macallan CE 5.0 Embedded kernel Embedded Windows Embedded CE 6.0 2006 - 11 - 01 Yamazaki CE 6.0 Hybrid kernel Windows Embedded Compact 7 2011 - 03 - 01 ? ? Supported ? CE 7.0 Hybrid ? N / A Windows Mobile ( edit ) Windows Mobile is Microsoft 's discontinued line of operating systems for smartphones . Name Release date RTM build Current version Status support Codename Based on ( kernel ) Supported architectures Windows Pocket PC 2000 2000 - 04 - 19 CE 3.0 Windows Pocket PC 2002 2001 - 10 - 01 CE 3.0 Windows Mobile 2003 2003 - 06 - 23 Ozone CE 4.20 Windows Mobile 5.0 2005 - 05 - 9 / 12 Magneto CE 5.0 Windows Mobile 6.0 2007 - 02 - 12 Crossbow CE 5.2 Windows Mobile 6.1 2008 - 04 - 01 Windows Mobile 6.5 2009 - 05 - 18 Windows Phone ( edit ) As of 2013 Windows Phone is Microsoft 's active line of operating systems for smartphones . Name Release date RTM build Current version Status support Codename Based on ( kernel ) Supported architectures Windows Phone 7 2010 - 11 - 08 7004 7.10. 8862 End of life Photon CE 6.0 ARM Windows Phone 7.5 2011 - 09 - 27 7720 End of life Mango CE 6.1 ARM Windows Phone 7.8 2013 - 02 - 01 8858 End of life CE 6.1 ARM Windows Phone 8 2012 - 10 - 29 10211 10.0. 10586 End of life Apollo , Portico NT 6.2 ARM Windows Phone 8.1 2014 - 04 - 14 12359 End of life Blue NT 6.3 ARM Windows 10 Mobile 2015 - 11 - 08 10586 Supported Threshold NT 10.0 ARM Technical information ( edit ) DOS shells ( edit ) Name Architecture Integrated firewall SMP support USB support UDMA support LFN support Update management APIs Safe Mode Windows 1.0 x86 16 - bit No No No No No No Win16 No Windows 2.0 x86 16 - bit No No No No No No Win16 No Windows 3.0 x86 16 - bit No No No No No No Win16 No Windows 3.1 x x86 16 - bit ( partial 32 - bit compatibility through Win32s ) No No No No No No Win16 , Win32s No Windows 9x ( edit ) Name Kernel Kernel type Architecture Integrated firewall SMP support USB support UDMA support LFN support Update management APIs DDIs Safe Mode DirectX Windows 95 MS - DOS 7.0 ( Win95 , Win95A ) , MS - DOS 7.1 ( Win95B , Win95C ) Monolithic kernel x86 , hybrid 16 / 32 - bit No No Partial ( OSR 2.1 / 2.5 only ) No Yes Windows Update Win16 , Win32 DOS , DLL , VxD , WDM ( USB - only ) , direct - access Yes n / a ( RTM / OSR1 ) 2.0 a ( OSR2 / 2.1 ) 5.0 ( OSR2. 5 ) 8.0 a ( optional ) Windows 98 MS - DOS 7.1 Monolithic kernel x86 , hybrid 16 / 32 - bit No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update Win16 , Win32 DOS , DLL , VxD , WDM ( partial ) , direct - access Yes 5.2 9.0 c ( oct2006 ) ( optional ) Windows 98 Second Edition MS - DOS 7.1 Monolithic kernel x86 , hybrid 16 / 32 - bit No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update Win16 , Win32 DOS , DLL , VxD , WDM ( partial ) , direct - access Yes 6.1 a 9.0 c ( oct2006 ) ( optional ) Windows Me MS - DOS 8.0 Monolithic kernel x86 , hybrid 16 / 32 - bit No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update Win16 , Win32 DLL , VxD , WDM ( partial ) , direct - access Yes 7.1 9.0 c ( oct2006 ) ( optional ) It is possible to install the MS - DOS variants 7.0 and 7.1 without the graphics user interface of Windows . If an independent installation of both , DOS and Windows is desired , DOS ought to be installed prior to Windows , at the start of a small partition . The system must be transferred by the ( dangerous ) `` SYSTEM '' DOS - command , while the other files constituting DOS can simply be copied ( the files located in the DOS - root and the entire COMMAND directory ) . Such a stand - alone installation of MS - DOS 8 is not possible , as it 's designed to work as real mode for Windows Me and nothing else . Windows NT ( edit ) The Windows NT kernel powers all recent Windows operating systems . It runs on IA - 32 , x64 and Itanium processors . Name Architecture Store Integrated firewall SMP support USB support UDMA support Long filename support Package management Update management APIs DDIs Safe Mode Data Execution Prevention DirectX Windows NT 3.1 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS N / A No Yes No ? Yes ( NTFS and HPFS volumes only ) N / A Win32 , OS / 2 , POSIX DLL , KMD No No No Windows NT 3.5 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS N / A No Yes No ? Yes ( except on CDFS volumes ) N / A Win32 , OS / 2 , POSIX DLL , KMD No No No Windows NT 3.51 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS , PowerPC N / A No Yes No ? Yes ( except on CDFS volumes ) N / A Win32 , OS / 2 , POSIX DLL , KMD No No No Windows NT 4.0 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS , PowerPC N / A No Yes Yes ( if the Ion USB update is installed ) Yes Yes N / A Windows Update ( if Internet Explorer 5 or later is installed ) Win32 , OS / 2 , POSIX DLL , KMD No No Yes 3.0 a , 5.0 ( unofficial ) Windows 2000 IA - 32 N / A No Yes Yes ( USB 2.0 with update or SP4 ) Yes Yes N / A Windows Update , WSUS Win32 , OS / 2 , POSIX DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF Yes No Yes 7.0 , 9.0 c ( feb2010 ) ( optional ) Windows XP IA - 32 ( NT5. 1 ) , Itanium ( NT5. 1 / 5.2 ) , x64 ( NT5. 2 ) N / A Yes Yes ( Professional Edition only ) Yes ( USB 2.0 with update or SP1+ ) Yes Yes N / A Windows Update , WSUS Win32 , . NET DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes ( in SP2 ) Yes 9.0 c Windows Server 2003 IA - 32 , Itanium , x64 N / A Yes Yes Yes ( USB 2.0 ) Yes Yes N / A Windows Update , WSUS Win32 DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes ( in SP1 ) Yes 9.0 c Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs IA - 32 N / A Yes No Yes Yes Yes N / A Windows Update , WSUS Win32 DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes 9.0 c Windows Vista IA - 32 , x64 Windows Marketplace Yes Yes Yes ( USB 2.0 ) Yes Yes N / A Windows Update , WSUS Win32 , . NET , POSIX ( only Enterprise and Ultimate ) DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes 10.1 11.0 ( optional ) Windows Server 2008 IA - 32 , Itanium , x64 N / A Yes Yes Yes ( USB 2.0 ) Yes Yes N / A Windows Update , WSUS Win32 DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes 10.1 11.0 ( optional ) Windows Home Server IA - 32 N / A ? Yes Yes ( USB 2.0 ) ? Yes N / A Windows Update Win32 DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 ? ? Yes 9.0 c Windows 7 IA - 32 , x64 N / A Yes Yes Yes ( USB 3.0 ) Yes Yes N / A Windows Update , WSUS Win32 , . NET DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes 11.0 11.1 ( optional ) Windows Server 2008 R2 Itanium , x64 N / A Yes Yes Yes ( USB 3.0 ) Yes Yes N / A Windows Update , WSUS Win32 , . NET DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes 11.0 11.1 ( optional ) Windows Home Server 2011 x64 N / A ? Yes Yes ( USB 3.0 ) ? Yes N / A Windows Update Win32 DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 ? ? Yes 11.0 11.1 ( optional ) Windows Server 2012 x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes ( USB 3.0 ) Yes Yes Windows Store Windows Update , WSUS Win32 , . NET , WinRT DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes 11.1 Windows 8 IA - 32 , x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes ( USB 3.0 ) Yes Yes Windows Store Windows Update , WSUS Win32 , . NET , WinRT DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 Yes Yes Yes 11.1 Windows 8.1 IA - 32 , x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes ( USB 3.0 ) Yes Yes Windows Store , PowerShell Windows Update , WSUS , Windows Store Win32 , . NET , WinRT DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 , UMDFv2 Yes Yes Yes 11.2 Windows Server 2012 R2 x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes ( USB 3.0 ) Yes Yes Windows Store Windows Update , WSUS , Windows Store Win32 , . NET , WinRT DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 , UMDFv2 Yes Yes Yes 11.2 Windows 10 IA - 32 , x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes ( USB 3.1 and Thunderbolt 3 ) Yes Yes Windows Store , PowerShell Windows Update , WSUS , Windows Store Win32 , . NET , WinRT , Linux DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 , UMDFv2 Yes Yes Yes 12 Windows Server 2016 x64 Windows Store Yes Yes Yes ( USB 3.1 and Thunderbolt 3 ) Yes Yes Windows Store Windows Update , WSUS , Windows Store Win32 , . NET , WinRT DLL , KMD , WDM , KMDF , UMDFv1 , UMDFv2 Yes Yes Yes 12 Windows Phone ( edit ) Name Architecture Integrated firewall SMP support USB support UDMA support Package management APIs Windows Phone 8 ARMv7 Yes Yes Yes ( USB 2.0 ) Yes Windows Phone Store Silverlight Windows Phone 8.1 ARMv7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Phone Store Silverlight WinRT Windows 10 Mobile ARMv7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Store Supported file systems ( edit ) Various versions of Windows support various file systems , including : FAT12 , FAT16 , FAT32 , HPFS , or NTFS , along with network file systems shared from other computers , and the ISO 9660 and UDF file systems used for CDs , DVDs , and other optical discs such as Blu - ray . Each file system is usually limited in application to certain media , for example CDs must use ISO 9660 or UDF , and as of Windows Vista , NTFS is the only file system which the operating system can be installed on . Windows Embedded CE 6.0 , Windows Vista Service Pack 1 , and Windows Server 2008 onwards support exFAT , a file system more suitable for USB flash drives . Windows 9x ( edit ) FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 HPFS ISO 9660 NTFS UDF Windows 95 Yes Yes Yes ( OSR2 or above ) Network Drive Yes Network Drive No Windows 98 Yes Yes Yes Network Drive Yes Network Drive Yes ( 1.5 , read ) Windows Me Yes Yes Yes Network Drive Yes Network Drive Yes ( 1.5 , read ) Windows NT ( edit ) FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 HPFS ISO 9660 NTFS exFAT UDF ReFS Windows NT 3.1 , 3.5 , 3.51 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes v1. 0 / v1. 1 No ? No Windows NT 4.0 Yes Yes No Partial Yes Yes v1. 2 No ? No Windows 2000 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3. 0 No Yes No Windows XP Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3. 1 Optional Yes ( 2.01 ) No Windows Server 2003 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v3. 1 Optional Yes No Windows Vista Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) No Windows Server 2008 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes No Windows 7 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) Yes Windows Server 2008 R2 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) Yes Windows Server 2012 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) Yes Windows 8 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) No Windows 8.1 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) Yes Windows Server 2012 R2 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) Yes Windows 10 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) Yes Windows Server 2016 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes v5 Yes Yes ( 2.6 ) Yes Windows Phone ( edit ) FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 HPFS ISO 9660 NTFS UDF ( More Info ) ReFS Windows Phone 8 ? Yes Yes No ? Yes v5 ? No Windows Phone 8.1 ? Yes Yes No ? Yes v5 ? No Windows 10 Mobile ? Yes Yes No ? Yes v5 ? ? Hardware Requirements ( edit ) Installing Windows requires an internal or external optical drive . A keyboard and mouse are the recommended input devices , though some versions support a touchscreen . For operating systems prior to Vista , the drive must be capable of reading CD media , while in Windows Vista onwards , the drive must be DVD - compatible . The drive may be detached after installing Windows . Windows 9x ( edit ) CPU RAM Free disk space Windows 95 386 4 MB 120 MB Windows 98 486 DX2 66 MHz 16 MB 300 MB Windows Me ( Millennium Edition ) Pentium 150 MHz 32 MB 400 MB Windows NT ( edit ) Version CPU <Th_colspan="2"> RAM Free disk space Video adapter and monitor Minimum Recommended Windows NT 3.51 Workstation 386 , 25 MHz 8 MB 16 MB 90 MB VGA ( 640x480 ) Windows NT 4.0 Workstation 486 , 33 MHz 12 MB ? 110 MB Windows 2000 Professional 133 MHz 32 MB 128 MB 650 MB Windows XP 233 MHz 64 MB 128 MB 1.5 GB Super VGA ( 800x600 ) Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs 500 MB Windows XP 64 - Bit Edition 700 MHz Itanium 1 GB ? 6 GB Windows Server 2003 1 GHz ( x86 ) or 1.4 GHz ( x64 ) 128 MB 256 MB 2 GB ( x86 ) 4 GB ( x64 ) Windows Vista 800 MHz 384 MB ( Starter ) 512 MB ( others ) 2 GB 15 GB ( ~ 6.5 GB for OS ) Super VGA ( 800x600 ) WDDM & DirectX 9 for Aero Windows Server 2008 1 GHz ( x86 ) or 1.4 GHz ( x64 ) 2 GB 10 GB Windows 7 1 GHz 1 GB ( x86 ) 2 GB ( x64 ) 4 GB 16 GB ( ~ 6.5 GB for OS ) Windows Server 2012 1.4 GHz ( x86 - 64 ) 512 MB 1 GB 10 GB Super VGA ( 800x600 ) , 32 - bit color Windows 8 1 GHz 1 GB ( x86 ) 2 GB ( x64 ) 4 GB 20 GB ( ~ 6.5 GB for OS ) Super VGA ( 800x600 ) , 32 - bit color 1024 x 768 for Windows Store apps 1366 x 768 to snap apps Windows 10 1 GHz or faster processor or SoC 1 GB ( x86 ) 2 GB ( x64 ) 4 GB 16 GB ( x86 ) 20 GB ( x64 ) Super VGA ( 800x600 ) , 32 - bit color Windows Server 2016 1.4 GHz 64 - bit processor 512 MB ECC 2 GB with Desktop Experience installed depends on role 32 GB Super VGA ( 1024 x768 ) Windows Phone ( edit ) Version CPU <Th_colspan="2"> RAM Free disk space Video adapter and monitor Minimum Recommended Windows Phone 7 0.8 GHz 256 MB N / A 4 GB WVGA ( 800 × 480 ) Windows Phone 8 1 GHz 512 MB N / A 8 GB WVGA ( 800 × 480 ) Windows Phone 8.1 1 GHz 512 MB N / A 4 GB WVGA ( 800 × 480 ) Windows 10 Mobile 1 GHz 1 GB 1 GB 8 GB WVGA ( 800 × 480 ) Physical memory limits ( edit ) Maximum limits on physical memory ( RAM ) that Windows can address vary depending on both the Windows version and between IA - 32 and x64 versions . Windows 9x ( edit ) Windows 95 : 480 MB Windows 98 : 1 GB Windows Me : 1.5 GB Windows NT ( edit ) Operating system Limit on IA - 32 Limit on x64 Windows NT 4.0 4 GB N / A Windows 2000 Professional / Server 4 GB N / A Windows 2000 Advanced Server 8 GB N / A Windows 2000 Datacenter 32 GB N / A Windows XP Starter 512 MB N / A Windows XP Home 4 GB N / A Windows XP Professional 4 GB 128 GB Windows Server 2003 RTM Web 2 GB N / A Windows Server 2003 RTM Standard / Small Business 4 GB N / A Windows Server 2003 RTM Enterprise / Datacenter 64 GB N / A Windows Server 2003 R2 / SP1 Standard 4 GB 32 GB Windows Server 2003 R2 / SP1 Enterprise / Datacenter 64 GB 1 TB Windows Vista Starter 1 GB N / A Windows Vista Home Basic 4 GB 8 GB Windows Vista Home Premium 4 GB 16 GB Windows Vista Business / Enterprise / Ultimate 4 GB 128 GB Windows Home Server 4 GB N / A Windows Server 2008 Web Server / Standard / Small Business 4 GB 32 GB Windows HPC Server 2008 N / A 128 GB Windows Server 2008 Enterprise / Datacenter 64 GB 1 TB Windows 7 Starter 2 GB N / A Windows 7 Home Basic 4 GB 8 GB Windows 7 Home Premium 4 GB 16 GB Windows 7 Professional / Enterprise / Ultimate 4 GB 192 GB Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation N / A 8 GB Windows Server 2008 R2 Web Server / Standard N / A 32 GB Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 N / A 128 GB Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise / Datacenter N / A 2 TB Windows 8 4 GB 128 GB Windows 8 Pro / Enterprise 4 GB 512 GB Windows Server 2012 Foundation N / A 32 GB Windows Server 2012 Essentials N / A 64 GB Windows Server 2012 Standard / Datacenter N / A 4 TB Windows Storage Server 2012 Standard N / A 4 TB Windows Storage Server 2012 Workgroup N / A 32 GB Hyper - V Server 2012 N / A 4 TB Windows 10 Home 4 GB 128 GB Windows 10 Pro 4 GB 2 TB Windows 10 Education 4 GB 2 TB Windows 10 Enterprise 4 GB 2 TB Windows Server 2016 Standard N / A 24 TB Windows Server 2016 Datacenter N / A 24 TB Security features ( edit ) Resource access control Subsystem isolation mechanisms Integrated firewall Encrypted file systems Defender Windows Hello Windows 2000 ACLs TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes ( NTFS only ) No No Windows XP ACLs Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall ( from SP2 ) , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes ( NTFS only ) Optional No Windows Server 2003 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Optional No Windows Vista ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes No Windows Server 2008 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes No Windows 7 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes No Windows Server 2012 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes No Windows 8 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes No Windows Server 2012 R2 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes No Windows 8.1 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes No Windows 10 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes Yes Windows Server 2016 ACLs , Privileges , RBAC Win32 WindowStation , Desktop , Job objects Windows Firewall , TCP / IP Filtering , IPSec Yes Yes Yes Features ( edit ) Version Shell Visual styles Browser Web server Windows Media Player Command - line interpreter Windows 1.0 MS - DOS executive ( Unnamed ) N / A N / A N / A N / A Windows 2.0 MS - DOS executive ( Unnamed ) N / A N / A N / A N / A Windows 3.0 Program Manager ( Unnamed ) N / A N / A 3.0 ( Multimedia Extension edition only ) N / A Windows 3.1 x Program Manager ( Unnamed ) N / A N / A 3.1 N / A Windows 95 Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 1 in OEM RTM Internet Explorer 2 in OSR1 Internet Explorer 3 in OSR2 and OSR2. 1 Internet Explorer 4 in OSR2. 5 N / A 4.0 COMMAND.COM Windows NT 4.0 Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 2 Internet Explorer 3 ( in some localized editions ) PWS 4.0 COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE Windows 98 Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 4.01 PWS 4.0 COMMAND.COM Windows 98 SE Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 5 PWS 4.0 COMMAND.COM Windows 2000 Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 5.01 IIS 5.0 5.0 and 6.4 ( side by side ) COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE Windows Me Windows shell Classic Internet Explorer 5.5 N / A 6.4 and 7.0 ( side by side ) COMMAND.COM Windows XP Windows shell Luna ( default ) , Classic Internet Explorer 6 IIS 5.1 5.1 , 6.4 and 8 ( in RTM ) 5.1 , 6.4 and 9 ( in SP2 ) COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE , PowerShell ( optional ) Windows Server 2003 Windows shell Classic ( default ) , Luna 6.0 IIS 6.0 9 ( in RTM ) , 10 ( in SP1 ) COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE , PowerShell ( optional ) Windows Vista Windows shell Aero ( default ) , Classic Internet Explorer 7 IIS 7 11 COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE , PowerShell ( optional ) Windows Server 2008 Windows shell , Server Core Classic ( default ) , Aero ( via `` Desktop Experience '' ) Internet Explorer 7 IIS 7 11 ( enabled by installing `` Desktop Experience '' ) COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE , PowerShell ( optional ) Windows 7 Windows shell Aero ( default ) , Classic Internet Explorer 8 IIS 7.5 12 COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE , PowerShell v2. 0 Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows shell , Server Core Classic ( default ) , Aero ( via `` Desktop Experience '' ) Internet Explorer 8 IIS 7.5 12 ( via `` Desktop Experience '' ) CMD. EXE , PowerShell v2. 0 Windows Server 2012 Windows shell , Server Core Metro Internet Explorer 10 IIS 8 12 ( via `` Desktop Experience '' ) CMD. EXE , PowerShell v3. 0 Windows 8 Windows shell Metro Internet Explorer 10 IIS 8 12 COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE , PowerShell v3. 0 Windows Server 2012 R2 Windows shell , Windows server core Metro Internet Explorer 11 IIS 8.5 12 ( via `` Desktop Experience '' ) CMD. EXE , PowerShell v4. 0 Windows 8.1 Windows shell Metro Internet Explorer 11 IIS 8.5 12 COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE , PowerShell v4. 0 Windows 10 Windows shell Metro Internet Explorer 11 Microsoft Edge 12 - 13 IIS 10.0 12 COMMAND.COM , CMD. EXE , PowerShell v5. 0 Windows Server 2016 Windows shell , Windows server core Metro Internet Explorer 11 Microsoft Edge 13 IIS 10.0 12 ( via `` Desktop Experience '' ) CMD. EXE , PowerShell v5. 0 Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Microsoft Windows view talk See also ( edit ) Microsoft portal Other lists ( edit ) List of Microsoft Windows versions List of operating systems Comparison of operating systems Comparison of kernels Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP History of Microsoft Windows Comparison of DOS operating systems Architecture of the Windows NT operating system line Microsoft codenames Windows clones and emulators ( edit ) Freedows OS -- Windows clone ReactOS -- project to develop an operating system that is binary compatible with application software and device drivers for Microsoft Windows NT version 5. x Wine ( software ) -- compatibility layer which allows to execute programs that were originally written for Microsoft Windows References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Availability of Universal Serial Bus Support in Windows 95 http://support.microsoft.com/kb/253756/EN-US Jump up ^ `` Updated USB 2.0 Drivers Are Available in Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 ( SP4 ) '' . Microsoft Support . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Don ( August 5 , 2002 ) . `` USB 2.0 Support in Windows XP : High Speed at Last '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2004 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USB 2.0 and Windows Operating Systems '' . Windows Hardware Development . May 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Release Notes for Windows XP 64 - Bit Edition Setup '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Vista Starter Fact Sheet '' . Microsoft . December 2007 . Jump up ^ jaimeo . `` System Requirements '' . docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` What is the maximum amount of RAM the Windows operating system can handle ? '' . Crucial . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Memory Limits for Windows Releases '' . Microsoft . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chen , Raymond . `` Windows 95 does n't boot with more than 1GB of RAM '' . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Basic Computing Using Windows Official website Time line from Microsoft German Site about Microsoft Windows history <Th_colspan="2"> hide Operating systems by Microsoft Desktop Microsoft Windows 9x NT CE MS - DOS MSX - DOS OS / 2 Xenix Mobile Nokia Asha platform Nokia X platform KIN OS Windows Mobile Windows Phone Zune Windows 10 Mobile Console Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One Projects Barrelfish Bigtop Cairo HomeOS Linux distros Azure Sphere OS MIDAS Midori Singularity Verve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions&oldid=842720523 '' Categories : Microsoft Windows Operating system comparisons Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 07 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Microsoft Windows versions
2. Comparison of Windows operating systems
3. Windows 9x vs Windows NT
4. Windows Mobile and Windows Phone
5. Technical information about Windows operating systems
|
411,841,588,530,447,170 |
the chronicles of narnia the voyage of the dawn treader wikipedia
|
The Chronicles of Narnia : the Voyage of the Dawn Treader - Wikipedia The Chronicles of Narnia : the Voyage of the Dawn Treader Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel , see The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . For the video game , see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( video game ) . For the soundtrack , see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( soundtrack ) . For the TV serial , see Prince Caspian / The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1989 TV serial ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Apted Produced by Mark Johnson Andrew Adamson Philip Steuer Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Michael Petroni Based on The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C.S. Lewis Starring Skandar Keynes Georgie Henley Ben Barnes Will Poulter Tilda Swinton Music by David Arnold Cinematography Dante Spinotti Edited by Rick Shaine Production company Walden Media Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date November 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) ( Royal Film Performance ) December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) ( United Kingdom ) December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 115 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $155 million Box office $415.7 million The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a 2010 American - British fantasy adventure film based on The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , the third novel in C.S. Lewis 's epic fantasy series The Chronicles of Narnia ( and fifth in internal chronological order ) . It is the third installment in The Chronicles of Narnia film series , and the final film in the series to be produced by Walden Media . This is the only film in the series to be distributed by 20th Century Fox , as Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures chose not to distribute the film after Disney went into a budget dispute with Walden Media . The film is set three Narnian years after the events of Prince Caspian . The two youngest Pevensie siblings , Edmund ( Skandar Keynes ) and Lucy ( Georgie Henley ) , are transported back to Narnia along with their cousin Eustace Scrubb ( Will Poulter ) . They join the new king of Narnia , Caspian ( Ben Barnes ) , in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and to save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a dark island . Each character is tested as they journey to the home of the great lion Aslan ( Liam Neeson ) at the far end of the world . Development on The Voyage of the Dawn Treader began in 2007 , while Prince Caspian was still in production . Filming was supposed to take place in Malta , the Czech Republic , and Iceland in 2008 with Michael Apted as the director , for a planned release in 2009 , but production was halted after a budgetary dispute between Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures concerning Prince Caspian 's performance at the box office , resulting in Disney departing the production and being replaced by 20th Century Fox . Filming later took place in Australia and New Zealand in 2009 and was converted into 3D in 2010 . It was released in traditional 2D , RealD 3D , and Digital 3D , and a limited release in 4D . The film premiered on November 30 , 2010 , at a Royal Film Performance in London and was released worldwide on December 10 , 2010 . It was commercially successful but met with mixed reviews , praising the performances and visual effects but criticizing the script and pace . The film received moderate success in North America with a gross of $104 million , which was lower than its predecessors . However , it fared better than Prince Caspian internationally with $310 million . The film was the 12th - highest - grossing film of 2010 worldwide with nearly $415 million and received a nomination at the 68th Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song . It then became 20th Century Fox 's highest - grossing film in 2010 . The Magician 's Nephew was to be the fourth entry to the series , but in Autumn 2011 Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis estate expired , which placed the possibility of another film on indefinite hold . However , on October 1 , 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced that they have entered into an agreement with The Mark Gordon Company to jointly develop and produce the fourth film , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Pevensies and Scrubbs 2.2 Dawn Treader crew 2.3 Narnians 2.4 Cameos 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Effects 3.4. 1 Conversion to 3D 3.5 Music 4 Marketing 4.1 Promotions 4.2 Books 4.3 Games 5 Release 5.1 Commercial analysis 5.2 Home media 5.2. 1 Collector 's edition and Blu - ray 3D 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Edmund and Lucy Pevensie are staying with their irritating bookworm cousin , Eustace Scrubb , until the war is over , separated from Peter and Susan . Edmund is still too young to enlist in His Majesty 's Armed Forces . At their cousin 's home , a painting of a ship on the ocean transports Lucy , Edmund and Eustace into an ocean in Narnia . They are rescued by Caspian , who captains the Dawn Treader . He invites them on a voyage to rescue the seven Lords of Narnia whom his uncle Miraz banished . In the Lone Islands , where people are sold as slaves , Caspian and Edmund are captured and imprisoned , while Lucy and Eustace are sold as slaves . Caspian meets one of the lost lords ( Lord Bern ) , who reveals that the slaves are not sold , but sacrificed to a mysterious green mist . They are rescued by their crew . Bern , who becomes the new governor , gives Caspian a sword , one of seven given to each of the lords by Aslan . At another island , Lucy is abducted by the invisible Dufflepuds , who force her to enter the manor of the magician Coriakin to find a visibility spell . She does so , and later introduces him to her friends . Coriakin encourages the crew to defeat the mist by laying the lords ' seven swords at Aslan 's Table on Ramandu 's island , but warns them that they are about to be tested , through temptation . Lucy recites a beauty incantation she found , and enters a dream in which she has transformed into Susan and neither Lucy nor Narnia exist . Aslan chides Lucy for her self - doubt , explaining that her siblings only know of Narnia because of her , telling her `` do n't run away from who you are '' . Another sword is recovered from a magical pool that turns anything that touches it into gold , including one of the lost lords ( which leads to a massive fight between Edmund and Caspian ) . Meanwhile , Eustace finds , and steals from a rock pit full of treasure . While Edmund and Caspian look for Eustace , they discover the remains of another of the lords and recover his sword . A dragon approaches and is driven away from the Dawn Treader . The dragon is revealed to be Eustace , transformed by the treasure after succumbing to its temptations . Reepicheep befriends Eustace , and Eustace is touched by the mouse 's kindness . He undergoes a change of heart and becomes helpful to the crew . The crew arrive at Aslan 's Table to find three lost lords sleeping . As they place the swords on the table they realize one is still missing . A star descends from the sky and transforms into Lilliandil , a beautiful woman who guides them to the Dark Island , lair of the Mist , where they discover the last surviving Lord , Rhoop . Edmund 's fear manifests itself as a monstrous sea serpent that attacks the ship . Eustace fights the serpent , but Rhoop wounds him with the last sword , causing him to fly away with the sword impaled in his side . He encounters Aslan , who transforms him back into a boy , removes the sword from his body and sends him to Ramandu 's island with it . As the crew fights the serpent , the Mist tries to distract Edmund by appearing as Jadis , the White Witch . Eustace reaches the table and fights through the Mist to place the sword upon it , allowing the swords to unleash their magic and bestow Peter 's sword ( of which Edmund was in possession ) with the power to slay the sea serpent , the death of which awakens the three sleeping lords , destroys the Mist and Dark Island and liberates the sacrificed slaves . Eustace rejoins Lucy , Edmund , Caspian , and Reepicheep , and they sail to a mysterious shore before a massive wave . Aslan appears and tells them that his country lies beyond , although if they go there they may never return . Caspian refuses , knowing that he has more duties to do as king , but Reepicheep is determined to enter , and Aslan blesses him before he paddles beyond the wave . Aslan opens a portal to send Lucy , Edmund and Eustace home , but informs Lucy and Edmund they have grown up and can never return to Narnia . Aslan encourages them to know him in their world by another name , and tells a reformed Eustace that he may return . The three enter the portal and swim up to the bedroom . Eustace hears his mother announcing a visitor , Jill Pole . The three leave the room , stopping to look back at the painting , which shows the Dawn Treader sailing out of sight . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members Pevensies and scrubbs ( edit ) Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie : Edmund is the second - youngest of the Pevensie children and a King of Narnia . He is more matured after the events of Prince Caspian , and he takes good care of his younger sister and cousin while they embark on a voyage to defeat the enemy . On his last journey , his hunger for more power against Caspian and the White Witch is being tested . Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie : Lucy is the youngest of the Pevensie children . A Queen of Narnia who first discovered the world of Narnia during the events of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , she comes back to Narnia to save it from a threatening evil while her faith is being tested along the way . Henley feels that Lucy 's desire to be more beautiful than her sister Susan represents the dilemma of modern teenage girls on beauty and image . Will Poulter as Eustace Scrubb : Eustace is the Pevensie children 's annoying cousin who gets transported to Narnia for the first time . At first , he irritates everyone with his bad attitude , but he dramatically changes after he is cursed and becomes a dragon . With the support of his cousins and the warrior mouse Reepicheep , Eustace becomes a more generous and cooperative soul . He uses his dragon form to good advantage first when the Dawn Treader is caught in magically induced doldrums by towing the ship and later attacking the sea serpent , earning the crew 's respect . Dawn Treader crew ( edit ) Ben Barnes as King Caspian : Caspian was raised as a Telmarine prince and was helped by the Pevensie children to ascend to the throne as the new King of Narnia during the events of Prince Caspian . As the King of Narnia , he has grown into a wise young man and embarks on a voyage to seek the seven lost lords of Narnia and to defeat an enemy who threatens to corrupt it . Along the way , his faith is tested when he is tempted by the green mist of Dark Island , which appears to him as his greatest fear -- his father feeling nothing but disappointment in him . Also on the voyage , Caspian finds a new love interest when he meets Lilliandil on Ramandu 's Island and is instantly smitten with her . Simon Pegg as the voice of Reepicheep : Reepicheep is the valiant swashbuckling mouse who aided Caspian and the Pevensie children during the events of Prince Caspian . He joins Caspian in the voyage on the Dawn Treader because he is aware that his time is at an end ; he must seek the unseen Aslan 's Country as his last voyage . Pegg replaced Eddie Izzard because director Michael Apted thought that his voice is more mature and serious compared to Izzard 's . Gary Sweet as Lord Drinian : Drinian is the captain of the Dawn Treader and Caspian 's best friend . He is a very cautious and protective captain , and is somewhat superstitious about stories of sea serpents . Shane Rangi as Tavros the Minotaur : Rangi also played Asterius the Minotaur in Prince Caspian and General Otmin in The Lion , The Witch , and the Wardrobe . Morgan Evans as Randy the Faun Steven Rooke as Nausus the Faun Tony Nixon as 1st Mate ( Rynelf ) Narnians ( edit ) Liam Neeson as the voice of Aslan : Aslan is a great lion and the highest of all the Kings of Narnia . He tests everyone 's faith as they embark on a voyage to defeat evil and to seek his country in the ends of the world . He later guides Reepicheep to his own country . Tilda Swinton as Jadis , the White Witch and the Green Mist in her form : The White Witch is a former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after the events of The Magician 's Nephew and during the events of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Edmund 's memories of her are revived by the Green Mist to torment him in his test to defeat Laura Brent as Lilliandil : Lilliandil is the daughter of the retired star , Ramandu and the Blue Star that shines over Ramandu 's Island ; the crew on the Dawn Treader follow her position in the sky to reach the island . She aides the crew in destroying the evil of Dark Island and is also Caspian 's love interest . The name of Ramandu 's daughter is not mentioned in the novel ; Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and an executive producer of the film , coined the name `` Lilliandil '' . Bille Brown as Coriakin : Coriakin is a wizard and a retired star who guides the Dufflepuds to wisdom . He reveals to the crew the evil that threatens to corrupt Narnia and warns them that each one of them will be tested in their faith by Aslan . Terry Norris as Lord Bern : Bern is one of the Lost Lords of Narnia who settled on the Lone Islands . He later succeeds as its new Governor . Bruce Spence as Lord Rhoop : Rhoop of the Lost Lords of Narnia . He gets trapped on the Dark Island . Arabella Morton as Gael : Gael is a Lone Islander whose mother was sacrificed to the green mist . She later sneaks on board the Dawn Treader to follow her father ( Rhince , played by Arthur Angel ) , who also joins the Dawn Treader crew to look for his wife . She is good friends with Lucy and sees her as her heroine , as Lucy acts much like a big sister to her . Nathaniel Parker as Caspian IX and the Green Mist in his form : The late father of Caspian X , who was murdered by his brother Miraz shortly after his son 's birth . The Green Mist of Dark Island appears to Caspian as his father , telling him that he is ashamed to call him his son . David Vallon as Governor Gumpas , a slave trader who deals with the Green Mist . Michael Foster as Gumpas 's money collector Roy Billing as Chief Dufflepud Cameos ( edit ) William Moseley as Peter Pevensie : Peter is the oldest of the Pevensie children , who was crowned as the High King of Narnia during the events of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . He was too old to experience the wonders of Narnia after the events of Prince Caspian . Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie : Susan is the second - oldest of the Pevensie children and a Queen of Narnia . She was too old to visit Narnia a third time along with her older brother Peter . She went to America with her parents , leaving her younger siblings to spend a not - so - fun holiday with their cousin Eustace . Douglas Gresham as a slave buyer : Douglas Gresham is the stepson of C.S. Lewis and made cameo appearances in all three Narnia films , all of which he co-produced / executive produced . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Michael Apted took over as the film 's director from Andrew Adamson , who opted to produce , with Mark Johnson , Perry Moore , and Douglas Gresham . Steven Knight wrote the script following a draft by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . Richard Taylor , Isis Mussenden , and Howard Berger continued their roles working on the production design and practical effects , while visual effects supervisor Jim Rygiel , composer David Arnold , and cinematographer Dante Spinotti are newcomers to the series . The film was officially budgeted at $140 million , although some estimates put the cost at $155 million . The Dawn Treader as featured in the film When Apted signed on to direct The Voyage of the Dawn Treader in June 2007 , filming was set to begin in January 2008 for a May 1 , 2009 release date . Shooting would have begun in Malta , and then moved to Prague and Iceland . A few months later , Disney announced that `` in consideration of the challenging schedules for ( its ) young actors '' , they were delaying the release date to May 7 , 2010 , and filming was moved to October 2008 . Johnson rescheduled the shoot to Playas de Rosarito , Baja California ( Mexico ) , where two - thirds of the film would be shot at the water tank that was used for Titanic and Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World . Filming was also scheduled for Australia . Disney and Walden eventually grew concerned over safety in Mexico , and Australian officials at Warner Roadshow Studios in Queensland offered to become the project 's base for the whole shoot . Disney announced on December 24 , 2008 that they will not be distributing the film , due to a budget dispute with Walden over the box office performance of Prince Caspian , which grossed far less than The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ; Disney wanted to limit it to $100 million , whereas Walden wanted a $140 million budget , of which Disney would only need to provide half . Another reason why Disney opted not to produce the film was because they feared the budget would only grow during filming and post-production . The Los Angeles Times also reported `` creative differences '' led to the split . Times columnist Mary McNamara noted that Disney leaving the series could be a mistake , because Voyage is the most popular Narnia book , while Caspian was the series ' least popular and did not create the anticipation surrounding the first film . Walden had to find a new distributor for the film . Several other studios , including Sony 's Columbia Pictures , Paramount Pictures , Universal Pictures , Warner Bros. , and 20th Century Fox were in negotiations to distribute the film , although several markets already predicted that Fox would take over . It was announced in January 2009 that Walt Disney Pictures would be replaced by 20th Century Fox as the distributor , although Disney would continue to retain the distribution rights for the first two . Fox had pursued the Narnia film rights in 2001 and distributed other Walden projects . Producer Mark Johnson admitted that `` we made some mistakes with Prince Caspian and I do n't want to make them again . '' He said it was `` very important '' that filmmakers regain the magic for Dawn Treader . Writing ( edit ) Michael Petroni was hired to rewrite the script with Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely , following a draft written by Richard LaGravenese and Steven Knight . The previous two films have been described as remaining more faithful to the original stories than the third installment . Apted noted the episodic and disconnected nature of the story would need to be revised for a film version , such as the material involving the Dark Island , the Sea Serpent , and Eustace . They even discussed combining The Voyage of the Dawn Treader with The Silver Chair , much as the BBC combined Dawn Treader and Prince Caspian in its television serial . As a result , some elements were borrowed from The Silver Chair , where Narnians are held hostage and rescued . The author 's estate did not initially receive the change well , but it gained favor after review . Eustace has a greater role as a dragon in the film such as not only allowed to proceed with the ship to the next islands in that state , but also proves a valuable asset for the crew for the remainder of the voyage . This is so he could take a major part in the action and not merely do expedition work duty as in the book . The book 's stream of consciousness description about Eustace gradually realizing that he had become a dragon while sleeping is effective as text , but it could not easily be translated onto film . Further , a noted passage from the book where Aslan peels Eustace 's dragon skin off in layers is not used . Walden President Micheal Flaherty remarked about it that `` people do n't earn grace ; they receive it once they are humbled and aware of their need . '' The old dragon which Eustace finds , and sees it die of old age , in the valley in the book , is not used in the film . Filming ( edit ) Ernie Malik , a unit publicist for the film , confirmed that filming began on July 27 , 2009 , on location in Queensland , Australia . Filming took place at Village Roadshow Studios in August and September 2009 , with filming of exterior shots on board the ship at Cleveland Point and the Gold Coast Seaway in September 2009 . Apted stated that fellow directors Gore Verbinski and Peter Weir recommended him not to shoot on water , so they built a giant Dawn Treader on a gimbal , which allowed it to rock and shift as if on the high seas . At the extreme end of the town 's peninsula , jutting into Moreton Bay , the 145 - tonne ( 160 - ton ) boat could be rotated through 360 degrees to keep the sun angles consistent . Additional shots were taken at The Southport School , also located on the Gold Coast . It was also filmed at White Island in New Zealand . Effects ( edit ) The two stages of animating the King 's College Gatehouse in Cambridge University There are 1,400 special effects shots that were made for The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , more than The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 's 800 and fewer than Prince Caspian 's 1,500 shots . Angus Bickerton served as the lead visual effects supervisor of the film while Jim Rygiel , who supervised the effects on the Lord of the Rings film trilogy , worked as the senior visual effects supervisor . British visual effects companies the Moving Picture Company , Framestore CFC , and The Senate VFX were hired to create the visual effects alongside Cinesite and The Mill . Moving Picture worked on the dragon Eustace and the Dawn Treader . They say the dragon is `` amongst the most heroic characters ever created , and is scheduled to be featured in around 200 shots of the movie . '' They also revised Reepicheep from the previous film by saturating his color , giving him bushier eyebrows and ear hair , and made his whiskers a little more wiry just to give him a sense of age . Framestore also revised Aslan , changing his color palette to be a more realistic lion than a golden lion and adding a darker mane ; they also created 16 different dufflepuds to replace Jonathan Fawkner and Angus Bickerton running around first as dufflepuds on the set ; The Senate worked on the opening shot of King 's College , Cambridge , as well as the star effect on Liliandil at Ramandu 's Island ; Cinesite worked on the Dark Island , and Fugitive Studios did the end titles and credits , which featured original drawings created by Pauline Baynes for the Narnia books . These illustrations were included because the film 's creators wanted the credits to have visual interest , and also because they wished to include an acknowledgement to Baynes , who died in August 2008 . Conversion to 3D ( edit ) `` Well , the thing about us is that we have a long time . We decided in February ( 2010 ) to make Dawn Treader a 3D movie , so we had nine months to do it . Some of these other films put 3D in very quickly . I believe something like Clash of the Titans had about eight weeks . So we have had time to think about it , so it has n't been a rush . I think we 'll get very good value out of it . They wo n't see anything cheap or nasty . Rest assured on that . '' -- Michael Apted defending the film 's conversion to 3D after a series of media criticism of 3D conversions of films released in 2010 , After the success of the 3D release of Avatar , 20th Century Fox announced in February 2010 that The Voyage of the Dawn Treader would be released in Digital 3D and RealD 3D formats ; it is the first Narnia film to have a 3D release . Walden had previous experience creating 3D films , having released James Cameron 's documentaries Ghosts of the Abyss and Aliens of the Deep , as well as Journey to the Center of the Earth with New Line Cinema . The filmmakers initially discussed shooting the film in 3D during principal photography but later decided to shoot in two - dimensional cameras to save on costs . Prime Focus Group was hired in June 2010 to convert the film to 3D during post-production . Film director Joe Dante remarked that Apted was at first skeptical about the conversion , stating `` If I was gon na do a 3D movie , I would have done it differently . '' Later , he remarked that he was excited after seeing progress during the conversion . Dawn Treader was his first 3D film . Johnson later said that the reason for the film 's 3D release was to help Dawn Treader at the box office , where it would be in competition with films such as Tangled , Tron : Legacy , and Yogi Bear which were released in 3D . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( soundtrack ) Composer David Arnold scored the film , with themes composed by Harry Gregson - Williams ( who scored the first two films ) . It was the Arnold 's fourth collaboration with Apted , after The World Is Not Enough , Enough , and Amazing Grace . Arnold worked with Paul Apted in editing the score , which he said was `` going to be epic . '' The scoring sessions took place during September and work was completed on October 8 , 2010 . An original song , `` There 's A Place for Us '' written by Carrie Underwood , David Hodges , and Hillary Lindsey , and recorded by Carrie Underwood , was released on November 16 , 2010 exclusively on iTunes . It was released on December 7 , 2010 by Sony Masterworks . Covers of the song have been recorded by various singers around the world for international releases of the film . Marketing ( edit ) Promotions ( edit ) In addition to its production budget , Fox and Walden spent around $100 million to promote the film around the world . In late November 2009 , three still pictures from the film were released on the social networking site Facebook . In February 2010 , Narnia.com , the official domain , returned after a nine - month hiatus , bringing exclusive reports from the set . The full site , with the first trailer , information on the film 's story and cast , and other content , opened on June 17 , 2010 . The film 's first promotional banner was presented at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival , which was followed by a teaser poster in May 2010 . A Christian Narnia conference was held from June 3 -- 6 , 2010 , at Taylor University in Upland , Indiana . Director Michael Apted and some of the producers gave exclusive commentary on and first looks at the film , including a 5 - minute `` super trailer '' . Franklin Graham 's Samaritan 's Purse program promoted an international relief campaign entitled Operation Narnia to donate relief goods to children around the world from July to December 2010 . The historic caravel ship The Matthew was transformed into a replica of The Dawn Treader to promote the film . It sailed from the Atlantic Ocean to the English Channel in August 2010 . National Geographic Channel and Fox conducted a series of contests in Europe for people who want to visit the ship for three days . The National Maritime Museum in Cornwall made the ship available to the public on August 28 to August 30 , 2010 . `` It 's a story that has English roots but its relatable to every child on the planet because its about growing up , finding yourself , coming to terms with yourself and knowing what your values are . '' -- Michael Apted on the heart of the film IGN said that the film `` was far more reminiscent of the vibrant and optimistic The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe than of its dark and violent sequel , Prince Caspian '' . UGO said that `` Narnia 's gone back to the magic '' and remarked that `` sailing the high seas looks fun ! '' The first official trailer for the film was released online on June 17 , 2010 . The trailer was attached to the theatrical release of Toy Story 3 on June 18 , 2010 . and then attached to Alpha and Omega on September 17 , 2010 . 20th Century Fox released the trailer on the Diary of a Wimpy Kid DVD release . An international poster and trailer for the film was shown on October 7 , 2010 . A third trailer was released November 9 , 2010 . To promote the film 's release , American television networks ABC and Disney Channel broadcast The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe on December 11 , 13 , and 14 . Cable network Syfy screened Prince Caspian on December 12 and 13 . Books ( edit ) HarperCollins published new editions of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Chronicles of Narnia on October 26 , 2010 , with new images of the film . Harper published a new edition of The Chronicles of Narnia , commemorating the 60th anniversary of The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , and released it the same day . A movie storybook and several other tie - in books were released by HarperChildrens , Walden Pond Press , and Zondervan to promote the film . On November 12 , 2010 , HarperCollins released an enhanced multimedia e-book of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader for several platforms including iPad and Android . Group Publishing released three previews from the film and included it in their vacation Bible school resource kit called Fun for the Whole Family Hour on August 19 , 2010 . Grace Hill Media released a resource tool entitled Narnia Faith for ministers and pastors on October 12 , 2010 . Games ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( video game ) Nihilistic Software and Disney Interactive Studios was supposed to develop a video game based on the film for Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Wii when Disney was still involved in the project . But when Fox took over the production , Nihilistic sought out negotiations with Fox Digital Entertainment division . They failed to agree on a settlement , which resulted in the cancellation of the video game . Fox Digital Entertainment later collaborated with Gameloft to produce a mobile game for iPhone and iPod Touch which was released on November 18 , 2010 . Release ( edit ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader held its world premiere on November 30 , 2010 in London at the Royal Film Performance in Leicester Square . It was the first time the Royal Film Performance was screened in Digital 3D and the second time a Narnia film premiered at the event , the first being The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe in 2005 . The premiere was attended by various personalities , including Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip . It was given a pre-release gala on December 8 in Knoxville , Tennessee followed by a North American premiere in Louisville , Kentucky on December 9 , 2010 . The film was originally set to have a May 2009 release date when Disney was still producing it. ; a May 7 , 2010 release date was also announced in early 2009 , soon after Disney left the project . But the film was later delayed when Disney pulled itself and Fox helmed the production . Fox later announced a December 2010 release date because it felt that Narnia will do better during the holidays . It had its major release in Digital 3D , RealD 3D , and 2D formats in Asia and Australia on December 2 , 2010 and in North America and Europe on December 10 , 2010 . Commercial analysis ( edit ) Brandon Gray of Box Office Mojo stated that `` There certainly will be an audience for this picture , I just do n't think it is going to restore the franchise to its former glory . '' He added that the film would be considered a relative success if it made anything close to Prince Caspian 's box office numbers , which would increase the likelihood of further Narnia films . `` They got a little careless by taking the faith group for granted -- and by neglecting it paid the price . We realized we ca n't make the same mistake . We 've got to sell the film to everybody . '' -- Michael Apted on focusing The Voyage of the Dawn Treader to the Christian audiences Mark Johnson , the producer of the Narnia films , later remarked that Prince Caspian `` had strayed from its core audience , '' referring to the Christian and family audience who catapulted The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe to the top at the box office . Tom Rothman , co-chairman of Fox Filmed Entertainment , remarked , `` We think this is a tremendously undervalued asset , we believe there is great life in the franchise . '' He feels the film is not just a single motion picture , but a re-launch of a movie series that still has long - term potential . He commented that Fox and Walden had engaged in talks about further potential Narnia films , though such discussions were made prior to the opening of Dawn Treader . Home Media ( edit ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader on Blu - ray and DVD on April 8 , 2011 . The release included a single disc DVD , a two - disc DVD double pack , a single disc Blu - ray , and a three - disc Blu - ray with DVD and Digital Copy . The two - disc DVD double pack will feature an animated short film entitled The Untold adventures of the Dawn Treader , a guide to the Dawn Treader , seven featurettes aired on Fox Movie Channel and 5 minutes of deleted scenes . The three - disc Blu - ray edition will also feature 8 international music videos , a sword game , five Island explorations , two additional short films entitled Portal to Narnia : A Painting Comes to Life & Good vs. Evil : Battle on the Sea , a visual effects progression reel , and a digital copy . Collector 's edition and Blu - ray 3D ( edit ) 20th Century Fox , have announced that the 3D Blu - ray will be released in the US on August 30 , 2011 . Walden Media President Micheal Flaherty stated in an interview that 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment are developing a collector 's edition box - set DVD and Blu - ray containing the first three films . Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) The film grossed $415,686,217 worldwide , including $104,386,950 in North America as well as $311,299,267 in other territories . It is the 12th - highest - grossing film worldwide of 2010 , as well as Fox 's highest - grossing film of that year since , ahead of Knight and Day and Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader opened in 3,555 theaters across the United States and Canada on December 10 , 2010 . On its opening day , the film grossed $8.3 million , which was far lower than the $23.0 million that The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe made on its opening day in 2005 , and also much lower than Prince Caspian , which had an opening - day gross of $19.4 million in 2008 . Although The Voyage of the Dawn Treader debuted at # 1 at the box office and grossed $24.0 million for its opening weekend , it was far less than the opening weekends of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( $65.6 million ) and Prince Caspian ( $55.0 million ) . Despite The Voyage of the Dawn Treader 's disappointing opening weekend , Fox believed that word of mouth and the holiday season would help the film hold well . In its second weekend , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader dropped 48 % , the smallest second - weekend drop in the franchise , and came in with $12.4 million , in third place to Tron : Legacy and Yogi Bear . During its third weekend , the 2010 Christmas weekend , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader dropped only 24 % , the smallest decline among nationwide releases , and grossed $9.5 million . In the 2011 New Year 's weekend , the film increased 8 % from the previous weekend , grossing $10.3 million . On January 22 , 2011 , the film 's forty - fourth day in theaters , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader became 20th Century Fox 's first film to gross $100 million in the United States and Canada since Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel crossed that mark in December 2009 . However , it is the slowest Narnia film to reach $100 million in these regions , taking much longer than The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( nine days ) and Prince Caspian ( thirteen days ) . Overseas , the film performed better . On its limited opening weekend ( Dec. 3 -- 5 , 2010 ) when it opened in only 9 territories ( among them some limited releases ) , it earned $11.9 million ranking 4th for the weekend . On its first weekend of wide release ( Dec. 10 -- 12 , 2010 ) , it expanded to 58 countries and topped the box office , earning $65.8 million , for an overseas total of $79.8 million . The film 's biggest opening market was Russia , where it opened with $10.9 million ( the best start for the franchise ) including previews . It had the best opening of for a Narnia film in Mexico ( $7.1 million including previews ) and South Korea ( $5.3 million including previews ) . Its opening in the UK , a mere $3.9 million , was less than half of what Prince Caspian opened with and about a quarter of the first film 's UK opening in 2005 . However , the film held well throughout the holiday season in the UK , and on the weekend ending January 9 , 2011 it outgrossed the £ 11,653,554 that Prince Caspian made in that region . It made £ 14,317,168 ( $23,650,534 ) at the UK box office . On its second weekend , it held to the top spot at the box office , but declined 53 % to $31.2 million for an overseas total of $125.2 million . It fell to fifth place on the Christmas weekend ( $23.1 million ) and on New Year 's weekend it went down to sixth place ( $19.3 million ) for an overseas total of $210.2 million . It eased 5 % to $18.4 million from 53 markets on its fifth showing for a fourth - place finish . It had a major opening of $6.3 million in China , which was better than Prince Caspian 's $3.9 million . On its 12th weekend ( February 25 -- 27 ) , it surpassed Prince Caspian 's foreign gross ( $278 million ) when it opened in Japan , with a $6.6 million gross , which is behind the first film 's opening ( $8.9 million ) but better than the second film 's ( $5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader was met with mixed reviews from critics . Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 49 % of critics gave the film a positive review , based on a sample of 159 reviews , with a rating average of 5.7 out of 10 . The consensus was : `` Its leisurely , businesslike pace wo n't win the franchise many new fans , but Voyage of the Dawn Treader restores some of the Narnia franchise 's lost luster with strong performances and impressive special effects . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating from film critics , the film has a rating score of 53 out of 100 based on 33 reviews . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave the film an A - on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars out of four , saying `` This is a rip - snorting adventure fantasy for families , especially the younger members who are not insistent on continuity . '' Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave it three stars out of four ; he remarked it is `` a worthy challenger to the far more popular Harry Potter pictures '' . The Guardian gave the film a positive review . They stated that the film `` arrives with confidence and bravado intact. ... and arguably the most Tolkien-esque of the Narnia books '' . IGN was positive , stating `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a solid sequel that might even surpass the first entry as the best in the series for some fans . It also bodes well for the future of this once iffy franchise . '' Several film critics have praised Apted 's direction in character development and Poulter 's performance as Eustace . Among them , Arizona Republic 's Kerry Lengel said , `` the best thing about the film is neither the top - notch CGI nor the shallow moral lessons but the performance of Georgie Henley as Lucy as well as the performance of her and Edmund 's insufferable cousin Eustace Scrubb . '' Luke Y. Thompson from E ! Online praised the performances , stating `` Henley and Keynes are charming as ever , and Poulter 's turn as Eustace injects a welcome note of comedic cynicism into the sea of sentimentality . Simon Pegg ably succeeds Eddie Izzard as mouse warrior Reepicheep , Bille Brown 's sorcerer Coriakin has a fun performance and a sequence in which Lucy inadvertently wishes her life away is brilliantly disorienting and nightmarish . '' Less positive reviews include Justin Chang of Variety , who said , `` this f / x-heavy third adaptation of the Christian - themed fantasy series feels routine and risk - averse in every respect , as if investment anxiety had fatally hobbled its sense of wonder '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C saying that , `` Lewis embedded his engrossing , popular fantasies with child - size lessons in virtue , served with an overlay of Christian allegory for those who wish to seek it . What 's less expected is that the movie , directed by Michael Apted ( taking over from a more sprightly , fantasy - savvy Andrew Adamson , who handled the first two , along with the first two Shreks ) , looks and feels so wooden , so cheesy . The action sequences are full of dutifully tricky , chessboard fighting lunges and sword swings ; the talking special - effects mouse , Reepicheep ( previously voiced by Eddie Izzard , now by Simon Pegg ) , talks a lot . '' Amy Biancolli of the San Francisco Chronicle also gave the film an unfavorable review and called it , `` the third and most uneven film adaptation in the series . '' With the introduction of the quest for the seven swords , a reappearance of the White Witch , and a larger role for Eustace in dragon form , the movie adaptation attempts to appeal to Everyman and not just to Lewis fans and Christian audiences . Nonetheless , Christian reviewers found much to like . Key for many was the closing scene where Aslan assures Lucy that he is indeed in her own world , where he has another name , and that she was brought to Narnia so that she might come to know him better in her own world . This contrasts with the reception of the first two Narnia films , which Christian reviewers felt lacked key incidents and themes from the corresponding books , The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian . Accolades ( edit ) On 14 December 2010 , The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated The Voyage of the Dawn Treader for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ( `` There 's a Place for Us '' ) at the 68th Golden Globe Awards . It received three nominations at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards : Best Youth Actor ( Will Poulter ) , Best Live Action Family Film , and Best Original Song . Poulter received a nomination for Young British Performer of the Year at the 2010 London Film Critics Circle Awards . The film also received four nominations at the 37th Saturn Awards . It was awarded the Epiphany Prize as the Most Inspiring Movie of 2010 . Year Award Category / Recipient ( s ) Result Reference Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Family Film Nominated Best Youth Actor ( Will Poulter ) Nominated Best Original Song ( `` There 's a Place for Us '' ) Nominated 2010 London Film Critics Circle Awards Young Performer of the Year ( Will Poulter ) Nominated 2010 Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Feature Film Nominated 2011 68th Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song ( `` There 's a Place for Us '' ) Nominated 9th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture ( Reepicheep ) Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite 3D Live Action Movie Won 2011 London Critics Circle Film Awards Young British Performer of the Year ( Will Poulter ) Nominated 32nd Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast ( Georgie Henley , Skander Keynes , Will Poulter ) Nominated 19th MovieGuide Faith and Values Awards Most Inspiring Movie Won Crystal Dove Seal Award Best Adventure Won 37th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor ( Will Poulter ) Nominated Best Costume Nominated Best Special Effects Nominated National Movie Awards Fantasy Nominated Performance of the Year ( Ben Barnes ) Nominated Performance of the Year ( Georgie Henley ) Nominated Sequel ( edit ) On February 27 , 2011 , it was announced that The Magician 's Nephew would be the next film in the series . The C.S. Lewis Estate were in final negotiations to produce it and were yet to confirm a release date and screenwriter . However , in October 2011 , Douglas Gresham , a co-producer of the films , said that Walden Media no longer owns the rights to produce another Narnia film . If another film were to be made , it would not be for another three or four years . On October 1 , 2013 , it was announced that the Mark Gordon Company would produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair , now officially in development as the fourth film in the franchise . While the film 's producers have been calling the film a `` reboot '' to the series , in actuality this is referring to the fact that the film is a new franchise , has a new cast and creative team not associated with those who worked on the previous three films . In April 2017 , Joe Johnston was confirmed as the planned director for The Silver Chair . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mike Collett - White ( 2010 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Will Narnia blockbuster sink or sail ? '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Mark Johnson , a producer on all three Narnia films , told the Wall Street Journal that the new movie was made for a relatively modest $140 million . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Town : ' Dawn Treader 's ' foreign appeal '' . Ben Fritz . L.A. Times . 2010 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . Box Office Mojo . boxofficemojo.com. 2010 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea to See ' Dawn Treader ' in 4D '' . Narniaweb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voyage of the Dawn Treader film chosen for royal gala '' . BBC News . 2010 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Yearly Box Office Results . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia 4 Will Be ' Magician 's Nephew , ' Not ' Silver Chair ' '' . Christian Post . Jump up ^ `` Charisma News '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Security Check Required '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Walden Media 's Option for a Fourth Narnia film Expires '' . Christian Cinema . October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fourth ' Chronicles Of Narnia ' Movie In Works From Mark Gordon Co Retrieved October 17 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Cast : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . NarniaWeb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Tirian . `` Simon Pegg Replaces Bill Nighy as the Voice of Reepicheep '' . NarniaWeb.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sarah Bull ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Narnia Dawn Treader premiere : Georgie Henley and Anna Popplewell brave the snow Mail Online '' . London : Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . This reference does not support the text Jump up ^ `` Meet Narnia 's Chief Dufflepud '' . Cinemablend. 2009 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Martin ( 2010 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Voyage of the Dawn Treader Display Photos ( Updated -- High Res ! ) '' . Narnia Fans . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Crew Listing '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Gilstrap ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Apted to direct ' Narnia ' sequel '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Treader Locations '' . NarniaWeb. 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Next Narnia Delayed '' . IGN. 2007 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Paul Martin ( 2008 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Douglas Gresham Interview on Prince Caspian , Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . NarniaFans . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( 2008 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Dawn Treader Starts Shooting in October '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser ( 2008 - 07 - 02 ) . `` ' Narnia ' to be found in Mexico '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Emily Dunn and Garry Maddox ( 2008 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Narnia says nah to Mexico '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jim Hill ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Monday Mouse Watch : Waiting for the `` Dawn '' `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Claudia Eller ( 2008 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Disney pulls out of next ' Narnia ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mary McNamara ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A ' Chronicles of Narnia ' voyage Disney should take '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Disney opts out of 3rd ' Narnia ' film '' . Biz Journals. 2008 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' The Dawn Treader ' Float ? '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Next ' Narnia ' writer tapped '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Collett - White , Mike ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Director Michael Apted takes movie fans to `` Narnia '' `` . Reuters UK website . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming , Tatiana Siegel ( 2009 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Fox to develop ' Narnia ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Grabert , Jessica ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` 10 Big Differences Between Narnia : Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Book And Movie '' . Cinema Blend . Cinema Blend LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Treader Plot Details '' . NarniaWeb. 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Aslan 's Country ( 2009 - 07 - 27 ) . `` The Mysterious Filming Date ... Confirmed '' . Aslan 's Country . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Wendy ( 2009 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Apted starts Australian shoot for Narnia : Voyage Of The Dawn Treader '' . Screen International . Emap Media . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Peter Scott ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Chronicles of Narnia : Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . Mornings with Madonna King . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Marcia ( 2009 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Stars , crew love Coast '' . The Courier - Mail . News Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia film to be shot at White Island '' . nzherald.co.nz . December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Narnia : The Dawn Treader 's VFX Crew fxguide Jump up ^ Paul Martin ( 2010 - 04 - 11 ) . `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader CGI -- Effects Houses are Busy '' . Narnia Fans . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ DVD Commentary by Michael Apted and Mark Johnson ^ Jump up to : K.C. Morgan ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) . `` First Look : Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . Gear Live . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Douglas ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Presentation '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Dante digs being busy once again '' . Herald.ie. 2010 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Pegg Voices Discontent with 3 - D '' . Aslan 's Counrry. 2010 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Recording the VDT Score '' . NarniaWeb. 2010 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood is the featured artist in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . Carrie Underwood. 2010 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` New Carrie Underwood Song For ' Chronicles of Narnia ' Hits iTunes 11 / 16 '' . MJ 's Bigblog. 2010 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Co-Writes & Records Title Song For `` The Chronicles Of Narnia '' ! `` . Carrie Underwood. 2010 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Carrie Underwood ' Narnia ' track available Nov. 16 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ it : Le cronache di Narnia - Il viaggio del veliero # Colonna sonora , Retrieved 2 July 2015 ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles Times ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Producers hope ' Dawn Treader ' has magic of first ' Narnia ' film '' . LAtimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Dedicated to the Ones He Loves '' . Facebook . 2009 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia.com Returns '' . NarniaWeb. 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The First Dawn Treader Movie Poster '' . NarniaWeb. 2010 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Operation Narnia . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at the Matthew as the Dawn Treader '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Narnia Fans : Win a Trip to Sail on the Dawn Treader '' . NarniaWeb. 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Narnia boat arrives in Padstow '' . BBC News . 2010 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jim Vejvoda ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Come Aboard the Dawn Treader '' . IGN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mark Patches ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) . `` 6 Realizations After Watching New Narnia : Dawn Treader Footage '' . UGO.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ' Trailer is Here ! '' . NarniaWeb. 2010 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader - Spectacular trailer '' . Filmissimo . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia 60th Anniversary Edition '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Movie Tie - in Edition '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Movie Storybook '' . HarperCollins. 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tim Carmody ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Enhanced Narnia E-Book Has Promise , Restrictions '' . Wired . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Narnia 's ' Dawn Treader ' sails enhanced e-book wave '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` iBooks : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( Enhanced Version ) '' . Apple Inc. 2010 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Matthew Reynolds ( 2010 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Three New Video Clips from Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( Updated ) '' . AslansCountry . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia - Inspired Resources for People of Faith '' . Narnia Faith . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Video Game Has Been Cancelled ! '' . NarniaWeb. 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader for Mobile '' . Gameloft . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` New Narnia Film Gets Royal Approval '' . Sky News . 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bull , Sarah ( 2010 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Where 's the White Witch when you need her ? Chronicles Of Narnia stars Georgie Henley and Anna Popplewell brave the snow for Voyage Of The Dawn Treader premiere '' . London : Daily Mail UK . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Treader to Get Two Premieres in the US -- First in Knoxville , TN '' . NarniaWeb. 2010 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Naman Ramachandran ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) . `` ' Narnia ' to get record release in India '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mike Collett - White ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Will Narnia blockbuster sink or sail , pundits ask '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Studios Battle to Save Narnia ( From Grip of Sequel Fatigue ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Liam Goodwin . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader DVD and Blu - ray set for April '' . Filmonic . Jump up ^ David McCutcheon ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Chronicles of Narnia : Voyage of the Dawn Treader Sails to DVD and Blu - ray '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Casts Off Into Blu - Ray Waters '' . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( Blu - ray ) : Ben Barnes , Skandar Keynes , Michael Apted : Movies & TV '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Blu - ray Announced '' . Blu-ray.com . Jump up ^ `` 3D Blu - rays of Rio , Ice Age 3 and The Chronicles of Narnia : Voyage of the Dawn Treader Announced '' . Blu-ray.com . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . Hollywood Jesus Live . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : Third ' Narnia ' Flounders , ' Tourist ' Does n't Sizzle '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 2010 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia '' cruises to No. 1 debut with modest $24.5 M ( AP ) `` . Movies.yahoo.com. 2010 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Box office report : ' Narnia ' underperforms but finishes first with $24.5 mil '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Tron ' Recycles the Power '' . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Fockers ' Fester , ' Grit ' Has Gumption '' . Jump up ^ `` Box office report : ' Little Fockers ' wins New Year 's weekend with $26.3 mil , ' True Grit ' close behind '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Becomes Fox 's First $100 Million Movie in 13 Months '' . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Dawn Treader ' Makes Waves Overseas '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found - UCA '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of The Dawn Treader '' . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Dawn Treader ' Crashes , ' Tron ' Starts in Third '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` China Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Number Four ' Edges Out ' Swan ' '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Metacritic ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- Metacritic review '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Company Town '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- RogerEbert.com : : review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Roger Moore ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Movie Review : The Chronicles of Narnia - The Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Andrew Pulver ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader -- review '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jim Vejvoda ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia - The Voyage of the Dawn Treader review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kerry Lengel ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia - The Voyage of the Dawn Treader review '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Celeb News , Entertainment News , and Celebrity Gossip '' . E ! Online . Jump up ^ Justin Change ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Review : The Chronicles of Narnia - The Voyage of the Dawn Treader '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum ( 15 December 2010 ) . `` Movie Review The Chronicles Of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Amy Biancolli , Hearst Movie Writer ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` ' Narnia : Voyage of the Dawn Treader ' review '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mark Moring . `` Will ' The Dawn Treader ' Float ? '' . ChristianityToday.com . Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader : Christian Movie Review < Entertainment '' . CBN.com. 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA : Nominations and Winners '' . Golden Globe Awards . 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations : Christina Aguilera , Trent Reznor Score Nods '' . MTV . 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Glee , ' ' Burlesque , ' Reznor Score Golden Globe Nominations '' . Billboard. 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : ' The King 's Speech , ' ' The Social Network ' and ' The Fighter ' reign supreme '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Phoenix Film Critics Socieety Awards Nominations '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The King 's Speech , ' ' Another Year ' Lead Nominations at London Critics ' Circle Film Awards '' . London Film Critics Circle. 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Most Inspiring Faith , Family and Values Movie of 2011 '' . Charismamag.com. 2011 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Home Page - Art Directors Guild : Art Director , Graphic Artist , Illustrator , Matte Artist , Model Maker , Digital Artist , Scenic Artist , Set Designer , Title Artist Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` In Full : Golden Globes - Movie Nominees '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.visualeffectssociety.com/system/files/15/files/ves-awards-nominees-2011-final.pdf Jump up ^ The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Wins People 's Choice Award for Favourite Live 3D Action Film Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . Jump up ^ 2010 Crystal Dove Seal Award Winners The Dove Foundation provides online family movie and video reviews and ratings and awards the Dove Family Approved Seal Jump up ^ `` 37th Annual Saturn Award Nominations '' . SciFi Mafia . Jump up ^ `` Vote & Win - The National Movie Awards '' . The National Movie Awards . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Ketchup : Narnia To Continue With The Magican 's Nephew < < Movie & TV News and Interviews -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair to Reboot the Franchise '' . Collider. 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Katharine Trendacosta . `` With This Chronicles of Narnia News , the Word ' Reboot ' Is Officially Gibberish '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Narnia portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Official website The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader at AllMovie The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader at Box Office Mojo The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader at Rotten Tomatoes Photographs of the Dawn Treader at the Cleveland Point , Queensland set <Th_colspan="2"> The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe <Td_colspan="1"> Prince Caspian <Td_colspan="1"> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader <Td_colspan="1"> The Silver Chair <Td_colspan="1"> The Horse and His Boy <Td_colspan="1"> The Magician 's Nephew <Td_colspan="1"> The Last Battle <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Film Soundtrack Game <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Film Soundtrack Game <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Film Soundtrack Game <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Film <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Works directed by Michael Apted Feature films The Triple Echo ( 1972 ) Stardust ( 1974 ) The Squeeze ( 1977 ) Agatha ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Continental Divide ( 1981 ) Gorky Park ( 1983 ) Firstborn ( 1984 ) Critical Condition ( 1987 ) Gorillas in the Mist ( 1988 ) Class Action ( 1991 ) Thunderheart ( 1992 ) Blink ( 1994 ) Nell ( 1994 ) Extreme Measures ( 1996 ) The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Enigma ( 2001 ) Enough ( 2002 ) Amazing Grace ( 2006 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) Chasing Mavericks ( 2012 ) Unlocked ( 2017 ) Documentary films Bring On the Night ( 1985 ) Incident at Oglala ( 1992 ) Moving the Mountain ( 1994 ) Inspirations ( 1997 ) Me & Isaac Newton ( 1999 ) The Power of the Game ( 2007 ) Television There 's a Hole in Your Dustbin , Delilah ( 1968 ) P'tang , Yang , Kipperbang ( 1982 ) Always Outnumbered ( 1998 ) Documentaries Up series ( 1970 -- present ) Married in America ( 2002 -- 06 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Screenplays by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely <Td_colspan="2"> The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) You Kill Me ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) VIAF : 214848100 LCCN : no2010171629 GND : 7753479 - 7 BNE : XX5096000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader&oldid=815995121 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) 2010 3D films 2010s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films American films American sequel films British films British fantasy films British sequel films Dune Entertainment films Films scored by David Arnold Films about Christianity Films about siblings Films directed by Michael Apted Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1940s High fantasy films Screenplays by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Shapeshifting in fiction Walden Media films Films about dragons Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 Use mdy dates from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
2. Film adaptation of C.S. Lewis' novel
3. Fantasy adventure film
4. Characters and plot summary
5. Production and reception
|
4,459,768,606,235,827,700 |
when does lee die in the walking dead
|
Lee Everett - wikipedia Lee Everett Jump to : navigation , search For the British psychic , see Lee Everett Alkin . <Th_colspan="2"> Lee Everett <Td_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead character <Td_colspan="2"> Lee , as depicted in the video game series First appearance `` A New Day '' Last appearance `` No Time Left '' ( alive ) `` No Going Back '' ( dream ) Created by Sean Vanaman Voiced by Dave Fennoy <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Lee Everett Occupation History Professor Group Leader Affiliation Macon survivors Family Mr. Everett ( father ) Mrs. Everett ( mother ) Bud Everett ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Unidentified Ex-Wife Children Clementine ( surrogate daughter ) Nationality Macon , Georgia , United States Age 37 Height 6'1 '' feet ( 1.85 meters ) Status Determinant ( either shot by Clementine or left to re-animate ) Lee Everett is the main character of the first season of The Walking Dead video game . Lee is the player character in the first season of the game , appearing in five episodes . Tasked with protecting a girl named Clementine in the midst of a zombie apocalypse , Lee allies with several other characters and groups . When creating Lee , the developers attempted to achieve realism , with a strong emphasis on him being a parental figure to Clementine . He is voiced by Dave Fennoy , an American voice actor . He received positive reception for his role in the game , specifically the voice work and the writing . Fennoy was nominated for Best Performance by a Human Male at the Spike VGA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 The Walking Dead Season One 1.2 The Walking Dead Season Two 2 Concept and creation 3 Reception 4 Trivia 5 References Appearances ( edit ) The Walking Dead season One ( edit ) Prior to the events of the game , Lee was a professor of history at the University of Georgia , but one day came home to find his wife sleeping with another man , a state senator , after constant fighting with his wife for travelling often for her job . In a fit of rage , Lee killed him ; he was subsequently tried and sentenced to prison for murder , long since coming to regret his actions . His crime also distanced him from his parents and brother . The onset of the zombie apocalypse occurs as Lee is being taken to prison ; when the car transporting him crashes into a Walker he manages to escape , but he quickly realizes the dire situation as he soon finds himself hunted across the countryside by several Walkers . He takes shelter in a nearby suburban home , where he finds young Clementine who has been hiding from the zombies as her parents had left for Savannah some time before the apocalypse . Recognizing that Clementine would remain in danger , he offers to take and protect her , hoping that they will be able to find her parents . He eventually goes with her to the Hershel Greene farm and meets a fisherman named Kenny and his wife , Katjaa , and son , Duck . After an accident with Walkers claims the life of Hershel 's son , Shawn , the five are thrown out and eventually meet with other survivors , and form a small group , though Lee remains subdued about his history . After discovering the fate of his own family in Macon , Lee takes on more of a role of a father - figure to Clementine . After having holed up in a motel for three months with dwindling supplies , the group meet the St. John family who invite them to dinner at their family dairy . The group agrees to send out a delegation to the St. Johns ' farmstead to see if they are trustworthy , however Lee discovers the meat the St. Johns is serving for dinner is human , and the family are cannibals . The electric fence protecting the dairy malfunctions and the place is overrun . Soon after , the group is forced to flee and eventually start heading to Savannah via a train . En route , Lee starts to help Clementine learn survival skills such as how to use a gun and why she needs to keep her hair short . As they near the city , Clementine 's walkie - talkie goes off , revealing a man that knows of Lee 's actions to this point and promises Clementine that she will be safe once he deals with Lee . In Savannah , the survivors look for a boat and supplies to flee the mainland . They encounter another group of survivors led by Vernon , a doctor . With Vernon 's help , they are able to prepare the boat for their journey ; before Vernon leaves them , he warns Lee that he does not think he is a fit person to be Clementine 's guardian , and offers to take the child , but this does n't take place . The next morning , Lee wakes to find Clementine gone , and while searching nearby , he was taken by surprise by a walker and Lee eventually discovers that he was bitten . With what little time he has , Lee and the other survivors agree to look for Clementine , at first believing her to have been taken by Vernon . Instead , the man on the walkie - talkie reveals he has taken Clementine , and tells her she will be safe at the hotel that her parents would have been at . After briefly passing out in the now - abandoned safehouse of Vernon 's group , Lee is given the option of amputating his bitten arm . Either way , Lee and the group are able to escape from the hospital where they make their way back to the house , but find that the boat has been stolen by Vernon 's group . Shortly after the house is overrun with walkers but the group escape into the attic , where they eventually find a way out . Many casualties arise while making their way to the hotel , Lee is separated from the others and promises to meet them later on with Clementine . Barely hanging onto consciousness , Lee makes it to the hotel , and finds the man ; the man explains that Lee 's group had previously taken provisions from his family 's car , and ultimately leading to the death of his wife and children , and goes to question Lee 's other decisions and , regardless of whether or not Lee had helped in taking the provisions from the car , ultimately berates him and plans to punish him and look after Clementine as his own . When the man is shown as insane , talking to his wife 's severed head in a bag , Lee gets Clementine 's help to subdue the man and either kills him by choking him to death , or being shot in the head by Clementine after Lee is almost killed . They make it out of the hotel where they see Clementine 's parents as reanimated before Lee passes out . When Lee wakes , he is out of strength and barely able to keep conscious , but finds Clementine has dragged him to safety . With his time short , Lee helps Clementine secure keys and a gun to escape to the rooftops , and instructs her to find Omid and Christa . The player can choose to have Lee instruct Clementine to either shoot him or do nothing and leave him be to become a walker , where Clementine will choose an action based on the culmination of the player 's choices within the game . The Walking Dead season two ( edit ) Lee appears briefly in a flashback that Clementine has after falling unconscious from being shot during the events of the final episode . The flashback occurs during the time the group has fled the motel after Lilly killed Carley / Doug , and Clementine recalls the advice that Lee gave her about learning to survive and cope in this new reality , considerations that she has to keep in mind once she regains consciousness . Concept and creation ( edit ) Lee appeared in the 2012 episodic video game The Walking Dead as the protagonist and playable character . He is voiced by Dave Fennoy , and was written by multiple people , including Gary Whitta in the fourth episode . Fennoy received an audition in an email , and after completing it , he received a call confirming that he got the role . The audition asked for actors to portray him in a `` very real '' fashion , which is a part of Lee 's design that attracted Fennoy . He called Lee `` complicated '' , due to his criminal history , his concern for keeping Clementine safe , and the fact that he associates with people that he may not have had it not been for the zombie outbreak . He added that him having a child of his own helped him relate to Lee and Clementine 's relationship . Whitta described their relationship as `` emotionally authentic '' . Dan Connors , CEO of Telltale Games , compared Lee to Rick Grimes , the protagonist of The Walking Dead comics and TV series . He called him both tough and smart , while also caring . He also called him a `` reflection of the player 's choices '' . Telltale designer and writer Harrison G. Pink commented that it was important to make everything Lee would say believable , and that Lee is a `` human being '' with `` real needs and real fears and real desires '' . While they wanted to allow players to choose what Lee says , all options are things that Lee would realistically say . Reception ( edit ) Lee was acclaimed by critics and fans . IGN 's Colin Campbell wrote an article detailing why Lee `` really matters '' . He explains that the reason why the game is so good is because Lee has a lot of great qualities , such as being nice and modest about his abilities . He goes on to describe him as an `` everyman '' . Fellow IGN writer Greg Miller also cited Lee for why he enjoys the game ; he wrote that he felt he was actually involved in Lee 's development . Kotaku 's Kirk Hamilton writes that he is more interested in seeing Lee grow than Rick Grimes , the protagonist of The Walking Dead comics and TV series . Rock Paper Shotgun 's John Walker wrote that Lee was an everyman character in zombie fiction . The Daily Telegraph 's Emily Richardson felt that the characters drove the story , and cited Lee and his `` mysterious and complex '' character design as a notable example . GamesRadar staff named Lee the 84th - best video game hero . They cited his bravery and devotion to Clementine for his inclusion . Dave Fennoy received praise for his portrayal of Lee , such as by Alan Danzis of the New York Post . Fennoy was nominated for the `` Best Performance by a Human Male '' award at the 2012 Spike TV Video Game Awards , and for the `` Performance '' category at the 2013 British Academy Video Games Awards . Lee 's character won the `` Outstanding Character Performance '' at the 2013 D.I.C.E. Summit . Trivia ( edit ) Lee 's antics ( caring for Clementine with no legal or blood relation , etc . ) are similar to the Les Miserables character Jean Valjean . Valjean cares for a young girl and cares for her until his death . The voice actor for Lee stated in an interview that he cried during filming of the last scene . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Faces of Death , Part 5 : No Time Left '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Danzis , Alan ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Interview with ' The Walking Dead ' video game writer Gary Whitta '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mulrooney , Marty ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) . `` INTERVIEW -- In Conversation With Dave Fennoy ( Lee Everett , The Walking Dead : The Game ) '' . Alternative Magazine Online . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Yip , Spencer ( 2012 - 03 - 21 ) . `` The Walking Dead Interview On Zombie Fights , Player Choices , And Retail Plans '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( 2012 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Interview : The Walking Dead writer on making a game with ' no good decisions ' '' . Shack News . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Why Lee Everett Really Matters '' . IGN . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) . `` E3 2012 : Walking Dead Episode 2 Is Way More Brutal '' . IGN . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) . `` 5 Reasons The Walking Dead Game Is Better Than The TV Show '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( 2012 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Wot I Think : The Walking Dead Episode One '' . Rock Paper Shotgun . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Emily ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) . `` The Walking Dead Episode One review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 100 best heroes in video games '' . GamesRadar. 2012 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Best Performance by a Human Male '' . Spike TV . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Keith ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Bafta Video Game Awards 2013 -- nominees announced '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Molina , Brett ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) . `` ' Journey ' big winner at D.I.C.E. Awards '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Walking Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series <Td_colspan="2"> Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Everett&oldid=800502385 '' Categories : Adventure game characters Amputee characters in video games Criminal characters in video games Fictional American people of African descent in video games Fictional characters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Fictional murderers Fictional professors Fictional zombie hunters Horror video game characters Male characters in video games The Walking Dead characters Video game characters introduced in 2012 Video game protagonists Zombie and revenant characters in video games Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 23 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Lee Everett - main character of The Walking Dead video game
2. Zombie apocalypse - setting of the game
3. Protecting Clementine - Lee's mission in the game
4. Positive reception - Lee's character and voice work
5. Dave Fennoy - voice actor for Lee Everett
|
2,491,667,095,150,625,000 |
when was the last time liverpool beat man u in the league
|
Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry - wikipedia Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Liverpool F.C. v Manchester United F.C. Locale North West England Teams Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. First meeting 28 April 1894 1893 -- 94 Football League test match Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Latest meeting 10 March 2018 Premier League Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Stadiums Anfield ( Liverpool ) Old Trafford ( Manchester United ) <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Meetings total 200 Most player appearances Ryan Giggs ( 48 ) Top scorer Steven Gerrard ( 9 ) George Wall ( 9 ) Sandy Turnbull ( 9 ) All - time series Liverpool : 65 Drawn : 55 Manchester United : 80 Largest victory Liverpool 7 -- 1 Newton Heath 12 October 1895 ( 1895 -- 96 Second Division ) The Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , also known as the North West Derby , is a high - profile inter-city rivalry between English professional association football clubs Liverpool and Manchester United . It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world along with the Old Firm derby in Scotland , Superclásico in Argentina , El Clásico in Spain , and Derby della Madonnina in Italy , and is considered the most famous fixture in English football . Players , fans and the media alike often consider games between the two clubs to be their biggest rivalry , above even their own local derby competitions with Everton and Manchester City , respectively . The rivalry has been fuelled by the proximity of the two major cities that they represent , their historic economic and industrial rivalry , significant periods of domestic footballing dominance and European success , and their popularity at home and abroad , as two of the biggest - earning and widely supported football clubs in the world . The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions ; and between them they have won 38 league titles , 8 European Cups , 4 UEFA Cups , 4 UEFA Super Cups , 19 FA Cups , 13 League Cups , 1 FIFA Club World Cup , 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields . Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other : United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool 's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United 's three . Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool , and they also lead the Merseysiders in so - called `` major '' honours as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inter-city rivals 2 Football rivals 2.1 Formation to 1945 2.2 1945 to 1992 2.3 1992 -- present 3 Managers 3.1 Notable managers 4 Players 4.1 Players ' rivalry 4.2 Player transfers 5 Supporters 5.1 Hooliganism 6 Significant games 6.1 1894 test match 6.2 1977 FA Cup Final 6.3 1983 Football League Cup Final 6.4 Anfield 1988 6.5 Other notable games 7 Honours , head to head , and statistics 7.1 Honours 7.2 Head - to - head 7.3 All - time results 7.3. 1 Liverpool in the league at home 7.3. 2 Manchester United in the league at home 7.3. 3 Results in domestic cup matches 7.3. 4 Results in European competitions 7.3. 5 Results in play - offs 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Inter-city rivals ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are located in the north west of England , 35 miles ( 56 km ) apart . Since the industrial revolution there has been a consistent theme of rivalry between the two cities based around economic and industrial competition . Manchester through to the 18th century was the far more populous city , and held a position of significance and notability as representative of the north . By the late 18th century , Liverpool had grown as a major sea port -- critical to the growth and success of the northern cotton mills . Over the next century , Liverpool grew to supersede Manchester and throughout the late 19th and early 20th century was often described as the British Empire 's second city . The links between the two cities were strengthened with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal , the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for the transport of raw materials inland . The Manchester coat of arms formed the foundation of the original Manchester United badge The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal , funded by Manchester merchants , was opposed by Liverpool politicians and bred resentment between the two cities . Tension between working class Liverpool dockers and labourers in Manchester was heightened after its completion in 1894 , just three months prior to the first meeting between Liverpool and Newton Heath in a play - off match that would see Newton Heath relegated to the Second Division . Today , the crests of both the city of Manchester and Manchester United include stylised ships representing the Manchester Ship Canal and Manchester 's trade roots . The ship is also included on the crest of many other Mancunian institutions such as Manchester City Council and rivals Manchester City F.C. Post-war shifts in economic ties , reliance on regional coal , and shifts in transatlantic trade patterns caused by the growth of Asian labour markets caused the gradual decline of British manufacturing . While the city of Liverpool suffered the loss of its primary source of income to southern port cities , Manchester maintained some of its manufacturing heritage . This reversal of fortunes happened against the backdrop of shifting political backgrounds and significant events in British culture and society in the second half of the 20th century . The two cities continue to be strong regional rivals , vying for influence of surrounding areas . Their continued importance to the UK economy has been reflected with the awarding of the 2002 Commonwealth Games to Manchester , while Liverpool was awarded the title of 2008 European Capital of Culture as part of its ongoing regeneration . More recent projects by Peel Ports have sought to re-establish the economic links between the Port of Liverpool and Port of Manchester , including re-developing trade links via the Manchester Ship Canal . Football rivals ( edit ) See also : List of Liverpool F.C. seasons and List of Manchester United F.C. seasons Formation to 1945 ( edit ) The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season . Manchester United F.C. was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C. , and played their first competitive match in October 1886 , when they entered the First Round of the 1886 -- 87 FA Cup . Liverpool 's team during its first season , 1892 -- 93 Liverpool F.C. was formed in 1892 following a disagreement between the board of Everton and club president John Houlding , who owned the club 's ground , Anfield . The disagreement between the two parties over rent resulted in Everton moving to Goodison Park from Anfield , and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play in the vacated stadium . Liverpool 's first season was in the Second Division in 1893 . The team went undefeated all season , winning the title and being put up for election to the First Division , which would see them play a one - off test match against the bottom side of the First Division for their place . The team that Liverpool were to face was Newton Heath , whom they beat 2 -- 0 to take their place in the first tier . Liverpool won their first Football League Championship trophy in 1901 and followed it up in 1906 , the same season that saw the newly renamed Manchester United promoted to the top flight after finishing as Second Division runners - up behind Bristol City . Two seasons later , by which time Liverpool had fallen into mid-table , Manchester United secured their first league title , winning the 1907 -- 08 Football League by nine points from Aston Villa and Manchester City . They followed this up by winning the first ever FA Charity Shield match when they defeated Queens Park Rangers over two legs in 1908 . The following season , they won the 1909 FA Cup Final , and followed this up with another league title and Charity Shield in 1911 . The outbreak of the First World War disrupted domestic football , and following the resumption of competitions in 1919 Liverpool asserted themselves on domestic football with a brace of league Championships while United found themselves in steep decline that saw them relegated in 1923 . Between 1923 and the outbreak of the Second World War , neither team won any more competitive trophies outside of local regional trophies , with Manchester United spending three separate periods in the Second Division . 1945 to 1992 ( edit ) A comparative chart showing yearly table positions of Manchester United F.C. and Liverpool F.C. in the English football league system from 1892 -- 93 to the present After the Second World War , Liverpool again became English champions in 1947 before the clubs ' roles reversed once more , with the Merseysiders dropping into the second tier as Manchester United found stability under the management of former Liverpool captain Matt Busby , winning the FA Cup in 1948 and then three league titles and Charity Shields apiece in the 1950s . During this time , future Liverpool manager Bill Shankly was approached by then Liverpool chairman Tom Williams and asked , `` How would you like to manage the best club in the country ? '' . `` Why ? '' Shankly replied . `` Is Matt Busby packing it in ? '' . Following Liverpool 's promotion under Shankly in 1962 , the two clubs found themselves in direct competition with each other for the first time , sharing four league titles between 1964 and 1967 , as well as the 1965 FA Charity Shield . Following this , though , the two sides began to drift in opposite directions once more . United 's title victory of 1967 would be their last for 26 years , while Liverpool would enjoy nearly 20 years of sustained success , winning 11 league titles , 19 domestic cups and seven European trophies from 1972 to 1992 . United 's main reprieves during this time came through cup competitions , such as their triumphs over the Merseysiders in the 1977 FA Cup Final and the 1979 FA Cup semi-final replay at Goodison Park . It was during this period , in the late 70s and early 80s , that the modern day rivalry between the two clubs truly began to get heated . According to football sociologist John Williams , United had developed a `` glamour and media profile '' but did n't have the success to match it and Liverpool fans felt the Red Devils were `` media darlings who got far too much publicity '' . There was a perception in Liverpool that their hugely successful but ' professional ' and ' workmanlike ' teams were always somehow in the shadow of the stars at Old Trafford . This led to a derisory United nickname in Liverpool ; `` The Glams '' . 1992 -- Present ( edit ) Manchester United 's 26 - year spell without a league title has been mirrored by Liverpool since 1990 , when the Reds clinched their last league title . Meanwhile , United 's dominance since 1990 has seen them win 13 league titles , 23 domestic cups and seven European trophies . Once again , cup glories such as the 2003 League Cup and 2006 FA Cup allowed Liverpool some retribution against their rivals . Despite their contrasting fortunes , though , only six times since 1972 have neither Liverpool nor United finished in the top two of the league table -- in 1980 -- 81 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 - 17 -- and even during five of those six campaigns , another piece of silverware was still taken home by one of the two clubs ; Liverpool paraded the European Cup and League Cup in 1981 , while Manchester United lifted the FA Community Shield and FA Cup in the 2004 season and Liverpool claimed the Champions League in 2005 . United brought home the FA Cup again in 2016 and they won a treble of trophies consisting of the Community Shield , League Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2016 - 17 . Managers ( edit ) Notable managers ( edit ) `` `` If you are first you are first . If you are second you are nothing . '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Bill Shankly While Liverpool and Manchester United 's successes are almost identical in number , their systems of achieving these successes vary considerably . Liverpool built their dominance on a dynasty known as the Anfield Boot Room . The boot room itself was where strategy for future matches was planned , however , it became a breeding ground for future Liverpool managers following the arrival of Bill Shankly in 1959 . The original members were Shankly himself , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett , although the likes of Kenny Dalglish joined later on . Following Shankly 's retirement in 1974 , having secured eight trophies in 15 years , Bob Paisley stepped into the vacant manager 's position and amassed 20 trophies in 9 seasons . Following his retirement , Joe Fagan took over and in the first of two seasons at the club , won a treble of trophies . Kenny Dalglish , while not an original member , was accepted into the group as the next in line for the role of manager , and he combined it with his playing duties to win Liverpool 10 trophies . The boot room connection was finally broken in 1991 , 32 years after Shankly 's arrival , with the appointment of Graeme Souness , who actually demolished the boot room itself to make way for a press room . It did still manage to produce a final Liverpool manager in Roy Evans , who won the League Cup , but upon his resignation in 1998 , the era was over . In contrast , Manchester United have succeeded thanks to the services of three extraordinary men , all decades apart , without the need for continuity and sustained success beyond each man 's departure . Out of the 66 trophies that United have won , 56 have come thanks to the exploits of Ernest Mangnall , Sir Matt Busby and Sir Alex Ferguson . Mangnall was the first great manager of Manchester United , securing five trophies within a three - year time span of 1908 -- 11 . Following his departure to local rivals Manchester City a year later , it would not be until Busby 's arrival 33 years later that the club would be on the trophy trail again . Busby became United 's second most decorated manager of all time ( ironically as an ex-Liverpool player and captain ) , winning 13 trophies at the club including the 1968 European Cup , which saw an English team secure European football 's top prize for the first time . After Busby 's retirement in 1969 though , Manchester United saw their fortunes slip and the club struggled to stay successful until Alex Ferguson 's arrival 17 years later , during which time United only won three FA Cups and two Charity Shields . `` `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that . '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Alex Ferguson in response to an Alan Hansen comment in 2002 It was only under the Scot that United regained their glory days , winning 38 trophies during his 26 - year tenure to scale the pinnacles of both English and European football . However , since Ferguson 's retirement in 2013 , the club has gone on the wane again , finishing in the top four of the league just once in four seasons , although there has been frequent success in cup competitions . Players ( edit ) Players ' rivalry ( edit ) `` `` A mate owned a ( Manchester United captain ) Bryan Robson top . We were kicking about , and I asked if I could be Robbo for a while . My dad looked out and went ballistic . He was n't having his kid dragging the Gerrard name through the gutter . I thought we 'd have to move ! '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Steven Gerrard The rivalry has extended to the players as well : Wayne Rooney , a product of Liverpool 's city rivals Everton who played for United from 2004 to 2017 , described how he grew up hating the Reds ( Liverpool ) , while Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard took a film crew on tour of his home where he showed off a collection of football shirts he had swapped with opposing players as part of the after match routine ; he pointed out that there were no Manchester United shirts in there and he would never have one of them in his house . Former Liverpool goalkeeper David James said : `` I could never say I hated any United players just for being United players ... But the rivalry became a habit , I suppose ; on England trips Liverpool lads would eat at one table , United boys at another . There was tension there and we avoided one other '' . Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock once broke both of United forward Andy Cole 's legs in a reserve match , later saying that `` I did n't meant to break both legs , I only meant to break one ... I absolutely destroyed him ... I know it 's not big and it 's not clever but it was great '' . Manchester United 's Gary Neville has been publicly vocal in the past with regards to his dislike of Liverpool . He notably drew the ire of Liverpool fans during the 2006 match at Old Trafford during which he celebrated Rio Ferdinand 's last - gasp winner by running to the stand where the away fans were seated while kissing the crest on his jersey and appearing to shout angrily towards them ; he was fined and given a two - match ban by The Football Association but has stated on multiple occasions that he has never regretted his actions . Following a fixture in which John O'Shea scored a stoppage - time winner in front of the Kop in 2007 , Neville described O'Shea's achievement as `` a lifelong dream '' for himself . Previously in a Manchester derby during the 2003 -- 04 season , Neville was sent off after attempting to headbutt Manchester City 's ex-Liverpool midfielder Steve McManaman : as Paul Scholes commented , `` It 's fair to say the pair of them never got on too well together '' . The animosity amongst players has also extended to the fans on a number of occasions , as in the case of Neville , who regularly became the subject of offensive chants from Liverpool supporters after the 2006 badge - kissing incident . In a retrospective special leading up to the January 2017 match up at Old Trafford , Neville and his fellow Monday Night Football pundit and retired Liverpool one - club man Jamie Carragher both acknowledged that it was actually not uncommon for both United and Liverpool players , particularly locally - born youth academy graduates such as Bury - born Neville and Merseyside natives Gerrard and Robbie Fowler , to celebrate in front of rival fans and that `` you just got to take it in the chin '' . `` `` I ca n't stand Liverpool , I ca n't stand the people , I ca n't stand anything to do with them . '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Gary Neville In the 2011 -- 12 season , the rivalry was exacerbated by claims that , in the first League meeting of the season at Anfield , Liverpool striker Luis Suárez racially abused United 's Patrice Evra . After considering the evidence , an FA panel found that Suárez had referred to Evra using the term `` negrito '' seven times ( Suárez himself admitted to having done so once , but denied racism ) ; he was banned for eight games . This included the FA Cup fourth round tie between the two clubs ( again at Anfield ) , which Liverpool won . On 11 February 2012 , however , United and Liverpool met again at Old Trafford , and Suárez played for Liverpool for the first time since his ban . Prior to kick - off , the two teams were expected to shake hands , but Suárez ignored Evra 's offered hand and moved onto the next United player in line , David de Gea . As a result , Rio Ferdinand and Danny Welbeck rejected Suárez 's handshake . United went on to win 2 -- 1 and Evra celebrated in front of the home supporters , with Suárez close by . Sir Alex Ferguson declared Suárez to be a `` disgrace '' and suggested that he should not be allowed to play for Liverpool again . Kenny Dalglish vehemently denied having seen the missed handshake . The following day , Suárez , Dalglish and Liverpool all issued statements of apology for the handshake incident , which United accepted . The FA decided against any further action against either club or the players involved . Player transfers ( edit ) Since the 1964 transfer of Phil Chisnall from United to Liverpool , no player has been transferred directly between the two clubs . Some players , however , have played for both clubs , but having played elsewhere between each tenure , such as Paul Ince ( playing for Internazionale in between ) and Peter Beardsley ( Vancouver Whitecaps and Newcastle United ) and more recently Michael Owen ( Real Madrid and Newcastle United ) , although Beardsley only played once for United , but went on to be a key player during his four years at Liverpool . In 2007 , there was a bid from Liverpool to sign Gabriel Heinze from United , but United refused to allow him to join their biggest rivals due to the ongoing feud . United claimed that it was agreed Heinze would only join a foreign club if he chose to leave . Heinze went public with his request to join Liverpool which was seen as the ultimate betrayal by the Manchester United fans . The Manchester United fans who once chanted `` Argentina '' in honour of the player then turned their backs on him . Heinze was eventually sold to Real Madrid instead . Date Name From To Fee August 1912 Tom Chorlton Liverpool Manchester United November 1913 Jackie Sheldon Manchester United Liverpool September 1920 Tom Miller Liverpool Manchester United £ 2,000 May 1921 Fred Hopkin Manchester United Liverpool February 1929 Tommy Reid Liverpool Manchester United January 1938 Ted Savage Liverpool Manchester United November 1938 Allenby Chilton Liverpool Manchester United February 1954 Thomas McNulty Manchester United Liverpool £ 7,000 April 1964 Phil Chisnall Manchester United Liverpool £ 25,000 Supporters ( edit ) Main articles : Supporters ' groups and Association football culture Liverpool Kopites in The Kop stand at Anfield Both Manchester United and Liverpool are among the most popular football clubs ( and sporting organisations ) globally . Both are in the top 25 in Europe with Manchester United considered to have the largest following of all , as well as having one of the highest average home attendances in Europe and boasting a large travelling support . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . Liverpool states that its worldwide fan base also includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The 2005 leveraged takeover of Manchester United by the Glazer family created a schism amongst Manchester fans , directly causing the creation of F.C. United of Manchester , and the `` Love United Hate Glazer '' movement , and subsequently the Red Knights who attempted to buy the Glazers out the club . Two years later , Liverpool went through its own controversial takeover when Chairman David Moores sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the lack of popular support from fans , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . Court action finally forced the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group . Hooliganism ( edit ) Main article : Football hooliganism With the rise of football hooliganism across English football during the 1970s and 1980s , matches between the two clubs brought some minor and major incidents of hooliganism . Since then , the modern game has seen a decrease in violence between the rival supporters and incidents are fairly uncommon . This is more likely due to an increase in Police presence and CCTV with huge steps taken to keep the fans separated . To this day , both sets of fans still hold a resentment toward each other . As well as physical violence , sections of the clubs ' fan bases often taunt each other with unsavoury chants about the Munich air disaster and the Hillsborough disaster respectively . At the 1996 FA Cup Final , an unidentified Liverpool fan spat at Eric Cantona and threw a punch at Alex Ferguson as a victorious Manchester United team walked up the steps at Wembley Stadium to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . The 2006 FA Cup match at Anfield featured foreign objects thrown at United fans by Liverpool supporters , including human excrement . Liverpool 's FA Cup semi-final game against Chelsea at Old Trafford later that year also resulted in damage to the stadium , including graffiti about serial killer Harold Shipman . In March 2011 , the Daily Mail reported that an FA Youth Cup game between the two clubs was marred because of `` sick chants '' about Hillsborough and Heysel coming from the Manchester United fans at Anfield . The article also claims that six Manchester United fans were ejected from the stadium due to bad behaviour . Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge was at the game and told the Liverpool Echo that `` the level of abuse was absolutely sickening '' . In March 2016 , before Liverpool 's first leg tie at Anfield against Manchester United , it was reported that a group of Liverpool fans hung a `` Manc Bastards '' banner on the M62 , as 2,300 Manchester United supporters made the trip to Anfield . It was confiscated by the police , shortly after . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 0 . Before the second leg tie at Old Trafford. , Liverpool fans were greeted with a banner on the M62 motorway in Salford that said ' murderers ' and also had the Hillsborough Disaster date on it . UEFA took no disciplinary action against Manchester United . During the same game , there were reported crowd disturbances , coming from the Manchester United end . It was later reported that a Liverpool supporter sneaked a Liverpool banner in the United section , causing to aggravate United supporters in the stand . Liverpool supporters ripped seats , and supporters threw objects at each other , also fighting with United supporters . Liverpool were fined £ 43,577 . by UEFA for setting off flares / crowd fireworks & ' illicit chants ' , whilst Manchester United were fined £ 44,342 for illicit chants & the throwing of objects . Both clubs ' fines included £ 15,290 suspended for two years . Liverpool drew 1 -- 1 , and progressed to the Europa League quarter - finals against Borussia Dortmund . Significant games ( edit ) 1894 test match ( edit ) The first ever meeting between both clubs came in a Football League test match in 1894 , a post-season series to determine who will receive First Division membership for 1894 -- 95 . As Newton Heath finished bottom of the First Division at the end of 1893 -- 94 , they had to play off against the champions of the Second Division , Liverpool . Liverpool won the tie 2 -- 0 at Ewood Park in Blackburn , earning them First Division membership and condemning Newton Heath to the Second Division . 1977 FA Cup final ( edit ) In 1977 , the two clubs met in a cup final for the first time , when they reached the final of the FA Cup . The two clubs took to the field at Wembley on 21 May , with Liverpool having just won the league title , knowing that winning this game would put them on course for a unique treble as they had the European Cup final to look forward to four days later . However , United ended Liverpool 's treble dreams with a 2 -- 1 win , with goals from Stuart Pearson and Jimmy Greenhoff , five minutes apart with a Jimmy Case goal for Liverpool in between . 1983 football league Cup final ( edit ) Six years later , on 26 March 1983 , the two sides met for the Football League Cup final . Goals from Alan Kennedy and Ronnie Whelan won the game 2 -- 1 for Liverpool , after Norman Whiteside had given United the lead . Liverpool collected the trophy for the third year in succession . It was the last of Liverpool manager Bob Paisley 's nine seasons in charge ( during which Liverpool had dominated the English and European scene ) before his retirement , and his players allowed him to climb the 39 steps to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . Anfield 1988 ( edit ) On 4 April 1988 , Liverpool were 11 points ahead at the top of the league and almost certain of winning the First Division title with barely a month of the league season remaining . United , in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson , were their nearest rivals . The two sides took to the field for a league encounter at Anfield and with the second half just minutes old the home side had a 3 -- 1 lead with goals from Peter Beardsley , Gary Gillespie and Steve McMahon , with United 's only goal coming from Bryan Robson . Robson then pulled a goal back for United , and with 12 minutes remaining fellow midfielder Gordon Strachan equalised to force a 3 -- 3 draw . Other notable games ( edit ) On 4 January 1994 , in the second season of the new FA Premier League , United took a 3 -- 0 lead at Anfield in the opening 25 minutes with goals from Steve Bruce , Ryan Giggs and Denis Irwin . Liverpool managed to claw back to draw 3 -- 3 with two goals from Nigel Clough and another from Neil Ruddock . It was one of the last games in charge of Liverpool for manager Graeme Souness , who had resigned by the end of the month . On 1 October 1995 , United 's Eric Cantona made his comeback to the side after serving an eight - month suspension for attacking a spectator in a game against Crystal Palace . His comeback game was against Liverpool in the Premier League at Old Trafford . United took an early lead through Nicky Butt , only for Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler to score twice and give the visitors a 2 -- 1 lead . However , United were awarded a penalty in the 71st minute and Cantona converted it successfully , forcing a 2 -- 2 draw . At the end of the season , the two sides met again at Wembley for the FA Cup Final . The game stayed goalless until the 85th minute , when Liverpool conceded a corner , which David Beckham swung into the box to be cleared by David James , only for Eric Cantona to fire home United 's winner . In March 2003 , the two clubs once again met in a cup final , this time in the League Cup , with Liverpool lifting the trophy after goals from Steven Gerrard and Michael Owen gave them a 2 -- 0 win . Alan Wiley shows a red card to Nemanja Vidić of Manchester United on 14 March 2009 On 14 March 2009 , the two sides met at Old Trafford in the Premier League . United were ahead at the top of the league and Liverpool were looking to make a late run to the title which had eluded them since 1990 . United went ahead in the 23rd minute with a Cristiano Ronaldo penalty , but Fernando Torres equalised five minutes later for Liverpool , and a Steven Gerrard penalty just before half - time put Liverpool in the lead . United had Nemanja Vidić sent off in the 76th minute , and their misery was swiftly compounded by late goals from Fábio Aurélio and finally Andrea Dossena , condemning them to a 4 -- 1 defeat , their heaviest at Old Trafford in any competition for 17 years . Despite the loss , Manchester United were crowned league champions for the third season in succession and equalled Liverpool 's 18 league titles , with Liverpool finishing four points behind in second . The league fixture on 11 February 2012 was marked by controversy regarding Liverpool striker Luis Suárez refusal to shake hands with Patrice Evra , following an eight - match suspension for racially abusing Evra in the previous meeting between the sides . Following the 2 -- 1 victory for United after a brace from Wayne Rooney , Evra in turn controversially celebrated right in front of Suárez , and was swept aside by opposition players finding the gesture provocative . Honours , Head to Head , and Statistics ( edit ) Honours ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> Domestic honours Competition <Td_colspan="2"> Liverpool <Td_colspan="2"> Manchester United Titles Year Titles Year Premier League 0 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 First Division 18 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 7 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 League total <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="2"> 20 FA Cup 7 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 12 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 League Cup 8 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 5 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield ( * = shared ) 15 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 21 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Super Cup 1986 0 Domestic total <Td_colspan="2"> 49 <Td_colspan="2"> 58 <Td_colspan="5"> European honours European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup / Europa League 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 2016 -- 17 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 1991 European total <Td_colspan="2"> 11 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="5"> Worldwide honours FIFA Club World Cup 0 2008 Intercontinental Cup 0 1999 Worldwide total <Td_colspan="2"> 0 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Combined total Combined total <Td_colspan="2"> 60 <Td_colspan="2"> 66 Table correct as of 24 May 2017 . Head - to - Head ( edit ) The below table demonstrates the competitive results between the two sides ( not indicative of titles won ) . Competition Manchester United wins Draws Liverpool wins League 68 47 55 FA Cup 9 League Cup 0 Europa League 0 Other Total 80 55 65 Table correct as of 10 March 2018 All - time results ( edit ) Liverpool in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Anfield Date Venue Score Competition 12 October 1895 Anfield 7 -- 1 Second Division 22 April 1905 Anfield 4 -- 0 Second Division 1 April 1907 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1908 Anfield 7 -- 4 First Division 30 January 1909 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 9 October 1909 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 26 November 1910 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 11 November 1911 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 29 March 1913 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 15 April 1914 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 26 December 1914 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1920 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 9 February 1921 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 17 December 1921 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 19 September 1925 Anfield 5 -- 0 First Division 28 August 1926 Anfield 4 -- 2 First Division 24 December 1927 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 February 1929 Anfield 2 -- 3 First Division 25 January 1930 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 April 1931 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 27 March 1937 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1938 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 May 1947 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 September 1947 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 27 December 1948 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 7 September 1949 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 23 August 1950 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 24 November 1951 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1952 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 22 August 1953 Anfield 4 -- 4 First Division 13 April 1963 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 13 April 1964 Anfield 3 -- 0 First Division 31 October 1964 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 1 January 1966 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1967 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 11 November 1967 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 12 October 1968 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1969 Anfield 1 -- 4 First Division 5 September 1970 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 25 September 1971 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 15 August 1972 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 22 December 1973 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 18 November 1975 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 3 May 1977 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 25 February 1978 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 14 April 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 14 April 1981 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 24 October 1981 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 16 October 1982 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 2 January 1984 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 31 March 1985 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 9 February 1986 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1986 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 4 April 1988 Anfield 3 -- 3 First Division 3 September 1988 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 23 December 1989 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 16 September 1990 Anfield 4 -- 0 First Division 26 April 1992 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 6 March 1993 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 4 January 1994 Anfield 3 -- 3 Premier League 19 March 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 17 December 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 19 April 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 6 December 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 5 May 1999 Anfield 2 -- 2 Premier League 11 September 1999 Anfield 2 -- 3 Premier League 31 March 2001 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 November 2001 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 1 December 2002 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 9 November 2003 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 15 January 2005 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 18 September 2005 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 3 March 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 16 December 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 13 September 2008 Anfield 2 -- 1 Premier League 25 October 2009 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 6 March 2011 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 October 2011 Anfield 1 -- 1 Premier League 23 September 2012 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 1 September 2013 Anfield 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 March 2015 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 17 January 2016 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 17 October 2016 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 14 October 2017 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League Manchester United in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Old Trafford Date Venue Score Competition 2 November 1895 Bank Street 5 -- 2 Second Division 24 December 1904 Bank Street 3 -- 1 Second Division 25 December 1906 Bank Street 0 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1907 Bank Street 4 -- 0 First Division 26 September 1908 Bank Street 3 -- 2 First Division 19 February 1910 Old Trafford 3 -- 4 First Division 1 April 1911 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 23 March 1912 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 23 November 1912 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 1 November 1913 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 2 April 1915 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1919 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 5 February 1921 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 December 1921 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 10 March 1926 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 15 January 1927 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 5 May 1928 Old Trafford 6 -- 1 First Division 15 September 1928 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 21 September 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1931 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 21 November 1936 Old Trafford 2 -- 5 First Division 6 May 1939 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 11 September 1946 Maine Road 5 -- 0 First Division 27 August 1947 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 25 December 1948 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 15 March 1950 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 30 August 1950 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 12 April 1952 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 First Division 20 April 1953 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 19 December 1953 Old Trafford 5 -- 1 First Division 10 November 1962 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 23 November 1963 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 24 April 1965 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 9 October 1965 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 10 December 1966 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 14 December 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 13 September 1969 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 19 April 1971 Old Trafford 0 -- 2 First Division 3 April 1972 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 11 November 1972 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 29 September 1973 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 February 1976 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 16 February 1977 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 1 October 1977 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1978 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 5 April 1980 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1980 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 7 April 1982 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 26 February 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 September 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 22 September 1984 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 19 October 1985 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 20 April 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 15 November 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1989 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 18 March 1990 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 3 February 1991 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 6 October 1991 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 October 1992 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 30 March 1994 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 17 September 1994 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 1 October 1995 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 12 October 1996 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 10 April 1998 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 24 September 1998 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 March 2000 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 17 December 2000 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2002 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 5 April 2003 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 Premier League 24 April 2004 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 20 September 2004 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2006 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 October 2006 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 23 March 2008 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 14 March 2009 Old Trafford 1 -- 4 Premier League 21 March 2010 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 19 September 2010 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 Premier League 11 February 2012 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 13 January 2013 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 16 March 2014 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 Premier League 14 December 2014 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 12 September 2015 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 January 2017 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 10 March 2018 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League <Td_colspan="4"> League home record Home Team Wins Losses Draws Liverpool 39 25 20 Manchester United 43 16 26 <Td_colspan="3"> Overall League Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 68 55 46 Results in domestic cup matches ( edit ) Date Venue <Th_colspan="3"> Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 12 February 1898 Bank Street Newton Heath 0 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 2nd Round 16 February 1898 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Newton Heath FA Cup 2nd Round Replay 7 February 1903 Bank Street Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round 8 January 1921 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 1st Round 12 January 1921 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 2 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round Replay 24 January 1948 Goodison Park Manchester United 3 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 30 January 1960 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 3 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 14 August 1965 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool 1965 Charity Shield 21 May 1977 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool 1977 FA Cup Final 13 August 1977 Wembley Liverpool 0 -- 0 Manchester United 1977 Charity Shield 31 March 1979 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 4 April 1979 Goodison Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 March 1983 Wembley Liverpool 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Manchester United 1983 League Cup Final 20 August 1983 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool 1983 Charity Shield 13 April 1985 Goodison Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 17 April 1985 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 November 1985 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United League Cup 4th Round 18 August 1990 Wembley Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United 1990 Charity Shield 31 October 1990 Old Trafford Manchester United 3 -- 1 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round 11 May 1996 Wembley Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool 1996 FA Cup Final 24 January 1999 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 12 August 2001 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United 2001 Charity Shield 2 March 2003 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United 2003 League Cup Final 18 February 2006 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 0 Manchester United FA Cup 5th Round 9 January 2011 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 3rd Round 28 January 2012 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 25 September 2013 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round <Td_colspan="3"> Overall Domestic Cup Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 12 9 7 Results in European competitions ( edit ) Date Venue <Th_colspan="3"> Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 10 March 2016 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United Europa League Round of 16 17 March 2016 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 1 Liverpool Europa League Round of 16 <Td_colspan="3"> Overall European competition Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 Results in play - offs ( edit ) Date Venue <Th_colspan="3"> Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 28 April 1894 Ewood Park Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Football League Test Match <Td_colspan="3"> Overall Play - off Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of association football club rivalries in Europe 1915 British football betting scandal Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to war damage , Old Trafford was closed at the time , and Manchester United were playing their home matches at Maine Road . However , on the same day , Manchester City were at home to Chelsea in another FA Cup tie and as a result this tie was switched to Goodison Park Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Pead , Brian ( 1986 ) . Liverpool A Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 15 - 1 . Reade , Brian ( 2009 ) . 44 Years With The Same Bird . Pan . ISBN 1 - 74329 - 366 - 6 . Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` United versus Liverpool '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Giggs '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Head to Heads Manchester United '' . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Football Club Match Record and Head to Head Stats v Liverpool '' . MUFCinfo.com . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- Liverpool vs Manchester Utd '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- The Super Clasico '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- the Old Firm '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- Deby Della Madonnina '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pele : Liverpool vs Manchester United is on a par with El Clasico ... and there is NOTHING wrong with English football '' . Daily Mail . 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Aldred , Tanya ( 22 January 2004 ) . `` Rivals uncovered '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ryan Giggs '' . Football Focus . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool remain Manchester United 's ' biggest rival ' says Ryan Giggs '' . The Independent . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 7 Greatest Rivalries in Club Football : From Boca to the Bernabeu '' . The Bleacher Report . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` MAN UNITED AND LIVERPOOL REMAIN TOP TV DRAWS DESPITE 2013 -- 14 WITHOUT TROPHIES '' . Sporting Intelligence . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd drops down wealth league '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Scouse v Manc '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Matt ( 27 November 2009 ) . `` THE LIST : The greatest rivalries in club football , Nos 10 -- 1 '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11715/10676765/leeds-united-englands-13th-biggest-club-according-to-sky-sports-study Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . Jump up ^ `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe '' . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10724872/are-liverpool-and-everton-bigger-than-manchester-united-and-city Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/02/26/manchester-united-officially-knock-liverpool-off-their-perch-after-winning-42nd-major-honour-6474309/ Jump up ^ http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2017/02/26/33095882/man-utd-usurp-liverpool-as-englands-most-successful-club Jump up ^ http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/manchester-united/look-away-liverpool-fans-manchester-united-are-now-officially-the-most-successful-club-in-england-35753198.html Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/manchester-united-ajax-europa-league-final-most-successful-club-a7754166.html Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2008 ) . Mad for It . London : HarperSport . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 728080 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Football Club is formed '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 1893 -- 94 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FA CHARITY / COMMUNITY SHIELD '' . Jump up ^ Evan Bleier ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` Man United v Liverpool rivalry in quotes '' . men . Jump up ^ `` Trophy Room '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool v Man United : which club 's golden age is the best ? '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd v Liverpool : A strange kind of sporting love affair ? '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Blog : The history of Liverpool - Man United '' . Liverpool FC . Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/club/manchester-united/360/blog/post/3133905/manchester-united-gruelling-season-couldnt-have-ended-better-with-europa-league-trophy Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT -- LIVERPOOL -- The legacy of the boot room '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley '' . Liverpool FC . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Keegan ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` The lessons for Manchester United to learn from Liverpool 's demise -- Manchester Evening News '' . men . Jump up ^ `` History by Decade '' . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United official history 1910 to 1919 -- Official Manchester United Website '' . Jump up ^ `` No Manchester United manager has won a trophy in their first TWO seasons in charge '' . Mail Online . 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY -- 29 -- 1968 : Manchester Utd win European Cup '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` The greatest challenge of Sir Alex Ferguson 's career is almost over '' . theguardian.co.uk . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson hopes Manchester United record beaten -- ESPN FC '' . ESPNFC.com . Jump up ^ `` Rooney : I Hate Liverpool '' . 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , Rob ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool : the Class of 92 , Spice Boys and Cantona 's return '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 - 0 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 22 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United news : Gary Neville says Liverpool badge - kissing celebration was ' absolutely worth ' £ 10,000 fine '' . The Independent . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Complicated Than Hate '' . The Players ' Tribune . 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gary Neville and Jamie Carragher look back on Manchester United v Liverpool clash '' . Sky Sports . 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez reignites Evra row as angry United skipper grabs striker after handshake snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez should n't play for Liverpool again ! Fergie hits out ' disgraceful ' striker after snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bang out of order ! Dalglish blasts interviewer as Scot claims he did n't see Suarez snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We 're sorry ! Suarez and Dalglish issue apologies over conduct at Old Trafford shame game '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United and Liverpool to escape FA action after Old Trafford clash '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The day that Phil crossed the great divide ! '' . Liverpool Echo. 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Owen completes switch to Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Eyeing Heinze '' . thesoccerblog.org. 3 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2007 ) . The Man Utd Miscellany . London : Vision Sports Publishing . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 27 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Paul ( June 2004 ) . `` United All - Time Transfer List '' . Red11.org . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LFC Official Supporters Clubs '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Matt ( 5 July 2005 ) . `` United We Stand '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Brady , Robert ( 2006 ) . An Undividable Glow -- The story of FCUM 's first season . Robert Brady . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9553620 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 6 February 2007 ) . `` US business duo at Liverpool helm '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 20 January 2008 ) . `` Liverpool braced for takeover bid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Bandini , Paolo ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Liverpool appoint Martin Broughton as chairman to oversee sale of club '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Auditors cast doubt on future of Liverpool after losses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover to go ahead as owners lose case '' . ESPN . 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover completed by US company NESV '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wembley to act over spitting '' . The Independent . London : Independent News and Media . 13 May 1996 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield Admits Excrement Thrown at Utd Fans '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rival Fans Vandalise Old Trafford '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Dominic ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Sick chants , three arrests and four red cards ruin FA Youth Cup clash between Liverpool and Manchester United '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge slams Manchester United fans who marred Youth Cup game '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.givemesport.com/728246-liverpool-fans-unveil-abusive-banner-towards-manchester-united-fans-on-motorway Jump up ^ Dobson , Mark ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Liverpool supporters welcomed to Manchester with ' murderers ' banner '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/manchester-united-liverpool-fans-clash-7580435 Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/reason-manchester-united-liverpool-fans-7581048 Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36372274 Jump up ^ `` Football News -- all the latest breaking football stories -- Mirror Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley -- LFChistory -- Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Simon ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Classic Liverpool v Manchester United encounters '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Ian ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` FA Cup flashback '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool lift Worthington Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 -- 4 Liverpool '' . BBC News . 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 18 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Brett , Oliver ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool striker Luis Suarez handed eight - match ban '' . BBC News . 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 February 2012 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11715/10676765/leeds-united-englands-13th-biggest-club-according-to-sky-sports-study Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19653230 External links ( edit ) FootballDerbies.com Complete results at LFCHistory.net United versus Liverpool at StretfordEnd.co.uk <Th_colspan="2"> Liverpool Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs `` Anfield Rap '' `` The Fields of Anfield Road '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. Liverpool The Boot Room Fenway Sports Group Liverpool L.F.C. Respect 4 All Spice Boys Spion Kop Superleague Formula team 1915 British football betting scandal <Td_colspan="2"> Book WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Manchester United Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. United of Manchester Glazer ownership Mascots 1915 British football betting scandal Railway station The Class of ' 92 <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Manchester United F.C. Category : Manchester United F.C. Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC <Th_colspan="2"> Football rivalries in the United Kingdom England A49 A62 Arsenal -- Manchester United Aston Villa -- West Bromwich Black Country Brighton -- Crystal Palace Bristol Bristol Rovers -- Swindon Chelsea -- Leeds United Chester -- Wrexham East Anglia East Lancashire East Midlands Derby -- Leicester Derby -- Forest Leicester -- Forest Essex Humber Leeds United -- Millwall Lincolnshire Liverpool -- Manchester United London Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West M1 M69 Manchester Merseyside North East Tees -- Wear Tyne -- Tees Tyne -- Wear Nottingham Potteries Roses Rules Second City Severnside South Coast Steel City West Country West Lancashire West Yorkshire Wool City Scotland Aberdeen -- Rangers Ayrshire Dundee Edinburgh Falkirk Fife Highland Lanarkshire New Firm North Old Firm Renfrewshire Tayside Wales Chester -- Wrexham Severnside South Wales Northern Ireland Belfast Big Two North Belfast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_F.C. -- Manchester_United_F. C. _rivalry&oldid = 834218912 '' Categories : Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. England football derbies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Malti 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 15 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Liverpool F.C. vs Manchester United F.C. rivalry
2. North West Derby
3. Biggest rivalry in English football
4. Historical supremacy between the two clubs
5. Player and fan animosity
|
7,505,611,034,642,489,000 |
when did the nba ban high school players
|
NBA high school draftees - wikipedia NBA high school draftees Jump to : navigation , search The NBA high school draftees are players who have been drafted to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) straight out of high school without playing basketball at the collegiate level . The process of jumping directly from high school to the professional level is also known as going prep - to - pro . Since 2006 , the practice of drafting high school players has been prohibited by the new collective bargaining agreement , which requires that players who entered the draft be 19 years of age and at least one year removed from high school . Contrary to popular belief , the player does not have to play at least a year in college basketball , as the player can choose to instead play in another professional league ( especially overseas ) like Brandon Jennings or Emmanuel Mudiay in Italy and China respectively , simply take the year off , such as the case with Satnam Singh Bhamara , or even hold themselves back a year in high school before declaring for the draft , such as the case with Thon Maker . The NBA has long had a preference for players who played basketball at the collegiate level ; the vast majority of players to play in the NBA have had college experience . However , there have been numerous notable players who attended high school in the United States and then jumped directly to the NBA without playing college basketball . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 1995 -- 2005 1.3 2005 -- present 2 List 3 Other players 4 Controversy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) In the early years of the NBA draft , a player had to finish his four - year college eligibility to be eligible for selection . Reggie Harding , who had graduated from high school but did not enroll in a college , became the first player drafted out of high school when the Detroit Pistons selected him in the fourth round of the 1962 draft . However , the NBA rules at that time prohibited a high school player to play in the league until one year after his high school class graduated . Thus , he spent a year playing in a minor basketball league before he was drafted again in the 1963 draft by the Pistons . He finally entered the league in the 1963 -- 64 season and played four seasons in the NBA and American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . In 1971 , the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled , 7 -- 2 against the National Basketball Association 's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation ( which in most cases was spent playing in college ) before turning professional . This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA Draft without four years of college , provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office . In 1974 , the NBA 's rival , the ABA , drafted high school star Moses Malone . He was immediately signed by the Utah Stars and became the first player to go directly from high school basketball to a professional league . He became an instant success , averaging 18 points and 14 rebounds per game in his rookie season . He played in the ABA until the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 . He then played 19 successful seasons with 7 NBA teams . He won the NBA championship , along with the Finals Most Valuable Player Award , with the Philadelphia 76ers in 1983 . His other achievements include 3 Most Valuable Player Awards , 12 consecutive All - Star Game selections , 8 All - NBA Team selections and 6 rebounding titles . He has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and was also named in the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History list announced at the league 's 50th anniversary in 1996 . A year later , two high school players , Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby , applied for hardship and were declared eligible to be selected in the 1975 draft . They had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league , which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier . Dawkins was selected 5th by the Philadelphia 76ers while Willoughby was selected 19th by the Atlanta Hawks . Dawkins played 14 seasons and averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds per game . Willoughby played 8 seasons with 6 different teams and averaged only 6 points per game . Neither player reached the level of success that was expected . It is argued that they could have been better players if they had college basketball experience before entering the NBA . After Dawkins and Willoughby , no high schoolers were drafted for 14 years , though several players entered the league without playing college basketball . One notable player , Shawn Kemp , enrolled in college but never played any games due to personal problems . In 1989 , a year after his high school graduation , he was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics . He played 14 seasons in the NBA and was selected to 6 All - Star Games and 3 All - NBA Teams . 1995 -- 2005 ( edit ) Kevin Garnett 's high - profile migration from high school to the NBA in 1995 prompted many high schoolers to follow in his footsteps In 1995 , Kevin Garnett , USA Today 's high school basketball player of the year , announced his intentions to forgo college , and declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft . The move was highly controversial ; the conventional wisdom at the time was that high - schoolers were neither emotionally nor physically mature enough for the rigors of the NBA game . On draft day , Garnett was selected with the # 5 pick in the first round by the Minnesota Timberwolves . Garnett led the Timberwolves to eight consecutive playoff berths and was a multiple All - Star during his time with the team . In 2004 , the Wolves advanced to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Lakers ; Garnett was named Most Valuable Player that year . After a trade in the 2007 offseason to the Boston Celtics , he was a core player in the Celtics ' first NBA title in over 20 years . In 1996 , two notable players made the jump from high school to the NBA . The first was Kobe Bryant , selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th pick of the NBA draft , but traded almost immediately to the Los Angeles Lakers . The second was Jermaine O'Neal , selected by the Trail Blazers with the 17th pick . O'Neal was traded in 2000 to the Indiana Pacers ( and later to the Miami Heat ) . In 1997 , another All - Star caliber player , Tracy McGrady , was selected by the Toronto Raptors . In 1998 , three high - schoolers were drafted with Al Harrington and Rashard Lewis experiencing the most success . Darius Miles became the highest high school player selected with the third pick in the 2000 , until the following year . In 2001 , Kwame Brown ( selected by the Washington Wizards ) became the first high - schooler to be selected with the number one pick in the draft ; since then , LeBron James ( 2003 ) and Dwight Howard ( 2004 ) have also been selected with the first pick . Other notable high - schoolers include Tyson Chandler and Eddy Curry ( 2001 ) ; Amar'e Stoudemire ( 2002 ) ; Josh Smith , Sebastian Telfair , J.R. Smith , and Shaun Livingston ( 2004 ) ; Andrew Bynum and Monta Ellis ( 2005 ) . Many prep - to - pro players like Kevin Garnett , Kobe Bryant , LeBron James , and Tracy Mcgrady went on to become star players in the NBA . Kevin Garnett , Kobe Bryant , LeBron James have all won the league 's MVP Award ; as well as holding at least one NBA title under their belt , and are widely regarded as future Hall - of - Famers . Dwight Howard , Jermaine O'Neal and Amar'e Stoudemire also became perennial All - Stars in their prime . However , not all high - schoolers were successful . Kwame Brown and Eddy Curry are widely regarded as draft busts , while Jonathan Bender and Darius Miles had their careers cut short by injury . Korleone Young ( drafted in 1998 ) and Leon Smith ( drafted in 1999 ) only played a handful of games in the NBA , while Lenny Cooke and DeAngelo Collins , both of whom declared for the 2002 Draft , went undrafted and never played in the NBA . 2005 -- present ( edit ) Brandon Jennings spent a year playing in Italy before entering the NBA Beginning 2005 , both the NBA and the players ' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age limit . The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age limit . Finally in July 2005 , both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement , requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school . For the first time , teams are also allowed to send players , with two years of NBA experience or less , to the NBA Development League ( NBA D - League ) . The terms of the new agreement ended the practice of drafting high school players , starting in the 2006 Draft . A high school player must wait at least a year to be eligible for selection . However , they are not required to spend that year in college . In 2008 , high school star Brandon Jennings decided to skip college and play professional basketball in Italy . After a year , he was eligible for the 2009 draft and was selected 10th by the Milwaukee Bucks . In the 2010 draft , Latavious Williams , who did not qualify academically to go to college , spent a year playing in the NBA D - League before he was drafted in the second round . Emmanuel Mudiay decided to take a route similar to that of Brandon Jennings by skipping college to play professionally in China in 2014 before being selected by the Denver Nuggets at pick 7 a year later . In the 2015 draft , Satnam Singh Bhamara , who did not qualify academically to go to college , went straight to the NBA draft as a post-graduate after being at IMG Academy for five years . He would be taken by the Dallas Mavericks with the 52nd pick in the draft , thus becoming the first high school student to be drafted since the rule changes . Most recently , in the 2016 draft , one of the Top -- 10 players that was declared eligible for NCAA play in 2016 , Thon Maker , decided to enter the draft instead as a post-graduate from Orangeville Prep in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada due to him originally declaring himself as eligible for college in 2015 . Thon would also mark the first player to be drafted directly from a Canadian high school , as well as the second player to enter as a post-graduate . He 'd also be the first high schooler to be drafted in the first round since 2005 . He would be drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks with the tenth pick in the draft , becoming the first high school student to be taken in the first round in that range since 2005 . Some players support the new age limit . Gerald Green called it `` a smart move '' , saying that `` ( not everybody is ) LeBron James ... He came in ready and he dominated the league . There 's a lot of players that have to get developed . Me , I 've got to get developed . But I guess that age limit , that one year of college experience , can get you more developed and I think that 's pretty good . '' Others , however , strongly criticize the rule . Andrew Bynum said `` That 's something I 'll never understand . Because in no other business can the owner , or a stock trader or a C.E.O. of a company try to protect themselves by putting rules like that . '' Former Florida Gators and current Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Billy Donovan believed that the rule made high schoolers feel like they were being punished . List ( edit ) There have been 44 high school draftees in the NBA Draft . Three draftees were selected first overall ; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft , LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft . Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season ; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire . Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award ; Kevin Garnett in 2004 , Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2013 . Ten draftees have been selected to the All - Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All - NBA Team . Pos . Position Guard Forward Center Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame * Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs Kobe Bryant was selected by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996 . Jermaine O'Neal was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in 1996 . Tracy McGrady was selected by the Toronto Raptors in 1997 . Amar'e Stoudemire was selected by the Phoenix Suns in 2002 . LeBron James was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 . Dwight Howard was selected by the Orlando Magic in 2004 . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Draft team High school ( city ) Ref . 1962 29 Harding , Reggie Reggie Harding United States Detroit Pistons Detroit Eastern High School ( Detroit ) 5 Dawkins , Darryl Darryl Dawkins United States Philadelphia 76ers Maynard Evans High School ( Orlando , Florida ) 19 Willoughby , Bill Bill Willoughby F / C United States Atlanta Hawks Dwight Morrow High School ( Englewood , New Jersey ) 1995 5 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett * United States Minnesota Timberwolves Farragut Career Academy ( Chicago ) 13 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant * United States Charlotte Hornets Lower Merion High School ( Ardmore , Pennsylvania ) 17 O'Neal , Jermaine Jermaine O'Neal * F / C United States Portland Trail Blazers Eau Claire High School ( Columbia , South Carolina ) 1997 9 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady ^ United States Toronto Raptors Mount Zion Christian Academy ( Durham , North Carolina ) 1998 25 Harrington , Al Al Harrington United States Indiana Pacers St. Patrick High School ( Elizabeth , New Jersey ) 1998 32 Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis United States Seattle SuperSonics Alief Elsik High School ( Houston , Texas ) 1998 40 Young , Korleone Korleone Young United States Detroit Pistons Hargrave Military Academy ( Chatham , Virginia ) 1999 5 Bender , Jonathan Jonathan Bender United States Toronto Raptors Picayune Memorial High School ( Picayune , Mississippi ) 1999 25 Smith , Leon Leon Smith United States Dallas Mavericks Martin Luther King High School ( Chicago ) 2000 Miles , Darius Darius Miles United States Los Angeles Clippers East St. Louis High School ( East St. Louis , Illinois ) 2000 23 Stevenson , DeShawn DeShawn Stevenson United States Utah Jazz Washington Union High School ( Fresno , California ) 2001 Brown , Kwame Kwame Brown United States Washington Wizards Glynn Academy ( Brunswick , Georgia ) 2001 Chandler , Tyson Tyson Chandler * United States Los Angeles Clippers Dominguez High School ( Compton , California ) 2001 Curry , Eddy Eddy Curry United States Chicago Bulls Thornwood High School ( South Holland , Illinois ) 2001 8 Diop , DeSagana DeSagana Diop Senegal Cleveland Cavaliers Oak Hill Academy ( Mouth of Wilson , Virginia ) 2001 46 Cisse , Ousmane Ousmane Cisse Mali Denver Nuggets St. Jude High School ( Montgomery , Alabama ) 2002 9 Stoudemire , Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire * F / C United States Phoenix Suns Cypress Creek High School ( Orlando , Florida ) 2003 James , LeBron LeBron James * United States Cleveland Cavaliers St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School ( Akron , Ohio ) 2003 23 Outlaw , Travis Travis Outlaw United States Portland Trail Blazers Starkville High School ( Starkville , Mississippi ) 2003 26 Ebi , Ndudi Ndudi Ebi United Kingdom Nigeria Minnesota Timberwolves Westbury Christian School ( Houston , Texas ) 2003 27 Perkins , Kendrick Kendrick Perkins United States Memphis Grizzlies Clifton J. Ozen High School ( Beaumont , Texas ) 2003 48 Lang , James James Lang United States New Orleans Hornets Central Park Christian High School ( Birmingham , Alabama ) Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard * F / C United States Orlando Magic Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy ( Atlanta ) Livingston , Shaun Shaun Livingston United States Los Angeles Clippers Peoria High School ( Peoria , Illinois ) 12 Swift , Robert Robert Swift United States Seattle SuperSonics Bakersfield High School ( Bakersfield , California ) 13 Telfair , Sebastian Sebastian Telfair United States Portland Trail Blazers Abraham Lincoln High School ( Brooklyn , New York ) 15 Jefferson , Al Al Jefferson United States Boston Celtics Prentiss High School ( Prentiss , Mississippi ) 17 Smith , Josh Josh Smith United States Atlanta Hawks Oak Hill Academy ( Mouth of Wilson , Virginia ) 18 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith United States New Orleans Hornets Saint Benedict 's Preparatory School ( Newark , New Jersey ) 19 Wright , Dorell Dorell Wright G / F United States Miami Heat South Kent Preparatory School ( South Kent , Connecticut ) 2005 6 Webster , Martell Martell Webster G / F United States Portland Trail Blazers Seattle Preparatory School ( Seattle ) 2005 10 Bynum , Andrew Andrew Bynum United States Los Angeles Lakers St. Joseph High School ( Metuchen , New Jersey ) 2005 18 Green , Gerald Gerald Green United States Boston Celtics Gulf Shores Academy ( Houston , Texas ) 2005 34 Miles , C.J. C.J. Miles United States Utah Jazz Skyline High School ( Dallas ) 2005 35 Sánchez , Ricky Ricky Sánchez Puerto Rico Portland Trail Blazers IMG Academy ( Bradenton , Florida ) 2005 40 Ellis , Monta Monta Ellis United States Golden State Warriors Lanier High School ( Jackson , Mississippi ) 2005 45 Williams , Louis Louis Williams United States Philadelphia 76ers South Gwinnett High School ( Snellville , Georgia ) 2005 49 Blatche , Andray Andray Blatche United States Philippines Washington Wizards South Kent Preparatory School ( South Kent , Connecticut ) 2005 56 Johnson , Amir Amir Johnson United States Detroit Pistons Westchester High School ( Los Angeles ) 2015 52 Singh , Satnam Satnam Singh India Dallas Mavericks IMG Academy ( Bradenton , Florida ) 2016 10 Maker , Thon Thon Maker F / C Sudan South Sudan Australia Milwaukee Bucks Orangeville District Secondary School ( Orangeville , Ontario , Canada ) ^ 1 : Reggie Harding played and graduated from Detroit Eastern High School in January but he played high school basketball in Nashville , Tennessee prior to the draft . ^ 2 : While Ndudi Ebi was originally born and raised in London , England , he also holds Nigerian nationality due to his parents being born and raised there . ^ 3 : Andray Blatche was born and raised in Syracuse , New York and holds American nationality , but he had become a naturalized Filipino since June 2014 and has officially represented the Philippines since . ^ 4 : Satnam Singh officially marks the first ever player to be taken from India in the NBA . He also marks the first time since 2005 after their latest ruling on high school players that someone directly from high school would be taken in the draft , albeit as a postgraduate senior . ^ 5 : Thon Maker was born in Wau , Sudan at the time , but Wau has now since become a part of South Sudan instead due to war . Even then , though , he would be raised as an Australian representative . ^ 6 : Thon Maker would become the first high schooler ( and second overall high school postgraduate student ) to be selected from the nation of Canada instead of somewhere in the United States of America . Also , while Thon attended classes at Orangeville Prep , he would play basketball games for the Athlete Institute nearby in Mono , Ontario as well . Other players ( edit ) The following players also played in the NBA or were drafted without playing college basketball ; however , these players did not get drafted or join the NBA directly after their high school graduation . Year Debut Player Pos . Nationality High school ( city ) Notes Ref . -- 1946 Kappen , Tony Tony Kappen United States -- Played in the ABL before making his BAA debut The first player to play in the BAA / NBA without any college experience Made his BAA debut at the age of 27 -- 1946 Simmons , Connie Connie Simmons F / C United States Flushing High School ( Flushing , New York ) The second player to play in the BAA / NBA without any college experience Made his BAA debut at the age of 21 -- 1948 Graboski , Joe Joe Graboski F / C United States Tuley High School ( Chicago ) The third and final player to play in the BAA before its merger as the NBA Made his BAA debut at the age of 18 1960 1969 Hawkins , Connie Connie Hawkins ^ F / C United States Boys High School ( Brooklyn , New York ) Was permanently banned by the NBA due to a point shaving scandal in college , but was later reinstated in 1969 Attended University of Iowa Played in the ABL and the ABA before making his NBA debut 1976 Malone , Moses Moses Malone ^ F / C United States Petersburg High School ( Petersburg , Virginia ) Drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1974 ABA Draft Played in the ABA before the ABA -- NBA merger 1988 1989 Kemp , Shawn Shawn Kemp * F / C United States Concord High School ( Elkhart , Indiana ) Attended University of Kentucky and Trinity Valley Community College Drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1989 NBA draft ( 1st round , 17th pick ) 1986 1992 Daniels , Lloyd Lloyd Daniels United States Andrew Jackson High School ( Queens , New York ) Attended Mt . San Antonio College Played in various minor basketball leagues before making his NBA debut 1993 Hamilton , Thomas Thomas Hamilton United States Martin Luther King High School ( Chicago ) Attended University of Pittsburgh Declared for the 1994 NBA draft but went undrafted 2000 Jackson , Stephen Stephen Jackson United States Oak Hill Academy ( Mouth of Wilson , Virginia ) Attended Butler Community College Drafted by the Phoenix Suns in the 1997 NBA draft ( 2nd round , 43rd pick ) 2001 2015 Huertas , Marcelo Marcelo Huertas Brazil Italy Coppell High School ( Coppell , Texas ) Was born in Brazil and played for the Esporte Clube Pinheiros before moving to the U.S.A. around 2000 . Played senior year in Coppell High School before beginning his professional international career . Went undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft . Played in Brazil , Spain , and Italy before making his NBA debut in 2015 . 2005 Butler , Jackie Jackie Butler F / C United States Coastal Christian Academy ( Virginia Beach , Virginia ) Initially committed to Mississippi State University and , later on , the University of Tennessee Declared for the 2004 NBA draft but went undrafted Played in the CBA before making his NBA debut 2008 2009 Jennings , Brandon Brandon Jennings United States Oak Hill Academy ( Mouth of Wilson , Virginia ) Initially committed to the University of Southern California and , later on , the University of Arizona Played in the Italian league in the 2008 -- 09 season Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2009 NBA draft ( 1st round , 10th pick ) 2009 Williams , Latavious Latavious Williams United States Christian Life Center Academy ( Humble , Texas ) Initially committed to the University of Memphis Played in the NBA D - League in the 2009 -- 10 season Drafted by the Miami Heat in the 2010 NBA draft ( 2nd round , 43rd pick ) 2011 Kanter , Enes Enes Kanter F / C Turkey Stoneridge Preparatory School ( Simi Valley , California ) Previously played in both youth squads and professionally in Turkey Moved to the U.S.A. in 2009 and played basketball in his senior year of high school Attended the University of Kentucky , but was barred from playing due to his previous time spent in Turkey Drafted by the Utah Jazz in the 2011 NBA draft ( 1st round , 3rd pick ) 2011 Tyler , Jeremy Jeremy Tyler United States San Diego High School ( San Diego ) Initially committed to the University of Louisville Left high school after his junior year in 2009 Played in the Israeli league in the 2009 -- 10 season Played in the Japanese league in the 2010 -- 11 season Drafted by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft ( 2nd round , 39th pick ) 2012 2013 Ledo , Ricky Ricky Ledo United States South Kent High School ( South Kent , Connecticut ) Attended Providence College Drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft ( 2nd round , 43rd pick ) 2013 2015 Felício , Cristiano Cristiano Felício Brazil CCSE Prep Academy ( Sacramento ) Was born in Brazil and played professionally there before moving in his senior year . Tried to get a scholarship for the University of Oregon , but was deemed ineligible . Returned to playing professionally in Brazil . 2014 2015 Mudiay , Emmanuel Emmanuel Mudiay PG Democratic Republic of the Congo United States Prime Prep Academy ( Dallas ) Initially committed to Southern Methodist University Played in the Chinese professional league in the 2014 -- 15 season Drafted by the Denver Nuggets in the 2015 NBA draft ( 1st round , 7th pick ) 2014 2016 Papagiannis , Georgios Georgios Papagiannis Greece Westtown School ( West Chester , Pennsylvania ) Was born in Greece and played professionally for Peristeri at 14 before moving in his freshman year Went to Westtown as a junior before moving back to Greece Played professionally for the Panathinaikos while also attending the American School in Athens , Greece Drafted by the Phoenix Suns and traded to the Sacramento Kings in the 2016 NBA draft ( 1st round , 13th pick ) ^ 5 : Secondary source mentions that Connie Simmons attended Forest Hills High School ( Queens , New York ) . Controversy ( edit ) Further information : National Basketball Association criticisms and controversies § Age limit Despite the success of some high school players drafted , the entry of high school players into the NBA remains controversial . Critics say that high school players are not mentally and physically mature or prepared enough to handle the pressure of professional play . Thus , they are more likely to fail . Instead , they believe that colleges are useful at filtering out players who can dominate against weak competition in high school , but can not succeed at a higher level of play . They also think that the influx of high schoolers bypassing colleges in favor of the NBA has caused collegiate game to deteriorate . Universities are wary of spending time recruiting as many players that are motivated financially to turn pro fresh out of high school . On the other hand , proponents argue that there is no valid reason to exclude high school players . Michael McCann , writer of law article `` Illegal Defense : The Irrational Economics of Banning High School Players from the NBA Draft '' , contends that players drafted straight out of high school can do as well as any other players in the NBA . The article finds that `` on average , these ( high school ) players perform better in every major statistical category than does the average NBA player '' . Others instead believe that the problem was due to the lack of established farm system in basketball until recently . In other major sports , such as baseball and hockey , it is common for young players to develop in their minor league systems . See also ( edit ) Haywood v. National Basketball Association Notes ( edit ) Each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA Draft . Year denotes the year when the player graduated from high school . Debut denotes the year when the player made his NBA debut . Each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Information not available References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nance , Roscoe ( June 21 , 2005 ) . `` Teen draftees grounded until 19 under new deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knight , Athelia ( March 23 , 2000 ) . `` NBA Ponders New League ; It Would Develop College - Age Players '' . The Washington Post . p . D1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Royals Snap Up Lucas '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . March 27 , 1962 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Ca n't Use 7 - Foot Prep '' . Lawrence Journal - World . July 3 , 1962 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Dan ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` Does n't the Extra Year Help Teams ? '' . NBA.com/Suns . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` This Game Called What 's The Name '' . Toledo Blade . January 7 , 1963 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Harding Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spencer Haywood Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Deford , Frank ( February 19 , 1979 ) . `` Bounding Into Prominence '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Malone Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burden , Dantley top list '' . Lawrence Journal - World . May 9 , 1975 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Why Pros Spent 20 Years Shunning High Schoolers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( June 26 , 1995 ) . `` Hoop Dream '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James , Michael ( March 22 , 1995 ) . `` Garnett Is No Gem For NBA '' . Daily News . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Kemp Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2004 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Kemp Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Howard ( June 28 , 2005 ) . `` Draft Will Close Book on High School Stars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement Ratified and Signed '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jennings puts new path to NBA on full display '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cranston , Mark ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Williams eyes high school - D - League - NBA route '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete ( July 12 , 2009 ) . `` Few High School Stars Expected to Follow European Detour to N.B.A. '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Growing to Appreciate the N.B.A. 's Age Limit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Harding Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Darryl Dawkins Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Willoughby Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Garnett Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine O'Neal Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy McGrady Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Al Harrington Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rashard Lewis Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Korleone Young Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Bender Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leon Smith Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Darius Miles Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DeShawn Stevenson Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kwame Brown Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tyson Chandler Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eddy Curry Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DeSagana Diop Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Ousmane Cisse '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amare Stoudemire Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Outlaw Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ndubi Ebi Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Perkins Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Lang Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun Livingston Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Swift Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sebastian Telfair Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jefferson Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Smith Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dorell Wright Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prospect Profile : Dorell Wright '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Martell Webster Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Bynum Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Green Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` C.J. Miles Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Early Entry Candidates Withdraw '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 22 , 2005 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monta Ellis Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Williams Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andray Blatche Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amir Johnson Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Satnam Singh Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thon Maker Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Ca n't Use 7 - Foot Prep '' . Lawrence Journal - World . July 3 , 1962 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Snap Up Lucas '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . March 27 , 1962 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Kappen Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Mealy , Ryan Canner ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Jeremy Tyler : Preps - to - Passports '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American Basketball League Statistics 1938 -- 39 To 1952 -- 53 '' . The Association for Professional Basketball Research . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Simmons Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Dylan ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` The Butler Did It '' . New York Post . NYP Holdings , Inc . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Graboski Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Graboski of Olympians Jumps From Preps to Pros '' . The Milwaukee Journal . October 29 , 1952 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Hawkins Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flatter , Ron ( November 19 , 2003 ) . `` Layups : More Info on Connie Hawkins '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Hawkins Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Malone Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Kemp Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Kemp Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Daniels Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Daniel 's Next Stop : Long Island '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1992 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gup , Ted ; Doyle , Brian ( April 3 , 1989 ) . `` Education : Playing To Win in Vegas '' . Time . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hamilton Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Hamilton Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Jackson Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Sign Free Agent Stephen Jackson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 3 , 2003 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Huertas Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Butler Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Butler Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Sign Jackie Butler '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Draft 2009 Prospects : Brandon Jennings '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Draft 2010 Prospects : Latavious Williams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler intrigues as NBA draft nears '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sappenfield , Mark ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Straight to the NBA -- without a stop at college '' . Christian Science Monitor . Vol. 93 , Issue 124 , p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( April 5 , 2002 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Young Star Stays Cool in Spotlight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ewell , Christian ( May 18 , 2004 ) . `` Difficult jump shot : preps to NBA ; Basketball : More and more try the leap , but for every LeBron James who flourishes , there are a lot of James Langs who do n't '' . The Baltimore Sun . p. 1 C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) NBA.com NBA.com : NBA Draft History <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) NBA drafts <Td_colspan="2"> Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Expansion drafts <Td_colspan="2"> 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_high_school_draftees&oldid=799066282 '' Categories : National Basketball Association high school draftees National Basketball Association draft National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 12 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. NBA high school draftees
2. Going prep-to-pro
3. History of high school players in the NBA
4. Notable high school draftees
5. Controversy surrounding high school players in the NBA
|
-8,840,112,700,012,216,000 |
who is the freedom fighter is known as the father of the indian petroleum industry
|
History of the oil industry in India - wikipedia History of the oil industry in India This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( December 2014 ) The history of the Indian oil industry extends back to the period of the British Raj , at a time when petroleum first became a primary global energy source . Contents 1 Colonial rule , 1858 - 1947 2 Independence , 1947 - 1991 3 Liberalisation , 1991 - present 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Colonial rule , 1858 - 1947 ( edit ) 1866 : Oil discovery at Nahorpung , Assam . Not explored . 1882 : Big `` Oil Seepage '' in Digboi during construction of Dibrugarh - Ledo Railway Line . The first oil production started in India in 1889 near the town of Digboi in the state of Assam . A Small thatched structure was erected and christened `` Oil well no. 1 '' or `` Discovery '' . This discovery came on the heels of industrial development . The Assam Railways and Trading Company ( ARTC ) had recently opened the area for trade by building a railway and later finding oil nearby . The first well was completed in 1890 and in 1893 first refinery started at Margharita , Assam . The Assam Oil Company was established in 1899 to oversee production . In 1901 , Digboi Refinery was commissioned supplanting the earlier refinery at Margharita . At its peak during the Second World War the Digboi oil fields were producing 7,000 barrels per day. . In the year 1909 , IBP ( Indo Burmah Petroleum ) was incorporated in Rangoon to explore oil wells that had been discovered in Burma and Assam . Oil in colonial India was mostly exploited by a number of British companies with intricate alliances . Their output began to increase during the first and second world wars to support British troops and industries in the United Kingdom . In 1928 , Asiatic Petroleum Company ( India ) started cooperation with Burmah Oil Company . This alliance led to the formation of Burmah - Shell Oil Storage and Distributing Company of India Limited . Burmah - Shell began its operations with import and marketing of Kerosene . On 24th of January , 1976 , the Burmah Sell was taken over by the Government of India to form Bharat Refineries Limited . On 1st August , 1977 , it was renamed as Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited . Independence , 1947 - 1991 ( edit ) After India won independence in 1947 , the new government moved to a Communist system , often termed as License Raj . In terms of economic policy this meant a far bigger role for the government and little or no role for the private sector . This resulted in a focus on centralized planning , heavily bureaucratic and inefficient system that meant a large public sector and economic protectionism . The foreign companies continued to play a key role in the oil industry . Oil India Limited was still a joint venture involving the Indian government and the British owned Burmah Oil Company ( presently , BP ) whilst the Indo - Stanvac Petroleum project in West Bengal was between the Indian government and the American company SOCONY - Vacuum ( presently , ExxonMobil ) . This changed in 1956 when the government adopted an industrial policy that placed oil as a `` schedule A industry '' and put its future development in the hands of the state . In October 1959 an Act of Parliament was passed which gave the state owned Oil and Natural Gas Commission ( ONGC ) the powers to plan , organise , and implement programmes for the development of oil resources and the sale of petroleum products and also to perform plans sent down from central government . In order to find the expertise necessary to reach these goals foreign experts from West Germany , Romania , the US , and the Soviet Union were brought in . The Soviet experts were the most influential and they drew up detailed plans for further oil exploration which were to form part of the second five - year plan . India thus adopted the Soviet model of economic development and the state continues to implement five - year plans as part of its drive towards modernity . The increased focus on exploration resulted in the discovery of several new oil fields most notably the off - shore Bombay High field which remains by a long margin India 's most productive well . Liberalisation , 1991 - present ( edit ) The process of economic liberalisation in India began in 1991 when India defaulted on her loans and asked for a $1.8 billion bailout from the IMF . This was a trickle - down effect of the culmination of the cold war era ; marked by the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union , India 's main trading partner . The bailout was done on the condition that the government initiate further reforms , thus paving the way for India 's emergence as a free market economy , which would open up its markets to western companies . For the ONGC this meant being reorganised into a public limited company ( it is now called for Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ) and around 2 % of government held stocks were sold off . Despite this however the government still plays a pivotal role and ONGC is still responsible for 77 % of oil and 81 % of gas production while the Indian Oil Corporation ( IOC ) owns most of the refineries putting it within the top 20 oil companies in the world . The government also maintains subsidised prices . As a net importer of oil however India faces the problem of meeting the energy demands for its rapidly expanding population and economy and to this the ONGC has pursued drilling rights in Iran and Kazakhstan and has acquired shares in exploration ventures in Indonesia , Libya , Nigeria , and Sudan . India 's choice of energy partners however , most notably Iran led to concerns radiating from the US . A key issue today is the proposed gas pipeline that will run from Turkmenistan to India through politically unstable Afghanistan and also through Pakistan . However , despite India 's strong economic links with Iran , India voted with the US when Iran 's nuclear program was discussed by the International Atomic Energy Agency although there are still very real differences between the two countries when it comes to dealing with Iran . See also ( edit ) Energy portal India portal History of the petroleum industry in Canada History of the petroleum industry in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Digboi : The First Oil Well in India '' . EduGreen . The Energy and Resources Initiative . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ( edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/n_renew/digboi.htm `` Digboi - the first oil well in India '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TERI . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Viswanath , S.N. ( 1 July 1990 ) . A Hundred Years of Oil : A Narrative Account of the Search for Oil in India . Vikas Publications . ISBN 070694917X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Venugopal , Sajith ( 16 October 2009 ) . The economics of petroleum exploration and development in INDIA : Analysing the Fiscal Regime of the Indian Petroleum Sector . VDN Verlag . ISBN 3639203054 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Roy , Tirthankar ( Summer 2002 ) . `` Economic History and Modern India : Redefining the Link '' . The Journal of Economic Perspectives . American Economic Association . 16 ( 3 ) : 109 -- 130 . doi : 10.1257 / 089533002760278749 . JSTOR 3216953. ) Jump up ^ Panagariya , Arvind ( 2008 ) . India : The Emerging Giant . Oxford University Press . p. 514 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531503 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Staley , Sam ( June 2006 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Indian Socialism '' . Reason . Jump up ^ India 's Pathway through Financial Crisis Archived 2011 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Arunabha Ghosh . Global Economic Governance Programme . Retrieved on 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` That old Gandhi magic '' . The Economist. 27 November 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Haté , Vibhuti ( 7 September 2006 ) . `` India 's Energy Dilemma '' ( PDF ) . South Asia Monitor . Center for Strategic and International Studies . External links ( edit ) Interactive map of the oil and gas infrastructure in India ( incomplete ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India&oldid=860719147 '' Categories : History of the petroleum industry by country Petroleum industry in India Industrial history of India Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Orphaned articles from December 2014 All orphaned articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 15 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
1. Oil industry in India during colonial rule
2. Independence and the oil industry in India
3. Liberalization and the oil industry in India
4. Role of foreign companies in the Indian oil industry
5. Challenges and future prospects of the Indian oil industry
|
-8,731,964,131,439,302,000 |
who won haley reinhart's year of american idol
|
American Idol ( season 10 ) - wikipedia American Idol ( season 10 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> American Idol <Th_colspan="2"> Season 10 Broadcast from January 19 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) -- May 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) Judges Randy Jackson Jennifer Lopez Steven Tyler Host ( s ) Ryan Seacrest Broadcaster Fox Broadcasting Company Finals venue Nokia Theatre Los Angeles <Th_colspan="2"> Winner <Td_colspan="2"> Scotty McCreery <Td_colspan="2"> Origin Garner , North Carolina Song `` I Love You This Big '' Genre ( s ) Country <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up <Td_colspan="2"> Lauren Alaina <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ◀ 2011 ▶ The tenth season of American Idol premiered on January 19 , 2011 and concluded on May 25 , 2011 , on the Fox television network . The show underwent a number of changes from the ninth season , including the return of Nigel Lythgoe as executive producer . Randy Jackson returned as judge for his tenth season while Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel following the departures of Simon Cowell , Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres . Interscope Records , which is part of Universal Music Group , replaced Sony Music Entertainment as Idol 's official partner record label . Interscope 's Chairman Jimmy Iovine , a songwriter and producer , was named as the in - house mentor to work with the contestants on a weekly basis . He was supported by associated producers Rodney Jerkins , Alex da Kid , Tricky Stewart , Don Was , will.i.am , and Timbaland , who all helped the contestants tailor their song choices to their chosen genre of performance , while also producing arrangements for the contestants and offering original material to be performed . Ray Chew replaced Rickey Minor as the show 's musical director and leader of Idol 's live band . Programming changes affecting viewership included a revision in the days of broadcast from Tuesdays and Wednesdays to Wednesdays and Thursdays . The show also opened up an option for viewers to cast their votes online through Facebook , allowing 50 votes per account . Specific changes in the competition itself included extending extra rounds ( such as the Las Vegas show ) and a final solo round , while also returning the judges ' wild card choice . The show additionally lowered the age of eligibility to 15 years . More contestants made it to Hollywood in season 10 than in previous seasons . On May 25 , 2011 , after 122.4 million votes were cast for the finale ( and nearly 750 million votes for the seasonal total ) , Scotty McCreery was crowned the winner of the tenth season of American Idol , making him the youngest male winner at 17 years and seven months old , and the second youngest winner ever behind season 6 winner Jordin Sparks . Season 10 was the first season where 11 contestants went on tour instead of 10 . Eight contestants from this season were signed to record labels . The signed artists are Scotty McCreery , Lauren Alaina , Haley Reinhart , James Durbin , Casey Abrams , Stefano Langone , Pia Toscano and Naima Adedapo . Contents 1 Changes 1.1 New rounds 1.2 Partnership with Universal Music 2 Regional auditions 3 Hollywood week 4 Semi-finalists 5 Semi-finals 5.1 Males 5.2 Females 5.3 Wild Card round 6 Finalists 7 Finals 7.1 Top 13 -- Their Personal Idols 7.2 Top 12 -- Year They Were Born 7.3 Top 11 ( first week ) -- Motown 7.4 Top 11 ( second week ) -- Elton John 7.5 Top 9 -- Rock & Roll Hall of Fame 7.6 Top 8 -- Songs from the Movies 7.7 Top 7 -- Songs from the 21st century 7.8 Top 6 -- Carole King 7.9 Top 5 -- Songs from Now & Then 7.10 Top 4 -- Songs That Inspire / Leiber & Stoller Songbook 7.11 Top 3 -- Contestant 's Choice / Jimmy Iovine 's Choice / Judges ' Choice 7.12 Top 2 -- Favorite Performance / Personal Idol 's Choice / Winner 's Single 8 Elimination chart 9 Results show performances 10 Controversies 10.1 Gender voting bias and elimination of Pia Toscano 10.2 Judges critique 10.3 Lee DeWyze finale involvement 11 Contestants who appeared on other talent shows / seasons 11.1 Previous Idol contestants 12 U.S. Nielsen ratings 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Changes ( edit ) Simon Cowell , who had been a judge since the first episode of the first season , announced on January 11 , 2010 that he would not be returning as a judge for this season in order to focus on launching the American version of his hit British singing competition The X Factor . Ellen DeGeneres officially announced her departure on July 29 , 2010 , after judging for only one season , because she felt the show was not the `` right fit '' for her . Kara DioGuardi then announced on September 3 , 2010 , that she would also not return this season . On September 22 , 2010 , it was announced that Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler would join the judging panel . There were a number of other major changes in season ten , from the judges to the format of the show itself including the opening intro , which used the `` Hall of Idols '' . Nigel Lythgoe returned as the executive producer , and Ray Chew has been hired as the show 's new musical director , replacing Rickey Minor , who left the show along with vocal coach Dorian Holley to become the musical director of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Peisha McPhee , mother of season 5 's runner - up Katharine McPhee , joined as one of the vocal coaches . In this season , online voting was also offered for the first time for fans with Facebook accounts ; up to 50 votes may be cast . The Season 10 also saw a return to the process of singers singing two songs each on performance nights starting earlier in the season , and three songs each starting on Top 3 night . New rounds ( edit ) `` Theme weeks will also get a makeover . We 're not going to ask a country singer to sing an R&B song , or an R&B singer to do Led Zeppelin , ... If the theme is ' 80s or Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , every song will be customized to that contestant ... What 's most important , is that the song suit the finalist 's voice . '' -- Ron Fair Extra rounds were added in the Hollywood phase of the competition which would narrow the contestants down to sixty potential finalists . Those who made the final sixty were then taken to Las Vegas in an extra round where they were asked to sing songs from The Beatles , and then a further solo round in Los Angeles . It was originally planned that 20 contestants would be left by the end of the Hollywood rounds , however , 24 contestants were chosen instead for the semifinal , and they would perform in two groups of twelve in a semi-final sudden death round where ten finalists -- five girls and five boys -- would be voted in by the viewers . The judges were given three wild card picks , making a total of thirteen finalists . Nigel Lythgoe had previously suggested significant format changes that would replace the following semifinal , with contestants having `` to make the best music video , to promote themselves , and to work with a band and dancers for an awards show - style performance . '' However , the plans were shelved . Despite previous reports that Idol producers had axed the weekly music theme , the themes remained . Partnership with Universal Music ( edit ) At the end of the ninth season , Sony Music Entertainment 's affiliation to Idol also ended . The partnership was superseded by a new deal with Universal Music Group , meaning that the winner would now be signed to Interscope Records . Interscope 's sister labels , A&M Records and Geffen Records , would also be involved in promoting and distributing the albums of the show 's finalists . Chairman of the Interscope - Geffen - A&M label group , Jimmy Iovine , worked directly with contestants this season as the in - house mentor . Additionally , a team of Universal Music - associated producers and songwriters , such as Rodney `` Darkchild '' Jerkins , Timbaland and Alex da Kid , also worked alongside the contestants to help them take on original arrangement and material . Some suggested changes , such as allowing the finalists to release music while the season is still in progress rather than waiting to record an album , were not implemented , although music were released somewhat earlier than previous seasons . Regional auditions ( edit ) The judges were Steven Tyler , Jennifer Lopez , and Randy Jackson . This is the first season in which the contestant age minimum was reduced to 15 years old . The maximum age however still remained 28 . Auditions were held in the following cities : Episode air date Audition city First audition date Audition venue Callback audition date Callback venue Golden tickets January 19 , 2011 East Rutherford , New Jersey August 3 , 2010 Izod Center September 28 -- 30 , 2010 Liberty House Restaurant 51 January 20 , 2011 New Orleans , Louisiana July 26 , 2010 New Orleans Arena October 17 -- 18 , 2010 Hilton Riverside Hotel 37 January 26 , 2011 Milwaukee , Wisconsin July 21 , 2010 Bradley Center October 2 -- 3 , 2010 Milwaukee Art Museum 53 January 27 , 2011 Nashville , Tennessee July 17 , 2010 Bridgestone Arena October 25 -- 26 , 2010 Ryman Auditorium 56 February 2 , 2011 Austin , Texas August 11 , 2010 Frank Erwin Center October 8 -- 9 , 2010 Barton Creek Resort & Spa 50 February 3 , 2011 Los Angeles , California September 22 , 2010 The Forum November 3 -- 4 , 2010 AT&T Center 30 February 9 , 2011 San Francisco , California August 19 , 2010 AT&T Park November 9 -- 10 , 2010 Westin St. Francis 47 <Td_colspan="6"> Total Tickets to Hollywood 327 Note 1 : Actual number not announced on the show but this number is based on the number of names listed on americanidol.com website and may not be the actual total . In addition to the above cities , for the first time contestants were allowed to audition online via Myspace / Facebook / Twitter . To audition , they were required to upload a 40 - second audition clip of them singing a pre-approved song . The internet auditioners , including Karen Rodriguez , were called back to Los Angeles to audition in front of the judges . Hollywood Week ( edit ) The Hollywood week phase of the competition was held in the Pasadena Civic Center . There were a record - number 327 contestants in the first round , which lasted over two days , exceeding season 2 's record of 234 . The contestants emerged in groups of ten and each performed individually a cappella . After the whole group had finished their performances , those who failed were cut immediately . 168 advanced to the next round , where the contestants performed in groups ; out of the 168 , only 100 advanced to the next round . In the next round , the contestants performed solo , accompanied by a band or an instrument . The contestants were then separated into four rooms , with two of the four rooms containing eliminated contestants and the other two containing contestants who made it into the next round . Only 61 of the 100 remaining advanced . This year , due to the large number of contestants , two more rounds were added . The 61 remaining contestants proceeded to Las Vegas where they performed songs from The Beatles as duos and trios in the Love theatre at The Mirage for this newly added ' Las Vegas ' round . After that , 41 advanced to the final `` Sing For Your Life '' round back in Los Angeles . In that round , each contestant performed a song of their own choosing at Howard Hughes ' Spruce Goose aircraft hangar . The Top 24 were then selected from the remaining 41 for the semifinals . Semi-finalists ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Semi-finalists who failed to reach the finals Contestant Sex Age at time of show Date of birth Hometown Audition location Jovany Barreto Male 23 September 3 , 1987 Harvey , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana Kendra Chantelle Female 22 September 27 , 1988 Loudon , Tennessee Nashville , Tennessee Jordan Dorsey Male 21 April 23 , 1989 Laplace , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana Clint Jun Gamboa Male 26 June 9 , 1984 Long Beach , California San Francisco , California Tim Halperin Male 23 May 27 , 1987 Fort Worth , Texas Los Angeles , California Brett Loewenstern Male 17 December 13 , 1993 Boca Raton , Florida New Orleans , Louisiana Robbie Rosen Male 17 December 27 , 1993 Merrick , New York Jersey City , New Jersey Lauren Turner Female 24 May 8 , 1986 Covington , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana Ta - Tynisa Wilson Female 20 June 19 , 1990 Aurora , Illinois Milwaukee , Wisconsin Rachel Zevita Female 23 October 20 , 1987 New York City Jersey City , New Jersey Julie Zorrilla Female 20 November 10 , 1990 Bogotá , Colombia San Francisco , California Semifinals ( edit ) The semi-final round began on Tuesday , March 1 , 2011 . This year , the producers used a new format . Below are the two semi-final groups ( males and females ) with contestants listed in their performance order . The top five males and top five females , along with the three wild card choices by the judges , advanced to the finals . There were twenty - four semifinalists , twelve females and twelve males . The males started the semifinal round , and the females continued on following night 's episode , the contestants perform songs of their choice ( there was no particular theme ) . Males ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Clint Jun Gamboa `` Superstition '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Eliminated Jovany Barreto `` I 'll Be '' ( Edwin McCain ) Wild Card Jordan Dorsey `` OMG '' ( Usher ) Eliminated Tim Halperin `` Streetcorner Symphony '' ( Rob Thomas ) Eliminated 5 Brett Loewenstern `` Light My Fire '' ( The Doors ) Eliminated 6 James Durbin `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' ( Judas Priest ) Advanced 7 Robbie Rosen `` Angel '' ( Sarah McLachlan ) Wild Card 8 Scotty McCreery `` Letters from Home '' ( John Michael Montgomery ) Advanced 9 Stefano Langone `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Bruno Mars ) Wild Card 10 Paul McDonald `` Maggie May '' ( Rod Stewart ) Advanced 11 Jacob Lusk `` A House Is Not a Home '' ( Brook Benton ) Advanced 12 Casey Abrams `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ) Advanced Females ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Ta - Tynisa Wilson `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( Rihanna ) Eliminated Naima Adedapo `` Summertime '' ( Abbie Mitchell ) Wild Card Kendra Chantelle `` Impossible '' ( Christina Aguilera ) Wild Card Rachel Zevita `` Criminal '' ( Fiona Apple ) Eliminated 5 Karen Rodriguez `` Hero '' ( Mariah Carey ) Advanced 6 Lauren Turner `` Seven Day Fool '' ( Etta James ) Eliminated 7 Ashthon Jones `` Love All Over Me '' ( Monica ) Wild Card 8 Julie Zorrilla `` Breakaway '' ( Kelly Clarkson ) Eliminated 9 Haley Reinhart `` Fallin ' '' ( Alicia Keys ) Advanced 10 Thia Megia `` Out Here on My Own '' ( Irene Cara ) Advanced 11 Lauren Alaina `` Turn On the Radio '' ( Reba McEntire ) Advanced 12 Pia Toscano `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( The Pretenders ) Advanced Wild Card round ( edit ) Following those ten singers advancing on Thursday , March 3 , six of the remaining 14 semi-finalists were selected by the judges to compete in the Wild Card round . The Wild Card round immediately began , following the announcement of the ten finalists . Following another performance by each Wild Card contender , the judges then selected three contestants to advance to the final group of 13 . Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Ashthon Jones `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ( Jennifer Holliday ) Advanced Stefano Langone `` I Need You Now '' ( Smokie Norful ) Advanced Kendra Chantelle `` Georgia on My Mind '' ( Ray Charles ) Eliminated Jovany Barreto `` Angel '' ( Jon Secada ) Eliminated 5 Naima Adedapo `` For All We Know '' ( Hal Kemp ) Advanced 6 Robbie Rosen `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( Elton John ) Eliminated Finalists ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scotty McCreery Scotty McCreery ( born October 9 , 1993 ) is from Garner , North Carolina and was 17 years old at the time of the show . He auditioned in Milwaukee , Wisconsin with Josh Turner 's `` Your Man '' and Travis Tritt 's `` Put Some Drive in Your Country '' . He reprised `` Your Man '' in the Hollywood rounds but forgot the words to Lee Ann Womack 's `` I Hope You Dance '' . He also performed `` Get Ready '' with the group `` The Guaps '' and became involved in the drama when Clint Jun Gamboa ousted young Jacee Badeaux from their group . For his final solo he performed Josh Turner 's `` Long Black Train '' . McCreery was announced as the winner on May 25 , and was signed to 19 / Interscope / Mercury Nashville . His debut album , Clear as Day , was released on October 4 , 2011 . Lauren Alaina Lauren Alaina ( born November 8 , 1994 ) is from Rossville , Georgia and 16 years old at the time of the show . She auditioned in Nashville , Tennessee with Faith Hill 's `` Like We Never Loved At All '' and Aerosmith 's `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' which she also reprised for the Hollywood rounds . She also performed `` Unchained Melody '' twice , once for the first solo in the Hollywood rounds and again for the final solo . She also performed Soul Brothers Six 's `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' in a girl group which was notable for getting Steven Tyler to sit on the chair while they performed around him . She performed `` Hello , Goodbye '' for the Las Vegas ' Beatles round with Scotty McCreery and Denise Jackson . Alaina was announced as the runner - up and was signed to 19 / Interscope / Mercury Nashville , and her debut album , Wildflower , was released on October 11 , 2011 . Haley Reinhart Haley Reinhart ( born September 9 , 1990 ) is from Wheeling , Illinois and 20 years old at the time of the show . She originally auditioned in Chicago in the ninth season and did not advance to the Hollywood round . She auditioned in Milwaukee , Wisconsin with The Beatles ' `` Oh ! Darling '' . She performed Corinne Bailey Rae 's `` Breathless '' in the first solo round . In the group round she forgot her words of the song but still made it through , and in the Hollywood rounds she performed Billie Holiday 's `` God Bless the Child '' . In the Las Vegas group round , she performed The Beatles ' `` The Long and Winding Road '' with Naima Adedapo and Jacob Lusk . For her final solo she performed The Shirelles ' song `` Baby It 's You '' . Reinhart was eliminated on May 19 , coming in 3rd place . Reinhart was signed to Interscope Records after the show . Her first single , `` Free '' , was released on March 20 , 2012 , and her debut album , Listen Up ! , was released on May 22 . James Durbin James Durbin ( born January 6 , 1989 ) is from Santa Cruz , California and 22 years old at the time of the show . He originally auditioned in the eighth season and was not selected . He auditioned in San Francisco , California with Muddy Waters 's `` You Shook Me '' and Aerosmith 's `` Dream On '' . He performed The Beatles ' `` Oh ! Darling '' for his solo in the Hollywood round , Queen 's `` Somebody to Love '' with the group `` Deep Vees '' in the group round and Sam Cooke 's `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' for his final solo . He was the lead singer with a band The Hollywood Scars prior to Idol . He has Tourette and Asperger 's syndromes . Durbin was eliminated on May 12 , coming in 4th place . He was signed to Wind - up Records in with an album , Memories of a Beautiful Disaster released on November 21 , 2011 . Jacob Lusk Jacob Lusk ( born June 23 , 1987 ) is from Compton , California and 23 years old at the time of the show . Before American Idol , he worked as a spa concierge . He auditioned in Los Angeles , California . He was first shown in the group stage of the competition where he performed with fellow finalist Naima Adedapo , Vegas contestant Sophia Shorai , and Matthew Nuss , and Da'Quela Payne . Randy Jackson considered his performance of Billie Holiday 's `` God Bless the Child '' during the Hollywood rounds the best ever seen on Idol . He also performed The Temptations ' `` Get Ready '' with Naima Adedapo in the group `` Ebony , Ivory , and Every '' , and Leon Russell 's `` A Song for You '' for his final solo . In the Top 24 round , he earned standing ovation for his performance of `` A House Is Not a Home '' by Luther Vandross . After singing `` No Air '' by Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown and `` Love Hurts '' by The Everly Brothers , Lusk was eliminated on May 5 , coming in 5th place . Casey Abrams Casey Abrams ( born February 12 , 1991 in Austin , Texas ) is from Idyllwild , California and 20 years old at the time of show . He auditioned in Austin , Texas with Ray Charles ' `` I Do n't Need No Doctor '' . He impressed the judges with his performance of `` Georgia on My Mind '' in Hollywood week . He also performed Ella Fitzgerald 's `` Lullaby of Birdland '' , The Temptations ' `` Get Ready '' with the group `` Night Owls '' in the Hollywood rounds , `` A Hard Day 's Night '' with Chris Medina in the Las Vegas 's Beatles round , and Kansas Joe McCoy 's `` Why Do n't You Do Right ? '' for his final solo . He played the double bass and melodica on the show . He suffers from ulcerative colitis which resulted in him missing the Top 13 result show . He got the one judges ' save of the season on the Top 11 show . Abrams was eliminated on April 28 , coming in 6th place . Abrams was signed to Concord Music Group after the show . Stefano Langone Stefano Langone ( born February 27 , 1989 ) is from Kent , Washington and 22 years old at the time of the show . He auditioned in San Francisco , California with Marvin Gaye 's `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' . He performed Stevie Wonder 's `` Sir Duke '' in the Hollywood week , `` Get Back '' for the Las Vegas round with James Durbin , and his own composition `` Come Home '' for his final solo . He survived a near - fatal car accident in 2009 being hit by a drunk driver . Langone was chosen by the judges as one of the Wild Cards to join the Top 13 finalists . Langone was eliminated on April 21 , coming in 7th place . Langone was signed to Hollywood Records after the show . He released his debut single `` I 'm on a Roll '' featuring New Boyz and Rock Mafia on April 24 , 2012 . Paul McDonald Paul McDonald ( born August 29 , 1984 ) is from Huntsville , Alabama and 26 years old at the time of the show . He auditioned in Nashville , Tennessee with Rod Stewart 's `` Maggie May '' . Prior to Idol , he was the lead singer of the band Hightide Blues formed in 2005 and renamed The Grand Magnolias in 2010 . He performed Fleetwood Mac 's `` Landslide '' and his own composition `` American Dreams '' for his final solo . McDonald was eliminated on April 14 , coming in 8th place . Pia Toscano Pia Toscano ( born October 14 , 1988 ) is from Howard Beach , New York and 22 years old at the time of the show . She had auditioned for Idol four times before and made it through Hollywood in the sixth season and did not continue further . She auditioned in Jersey City , New Jersey , and was a make - up artist . She sang the national anthem at a Mets game . Pia Toscano and Karen Rodriguez get together to duet The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' on Las Vegas , they also went to New York 's LaGuardia Arts School together . She also performed Bruno Mars 's `` Grenade '' for the group round in Hollywood and Alicia Keys 's `` Does n't Mean Anything '' for her final solo . Toscano was eliminated on April 7 , coming in 9th place . Toscano was signed to Interscope Records after the show , releasing her debut single `` This Time '' on July 11 , 2011 . Pia auditioned five times . Naima Adedapo Naima Adedapo ( born October 5 , 1984 in Maywood , Illinois ) is from Milwaukee , Wisconsin and 26 years old at the time of the show . She auditioned in Milwaukee , Wisconsin with Donny Hathaway 's version of `` For All We Know '' . She was doing janitorial duties at the Summerfest in Milwaukee before she auditioned on Idol . She performed Beatles ' `` The Long and Winding Road '' together with Jacob Lusk and Haley Reinhart during the Las Vegas round , and Corinne Bailey Rae 's `` Put Your Records On '' for her final solo . Adedapo was chosen by the judges to join the competition during the Wild Card round . Adedapo was eliminated on March 31 , coming in 10th with Thia Megia . Thia Megia Thia Megia ( born January 30 , 1995 ) is from Mountain House , San Joaquin County , California and 16 years old at the time of the show . She auditioned in Milwaukee , Wisconsin with Adele 's `` Chasing Pavements '' and she turned 16 at the time of the show . Before her stint on American Idol , she previously competed on the fourth season of America 's Got Talent , making it to the quarterfinals . She also participated in the YouTube edition of `` We Are the World '' along with 56 other YouTube artists , including American Idol season 11 runner - up Jessica Sanchez . She performed `` Summertime '' from Porgy and Bess and Louis Armstrong 's `` What a Wonderful World '' in the Hollywood rounds , `` Here Comes the Sun '' for the Las Vegas round with Melinda Ademi , and Secret Garden 's `` You Raise Me Up '' for her final solo . At 16 years and 1 - month , she was the youngest contestant to reach the finals . Megia was eliminated on March 31 , coming in a joint 10th place with Naima Adedapo . Karen Rodriguez ( born March 22 , 1989 in Miami , Florida ) is from New York City and 21 years old at the time of show . She turned 22 years old soon after she got voted off . She was one of the Myspace auditioners and then auditioned in front of the judges in Los Angeles , California with Whitney Houston 's `` You Give Good Love '' . She performed Jennifer Lopez 's `` If You Had My Love '' , Bruno Mars 's `` Just the Way You Are '' with Jovany Baretto in the group `` Spanglish '' for the Hollywood rounds , and Selena 's `` No me queda más '' in the final round . She had previously appeared in the fifth season of a Puerto Rican talent show Objetivo Fama . Rodriguez was eliminated on March 17 , coming in 12th place . Ashthon Jones ( born February 27 , 1986 ) is from Goodlettsville , Tennessee and 24 years old when she auditioned and turned 25 at the time of show . She auditioned in Nashville , Tennessee . She sang `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' from Dreamgirls , Blu Cantrell 's Hit ' Em Up Style ( Oops ! ) with the group `` The Hits '' in the Hollywood rounds and Whitney Houston 's `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody '' for her final solo . Jones was chosen by the judges as one of the Wild Card finalists . She was eliminated on March 10 , coming in 13th place . Finals ( edit ) This is the first season in which there were 12 weeks of the finals instead of 11 and the 2nd season to have 13 finalists , instead of 12 as in the previous seasons , with one of the 13 finalists eliminated each week . In the eighth season there were 13 finalists but two were eliminated in the first week , the final rounds thereby only lasted 11 weeks . The top 13 performance show was pre-recorded , but the subsequent performance shows of the finals were broadcast live . Season seven winner David Cook recorded the Simple Minds song `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' as the send - off song played when a contestant is eliminated . The finals venue was same stage as used in the Semi-Finals . Top 13 -- Their Personal Idols ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Personal Idol Result Lauren Alaina `` Any Man of Mine '' ( Shania Twain ) Shania Twain Safe Casey Abrams `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( The Beatles ) Joe Cocker Safe Ashthon Jones `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( Diana Ross ) Diana Ross Eliminated Paul McDonald `` Come Pick Me Up '' ( Ryan Adams ) Ryan Adams Safe 5 Pia Toscano `` All by Myself '' ( Eric Carmen ) Celine Dion Safe 6 James Durbin `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' ( Paul McCartney ) Paul McCartney Safe 7 Haley Reinhart `` Blue '' ( LeAnn Rimes ) LeAnn Rimes Bottom 3 8 Jacob Lusk `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( R. Kelly ) R. Kelly Safe 9 Thia Megia `` Smile '' ( Charlie Chaplin ) Michael Jackson Safe 10 Stefano Langone `` Lately '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Stevie Wonder Safe 11 Karen Rodriguez `` I Could Fall in Love '' ( Selena ) Selena Bottom 3 12 Scotty McCreery `` The River '' ( Garth Brooks ) Garth Brooks Safe 13 Naima Adedapo `` Umbrella '' ( Rihanna ) Rihanna Safe Group performance : `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' / `` Rock with You '' / `` Black or White '' / `` Man in the Mirror '' ( Michael Jackson ) Top 12 -- Year They Were Born ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Year Result Naima Adedapo `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' ( Tina Turner ) 1984 Bottom 3 Paul McDonald `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( Elton John ) 1984 Safe Thia Megia `` Colors of the Wind '' ( Vanessa Williams ) 1995 Safe James Durbin `` I 'll Be There for You '' ( Bon Jovi ) 1989 Safe 5 Haley Reinhart `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' ( Whitney Houston ) Bottom 3 6 Stefano Langone `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes ) 1989 Safe 7 Pia Toscano `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' ( Whitney Houston ) Safe 8 Scotty McCreery `` Can I Trust You with My Heart '' ( Travis Tritt ) Safe 9 Karen Rodriguez `` Love Will Lead You Back '' ( Taylor Dayne ) 1989 Eliminated 10 Casey Abrams `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' ( Nirvana ) 1991 Safe 11 Lauren Alaina `` I 'm the Only One '' ( Melissa Etheridge ) Safe 12 Jacob Lusk `` Alone '' ( i - TEN ) Safe Group performance : `` Born to Be Wild '' ( Steppenwolf ) / `` Born This Way '' ( Lady Gaga ) Top 11 ( first week ) -- Motown ( edit ) Unmentioned mentor : Marc Anthony Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Casey Abrams `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( Marvin Gaye ) Saved Thia Megia `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heat Wave '' ( Martha and the Vandellas ) Bottom 3 Jacob Lusk `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell ) Safe Lauren Alaina `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' ( The Supremes ) Safe 5 Stefano Langone `` Hello '' ( Lionel Richie ) Bottom 3 6 Haley Reinhart `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( The Miracles ) Safe 7 Scotty McCreery `` For Once in My Life '' ( Jean DuShon ) Safe 8 Pia Toscano `` All in Love Is Fair '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe 9 Paul McDonald `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( The Miracles ) Safe 10 Naima Adedapo `` Dancing in the Street '' ( Martha and the Vandellas ) Safe 11 James Durbin `` Living for the City '' ( Stevie Wonder ) Safe Group performance : `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell ) Stevie Wonder with group : `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' , `` Happy Birthday '' ( to Steven Tyler ) Top 11 ( second Week ) -- elton john ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Result Scotty McCreery `` Country Comfort '' Safe Naima Adedapo `` I 'm Still Standing '' Eliminated Paul McDonald `` Rocket Man ( I Think It 's Going to Be a Long , Long Time ) '' Bottom 3 Pia Toscano `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Safe 5 Stefano Langone `` Tiny Dancer '' Safe 6 Lauren Alaina `` Candle in the Wind '' Safe 7 James Durbin `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' Safe 8 Thia Megia `` Daniel '' Eliminated 9 Casey Abrams `` Your Song '' Safe 10 Jacob Lusk `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' Safe 11 Haley Reinhart `` Bennie and the Jets '' Safe Group performances : Lauren Alaina & Scotty McCreery : `` I Told You So '' ( Randy Travis ) Naima Adedapo & Jacob Lusk : `` Solid '' ( Ashford & Simpson ) Thia Megia , Haley Reinhart & Pia Toscano : `` Teenage Dream '' ( Katy Perry ) Casey Abrams , James Durbin , Stefano Langone & Paul McDonald : `` Band on the Run '' ( Wings ) Top 9 -- Rock & Roll Hall of Fame ( edit ) Mentors : will.i.am & Russell Brand Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Jacob Lusk `` Man in the Mirror '' ( Michael Jackson ) Bottom 3 Haley Reinhart `` Piece of My Heart '' ( Erma Franklin ) Safe Casey Abrams `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( Creedence Clearwater Revival ) Safe Lauren Alaina `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( Aretha Franklin ) Safe 5 James Durbin `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( The Beatles ) Safe 6 Scotty McCreery `` That 's All Right '' ( Arthur Crudup ) Safe 7 Pia Toscano `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' ( Ike & Tina Turner ) Eliminated 8 Stefano Langone `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' ( Percy Sledge ) Bottom 3 9 Paul McDonald `` Folsom Prison Blues '' ( Johnny Cash ) Safe Group performance : `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Joan Jett ) / `` The Letter '' ( The Box Tops ) / `` Sweet Home Alabama '' ( Lynyrd Skynyrd ) Top 8 -- songs from the movies ( edit ) Mentors : will.i.am & Rob Reiner Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Featured Movie Result Paul McDonald `` Old Time Rock and Roll '' ( Bob Seger ) Risky Business Eliminated Lauren Alaina `` The Climb '' ( Miley Cyrus ) Hannah Montana : The Movie Safe Stefano Langone `` End of the Road '' ( Boyz II Men ) Boomerang Bottom 3 Scotty McCreery `` I Cross My Heart '' ( George Strait ) Pure Country Safe 5 Casey Abrams `` Nature Boy '' ( Nat King Cole ) The Boy with Green Hair Safe 6 Haley Reinhart `` Call Me '' ( Blondie ) American Gigolo Bottom 3 7 Jacob Lusk `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( Simon & Garfunkel ) The Pursuit of Happyness Safe 8 James Durbin `` Heavy Metal '' ( Sammy Hagar ) Heavy Metal Safe Group performances : Lauren Alaina & Scotty McCreery : `` American Honey '' ( Lady Antebellum ) Casey Abrams & Haley Reinhart : `` Moanin ' '' ( Bobby Timmons ) James Durbin , Stefano Langone , Jacob Lusk & Paul McDonald : `` The Sound of Silence '' / `` Mrs. Robinson '' ( Simon & Garfunkel ) Top 7 -- songs from the 21st century ( edit ) Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result Scotty McCreery `` Swingin ' '' ( John Anderson ) Safe James Durbin `` Uprising '' ( Muse ) Safe Haley Reinhart `` Rolling in the Deep '' ( Adele ) Bottom 3 Jacob Lusk `` Dance with My Father '' ( Luther Vandross ) Bottom 3 5 Casey Abrams `` Harder to Breathe '' ( Maroon 5 ) Safe 6 Stefano Langone `` Closer '' ( Ne - Yo ) Eliminated 7 Lauren Alaina `` Born to Fly '' ( Sara Evans ) Safe Group performance on performance night : Naima Adedapo , Ashthon Jones , Paul McDonald , Thia Megia , Karen Rodriguez & Pia Toscano : `` So What '' ( Pink ) Group performances on results night : Lauren Alaina , Stefano Langone , Jacob Lusk & Haley Reinhart : `` Hey Soul Sister '' ( Train ) Casey Abrams , James Durbin & Scotty McCreery : `` Viva la Vida '' ( Coldplay ) Top 6 -- carole king ( edit ) Mentor : Babyface Each contestant sang one solo and one duet with a fellow contestant . Order Contestant Song ( original artist when applicable ) Result Jacob Lusk `` Oh No Not My Baby '' ( Maxine Brown ) Safe Lauren Alaina `` Where You Lead '' Safe Casey Abrams & Haley Reinhart `` I Feel the Earth Move '' N / A Scotty McCreery `` You 've Got a Friend '' Safe 5 James Durbin `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' ( The Shirelles ) Safe 6 Lauren Alaina & Scotty McCreery `` Up on the Roof '' ( The Drifters ) N / A 7 Casey Abrams `` That Old Sweet Roll ( Hi - De-Ho ) '' ( The City ) Eliminated 8 Haley Reinhart `` Beautiful '' Safe 9 James Durbin & Jacob Lusk `` I 'm into Something Good '' ( Earl - Jean ) N / A Group performance : `` It Might As Well Rain Until September '' ( Carole King ) / `` Take Good Care of My Baby '' ( Bobby Vee ) / `` One Fine Day '' ( The Chiffons ) / `` Go Away Little Girl '' ( Steve Lawrence ) / `` It 's Too Late '' ( Carole King ) On results night , no `` bottom three '' was announced . Ryan Seacrest stated early in the show that voting results would be announced in `` random order '' . After Haley , James , and Lauren were announced as safe , Jacob , Casey , and Scotty were the last three remaining . Ryan then repeated `` Tonight the results are in random order '' before announcing that Casey was eliminated . Ryan later confirmed that Jacob and Scotty were not necessarily among the bottom three vote - getters that week . Ryan also revealed Top 5 results night that Scotty had never been in the bottom 2 . Top 5 -- songs from now & then ( edit ) The Top 5 contenders covered two songs apiece : one current ( new millennium ) and one from the 1960s . Mentor : Sheryl Crow Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result James Durbin `` Closer to the Edge '' ( Thirty Seconds to Mars ) Safe Jacob Lusk `` No Air '' ( Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown ) Eliminated Lauren Alaina `` Flat on the Floor '' ( Katrina Elam ) Bottom 2 Scotty McCreery `` Gone '' ( Montgomery Gentry ) Safe 5 Haley Reinhart `` You and I '' ( Lady Gaga ) Safe 6 James Durbin `` Without You '' ( Badfinger ) Safe 7 Jacob Lusk `` Love Hurts '' ( The Everly Brothers ) Eliminated 8 Lauren Alaina `` Unchained Melody '' ( Todd Duncan ) Bottom 2 9 Scotty McCreery `` Always on My Mind '' ( Brenda Lee ) Safe 10 Haley Reinhart `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( Traditional ) Safe Group performance : `` Happy Together '' ( The Turtles ) Top 4 -- songs that inspire / leiber & stoller songbook ( edit ) Mentor : Lady Gaga Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Result James Durbin `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( Journey ) Eliminated Haley Reinhart `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson ) Safe Scotty McCreery `` Where Were You ( When the World Stopped Turning ) '' ( Alan Jackson ) Safe Lauren Alaina `` Anyway '' ( Martina McBride ) Safe 5 Haley Reinhart `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' ( Ben E. King ) Safe 6 Scotty McCreery `` Young Blood '' ( The Coasters ) Safe 7 Lauren Alaina `` Trouble '' ( Elvis Presley ) Safe 8 James Durbin `` Love Potion No. 9 '' ( The Clovers ) Eliminated Group performances : James Durbin & Scotty McCreery : `` Start a Band '' ( Brad Paisley & Keith Urban ) Lauren Alaina & Haley Reinhart : `` Gunpowder & Lead '' ( Miranda Lambert ) Top 3 -- Contestant 's Choice / Jimmy Iovine 's Choice / Judges ' Choice ( edit ) Mentor : Beyoncé Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Chosen By Result Scotty McCreery `` Amazed '' ( Lonestar ) Self Safe Lauren Alaina `` Wild One '' ( Zaca Creek ) Self Safe Haley Reinhart `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' ( Led Zeppelin ) Self Eliminated Scotty McCreery `` Are You Gonna Kiss Me or Not '' ( Thompson Square ) Iovine Safe 5 Lauren Alaina `` If I Die Young '' ( The Band Perry ) Iovine Safe 6 Haley Reinhart `` Rhiannon '' ( Fleetwood Mac ) Iovine Eliminated 7 Scotty McCreery `` She Believes in Me '' ( Kenny Rogers ) Judges Safe 8 Lauren Alaina `` I Hope You Dance '' ( Lee Ann Womack ) Judges Safe 9 Haley Reinhart `` You Oughta Know '' ( Alanis Morissette ) Judges Eliminated Top 2 -- favorite performance / personal Idol 's choice / winner 's single ( edit ) Lauren Alaina damaged her vocal cords while rehearsing for the finale , but she was treated and cleared to continue in the competition . In a break with the normal format , the judges did not offer their critiques of the performances until after both contestants had sung both of their opening songs , and then the critiques were delivered to both contestants at the same time . Also , the schedule for the 2 - part finale was moved back to its previous schedule of Tuesday and Wednesday . Order Contestant Song ( original artist ) Chosen By Result Scotty McCreery `` Gone '' ( Montgomery Gentry ) Self Winner Lauren Alaina `` Flat on the Floor '' ( Katrina Elam ) Self Runner - up Scotty McCreery `` Check Yes or No '' ( George Strait ) George Strait Winner Lauren Alaina `` Maybe It Was Memphis '' ( Pam Tillis ) Carrie Underwood Runner - up 5 Scotty McCreery `` I Love You This Big '' ( Scotty McCreery ) Jimmy Iovine Winner 6 Lauren Alaina `` Like My Mother Does '' ( Kristy Lee Cook ) Jimmy Iovine Runner - up Elimination chart ( edit ) Female Male Top 24 Wild Card Top 13 Winner Did Not Perform Safe Safe First Safe Last Eliminated Judges ' Save <Td_colspan="2"> Stage : Semi Finals Wild Card <Td_colspan="12"> Finals <Td_colspan="2"> Week : <Th_colspan="2"> 3 / 3 3 / 10 3 / 17 3 / 24 3 / 31 4 / 7 4 / 14 4 / 21 4 / 28 5 / 5 5 / 12 5 / 19 5 / 25 Place Contestant <Th_colspan="14"> Result Scotty McCreery Top 13 Winner Lauren Alaina Top 13 Bottom 2 Runner - up Haley Reinhart Top 13 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim James Durbin Top 13 Elim <Td_colspan="2"> 5 Jacob Lusk Top 13 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim <Td_colspan="3"> 6 Casey Abrams Top 13 Saved Elim <Td_colspan="4"> 7 Stefano Langone Wild Card Top 13 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim <Td_colspan="5"> 8 Paul McDonald Top 13 Bottom 3 Elim <Td_colspan="6"> 9 Pia Toscano Top 13 Elim <Td_colspan="7"> 10 -- 11 Naima Adedapo Wild Card Top 13 Bottom 3 Elim <Td_colspan="8"> Thia Megia Top 13 Bottom 3 12 Karen Rodriguez Top 13 Bottom 3 Elim <Td_colspan="10"> 13 Ashthon Jones Wild Card Top 13 Elim <Td_colspan="11"> 14 -- 16 Jovany Barreto Wild Card Elim <Td_colspan="12"> Kendra Chantelle Wild Card Robbie Rosen Wild Card 17 -- 24 Jordan Dorsey Elim <Td_colspan="13"> Clint Jun Gamboa Tim Halperin Brett Loewenstern Lauren Turner Ta - Tynisa Wilson Rachel Zevita Julie Zorrilla ^ Note 1 : Due to the judges using their one ' Judges ' Save ' per season , in order to save Abrams , the ' Top 11 ' remained intact for another week . Results show performances ( edit ) Week Performer ( s ) Title Hot 100 reaction Digital sales reaction Performance type Top 24 Jennifer Lopez ft . Pitbull `` On the Floor '' 5 ( + 4 ) new peak 219,000 ( + 29 % ) music video premiere Top 13 Adam Lambert `` Aftermath '' failed to chart -- live Diddy -- Dirty Money ft . Skylar Grey `` Coming Home '' 11 ( + 11 ) new peak -- live Top 12 Lee DeWyze `` Beautiful Like You '' failed to chart 12,000 ( + 8,068 % ) live The Black Eyed Peas `` Just Ca n't Get Enough '' 5 ( + 17 ) new peak 198,000 ( + 143 % ) pre-recorded Top 11 Week 1 Jennifer Hudson `` Where You At '' 64 ( + 25 ) new peak 24,000 ( + 271 % ) live Sugarland `` Stuck Like Glue '' N / A 33,000 ( + 89 % ) pre-recorded Top 11 Week 2 Fantasia Barrino `` Collard Greens & Cornbread '' failed to chart -- live will.i.am & Jamie Foxx `` Hot Wings ( I Wanna Party ) '' failed to chart no release live Top 9 Constantine Maroulis `` Unchained Melody '' failed to chart no release live Iggy Pop `` Wild One '' ineligible to re-enter no release live Top 8 Jason Aldean & Kelly Clarkson `` Do n't You Wanna Stay '' 31 ( + 11 ) new peak 59,000 ( + 64 % ) live Rihanna `` California King Bed '' failed to chart 22,000 ( + 231 % ) live Top 7 David Cook `` The Last Goodbye '' failed to chart 22,000 ( debut ) live Katy Perry ft . Kanye West `` E.T. '' 1 ( + 1 ) 344,000 ( + 23 % ) pre-recorded Top 6 Crystal Bowersox `` Ridin with the Radio '' failed to chart -- live Bruno Mars `` The Lazy Song '' 5 ( + 1 ) new peak 194,000 ( + 3 % ) pre-recorded Top 5 Lady Antebellum `` Just a Kiss '' 7 ( debut ) 211,000 ( debut ) live Jennifer Lopez ft . Pitbull `` On the Floor '' 3 ( + 4 ) new peak 175,000 ( + 25 % ) pre-recorded Jennifer Lopez ft . Lil Wayne `` I 'm Into You '' 72 ( debut ) 44,000 music video teaser Top 4 Lady Gaga `` You and I '' not released no release Clip from HBO Special Enrique Iglesias `` Dirty Dancer '' `` I Like It '' 18 ( debut ) 126,000 ( debut ) pre-recorded Jordin Sparks `` I Am Woman '' 82 ( debut ) 33,000 ( debut ) live Steven Tyler `` ( It ) Feels So Good '' 35 ( debut ) 77,000 ( debut ) music video premiere Top 3 Nicole Scherzinger feat . 50 Cent `` Right There '' 77 ( debut ) 29,000 ( debut ) pre-recorded Il Volo `` ' O Sole Mio '' failed to chart 10,000 debut live Beyoncé `` Run The World ( Girls ) '' 50 ( + 26 ) -- music video premiere ( Wednesday 's show ) Top 2 David Cook `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' failed to chart failed to chart live Taio Cruz `` Positive '' no release no release live Finale American Idol Top 13 `` Born This Way '' Not eligible Not eligible live Judas Priest & James Durbin Medley : `` Living After Midnight '' / `` Breaking the Law '' Not eligible Not eligible live Jacob Lusk , Gladys Knight & Kirk Franklin `` I Smile '' Not eligible Not eligible live Jack Black & Casey Abrams `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' Not eligible Not eligible live Beyoncé Knowles & the American Idol Girls ( minus Lauren Alaina ) Medley : `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring On It ) '' / `` Irreplaceable '' / `` Get Me Bodied '' / `` If I Were a Boy '' / `` Deja Vu '' / `` Crazy in Love '' Not eligible Not eligible live Tony Bennett & Haley Reinhart `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' Not eligible Not eligible live Lil Jon `` Come Get Some '' -- -- live TLC & American Idol Girls Medley : `` Come Get Some '' / `` No Scrubs '' / `` Waterfalls '' Not eligible Not eligible -- 10,000 ( + 756 % ) live Tim McGraw & Scotty McCreery `` Live Like You Were Dying '' Not eligible 24,000 ( + 520 % ) live Marc Anthony , Jennifer Lopez & Sheila E `` Aguanile '' ( from the movie El Cantante ) Not eligible Not eligible live Tom Jones & the American Idol Guys Medley : `` Kiss '' / `` She 's a Lady '' / `` What 's New , Pussycat ? '' / `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' / `` Love Me Tonight '' / `` Delilah '' / `` It 's Not Unusual '' Not eligible Not eligible live Lady Gaga `` The Edge of Glory '' 8 ( + 11 ) 165,000 ( + 74 % ) live Carrie Underwood & Lauren Alaina `` Before He Cheats '' Not eligible 10,000 ( + 156 % ) live Beyoncé `` 1 + 1 '' 57 ( debut ) 57,000 ( debut ) live Reeve Carney featuring Bono & The Edge `` Rise Above 1 '' 74 ( debut ) 36,000 ( debut ) live Steven Tyler `` Dream On '' Not eligible 13,000 ( + 406 % ) live Scotty McCreery `` I Love You This Big '' 11 ( debut ) 171,000 ( debut ) live <Td_colspan="8"> `` -- '' denotes no figure was available . Controversies ( edit ) Gender voting bias and elimination of Pia Toscano ( edit ) The first five contestants eliminated from the finals were all female contestants , and this early elimination of females led to criticism of bias against women . Idol producer Ken Warwick said , `` It 's no secret that most reality shows are female driven , either by moms or by young girls . It does mean we 're going to get a heftier amount of female votes and it 's always bent towards the boys , obviously , we are very much aware that the voting can be skewed towards the boys . '' The voting also provoked considerable criticism after the last of these five females , Pia Toscano , a presumed front - runner , was surprisingly eliminated in ninth place . In response to criticism , the producers considered tweaking the voting format for the next season . Judges critique ( edit ) Online critics from major news sources like Brian Mansfield of USA Today , Craig Berman of MSNBC , Dalton Ross of Entertainment Weekly , Andrea Reiher of Zap2it , and Tom Gliatto of People criticized the judges for being too nice , not being honest enough , offering hardly any constructive criticism towards the contestants , and for not giving any guidance and direction for the viewers / voters in terms of why they should or should not be voting for someone . Executive producer Ken Warwick responded to these criticisms and said , `` The truth of the matter is these kids are very good and I would n't influence the judges to say anything they do n't absolutely believe ... They are trying to keep things on the straight and narrow . What they feel are genuine feelings , that 's all I can ask them to do . '' Nigel Lythgoe , another executive producer , also responded to these criticisms on his Twitter and answered , `` IT IS NOT ABOUT THE JUDGES OPINION IT 'S ABOUT YOURS ! ! UR NOT SHEEP ! '' In October 2011 , however , judge Jennifer Lopez revealed that all three judges would be tougher on the contestants in season 11 . Lee DeWyze finale involvement ( edit ) Many fans of the ninth season winner , Lee DeWyze , were upset that he did not take part in the season ten finale like he was rumored to . Executive producer Nigel Lythgoe responded on his Twitter that he asked DeWyze to take part in the finale , but he declined , `` I was so upset Lee DeWyze would n't present the winners trophy to Scotty , '' he wrote . `` Especially as he 'd been on the show this Season . I guess he was shy . '' However , DeWyze said that he was actually not asked to take part in the finale , `` Just for the record ... I was not asked to be involved in the Finale . It was n't until about 2 minutes before they announced that Nigel had approached me and asked if he could `` borrow '' me for a second . I did n't feel a last second jump on stage was appropriate . It was Scotty 's moment . I appreciate American Idol , and the opportunity it has given me . And the people who have made that show possible . I am not angry , or bitter etc . It was an amazing Finale , and I would have loved to be a part of it . I just was n't asked . '' DeWyze was seen in the audience towards the end of the show . Contestants who appeared on other Talent shows / seasons ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Caitlin Koch , who auditioned for this season of American Idol but was cut in Hollywood , later auditioned for the first season of The X Factor . She made it to bootcamp and then to judges ' houses , but was not chosen by Simon Cowell for the live finals . Finalist Thia Megia , previously competed on the fourth season of America 's Got Talent , making it to the quarterfinals . Previous Idol contestants ( edit ) Season 11 Ten of the contestants from season 10 auditioned for the subsequent season and made into the Top 24 . Five of those advanced into the Top 13 . Deandre Brackensick -- auditioned in San Francisco , cut at the Top 24 selection Hollie Cavanagh -- auditioned in Austin , cut at the Top 24 selection Colton Dixon -- auditioned in Nashville , together with his sister Schyler , cut at the Top 24 selection over Brett Loewenstern Joshua Ledet -- auditioned in New Orleans , did not make it to Hollywood Round Jeremy Rosado -- auditioned in San Francisco , did not make it to Hollywood Round Chase Likens -- auditioned in Nashville , cut on the group day of Hollywood week Brielle Von Hugel -- auditioned in New Jersey , cut on the last day of Hollywood week Chelsea Sorrell -- auditioned in Nashville , cut on the performance challenge in the Las Vegas rounds Aaron Marcellus -- auditioned in New Jersey , cut at the Top 24 selection Reed Grimm -- auditioned in unknown city , cut before meeting the judges . Season 12 Three of the contestants from season 10 also auditioned for the subsequent season and made into the Top 40 . Three of them made into the Top 20 and voting rounds . Only Janelle Arthur and Candice Glover had made it into Top 10 . Melinda Ademi -- auditioned in New Jersey , cut on the performance challenge in the Las Vegas rounds Janelle Arthur -- auditioned in Austin , cut on the group day of Hollywood week Aubrey Cleland -- auditioned in San Francisco , cut on the last day of Hollywood week Candice Glover -- auditioned online , cut before meeting the judges , and won the twelfth season . Season 13 Two of the contestants from season 10 also auditioned for the subsequent season and made into the Top 30 . Caleb Johnson became the only contestant auditioning since season 10 to have qualified in the season 's Top 13 . Caleb Johnson -- auditioned in Austin , cut on the last day of Hollywood week , and won the thirteenth season . Brandy Neelly -- auditioned in Nashville , cut on the last day of Hollywood week Season 14 One contestant from season 10 also auditioned for the subsequent season and made into the Top 24 . Sarina - Joi Crowe -- auditioned in Nashville , cut on the last day of Hollywood week Season 15 One contestant from season 10 also auditioned , but did not make the Top 24 . John Wayne Schulz -- auditioned in Austin , cut at the Top 24 selection over Scotty McCreery Us nielsen Ratings ( edit ) American Idol ended the 2010 -- 2011 television season as the number one and number two show in Total Viewers , and the number one and number three show in Adults 18 -- 49 . The Wednesday performance shows earned an average of 25.864 million viewers and an 8.8 / 24 rating in the Adults 18 -- 49 demographic , while the Thursday results show earned an average of 23.798 million viewers and a 7.7 / 22 rating in the Adults 18 -- 49 demographic . The show 's success helped Fox network achieve the longest winning streak in broadcast history of seven consecutive season in the Adult 18 -- 49 demo . <Th_colspan="7"> hide Episode list Show # Episode Airdate U.S. viewers ( millions ) Rating / share Households Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Note Weekly rank East Rutherford Auditions January 19 , 2011 26.23 14.2 / 22 9.7 / 26 New Orleans Auditions January 20 , 2011 22.90 12.5 / 20 7.8 / 21 Milwaukee Auditions January 26 , 2011 25.33 13.8 / 22 9.2 / 24 Nashville Auditions January 27 , 2011 22.48 12.4 / 20 7.7 / 21 5 Austin Auditions February 2 , 2011 25.14 13.4 / 21 9.0 / 24 6 Los Angeles Auditions February 3 , 2011 21.89 11.9 / 19 7.5 / 20 6 7 San Francisco Auditions February 9 , 2011 24.05 13.0 / 21 8.4 / 23 8 Hollywood Round , Part 1 February 10 , 2011 21.94 12.0 / 19 7.3 / 20 9 Hollywood Round , Part 2 February 16 , 2011 23.20 12.7 / 20 8.2 / 23 10 Hollywood Round , Part 3 February 17 , 2011 22.18 12.0 / 20 7.6 / 22 11 Las Vegas Round / Top 24 Chosen , Part 1 February 23 , 2011 22.72 12.5 / 20 7.9 / 21 12 Top 24 Chosen , Part 2 February 24 , 2011 21.76 11.9 / 19 7.2 / 20 13 Top 12 Males Perform March 1 , 2011 21.39 11.7 / 18 7.6 / 21 14 Top 12 Females Perform March 2 , 2011 22.77 12.7 / 20 7.8 / 22 15 Top 10 Finalists + 3 WCs Revealed March 3 , 2011 25.26 13.8 / 23 8.2 / 24 16 Top 13 Finalists Perform March 9 , 2011 24.40 13.5 / 22 8.1 / 23 17 Top 13 Results Show March 10 , 2011 22.05 12.6 / 20 6.7 / 19 18 Top 12 Finalists Perform March 16 , 2011 22.58 12.9 / 21 7.6 / 22 19 Top 12 Results Show March 17 , 2011 19.57 11.2 / 20 5.7 / 19 20 Top 11 Finalists Perform March 23 , 2011 23.95 13.5 / 22 7.9 / 22 21 Top 11 Results Show March 24 , 2011 21.30 12.1 / 20 6.4 / 20 22 Top 11 Part 2 Finalists Perform March 30 , 2011 24.18 13.6 / 21 7.7 / 21 23 Top 11 Part 2 Results Show March 31 , 2011 22.63 12.9 / 21 6.8 / 20 24 Top 9 Finalists Perform April 6 , 2011 23.13 13.2 / 21 7.3 / 21 25 Top 9 Results Show April 7 , 2011 21.54 12.3 / 20 6.4 / 20 26 Top 8 Finalists Perform April 13 , 2011 23.03 12.7 / 20 7.3 / 21 27 Top 8 Results Show April 14 , 2011 21.92 12.5 / 21 6.4 / 20 28 Top 7 Finalists Perform April 20 , 2011 22.54 12.7 / 20 7.1 / 20 29 Top 7 Results Show April 21 , 2011 20.32 11.5 / 20 5.8 / 19 30 Top 6 Finalists Perform April 27 , 2011 22.32 12.6 / 20 7.1 / 20 31 Top 6 Results Show April 28 , 2011 19.60 11.5 / 19 5.7 / 17 32 Top 5 Finalists Perform May 4 , 2011 21.14 12.2 / 19 6.6 / 19 33 Top 5 Results Show May 5 , 2011 21.29 12.2 / 21 6.3 / 20 34 Top 4 Finalists Perform May 11 , 2011 23.05 13.0 / 21 7.1 / 20 35 Top 4 Results Show May 12 , 2011 22.45 12.6 / 21 6.5 / 20 36 Top 3 Finalists Perform May 18 , 2011 23.56 13.3 / 21 7.4 / 20 37 Top 3 Results Show May 19 , 2011 21.76 12.5 / 21 6.3 / 20 38 Top 2 Finalists Perform May 24 , 2011 20.57 11.4 / 18 6.4 / 19 39 Winner Revealed May 25 , 2011 29.29 15.6 / 25 9.2 / 26 See also ( edit ) American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` American Idol Moving to Wednesdays and Thursdays ; Fringe Headed to Fridays '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Nigel Lythgoe 's return to ' American Idol ' a done deal '' . Hollywood Insider Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( December 30 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' American Idol ' Hires Ray Chew as New Music Director '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Moves American Idol to Thursday , a Potentially Bad Sign for ABC and NBC Comedies '' . Fox43 / Associated Press . NYMag.com . November 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol lowers its age limit '' . BBC News . June 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Seacrest - On Air with Ryan Seacrest '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Casey Abrams ' Save Did n't Affect ' American Idol ' Tour Decision '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ CNN Staff ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Simon Cowell leaving ' American Idol ' '' . CNN Entertainment . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Stelter ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres Leaving ' American Idol ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ann Donahue ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Kara DioGuardi Leaving ' American Idol ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Adds Jennifer Lopez , Steven Tyler As Judges '' . Mtv . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Meet `` American Idol 's '' New Bandleader : Ray Chew `` . NBC Philadelphia . December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Season 10 : Katharine McPhee 's Mom is a Vocal Coach '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' American Idol '' Offers Online Voting for First Time Ever at AmericanIdol.com `` . Thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Halperin , Shirley ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : 8 Big Changes Coming to ' American Idol ' -- Idol Worship '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Lythgoe Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Returns , January 19 '' . Content.americanidol.com . January 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Nigel Lythgoe Reveals New Challenges for American Idol 's 10th Season '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' American Idol ' new challenges include music videos Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. `` ' American Idol ' exclusive : Exec . producers say no music videos , a single Top 20 semi-final round , and the end of gender parity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music videos are out , Top 20 semifinals in for ' Idol ' Season 10 , says EW.com -- Idol Chatter '' . USA Today . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol dumps theme weeks : best move the show has ever made : Beatweek Magazine '' . Beatweek.com . September 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' American Idol ' signs recording deal with Universal Music Group '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Paul . `` Iovine to mentor Idol contestants '' . Music Week . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox Announces American Idol Season 10 Auditions , Lowers Age Limit '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty House Restaurant in Jersey City featured in season premiere of ' American Idol ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Call - back auditions held for American Idol hopefuls '' . Jump up ^ `` PICTURE GALLERY : American Idol set in the Milwaukee Art Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` The Tennessean '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' comes back to Austin for second round '' . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell-less ' Idol ' holds not - so - secret auditions in San Francisco '' . November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' on MySpace : Blake Lewis reacts to the news of video tryouts '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Paula Biplanes on American Idol '' . Santapaulatimes.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scarred ' Idol ' Contestant -- Drunk Driving Victim '' . Tmz.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wang , Cynthia ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` American Idol 's Secret Mentor : Marc Anthony -- American Idol '' . People.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Seacrest on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael . `` American Idol Brainstorm : What Should the Top 5 Sing for ' Now and Then ' Week ? '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Alaina Silent in Makeup -- Haley Is Ready '' . TMZ.com . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` American Idol Recap : ' Mother ' Load '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Music Charts , News , Photos & Video '' . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Idol ' track sales : Jennifer Lopez , Kelly Clarkson and more -- Idol Chatter : American Idol News , Rumors , & Information '' . Content.usatoday.com. April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' track sales : David Cook , Carrie Underwood , more -- Idol Chatter : American Idol News , Rumors , & Information '' . Content.usatoday.com. April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys Score No. 2 Debut on Billboard 200 , Adele Holds at No. 1 '' . Billboard.com . September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' performers reap download benefits -- Idol Chatter : American Idol News , Rumors , & Information '' . Content.usatoday.com . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele Stays Atop Hot 100 , Lady Gaga Makes ' Glory ' - ous Start '' . Billboard. 2011 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' track sales : Jennifer Lopez , Steven Tyler , Jordin Sparks '' . USA Today . May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adele Remains Atop Hot 100 , Lady Gaga Makes ' Hair ' - Raising Bow '' . Billboard. 2011 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty and Lauren covers move downloads for original tracks '' . USA Today . May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty McCreery , Lauren Alaina tracks top country sales '' . USA Today . June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idols ' Scotty McCreery & Lauren Alaina Top Hot 100 Debuts , Adele Still No. 1 '' . Billboard. 1990 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : With Pia Toscano now gone , can American Idol do anything about its woman problem ? Retrieved March 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` MSN - Outlook , Office , Skype , Bing , Breaking News , and Latest Videos '' . today.msnbc.msn.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Why did Pia Toscano leave ' Idol ' so soon ? '' . ^ Jump up to : ' American Idol ' : Voting methods , judges are to blame for the girls ' downfall Archived April 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : ' American Idol ' EP Ken Warwick : ' Maybe we change the voting system slightly next year ' Archived June 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Nobody saw this coming : An ' American Idol ' shocker '' . Content.usatoday.com. April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Us Weekly ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson , Tom Hanks Outraged Over Pia Toscano 's ' Idol ' Elimination Rolling Stone Culture '' . Rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill . `` American Idol mulls voting tweaks to fix boy bias - Reuters '' . Jump up ^ `` MSN - Outlook , Office , Skype , Bing , Breaking News , and Latest Videos '' . today.msnbc.msn.com . Jump up ^ `` Are the American Idol Judges Too Nice ? '' . Jump up ^ `` InsideTV Podcast : Are the judges to blame for Pia 's shocking ' American Idol ' exit ? Plus , we break down the latest on ' Parenthood ' and ' Survivor ' '' . Jump up ^ Nigel Lythgoe on ' American Idol 's ' shocking elimination : ' It 's not about the judges ' opinion ' Archived October 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Will Be ' Tougher ' Next Season on American Idol '' . Jump up ^ `` Lee DeWyze Nigel Lythgoe American Idol finale '' . Jump up ^ `` Lee DeWyze , Nigel Lythgoe feud over `` Idol '' finale on Twitter `` . Jump up ^ ' Idol ' feud brews between Lee DeWyze and Nigel Lythgoe Archived September 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 -- 11 Season Series Rankers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FOX Wins Seventh Consecutive Season , Achieves Longest Winning Streak In Broadcast History Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Better With You , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down ; ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Jets - Steelers , American Idol , Hawaii Five - 0 , NCIS , Modern Family Top Week 18 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' $ # * ! My Dad Says ' Adjusted Up , ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cougar Town , ' ' Live to Dance ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : American Idol , Pro Bowl , Hallmark Movie , The Office and Bones Top Week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' The Vampire Diaries ' or ' Nikita ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Off The Map ' Adjusted Up ; ' Live To Dance ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Super Bowl , Glee , American Idol , NCIS Top Week 20 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Human Target ' Adjusted Down , ' Modern Family , ' ' Better with You ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Grammy Awards , Modern Family , Glee , American Idol , NCIS Top Week 21 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Bones , ' ' Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Mr. Sunshine , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' CM : Suspect Behavior ' All Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Office , ' ' Outsourced , ' and ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' House ' Top Week 24 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Better With You ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Rules Of Engagement ' Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : `` American Idol '' Adjusted Up ; `` Shedding for the Wedding '' Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Glee , ' ' House , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 25 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : `` American '' Idol Adjusted Up ; `` Bones , '' `` CSI '' and `` The Mentalist '' Adjusted Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Minute , ' ' Top Model ' Adjusted Up ; ' Off The Map , ' ' Criminal Minds : SB ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Bachelor , ' ' Glee , ' ' Criminal Minds ' Top Week 26 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : `` American Idol , '' `` Wipeout '' Adjusted Up ; `` Bones '' Adjusted Down , Plus CBS NCAA Basketball Ratings `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor , ' ' ANTM ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mr. Sunshine ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' NCIS ' ' Top Week 27 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : `` Private Practice , '' `` Parks & Recreation , '' `` 30 Rock '' Adjusted Down ; `` American Idol , '' `` Grey 's Anatomy , '' `` Wipeout '' Adjusted Up ; Plus CBS NCAA Basketball Ratings `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Law & Order : SVU , ' ' Minute ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' NCAA B - Ball ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' ' Top Week 28 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Rules Of Engagement , ' ' CSI , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU , ' ' Survivor , ' ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' NCAA B - Ball ; ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Top Week 29 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Rules Of Engagement , ' ' CSI , ' ' Outsourced ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Happy Endings , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Minute , ' ' Shedding ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' The Office ' Top Week 30 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cougar Town ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Glee , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 31 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Top Model , ' ' Voice ' Repeat Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' The Office , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' The Mentalist ' Top Week 32 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community ' Down + ' The Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' CSI , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Community , ' ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 33 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings Friday : ' Fringe ' Down , But Better Than Return of ' Flashpoint ; ' ' CSI : NY , ' ' Blue Bloods ' Down ; ' Kitchen Nightmares ' Up ; ' Smallville , ' ' Supernatural ' Steady ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' The Middle ' ' Better With You , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Breaking In , ' ' Cougar Town ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 34 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Community , ' ' Rules , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 35 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' Modern Family ' Top Season 's Final Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law & Order : LA , ' ' Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Idol . Official website <Th_colspan="2"> American Idol season 10 Finalists Scotty McCreery Lauren Alaina Haley Reinhart James Durbin Jacob Lusk Casey Abrams Stefano Langone Paul McDonald Pia Toscano Naima Adedapo Thia Megia Karen Rodriguez Ashthon Jones Other sources Episode list Tour `` I Love You This Big '' `` Like My Mother Does '' <Th_colspan="2"> American Idol <Td_colspan="2"> Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Other alumni Josh Gracin Jennifer Hudson Elliott Yamin Chris Daughtry Kellie Pickler Mandisa Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) MusicBrainz : 24376d65 - f6a4 - 4ade - 97c2 - 5f8ecc0aa860 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol_(season_10)&oldid=850353144 '' Categories : American Idol seasons 2011 in American television 2011 American television seasons 2011 in American music Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 10 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. American Idol Season 10
2. Contestants and winners
3. Changes in format and judges
4. Wild Card round
5. Scotty McCreery and Lauren Alaina
|
-8,783,644,843,739,147,000 |
how many episodes are there in a season of game of thrones
|
List of Game of Thrones episodes - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones episodes Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R.R. Martin . The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . The series starts when House Stark , led by Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn ( Robert 's chief advisor ) dies mysteriously . The series premiered on April 17 , 2011 , on HBO . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss , Frank Doelger , Bernadette Caulfield and George R.R. Martin . Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations , including Croatia , Northern Ireland , Iceland and Spain . Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm Eastern Time , and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length . The first seven seasons are available on DVD and Blu - ray . As of August 27 , 2017 , 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired , concluding the seventh season . The series will conclude with its eighth season , which will consist of six episodes and is set to air in 2019 . The show 's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2016 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 2.8 Season 8 3 Home media releases 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired Avg . U.S. viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.52 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 3.80 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 4.97 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 6.84 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 6.88 <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 7.69 <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 10.26 <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The North Remembers '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 3.86 12 `` The Night Lands '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 3.76 13 `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 3.77 14 `` Garden of Bones '' David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 3.65 15 5 `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' David Petrarca David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 3.90 16 6 `` The Old Gods and the New '' David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 3.88 17 7 `` A Man Without Honor '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 3.69 18 8 `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 3.86 19 9 `` Blackwater '' Neil Marshall George R.R. Martin May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 3.38 20 10 `` Valar Morghulis '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 4.20 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Valar Dohaeris '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 4.37 22 `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' Daniel Minahan Vanessa Taylor April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 4.27 23 `` Walk of Punishment '' David Benioff David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 4.72 24 `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 4.87 25 5 `` Kissed by Fire '' Alex Graves Bryan Cogman April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 5.35 26 6 `` The Climb '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 5.50 27 7 `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' Michelle MacLaren George R.R. Martin May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 4.84 28 8 `` Second Sons '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 5.13 29 9 `` The Rains of Castamere '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 5.22 30 10 `` Mhysa '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 5.39 Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Two Swords '' D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 6.64 32 `` The Lion and the Rose '' Alex Graves George R.R. Martin April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 6.31 33 `` Breaker of Chains '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 6.59 34 `` Oathkeeper '' Michelle MacLaren Bryan Cogman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 6.95 35 5 `` First of His Name '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 7.16 36 6 `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.40 37 7 `` Mockingbird '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 7.20 38 8 `` The Mountain and the Viper '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 7.17 39 9 `` The Watchers on the Wall '' Neil Marshall David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 6.95 40 10 `` The Children '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 7.09 Season 5 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Wars to Come '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 8.00 42 `` The House of Black and White '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 6.81 43 `` High Sparrow '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 6.71 44 `` Sons of the Harpy '' Mark Mylod Dave Hill May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 6.82 45 5 `` Kill the Boy '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 6.56 46 6 `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 6.24 47 7 `` The Gift '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 5.40 48 8 `` Hardhome '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 7.01 49 9 `` The Dance of Dragons '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 7.14 50 10 `` Mother 's Mercy '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 8.11 Season 6 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD Home media releases ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="3"> DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 10 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 10 February 19 , 2013 March 4 , 2013 March 6 , 2013 10 February 18 , 2014 February 17 , 2014 February 19 , 2014 10 February 17 , 2015 February 16 , 2015 February 18 , 2015 5 10 March 15 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 March 16 , 2016 6 10 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 7 7 December 12 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 Ratings ( edit ) Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 <Td_colspan="3"> N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Josh ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Where HBO 's hit ' Game of Thrones ' was filmed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts a bear and shoots in Los Angeles for major Season 3 scene '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Stephen ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones fifth series : more than 10,000 Spaniards apply to be extras '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Episode 9 : What Time & Channel Does It Air Tonight ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . HBO . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : 10 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets We Learned From the SXSW Panel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019 '' . HBO . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 finale smashes more records for HBO '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Kourtney & Kim Take Miami ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' NBA Playoffs ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & Moreh '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta , ' ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- HBO 's Official Press Release with Full Details of The Complete 1st Season on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 1 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with The Complete 2nd Season : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 2 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- 2014 Release Date , Package Art for The Complete 3rd Season , on DVD , Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 3 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' Press Release : Date , Art , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 4 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 5 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 ( Blu - ray + Amazon Exclusive Bonus Disc ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes&oldid=820316709 '' Categories : Game of Thrones episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Game of Thrones episodes
2. A Song of Ice and Fire novels
3. Power struggles for the Iron Throne
4. Filming locations for Game of Thrones
5. Awards won by Game of Thrones episodes
|
2,633,671,420,380,114,000 |
when did falcon first appear in the mcu
|
Falcon ( Comics ) - wikipedia Falcon ( Comics ) <Th_colspan="2"> Falcon <Td_colspan="2"> Sam Wilson as Falcon , accompanied by Redwing <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Captain America # 117 ( September 1969 ) Created by Stan Lee Gene Colan <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information Alter ego Samuel Thomas `` Sam '' Wilson Team affiliations Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. `` Defenders for a Day '' Heroes for Hire Mighty Avengers Avengers Unity Squad Partnerships Captain America Redwing Nomad Notable aliases `` Snap '' Wilson , Falcon , Blackwing , Blackbird , Captain America Abilities Excellent bird trainer Skilled martial artist and gymnast Flight via wing harness Empathic link with pet falcon Limited control over birds Ability to see through the eyes of nearby birds Falcon ( Samuel Thomas `` Sam '' Wilson ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer - editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan , and introduced in Captain America # 117 ( Sept. 1969 ) . As the superhero Falcon , Wilson uses mechanical wings to fly , granting him limited telepathic and empathic control over birds . Following Steve Rogers ' retirement , Wilson becomes the newest Captain America and leader of the Avengers . Wilson 's deceased nephew was the Incredible Hulk 's sometime - sidekick Jim Wilson , one of the first openly HIV - positive comic - book characters . Jim Wilson 's father Gideon Wilson would go on to join the Gamma Corps . Sam also has parents named Paul and Darlene Wilson , a sister named Sarah Casper , a nephew named Jody Toby Casper , and an unnamed niece . Anthony Mackie portrays Sam Wilson / Falcon in the 2014 Marvel Studios film , Captain America : The Winter Soldier and reprises his role in Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Ant - Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and is set to reprise his role in the fourth Avengers film ( 2019 ) . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early life 2.2 Becoming the Falcon 2.3 2000s 2.4 Becoming Captain America 2.5 Return as Falcon 3 Powers , abilities , and equipment 3.1 Powers 3.2 Abilities 3.3 Uniform and flight harness 4 Other characters named Falcon 4.1 Joaquin Torres 4.2 Adrian Toomes 4.3 Carl Burgess 5 Other versions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Theatre 6.4 Video games 7 Reception 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Publication history ( edit ) Samuel Thomas Wilson , known as the Falcon , was the first African - American superhero in mainstream comic books , and also the first black superhero not to have the word `` black '' as part of his superhero name . The character first appeared in Captain America # 117 ( Sept. 1969 ) . Created by writer - editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan , he came about , Colan recalled in 2008 , ... in the late 1960s ( when news of the ) Vietnam War and civil rights protests were regular occurrences , and Stan , always wanting to be at the forefront of things , started bringing these headlines into the comics ... One of the biggest steps we took in this direction came in Captain America . I enjoyed drawing people of every kind . I drew as many different types of people as I could into the scenes I illustrated , and I loved drawing black people . I always found their features interesting and so much of their strength , spirit and wisdom written on their faces . I approached Stan , as I remember , with the idea of introducing an African - American hero and he took to it right away ... I looked at several African - American magazines , and used them as the basis of inspiration for bringing The Falcon to life . He was introduced as an unnamed former resident of New York City 's Harlem neighborhood , who had adopted a wild falcon he trained and named Redwing . ( His own name , Sam Wilson , was not given until page five of the following issue . ) When a group of men on an island `` in the tropics '' wanted a hunting falcon , Wilson answered the ad , only to discover that the self - dubbed `` Exiles '' were former Nazis in league with the supervillain the Red Skull . He escaped , but remained on the island to organize the natives to confront the Exiles , who had turned them into serfs . At the urging of Steve Rogers , whom he later learned was Captain America , Wilson took on the costumed identity of the Falcon and underwent training with Rogers in order to better inspire the villagers and lead the fight . Through most of the 1970s , the Falcon and Captain America were a team in New York City , and the series was cover - billed Captain America and the Falcon from issues # 134 -- 192 and 194 -- 222 ( February 1971 -- June 1978 ) , though still copyrighted as Captain America . In issue # 186 ( June 1975 ) , writer Steve Englehart retconned aspects of the Falcon 's past . Originally depicted as a former social worker , motivated by a desire to better the lives of inner - city youth , the Falcon was revealed as a mob - connected thug whose memories were altered by the reality - warping Cosmic Cube . The Falcon briefly joined the superhero team the Defenders , appearing in issues # 62 -- 64 ( August -- October 1978 ) , and was a member of the Avengers from issues # 183 -- 194 ( May 1979 -- April 1980 ) . During this time he also starred in a solo adventure in issue # 49 of the try - out series Marvel Premiere ; however , the story was not a try - out for a Falcon series , but an intended fill - in issue of Captain America which was shuffled into Marvel Premiere when the editors objected to having an issue of Captain America with someone other than the title character as the star . He starred in his own four - issue miniseries in 1983 , written by Jim Owsley . Its first issue was illustrated by Paul Smith with the final three issues by Mark Bright . The series revealed that the Falcon was a mutant , although this development was later retconned in the Avengers 2001 Annual . After regularly appearing in Captain America vol. 2 ( November 1996 -- November 1997 ) , the Falcon rejoined the Avengers in The Avengers vol. 3 , # 1 ( February 1998 ) . This time , he remained with the team , becoming one of its most prominent members by issue # 57 ( Oct. 2002 ) . Concurrently , he was also a supporting character in Captain America vols. 3 -- 4 ( January 1998 -- February 2002 and June 2002 -- December 2004 ) . The Falcon next appeared in the short - lived Captain America and the Falcon series , in 2004 and 2005 . After the events of the storyline `` Avengers Disassembled '' , when the Scarlet Witch temporarily restored his criminal personality , the Falcon became a supporting character in Captain America vol. 5 ( January 2005 -- July 2009 ) . The Falcon continued to play a significant role in the series after it returned to its original numbering , beginning with Captain America # 600 ( Aug. 2009 ) . Falcon was a member of the Avengers in the 2012 Marvel NOW ! relaunch . On July 16 , 2014 Marvel Comics announced that Sam Wilson would relinquish the mantle of Falcon and would become the new Captain America , succeeding Steve Rogers in the role . An ongoing series starring Sam Wilson as Captain America launched in October 2015 , as part of Marvel 's post-Secret Wars relaunch , written by Nick Spencer and Daniel Acuña . Wilson temporarily returns to the role of Captain America in the 2017 miniseries Marvel 's Generations . Wilson resumed the identity of Falcon in a series written by Rodney Barnes that debuted in late 2017 , the character 's first solo series since 1983 . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Samuel Thomas Wilson was born in Harlem , New York City , to Paul Wilson , a prominent minister , and Darlene Wilson . Wilson has a happy childhood and finds he has a natural affinity for birds . He takes up training pigeons , and has the largest pigeon coop in Harlem . In his teens , however , encounters with racism leave him jaded . When he is 16 , Wilson refuses to join the church , believing his deeply religious parents to be ignorant for their faith . To his surprise , rather than put up a fight , his parents provide him with books on different religions and comparative theology . The next night , however , Sam 's father is killed trying to break up a neighborhood fight ( originally Paul was said to have been killed when Sam was 9 years old ) . Two years later , his mother is shot and killed by a mugger one block from their apartment . Consumed by grief and `` angry at the world '' Sam turns his back on his past as a respected community volunteer . He moves to Los Angeles and creates a new persona : `` Snap '' Wilson , a professional criminal and gang member . While Snap is on his way to `` a big score in Rio de Janeiro '' , his plane crashes on Exile Island ( years later , he would say `` I actually loved this place quite a bit . It 's where I met my two best friends , '' referring to Captain America and Redwing ) . The once - peaceful island had been taken over by the Exiles , a group of would - be world conquerors who had collaborated with the Nazi supervillain the Red Skull during World War II . They had been betrayed by the Red Skull and were forced to remain in hiding on the island , enslaving the natives . Wilson finds and befriends Redwing , a falcon with which he feels a remarkably strong bond . Becoming the Falcon ( edit ) As part of a plot against Captain America , the Red Skull uses the Cosmic Cube , a creation that allows its user to alter reality , to mentally fuse Wilson with Redwing , creating a `` super-normal mental link '' that would , with time and concentration , give Wilson broad powers over all birds . Next , the Skull uses the Cube to rewrite the past and erase the years Wilson had spent angrily living as Snap Wilson . In this new history , Wilson was an upright and cheerful social worker who is eventually lured to the Exiles ' island and organizes the natives to fight for their freedom . Steve Rogers ( Captain America ) befriends him there and convinces Wilson to adopt a persona to inspire the natives in their rebellion . The two create the costumed persona the Falcon and train together extensively before attacking and defeating the Exiles and the Red Skull . The Falcon becomes Captain America 's regular partner in crime - fighting , and briefly even takes on the Captain America costume and identity when Rogers is believed to have been killed . Later , again as the Falcon , Wilson receives help from the Black Panther , who creates a harness for Wilson , allowing him to fly . When Rogers briefly abandons his Captain America identity , others attempt to take up the mantle , including a young man named Roscoe whom the Falcon mentors . When the Red Skull eventually kills Roscoe , Rogers again becomes Captain America . Soon afterward , the Red Skull reveals the Falcon 's true past as Snap Wilson , and unsuccessfully attempts to use the Cosmic Cube to make the Falcon kill Captain America . Now aware of his past but deciding to continue as a hero , the Falcon is eventually named head of the Super Agents at the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. . US government superhero liaison Henry Peter Gyrich then recruits Wilson , one of the few active black superheroes , to fill a mandated racial quota for the venerable team the Avengers . Resentful of being a `` token '' , the Falcon quits at the first opportunity . He debuts a new costume when he fights the supervillain Taskmaster . 2000s ( edit ) Falcon becomes a member of the new team of Avengers assembled to fight the international menace Scorpio as a United Nations peacekeeping agency . By this point , Falcon had discovered that he could extend his telepathic bond with Redwing , allowing him to control other birds and `` see '' through their eyes . He uses this ability to spy on Henry Gyrich ( now the Avengers ' liaison with the United Nations ) and discovers that the United States ' Secretary of Defense , Dell Rusk , has been pressuring Gyrich to spy on the Avengers and turn over their secrets . Although initially hostile to one another , Falcon convinces Gyrich to help the Avengers spy on Rusk , feeding him false information while gathering evidence to expose him . They discover that Rusk is actually the Red Skull , who has launched a biological weapon attack on America , intending to use the ensuing panic to gain control over America 's government and start a war with other countries . Falcon is instrumental in defeating the Red Skull . It is around this period of time that , a new `` Captain America '' secretly created by the Office of Naval Intelligence ( O.N.I. ) goes rogue and begins eliminating anything and anyone he sees as a source of terrorism . To draw out this agent ( dubbed `` The Anti-Cap '' ) , O.N.I. leaks information about their involvement in a biological weapons project with the notorious Rivas Family , powerful Cuban drug lords . Reporter and social activist Leila Taylor investigates this rumor and attempts to smuggle a sample of the virus into America , but she is arrested by U.S. forces in Cuba . Falcon , who is a friend of Taylor , breaks her out of prison and investigates her claims , destroying the Rivas Family 's biological weapons lab and obtaining a sample of the mysterious virus they were developing for O.N.I. Falcon is able to fly Leila back to America ( although his flying harness is destroyed in a hurricane ) while Captain America follows Falcon 's directions and retrieves the virus sample . The Anti-Cap kills the head of the Rivas family , and pursues Leila , Falcon , and Cap , intent on obtaining the virus sample . After reuniting , Falcon and Captain America are able to barely defeat the Anti-Cap . Realizing that O.N.I. 's goal was to draw out their rogue agent to execute him , Captain America arranges to have the Anti-Cap secretly imprisoned in the Wakandan embassy until O.N.I. agrees not to kill him . Since Captain America and Falcon now possess both O.N.I. 's rogue agent and the last remaining sample of O.N.I. 's virus , O.N.I. begins to put increasing amounts of pressure on the heroes . Falcon is especially targeted -- he had broken Leila out of Federal Custody , and his criminal history makes it easier for O.N.I. to create further false charges against him . Falcon soon finds himself on the run from O.N.I. Meanwhile , the superheroine the Scarlet Witch , having gone insane , begins using her powers to re-create many of the Avengers ' greatest trials and tragedies . She destabilizes the Falcon 's mind , causing him to act increasingly like his `` Snap '' persona . He begins carrying a gun , keeps secrets from his friends , assaults Leila 's boyfriend Norman when he protests they go into hiding , and uses a high power rifle to shoot at his friend Robbie Robertson ( to fool Robbie into thinking O.N.I. was threatening to kill him ) . Although they succeed in exposing the illegal activities of O.N.I. and clear Wilson 's name , Sam 's methods cause his relationship with Captain America to become strained . Cap confronts Falcon about his recent actions , and Falcon , angered at what he sees as an ultimatum , terminates their partnership . As they are walking away , Norman ( who blames Falcon for the end of his relationship with Leila ) appears and shoots at Falcon . Captain America is seriously injured by the stray bullets , and even appears to die . The shock of watching his best friend seemingly die because of his actions has a powerful affect on Sam , who briefly gives up being Falcon and reexamines his life . Sam Wilson reappears as Falcon in the 2005 `` House of M '' storyline and in the 2006 -- 07 `` Civil War '' storyline . In the latter , he supports Captain America against the Superhuman Registration Act . When the Captain becomes incapacitated , Falcon temporarily assumes leadership of the `` Secret Avengers '' rebel group . Following Captain America 's assassination by the machinations of the Red Skull , the Falcon registers with the government and is made responsible for Harlem , although he continues to maintain contact with the underground New Avengers . He is also called upon to investigate the Captain 's assassination by locating Winter Soldier and tracking down the Red Skull . Becoming Captain America ( edit ) Wilson as Captain America on the cover of All - New Captain America # 1 ( November 2014 ) . Art by Stuart Immonen . Wilson appears in the 2010 `` Shadowland '' storyline as Falcon , after which he becomes an operative in the new incarnation of the Heroes for Hire team , in the book of the same name . He later appears in the 2012 `` Avengers vs. X-Men '' storyline , helping She - Hulk and several other Avengers contain the students at the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning . As part of the 2012 - 2015 Marvel NOW ! relaunch , Wilson rejoins the Avengers after Iron Man and Captain America choose to expand the team 's line - up . After Rogers is aged into an old man , he appoints Wilson as his ' official ' replacement as Captain America . During a confrontation with the Red Skull 's daughter Sin , it is revealed that the `` Snap '' identity was a fake memory implanted into Sam by the Red Skull in an attempt to discredit the hero through racism . As part of the 2015 All - New , All - Different Marvel initiative , Captain America investigated the disappearance of Mexican teenager Joaquin Torres after he was abducted by the Sons of the Serpent . After fighting Armadillo and capturing the leader of the hate group , Captain America discovered that Joaquin was being used in the experiments of Karl Malus who turned Joaquin into a bird / human hybrid using Captain America 's pet bird Redwing . When Karl Malus was defeated , Captain America took Joaquin in . When it was discovered Joaquin 's bird / human hybrid condition was n't temporary , Captain America learned from Claire Temple that Joaquin 's condition was permanent due to Redwing being vampiric and sporting a healing factor . When Captain America was captured by the Serpent Society and thrown out the window by Viper , he was saved by Joaquin . Using his link with Redwing , Captain America telepathically sent Joaquin the knowledge on how to fight where he held his own until Misty Knight and Demolition Man showed up . After the Serpent Society was defeated , Captain America allowed Joaquin to become his sidekick , enabling him to become the new Falcon . During the 2016 `` Avengers : Standoff ! '' storyline , Sam , after defeating the Green Skull , is contacted by Whisperer ( an alias of Rick Jones ) . After meeting Whisperer , he learns that S.H.I.E.L.D. never discarded the Kobik project as he thought they did . He meets with Steve Rogers , where they follow a lead to a town in Connecticut and are later picked up by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . He then meets the Winter Soldier and rescue S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Avril Kincaid from the Blood Brothers , who informs them of a super-weapon hidden in the town that Baron Zemo and the other villains are looking for . They then head to the bowling alley where Kobik uses her powers to restore Steve Rogers to his prime when he was about to be killed by Crossbones . They begin looking for Kobik again only to discover that Baron Zemo had Fixer invent a device that would help find Kobik as Kraven the Hunter rallies the villains to help with their goals . Upon not being able to successfully locate Kobik , Steve Rogers decides to rally the heroes so that they can take the fight to Baron Zemo . In the aftermath of the incident , Steve and Sam plan to keep what happened at Pleasant Hill under wraps at the time being . After the `` Standoff ! '' storyline , Sam begins to face public pressure to return the shield and mantle of Captain America to Steve , as does Maria Hill for the consequences of her actions on Pleasant Hill . He and Steve then begin to secretly plan for a way to get Hill to face her crimes publicly . During a press conference , Sam encounters the mercenary Chance who was about to kill Steve in the middle of his speech . After defeating him , Sam receives a hero 's welcome when Steve announces him to the public as Captain America . While getting arrested , Chance tells Sam that he was on Pleasant Hill and that he did n't agree with the heroes ' actions . During the 2016 `` Civil War II '' storyline , Captain America attend War Machine 's funeral , where he delivers an inspirational speech . Months later , Wilson watches a TV broadcast about former New Warrior Rage engaging in a fight with the Americops , a private police force funded by Keane Industries , in Brooklyn . Intending to stop the fight , Wilson , along with Redwing and Falcon , try to contain the situation . Sam manages to stop the fight , although not without fighting the Americops , for which he knew the media would portray him negatively . As he leaves , he is attacked from behind by U.S. Agent . After a brief argument , Captain America and U.S. Agent begin to fight , with U.S. Agent gaining the upper hand , until Sam drags him into a tunnel where the darkness and the great horned owls that reside in it allow him to win the fight . After defeating U.S. Agent and receiving an argument from Rage , Wilson returns to his headquarters where he decides to put a tiny implant in his brain that will enhance his ability to see what birds see , enabling him to transmit them into a data storage facility that converts them into images and videos . He decides to further investigate the Americops to find proof of their violent activities . While accompanying Steve Rogers on a mission to stop Flag - Smasher 's latest assault , Wilson fails to save a senator from being shot by the villain , further compromising his current public image . This is subsequently revealed to have been deliberately staged by Rogers who has been converted to believe he is a Hydra sleeper agent since childhood . Using his greater familiarity with the shield , Rogers deliberately put Wilson in a position where he would be unable to use the shield to save the senator , with the final goal of demoralizing Sam to the point where he will return the shield to Rogers of his own free will ( not wanting to kill Wilson and risk creating a martyr ) . After discovering that Rage was arrested and accused of robbing a pawn shop which Man Mountain Marko and Speed Demon committed , Sam offers him professional help from other heroes , but Rage turns it down , preferring that he should be the one to prove his innocence . After consulting with his brother and Rogers , Sam posts a video on the internet showing footage of the Americops beating up Rage , exposing their violent activities . During Rage 's trial , a frustrated Sam leaves the courtroom and captures Speed Demon , who confesses to his and Man Mountain Marko 's involvement in the pawn shop robbery . Upon returning to the court , Misty tells Sam that the verdict was already given . While people protest over Rage 's arrest , Sam tries his best to calm them . Sam leaves a letter which explains he is ending his role as Captain America and returning the shield to Steve Rogers During the 2017 `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Sam has spent time alone in a desert and returns to the city where he discovers Hydra 's takeover and that Steve Rogers is their leader . Sam rescues a woman and her Inhuman daughter from Hydra enforcers , Sam reluctantly helps them to safety . He reunites with Misty Knight and Demolition Man and helps smuggle other Inhumans out of the country . He helps Ant - Man smuggle his daughter Cassandra Lang then declines their offer to join the underground resistance . When Hawkeye and the Tony Stark A.I. reveal that Kobik was responsible for Steve 's change , Sam agrees to help smuggle them out of the country so they can find the Cosmic Cube 's fragments . Sam takes the group through an abandoned subway tunnel where they encounter Mole Man , with whom Sam strikes a deal when they are attacked by Dreadnoughts sent by Hydra . After crossing the tunnel , the group departs in a jet plane . They arrive in a mansion where Ultron resides , since he is in possession of the shard . They encounter Steve Rogers and his Avengers until Ultron captures them . After a brief battle , Ultron allows them to leave and gives the shard to Tony 's team . Steve muses that he is unconcerned about who will acquire the fragments as he has an inside man in the Tony Stark A.I. 's team . After a series of dead ends , the team returns to the hideout , where Sam reunites with Misty , until Hydra forces arrive and begin their assault on the base . During the battle , Sam helps the other heroes in protecting the refugees and battling Hydra 's Avengers and a revived Bruce Banner as the Hulk until the base explodes . In the aftermath of the attack , Sam appears standing on top of the rubble as Captain America to inspire the resistance to not surrender . It is later revealed that Sam had a conversation with Misty Knight and Rayshaun Lucas , the new Patriot , which has persuaded him to reassume the role of Captain America , leading the resistance and wielding Rogers ' original round shield as a symbol of hope . Sam uses the Cosmic Cube fragment acquired by the resistance to help destroy the Darforce dome surrounding Manhattan and the planetary defense shield , releasing all the trapped heroes . Liberating all the imprisoned Inhumans , the Underground attacks the Capitol which attracts the attention of Steve Rogers , who arrives wearing Cosmic Cube - powered armor . During the final battle , Sam fakes surrender and gives the fragment to Steve , only for Winter Soldier to intervene and bring Kobik and the real Steve Rogers back . The restored Steve Rogers manages to defeat the Hydra Steve Rogers with Thor 's hammer and Kobik restores reality back to normal . Return as Falcon ( edit ) Upon taking the second Patriot on as his sidekick , they travel to Chicago to deal with an outbreak of gang violence , unaware that Blackheart is posing as the city 's Mayor . Powers , abilities , and equipment ( edit ) Powers ( edit ) In his earliest appearances , Wilson exhibits a close bond with his bird Redwing , which is confirmed as being a telepathic link by Professor X in Captain America # 174 . The Red Skull later reveals that he had used the Cosmic Cube to create a `` super-normal mental link '' between Sam Wilson and Redwing . Falcon later recalled the experience , stating `` Hurt like hell . Being mentally fused with that falcon . Able to see through his eyes . '' Wilson eventually revealed that he has been able to extend this empathic link . `` I 'm always psychically connected with Redwing , but through concentration , I 've recently tapped into another ability -- I 'm able to link - up with other birds ... I have over six billion pairs of eyes in the United States alone . '' He used this ability to quickly search New York City when the criminal Scarecrow kidnapped two children , as well as to spy on Senator Dell Rusk ( actually the Red Skull in disguise ) and Henry Peter Gyrich . He is also apparently able to access the memories of birds , and see things they had witnessed in the past ( although birds have a different concept of the passage of time , which makes it difficult for him to know when any events they witnessed occurred ) . Abilities ( edit ) Wilson is a skilled hand - to - hand combatant , having been trained in Judo and Karate by Steve Rogers . Wilson is also highly - skilled in the use of Captain America 's shield . Uniform and flight harness ( edit ) Wilson 's original Falcon wing harness featured detachable jet - powered glider wings made of lightweight titanium ribbing and Mylar . The wings were covered with wafer - thin solar power receptors that convert sunlight into electricity to power miniature high - speed electric turbine fans in his uniform and boots . The wings detached and reattached to his uniform cybernetically . The harness was destroyed in Captain America and the Falcon # 2 ( 2004 ) . The uniform was made of synthetic stretch fabric lined with a steel - alloy mesh . After the original flying harness 's destruction in a 2004 storyline , the Black Panther supplied Falcon with a new costume and wings . An emitter array on Falcon 's back creates holographic `` hard light '' wings with a maximum wingspan of up to 50 feet ( 15 m ) . Controlled by a cybernetic link , the wings can be instantly reconfigured into `` dozens of different cruise configurations '' . A `` magnetic drive '' , in turn , provides the thrust needed to get Falcon airborne . The emitter also possesses GPS jamming devices that prevent satellite tracking , while the hard - light wings interfere with infra - red tracking . A vibranium microweave was added to the costume itself , making Falcon resistant to small arms fire . The entire system is controlled mentally through cybernetic circuitry in the Falcon 's mask . The costume has in the past featured a hidden `` talon , '' a cybernetically controlled grappling line built into the gauntlets of his costume which he uses to entangle opponents , hook objects , or for swinging and climbing when his wings are detached . The costume 's visors come equipped with various capabilities , including infrared lenses , giving him the ability to see objects by their infrared signature at night , magnification capabilities , and remote imaging sensors that allow a full 360 degree of vision when activated . The cowl also has a wide band receiver and transmitter with an unspecified range . The suit was originally built by the Black Panther , with costume modifications by Desmond Burrell . Other characters named Falcon ( edit ) Joaquin Torres ( edit ) As part of the 2015 All - New , All - Different Marvel branding , Captain America ( Sam Wilson ) investigated the disappearance of Mexican teenager Joaquin Torres after he was abducted by the Sons of the Serpent . Captain America discovered that Joaquin was being used in the experiments of Karl Malus who turned Joaquin into a bird / human hybrid using Captain America 's pet bird Redwing . When Karl Malus was defeated , Captain America took Joaquin in . When it was discovered Joaquin 's bird / human hybrid condition was n't temporary , Captain America learned from Claire Temple that Joaquin 's condition was permanent due to Redwing being vampiric and sporting a healing factor . When Captain America was captured by the Serpent Society and thrown out the window by Viper , he was saved by Joaquin . Using his link with Redwing , Captain America telepathically sent Joaquin the knowledge on how to fight where he held his own until Misty Knight and Demolition Man showed up . After the Serpent Society was defeated , Captain America allowed Joaquin to become his sidekick , enabling him to become the new Falcon . During the `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Falcon II and Ironheart join the Champions when they join up with the Underground. > Adrian Toomes ( edit ) Main article : Vulture ( Marvel Comics ) In a 2017 storyline , Adrian Toomes developed a modified version of his Electromagnetic Wing Harness that has a reinforced helmet and lightweight , razor - sharp , nano - woven wings which responded to his mental commands where he took on the name Falcon where he believed the name to be vacant at the time . He robbed a location in East Village where he fought Spider - Man until they were immobilized by a new Trapster who made off with Falcon 's loot . Carl burgess ( edit ) A similar , unrelated character of the same name and powers was created in 1939 by writer - artist Bill Everett for Marvel Comics ' predecessor company , Timely Comics . Other versions ( edit ) In the alternate reality of a 1983 What If ? story , Sam - under his gang name `` Snap '' - is a member of a secret rebellion force in a United States turned fascist who aids Captain America in beating an impostor and leading the chastised nation back to its democratic roots . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears as one of the zombified heroes in the Marvel Zombies universe . Initially , he is among the many heroes summoned by Nick Fury to fight off the infection , but he winds up being infected . Afterwards , in Marvel Zombies 3 , he , along with other wing - laden characters ( Angel , Beak and Vulture ) , attack Machine Man , Ultron and Jocasta as soon as they arrive in this ravaged universe , but he and the others are quickly killed by Machine Man . In Amazing Spider - Girl # 7 , which is part of the MC2 universe , Wilson was revealed to be dead . However , the Ladyhawk twins wear attire similar to his first costume , from before he had the mantle of either Falcon or Captain America . In the `` Once and Future King '' story arc from Black Panther , a retired Sam Wilson is shown as the mayor of New York City 25 years into the future . He comes out of retirement for one final mission to help Black Panther defeat T'charra , T'Chaka's treasonous son . The Ultimate Marvel version of Falcon on the cover of Ultimate Comics : The Ultimates # 7 ( April 2012 ) . Art by Kaare Andrews . In the Ultimate Marvel universe , Samuel Wilson is an explorer , adventurer , and scientist who uses a backpack with high - tech folding wings to fly as the Eagle . Wilson first appeared in Ultimate Nightmare and then worked on the Vision , demonstrating a high level of technological understanding and confronted George Tarleton of A.I.M. aboard a space station studying a Gah Lak Tus module . He is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. rather than an official member of the Ultimates or Reserves . He has served with or under General Nick Fury , and was a member of the armed forces but retired to pursue scientific interests . This version appears to be an accomplished combatant , especially when using the sharp edge of the metal wings he wears as a weapon , which are controlled through the help of nanotechnology , with which he can communicate and retrieve computer information . The wings are partially self - repairing , as referenced in Ultimate Extinction . In Marvel 's MAX imprint series U.S. War Machine , Wilson appeared alongside Captain America and Hawkeye ; he and Hawkeye served as Captain America 's backup and wore no costumes , only being addressed by their real names . In this reality , Captain America was actually Bucky wearing the Captain 's uniform as here the Captain had died in World War II in his stead . In the 2006 comic What If Captain America had fought in the Civil War ? , the Earth - 717 version of Wilson was an orphan raised by a Shawnee medicine man , and grew up to fight in the American Civil War as part of an Indian volunteer regiment . He performs a ritual to give Steven Rogers the power of We - Pi - Ahk , the Eagle Spirit , and has a red eagle painted on his chest for this ceremony . He is killed by Colonel Barnes ( who in this reality is the White Skull ) . In the `` Heroes Reborn '' universe , created by Franklin Richards , a version of Samuel Wilson appears . His father , Abraham `` Abe '' Wilson fought alongside Captain America during World War II , but is later killed by Master Man 's army . During the fight , Abe 's son Sam Wilson is shot in a fight and gravely wounded , but Captain America saves his life by giving him a transfusion of the Super-Soldier's own blood . Consequently , Wilson gains superhuman abilities comparable to those of Captain America . His military nickname , `` The Falcon '' , becomes his superhero code name , avenges his father by beating Master Man , and along with Captain America , and Nick Fury defeat the Red Skull 's plans for world domination . In an alternate timeline seen in Avengers : The Children 's Crusade , Sam was succeeded as the Falcon by his daughter Samantha . Samantha is shown as a member of the Avengers alongside her husband Eli ( the new Captain America ) , and their son Steve ( the new Bucky ) . In Daredevil : End of Days , Wilson is briefly shown as the future president of the United States of America . During the Secret Wars storyline , an alternate , naturally - winged version of Sam Wilson is a member of the Thor Corps ( which are the police force of Battleworld ) . He and the Thor Corps members arrest Miss America after she violates Doom 's laws by throwing a Megalodon that attacked Arcadia far enough to go over the Shield and end up in the Deadlands . A female version of Sam Wilson ( Samantha T. Wilson ) serves as the original Captain America of the Spider - Gwen universe of Earth - 65 . When World War II struck , she became one of the first black female pilots in the U.S. military . Eventually , she was recruited into Project Rebirth , and was chosen to undergo the procedure when the other candidates Bucky , Steve Rogers , and Isaiah Bradley were badly injured by Nazi agents . After this , she became Captain America , and fought the Nazis . When the Nazis attempted to summon creatures from another dimension , she entered said dimension to hold off the invading forces , un-aging in this reality for nearly 75 years . When she finally defeated them and returned to her home dimension of Earth - 65 , she was recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. director Peggy Carter to continue her service as Captain America as one of her agents . Another version of Sam Wilson appears in the Spider - Gwen universe of Earth - 65 . He is the male clone of Samantha Wilson and is also this universe 's Falcon where he works as Captain America 's sidekick . Falcon is known as Sam 13 and is an expert sniper - assassin . He is aided by Redwing ( who in this reality is a robotic falcon ) where Sam 13 used him for assault and reconnaissance . Falcon and Redwing first come into contact with Spider - Woman while she was fighting Lizard . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Falcon ( along with his bird Redwing ) appeared as a member of the Avengers in the television series The Avengers : United They Stand , voiced by Martin Roach . Falcon along with his bird Redwing appears in The Super Hero Squad Show , with Falcon voiced by Alimi Ballard and Redwing 's vocal effects provided by Steven Blum . In this version , he is capable of launching his `` feathers '' at his enemies . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Lance Reddick . Alongside Doc Samson , Falcon is a mind - controlled servant of Dell Rusk . He appears in the episodes `` Nightmare in Red '' , `` Code Red '' , and `` Avengers Assemble ! '' . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears as one of the main characters in the Avengers Assemble animated series , voiced by Bumper Robinson . This iteration of Sam Wilson is depicted as a 17 - year - old S.H.I.E.L.D. operative that Iron Man had an eye on . When the Avengers brought together to save Captain America from the Red Skull , Sam was originally offered the War Machine armor , but turned it down in favor of the Falcon armor . Wilson later dons a new version of his Falcon armor where there is a beak - shaped visor over his eyes . The wing pack is capable of detaching itself from the rest of the armor to become `` Redwing Mode '' and fly by itself to the point where it can whip up tornadoes . In the fourth season , Falcon is kidnapped by Kang the Conqueror and spends years in the future working with him to stop a black hole from destroying the Earth . When he returns to the present , he is significantly older and has a new outfit that greatly resembles his outfit in the MCU . Sam Wilson appears in Ultimate Spider - Man : Web Warriors , voiced again by Bumper Robinson . He appears in the episodes `` Avenging Spider - Man '' ( Parts 1 and 2 ) and `` Contest of Champions '' ( Part 4 ) . Sam Wilson appears in the Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload mini-series , voiced again by Bumper Robinson . Falcon appears in the Japanese anime series Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers , voiced by Kaito Ishikawa in the Japanese version . Film ( edit ) Anthony Mackie as the Falcon in a character poster for the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier Anthony Mackie portrays Sam Wilson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , with the character 's first appearance being in the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier . In the film , Wilson uses a pair of submachine guns as his main weapons and flies using a jet pack with articulated wings . Mackie reprises the role in the 2015 films Avengers : Age of Ultron , Ant - Man , the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War , and Avengers : Infinity War . Redwing makes a first appearance in Civil War as Falcon 's bird - shaped robotic drone . Theatre ( edit ) Sam Wilson appears in the Marvel Universe : LIVE ! arena stage show . Video Games ( edit ) Falcon appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad video game and its sequel Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet , with Alimi Ballard reprising the role . Falcon is once again a playable character in the game Marvel Super Hero Squad : Comic Combat , with Alimi Ballard voicing the role . Falcon is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online . Falcon appears as DLC in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Andrew Kishino . Falcon appears in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . He appears in the 17th Spec Ops game loosely based upon the events of Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The MCU version of Falcon appears as a Team - Up character in Marvel Heroes , voiced by Bumper Robinson . An alternate version of Captain America is later added to the game . Falcon appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes , with Bumper Robinson reprising the role . Falcon 's wings are also available as a usable vehicle for other heroes . Falcon also appears in Disney Infinity 3.0 . The MCU version of Falcon appears as a playable character in Marvel : Future Fight . An alternate version of Captain America is later added to celebrate the 4th of July . Falcon is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Anthony Mackie . He is initially available in his Classic and Captain America : The Winter Soldier designs along with his Captain America appearance . Falcon 's Captain America : Civil War appearance is available through DLC . Falcon appears as a playable character in Playmation : Avengers . A teenage version of Falcon appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by A $ AP Rocky . Falcon is a playable character in the match - three mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest . Captain America is added to the game in August 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Wilson was placed as the 96th greatest comic book hero by IGN , which opined that the partnership between him and Steve Rogers forms one of the greatest crime fighting duos in comics , and as # 45 on their list of the `` Top 50 Avengers '' . See also ( edit ) List of S.H.I.E.L.D. members List of African - American firsts Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marvel had previously introduced the Black Panther , a native of the fictional African country Wakanda . The first comic starring a black character was Dell Comics ' Old West gunfighter Lobo , introduced in 1965 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 134 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ All - New Captain America # 6 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Brothers , David . `` A Marvel Black History Lesson Pt. 1 '' , Marvel.com , February 18 , 2011 . WebCitation archive . Marvel Senior Vice President of Publishing Tom Brevoort : `` The Falcon was the very first African - American super hero , as opposed to The Black Panther , who preceded him , but was n't American . '' ^ Jump up to : `` GCD : : Issue : : Captain America # 117 '' . comics.org . Jump up ^ Colan , Gene . `` Introduction , '' Marvel Masterworks : Captain American Volume 4 ( Marvel Publishing : New York , 2008 ) , p. 2 of introduction ( unnumbered ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 117 -- 118 ( September -- October 1969 ) . Writer : Stan Lee . Penciler : Gene Colan . Publisher : Magazine Management Company . Brand : Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America cover scans , page 1 to page 4 , at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Brennaman , Chris ( April 2014 ) . `` Marvel Premiere '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 71 ) : 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Abandoned An ' Forsaked -- The Falcon is a Mutant ? ! '' . Goodcomics.comicbookresources.com . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` UPDATED : 1st Look at Marvel NOW ! AVENGERS Lineup '' . Newsarama . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` New Captain America will be African - American , as the Falcon takes over the star - spangled mantle in the comic books '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Sam Wilson , Captain America Soars Higher than Ever News Marvel.com '' . marvel.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Exclusive : Original Wolverine , Hulk and more to return in Marvel 's ' Generations ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Legacy : Sam Wilson Returns as The Falcon '' . CBR.com . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Legacy : Rodney Barnes To Have Falcon Wrestle With Demons In New Series '' . ComicBook.com . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan Captain America # 117 -- 119 ( Sept. -- Nov. 1969 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 Jump up ^ Captain America # 277 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers volume 3 , # 64 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon # 7 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon , # 11 Jump up ^ Captain America # 186 Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 ( June 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . The Avengers # 475 / vol. 3 , # 60 ( Jan. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Captain America # 133 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sentinel of Liberty # 8 -- 9 ( April -- May 1999 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve , and Mike Friedrich . Captain America # 170 ( Feb. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 181 -- 183 ( Jan. -- March 1975 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve , and John Warner . Captain America # 186 ( June 1975 ) Jump up ^ Glut , Donald F. Captain America # 218 ( Feb. 1978 ) Jump up ^ Avengers # 184 ( June 1979 ) Jump up ^ Captain America Annual # 11 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers , Volume 3 , # 57 -- 70 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon # 1 -- 4 , May - July 2004 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon . # 1 -- 14 Jump up ^ House of M # 1 , Captain America vol. 5 , # 12 , Civil War # 1 Jump up ^ Civil War # 4 Jump up ^ Jeph Loeb ( w ) , John Cassaday ( a ) . `` The Death of Captain America , Chapter 5 : Acceptance '' Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America 5 ( August 2007 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 31 -- 33 ( Dec. 2007 -- Feb. 2008 ) , Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Heroes for Hire vol. 4 # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ X-Men Legacy # 266 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers ( vol. 5 ) # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America ( vol. 7 ) # 25 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ All - New Captain America # 3 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Captain America : Sam Wilson # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 2 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Captain America : Sam Wilson # 3 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Captain America : Sam Wilson # 4 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Captain America : Sam Wilson # 5 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Captain America : Sam Wilson # 6 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers Standoff : Assault on Pleasant Hill Alpha ! # 1 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 7 - 8 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers Standoff : Assault on Pleasant Hill Omega # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 9 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 10 - 13 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 14 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 18 - 21 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 22 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 3 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 23 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 4 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 7 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 24 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 8 - 10 Jump up ^ Barnes , Rodney ; Thompson , Robbie ( w ) , Cassara , Joshua ; Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Hennessy , Andrew ( i ) . ( Anthology ) , Falcon ( Vol. 2 ) # 1 ( December 2017 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 . Marvel Comics , 1975 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 60 . Marvel Comics , 2003 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 64 . Marvel Comics , 2003 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 61 -- 69 . Marvel Comics , 2003 -- 2004 Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed . Captain America vol. 5 # 35 . Marvel Comics , 2008 Jump up ^ Captain America and the Falcon vol 1 # 163 ( July 1973 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol 1 # 118 ( October 1969 ) Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher ( w ) . Captain America and the Falcon # 2 ( 2004 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher Captain America and the Falcon # 6 , Marvel Comics ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 170 ( February 1974 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Free Comic Book Day Vol 2017 Secret Empire . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Gillis , Peter B. ( w ) , Buscema , Sal ( p ) , Simons , Dave ( i ) . `` What If ? ... Captain America Were Not Revived Until Today ? '' What If ? 44 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Comics 3 # 3 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Black Panther ( vol. 2 ) # 37 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Nightmare # 1 -- 5 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Extinction # 1 -- 5 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America Vol. 2 # 1 Jump up ^ Captain America ( Vol 2 ) # 1 -- 12 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers : The Children 's Crusade : Young Avengers # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Daredevil : End of Days # 2 Jump up ^ A-Force # 1 ^ Jump up to : Spider - Gwen vol. 2 # 2 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Super Hero Squad Voice Cast '' . Comics Continuum. 2009 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes ! Vol 1 & 2 ( Disney ) '' . Pendragon 's Post . April 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sands , Rich ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Assembles New Animated Series for the Hulk and Avengers '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` NYCC : Marvel to Premiere Avengers Assemble & Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Next Summer '' . Superhero Hype . October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Avenging Spider - Man '' . Ulimate Spider - Man . 2012 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Anthony Mackie Has n't Seen His Falcon Costume Yet '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Character Bios , Fun Facts ( Minor Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . February 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson . `` New Ant - Man TV Spot Reveals Avenger Guest Star In New Costume '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline . Deadline . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Concept Art Shows Where Each Avenger 's Loyalties Lie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan . `` Anthony Mackie Teases Falcon 's Fate After Avengers : Infinity War '' . ComicBook.com . ComicBook.com . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel brings Captain America : Civil War to Disney 's D23 Expo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Universe LIVE ! Character Designs '' . Newsarama . November 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ Cl.eb-cdn.com.au Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel 's ' Avengers Alliance ' Gets ' Winter Soldier ' And ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Upgrade '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Team - Up Heroes FAQ ( Page 1 ) '' Archived 2014 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Marvel Heroes . March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Captain Marvel , Sam Wilson & More Celebrate Fourth of July with Marvel Games '' . Comic Book Resources . July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Break Records for ' Disney Infinity ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Super Heroes Announced '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Jones , Elton ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Future Fight ' : Top 10 Tips & Cheats You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` LEGO Marvel 's Avengers Reveals Stanbuster , Miss America , More New Characters '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Falcon '' . Playmation . Jump up ^ `` John Cena and Colton Haynes Lend Voices to ' Marvel Avengers Academy ' '' . Comic Book Resources . February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://marvel.com/news/video_games/24982/piecing_together_marvel_puzzle_quest_sam_wilson_captain_america Jump up ^ `` # 96 -- The Falcon '' . IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time . IGN . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) World of Black Heroes : Falcon Biography Falcon ( Sam Wilson ) at the Marvel Universe wiki <Th_colspan="2"> Captain America <Td_colspan="2"> Joe Simon Jack Kirby Alter egos Steve Rogers Isaiah Bradley William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker James Buchanan Barnes Sam Wilson Supporting characters Rikki Barnes Battlestar Black Widow Bucky Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Demolition Man ( D - Man ) Diamondback Falcon Jack Flag Free Spirit Golden Girl Howling Commandos Invaders Nick Fury Redwing Rick Jones Nomad Jack Monroe S.H.I.E.L.D. Maria Hill Enemies Core antagonists Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Batroc the Leaper Crossbones Doctor Faustus Madame Hydra MODOK Red Skull Serpent Society Sin Taskmaster Arnim Zola Group enemies A.I.M. Circus of Crime Death - Throws Femme Fatales Hydra Secret Empire Serpent Squad Sleeper Watchdogs Snake - themed adversaries Anaconda Asp Black Mamba Black Racer Boomslang Bushmaster Coachwhip Cobra Constrictor Copperhead Cottonmouth Death Adder Diamondback Eel Fer - de-Lance Princess Python Puff Adder Rattler Rock Python Sidewinder Slither Viper Other supervillains Armadillo Baron Blood Blackwing Cutthroat Doughboy Dredmund the Druid Everyman Flag - Smasher Hate - Monger Jack O'Lantern Kingpin Aleksander Lukin Machinesmith Mister Hyde MODAM Mother Night Nefarius Nightshade Nuke Porcupine Protocide Scarecrow Slug Superia Tumbler Vermin Whirlwind Anti-hero rivals Grand Director Scourge of the Underworld Winter Soldier Publications Captain America Captain America ( vol. 5 ) Captain America : Reborn Captain America and the Falcon Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America Truth : Red , White & Black Tales of Suspense Adventures of Captain America Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Storylines `` Captain America : The Captain '' `` Civil War '' `` The Death of Captain America '' In other media Film Captain America ( 1944 ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger soundtrack Captain America : The Winter Soldier soundtrack Captain America : Civil War soundtrack TV The Marvel Super Heroes Captain America ( 1979 ) Captain America II : Death Too Soon `` The Capture of Captain America '' Video games Captain America in : The Doom Tube of Dr. Megalomann The Amazing Spider - Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom 's Revenge ! Captain America and The Avengers Captain America : Super Soldier Miscellanea Alternative versions Ultimate Captain America Captain America 's shield Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. Iron Patriot <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Avengers <Td_colspan="2"> Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Initial members Ant - Man Captain America Hulk Iron Man Thor Wasp Antagonists Organizations A.I.M. Black Order Chitauri Circus of Crime Enclave H.A.M.M.E.R. Hydra Kree Legion of the Unliving Lethal Legion Maggia Masters of Evil Secret Empire Sinister Six Skrulls Sons of the Serpent Squadron Sinister Squadron Supreme Zodiac Individuals Ares Baron Von Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Blood Brothers Collector Count Nefaria Crossbones Doctor Doom Enchantress Galactus Grandmaster Graviton Grim Reaper Immortus Hood Kang Korvac Leader Loki Magneto Mandarin MODOK Norman Osborn Ronan the Accuser Red Skull Skeleton Crew Space Phantom Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Taskmaster Thanos U-Foes Ultron Whirlwind Wrecking Crew Headquarters Avengers Mansion Avengers Tower Equipment Avengers Quinjet Variations A-Force A-Next Agents of Atlas Avengers A.I. Avengers Academy Dark Avengers Force Works Great Lakes Avengers Mighty Avengers New Avengers Members Secret Avengers Ultimates Members Uncanny Avengers U.S. Avengers West Coast Avengers Members Young Avengers In other media TV The Avengers : United They Stand The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Avengers Assemble Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers Film Marvel Animated Features Marvel 's The Avengers accolades soundtrack Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Avengers : Age of Ultron soundtrack Avengers : Infinity War soundtrack production box office records Untitled Avengers film production Video games Avengers in Galactic Storm Captain America and The Avengers Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes Marvel : Avengers Alliance Marvel Avengers : Battle for Earth Lego Marvel 's Avengers Marvel Avengers Academy Related articles List of Avengers titles Justice League <Td_colspan="2"> Category Book <Th_colspan="2"> S.H.I.E.L.D. <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Rick Stoner Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Norman Osborn Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 6 Slingshot Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Nick Fury <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Nick Fury Jr . Punisher Happy Sam Sawyer Sharon Carter Jasper Sitwell Maria Hill Iron Man Captain America Bucky Barnes Black Widow Hawkeye Wolverine Clay Quartermain Falcon Mockingbird Avengers Enemies A.I.M. Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Centurius Hate - Monger Hydra Madame Hydra Viper Mitchell Carson Red Skull Scorpio Super-Patriot Werner von Strucker Teams Howling Commandos S.H.I.E.L.D. Team White Comics Ongoing Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Secret Warriors Nick Fury 's Howling Commandos Nick Fury Miniseries and storylines Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury / Agent 13 Ennis Fury ( 2001 ) Fury : Peacemaker Fury : My War Gone By Avengers 1959 Battle Scars Nick Fury , Agent of Nothing Original Sin Fury 's Big Week Graphic novels and one - shots Fury ( 1994 ) Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Wolverine / Nick Fury The Scorpio Connection Bloody Choices Scorpio Rising Marvel Knights : Double Shot # 2 `` Nick 's World '' Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Sgt . Fury & his Howling Commandos : Shotgun Opera In other media Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre `` For Your Eye Only '' Related Life Model Decoy Dirk Anger Jim Steranko Strange Tales Alternative versions Ultimate Nick Fury <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Black Widow Characters Claire Voyant Natasha Romanoff Yelena Belova Supporting characters Iron Man Captain America Crimson Dynamo Daredevil Nick Fury Hawkeye Maria Hill Mockingbird Winter Soldier Falcon Teams Avengers Mighty Secret Champions Heroes for Hire Lady Liberators Red Room S.H.I.E.L.D. Thunderbolts Enemies A.I.M. Black Spectre Damon Dran HYDRA Femizons Red Guardian Snapdragon Viper ( Madame Hydra ) Publications Amazing Adventures Marvel Fanfare Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty The Twelve Widowmaker In other media Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Related articles Alternative versions of Black Widow Red Room <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Hawkeye <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Don Heck Characters Kate Bishop Bullseye Supporting characters Black Widow Dominic Fortune Lucky the Pizza Dog Mockingbird Enemies Albino Barney Barton Crossfire Death - Throws Javelynn Swordsman Trick Shot Publications Solo Avengers Hawkeye & Mockingbird Widowmaker Hawkeye : Blindspot Related articles Alternative versions Avengers Wyatt McDonald Cross Technological Enterprises Goliath The Hawkeye Initiative Ronin Trick arrows World Counter-terrorism Agency Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falcon_(comics)&oldid=854200922 '' Categories : African - American superheroes American superheroes Captain America Characters created by Gene Colan Characters created by Stan Lee Comics characters introduced in 1969 Fictional characters from New York City Marvel Comics martial artists Marvel Comics special forces personnel Marvel Comics superheroes S.H.I.E.L.D. agents United States - themed superheroes Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 16 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Falcon - Marvel Comics superhero
2. Sam Wilson - alter ego of Falcon
3. Captain America - partnership with Falcon
4. Redwing - Falcon's pet falcon
5. Avengers - team affiliation of Falcon
|
-7,460,591,595,580,315,000 |
movie with the guy from sons of anarchy
|
Charlie Hunnam - wikipedia Charlie Hunnam Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Charlie Hunnam <Td_colspan="2"> Hunnam at the Berlinale 2017 Charles Matthew Hunnam ( 1980 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1980 ( age 37 ) Newcastle , Tyne and Wear , England Nationality English Education Heaton Manor School Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Katharine Towne ( m . 1999 -- 2002 ) Partner ( s ) Morgana McNelis ( 2005 -- present ) Charles Matthew Hunnam ( born 10 April 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his roles as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) , Pete Dunham in Green Street ( 2005 ) , Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) , the title role in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , and in the title role of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 2008 -- 2012 2.3 2013 -- present 2.4 Screenplays 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of William `` Billy '' Hunnam ( 1952 -- 2013 ) , a scrap metal merchant , and Jane ( née Bell ) Hunnam , a business owner . He lived in Australia from the age of 5 to 13 before moving back to the United Kingdom . His maternal grandmother was a portrait artist in Newcastle . Hunnam was the second child , born after brother William `` Billy '' . He has two younger half - brothers , Oliver and Christian , on his mother 's side . His parents divorced when he was two years old , and he moved to the village of Melmerby , Cumbria when he was 12 , as his mother remarried . He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle . After moving , he went to Ullswater Community College then Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith , Cumbria . He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design , now faculty of University of Cumbria , where he graduated with a degree in the theory and history of film with a side in performing arts . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) At the age of 17 , Hunnam was discovered in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while drunkenly clowning around buying shoes for his brother . A production manager for the Newcastle - based children 's show Byker Grove approached him and Hunnam was later cast in his first role as Jason in three episodes of the show . He also had a brief modeling career where he did a shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him . Aged 18 , his first major role came when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15 - year - old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies ' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk . He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? ( 1999 ) and then moved to the US . His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans . He then appeared in the short - lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe . Despite critical acclaim , the series was cancelled after one season . Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon ( 2002 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , and Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) . Hunnam has stated that he does not wish to simply take any role that he is offered : `` I have 60 years to make the money , but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career . '' This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street hooligan ( 2005 ) , however his attempts at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics ' `` worst accents in movie history '' lists . Hunnam says his role Patric , a member of `` The Fishes '' , in Children of Men ( 2006 ) , was the final part in his `` trilogy of mad men '' . `` I played the psycho in Cold Mountain , my character in Green Street hooligan is fairly psychotic and now I 've got this role . '' 2008 -- 2012 ( edit ) Hunnam at the San Diego Comic Con , 25 July 2010 From 2008 to 2014 , Hunnam starred as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in Sons of Anarchy , a show about a prominent motorcycle club in a small fictional California town . Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter , the creator of the show , saw him in Green Street . His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics ' Choice Television Award nomination , three EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series , and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series . In 2011 , Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama / thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman . In 2012 , he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom alongside , among others , his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman . Hunnam said that he considered the day that he filmed scenes with Perlman for that film the best and funniest day of filming he 's ever had in his whole career . He also appeared as Jay , an ex-boxer , in Stefan Ruzowitzky 's crime drama Deadfall ( 2012 ) . 2013 -- present ( edit ) Hunnam at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro 's sci - fi film Pacific Rim , that opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide . It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E.L. James ' novel Fifty Shades of Grey . However , on 12 October 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy . On 2 June 2014 , Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor , for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim , due to the film performing very well in the Asian markets . Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak , alongside Mia Wasikowska , Tom Hiddleston , and Jessica Chastain . The film began shooting in February 2014 , and was released on 16 October 2015 . Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z , which was filmed from August 2015 to October 2015 , premiered at the New York Film Festival in 2016 , and was released in April 2017 . Hunnam also starred in Guy Ritchie 's action - adventure film King Arthur : Legend of the Sword , which was filmed between March 2015 and July 2015 , and was released in May 2017 . Hunnam in 2014 Screenplays ( edit ) Immediately prior to getting cast on Sons of Anarchy , he sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt 's Plan B Studios co-producing . The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler , and will focus on the real - life story of Vlad the Impaler . Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain . He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to Britain to live with his mother . Hunnam is also developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal , an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico . Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain , which he hopes to direct . He stated that it 's `` a part of English society that 's really seldom been explored , but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society . '' Personal life ( edit ) In 1999 , Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson 's Creek . After dating for three weeks , they married in Las Vegas . They divorced in 2002 . Hunnam has been dating artist Morgana McNelis since 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? Daz 2002 Abandon Embry Larkin 2002 Nicholas Nickleby Nicholas Nickleby 2003 Cold Mountain Boise 2005 Green Street Pete Dunham 2006 Children of Men Patric 2011 Ledge , The The Ledge Gavin Nichols 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Frankie 2012 Deadfall Jay 2013 Pacific Rim Raleigh Becket 2015 Crimson Peak Alan McMichael 2016 The Lost City of Z Percy Fawcett 2017 King Arthur : Legend of the Sword King Arthur 2017 Papillon Henri Charrière Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Byker Grove Jason Chuckle 3 episodes 1999 My Wonderful Life Wes Episode : `` Moving On '' 1999 -- 2000 Queer as Folk Nathan Maloney 10 episodes 1999 Microsoap Brad Episode : `` 2.6 '' 2000 Young Americans Gregor Ryder 3 episodes 2001 -- 02 Undeclared Lloyd Haythe 18 episodes 2008 -- 14 Sons of Anarchy Jackson `` Jax '' Teller 92 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2002 National Board of Review Best Acting by an Ensemble Nicholas Nickleby Won 2013 Huading Awards Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor Pacific Rim Won 2017 CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Won Television ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2011 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists Best Cast in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actor Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivkin , Annabell ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` Hollywood Blonde '' . The Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` High Street card shop one of the best in UK '' . Kent and Sussex Courier. 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Walter ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's biker is riding a tightrope in ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast : Charlie Hunnam '' . Nerdist. 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Charles Matthew Hunnam , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Hunnam on Sons of Anarchy , Pacific Rim , and Henry David Thoreau '' . Showbizjunkies.com. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Facebook fansite '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Charlie Hunnam Talks 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom , Internet Piracy , More '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Charlie Hunnam ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHARLIE HUNNAM , WHO GREW UP IN NORTH CUMBRIA , LANDS LEAD ROLE IN FIFTY SHADES OF GREY MOVIE '' . News & Star . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam coming home for new movie role '' . ChronicleLive . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Alumni '' . University of Cumbria ( UK ) . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appearance '' . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . NBC . 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth , Jon ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on His Calvin Klein Campaign , Leaving Sons of Anarchy , and His Next Not - So - Big Role '' . GQ . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Q&A '' . Female First . 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Barry J ( 25 April 2010 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam : The Queer as Folk star has grown into a burly biker with a top - rated cable show '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cockney Accent Film Set '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homesick in Hollywood '' . IC Newcastle. 25 June 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy -- Wheels on fire '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June - 2013 - Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` '' The Ledge , '' Featuring Charlie Hunnam , Liv Tyler , Patrick Wilson , Terrence Howard , Due in July `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` ' Frankie Go Boom ' Poster Features a Transgender Ron Perlman ( Photo ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Interviews : 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom '' . Comingsoon . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` ' Deadfall ' preems at Arclight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rob ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Deadfall ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call : Charlie Hunnam to Star in Guillermo del Toro 's PACIFIC RIM ; Amber Heard and Shiloh Fernandez Like SYRUP '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam to Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam gets special honor at China 's Huading Film Awards - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Hunnam Talks Sons of Anarchy Final Season & Starring In New Movie : Crimson Peak ! . YouTube . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 January 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam in Early Talks to Join Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Legendary , Universal Date Guillermo del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' for October 2015 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Perry ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Robert Pattinson Spotted with Brad Pitt , while FKA Twigs tries on Wedding Dresses '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam on ' Sons , ' ' Fifty Shades ' fallout , and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` Charlie Hunnam , Margot Robbie Eyed for ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Star Talks About His Vlad Script '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of ' Vlad ' the Impaler Wo n't Touch on Vampirism '' . BloodyDisgusting . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam confirmed as Christian Grey in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' movie '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GQ&A : Charlie Hunnam '' . British GQ . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam ready for battle in Pacific Rim '' . St Albert Leader . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam Credits Failed Marriage For Helping Him Find Fame '' . Contact Music . 7 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Who Is Morgana McNelis ? Five Things to Know About Charlie Hunnam 's Girlfriend '' . People . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Has A Message For Fangirls Bullying Longtime Girlfriend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam asks fans to stop attacking his girlfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Asks Fans to Stop Attacking His Girlfriend : ' She Is an Intelligent , Beautiful , Kind Person ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff . `` Who Was Nominated for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards ( Full List ) '' . WSJ . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Hunnam . Charlie Hunnam on IMDb VIAF : 19368443 LCCN : no2003057702 ISNI : 0000 0001 1468 5619 GND : 1019452625 SUDOC : 161680224 BNF : cb150244846 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Hunnam&oldid=814460945 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States English expatriates in the United States English male film actors English male television actors People from Newcastle upon Tyne Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 23 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Charlie Hunnam - English actor
2. Sons of Anarchy - FX drama series
3. Green Street - film starring Charlie Hunnam
4. Pacific Rim - sci-fi film starring Charlie Hunnam
5. King Arthur: Legend of the Sword - film starring Charlie Hunnam
|
7,398,246,688,605,819,000 |
what happened to tony in skins season 1
|
Everyone ( Skins series 1 ) - wikipedia Everyone ( Skins series 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Everyone '' <Td_colspan="2"> Skins episode Episode no . Series 1 Episode 9 Directed by Adam Smith Written by Bryan Elsley Original air date 22 March 2007 <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Kaya Scodelario as Effy Stonem Siwan Morris as Angie Alastair Cumming as Merv Nish Nathwani as Uncle Muneer Inder Manocha as Istiak Kharral Nina Wadia as Bibi Kharral <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Effy '' Next → `` Tony and Maxxie '' <Td_colspan="2"> Skins ( series 1 ) List of Skins episodes `` Everyone '' is the final episode of the first series of the British teen drama Skins . It was written by Bryan Elsley and directed by Adam Smith . It first aired on E4 in the UK on 22 March 2007 . It is not told from the point of view of any characters but in a third - person narrative , a first for the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Acting 2.1 Main Cast 3 Arc significance and continuity 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) It 's Anwar 's 17th birthday . He receives a call from his best friend Maxxie , who wishes him a happy birthday . Anwar invites Maxxie to his party . Maxxie declines , however , saying he will only go if Anwar tells his very strict Muslim parents that Maxxie is gay . Anwar declines and begins his day by being told off by his father for missing prayer , and having to put up with his annoying uncle from Sutton Coldfield . In the meantime , Tony sadly watches his sister Effy head off to her new school , local independent school with fellow pupils such as shallow , unstable Abigail Stock for company . Chris is put - out , too , when his girlfriend ( and psychology teacher ) , Angie 's fiancé , an Australian weatherman named Merve , turns up . Chris is furious at Angie for her infidelity , and something strikes him about Merve , but he ca n't quite put his finger on it . Sid attempts writing a love letter to Cassie , but gives up and decides instead to go see her at the hospital , leaving the love letter on his desk . Putting on the first clothes he could find , Sid marches to the private psychiatric hospital in mis - matched clothes with odd shoes and socks and tells the nurse he `` needs to speak to someone '' and that he has `` stuff going on '' , and finds himself detained against his will into a padded cell . Cassie , meanwhile , writes Sid a letter saying she is moving to Elgin that night and leaves the hospital with her bulimic friend . Michelle meets Effy and asks her why she does n't ever speak and why Tony hurt her . Later that day , Chris breaks into Angie 's house and is horrified to find countless photos of her and Merve , and an engagement ring . He pockets the ring , and watches a video of Merve doing the Australian weather forecast , assuming from Merve 's camp mannerisms that Merve is gay . Angie and Merve show up and Chris apologises for breaking into her house , but taunts Merve about his supposed hidden sexuality . Anwar 's uncle is DJing for the birthday party ; unimpressed with the tacky disco music , Anwar complains . His dad initially tells him his uncle should DJ because he has proper ear for music so that Anwar 's English friends do n't burn the place down , however , once out of earshot of Anwar 's mother , he confesses that Anwar 's uncle is an `` arsehole '' and notes grimly that while he 's DJing , he ca n't grope women . Anwar then expects to get the best birthday present ever as a friend of his sisters ' shows interest in him . He begins kissing her , but leaves to gossip to Maxxie , who is waiting outside . While begging Maxxie to come inside , Anwar 's dad comes outside and the two boys confess to Maxxie being gay . Anwar 's dad does n't seem to mind and invites Maxxie inside regardless . Tony and Effy rescue Sid from the hospital , bring clothes with them , and they take him to find Cassie , assuming she 'll be at Anwar 's birthday party . Sid arrives at the party at roughly the same time as Merve , who demands his ring back off Chris . Chris gives the ring to Angie , who gives it back to Merve , turning down his proposal , but also breaking up with Chris . A fight breaks out in the club between the English and the Australians . Tony finds Cassie outside and gives her Sid 's love letter . He then tries to call Michelle , who is crying in the bathroom . Struggling to find a good connection , Tony walks out onto the road and is hit by a bus , directly in front of Effy . Before being hit , he is able to leave a voicemail on Michelle 's phone , proclaiming his love for her . Sid leaves the club to find Cassie and meets her by her favourite spot in the city , where she tried to commit suicide . Acting ( edit ) Main Cast ( edit ) Nicholas Hoult as Tony Stonem Joe Dempsie as Chris Miles Mike Bailey as Sid Jenkins Hannah Murray as Cassie Ainsworth April Pearson as Michelle Richardson Larissa Wilson as Jal Fazer Dev Patel as Anwar Kharral Mitch Hewer as Maxxie Oliver Arc significance and continuity ( edit ) Tony is hit by a bus , causing him to regress in the next season Effy witnesses Tony being hit by a bus Tony tells Michelle he loves her , which causes her to engage in self - destructive behaviour . Cassie leaves Bristol to move to Scotland . Angie leaves Chris , Merv and Bristol . Maxxie and Anwar reconcile when Anwar tells Istiak that Maxxie is gay . Soundtrack ( edit ) I 've Been So Lonely for So Long by Frederick Knight You Ca n't Hurry Love by The Concretes The Owls Go by Architecture in Helsinki Sky Holds the Sun by The Bees Or Just Rearrange by Micah P. Hinson Happy Birthday by Altered Images Life is Life by Opus Bat Out of Hell by Meat Loaf It 's All Over by The Broken Family Band Everything Changes by Take That I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing by Aerosmith Give a Little Bit by Supertramp We Built This City by Starship Final Countdown by Europe Pow ( Forward ) by Lethal Bizzle True Love Ways by Buddy Holly Wild World by Mike Bailey , Nicholas Hoult , Siwan Morris and Joe Dempsie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Episode 9 at e4.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Skins on imdb.com External links ( edit ) Watch `` Everyone '' on 4od Everyone at e4.com/skins Skins at Internet Movie DataBase <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Skins Episodes Series 1 `` Tony '' `` Cassie '' `` Jal '' `` Chris '' `` Sid '' `` Maxxie and Anwar '' `` Michelle '' `` Effy '' `` Everyone '' Series 2 `` Tony '' Series 3 `` Pandora '' `` Naomi '' `` JJ '' `` Katie and Emily '' Series 4 `` Emily '' `` Everyone '' Series 5 `` Franky '' `` Rich '' `` Mini '' `` Liv '' `` Nick '' `` Alo '' `` Grace '' `` Everyone '' Series 6 `` Everyone '' `` Rich '' `` Franky '' `` Mini '' `` Nick '' `` Alo '' `` Liv '' `` Mini and Franky '' `` Finale '' Skins Redux Skins Fire Skins Pure Skins Rise Characters First generation Tony Stonem Michelle Richardson Sid Jenkins Cassie Ainsworth Chris Miles Jal Fazer Maxxie Oliver Anwar Kharral Lucy `` Sketch '' Second generation Effy Stonem Pandora Moon Thomas Tomone James Cook Freddie McClair JJ Jones Naomi Campbell Katie Fitch Emily Fitch Third generation Franky Fitzgerald Alo Creevey Rich Hardbeck Mini McGuinness Liv Malone Grace Blood Nick Levan Matty Levan Alex Henley See also Recurring characters North American version Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everyone_(Skins_series_1)&oldid=804208929 '' Categories : 2007 British television episodes British LGBT - related television episodes Skins ( TV series ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Skins series 1
2. British teen drama
3. Anwar's birthday party
4. Tony's accident
5. Effy's new school
|
-3,284,666,467,462,927,000 |
who was running for president in the election of 1800
|
United states presidential election , 1800 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1800 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1800 <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 1796 October 31 -- December 3 , 1800 1804 → <Th_colspan="2"> 138 electoral votes of the Electoral College 70 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 32.3 % 12.2 pp <Td_colspan="2"> Nominee Thomas Jefferson John Adams Party Democratic - Republican Federalist Home state Virginia Massachusetts Running mate Aaron Burr Charles C. Pinckney Electoral vote 73 65 States carried 9 7 Popular vote 41,330 25,952 Percentage 61.4 % 38.6 % <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential election results map . Because electors could not distinguish between their presidential and vice presidential choices until the passage of the Twelfth Amendment , the map above assumes that the presidential votes are exactly the votes for Adams or Jefferson . Green denotes states won by Jefferson , burnt orange denotes states won by Adams , and gray denotes non voting territories . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . <Td_colspan="2"> President before election John Adams Federalist Elected President Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican The United States presidential election of 1800 was the fourth United States presidential election . It was held from Friday , October 31 to Wednesday , December 3 , 1800 . In what is sometimes referred to as the `` Revolution of 1800 '' , Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic - Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party . The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic - Republican rule . Adams had narrowly defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . Under the rules of the electoral system that were in place prior to the 1804 ratification of the 12th Amendment , each member of the Electoral College cast two votes , with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president . As Jefferson received the second-most votes in 1796 , he was elected vice president . In 1800 , unlike in 1796 , both parties formally nominated tickets . The Democratic - Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Jefferson and Aaron Burr , while the Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of Adams and Charles Pinckney . Each party formed a plan in which one of their respective electors would vote for a third candidate or abstain so that their preferred presidential candidate ( Adams for the Federalists and Jefferson for the Democratic - Republicans ) would win one more vote than the party 's other nominee . The chief political issues revolved around the fallout from the French Revolution and the Quasi-War . The Federalists favored a strong central government and close relations with Great Britain . The Democratic - Republicans favored decentralization to the state governments , and the party attacked the taxes imposed by the Federalists . The Democratic - Republicans also denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts , which the Federalists had passed to make it harder for immigrants to become citizens and to restrict statements critical of the federal government . While the Democratic - Republicans were well organized at the state and local levels , the Federalists were disorganized and suffered a bitter split between their two major leaders , President Adams and Alexander Hamilton . According to historian John Ferling , the jockeying for electoral votes , regional divisions , and the propaganda smear campaigns created by both parties made the election recognizably modern . At the end of a long and bitter campaign , Jefferson and Burr each won 73 electoral votes , Adams won 65 electoral votes , and Pinckney won 64 electoral votes . The Federalists swept New England , the Democratic - Republicans dominated the South , and the parties split the Mid-Atlantic states of New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . The Democratic - Republicans ' failure to execute their plan to award Jefferson one more vote than Burr resulted in a tie , which necessitated a contingent election in the House of Representatives . Under the terms laid out in the Constitution , the outgoing House of Representatives chose between Jefferson and Burr . Each state delegation cast one vote , and a victory in the contingent election required one candidate to win a majority of the state delegations . Neither Burr nor Jefferson were able to win on the first 35 ballots of the contingent election , as most Federalist Congressmen backed Burr and all Democratic - Republican Congressmen backed Jefferson . Hamilton personally favored Jefferson over Burr , and he convinced several Federalists to switch their support to Jefferson , giving Jefferson a victory on the 36th ballot of the contingent election . The result of this election was affected by the three - fifths clause of the United States Constitution ; historians such as Garry Wills have noted that had slaves not been counted for the purposes of congressional apportionment , Adams would have won the electoral vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 General election 1.1 Candidates 1.2 Campaign 1.2. 1 Selection method changes 1.3 Voting 1.4 Disputes 1.4. 1 Defective certificates 1.5 Results 1.5. 1 Breakdown by ticket 1.5. 2 Breakdown by state 2 1801 contingent election 2.1 Results 3 Electoral college selection 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Primary references 6.2 Inline references 7 Bibliography 8 External links General election ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Both parties used congressional nominating caucuses to formally nominate tickets for the first time . The Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of incumbent President John Adams of Massachusetts and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina . Pinckney had fought in the American Revolutionary War and later served as the minister to France . The Democratic - Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Vice President Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and former Senator Aaron Burr of New York . Jefferson had been the runner - up in the previous election and had co-founded the party with James Madison and others , while Burr was popular in the electorally important state of New York . Vice President Thomas Jefferson from Virginia ( D-R ) Former U.S. Senator Aaron Burr from New York ( D-R ) President John Adams from Massachusetts ( Federalist ) Former Minister to France Charles C. Pinckney from South Carolina ( Federalist ) Campaign ( edit ) The 1800 election was a re-match of the 1796 election . The campaign was bitter and characterized by slander and personal attacks on both sides . Federalists spread rumours that the Democratic - Republicans were radicals who would ruin the country ( based on the Democratic - Republican support for the French Revolution ) . In 1798 , George Washington had complained `` that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white , as to change the principles of a professed Democrat ; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country '' . Meanwhile , the Democratic - Republicans accused Federalists of subverting republican principles with the Alien and Sedition Acts , some of which were later declared unconstitutional after their expiration by the Supreme Court , and relying for their support on foreign immigrants ; they also accused Federalists of favoring Britain and the other coalition countries in their war with France in order to promote aristocratic , anti-democratic values . Adams was attacked by both the opposition Democratic - Republicans and a group of so - called `` High Federalists '' aligned with Alexander Hamilton . The Democratic - Republicans felt that the Adams foreign policy was too favorable toward Britain ; feared that the new army called up for the Quasi-War would oppress the people ; opposed new taxes to pay for war ; and attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as violations of states ' rights and the Constitution . `` High Federalists '' considered Adams too moderate and would have preferred the leadership of Alexander Hamilton instead . Hamilton had apparently grown impatient with Adams and wanted a new president who was more receptive to his goals . During Washington 's presidency , Hamilton had been able to influence the federal response to the Whiskey Rebellion ( which threatened the government 's power to tax citizens ) . When Washington announced that he would not seek a third term , Adams was widely recognized by the Federalists as next - in - line . Hamilton appears to have hoped in 1796 that his influence within an Adams administration would be as great or greater than in Washington 's . By 1800 , Hamilton had come to realize that Adams was too independent and thought the Federalist vice presidential candidate , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina , more suited to serving Hamilton 's interests . In his third sabotage attempt toward Adams , Hamilton quietly schemed to elect Pinckney to the presidency . Given Pinckney 's lack of political experience , he would have been expected to be open to Hamilton 's influence . However , Hamilton 's plan backfired and hurt the Federalist party , particularly after one of his letters , a scathing criticism of Adams that was fifty - four pages long , fell into the hands of a Democratic - Republican and soon after became public . It embarrassed Adams and damaged Hamilton 's efforts on behalf of Pinckney , not to mention speeding Hamilton 's own political decline . Selection method changes ( edit ) Partisans on both sides sought any advantage they could find . In several states , this included changing the process of selecting electors to ensure the desired result . In Georgia , Democratic - Republican legislators replaced the popular vote with selection by the state legislature . Federalist legislators did the same in Massachusetts and New Hampshire . This may have had some unintended consequences in Massachusetts , where the makeup of the delegation to the House of Representatives changed from 12 Federalists and 2 Democratic - Republicans to 8 Federalists and 6 Democratic - Republicans , perhaps the result of backlash on the part of the electorate . Pennsylvania also switched to legislative choice , but this resulted in an almost evenly split set of electors . Virginia switched from electoral districts to winner - take - all , a move that probably switched one or two votes out of the Federalist column . Voting ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county . Shades of blue are for Jefferson ( Democratic - Republican ) and shades of yellow are for Adams ( Federalist ) . Because each state could choose its own election day in 1800 , voting lasted from April to October . In April , Burr 's successful mobilization of the vote in New York City succeeded in reversing the Federalist majority in the state legislature to provide decisive support for the Democratic - Republican ticket . With the two parties tied 63 -- 63 in the Electoral College in the autumn of 1800 , the last state to vote , South Carolina , chose eight Democratic - Republicans to award the election to Jefferson and Burr . Under the United States Constitution as it then stood , each elector cast two votes , and the candidate with a majority of the votes was elected president , with the vice presidency going to the runner - up . The Federalists therefore arranged for one of their electors to vote for John Jay rather than for Pinckney . The Democratic - Republicans had a similar plan to have one of their electors cast a vote for another candidate instead of Burr , but failed to execute it , thus all of the Democratic - Republican electors cast their votes for both Jefferson and Burr , 73 in all for each of them . According to a provision of the United States Constitution , a tie in a case of this type had to be resolved by the House of Representatives , with each state casting one vote . Although the congressional election of 1800 turned over majority control of the House of Representatives to the Democratic - Republicans by 65 seats to 35 , the presidential election had to be decided by the outgoing House that had been elected in the congressional election of 1798 ( at that time , the new presidential and congressional terms all started on March 4 of the year after a national election ) . In the outgoing House , the Federalists retained a majority of 90 seats to 54 . Disputes ( edit ) Defective certificates ( edit ) When the electoral ballots were opened and counted on February 11 , 1801 , it turned out that the certificate of election from Georgia was defective . While it was clear that the electors had cast their votes for Jefferson and Burr , the certificate did not take the constitutionally mandated form of a `` List of all the Persons voted for , and of the Number of Votes for each '' . Vice President Jefferson , who was counting the votes in his role as President of the Senate , immediately counted the votes from Georgia as votes for Jefferson and Burr . No objections were raised . If the disputed Georgia ballots were rejected on these technicalities , Jefferson and Burr would have lost 4 electoral votes , leaving them with 69 electoral votes each . The counting of the votes would have failed to result in a majority of 70 votes for any of the four candidates , causing a constitutionally mandated Congressional runoff among the top five finishers . Instead , the total number of votes for Jefferson and Burr was 73 , a majority of the total , but a tie between them . Results ( edit ) Jefferson won all or a majority of the voters in each state that he had won in 1796 , and additionally won majorities in New York and Maryland . Adams picked up votes in Pennsylvania and North Carolina , but these votes not enough to offset the Democratic - Republican gains elsewhere . Of the 155 counties and independent cities making returns , Jefferson won in 115 ( 74.19 % ) , whereas Adams carried 40 ( 25.81 % ) . This was the last time that Vermont voted for the Federalists . Presidential candidate Party Home state <Th_colspan="2"> Popular vote Electoral vote Count Percentage Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican Virginia 41,330 61.4 % 73 Aaron Burr Democratic - Republican New York -- -- 73 John Adams ( incumbent ) Federalist Massachusetts 25,952 38.6 % 65 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Federalist South Carolina -- -- 64 John Jay Federalist New York -- -- <Td_colspan="3"> Total 67,282 100.0 % 276 <Td_colspan="5"> Needed to win 70 Source ( Popular Vote ) : U.S. President National Vote . Our Campaigns . ( February 10 , 2006 ) . Source ( Popular Vote ) : A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 - 1825 Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Votes for Federalist electors have been assigned to John Adams and votes for Democratic - Republican electors have been assigned to Thomas Jefferson . Only 6 of the 16 states chose electors by any form of popular vote . Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements . Breakdown by ticket ( edit ) Presidential candidate Running mate Electoral vote Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 73 John Adams Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 64 John Adams John Jay Breakdown by state ( edit ) State Jefferson Burr Adams Pinckney Jay New Hampshire 6 6 Massachusetts 16 16 Rhode Island Connecticut 9 9 Vermont New York 12 12 New Jersey 7 7 Pennsylvania 8 8 7 7 Delaware Maryland 5 5 5 5 Virginia 21 21 Kentucky North Carolina 8 8 Tennessee South Carolina 8 8 Georgia Total 73 73 65 64 Source : `` Tally of Electoral Votes for the 1800 Presidential Election , February 11 , 1801 '' . The Center for Legislative Archives . National Archives . August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . 1801 contingent election ( edit ) Aaron Burr tied Jefferson in the Electoral College vote . The members of the House of Representatives balloted as states to determine whether Jefferson or Burr would become president . There were sixteen states , each with one vote ; an absolute majority of nine was required for victory . It was the outgoing House of Representatives , controlled by the Federalist Party , that was charged with electing the new president . While everyone knew that Republicans intended Jefferson to be their candidate for president and Burr for vice president , that did not bind the Federalists . Jefferson was the great enemy of the Federalists , and a faction of them try to block Jefferson and elect Burr in the House . Most Federalists voted for Burr , giving Burr six of the eight states controlled by Federalists . The seven delegations controlled by Republicans all voted for Jefferson , and Georgia 's sole Federalist representative also voted for him , giving him eight states . The Vermont delegation was evenly split and cast a blank ballot . The remaining state , Maryland , had five Federalist representatives to three Republicans ; one of its Federalist representatives voted for Jefferson , forcing that state delegation also to cast a blank ballot . Publicly , Burr remained quiet , and refused to disavow the presidency . Rumors circulated that he was encouraging Republicans to vote for him , but solid evidence was lacking and historians generally gave Burr the benefit of the doubt . In 2011 , however , historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P. Van Ness to Edward Livingston , two leading Republicans in New York . Van Ness was very close to Burr -- serving as his second in the later duel with Hamilton . As a leading Republican , Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist plan to elect Burr as president and tried to get Livingston to join . Livingston apparently agreed at first , then reversed himself . Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan : `` There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence , much of it newly discovered , that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself . '' However it did not work , not just because of Livingston but even more due to the energetic opposition to Burr by Hamilton . Over the course of seven days , from February 11 to 17 , the House cast a total of 35 ballots , with Jefferson receiving the votes of eight state delegations each time -- one short of the necessary majority of nine . During the contest , Hamilton recommended to Federalists that they support Jefferson because he was `` by far not so dangerous a man '' as Burr ; in short , he would much rather have someone with wrong principles than someone devoid of any . Hamilton embarked on a frenzied letter - writing campaign to get delegates to switch votes . On February 17 , on the 36th ballot , Jefferson was elected . Federalist James A. Bayard of Delaware and his allies in Maryland and Vermont all cast blank ballots . This resulted in the Maryland and Vermont votes changing from no selection to Jefferson , giving him the votes of 10 states and the presidency . Bayard , as the sole representative from Delaware , changed his vote from Burr to no selection . The four representatives present from South Carolina , all Federalists , also changed their 3 -- 1 selection of Burr to four abstentions . Results ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Delegation result ( votes for Jefferson - votes for Burr - blank ballots ) State delegation <Th_colspan="3"> Ballot 1st 2nd -- 35th 36th <Th_colspan="4"> Overall results <Td_colspan="2"> 8 Jefferson 6 Burr 2 No result 10 Jefferson 4 Burr 2 No result <Th_colspan="4"> Georgia Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Kentucky Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) New Jersey Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) New York Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) North Carolina Jefferson ( 9 -- 1 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Pennsylvania Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Tennessee Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Virginia Jefferson ( 16 -- 3 ) Jefferson ( 14 -- 5 ) Jefferson ( 14 -- 5 ) <Th_colspan="4"> Maryland no result ( 4 -- 4 ) no result ( 4 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 4 -- 0 -- 4 ) Vermont no result ( 1 -- 1 ) no result ( 1 -- 1 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 -- 1 ) Delaware Burr ( 0 -- 1 ) Burr ( 0 -- 1 ) no result ( 0 -- 0 -- 1 ) South Carolina Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 1 -- 3 ) no result ( 0 -- 0 -- 4 ) <Th_colspan="4"> Connecticut Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Massachusetts Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) New Hampshire Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Rhode Island Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) <Th_colspan="4"> The votes of the representatives is typical and may have fluctuated from ballot to ballot , but the result for each state did not change . Even though Georgia had two representatives apportioned , one seat was vacant due to the death of James Jones . Even though South Carolina had six representatives apportioned , Thomas Sumter was absent due to illness , and Abraham Nott departed for South Carolina between the first and final ballots . Electoral college selection ( edit ) The Constitution , in Article II , Section 1 , provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their electors were chosen . Different state legislatures chose different methods : Method of choosing electors State ( s ) State is divided into electoral districts , with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district Kentucky Maryland North Carolina Each Elector chosen by voters statewide Rhode Island Virginia State is divided into electoral districts , with one Elector chosen per district Each county chooses an electoral delegate by popular vote Elector is chosen by electoral delegates of the counties within their district Tennessee Each Elector appointed by state legislature ( all other states ) In popular Culture ( edit ) The election of 1800 was the topic of the song ' The Election of 1800 ' from the Broadway musical Hamilton . In the song ' Hamilton ' says `` I have never agreed with Jefferson once , we have fought on like 75 different fronts , but when all is said and all is done : Jefferson has beliefs . Burr has none . '' This angers Burr and leads directly into the song ' Your Obedient Servant ' : in which Burr stands up to Hamilton and declares a duel . This duel led to the death of Alexander Hamilton . The election 's story and the eventual reconciliation between Jefferson and Adams was also retold in a second - season episode of Comedy Central 's Drunk History , with Jerry O'Connell portraying Jefferson and Joe Lo Truglio as Adams . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson United States House of Representatives elections , 1800 United States Senate elections , 1800 and 1801 History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Stephen Simpson ( writer ) ( editor of the Aurora , a Philadelphia newspaper Jefferson credited for his victory in 1800 ) References ( edit ) Primary references ( edit ) Annals of the Congress of the United States , Washington , D.C. : Gales and Seaton , 1834 -- 1856 , pp. 10 : 1028 -- 1033 `` A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved March 20 , 2005 . Inline references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National General Election VEP Turnout Rates , 1789 - Present '' . United States Election Project . CQ Press . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson : The Revolution of 1800 '' . PBS . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Revolution of 1800 After All : The Political Culture of the Earlier Early Republic and the Origins of American Democracy '' . Jeffrey L. Pasley University of Missouri - Columbia . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ferling ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Negro President : Jefferson and the Slave Power ; Garry Wills ; Houghton Mifflin : pp. 2 , 234 . Jump up ^ Deskins , Donald Richard ; Walton , Hanes ; Puckett , Sherman ( 2010 ) . Presidential Elections , 1789 - 2008 : County , State , and National Mapping of Election Data . University of Michigan Press . pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2003 ) . `` Gilder Lehrman Document Number : GLC 581 '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Buel ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ McCullough ( 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Chernow ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Party Divisions of the House of Representatives * 1789 -- Present '' . Office of the Historian , House of United States House of Representatives . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Ackerman and David Fontana , `` How Jefferson Counted Himself In , '' The Atlantic , March 2004 . See also : Bruce Ackerman and David Fontana , `` Thomas Jefferson Counts Himself into the Presidency , '' ( 2004 ) , 90 Virginia Law Review 551 - 643 . Jump up ^ `` A New Nation Votes '' . Jump up ^ Ferling 2004 , pp. 175 - 196 . Jump up ^ Thomas N. Baker , `` ' An Attack Well Directed ' : Aaron Burr Intrigues for the Presidency . '' Journal of the Early Republic 31 # 4 ( 2011 ) : 553 - 598 , quotation on page 556 . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Noel Campbell and Marcus Witcher , `` Political entrepreneurship : Jefferson , Bayard , and the election of 1800 . '' Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 4.3 ( 2015 ) : 298 - 312 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789 '' . The Papers of George Washington . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Prokop , Andrew ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` The real - life election of 1800 was even wilder than Hamilton the musical lets on '' . Vox . Vox Media , Inc. http://www.vox.com/2015/11/28/9801376/hamilton-election-of-1800-burr-jefferson Bibliography ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Ben - Atar , Doron ; Oberg , Barbara B. , eds. ( 1999 ) , Federalists Reconsidered , University of Virginia Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1863 - 1 Pasley , Jeffrey L. ; et al. , eds. ( 2004 ) , Beyond the Founders : New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic , University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5558 - 4 Beard , Charles A. ( 1915 ) , The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy , ISBN 978 - 1 - 146 - 80267 - 3 Bowling , Kenneth R. ; Kennon , Donald R. ( 2005 ) , Establishing Congress : The Removal to Washington , D.C. , and the Election of 1800 , Ohio University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 1619 - 8 Buel , Richard ( 1972 ) , Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 Chernow , Ron ( 2005 ) , Alexander Hamilton , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303475 - 9 Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. ( 1965 ) , The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 Dunn , Susan ( 2004 ) , Jefferson 's second revolution : The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 13164 - 8 Elkins , Stanley ; McKitrick , Eric ( 1995 ) , The Age of Federalism Ferling , John ( 2004 ) . Adams vs. Jefferson : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1965 ) , The Revolution of American Conservatism : The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy Freeman , Joanne B. ( 2001 ) , Affairs of Honor : National Politics in the New Republic Freeman , Joanne B. ( 1999 ) , `` The election of 1800 : a study in the logic of political change '' , Yale Law Journal , 108 ( 8 ) : 1959 -- 1994 , doi : 10.2307 / 797378 , JSTOR 797378 Goodman , Paul ( 1967 ) , `` The First American Party System '' , in Chambers , William Nisbet ; Burnham , Walter Dean , The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development , pp. 56 -- 89 Hofstadter , Richard ( 1970 ) , The Idea of a Party System Kennedy , Roger G. ( 2000 ) , Burr , Hamilton , and Jefferson : A Study in Character , Oxford University Press McCullough , David ( 2001 ) , John Adams Horn , James P.P. ; Lewis , Jan Ellen ; Onuf , Peter S. ( 2002 ) , The Revolution of 1800 : Democracy , Race , and the New Republic Miller , John C. ( 1959 ) , Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox Roberts , Cokie ( 2008 ) , Ladies of Liberty Schachner , Nathan ( 1961 ) , Aaron Burr : A Biography Schlesinger , Arthur Meier , ed. ( 1986 ) , History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 - 1984 , Vol. 1 , essay and primary sources on 1800 . Sharp , James Roger . The Deadlocked Election of 1800 : Jefferson , Burr , and the Union in the Balance ( University Press of Kansas ; 2010 ) 239 pages ; Wills , Garry ( 2003 ) , `` Negro President '' : Jefferson and the Slave Power , Houghton Mifflin Co. , pp. 47 -- 89 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 34398 - 9 ... also listed ( in at least one source ) as from Mariner Books ( Boston ) in 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1800 . United States presidential election of 1800 at Encyclopædia Britannica Presidential Election of 1800 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Documentary Timeline 1787 - 1800 Lesson plans from NEH A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 - 1825 Vote Archive : Town Map of Election Results in Rhode Island Vote Archive : County Map of Election Results in Virginia Overview at Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections Booknotes interview with Bernard Weisberger on America Afire : Jefferson , Adams , and the First Contested Election , February 25 , 2001 . Booknotes interview with John Ferling on Adams vs. Jefferson : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 , October 3 , 2004 . Election of 1800 in Counting the Votes <Th_colspan="2"> Thomas Jefferson <Td_colspan="2"> 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← John Adams James Madison → Category <Th_colspan="2"> John Adams <Td_colspan="2"> 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady <Td_colspan="2"> ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Category <Th_colspan="2"> United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount <Td_colspan="2"> House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1800&oldid=838212718 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) United States presidential election , 1800 Presidency of Thomas Jefferson John Adams Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. United States presidential election, 1800
2. Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams
3. Democratic-Republican Party vs. Federalist Party
4. "Revolution of 1800"
5. Contingent election in the House of Representatives
|
-9,192,136,565,562,926,000 |
where are the next olympics being held in 2018
|
2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . XXIII Olympic Winter Games <Td_colspan="2"> Host city Pyeongchang , South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 90 ( estimated ) Events 102 in 7 sports ( 15 disciplines ) Opening ceremony 9 February ( 3 months from now ) Closing ceremony 25 February Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium <Th_colspan="2"> Winter <Td_colspan="2"> < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > <Th_colspan="2"> Summer <Td_colspan="2"> < Rio de Janeiro 2016 Tokyo 2020 > <Td_colspan="2"> Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Hangul 평창 동계 올림픽 Hanja 平 昌 冬季 올림픽 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik McCune -- Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik This article contains Korean text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Hangul and Hanja . Part of a series on 2018 Winter Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Concerns and controversies Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIeme Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Hangul : 평창 동계 올림픽 ; RR : Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik ) , and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , ( phjʌŋ. tɕhaŋ ) is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , South Korea . The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . Pyeongchang won its bid on the first round of voting , receiving more votes than both Munich , Germany and Annecy , France . The 2018 Olympics will be the second Olympic Games held in South Korea , after the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul , and will be South Korea 's first Winter Games . Pyeongchang will be the third Asian city to host the Winter Games after Sapporo , Japan ( 1972 ) , and Nagano , Japan ( 1998 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding 1.1 Host city election 2 Tickets 3 Preparations 3.1 Torch relay 4 Venues 4.1 Pyeongchang ( Mountain cluster ) 4.1. 1 Alpensia Sports Park 4.1. 2 Stand - alone venues 4.2 Gangneung ( Coastal cluster ) 5 Sports 6 Participating National Olympic Committees 7 Calendar 8 Marketing 8.1 Branding 8.2 Mascots 9 Broadcasting rights 10 Concerns and controversies 10.1 Russian doping 10.2 Security 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 External links Bidding ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games but lost in the final rounds of voting by three and four votes respectively . Pyeongchang won its bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in the first round of voting , receiving 63 of the 95 votes cast , giving it the majority required to be elected host city . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received 25 votes . Annecy launched a bid , but failed to secure public support from local citizens . Their bid received seven votes . Host city election ( edit ) PyeongChang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban . Forty - eight votes were needed for selection and PyeongChang was elected after just one round of voting . <Th_colspan="7"> 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Tickets ( edit ) The ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016 , ranging from ₩ 20,000 ( approximately $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( $776 ) . Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies will range from ₩ 220,000 ( $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets are due to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , will be made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the Men 's hockey gold medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of October 11 , domestic ticket sales for the games have been incredibly slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % have been sold . International sales have been a bit better , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . Sales of tickets to the Paralympic Games are even more dismal , with only 4.2 percent sold . Preparations ( edit ) On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics will be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee was to put together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . Olympic venues 2018 The International Paralympic Committee met with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee for an orientation in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . On 27 June 2014 the PyeongChang Olympic Committee announced their mascot selection contest . The contest ran from 15 September 2014 to 30 September 2014 . The 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley Ski Resort Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) Alpensia sports park ( edit ) The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon will be the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics . Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , and skeleton Olympic Village Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Bokwang Snow Park -- freestyle skiing and snowboard Jeongseon Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G , and combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The coastal cluster is located in the city of Gangneung . The Gangneung Olympic Park will include the following four venues : Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating and figure skating In addition , a stand - alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University : Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women competition ) Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics will feature 102 events in 15 sports . Four new disciplines in existing sports will be introduced in Pyeongchang , including big air snowboarding ( which will replace the parallel slalom ) , mixed doubles curling , mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League will not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the Men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from demands for the IOC to cover the cost of insuring the NHL players that participate in the Games . Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow in the future . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that the IOC did n't allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL has yet to announce if it will implement any specific measures to penalize players who participate in the Olympics . Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports discipline . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Participating national Olympic committees ( edit ) A total of 84 nations have qualified at least one athlete so far . Eritrea , Kosovo and Malaysia are scheduled to make their Winter Olympics debut if they decide to participate . North Korean athletes will be allowed to cross the DMZ into South Korea since two North Korean figure skaters qualified . Russia 's status remains unclear due to the state - sponsored doping program scandal . ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania Andorra Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bermuda Bosnia and Herzegovina Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Cayman Islands Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Eritrea Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea ( host ) Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Timor - Leste Togo Turkey Ukraine United States Uzbekistan Calendar ( edit ) All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony <Th_colspan="2"> February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events <Td_colspan="2"> Ceremonies OC CC N / A <Td_colspan="2"> Alpine skiing 11 <Td_colspan="2"> Biathlon 11 <Td_colspan="2"> Bobsleigh <Td_colspan="2"> Cross country skiing 12 <Td_colspan="2"> Curling <Td_colspan="2"> Figure skating EG 5 <Td_colspan="2"> Freestyle skiing 10 <Td_colspan="2"> Ice hockey <Td_colspan="2"> Luge <Td_colspan="2"> Nordic combined <Td_colspan="2"> Short track speed skating 8 <Td_colspan="2"> Skeleton <Td_colspan="2"> Ski jumping <Td_colspan="2"> Snowboarding 10 <Td_colspan="2"> Speed skating 14 <Th_colspan="2"> Total events 5 7 8 8 6 7 5 9 6 5 7 8 6 8 102 <Th_colspan="2"> Cumulative total 5 12 20 28 34 41 46 55 61 64 69 76 84 90 98 102 <Th_colspan="2"> February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun 102 events Marketing ( edit ) Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics Branding ( edit ) The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right symbol to represent a crystal of ice . The name of the host city , Pyeongchang , has been intentionally styled in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' on the emblem and in official materials , rather than `` Pyeongchang '' . This has been done to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Gangwon Governor Choi Moon - soon cited a 2014 incident where a representative from Kenya , en route to a United Nations biodiversity conference in Pyeongchang , was detained by local immigration officers after accidentally flying to Pyongyang instead . The official pictograms for 24 sports across 15 disciplines were revealed in January 2017 and are designed using the Korean alphabet as an inspiration . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi Soohorang ( 수 호랑 ) , a white tiger , and Bandabi ( 반 다비 ) , an Asiatic black bear , were announced as the official mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics . Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS -- who extended its rights to the Olympics through 2024 in July 2011 . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications -- owner of Eurosport , had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics from 2018 through 2024 across Europe , excluding Russia , on all platforms . Discovery will sub-license its broadcast rights to local free - to - air networks on a territorial basis . Discovery 's rights deal will , initially , not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games . Unlike previous pan-European deals , such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive , Discovery will not solely serve as a reseller , and intends to carry coverage on its regional properties , but has committed to sub-licensing at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air networks ... In the United Kingdom , Discovery will hold exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for the BBC sub-licensing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . In the United States , the Games will once again be broadcast by NBC under a long - term contract ; it will also be NBC 's first Olympics without long - time host Bob Costas , who announced his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico on 7 February 2017 . On 28 March 2017 , NBC also announced that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones , rather than tape - delayed for the west coast . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Russian doping ( edit ) Russia could possibly face being banned because of their state - sponsored doping program . A decision on the matter will be made in the months prior to the games . Russian Olympic Committee president Alexander Zhukov stated that he expects Russian participation and that a state ban was not the position of WADA , who expect a resolution in November 2017 . Russia managed to avoid being completely banned from the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . Security ( edit ) See also : North Korea and weapons of mass destruction On 20 September 2017 , South Korea 's President Moon Jae - in said the country is pushing to ensure security at Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games amid rising tensions over the North Korea 's nuclear test and a series of missile launches . However , on the next day , French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Laura Flessel - Colovic said France 's Winter Olympics team will boycott the games unless South Korea 's security is guaranteed . On 22 September 2017 , Austria and Germany joined France in boycotting the games . Karl Stoss , head of Austria 's national Olympic committee , said that , `` if the situation worsens and the security of our athletes is no longer guaranteed , we will not go to South Korea . '' The German interior ministry said the security question and the possibility of keeping the German team at home would be addressed `` in good time '' by the government . Several days later , Laura Flessel - Colovic reaffirmed France 's participation in the games . Austria and Germany are yet to decide on reaffirming . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 2018 Winter Paralympics 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics : 2018 Winter Olympics ... not in Pyongyang '' . Manila Bulletin . Agence France - Presse. 26 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ; Sang - hun , Choe ( 2011 - 07 - 06 ) . `` 2018 Winter Games to Be Held in Pyeongchang , South Korea '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 reveal ticket prices for Winter Olympic Games '' . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang Olympics ticket sales get icy reception '' . The Korea Herald . October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gunilla Lindberg to Chair PyeongChang 2018 Coordination Commission '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coordination Commissions '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Organizing Committee Launched '' . GamesBids.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Praised '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 have `` good grasp of what is expected '' says Lindberg after first IOC Coordination Commission visit `` . Insidethegames.biz. 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Begins on High - Speed Railway , Critical for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IPC Orientates PyeongChang 2018 '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 on `` right track '' declares Rogge after first visit `` . Insidethegames.biz. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 및 장애인 동계 올림픽 대회 마스코트 아이디어 공모 '' . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 recruits college student reporters : WINNERS '' . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Alpensia Resort and water park complete and full for summer season '' . Sportsfeatures.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang2018 Volume 2 ( Sport and Venues ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pyeongchang 2018 move venue for Opening and Closing Ceremonies Winter Olympics 2018 '' . insidethegames.biz. 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Big air , mixed curling among new 2018 events '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games '' . Sportsnet.ca . Rogers Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics and N.H.L. Face Off Over Who Pays to Insure Players '' . The New York Times . 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC decides not to cover costs for NHL players at Olympics '' . Sportsnet.ca . Rogers Media . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Seravalli , Frank . `` How the NHL can prevent players from going to Olympics '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 : Athletes to travel through demilitarised zone '' . BBC News . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1055988/north-korean-skaters-qualify-for-pyeongchang-2018 Jump up ^ `` With one year until 2018 Winter Games , Russia 's status murky '' . 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Quota allocation for Alpine skiing '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics '' . IIHF . iihf.com . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quota allocation for Cross-country skiing '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics '' . worldcurling.org . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Launches Official Emblem '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Pictograms '' . pyeongchang2018.com . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games - Olympic News '' . International Olympic Committee . 2016 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards European broadcast rights to SPORTFIVE '' . ESPN . 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas steps down as NBC host of Olympics ; Mike Tirico to replace him '' . USA Today . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Bob Costas has been the face of the Olympics for Americans '' . USA Today . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC to Broadcast Winter Olympics Live Across All Time Zones '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With one year until 2018 Winter Games , Russia 's status murky '' . 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : ' Russia expects team at Pyeongchang ' '' . 2017 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Moon says pushing to guarantee safety at Pyeongchang Olympics '' . Reuters. 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics - France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured '' . Reuters. 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare '' . The Straits Times . 23 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Winter Olympics . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics . Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games <Td_colspan="3"> Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD <Td_colspan="3"> Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games <Th_colspan="2"> Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( PyeongChang , South Korea ) <Td_colspan="2"> Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating <Th_colspan="2"> Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( PyeongChang , South Korea ) Africa Eritrea Kenya Madagascar Morocco South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Dominica Ecuador Mexico Peru Puerto Rico United States Asia China Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan South Korea Thailand Timor - Leste Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand <Th_colspan="2"> Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang Mountain cluster Alpensia Resort Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Village Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Stand - alone venues Bokwang Phoenix Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung Coastal cluster Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Indoor Ice Rink Gangneung Oval Gangneung Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Kwandong Hockey Centre <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate non-competition venues . 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=807927457 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport Olympic Games in South Korea Scheduled multi-sport events Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Sport in Gangneung February 2018 sports events in Asia 2018 in winter sports Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles containing Korean - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. 2018 Winter Olympics
2. Pyeongchang, South Korea
3. Olympic Games
4. Sports events
5. Mascots
|
6,815,691,103,135,872,000 |
who escorted the little rock nine to school
|
Little Rock Nine - wikipedia Little Rock Nine Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Little Rock Crisis <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Civil Rights Movement <Td_colspan="2"> The `` Little Rock Nine '' are escorted inside Little Rock Central High School by troops of the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army . Location Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock , Arkansas Caused by Racial segregation in public schools Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) Resulted in Cooper v. Aaron ( 1958 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Parties to the civil conflict <Td_colspan="2"> National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Little Rock Nine Governor of Arkansas <Th_colspan="2"> Lead figures <Td_colspan="2"> NAACP member Daisy Bates Little Rock Nine Melba Pattillo Beals Minnijean Brown Elizabeth Eckford Ernest Green Gloria Ray Karlmark Carlotta Walls LaNier Thelma Mothershed Terrence Roberts Jefferson Thomas State of Arkansas Orval Faubus , governor This article is part of a series about Dwight D. Eisenhower Early Life Military Career World War II Supreme Allied Commander in Europe D - Day Operation Overlord Surrender of Germany VE - Day Crusade in Europe President of the United States Presidency First Term Draft movement 1952 Campaign Election 1st Inauguration Korean War Atoms for Peace Cold War New Look Domino theory Interstate Highway System Second Term 1956 campaign Election 2nd Inauguration Eisenhower Doctrine Sputnik crisis Missile gap NDEA NASA DARPA Civil Rights Act of 1957 Little Rock Nine U-2 incident Farewell Address Post-Presidency Legacy Presidential library and museum Tributes and memorials The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957 . Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis , in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus , the Governor of Arkansas . They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The U.S. Supreme Court issued its historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas , 347 U.S. 483 , on May 17 , 1954 . Tied to the 14th Amendment , the decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional , and it called for the desegregation of all schools throughout the nation . After the decision , the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) attempted to register black students in previously all - white schools in cities throughout the South . In Little Rock , the capital city of Arkansas , the Little Rock School Board agreed to comply with the high court 's ruling . Virgil Blossom , the Superintendent of Schools , submitted a plan of gradual integration to the school board on May 24 , 1955 , which the board unanimously approved . The plan would be implemented during the fall of the 1957 school year , which would begin in September 1957 . By 1957 , the NAACP had registered nine black students to attend the previously all - white Little Rock Central High , selected on the criteria of excellent grades and attendance . Called the `` Little Rock Nine '' , they were Ernest Green ( b . 1941 ) , Elizabeth Eckford ( b . 1941 ) , Jefferson Thomas ( 1942 -- 2010 ) , Terrence Roberts ( b . 1941 ) , Carlotta Walls LaNier ( b . 1942 ) , Minnijean Brown ( b . 1941 ) , Gloria Ray Karlmark ( b . 1942 ) , Thelma Mothershed ( b . 1940 ) , and Melba Pattillo Beals ( b . 1941 ) . Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate from Central High School . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Blossom Plan 2 National Guard blockade 3 Armed escort 4 A tense year 5 `` The Lost Year '' 6 Motivations 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 10.1 Historiography 10.2 Primary sources 10.3 External links The Blossom plan One of the plans created during attempts to desegregate the schools of Little Rock was by school superintendent Virgil Blossom . The initial approach proposed substantial integration beginning quickly and extending to all grades within a matter of many years . This original proposal was scrapped and replaced with one that more closely met a set of minimum standards worked out in attorney Richard B. McCulloch 's brief . This finalized plan would start in September 1957 and would integrate one high school , Little Rock Central . The second phase of the plan would take place in 1960 and would open up a few junior high schools to a few black children . The final stage would involve limited desegregation of the city 's grade schools at an unspecified time , possibly as late as 1963 . This plan was met with varied reactions from the NAACP branch of Little Rock . Militant members like the Bateses opposed the plan on the grounds that it was `` vague , indefinite , slow - moving and indicative of an intent to stall further on public integration . '' Despite this view , the majority accepted the plan ; most felt that Blossom and the school board should have the chance to prove themselves , that the plan was reasonable , and that the white community would accept it . This view was short lived , however . Changes were made to the plan , the most detrimental being a new transfer system that would allow students to move out of the attendance zone to which they were assigned . The unaltered Blossom Plan had gerrymandered school districts to guarantee a black majority at Horace Mann High and a white majority at Hall High . This meant that , even though black students lived closer to Central , they would be placed in Horace Mann thus confirming the intention of the school board to limit the impact of desegregation . The altered plan gave white students the choice of not attending Horace Mann , but did n't give black students the option of attending Hall . This new Blossom Plan did not sit well with the NAACP and after failed negotiations with the school board ; the NAACP filed a lawsuit on February 8 , 1956 . This lawsuit , along with a number of other factors contributed to the Little Rock School Crisis of 1957 . National Guard blockade Main article : Arkansas National Guard and the integration of Central High School Several segregationist councils threatened to hold protests at Central High and physically block the black students from entering the school . Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to support the segregationists on September 4 , 1957 . The sight of a line of soldiers blocking out the students made national headlines and polarized the nation . Regarding the accompanying crowd , one of the nine students , Elizabeth Eckford , recalled : They moved closer and closer ... Somebody started yelling ... I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the crowd -- someone who maybe could help . I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face , but when I looked at her again , she spat on me . On September 9 , the Little Rock School District issued a statement condemning the governor 's deployment of soldiers to the school , and called for a citywide prayer service on September 12 . Even President Dwight Eisenhower attempted to de-escalate the situation by summoning Faubus for a meeting , warning him not to defy the Supreme Court 's ruling . Armed escort Young U.S. Army paratrooper in battle gear outside Central High School , on the cover of Time magazine ( October 7 , 1957 ) Woodrow Wilson Mann , the mayor of Little Rock , asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students . On September 24 , the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army -- without its black soldiers , who rejoined the division a month later -- to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000 - member Arkansas National Guard , taking it out of the hands of Faubus . A tense Year By the end of September 1957 , the nine were admitted to Little Rock Central High under the protection of the 101st Airborne Division ( and later the Arkansas National Guard ) , but they were still subjected to a year of physical and verbal abuse ( being spat on and called names ) by many of the white students . Melba Pattillo had acid thrown into her eyes and also recalled in her book , Warriors Do n't Cry , an incident in which a group of white girls trapped her in a stall in the girls ' washroom and attempted to burn her by dropping pieces of flaming paper on her from above . Another one of the students , Minnijean Brown , was verbally confronted and abused . She said I was one of the kids ' approved ' by the school officials . We were told we would have to take a lot and were warned not to fight back if anything happened . One girl ran up to me and said , ' I 'm so glad you 're here . Wo n't you go to lunch with me today ? ' I never saw her again . Minnijean Brown was also taunted by members of a group of white male students in December 1957 in the school cafeteria during lunch . She dropped her lunch , a bowl of chili , onto the boys and was suspended for six days . Two months later , after more confrontation , Brown was suspended for the rest of the school year . She transferred to New Lincoln High School in New York City . As depicted in the 1981 made - for - TV docudrama Crisis at Central High , and as mentioned by Melba Pattillo Beals in Warriors Do n't Cry , white students were punished only when their offense was `` both egregious and witnessed by an adult '' . The drama was based on a book by Elizabeth Huckaby , a vice-principal during the crisis . `` The Lost Year '' In the summer of 1958 , as the school year was drawing to a close , Faubus decided to petition the decision by the Federal District Court in order to postpone the desegregation of public high schools in Little Rock . In the Cooper v. Aaron case , the Little Rock School District , under the leadership of Orval Faubus , fought for a two and a half year delay on de-segregation , which would have meant that black students would only be permitted into public high schools in January 1961 . Faubus argued that if the schools remained integrated there would be an increase in violence . However , in August 1958 , the Federal Courts ruled against the delay of de-segregation , which incited Faubus to call together an Extraordinary Session of the State Legislature on August 26 in order to enact his segregation bills . Claiming that Little Rock had to assert their rights and freedom against the federal decision , in September 1958 , Faubus signed acts that enabled him and the Little Rock School District to close all public schools . Thus , with this bill signed , on Monday September 15 , Faubus ordered the closure of all four public high schools , preventing both black and white students from attending school . Despite Faubus 's decree , the town 's population had the chance of refuting the bill since the school - closing law necessitated a referendum . The referendum , which would either condone or condemn Faubus 's law , was to take place within thirty days . A week before the referendum , which was scheduled to take place on September 27 , Faubus addressed the citizens of Little Rock in an attempt to secure their votes . Faubus urged the population to vote against integration since he was planning on leasing the public school buildings to private schools , and , in doing so , would educate the white and black students separately . Faubus was successful in his appeal and won the referendum . This year came to be known as the `` Lost Year . '' Faubus 's victory led to a series of consequences that affected Little Rock society . Faubus 's intention to open private schools was denied the same day the referendum took place , which caused some citizens of Little Rock to turn on the black community . The black community became a target for hate crimes since people blamed them for the closing of the schools . Daisy Bates , head of the NAACP chapter in Little Rock , was a primary victim to these crimes , in addition to the black students enrolled at Little Rock Central High School and their families . The town 's teachers were also placed in a difficult position . They were forced to swear loyalty to Faubus 's bills . Even though Faubus 's idea of private schools never played out , the teachers were still expected to attend school every day and prepare for the possibility of their students ' return . The teachers were completely under Faubus 's control and the many months that the school stayed empty only served as a cause for uncertainty in their professional futures . In May 1959 , after the firing of forty - four teachers and administrative staff from the four high schools , three segregationist board members were replaced with three moderate ones . The new board members reinstated the forty - four staff members to their positions . The new board of directors then began an attempt to reopen the schools , much to Faubus 's dismay . In order to avoid any further complications , the public high schools were scheduled to open earlier than usual , on August 12 , 1959 . Although the Lost Year had come to a close , the black students who returned to the high schools were not welcomed by the other students . Rather , the black students had a difficult time getting past mobs to enter the school , and , once inside , they were often subject to physical and emotional abuse . The students were back at school and everything would eventually resume normal function , but the Lost Year would be a pretext for new hatred towards the black students in the public high school . Motivations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Faubus 's opposition to desegregation was likely both politically and racially motivated . Although Faubus had indicated that he would consider bringing Arkansas into compliance with the high court 's decision in 1956 , desegregation was opposed by his own southern Democratic Party , which dominated all Southern politics at the time . Faubus risked losing political support in the upcoming 1958 Democratic gubernatorial primary if he showed support for integration . Most histories of the crisis conclude that Faubus , facing pressure as he campaigned for a third term , decided to appease racist elements in the state by calling out the National Guard to prevent the black students from entering Central High . Former associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court James D. Johnson claimed to have hoaxed Governor Faubus into calling out the National Guard , supposedly to prevent a white mob from stopping the integration of Little Rock Central High School : `` There was n't any caravan . But we made Orval believe it . We said . ' They 're lining up . They 're coming in droves . ' ... The only weapon we had was to leave the impression that the sky was going to fall . '' He later claimed that Faubus asked him to raise a mob to justify his actions . Harry Ashmore , the editor of the Arkansas Gazette , won a 1958 Pulitzer Prize for his editorials on the crisis . Ashmore portrayed the fight over Central High as a crisis manufactured by Faubus ; in his interpretation , Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to keep black children out of Central High School because he was frustrated by the success his political opponents were having in using segregationist rhetoric to stir white voters . Congressman Brooks Hays , who tried to mediate between the federal government and Faubus , was later defeated by a last minute write - in candidate , Dale Alford , a member of the Little Rock School Board who had the backing of Faubus 's allies . A few years later , despite the incident with the `` Little Rock Nine '' , Faubus ran as a moderate segregationist against Dale Alford , who was challenging Faubus for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1962 . Little Rock Nine Memorial Memorial closeup of Eckford Legacy External video <Td_colspan="2"> Booknotes interview with Melba Patillo Beals on Warriors Do n't Cry , November 27 , 1994 , C - SPAN A commemorative silver dollar Memorial at Arkansas State Capitol Three members of the `` Little Rock Nine '' ( L-R ) Ernest Green , Carlotta Walls LaNier , and Terrence Roberts - stand together on the steps of the LBJ Presidential Library in 2014 Little Rock Central High School still functions as part of the Little Rock School District , and is now a National Historic Site that houses a Civil Rights Museum , administered in partnership with the National Park Service , to commemorate the events of 1957 . The Daisy Bates House , home to Daisy Bates , then the president of the Arkansas NAACP and a focal point for the students , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001 for its role in the episode . In 1958 , Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén published `` Little Rock '' , a bilingual composition in English and Spanish denouncing the racial segregation in the United States . Melba Pattillo Beals wrote a memoir titled Warriors Do n't Cry , published in the mid-1990s . Two made - for - television movies have depicted the events of the crisis : the 1981 CBS movie Crisis at Central High , and the 1993 Disney Channel movie The Ernest Green Story . In 1996 , seven of the Little Rock Nine appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show . They came face to face with a few of the white students who had tormented them as well as one student who had befriended them . President Bill Clinton honored the Little Rock Nine in November 1999 when he presented them each with a Congressional Gold Medal . The medal is the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress . It is given to those who have provided outstanding service to the country . To receive the Congressional Gold Medal , recipients must be co-sponsored by two - thirds of both the House and Senate . In 2007 , the United States Mint made available a commemorative silver dollar to `` recognize and pay tribute to the strength , the determination and the courage displayed by African - American high school students in the fall of 1957 . '' The obverse depicts students accompanied by a soldier , with nine stars symbolizing the Little Rock Nine . The reverse depicts an image of Little Rock Central High School , c. 1957 . Proceeds from the coin sales are to be used to improve the National Historic Site . On December 9 , 2008 , the Little Rock Nine were invited to attend the inauguration of President - elect Barack Obama , the first African - American to be elected President of the United States . On February 9 , 2010 , Marquette University honored the group by presenting them with the Père Marquette Discovery Award , the university 's highest honor , one that had previously been given to Mother Teresa , Archbishop Desmond Tutu , Karl Rahner , and the Apollo 11 astronauts , among other notables . See also Black school Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Little Rock ( poem ) Nine from Little Rock , an Academy Award winning documentary film about the Little Rock Nine Fables of Faubus , a song written by jazz bassist Charles Mingus Footnotes Jump up ^ Brown v. Topeka Board of Education ( U.S. 1954 ) . Text . ^ Jump up to : Rains , Craig . `` Little Rock Central High 40th Anniversary '' ... Jump up ^ Tony A. Freyer , `` Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis , 1954 -- 1957 , '' The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 60 / 2 , ( Summer 2007 ) : 148 ^ Jump up to : Tony A. Freyer , `` Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis , 1954 -- 1957 , '' The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 60 / 2 , ( Summer 2007 ) : 149 ^ Jump up to : John A. Kirk , `` The Little Rock Crisis and Postwar Black Activism in Arkansas , '' The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 60 / 2 , ( Summer 2007 ) : 239 Jump up ^ Boyd , Herb ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Little Rock Nine paved the way '' . New York Amsterdam News . 98 ( 40 ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Retreat from Newport '' . Time . September 23 , 1957 ... Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2012 ) . Eisenhower in War and Peace . Random House . p. 723 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64429 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Melba Pattillo Beals '' . Teachers ' Domain . WGBH Educational Foundation . Retrieved February 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Minnijean ; Moskin , J. Robert ( June 24 , 1958 ) . `` One Girl 's Little Rock Story '' . Look . Jump up ^ Collins , Janelle ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Easing a Country 's Conscience : Little Rock 's Central High School in Film '' . The Southern Quarterly . The University of Southern Mississippi . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daisy . The Long Shadow of Little Rock : A Memoir . New York : David McKay , 1962 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Gordy , Sondra . `` Empty Hearts : Little Rock Secondary Teachers , 1958 -- 1959 '' . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 1997 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daisy . The Long Shadow of Little Rock : A Memoir . New York : David McKay , 1962 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daisy . The Long Shadow of Little Rock : A Memoir . New York : David McKay , 1962 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Gordy , Sondra . `` Empty Hearts : Little Rock Secondary Teachers , 1958 -- 1959 '' . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 1997 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Gordy , Sondra . `` Empty Hearts : Little Rock Secondary Teachers , 1958 -- 1959 '' . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 1997 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daisy . The Long Shadow of Little Rock : A Memoir . New York : David McKay , 1962 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daisy . The Long Shadow of Little Rock : A Memoir . New York : David McKay , 1962 . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Gordy , Sondra . `` Empty Hearts : Little Rock Secondary Teachers , 1958 -- 1959 '' . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 1997 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Gordy , Sondra . `` Empty Hearts : Little Rock Secondary Teachers , 1958 -- 1959 '' . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 1997 , p. 441 . ^ Jump up to : Gordy , Sondra . `` Empty Hearts : Little Rock Secondary Teachers , 1958 -- 1959 '' . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly , 1997 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daisy . The Long Shadow of Little Rock : A Memoir . New York : David McKay , 1962 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ `` Little Rock Nine '' . Originalpeople . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Juan ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Showdown over Segregation '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Racist `` Justice '' is dead , but not gone `` . Salon . February 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prize Winners 1958 '' . the Pulitzer Board . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Profiles in Hue . Xlibris Corporation . p. 366 . ISBN 1456851209 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States National Park Service , Little Rock Central High School , National Historic Site . Jump up ^ `` NHL nomination for Daisy Bates House '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guillén , Nicolás ; Márquez , Robert ; McMurray , David Arthur ( August 2003 ) . Man - making words : selected poems of Nicolás Guillén . Univ of Massachusetts Press . pp. 58 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 410 - 7 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Little Rock Nine '' . November 9 , 1999 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We 've Completed Our Mission '' . Washington Post , December 13 , 2009 , p . B01 . References Anderson , Karen . Little Rock : Race and Resistance at Central High School ( 2013 ) Baer , Frances Lisa . Resistance to Public School Desegregation : Little Rock , Arkansas , and Beyond ( 2008 ) 328 pp. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59332 - 260 - 1 Beals , Melba Pattillo . Warriors Do n't Cry : A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock 's Central High . ( ISBN 0 - 671 - 86638 - 9 ) Branton , Wiley A. `` Little Rock Revisited : Desegregation to Resegregation . '' Journal of Negro Education 1983 52 ( 3 ) : 250 -- 269 . ISSN 0022 - 2984 Fulltext in Jstor Jacoway , Elizabeth . Turn Away Thy Son : Little Rock , the Crisis That Shocked the Nation ( 2007 ) . Kirk , John A. `` Not Quite Black and White : School Desegregation in Arkansas , 1954 - 1966 , '' Arkansas Historical Quarterly ( 2011 ) 70 # 3 pp 225 -- 257 in JSTOR Kirk , John A. , ed . An Epitaph for Little Rock : A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective on the Central High Crisis ( University of Arkansas Press , 2008 ) . Kirk , John A. Beyond Little Rock : The Origins and Legacies of the Central High Crisis ( University of Arkansas Press , 2007 ) . Kirk , John A. , Redefining the Color Line : Black Activism in Little Rock , Arkansas , 1940 -- 1970 ( University of Florida Press , 2002 ) . Reed , Roy . Faubus : The Life and Times of an American Prodigal ( 1997 ) . Lanier , Carlotta , A Mighty Long Way : My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School , Random House , 2009 Historiography Pierce , Michael . `` Historians of the Central High Crisis and Little Rock 's Working - Class Whites : A Review Essay , '' Arkansas Historical Quarterly ( 2011 ) 70 # 4 pp. 468 -- 483 in JSTOR Primary sources Faubus , Orval Eugene . Down from the Hills . Little Rock : Democrat Printing & Lithographing , 1980 . 510 pp. autobiography . External links `` Through a Lens , Darkly , '' by David Margolick . Vanity Fair , September 24 , 2007 . The Tiger , Student Paper of Little Rock Central High . The Legacy of Little Rock on Time.com ( a division of Time Magazine ) Guardians of Freedom -- 50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas , by United States Army Letters from U.S. citizens regarding the Little Rock Crisis , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Documents regarding the Little Rock Crisis , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library National Park Service . Little Rock Central High School , National Historic Site . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry : Little Rock Nine `` From Canterbury to Little Rock : The Struggle for Educational Equality for African Americans '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Letter by segregationist lawyer Amis Guthridge Defending Segregation to Little Rock School Board and Superintendent Blossom , July 10 , 1957 . McMillen , Neil R. ( Summer 1971 ) . `` White Citizens ' Council and Resistance to School Desegregation in Arkansas '' ( PDF ) . The Arkansas Historical Quarterly . Arkansas Historical Association . 30 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 122 . Sandra Hubbard ; Dr. Sondra Gordy . `` The Lost Year '' . a documentary , entitled `` The Lost Year '' by Sandra Hubbard and a book , entitled `` Finding the Lost Year '' By Dr. Gordy . An account by teachers and classmates of the closed high schools of Little Rock after the Crisis at Central High and the Little Rock Nine . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream Sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi Wade - Ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis Sanitation Strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Neal Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Rock_Nine&oldid=800446260 '' Categories : Little Rock Nine History of racism in the United States Congressional Gold Medal recipients History of Little Rock , Arkansas Little Rock Central High School Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower School segregation in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Little Rock Nine
2. Little Rock Crisis
3. Racial segregation in public schools
4. Brown v. Board of Education
5. Civil Rights Movement
|
-5,625,983,862,371,062,000 |
who invented the thermometer and in what year
|
Thermometer - wikipedia Thermometer Jump to : navigation , search Mercury thermometer ( mercury - in - glass thermometer ) for measurement of room temperature . Daniel Fahrenheit 's application of mercury and a standardized temperature scale for liquid - in - glass thermometers ushered in a new era of accuracy and precision in thermometry . From the early 1710s until the introduction of electronic devices in the 1960s , mercury - in - glass thermometers were the world 's most reliable and accurate thermometers , accounting for their widespread use . A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient . A thermometer has two important elements : ( 1 ) a temperature sensor ( e.g. the bulb of a mercury - in - glass thermometer or the digital sensor in an infrared thermometer ) in which some change occurs with a change in temperature , and ( 2 ) some means of converting this change into a numerical value ( e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury - in - glass thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model ) . Thermometers are widely used in industry to monitor processes , in meteorology , in medicine , and in scientific research . Some of the principles of the thermometer were known to Greek philosophers of two thousand years ago . The modern thermometer gradually evolved from the thermoscope with the addition of a scale in the early 17th century and standardisation through the 17th and 18th centuries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Temperature 1.1 Early developments 1.2 Era of precision thermometry 2 Registering 3 Physical principles of thermometry 3.1 Thermometric materials 3.2 Constant volume thermometry 3.3 Radiometric thermometry 4 Primary and secondary thermometers 5 Calibration 6 Precision , accuracy , and reproducibility 7 Indirect methods of temperature measurement 8 Applications 8.1 Nanothermometry 8.2 Cryometer 8.3 Medical 8.4 Food and food safety 8.5 Environmental 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Temperature ( edit ) Main articles : Temperature and Temperature measurement An infrared thermometer is a kind of pyrometer ( bolometer ) . While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness , the readings on two thermometers can not be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale . Today there is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale . Internationally agreed temperature scales are designed to approximate this closely , based on fixed points and interpolating thermometers . The most recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature Scale of 1990 . It extends from 0.65 K ( − 272.5 ° C ; − 458.5 ° F ) to approximately 1,358 K ( 1,085 ° C ; 1,985 ° F ) . Thermometer with Fahrenheit ( symbol ° F ) and Celsius ( symbol ° C ) units . Daniel Fahrenheit 's mercury - in - glass thermometer was the first practical , accurate thermometer in history . Early Developments ( edit ) See also : Thermometry , Temperature scale , Thermoscope , Alcohol thermometer , and Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology Fifty - degree thermometers from the mid-17th century on exhibit at the Museo Galileo with black dots representing single degrees and white represented 10 - degree increments ; used to measure atmospheric temperatures Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Hero of Alexandria . The thermometer was not a single invention , however , but a development . Hero of Alexandria ( 10 -- 70 AD ) knew of the principle that certain substances , notably air , expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water . The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water / air interface to move along the tube . Such a mechanism was later used to show the hotness and coldness of the air with a tube in which the water level is controlled by the expansion and contraction of the gas . These devices were developed by several European scientists in the 16th and 17th centuries , notably Galileo Galilei . As a result , devices were shown to produce this effect reliably , and the term thermoscope was adopted because it reflected the changes in sensible heat ( the concept of temperature was yet to arise ) . The difference between a thermoscope and a thermometer is that the latter has a scale . Though Galileo is often said to be the inventor of the thermometer , what he produced were thermoscopes . The first clear diagram of a thermoscope was published in 1617 by Giuseppe Biancani ( 1566 -- 1624 ) : the first showing a scale and thus constituting a thermometer was by Robert Fludd in 1638 . This was a vertical tube , closed by a bulb of air at the top , with the lower end opening into a vessel of water . The water level in the tube is controlled by the expansion and contraction of the air , so it is what we would now call an air thermometer . The first person to put a scale on a thermoscope is variously said to be Francesco Sagredo ( 1571 -- 1620 ) or Santorio Santorio in about 1611 to 1613 . The word thermometer ( in its French form ) first appeared in 1624 in La Récréation Mathématique by J. Leurechon , who describes one with a scale of 8 degrees . The word comes from the Greek words θερμός , thermos , meaning `` hot '' and μέτρον , metron , meaning `` measure '' . The above instruments suffered from the disadvantage that they were also barometers , i.e. sensitive to air pressure . In 1629 , Joseph Solomon Delmedigo , a student of Galileo , published what is apparently the first description and illustration of a sealed liquid - in - glass thermometer . It is described as having a bulb at the bottom of a sealed tube partially filled with brandy . The tube has a numbered scale . Delmedigo does not claim to have invented this instrument , nor does he name anyone else as its inventor . In about 1654 Ferdinando II de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany ( 1610 -- 1670 ) , actually produced such an instrument , the first modern - style thermometer , dependent on the expansion of a liquid , and independent of air pressure . Many other scientists experimented with various liquids and designs of thermometer . However , each inventor and each thermometer was unique -- there was no standard scale . In 1665 Christiaan Huygens ( 1629 -- 1695 ) suggested using the melting and boiling points of water as standards , and in 1694 Carlo Renaldini ( 1615 -- 1698 ) proposed using them as fixed points on a universal scale . In 1701 , Isaac Newton ( 1642 -- 1726 / 27 ) proposed a scale of 12 degrees between the melting point of ice and body temperature . Era of precision thermometry ( edit ) See also : Precision thermometry , Fahrenheit scale , Celsius scale , Mercury - in - glass thermometer ( mercury thermometer ) , Medical thermometer , Clinical thermometer , Pyrometer , and Infrared thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit , the originator of the era of precision thermometry . He invented the mercury thermometer ( first practical , accurate thermometer ) and Fahrenheit scale ( first standardized temperature scale to be widely used ) . A medical mercury - in - glass maximum thermometer . Daniel Fahrenheit 's mercury - in - glass thermometer was far more reliable and accurate than any that had existed before , and the mercury thermometers in use today are made in the way Fahrenheit devised . In 1714 Dutch scientist and inventor Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first reliable thermometer , using mercury instead of alcohol and water mixtures . In 1724 he proposed a temperature scale which now ( slightly adjusted ) bears his name . He could do this because he manufactured thermometers , using mercury ( which has a high coefficient of expansion ) for the first time and the quality of his production could provide a finer scale and greater is reproducibility , leading to its general adoption . In 1742 , Anders Celsius ( 1701 -- 1744 ) proposed a scale with zero at the boiling point and 100 degrees at the freezing point of water , though the scale which now bears his name has them the other way around . The first physician that put thermometer measurements to clinical practice was Herman Boerhaave ( 1668 -- 1738 ) . In 1866 , Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt ( 1836 -- 1925 ) invented a clinical thermometer that produced a body temperature reading in five minutes as opposed to twenty . In 1999 , Dr. Francesco Pompei of the Exergen Corporation introduced the world 's first temporal artery thermometer , a non-invasive temperature sensor which scans the forehead in about two seconds and provides a medically accurate body temperature . Registering ( edit ) Old thermometers were all non-registering thermometers . That is , the thermometer did not hold the temperature reading after it was moved to a place with a different temperature . Determining the temperature of a pot of hot liquid required the user to leave the thermometer in the hot liquid until after reading it . If the non-registering thermometer was removed from the hot liquid , then the temperature indicated on the thermometer would immediately begin changing to reflect the temperature of its new conditions ( in this case , the air temperature ) . Registering thermometers are designed to hold the temperature indefinitely , so that the thermometer can be removed and read at a later time or in a more convenient place . Mechanical registering thermometers hold either the highest or lowest temperature recorded , until manually re-set , e.g. , by shaking down a mercury - in - glass thermometer , or until an even more extreme temperature is experienced . Electronic registering thermometers may be designed to remember the highest or lowest temperature , or to remember whatever temperature was present at a specified point in time . Thermometers increasingly use electronic means to provide a digital display or input to a computer . Physical principles of thermometry ( edit ) Various thermometers from the 19th century . Comparison of the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales Thermometers may be described as empirical or absolute . Absolute thermometers are calibrated numerically by the thermodynamic absolute temperature scale . Empirical thermometers are not in general necessarily in exact agreement with absolute thermometers as to their numerical scale readings , but to qualify as thermometers at all they must agree with absolute thermometers and with each other in the following way : given any two bodies isolated in their separate respective thermodynamic equilibrium states , all thermometers agree as to which of the two has the higher temperature , or that the two have equal temperatures . For any two empirical thermometers , this does not require that the relation between their numerical scale readings be linear , but it does require that relation to be strictly monotonic . This is a fundamental character of temperature and thermometers . As it is customarily stated in textbooks , taken alone , the so - called `` zeroth law of thermodynamics '' fails to deliver this information , but the statement of the zeroth law of thermodynamics by James Serrin in 1977 , though rather mathematically abstract , is more informative for thermometry : `` Zeroth Law -- There exists a topological line M ( \ displaystyle M ) which serves as a coordinate manifold of material behaviour . The points L ( \ displaystyle L ) of the manifold M ( \ displaystyle M ) are called ' hotness levels ' , and M ( \ displaystyle M ) is called the ' universal hotness manifold ' . '' To this information there needs to be added a sense of greater hotness ; this sense can be had , independently of calorimetry , of thermodynamics , and of properties of particular materials , from Wien 's displacement law of thermal radiation : the temperature of a bath of thermal radiation is proportional , by a universal constant , to the frequency of the maximum of its frequency spectrum ; this frequency is always positive , but can have values that tend to zero . Another way of identifying hotter as opposed to colder conditions is supplied by Planck 's principle , that when a process of isochoric adiabatic work is the sole means of change of internal energy of a closed system , the final state of the system is never colder than the initial state ; except for phase changes with latent heat , it is hotter than the initial state . There are several principles on which empirical thermometers are built , as listed in the section of this article entitled `` Primary and secondary thermometers '' . Several such principles are essentially based on the constitutive relation between the state of a suitably selected particular material and its temperature . Only some materials are suitable for this purpose , and they may be considered as `` thermometric materials '' . Radiometric thermometry , in contrast , can be only slightly dependent on the constitutive relations of materials . In a sense then , radiometric thermometry might be thought of as `` universal '' . This is because it rests mainly on a universality character of thermodynamic equilibrium , that it has the universal property of producing blackbody radiation . Thermometric materials ( edit ) Bi-metallic stem thermometers used to measure the temperature of steamed milk Bi-metallic thermometer for cooking and baking in an oven There are various kinds of empirical thermometer based on material properties . Many empirical thermometers rely on the constitutive relation between pressure , volume and temperature of their thermometric material . For example , mercury expands when heated . If it is used for its relation between pressure and volume and temperature , a thermometric material must have three properties : ( 1 ) Its heating and cooling must be rapid . That is to say , when a quantity of heat enters or leaves a body of the material , the material must expand or contract to its final volume or reach its final pressure and must reach its final temperature with practically no delay ; some of the heat that enters can be considered to change the volume of the body at constant temperature , and is called the latent heat of expansion at constant temperature ; and the rest of it can be considered to change the temperature of the body at constant volume , and is called the specific heat at constant volume . Some materials do not have this property , and take some time to distribute the heat between temperature and volume change . ( 2 ) Its heating and cooling must be reversible . That is to say , the material must be able to be heated and cooled indefinitely often by the same increment and decrement of heat , and still return to its original pressure , volume and temperature every time . Some plastics do not have this property ; ( 3 ) Its heating and cooling must be monotonic . That is to say , throughout the range of temperatures for which it is intended to work , ( a ) at a given fixed pressure , either ( α ) the volume increases when the temperature increases , or else ( β ) the volume decreases when the temperature increases ; but not ( α ) for some temperatures and ( β ) for others ; or ( b ) at a given fixed volume , either ( α ) the pressure increases when the temperature increases , or else ( β ) the pressure decreases when the temperature increases ; but not ( α ) for some temperatures and ( β ) for others . At temperatures around about 4 ° C , water does not have the property ( 3 ) , and is said to behave anomalously in this respect ; thus water can not be used as a material for this kind of thermometry for temperature ranges near 4 ° C . Gases , on the other hand , all have the properties ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , and ( 3 ) ( a ) ( α ) and ( 3 ) ( b ) ( α ) . Consequently , they are suitable thermometric materials , and that is why they were important in the development of thermometry . Constant volume thermometry ( edit ) According to Preston ( 1894 / 1904 ) , Regnault found constant pressure air thermometers unsatisfactory , because they needed troublesome corrections . He therefore built a constant volume air thermometer . Constant volume thermometers do not provide a way to avoid the problem of anomalous behaviour like that of water at approximately 4 ° C . Radiometric thermometry ( edit ) Planck 's law very accurately quantitatively describes the power spectral density of electromagnetic radiation , inside a rigid walled cavity in a body made of material that is completely opaque and poorly reflective , when it has reached thermodynamic equilibrium , as a function of absolute thermodynamic temperature alone . A small enough hole in the wall of the cavity emits near enough blackbody radiation of which the spectral radiance can be precisely measured . The walls of the cavity , provided they are completely opaque and poorly reflective , can be of any material indifferently . This provides a well - reproducible absolute thermometer over a very wide range of temperatures , able to measure the absolute temperature of a body inside the cavity . Primary and secondary thermometers ( edit ) A thermometer is called primary or secondary based on how the raw physical quantity it measures is mapped to a temperature . As summarized by Kauppinen et al. , `` For primary thermometers the measured property of matter is known so well that temperature can be calculated without any unknown quantities . Examples of these are thermometers based on the equation of state of a gas , on the velocity of sound in a gas , on the thermal noise voltage or current of an electrical resistor , and on the angular anisotropy of gamma ray emission of certain radioactive nuclei in a magnetic field . '' In contrast , `` Secondary thermometers are most widely used because of their convenience . Also , they are often much more sensitive than primary ones . For secondary thermometers knowledge of the measured property is not sufficient to allow direct calculation of temperature . They have to be calibrated against a primary thermometer at least at one temperature or at a number of fixed temperatures . Such fixed points , for example , triple points and superconducting transitions , occur reproducibly at the same temperature . '' Calibration ( edit ) Mercury - in - glass thermometer Thermometers can be calibrated either by comparing them with other calibrated thermometers or by checking them against known fixed points on the temperature scale . The best known of these fixed points are the melting and boiling points of pure water . ( Note that the boiling point of water varies with pressure , so this must be controlled . ) The traditional way of putting a scale on a liquid - in - glass or liquid - in - metal thermometer was in three stages : Immerse the sensing portion in a stirred mixture of pure ice and water at atmospheric pressure and mark the point indicated when it had come to thermal equilibrium . Immerse the sensing portion in a steam bath at Standard atmospheric pressure and again mark the point indicated . Divide the distance between these marks into equal portions according to the temperature scale being used . Other fixed points used in the past are the body temperature ( of a healthy adult male ) which was originally used by Fahrenheit as his upper fixed point ( 96 ° F ( 36 ° C ) to be a number divisible by 12 ) and the lowest temperature given by a mixture of salt and ice , which was originally the definition of 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) . ( This is an example of a Frigorific mixture ) . As body temperature varies , the Fahrenheit scale was later changed to use an upper fixed point of boiling water at 212 ° F ( 100 ° C ) . These have now been replaced by the defining points in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 , though in practice the melting point of water is more commonly used than its triple point , the latter being more difficult to manage and thus restricted to critical standard measurement . Nowadays manufacturers will often use a thermostat bath or solid block where the temperature is held constant relative to a calibrated thermometer . Other thermometers to be calibrated are put into the same bath or block and allowed to come to equilibrium , then the scale marked , or any deviation from the instrument scale recorded . For many modern devices calibration will be stating some value to be used in processing an electronic signal to convert it to a temperature . Precision , accuracy , and reproducibility ( edit ) The `` Boyce MotoMeter '' radiator cap on a 1913 Car - Nation automobile , used to measure temperature of vapor in 1910s and 1920s cars . The precision or resolution of a thermometer is simply to what fraction of a degree it is possible to make a reading . For high temperature work it may only be possible to measure to the nearest 10 ° C or more . Clinical thermometers and many electronic thermometers are usually readable to 0.1 ° C. Special instruments can give readings to one thousandth of a degree . However , this precision does not mean the reading is true or accurate , it only means that very small changes can be observed . A thermometer calibrated to a known fixed point is accurate ( i.e. gives a true reading ) at that point . Most thermometers are originally calibrated to a constant - volume gas thermometer . In between fixed calibration points , interpolation is used , usually linear . This may give significant differences between different types of thermometer at points far away from the fixed points . For example , the expansion of mercury in a glass thermometer is slightly different from the change in resistance of a platinum resistance thermometer , so these two will disagree slightly at around 50 ° C. There may be other causes due to imperfections in the instrument , e.g. in a liquid - in - glass thermometer if the capillary tube varies in diameter . For many purposes reproducibility is important . That is , does the same thermometer give the same reading for the same temperature ( or do replacement or multiple thermometers give the same reading ) ? Reproducible temperature measurement means that comparisons are valid in scientific experiments and industrial processes are consistent . Thus if the same type of thermometer is calibrated in the same way its readings will be valid even if it is slightly inaccurate compared to the absolute scale . An example of a reference thermometer used to check others to industrial standards would be a platinum resistance thermometer with a digital display to 0.1 ° C ( its precision ) which has been calibrated at 5 points against national standards ( − 18 , 0 , 40 , 70 , 100 ° C ) and which is certified to an accuracy of ± 0.2 ° C . According to British Standards , correctly calibrated , used and maintained liquid - in - glass thermometers can achieve a measurement uncertainty of ± 0.01 ° C in the range 0 to 100 ° C , and a larger uncertainty outside this range : ± 0.05 ° C up to 200 or down to − 40 ° C , ± 0.2 ° C up to 450 or down to − 80 ° C . Indirect methods of temperature measurement ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Needs completion . Add any missing , give brief overview of each principle or thermometer , pros / cons for example temperature range and accuracy , etc ... You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) In theory any physical phenomenon exhibiting a temperature dependence could be used as a thermometer , measuring temperature indirectly . Some of these properties have been exploited . For example blackbody radiation allows one to measure the temperature in a blast furnace or kiln , or the temperature of a distant star Thermal expansion Utilizing the property of thermal expansion of various phases of matter . Pairs of solid metals with different expansion coefficients can be used for bi-metal mechanical thermometers . Another design using this principle is Breguet 's thermometer . Some liquids possess relatively high expansion coefficients over a useful temperature ranges thus forming the basis for an alcohol or mercury thermometer . Alternative designs using this principle are the reversing thermometer and Beckmann differential thermometer . As with liquids , gases can also be used to form a gas thermometer . Pressure Vapour pressure thermometer Density Galileo thermometer Thermochromism Some compounds exhibit thermochromism at distinct temperature changes . Thus by tuning the phase transition temperatures for a series of substances the temperature can be quantified in discrete increments , a form of digitization . This is the basis for a liquid crystal thermometer . Blackbody radiation All objects above absolute zero emit blackbody radiation for which the spectra is directly proportional to the temperature . This property is the basis for a pyrometer or infrared thermometer and thermography . It has the advantage of remote temperature sensing ; it does not require contact or even close proximity unlike most thermometers . At higher temperatures , blackbody radiation becomes visible and is described by the colour temperature . For example a glowing heating element or an approximation of a star 's surface temperature . Fluorescence Phosphor thermometry Optical absorbance spectra Fiber optical thermometer Electrical resistance Resistance thermometer which use materials such as Balco alloy Thermistor Coulomb blockade thermometer Electrical potential Thermocouples are useful over a wide temperature ranges from cryogenic temperatures to over 1000 ° C , but typically have an error of ± 0.5 - 1.5 ° C . Silicon bandgap temperature sensors are commonly found packaged in integrated circuits with accompanying ADC and interface such as I C. Typically they are specified to work within about -- 50 to 150 ° C with accuracies in the ± 0.25 to 1 ° C range but can be improved by binning . Electrical resonance Quartz thermometer Nuclear magnetic resonance Chemical shift is temperature dependent . This property is used to calibrate the thermostat of NMR probes , usually using methanol or ethylene glycol . This can potentially be problematic for internal standards which are usually assumed to have a defined chemical shift ( e.g 0 ppm for TMS ) but in fact exhibit a temperature dependence . Magnetic susceptibility See also : Paramagnetism § Curie 's law Above the Curie temperature , the magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic material exhibits an inverse temperature dependence . This phenomenon is the basis of a magnetic cryometer . Applications ( edit ) See also : List of temperature sensors Thermometers utilize a range of physical effects to measure temperature . Temperature sensors are used in a wide variety of scientific and engineering applications , especially measurement systems . Temperature systems are primarily either electrical or mechanical , occasionally inseparable from the system which they control ( as in the case of a mercury - in - glass thermometer ) . Thermometers are used in roadways in cold weather climates to help determine if icing conditions exist . Indoors , thermistors are used in climate control systems such as air conditioners , freezers , heaters , refrigerators , and water heaters . Galileo thermometers are used to measure indoor air temperature , due to their limited measurement range . Such liquid crystal thermometers ( which use thermochromic liquid crystals ) are also used in mood rings and used to measure the temperature of water in fish tanks . Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors are used in nuclear power facilities to monitor reactor core temperatures and avoid the possibility of nuclear meltdowns . Nanothermometry ( edit ) Nanothermometry is an emergent research field dealing with the knowledge of temperature in the sub-micrometric scale . Conventional thermometers can not measure the temperature of an object which is smaller than a micrometre , and new methods and materials have to be used . Nanothermometry is used in such cases . Nanothermometers are classified as luminescent thermometers ( if they use light to measure temperature ) and non-luminescent thermometers ( systems where thermometric properties are not directly related to luminescence ) . Cryometer ( edit ) Main article : cryometer Thermometers used specifically for low temperatures . Medical ( edit ) Main article : medical thermometer Ear thermometers tend to be an infrared thermometer . Forehead thermometer is an example of a liquid crystal thermometer . Rectal and oral thermometers have typically been mercury but have since largely been supersceded by NTC thermistors with a digital readout . Various thermometric techniques have been used throughout history such as the Galileo thermometer to thermal imaging . Medical thermometers such as mercury - in - glass thermometers , infrared thermometers , pill thermometers , and liquid crystal thermometers are used in health care settings to determine if individuals have a fever or are hypothermic . Food and food safety ( edit ) Thermometers are important in food safety where food at temperatures within 41 and 135 ° F ( 5 and 57 ° C ) can be prone to potentially harmful levels of bacterial growth after several hours which could lead to foodborne illness . This includes monitoring refrigeration temperatures and maintaining temperatures in foods being served under heat lamps or hot water baths . Cooking thermometers are important for determining if a food is properly cooked . In particular meat thermometers are used to aid in cooking meat to a safe internal temperature while preventing over cooking . They are commonly found using either a bimetallic coil , or a thermocouple or thermistor with a digital readout . Candy thermometers are used to aid in achieving a specific water content in a sugar solution based on its boiling temperature . Environmental ( edit ) Indoor - outdoor thermometer Heat meter uses a thermometer to measure rate of heat flow . Thermostats have used bimetallic strips but digital thermistors have since become popular . Alcohol thermometers , infrared thermometers , mercury - in - glass thermometers , recording thermometers , thermistors , and Six 's thermometers are used in meteorology and climatology in various levels of the atmosphere and oceans . Aircraft use thermometers and hygrometers to determine if atmospheric icing conditions exist along their flight path . These measurements are used to initialize weather forecast models . Thermometers are used in roadways in cold weather climates to help determine if icing conditions exist and indoors in climate control systems . See also ( edit ) Automated airport weather station Thermodynamic instruments Maximum - minimum thermometer Wet - and - dry bulb thermometer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grigull , Ulrich ( 1966 ) . Fahrenheit , a Pioneer of Exact Thermometry . ( The Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference , San Francisco , 1966 , Vol. 1 , pp. 9 - 18 . ) Jump up ^ Court , Arnold ( 12 May 1967 ) . `` Concerning an Important Invention '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sherry , David ( 2011 ) . `` Thermoscopes , thermometers , and the foundations of measurement '' ( PDF ) . Studies in History and Philosophy of Science . 42 : 509 -- 524 . Jump up ^ McGee , Thomas Donald ( 1988 ) . Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 9780471627678 . Jump up ^ T.D. McGee ( 1988 ) Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement ISBN 0 - 471 - 62767 - 4 ^ Jump up to : R.S. Doak ( 2005 ) Galileo : astronomer and physicist ISBN 0 - 7565 - 0813 - 4 p36 Jump up ^ T.D. McGee ( 1988 ) Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement page 3 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 62767 - 4 Jump up ^ T.D. McGee ( 1988 ) Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement , pages 2 -- 4 ISBN 0 - 471 - 62767 - 4 ^ Jump up to : R.P. Benedict ( 1984 ) Fundamentals of Temperature , Pressure , and Flow Measurements , 3rd ed , ISBN 0 - 471 - 89383 - 8 page 4 Jump up ^ Jacob Adler , `` J.S. Delmedigo and the Liquid - in - Glass Therometer , '' Annals of Science 54 ( 1997 ) : 293 - 299 . Jump up ^ R.P. Benedict ( 1984 ) Fundamentals of Temperature , Pressure , and Flow Measurements , 3rd ed , ISBN 0 - 471 - 89383 - 8 page 6 Jump up ^ Christin 's thermometer Archived 2013 - 06 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . and Linnaeus ' thermometer Jump up ^ Tan , S.Y. ; Hu , M ( 2004 ) . `` Medicine in Stamps : Hermann Boerhaave ( 1668 - 1738 ) : 18th Century Teacher Extraordinaire '' ( PDF ) . Singapore Medical Journal . 45 ( 1 ) . pp. 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Exergen Corporation . Exergen.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Patents By Inventor Francesco Pompei : : Justia Patents . Patents.justia.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Beattie , J.A. , Oppenheim , I. ( 1979 ) . Principles of Thermodynamics , Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company , Amsterdam , ISBN 0 - 444 - 41806 - 7 , page 29 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , J.S. ( 1962 ) . `` A restatement of the zeroth law of thermodynamics '' . Am. J. Phys. 30 : 294 -- 296 . Bibcode : 1962AmJPh ... 30 ... 294T . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1941991 . Jump up ^ Mach , E. ( 1900 ) . Die Principien der Wärmelehre . Historisch - kritisch entwickelt , Johann Ambrosius Barth , Leipzig , section 22 , pages 56 - 57 . English translation edited by McGuinness , B. ( 1986 ) , Principles of the Theory of Heat , Historically and Critically Elucidated , D. Reidel Publishing , Dordrecht , ISBN 90 - 277 - 2206 - 4 , section 5 , pp. 48 -- 49 , section 22 , pages 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Truesdell , C.A. ( 1980 ) . The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics , 1822 - 1854 , Springer , New York , ISBN 0 - 387 - 90403 - 4 . Jump up ^ Serrin , J. ( 1986 ) . Chapter 1 , ' An Outline of Thermodynamical Structure ' , pages 3 - 32 , especially page 6 , in New Perspectives in Thermodynamics , edited by J. Serrin , Springer , Berlin , ISBN 3 - 540 - 15931 - 2 . Jump up ^ Serrin , J. ( 1978 ) . The concepts of thermodynamics , in Contemporary Developments in Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations , Rio de Janeiro , August 1977 , edited by G.M. de La Penha , L.A.J. Medeiros , North - Holland , Amsterdam , ISBN 0 - 444 - 85166 - 6 , pages 411 - 451 . Jump up ^ Planck , M. ( 1926 ) . Über die Begründung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik , S. - B. Preuß . Akad . Wiss . phys . math . Kl. : 453 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Buchdahl , H.A. ( 1966 ) . The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics , Cambridge University Press , London , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Lieb , E.H. ; Yngvason , J. ( 1999 ) . `` The physics and mathematics of the second law of thermodynamics '' . Physics Reports . 314 : 1 -- 96 ( 56 ) . arXiv : hep - ph / 9807278 . Bibcode : 1999PhR ... 314 ... 1L . doi : 10.1016 / S0370 - 1573 ( 98 ) 00128 - 8 . Jump up ^ Truesdell , C. , Bharatha , S. ( 1977 ) . The Concepts and Logic of Classical Thermodynamics as a Theory of Heat Engines . Rigorously Constructed upon the Foundation Laid by S. Carnot and F. Reech , Springer , New York , ISBN 0 - 387 - 07971 - 8 , page 20 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , H. , ( 1983 ) . An Introduction to Thermomechanics , North - Holland , Amsterdam , ISBN 0 - 444 - 86503 - 9 . Jump up ^ Landsberg , P.T. ( 1961 ) . Thermodynamics with Quantum Statistical Illustrations , Interscience Publishers , New York , page 17 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , J.C. ( 1872 ) . Theory of Heat , third edition , Longmans , Green , and Co. , London , pages 232 - 233 . Jump up ^ Lewis , G.N. , Randall , M. ( 1923 / 1961 ) . Thermodynamics , second edition revised by K.S Pitzer , L. Brewer , McGraw - Hill , New York , pages 378 - 379 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , J.S. ; Hartka , T.J. ( 1962 ) . `` Strange Carnot cycles ; thermodynamics of a system with a density extremum '' . Am. J. Phys. 30 : 26 -- 33 . Bibcode : 1962AmJPh ... 30 ... 26T . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1941890 . ^ Jump up to : Truesdell , C. , Bharatha , S. ( 1977 ) . The Concepts and Logic of Classical Thermodynamics as a Theory of Heat Engines . Rigorously Constructed upon the Foundation Laid by S. Carnot and F. Reech , Springer , New York , ISBN 0 - 387 - 07971 - 8 , pages 9 - 10 , 15 - 18 , 36 - 37 . Jump up ^ Planck , M. ( 1897 / 1903 ) . Treatise on Thermodynamics , translated by A. Ogg , Longmans , Green & Co. , London . Jump up ^ Preston , T. ( 1894 / 1904 ) . The Theory of Heat , second edition , revised by J.R. Cotter , Macmillan , London , Section 92.0 ^ Jump up to : Kauppinen , J.P. ; Loberg , K.T. ; Manninen , A.J. ; Pekola , J.P. ( 1998 ) . `` Coulomb blockade thermometer : Tests and instrumentation '' . Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 : 4166 . Bibcode : 1998RScI ... 69.4166 K . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1149265 . Jump up ^ R.P. Benedict ( 1984 ) Fundamentals of Temperature , Pressure , and Flow Measurements , 3rd ed , ISBN 0 - 471 - 89383 - 8 , page 5 Jump up ^ J. Lord ( 1994 ) Sizes ISBN 0 - 06 - 273228 - 5 page 293 ^ Jump up to : R.P. Benedict ( 1984 ) Fundamentals of Temperature , Pressure , and Flow Measurements , 3rd ed , ISBN 0 - 471 - 89383 - 8 , chapter 11 `` Calibration of Temperature Sensors '' ^ Jump up to : T. Duncan ( 1973 ) Advanced Physics : Materials and Mechanics ( John Murray , London ) ISBN 0 - 7195 - 2844 - 5 Jump up ^ Peak Sensors Reference Thermometer Jump up ^ BS1041 - 2.1 : 1985 Temperature Measurement - Part 2 : Expansion thermometers . Section 2.1 Guide to selection and use of liquid - in - glass thermometers ^ Jump up to : E.F.J. Ring ( January 2007 ) . `` The historical development of temperature measurement in medicine '' . Infrared Physics & Technology . 49 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 301 . Bibcode : 2007InPhT ... 49 ... 297R . doi : 10.1016 / j. infrared. 2006.06. 029 . Jump up ^ `` MCP9804 : ± 0.25 ° C Typical Accuracy Digital Temperature Sensor '' . Microchip. 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Si7050 / 1 / 3 / 4 / 5 - A20 : I2C Temperature Sensors '' ( PDF ) . Silicon Labs. 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Findeisen , M. ; Brand , T. ; Berger , S. ( February 2007 ) . `` A1H - NMR thermometer suitable for cryoprobes '' . Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry . 45 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 178 . doi : 10.1002 / mrc. 1941 . Jump up ^ Braun , Stefan Berger ; Siegmar ( 2004 ) . 200 and more NMR experiments : a practical course ( ( 3 . ed . ) . ed . ) . Weinheim : WILEY - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 31067 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Roy E. ; Becker , Edwin D. ( September 2005 ) . `` Temperature dependence of the 1H chemical shift of tetramethylsilane in chloroform , methanol , and dimethylsulfoxide '' . Journal of Magnetic Resonance. 176 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2005JMagR. 176 ... 87H . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmr. 2005.05. 015 . Jump up ^ Krusius , Matti ( 2014 ) . `` Magnetic thermometer '' . AccessScience . doi : 10.1036 / 1097 - 8542.398650 . Jump up ^ Sergatskov , D.A. ( Oct 2003 ) . `` New Paramagnetic Susceptibility Thermometers for Fundamental Physics Measurements '' . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1627261 . ^ Jump up to : Angela M. Fraser , Ph. D. ( 2006 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Food Safety : Thermometers '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina State University . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alberto Fernandez ; Gusarov , Andrei I. ; Brichard , Benoît ; Bodart , Serge ; Lammens , Koen ; Berghmans , Francis ; Decréton , Marc ; Mégret , Patrice ; Blondel , Michel ; Delchambre , Alain ( 2002 ) . `` Temperature monitoring of nuclear reactor cores with multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors '' . Optical Engineering . 41 ( 6 ) : 1246 -- 1254 . Bibcode : 2002OptEn ... 41.1246 F. CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.59. 1761 . doi : 10.1117 / 1.1475739 . Jump up ^ http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/NR/C2NR30663H Jump up ^ US Active 6854882 , Ming - Yun Chen , `` Rapid response electronic clinical thermometer '' , published 2005 - 02 - 15 , assigned to Actherm Inc . Further reading ( edit ) Middleton , W.E.K. ( 1966 ) . A history of the thermometer and its use in meteorology . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Reprinted ed. 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7153 - 0 . History of the Thermometer ( 1 ) - Recent review on Thermometry at the Nanoscale External links ( edit ) Look up thermometer in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Measuring instruments ( temperature ) . History of Temperature and Thermometry The Chemical Educator , Vol. 5 , No. 2 ( 2000 ) The Thermometer -- From The Feeling To The Instrument History Channel -- Invention -- Notable Modern Inventions and Discoveries About -- Thermometer -- Thermometers -- Early History , Anders Celsius , Gabriel Fahrenheit and Thomson Kelvin . Thermometers and Thermometric Liquids -- Mercury and Alcohol . The NIST Industrial Thermometer Calibration Laboratory Thermometry at the Nanoscale -- Review <Th_colspan="2"> Earth - based meteorological equipment and instrumentation <Td_colspan="2"> Anemometer Atmometer Barograph Barometer Ceiling balloon Ceiling projector Ceilometer Dark adaptor goggles Dewcell Disdrometer Dropsonde Field mill Heat flux sensor Hygrometer Ice accretion indicator Lidar Lightning detector Nephelometer Nephoscope Pan evaporation Pyranometer Pyrheliometer Radiosonde Rain gauge Snow gauge Snowboard Snow pillow SODAR Solarimeter Sounding rocket Stevenson screen Sunshine recorder Tethersonde Thermo - hygrograph Thermometer Tide gauge Transmissometer Weather balloon Weather buoy Weather radar Weather vane Whole sky camera Wind profiler Windsock <Th_colspan="2"> Laboratory equipment <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General <Td_colspan="2"> Heaters Dryers Alcohol burner Bunsen burner Desiccator Heating mantle Hot plate Lab oven Kiln Meker - Fisher burner Striker Teclu burner Water bath Vacuum dry box Mixers Shakers Chemostat Homogenizer Liquid whistle Magnetic stirrer Mortar and pestle Shaker Sonicator Static mixer Stirring rod Vortex mixer Wash bottle Stands Clamps Holders Beaker clamp Clamp holder Tripod Burette clamp Extension clamp Flask clamp Funnel support Iron ring Pinch clamp Retort stand Screw clamp Test tube holder Test tube rack Wire gauze Lab drying rack Containers Storage Agar plate Cryogenic storage dewar Incubator Laminar flow cabinet Microtiter plate Petri dish Picotiter plate Refrigerator Weighing boat Weighing dish Other items Aspirator Autoclave Balance brush Cork borer Crucible Filter paper File Forceps Centrifuge Microscope Pipeclay triangle Spectrophotometer Splint Stopper Scoopula Spatula Test tube brush Wire brush Inoculation needle Inoculation loop <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Glassware <Td_colspan="2"> Apparatus Dean - Stark Soxhlet extractor Kipp 's Bottles Boston round Pycnometer Condensers Cold finger Liebig Dishes Evaporating Petri Watch glass Flasks Büchner Vacuum ( Dewar ) Erlenmeyer Fernbach Fleaker Florence Retort Round - bottom Schlenk Volumetric Funnels Büchner Hirsch Dropping Separatory Measuring devices Burette Conical measure Cuvette Eudiometer Graduated cylinder Ostwald viscometer Pipette Pipette ( dropper ) Tubes Boiling Cragie Ignition Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) Test Thiele Thistle Other items Beaker Gas syringe Vial <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Analytical chemistry <Td_colspan="2"> Compositional AutoAnalyzer CHN analyzer Colorimeter Inductively coupled plasma ( ICP ) device Gas chromatograph ( GC ) Liquid Chromatograph ( LC ) Mass spectrometer ( MS ) pH indicator pH meter Microscopy Scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) Transmission electron microscope ( TEM ) Thermochemistry Calorimeter differential scanning Melting point apparatus Thermometer Thermogravimetric analyzer ( TGA ) Other items Analytical balance Colony counter Spiral plater Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) instrument Plate reader <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Electronics <Td_colspan="2"> Ammeter Current source Function generator Galvanostat Multimeter Network analyzer Oscilloscope Pulse generator Potentiostat Spectrum analyzer Time - domain reflectometer Voltage source Voltmeter <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Safety <Td_colspan="2"> Personal protective equipment ( PPE ) <Td_colspan="2"> Lab coat Face shield Respirator Rubber apron Safety shower Eye and hand Acid - resistant gloves Eyewash station Glove box Medical gloves Nitrile gloves Safety glasses Safety goggles Other items Acid ( solvent ) cabinet Biosafety cabinet Fire blanket Fire extinguisher Fume hood <Td_colspan="2"> Instruments used in medical laboratories <Th_colspan="2"> Health care <Td_colspan="2"> Economics Equipment Guidelines Industry Philosophy Policy Providers Ranking Reform System Professions Medicine Nursing Healthcare science Dentistry Allied health professions Pharmacy Health information management Settings Assisted living Clinic Hospital Nursing home Medical school ( Academic health science centre , Teaching hospital ) Care Acute Chronic End - of - life Hospice Overutilization Palliative Primary Self Total Skills / Training Bedside manner Cultural competence Diagnosis Education Universal precautions <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive , transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation , subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position , angle , displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical , light , imaging Active pixel sensor Angle -- sensitive pixel Back - illuminated sensor Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single - photon detector Transition edge sensor Tristimulus colorimeter Visible - light photon counter Wavefront sensor Pressure Barograph Barometer Boost gauge Bourdon gauge Hot - filament ionization gauge Ionization gauge McLeod gauge Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge Pressure gauge Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge Force , density , level Bhangmeter Force gauge Hydrometer Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge Piezoelectric sensor Strain gauge Torque sensor Viscometer Thermal , heat , temperature Bimetallic strip Bolometer Calorimeter Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge Golay cell Heat flux sensor Infrared thermometer Microbolometer Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave / imager Thermistor Thermocouple Thermometer Proximity , presence Alarm sensor Doppler radar Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor Proximity sensor Reed switch Stud finder Touch switch Triangulation sensor Wired glove Sensor technology Active pixel sensor Back - illuminated sensor Biochip Biosensor Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film Electro - optical sensor Fabry -- Pérot interferometer Fisheries acoustics Image sensor Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor Lab - on - a-chip Leaf sensor Machine vision Microelectromechanical systems Photoelasticity Quantum sensor Radar Ground - penetrating radar Synthetic aperture radar Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor Sonar Staring array Transducer Ultrasonic sensor Video sensor technology Visual sensor network Wheatstone bridge Wireless sensor network Related List of sensors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermometer&oldid=826713005 '' Categories : Thermometers Temperature Meteorological instrumentation and equipment Italian inventions Dutch inventions 17th - century introductions 18th - century introductions Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 16 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Thermometer history and development
2. Temperature measurement and scales
3. Types of thermometers and their principles
4. Calibration of thermometers
5. Primary and secondary thermometers
|
-8,674,513,549,628,918,000 |
how old is baby's sister in dirty dancing
|
Dirty Dancing - wikipedia Dirty Dancing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1987 romantic drama film . For other uses , see Dirty Dancing ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Dirty Dancing <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Emile Ardolino Produced by Linda Gottlieb Written by Eleanor Bergstein Starring Patrick Swayze Jennifer Grey Jerry Orbach Cynthia Rhodes Music by John Morris Erich Bulling Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Peter C. Frank Production company Great American Films Limited Partnership Distributed by Vestron Pictures Release date August 21 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 21 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $214 million Dirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama dance film written by Eleanor Bergstein , directed by Emile Ardolino and starring Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey in the lead roles , and featuring Cynthia Rhodes and Jerry Orbach . Originally a low - budget film by a new studio , Vestron Pictures , Dirty Dancing became a massive box office hit . As of 2009 , it has earned over $214 million worldwide . It was the first film to sell more than a million copies on home video , and the Dirty Dancing soundtrack created by Jimmy Ienner generated two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles , including `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , which won both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song , and a Grammy Award for best duet . The film 's popularity led to a 2004 prequel , Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights , as well as a stage version which has had sellout performances in Australia , Europe , and North America . A Dirty Dancing remake was released in 2017 . Unlike the original film , the remake received negative reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Production 4.1 Pre-production 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Music 7 Legacy 8 Alternate versions 8.1 Stage version 8.2 Tours and TV show 8.3 Prequel 8.4 20th anniversary releases 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1963 , 17 - year - old Frances `` Baby '' Houseman ( Jennifer Grey ) is vacationing with her affluent family at Kellerman 's , a resort in the Catskill Mountains . Baby is the younger of two daughters , and plans to attend Mount Holyoke College to study economics in underdeveloped countries and then enter the Peace Corps . Her father , Jake ( Jerry Orbach ) , is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman ( Jack Weston ) , the resort proprietor . Baby is befriended by Max 's grandson Neil ( Lonny Price ) . Baby develops a crush on the resort 's dance instructor , Johnny Castle ( Patrick Swayze ) . Johnny is the leader of the resort 's working - class entertainment staff . Baby encounters Johnny 's cousin Billy on a walk through the resort grounds , and helps him carry watermelons to the staff quarters . The staff hold secret after - hours parties in their quarters , and Baby is surprised by the `` dirty dancing '' they engage in . Intrigued , Baby receives a brief , impromptu dance lesson from Johnny . After Baby discovers that Johnny 's dance partner , Penny Johnson ( Cynthia Rhodes ) , is pregnant by Robbie Gould ( Max Cantor ) , a womanizing waiter who is also dating and cheating on Baby 's older sister , Lisa ( Jane Brucker ) and several other female guests , she borrows money from her father to pay for an illegal abortion for Penny . Jake agrees to give the money to Baby even though she says she ca n't tell him what it 's for . Penny eventually accepts the money , but says there is another issue . Johnny and Penny perform a weekly dance at the Sheldrake , another nearby resort . Penny will miss her performance if she goes for the abortion , and they will forfeit their salary for the season . Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her . Johnny scoffs at this , which overcomes Baby 's initial resistance . Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance . Johnny begins to teach Baby the mambo , and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together . Baby gradually begins to improve , and a romantic attraction grows between them . An iconic scene from the dancing finale Billy takes Penny to a traveling abortionist while Baby and Johnny perform at the Sheldrake Hotel . Their performance is mostly successful , although Baby is too nervous to accomplish the dance 's climactic lift . Johnny and Baby return to Kellerman 's and find Penny in agony . Billy explains that the `` doctor '' turned out to be a back - alley hack who caused severe damage to Penny . Baby brings her father to help Penny , but when Jake asks point blank , `` Who 's responsible for this girl ? '' , Johnny replies `` I am '' , claiming responsibility out of fear that Penny will be fired if it gets out that she slept with Robbie . Jake treats Penny , but is angry that Baby used his money to pay for the procedure , and forbids Baby to associate with Johnny or his friends . Baby goes to Johnny to apologize for her father 's behavior . They dance , and afterwards have sex . Jake tells his family they 'll be leaving early over breakfast . Marjorie says they are paid up til Sunday and Lisa protests , because she wants to sing at the end - of - season talent show . Jake gives in , and Baby continues to see Johnny despite her father 's warning . She pulls Johnny off the footpath when her father is nearby , and Johnny is hurt that she wo n't stand up for him to her father . Robbie sees them during their argument and makes a derisive remark about `` going slumming '' with the staff . Johnny assaults him . Due to his growing feelings for Baby , Johnny refused payment for sex with another Kellerman 's guest , `` bungalow bunny '' Vivian Pressman . Vivian takes Robbie for sex in his cabin , which is accidentally interrupted by Lisa , who told Baby that she was intending to have sex with Robbie . When Vivian leaves the cabin the next morning , she discovers Baby leaving Johnny 's cabin after . Later in the morning over breakfast , Max and Neil Kellerman reveal to the Housemans that Moe Pressman 's wallet was stolen while he was playing a card game with other guests . Vivian accuses Johnny of the theft in a fit of her jealousy over Johnny 's rejection . Johnny is unable to provide a verifiable alibi , in order to protect his relationship with Baby . To save Johnny from being fired , Baby confesses that Johnny did not commit the theft because she was with him in his cabin that night . Johnny is cleared of the theft after it is revealed that two elderly guests , Mr. and Mrs. Schumacher , stole Moe 's wallet along with wallets of other guests . Max fires Johnny anyway for having a fraternizing affair with Baby . Baby and Johnny embrace and bid farewell to each other , saying they 'll never regret their affair , despite her father 's objections . Baby pointedly apologizes to Jake for lying about her relationship with Johnny , but not for the relationship itself . Baby and her parents watch the end - of - season talent show . Jake bids farewell to Robbie , and gives him a recommendation letter for medical school . Robbie thanks Jake , willingly reveals that he got Penny pregnant and insults her and Baby , which leads Jake to yank the letter back . Staff and guests ( including Lisa ) of Kellerman 's are singing the closing song together when the door opens and Johnny walks in . He 's returned to do the last dance of the season . Johnny leads Baby onstage , interrupting the show which is already in progress . He makes a brief speech about how `` Frances '' has made him a better man . Baby and Johnny dance a more provocative version of their mambo duet , and the other `` dirty dancers '' join in . Baby runs to Johnny and executes the elusive lift move they 'd practiced . The dirty dancers pull guests from their seats to join in the celebration . Jake apologizes to Johnny for thinking he got Penny pregnant , and reconciles with Baby . The film ends with the entire cast dancing joyously to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Grey as Frances `` Baby '' Houseman Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman Jack Weston as Max Kellerman Max Cantor as Robbie Gould Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman Charles Coles as Tito Suarez Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman Wayne Knight as Stan Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Be My Baby '' -- The Ronettes `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' -- Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons `` Where Are You Tonight ? '' -- Tom Johnston `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours `` Love Man '' -- Otis Redding `` Stay '' -- Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs `` Hungry Eyes '' -- Eric Carmen `` Overload '' -- Zappacosta `` Hey ! Baby '' -- Bruce Channel `` De Todo Un Poco '' -- Melon `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' -- The Drifters `` These Arms Of Mine '' -- Otis Redding `` Cry to Me '' -- Solomon Burke `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' -- The Shirelles `` Love Is Strange '' -- Mickey & Sylvia `` You Do n't Own Me '' -- The Blow Monkeys `` Yes '' -- Merry Clayton `` In the Still of the Night '' -- The Five Satins `` She 's Like the Wind '' -- Patrick Swayze `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes Note : Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song `` Hula Hana , '' which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene . Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein 's own childhood : she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York , spent summers with her family in the Catskills , participated in `` Dirty Dancing '' competitions , and was herself nicknamed `` Baby '' as a girl . In 1980 , Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film , It 's My Turn . However , the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script , much to her dismay . She then conceived a new story , focused almost exclusively on dancing . In 1984 , she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle , who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb . They set the film in 1963 , with the character of Baby based on Bergstein 's own life , and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace , a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story . She finished the script in November 1985 , but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround , or limbo . Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected , until she brought it to Vestron Pictures , the newly formed studio division of Stamford , Connecticut , based Vestron Inc. , the leading independent home video distribution company . While honing their pitch to Vestron , Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film 's director , who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary , He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' . Ardolino had never directed a feature film , but was extremely passionate about the project ; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty , insisting that he was the best choice as director . The team of Gottlieb , Bergstein , and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron 's president , Jon Peisinger , and the company 's vice president for production , Mitchell Cannold . By the end of the meeting , Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron 's first feature film production . The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million , at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million . For choreographer , Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega , who had been trained by Gene Kelly . For a location , they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills ( as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point ) , so they decided on a combination of two locations : Lake Lure , North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Newport , Virginia , and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area . Casting ( edit ) Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act , as he did not want to use the `` stand - in '' method that had been used with Flashdance ( 1983 ) . For the female lead of Frances `` Baby '' Houseman , Bergstein chose the 26 - year - old Jennifer Grey , daughter of the Oscar - winning actor and dancer Joel Grey ( e.g. , of the film Cabaret ( 1972 ) , who , like her father , was a trained dancer . They then sought a male lead , initially considering 20 - year - old Billy Zane , who had the visual look desired ( originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look ) , but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations . The next choice was 34 - year - old Patrick Swayze , who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) and Red Dawn ( 1984 ) . He was a seasoned dancer , with experience from the Joffrey Ballet . The producers were thrilled with him , but his agent was opposed to the idea . However , Swayze read the script , liked the multi-level character of Johnny , and took the part anyway , and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish . Grey was initially not happy about the choice , as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn , but when they did their dancing screen test , the chemistry between them was obvious . Bergstein described it as `` breathtaking '' . Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman , Baby 's father ; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman , her older sister . Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend , sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer , to play Mrs. Schumacher , and Joel Grey as her husband . However , Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief . The role went instead to 79 - year - old Paula Trueman , and Joel Grey was not cast . Another role went to Bergstein 's friend , New York radio personality `` Cousin Brucie '' . She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician . The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight ( of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame ) . The part of Baby 's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton , who is briefly visible in the beginning , when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman 's ( she is in the front seat for a few seconds ; her blonde hair is the only indication ) , but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop , who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman , the highly sexed resort guest . Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman , and the film 's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian . Filming ( edit ) A typical family resort in the Catskill Mountains Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure , North Carolina , and Mountain Lake , Virginia . Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp , which is now a private , residential community known as Firefly Cove . These scenes included the interior dancing scenes , Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs , Johnny 's cabin , the staff cabins , the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250 . Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous `` water lift '' scene , dining scenes , Kellerman 's Hotel , the beach games , Penny crying in the kitchen , and the Houseman family 's cabins . The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming , as it was already the tail end of summer . The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke , Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure , N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member , even non-dancers such as Jack Weston . The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and , immersed in the environment , the lead actors , Grey and Swayze , began identifying with their characters . Bergstein built upon this , encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes . She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or `` grinding '' the dance steps , that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months . Filming started on September 5 , 1986 but was plagued by the weather , which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat . The outside temperature rose to 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming , the temperature inside could be as high as 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) . According to choreographer Kenny Ortega , on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting . The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration . Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit ; insisting on doing his own stunts , he repeatedly fell off the log during the `` balancing '' scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling . Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn , which required the set decorators to spray - paint the autumn leaves green . The uncooperative weather then took a different turn , plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October . The crew wore warm coats , gloves , and boots . Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing , to repeatedly dive into the cold water . Despite her character 's enjoyment , Grey later described the water as `` horrifically '' cold , and she might not have gone into the lake , except that she was `` young and hungry '' . Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production . They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project , Red Dawn ( 1984 ) , and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test , but that initial cooperation soon faded , and they were soon `` facing off '' before every scene . There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes . To address this , producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen - tests -- the ones with the `` breathtaking '' chemistry . This had the desired effect , and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm . Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling , even if actors went `` off script '' . One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm ( similar to the pose seen in the movie poster ) . Though it was written as a serious and tender moment , Grey was exhausted , found the move ticklish , and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it , no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for . Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey 's behavior annoying . However , the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film , complete with Grey 's giggling and Swayze 's annoyed expression . It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie , turning out , as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it , `` as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film . '' Post-production ( edit ) The shooting wrapped on October 27 , 1986 , both on - time and on - budget . No one on the team , however , liked the rough cut that was put together , and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop . Thirty - nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot . In May 1987 , the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo . According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold , Russo 's reaction at the end was to say simply , `` Burn the negative , and collect the insurance . '' Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film . Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film , seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience . However , when they learned the film contained an abortion scene , they asked for that part of the plot to be cut . As Bergstein refused , the Clearasil promotion was dropped . Consequently , Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16 , 1987 . The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend , and then send it to home video , since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production . Considering how many people disliked the film at that point , producer Gottlieb 's recollection of her feelings at the time was , `` I would have only been grateful , if when it was released , people did n't yell at me . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 72 % based on reviews from 57 critics , with a rating average of 6.1 out of 10 . For the film 's opening , the August 16 , 1987 edition of The New York Times published a major review , with a headline reading , `` Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat . '' The Times reviewer called the film `` a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 -- orderly , prosperous , bursting with good intentions , a sort of Yiddish - inflected Camelot . '' Other reviews were more mixed : Gene Siskel gave the film a `` marginal Thumbs Up '' as he liked Jennifer Grey 's acting and development of her character , while Roger Ebert gave it `` Thumbs Down '' due to its `` idiot plot '' , calling it a `` tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds . '' TIME magazine was lukewarm , saying , `` If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein 's script is too neat and inspirational , the rough energy of the film 's song and dance does carry one along , past the whispered doubts of better judgment . '' In a retrospective review , Jezebel 's Irin Carmon called the film `` the greatest movie of all time '' as `` a great , brave movie for women '' with `` some subtle , retrospectively sharp - eyed critiques of class and gender . '' Abortion rights advocates have called the film the `` gold standard '' for cinematic portrayals of abortion , which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a `` compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision , a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films . '' The film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens , with viewers rating the film highly . Many filmgoers , after seeing the film once , went right back into the theater to watch it a second time . Word - of - mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States , and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark . By November , it was also achieving international fame . Within seven months of release , it had brought in $63 million domestically and boosted attendance in dance classes across America . It was one of the highest - grossing films of 1987 , earning $170 million worldwide . The film 's popularity continued to grow after its initial release . It was the number one video rental of 1988 and became the first film to sell a million copies on video . When the film was re-released in 1997 , ten years after its original release , Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month . As of 2005 , it was selling a million DVDs per year , with over ten million copies sold as of 2007 . A May 2007 survey by Britain 's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on `` Women 's most - watched films '' , above the Star Wars trilogy , Grease , The Sound of Music , and Pretty Woman . The film 's popularity has also caused it to be called `` the Star Wars for girls . '' An April 2008 article in Britain 's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of `` most romantic movie quotes ever '' , for Baby 's line : `` I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you . '' The film 's music has also had considerable impact . The closing song , `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , has been listed as the `` third most popular song played at funerals '' in the UK . Awards and honors ( edit ) Jennifer Grey at the 1988 Academy Awards Year Award Result Ref 60th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Original Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Won Best Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Grammy Awards Best Pop Performance by a Duo Won Best Song written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 93 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- # 86 `` Do You Love Me '' -- Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Johnny Castle : `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' -- # 98 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Music ( edit ) See also : Dirty Dancing ( soundtrack ) Rehearsals for the dancing , and some filming , used music from Bergstein 's personal collection of gramophone records . When it came time to select actual music for the film , Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor . Ienner , who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night , opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein 's collection . He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song `` She 's Like the Wind '' . Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz , originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) . John Morris composed the film 's score . The lyrics for the Kellermans ' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film and were sung to the tune of `` Annie Lisle '' , a commonly used theme for school alma maters . Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes , listening to each one . According to Ortega , literally the last tape they listened to had `` The Time of My Life '' , which they saw as the obvious choice . Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it . The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group , an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . The film 's soundtrack started an oldies music revival , and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise . According to Franke Previte , before a single had even been released , there were a million albums on back - order . The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times , selling more than 32 million copies worldwide . It spawned a follow - up multi-platinum album in February 1988 , entitled More Dirty Dancing . Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , composed by Franke Previte , John deNicola , and Donald Markowitz -- this song rose to # 1 on the pop charts . `` She 's Like the Wind '' , performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze , composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz ; this song peaked at # 3 in 1988 . `` Hungry Eyes '' , performed by Eric Carmen , composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola ; this song peaked at # 4 in 1988 . `` Yes '' , performed by Merry Clayton , composed by Neal Cavanaugh , Terry Fryer and Tom Graf ; this song peaked # 45 in 1988 . Additionally , the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours ' single `` Do You Love Me '' . `` Do You Love Me '' was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack ; it was included on More Dirty Dancing . Upon being re-released , `` Do You Love Me '' became a surprise hit all over again , this time peaking at # 11 ( it originally hit # 3 back in 1962 ) . Legacy ( edit ) The iconic scene where Johnny says `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' As for the studio , despite the film 's huge monetary success , Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money . Vestron 's parent company , Vestron Inc. , went bankrupt in 1989 , and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million . The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment , which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003 . Orbach , already known as a successful Broadway actor , continued in different genres . He was the voice of the candelabrum `` Lumiere '' in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , before taking on his best known role , detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order , which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004 . Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies ( 1992 ) and starting in 2006 , the High School Musical series . He also became a director of film and television , including several episodes of Gilmore Girls , in which Dirty Dancing 's Kelly Bishop had a starring role . Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers , soul singer Maurice Williams ( whose song `` Stay '' was featured in the film ) , and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets . Today , Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival . Kellerman 's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel , and it now offers `` Dirty Dancing Weekends '' . Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture . Johnny Castle 's line , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' , has been used in song lyrics , as the title of the `` Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner '' episode of the TV series Veronica Mars , and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song . `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' was also quoted in Supernatural : when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie ; Dean responds : `` Swayze always gets a pass '' . The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard , one of the primary characters , uttered a variation involving his own name , and in Family Guy , where the scene is parodied by Baby 's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth . In Sweden , feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' ( in English ) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square ( 2008 ) and at Karlstad University ( 2012 ) . Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff . In the TV series How I Met Your Mother , Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story ; the original `` Love is Strange '' scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny . The French film Heartbreaker ( 2010 ) pays homage to the film , as a plot detail , with some clips from the film shown and a `` recreation '' by the two main characters of the `` lift '' scene . In the first episode of the TV series New Girl , the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up . Since 2009 , there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure , North Carolina . Alternate versions ( edit ) Stage version ( edit ) The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical , Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage . Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million , it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film , plus a few extra scenes . Musical direction was by Chong Lim ( one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ) , and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company 's Josef Brown as Johnny . Although reviews were mixed , the production was a commercial success , selling over 200,000 tickets during its six - month run . It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London 's West End , where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23 , 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history , earning £ 6 million ( $ US12 million ) . As of March 2011 , over 1 million people have seen the musical in London , selling out 6 months in advance . The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five - year run , prior to a two - year national tour . The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13 , 2013 to February 22 , 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland . A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006 , with the show first starting in other North American cities . It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue , selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The production opened on November 15 , 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre , with an all - Canadian cast , except for Monica West ( Baby Housman ) , Britta Lazenga ( Penny ) , and Al Sapienza ( Jake Housman ) . After Toronto , the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28 , 2008 and officially on October 19 , 2008 , running through January 17 , 2009 , followed by Boston ( February 7 -- March 15 , 2009 ) and Los Angeles . An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington , DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities . Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2 . Tours and TV show ( edit ) Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version . In 1988 , a music tour named Dirty Dancing : Live in Concert , featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen , played 90 cities in three months . Also in 1988 , the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series , however with none of the original cast or staff . The series was canceled after only a few episodes . Prequel ( edit ) In 2004 , a prequel of the film was released , entitled Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights . It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance , when her family relocates to Havana , Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution . Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher -- considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film . 20th anniversary releases ( edit ) For the 20th anniversary in 2007 , the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage , while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes , and included writer commentary . At the same time , Codemasters released Dirty Dancing : The Video Game . In the United Kingdom , the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film ; titled Dirty Dancing : The Time of Your Life , the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort . In the UK , to mark the 20th anniversary of the film , Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing . It was presented by Dawn Porter , an investigative journalist and a self - confessed Dirty Dancing addict . The documentary was very successful , being Channel Five 's highest rated documentary of 2007 . Porter visited the set of the film , met other Dirty Dancing fanatics , and learned the last dance , which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Dirty Dancing ( 2017 film ) In August 2011 , Lionsgate , who owns the film rights , announced their plan to remake the film . It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film 's choreographer , Kenny Ortega , to direct . `` We believe that the timing could n't be better to modernize this story on the big screen , and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm , '' Joe Drake , president of Lionsgate 's Motion Picture Group , explained about the project . A miniseries version of `` Dirty Dancing '' had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina . As of July 29 , 2015 , the miniseries has been put on hold . In December 2015 , ABC ordered a three - hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing , starring Abigail Breslin , Colt Prattes , Debra Messing , Sarah Hyland , Nicole Scherzinger , Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper . It aired on May 24 , 2017 . It received negative reviews from a majority of critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DIRTY DANCING ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 20 , 1987 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` Patrick Swayze , the man who inspired a generation of women to dance , has died '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Craughwell , Kathleen ( August 18 , 1997 ) . `` Save the Last Dirty Dance for the Revival ; Movies : ' Dirty Dancing , ' the Catskills love story with forbidden footwork , steps out again for its 10th birthday '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` ABC Announces May Premiere Date for DIRTY DANCING Event Movie '' . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catskills Resort That Inspired Dirty Dancing Burns To The Ground '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lake Hotel '' . Jump up ^ Miller , Gray . `` Learn How to Dirty Dance '' . Dance.LoveToKnow.com . ^ Jump up to : Vernon , Polly ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Hey Baby -- we 're all Swayze now '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Winterman , Denise ( October 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Time of Your Life '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Different Moves '' . People . Jump up ^ Bergstein , Eleanor , producer ( 2007 ) . Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . Tribute to Emile Ardolino ^ Jump up to : Hartlaub , Peter ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Choreographer Kenny Ortega 's ode to disco '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Paul ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' marks 20 years with return to big screen '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dirty Dancing . The E ! True Hollywood Story . September 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( November 7 , 1992 ) . `` You may know Wayne Knight whether you know you do or not '' . Chicago Tribune ( AP ) . ^ Jump up to : Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . 2007 . Jump up ^ Some scenes shot with Lipton in the role of Mrs. Houseman can be viewed on the 20th anniversary 2007 DVD Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. ( August 16 , 1987 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The New York Times . p . A19 . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ; Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Video review on Siskel & Ebert and The Movies '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Review of Dirty Dancing '' . Sun Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( September 14 , 1987 ) . `` Cinema : Teenage Turmoil '' . Time . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Dirty Dancing Is the Greatest Movie of All Time '' . Jezebel ( website ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Herold , Steph ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Led the Way in Depicting Abortion -- If Only Other Media Would Follow '' . Rewire . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tzioumakis , Yannis ( 2013 ) . The Time of Our Lives : Dirty Dancing and Popular Culture . Wayne State University Press . p. 135 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wiams , William ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` Baby in the Underworld : Myth and Tragic Vision in Dirty Dancing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Private Dancers '' . The Age . June 15 , 2005 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sales / Home Video Top Cassettes of 88 from Billboard magazine '' . The Orlando Sentinel . December 30 , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Kolson , Ann ( August 17 , 1997 ) . `` Fairy Tale Without an Ending '' . The New York Times . p. 2.11 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Sandy ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Lions Gate grabs Swayze Rights '' . TheStreet.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : Baby 's Out of the Corner '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ' is top film obsession ' '' . BBC News . May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alaway , Nick ( January 14 , 2001 ) . `` Dirty Dancing '' . Fast Rewind . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The insider 's guide to ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . CNN . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Tahira ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` From Bogart to McGregor : The top ten most romantic movie quotes ever '' . Daily Mail . I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1988 '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Mary ( Associated Press ) ( March 21 , 1988 ) . `` On the way to a singing career , he found success as a songwriter '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . ^ Jump up to : Bigelow , Bruce ( January 7 , 1988 ) . `` Three films receive five Golden Globe nominations '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : Hoekstra , Dave ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : The movie , the music , the money '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gardinier , Bob ( December 26 , 2007 ) . `` School searches for song of itself '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Lott , M. Ray ( 2004 ) . The American Martial Arts Film . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1836 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taneja , Nikhil ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Those chart busters '' . The Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas go Dirty Dancing - Havana Nights '' . Havana Journal . February 8 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zuma Beach Ent . Appointments President and Completes Acquisition '' . whedon.info . March 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing discography '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnny pulls Baby out of her chair , saying , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner , '' to Jake . He and Baby take the stage , where Johnny announces , `` Sorry about the disruption , folks , but I always do the last dance of the season . This year somebody told me not to . So I 'm gon na do my kind of dancin ' with a great partner , who 's not only a terrific dancer , but somebody who taught me that there are people willing to stand up for other people no matter what it costs them . Somebody who taught me about the kind of person I want to be : Miss Frances Houseman . '' Jump up ^ `` Master actor exits to ringing applause '' . Newcastle Herald . January 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Newmark , Judith ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` How a Disney made - for - TV movie suddenly became ... A ' high school ' craze '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Jump up ^ Full cast and crew for Gilmore Girls on Internet Movie Database . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . Dirtydancingfestival.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lodge Virginia -- Resorts in Virginia Mountain Lake Lodge '' . Mountainlakehotel.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Puts Baby In a Corner '' . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina town hosts ' Dirty Dancing ' festival '' . USA Today . August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing to make Welsh debut at Wales Millennium Centre in 2012 - Cardiff '' . Visitcardiff.com . March 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Closes 9 Jul , Prior to National Tour '' . Whatsonstage.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing returns to give West End audiences the time of their lives ! '' . BestofTheatre.co.uk . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sams , Christine ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty moves directed at US '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` Dirty Dancing , Musical Based on Hit Film , Opens in Chicago Oct. 19 '' Archived October 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` More Chances to Feel Dirty in Chicago ; Dirty Dancing Gets Six Extra Weeks '' Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. DIRTY DANCING National Tour Opens Tonight at the National Theatre `` , broadwayworld.com , September 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( Film ) - TV Tropes '' . tvtropes.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Knight - Ridder Newspapers ( November 5 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Notes '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Video Game -- official site '' . Codemasters . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Coming soon to your PC : Dirty Dancing , the Video Game '' . Wired magazine blog network . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dirty Dancing to Film TV Miniseries in WNC Archived May 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Producers put Asheville ' Dirty Dancing ' miniseries in a corner '' . charlotteobserver . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' remake is coming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey The Next TV Musical Is Actually a Pretty Good Idea Vanity Fair . 10 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` See The Cast For The TV Remake Of ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake Adds ' Awkward ' Alum as Robbie ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' ABC Remake Adds Billy Dee Williams As Tito '' . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dirty Dancing . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dirty Dancing Dirty Dancing on IMDb Dirty Dancing at the TCM Movie Database Dirty Dancing at Box Office Mojo Dirty Dancing at Rotten Tomatoes Dirty Dancing at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Emile Ardolino <Td_colspan="2"> He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' ( 1983 ) Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) Chances Are ( 1989 ) Three Men and a Little Lady ( 1990 ) Sister Act ( 1992 ) The Nutcracker ( 1993 ) Gypsy ( 1993 ) GND : 4703220 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_Dancing&oldid=808488417 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films American films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s dance films 1980s independent films 1980s musical films 1980s romantic drama films 1980s teen drama films 1980s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American dance films American independent films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American teen drama films American teen romance films Borscht Belt Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Dirty Dancing films Feminist films Films about abortion Films about families Films about vacationing Films adapted into plays Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Emile Ardolino Films set in 1963 Films set in New York ( state ) Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in Virginia Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Artisan Entertainment films Lions Gate Entertainment films Vestron Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 04 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Dirty Dancing (1987 film)
2. Romantic drama
3. Patrick Swayze
4. Jennifer Grey
5. Box office success
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.